IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

2015 WY 96

APRIL TERM, A.D. 2015

July 24, 2015

THERESIA RENEE BREEN f/k/a 

THERESIA RENEE BLACK,

Appellant

(Defendant),

v.

JAMIE LEE BLACK,

Appellee

(Plaintiff).

S-14-0273

Appeal from the District Court of Campbell County

The Honorable Michael N. Deegan, Judge 

Representing Appellant:

Letitia Abromats of Philip E. Abromats, P.C., Greybull, Wyoming

Representing Appellee:

No appearance

Before BURKE, C.J., and HILL, KITE, DAVIS, and FOX, JJ.

NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third. 

Readers are requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building, 

Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of any typographical or other formal errors so that correction may be 

made before final publication in the permanent volume.
1

DAVIS, Justice.

[¶1] Theresia Renee Breen appeals from a district court order holding her in contempt 

for failure to reimburse her ex-husband Jamie Black for her share of medical expenses he 

incurred for their four minor daughters. We affirm in part, reverse in part, and remand 

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

ISSUES

[¶2] Breen raises four issues that we restate as follows:

I. Did the district court err by awarding medical expenses incurred by Black 

prior to an August 8, 2012 hearing, but which he did not assert as a compulsory 

counterclaim in the action brought by Breen that led to that hearing?

II. Did clear and convincing evidence support the district court’s finding that 

Breen’s failure to pay her share of the medical expenses was willful?

III. Did the district court’s alleged over-calculation of the amount Breen owed 

Black transform the civil contempt order into a punitive criminal contempt order?

IV. Did the district court err in holding Breen in contempt for failing to 

communicate and cooperate with Black?

FACTS

[¶3] Breen and Black divorced in late 2008. Breen received primary custody of the 

couple’s four daughters, subject to Black’s liberal visitation rights. He was to pay 

support and provide medical insurance for the girls, and he was also to pay any 

deductibles required by the insurance policy. The decree required Breen and Black to 

split any medical costs remaining after deductibles were paid and the insurer satisfied its 

obligations under the policy equally. To implement that requirement, the decree required 

each of them to provide the other any documents showing charges by the girls’ medical 

services providers, documents indicating that those charges had been submitted to the 

insurer, and proof of the amounts paid on those charges by both the insurer and the other 

party. 

[¶4] On March 2, 2012, Breen filed a “Motion for Judgment for Unpaid Child Support, 

Medical Expenses and Other Financial Obligations” and several attached exhibits. She 

claimed that between January 12, 2010 and February 26, 2012, she paid for medical 

services for her daughters in addition to what their insurance company had paid, and that 

Black had not reimbursed her for his $4,608.45 share of those expenses. Breen’s 
2

Exhibits D and E contained bills, statements, insurance documents, and a summary 

spreadsheet supporting that claim. 

[¶5] Black denied those allegations in his March 27 response to Breen’s motion, then 

pled the following as an affirmative defense:

Defendant pleads the affirmative defense that Defendant owes 

Plaintiff more in medical expenses of the minor children of 

the parties than is claimed in Paragraph 6 of the Motion for 

Unpaid Child Support, Medical Expenses and Other Financial 

Obligations of Defendant. 

The district court held a hearing on Breen’s motion on August 7 and 8, 2012.1

[¶6] At the hearing, Black put on no evidence supporting a claim for Breen’s failure to 

reimburse him for medical expenses he had paid. When the court questioned him about 

Breen’s claim for reimbursement, Black responded:

[T]here are a number of those bills that I may be responsible 

for, but there are also a number of those bills where I actually 

have the cancelled check from myself where I paid that bill. 

So I think there are some mathematical errors in the figures.

He and his attorney informed the court that Black had no objection to paying his half of 

any legitimate medical bills presented by Breen, and he eventually agreed to pay the 

entire $4,608.45 requested in her motion. 

[¶7] The district court entered a “Judgment and Order Establishing Child Support 

Arrearage, Penalties and Unpaid Medical Expenses” for that amount on October 15, 

2012. Black did not appeal from that judgment and order.

[¶8] On March 3, 2014, however, Black filed a motion and accompanying affidavit 

seeking to have Breen held in civil contempt for failing to pay her required half of an 

undisclosed amount of their daughters’ medical expenses that were not paid under his 

health insurance policy. Breen did not include her response to that motion in the record 

transmitted to this Court, but her attorney set out her position during the show cause 

hearing on June 2, 2014.

 

1 That matter was combined with a hearing on Black’s ultimately successful petition for a change of 

custody. The order giving Black primary custody of his daughters is significant to the present appeal only 

to the extent that it left unchanged those provisions of the original divorce decree pertaining to the parties’ 

obligation to split the costs of their daughters’ medical care over and above what the insurance company 

paid. 
3

[¶9] Counsel argued that the August 8, 2012 hearing and the subsequent order on 

Breen’s claim for reimbursement for her medical services expenditures disposed of any 

claims Black may have had for his similar expenditures in the period between the divorce 

decree and either that hearing or the latest expense included in Breen’s claim. That is, 

she suggested that Black’s failure to raise such claims arising during that period in the 

earlier proceedings barred him from raising them later because they were res judicata. 

