NUMBERS 13-08-00087-CR

 13-08-00088-CR

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG 

 

RICARDO NOEL RODRIGUEZ, Appellant,

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.

 

On appeal from the 24th District Court

of Victoria County, Texas.

 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Chief Justice Valdez and Justices Yañez and Benavides

 Memorandum Opinion by Chief Justice Valdez

Appellant Ricardo Noel Rodriguez appeals his convictions for aggravated sexual

assault, a first-degree felony, and indecency with a child, a second-degree felony. See

TEX.PENAL CODE ANN. § 22.021 (Vernon Supp. 2008), § 21.011 (Vernon 2003). In a single

issue, Rodriguez contends that article 38.07 of the code of criminal procedure violates the
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Equal Protection Clause of the United States Constitution. U.S. CONST. amend. XIV, § 1;

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. 38.07 (Vernon 2005). We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

The facts in this case are undisputed. By two separate indictments filed in separate

trial court cause numbers, Rodriguez was charged with sexually assaulting S.S., a child

under 14 years of age, and indecency with V.V., a child under 17 years of age. The cases

were consolidated for trial, where Rodriguez pleaded not guilty. The jury heard testimony

from, inter alia, S.S. and V.V. S.S. testified that for a period of approximately two years,

beginning when she was nine years old, Rodriguez fondled her in a sexual manner and

caused contact between their sexual organs. V.V. testified that Rodriguez rubbed her

breasts, and while lying on a bed, rolled her on top of him and told her she looked “fine.”

A jury convicted Rodriguez on both counts, and he elected to go before the trial court for

punishment. The trial court sentenced Rodriguez to concurrent terms of confinement of

45 years for the aggravated sexual assault charge, and 15 years for the indecency with a

child charge, and assessed a fine of $2,000 for each charge.

II. DISCUSSION

In his sole issue, Rodriguez challenges the constitutionality of article 38.07 of the

code of criminal procedure, which provides in its entirety:

(a) A conviction under Chapter 21, Section 22.011, or Section 22.021,

Penal Code, is supportable on the uncorroborated testimony of the

victim of the sexual offense if the victim informed any person, other

than the defendant, of the alleged offense within one year after the

date on which the offense is alleged to have occurred.

(b) The requirement that the victim inform another person of an alleged

offense does not apply if at the time of the alleged offense the victim

was a person:
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(1) 17 years of age or younger;

(2) 65 years of age or older; or

(3) 18 years of age or older who by reason of age or physical or

mental disease, defect, or injury was substantially unable to

satisfy the person's need for food, shelter, medical care, or

protection from harm.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art 38.07. Subsection (a) provides what may be referred to

as a timely outcry or corroboration requirement, and subsection (b) provides an exemption

to the timely outcry or corroboration requirement for alleged victims who are young, elderly,

or generally handicapped.

Rodriguez contends that there is no rational basis for the State to “exempt” alleged

victims 17 years of age or younger from the outcry or corroboration requirement of

subsection (a) of the article. He specifically contends that allowing his convictions to stand

on the uncorroborated testimony of S.S. and V.V. violates the Equal Protection Clause of

the United States Constitution because the convictions of other individuals who allegedly

committed sexual offenses against able-bodied victims between the ages of 18 and 64

may only be supported by uncorroborated testimony of the alleged victim if a timely outcry

was made. See generally City of Cleburne, Texas v. Cleburne Living Center, 473 U.S.

432, 439 (1985) (the Equal Protection Clause requires all persons similarly situated to be

treated alike). 

The State, relying on Hohn v. State, contends that a rule of evidence or criminal

procedure which rests upon the difference between minors and those who have reached

majority has a rational basis and does not deny equal protection. See 538 S.W.2d 619,

620-21 (Tex. Crim. App. 1976). Hohn was an appeal challenging the sufficiency of the

evidence supporting a conviction for sexual abuse of a child on the ground that the alleged
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victim’s testimony was not sufficiently corroborated by other evidence. Id. In finding

sufficient evidence, the court of criminals appeals noted that “[i]t has been held in

numerous prosecutions for rape that the testimony of a prosecutrix under the age of

consent need not be corroborated even though there is no outcry or prompt report of the

defendant’s alleged acts.” Id. at 621 (citations omitted). 

A. Level of Scrutiny

In reviewing a statute for an equal protection violation, we must first determine the

level of scrutiny required. A statute is evaluated under “strict scrutiny” if it interferes with

a “fundamental right” or discriminates against a “suspect class.” Kadrmas v. Dickinson

Public Schools, 487 U.S. 450, 458 (1988). Otherwise, the challenged classification in a

statute need only be “rationally related to a legitimate governmental purpose”to survive the

equal protection challenge (the “rational basis” test). Henderson v. State, 962 S.W.2d 544,

560 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997)). “[S]ex offenders are not a suspect class for equal protection

purposes.” In re M.A.H., 20 S.W.3d 860, 866 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 2000, no pet.) (citing

Cutshall v. Sundquist, 193 F.3d 466, 482 (6th Cir. 1999) (“Convicted sex offenders are not

a suspect class.”). Therefore, we will apply the rational basis test in this case. Under the

rational basis test, similarly situated individuals must be treated equally unless there is a

rational basis for disparate treatment. Whitworth v. Bynum, 699 S.W.2d 194, 197

(Tex.1985).