Black’s claim involved 160 medical bills, 75 of which related to services provided to his 

daughters more than a month before the August 2012 hearing. 

[¶10] The district court ultimately rejected Breen’s argument that the 2012 action 

“wrapped up” what Black owed her and what she owed him. Without further 

explanation, the court determined “it only covered the one way expenditures that she had 

paid, that she deserved reimbursement and that is all that judgment covered.” 

[¶11] The court also noted that Breen had not challenged the legitimacy of the medical 

bills introduced by Black or the fact that he had paid them, and that she conceded she was 

obligated to reimburse Black for half of those costs. The court viewed the hearing as 

being primarily concerned with Breen’s reason for not making payments against that 

obligation earlier. 

[¶12] In contrast to Breen’s assertions that Black had not apprised her of what she owed, 

Black and his new wife testified at some length about their efforts to provide Breen with 

that information and to obtain some response from her as to her intentions. They tried 

phone calls, e-mail, text messages, and regular and certified mail. All were unavailing, 

and were met with either no response or responses that avoided the medical expenses 

issue entirely. Her efforts at avoidance extended to filing allegedly false stalking charges 

against Black. 

[¶13] The court held Breen in contempt, noting that Black and his current spouse had 

attempted to provide Breen with copies of medical bills and proof of payment by Black 

and the insurance carrier. It pointed out that Breen had evaded those efforts in 

contravention of provisions of the decree requiring the parties to cooperate with each 

other and to act in good faith. 

[¶14] The district court entered judgment against Breen for the $6,075.13 it determined 

she owed Black. It also provided that she could purge herself of contempt by paying that 

amount in monthly installments of not less than $500 within twelve months of the 

hearing. 
4

DISCUSSION

Compulsory Counterclaims

[¶15] Breen argues that Black should have been precluded from raising claims for 

medical expenses that accrued prior to the August 2012 hearing in his 2014 action, 

because they were compulsory counterclaims under W.R.C.P. 13(a) and, therefore, were 

barred by Black’s failure to advance them at the earlier hearing.2 Rule 13(a) provides in 

pertinent part:

A pleading shall state as a counterclaim any claim which at 

the time of serving the pleading the pleader has against any 

opposing party, if it arises out of the transaction or occurrence 

that is the subject matter of the opposing party’s claim and 

does not require for its adjudication the presence of third 

parties of whom the court cannot acquire jurisdiction[.]

W.R.C.P. 13(a). Although the rule does not expressly bar the subsequent litigation of a 

compulsory counterclaim3that was not raised in accordance with the rule, courts have 

historically applied the rule as erecting such a bar under the doctrines of res judicata, 

estoppel, or waiver. Lane Co. v. Busch Development, Inc., 662 P.2d 419, 423-24 (Wyo. 

1983). 

[¶16] We do not find it necessary to analyze the potential intricacies of Rule 13 and their 

application to the highly variable pleadings used to collect overdue medical payments and 

other forms of support.4 We believe the record convincingly demonstrates that Black’s 

claim is barred by res judicata, or as it is also known, claim preclusion. Erwin v. State 

Dep’t of Family Servs., 2010 WY 117, ¶ 10, 237 P.3d 409, 412 (Wyo. 2010) (claim 

preclusion is res judicata, while collateral estoppel is issue preclusion). As we have 

previously explained:

Res judicata bars the relitigation of previously litigated claims 

or causes of action, as well as claims that could or should 

have been raised in the prior litigation. [Pokorny v. Salas, 

2003 WY 159, ¶¶ 12-20, 81 P.3d 171, 175-77 (Wyo. 2003)]. 

These factors are applied to the analysis of res judicata: (1) 

 

2 At the June 2, 2014 hearing, Breen never referred to compulsory counterclaims or Rule 13. However, 

this Court’s review of the substance of her argument as to the challenged expenses at the hearing, 

summarized above, convinces us that it sufficed to preserve this issue for appeal.

3 Under Rule 13, a counterclaim may be an independent claim or a claim for setoff or recoupment. Mad 

River Boat Trips, Inc. v. Jackson Hole Whitewater, Inc., 818 P.2d 1137, 1140 (Wyo. 1991).

4

Sometimes these are presented by orders to show cause, and sometimes they are raised by motion or 

petition. 
5

Identity in parties; (2) identity in subject matter; (3) the issues 

are the same and relate to the subject matter; and (4) the 

capacities of the persons are identical in reference to both the 

subject matter and the issues between them. 

R.C.R., Inc. v. Deline, 2008 WY 96, ¶ 19, 190 P.3d 140, 153-54 (Wyo. 2008). We 

review this issue de novo. Roberts v. Locke, 2013 WY 73, ¶ 14, 304 P.3d 116, 120 

(Wyo. 2013).5

[¶17] Black’s claims are barred if they could have been litigated in the 2012 proceeding. 

Clearly they could have been – and they were, ineffectively, because he raised an offset 

to Breen’s claims both in his responsive pleading to the 2012 motion seeking to have him 

held in contempt and in the hearing on that motion. He simply failed to prove the offset. 

The district court entered a judgment resolving those issues. 

[¶18] In re M.K.R., 216 S.W.3d 58 (Tex. App. 2007), which the Texas court described 

as a “two-bite arrearage” claim, provides some guidance. In that case, the mother sought 

and obtained an order for arrearages, and then attempted to claim additional arrearages 

relating to the time period covered by the original order. After considering a number of 

technical defenses, the court concluded that there was no reason the mother could not 

have included her later claims in the original petition, and that they were therefore barred 

by res judicata or claim preclusion. Id. at 66. 

[¶19] Although he was in the position of responding to Breen’s efforts to hold him in 

contempt, we see no reason why Black could not have proven his setoff or claim he pled 

in 2012, nor why he should be allowed a second bite at the apple. This Court has long

abided by the rule that a party should not be permitted to subsequently litigate facts 

which he could have raised but failed to raise or prove in a prior action that concerned the 

same subject matter. That rule protects the opposing party from having to expend 

excessive time and money in defending against an alleged liability in several proceedings 

rather than in one, and it carries the systemic benefit of avoiding unnecessary and unduly 

prolonged litigation. Davis v. Davis, 56 Wyo. 524, 534-35, 111 P.2d 124, 127 (Wyo. 

1941). We can think of few places where such limitations can provide more benefit to 

courts, litigants, and the litigants’ children than in post-divorce proceedings.6

 

5

If this case involved questions of disputed fact as to what occurred at the 2012 hearing, and the district 

court had resolved them, those rulings would be evaluated under the clearly erroneous standard. 18 

Wright et al., Fed. Prac. & Proc. Juris., § 4405 (2d ed. updated 2015). Because the pleadings and 

conduct of the previous hearing are a matter of record and require no factual determinations, the review is 

de novo. Id. 

6 This decision deals with a narrow circumstance in which it is not only clear that Black could but did 

raise the issue of what he was owed in the prior proceeding, and we go no further than that. However, we 

note that counsel and litigants would be wise to consider whether claims similar to the one in this case 

could be litigated in post-divorce proceedings. We do not suggest that a party must raise all claims he or 
6

[¶20] We therefore reverse the district court’s judgment as to the amount of medical 

expenses for which Black should be reimbursed and remand for a recalculation in 

accordance with this opinion. We understand that this is a harsh result for Mr. Black, and 

that Ms. Breen’s conduct has hardly been exemplary, but forfeiture of the right to recover 

the disputed amounts could easily have been avoided by the exercise of ordinary 

diligence in the prior proceeding. 

Evidence of Willfulness

[¶21] Breen contends that the district court’s order holding her in contempt for failing to 

contribute to the payment of her daughters’ medical expenses was not supported by clear 

and convincing evidence that her failure to pay was willful. Civil contempt requires clear 

and convincing evidence of: 1) an effective court order that requires certain conduct by

the alleged contemnor; 2) proof that the contemnor had knowledge of the order; and 3) 

that the alleged contemnor disobeyed the order. Shindell v. Shindell, 2014 WY 51, ¶ 10, 

322 P.3d 1270, 1274 (Wyo. 2014). Once these elements are proven, the burden shifts to 

the respondent to prove that he or she was unable to comply with the order. Id. Clear 

and convincing evidence is evidence that would persuade a finder of fact that the truth of 

the contention is highly probable. Id. (citing TMC v. State, Dep’t of Family Servs. (In re 

ARC), 2011 WY 119, ¶ 14, 258 P.3d 704, 708 (Wyo. 2011); MN v. State, Dep’t of Family 

Servs., 2003 WY 135, ¶ 5, 78 P.3d 232, 234 (Wyo. 2003)). 

[¶22] We will not interfere with an order holding a party in civil contempt “absent a 

serious procedural error, a violation of a principle of law, or a clear and grave abuse of 

discretion.” Shindell, ¶ 7, 322 P.3d at 1273 (quoting Roberts, ¶ 14, 304 P.3d at 120). We 

must determine whether the court reasonably could have concluded as it did. Shindell, id. 

[¶23] As explained above, Breen’s defense against the contempt allegation consisted 

entirely of assertions that Black never apprised her of what she owed. However, Black 

and his new wife testified that they went to great lengths to provide Breen with that 

information through phone calls, e-mail, text messages, and regular and certified mail. 