B. Applicable Law & Analysis 

Because we analyze Rodriguez’s constitutional challenge under the rational basis

test, we presume that the statute is valid and that the legislature has not acted
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unreasonably or arbitrarily. Rodriguez v. State, 93 S.W.3d 60, 69 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002).

Every reasonable presumption is made in favor of constitutionality and validity of the

statute until the contrary is clearly shown. Ely v. State, 582 S.W.2d 416, 419 (Tex. Crim.

App. 1979); Skillern v. State, 890 S.W.2d 849, 860 (Tex. App.–Austin 1994, pet. ref’d). It

is Rodriguez’s burden to show that the statute is unconstitutional. See Rodriguez, 93

S.W.3d at 69. 

We have not found another Texas case dealing with whether article 38.07 violates

the Equal Protection Clause. Therefore, we will proceed to a review of the statute’s

legislative history. See e.g., Aguirre v. State, 127 S.W.3d 883, 887 (Tex. App.–Austin

2004, pet. ref’d) (“In determining whether the complained-of classification in article 62.0105

[of the code of criminal procedure] violates the Equal Protection Clause, we examine the

legislative intent of the statute.”). In 1983, the legislature first amended article 38.07 to

exempt individuals charged with sexual offenses against minors from the timely outcry or

corroboration requirement. See Act of May 5, 1983, 68th Leg., R.S., ch. 382, § 1, 1983

TEX. SESS. LAW SERV. 2090 (Vernon). Article 38.07, as it was amended, read:

A conviction under Chapter 21, Penal Code, is supportable on the

uncorroborated testimony of the victim of the sexual offense if the victim

informed any person, other than the defendant, of the offense within six

months after the date on which the offense is alleged to have occurred. The

requirement that the victim inform another person of an alleged offense does

not apply if the victim was younger than 14 years of age at the time of the

alleged offense. The court shall instruct the jury that the time which lapsed

between the alleged offense and the time it was reported shall be considered

by the jury only for the purpose of assessing the weight to be given to the

testimony of the victim.

Id. (amended language underlined). The statute was subsequently amended in 1993 and

2001, bringing it to its current form. Act of March 16, 1993, 73rd Leg., R.S., ch. 200, § 1,
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1993 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 389 (Vernon); Act of June 15, 2001, 77th Leg., R.S., ch. 1018,

§ 1, 2001 Tex. Sess. Law Serv. 2112 (Vernon) (codified at TEX.CODE CRIM.PROC.ANN.art.

38.07). 

Before the 2001 amendments, the Senate Research Center prepared a bill analysis

report, which states in relevant part:

In some cases, victims who by reason of age or physical or mental disease,

defect, or injury are incapable of caring for themselves may be unable to

report an alleged crime to another person. H.B. 1209 exempts a person age

17 or younger, age 65 or older, or a person age 18 or older who by reason

of age or physical or mental disease, defect, or injury was substantially

unable to satisfy the person’s need for food, shelter, medical care, or

protection from harm from the requirements that the victim inform another

person of sexual assault or aggravated sexual assault within one year so that

a conviction for such an offense is supportable on the uncorroborated

testimony of the victim. 

Senate Research Center, Bill Analysis, H.B. 1209, 73 Leg., R.S., (2001) available at:

http://www.capitol.state.tx.us/tlodocs/77R/analysis/html/HB01209E.htm (last visited Jun.

29, 2009). 

Rodriguez contends that article 38.07 treats individuals accused of sexual offenses

differently based upon the age of the alleged victim. But, in crafting the exemptions that

are found in subsection (b), the legislature believed that the covered individuals “may be

unable to report an alleged crime to another person,” because they may be easily

intimidated or unable to articulate themselves, and were in need of an exemption from the

timely outcry or corroboration requirement. The exemption is “rationally related to a

legitimate governmental purpose” of protecting society’s young, elderly, generally more

vulnerable, or handicapped individuals, who the legislature has found “may be unable to

report a crime to another person.” 
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Besides making the superficial assertion of unequal treatment, Rodriguez has failed

to demonstrate that there is no rational relationship between the exemption and a

legitimate government purpose. After a careful analysis of the history and purpose of

article 38.07, we reject Rodriguez’s argument that the statute is arbitrary and irrational in

the manner in which he contends. We hold that Rodriguez’s federal constitutional right to

equal protection under law was not violated by article 38.07. Accordingly, Rodriguez’s sole

issue is overruled.

III. CONCLUSION

The judgments of the trial court are affirmed.

_______________________ 

ROGELIO VALDEZ

Chief Justice

Do Not Publish. TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b)

Memorandum Opinion delivered and filed

this the 23rd day of July, 2009.