Breen met those efforts with either no response or responses that avoided the medical 

expenses issue. Black also testified that he was afraid to personally approach Breen with 

that information because she had more than once filed false stalking charges against him.

[¶24] The district court was entitled to find that testimony credible and to conclude that 

Breen’s efforts to avoid contact concerning her daughters’ medical expenses were 

 

she may have to avoid res judicata. For example, in In re P.D.D., 256 S.W.3d 834 (Tex. App. 2008), the 

father sought a change of custody, which was granted by stipulation, and then claimed that the mother 

was barred from claiming back child support she was owed. The court held that the claims were not 

barred because they did not arise out of the same transaction, although they could have been raised. Id. at 

844.
7

sufficiently elaborate, pervasive, and successful to show that they were not inadvertent or 

accidental. The evidence indicated that it was highly probable that Breen’s failure to 

contribute to the payment of those expenses was not merely willful, but premeditated. 

We therefore find no abuse of discretion or error of law or procedure. Accordingly, we 

affirm the decision of the district court in this respect.

The Nature of the Contempt Order

[¶25] Breen argues that what otherwise would have been an appropriate civil contempt 

proceeding and order concerning what she owed Black for their daughters’ medical 

expenses was transformed into a procedurally deficient criminal contempt proceeding and 

order because the district court miscalculated what she owed when it did not apply res 

judicata and allowed Black to collect on bills he should have presented in the 2012 

proceeding. That argument rests on the notion that the court’s overestimation of her 

liability should be deemed sufficiently punitive to effect that transformation.

[¶26] Nowhere does Breen cite any authority for that bizarrely counterintuitive theory, 

and we can find none. Where an appellant’s argument as to some aspect of a district 

court decision consists entirely of hyperbole and conclusions without cogent reasoning or 

pertinent authority, this Court may summarily affirm on that point. Reese v. State Bd. of 

Outfitters, 931 P.2d 958, 959 (Wyo. 1997). We will do so here.

Contempt for Failing to Communicate and Cooperate

[¶27] Breen finally argues that the district court erred by holding her in contempt not 

only for failing to reimburse Black for medical expenditures, but also for failing to abide 

by the provision contained in two of its decrees that she appropriately communicate and 

cooperate with him in attending to their daughters’ welfare. She correctly points out that 

neither Black’s 2014 motion nor the court’s order to show cause advised her that she was 

being called upon to defend against an alleged violation of those provisions. 

Consequently, if the record shows that the court in fact held her in contempt for such a 

violation, we might arguably be compelled to reverse that portion of the decision. 

However, we will not reach that issue because the record convinces us that the district 

court intended to hold Breen in contempt only for her willful failure to pay her share of

medical expenses.

[¶28] Breen’s argument rests on a single passage from the transcript of the June 2, 2014 

contempt hearing. 

And the court finds, Ms. Breen, that you are in willful 

contempt of court, civil contempt of court for failing to 

pay your half of the medical bills. And I say that because I 

am persuaded by the evidence . . . adduced by Mr. Black that 
8

he has tried repeatedly over the years to open a door of 

communication with you to settle this matter. And I am sure 

there are a lot of other matters out there as well. And he just 

can’t seem to pin you down as to where he should even send 

the bills, and then how to settle on a number. And what’s 

curious is that I don’t see really that you are objecting to 

the general proposition that you owe half. It is more a 

question of making yourself unavailable. And that is 

contemptuous behavior. It violates the cooperate to 

language, the cooperate language in the decree modifying 

which requires parties to act in good faith towards each other.

(Emphasis added).

[¶29] The first sentence articulates the district court’s intent to hold Breen in willful civil 

contempt for failing to pay her share of medical bills. The next six sentences, in our 

view, explain why the court found the lack of payment willful. As we suggested above, 

Breen’s protracted, orchestrated avoidance of communication relating to the bills was 

highly probative of the willfulness of her failure to pay, and of her contemptuous attitude 

toward payment of a known obligation.

[¶30] In light of that, the final sentence upon which Breen so heavily relies appears to be 

nothing more than an aside by the court to the effect that such behavior also violated 

another provision of its decree. Nowhere did the court indicate it was relying on that 

violation as a separate, independent basis for holding Breen in contempt. The decision 

rested solely on her failure to contribute to the costs of her daughters’ medical care.

CONCLUSION

[¶31] We affirm the district court’s civil contempt order of July 2, 2014, except for that 

portion issuing a judgment to Black for $6,075.13. That judgment included amounts he 

was barred from seeking due to his failure to prove them after raising them in earlier 

proceedings. As to that award, we reverse and remand with instructions for the district 

court to recalculate the amount owed by Breen and to amend its order in a manner 

consistent with this opinion. Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.