* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the

doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. The court

generally disfavors the citation of orders and judgments; nevertheless, an order

and judgment may be cited under the terms and conditions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

F I L E D

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

JAN 12 2005

PATRICK FISHER

Clerk

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

AGNES MUTALE,

Petitioner,

v.

JOHN ASHCROFT,

Respondent.

No. 03-9573

(No. A76-908-343)

(Petition for Review)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT *

Before EBEL , BALDOCK , and KELLY , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously to grant the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore

ordered submitted without oral argument. The parties are familiar with the facts

and we will not repeat them herein.
1 The formal name of the Convention Against Torture is the United Nations

Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or

Punishment, Dec. 10, 1984, 1465 U.N.T.S. 85. The United States became a party

to the Convention Against Torture through the Foreign Affairs Reform and

Restructuring Act of 1998, Pub. L. No. 105- 277, § 2242, 112 Stat. 2681 (1998). 

Elzour v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 1143, 1150 n.8 (10th Cir. 2004) (citing Batalova v.

Ashcroft , 355 F.3d 1246, 1248 n.2 (10th Cir. 2004)).

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Petitioner seeks review of a decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals

(BIA) dismissing her appeal from the denial of her application for asylum,

withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture. 1

 We

exercise jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a), and we deny the petition for

review.

Petitioner is a native and citizen of Uganda. She overstayed her visa to

remain in the United States, and requested asylum on the basis of alleged

persecution in her home country. She asserted that she had been married to a

legal advisor for the opposition Ugandan Democratic Party, and that the

government of Uganda had arrested and tortured her for political beliefs it

imputed to her on the basis of her marriage. Petitioner’s application for asylum

was denied. Petitioner appealed, and was granted a hearing before an

immigration judge (IJ) in January 2002. Petitioner, and Ivan Were, a member of

the UDP who has been granted asylum in this country, were witnesses in that

proceeding.
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At the hearing, petitioner suffered from what her attorney described as a

“nervous condition,” and she had difficulty expressing herself in English. The

IJ’s questions to petitioner were translated into her native language of Luganda,

and, when petitioner could not express her answers in English, the translator

interpreted petitioner’s answers from Luganda to English for her. The IJ found

her testimony to be contradictory and vague about dates and events.

The IJ issued an oral decision denying petitioner’s application for asylum,

withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture. He

explained that petitioner had failed to carry both of two evidentiary burdens. 

R. at 68. First, petitioner had failed to carry the evidentiary burden to establish

that she had a reasonable fear of political persecution if returned to her home

country. Because petitioner had argued that her fear of political persecution

rested on her marriage to a politically active dissident, the IJ held that she had to

provide documentary evidence of who her husband had been in Uganda and that

she had been married to him. Petitioner had not argued that such documentary

evidence was unavailable, and according to the IJ, if petitioner’s husband “really

was a campaign manager or a chief legal officer for a political party, there would

be plenty of evidence available to show it.” Id.

Second, the IJ held that both petitioner and Ivan Were, a fellow Ugandan,

were not credible as witnesses. Id. The IJ found “numerous discrepancies”
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between petitioner’s written statements and her oral testimony and found Were’s

testimony not to be credible because the daughter who reportedly told him that her

father was missing was nearly an adult, and should have known more about the

circumstances surrounding her father’s disappearance. Id. at 69-70. Additionally,

the Ugandan Democratic Party should have been able to find out what had

happened to her father had her father been as high an official in the party as Were

claimed. Id. The BIA summarily affirmed the IJ’s decision without opinion.

In her petition for review, petitioner asserts that the BIA erred in denying

her asylum and withholding of removal because (1) the BIA committed reversible

error in rejecting evidence of petitioner’s marriage and her husband’s political

activities because the evidence that petitioner submitted should have been enough

to establish past persecution for purposes of asylum, withholding of removal, or

protection under the Convention Against Torture; (2) the BIA erred in finding that

petitioner was not a credible witness; (3) the BIA erred in relying on petitioner’s

failure to leave her home country immediately to support its finding that she was

not credible; and (4) the BIA erred in failing to consider Were’s testimony as

relevant to petitioner’s asylum claim.

When the BIA summarily affirms an IJ, we review the IJ’s decision as if it

were the BIA’s. Tsevegmid v. Ashcroft , 336 F.3d 1231, 1235 (10th Cir. 2003). 

We do not weigh the evidence, nor do we evaluate the credibility of witnesses. 
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Yuk v. Ashcroft , 355 F.3d 1222, 1233 (10th Cir. 2004) (citing Woldemeskel v. INS ,

257 F.3d 1185, 1189 (10th Cir. 2001)). In addition, the BIA’s factual findings

“are conclusive unless the record demonstrates that any reasonable adjudicator

would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.” Tsevegmid , 336 F.3d at 1235

(quotation omitted). Although an IJ must give “specific, cogent reasons” for his

decisions on credibility, Sviridov v. Ashcroft , 358 F.3d 722, 727 (10th Cir. 2004),

a finding that a witness is not credible is a finding of fact. Elzour v. Ashcroft ,

378 F.3d 1143, 1150 (10th Cir. 2004).

Asylum 

Two steps are required for a grant of asylum: (1) the alien must establish

that he or she is a refugee under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42), and (2) the Attorney

General will then exercise his discretion to grant or deny asylum. Rezai v. INS ,

62 F.3d 1286, 1289 (10th Cir. 1995). “To establish refugee status, the alien must

prove either past ‘persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of

race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political

opinion.’” Kapcia v. INS , 944 F.2d 702, 706 (10th Cir. 1991) (quoting 8 U.S.C.

§ 1101(a)(42)). The Board’s factual determination whether the alien is a refugee

is reviewed for substantial evidence. Nguyen v. INS , 991 F.2d 621, 625 (10th Cir.

1993). The Attorney General’s discretionary decision whether to grant asylum is
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conclusive “unless manifestly contrary to law and an abuse of discretion.” 

8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(D). Questions of law are reviewed de novo . Kapcia ,

944 F.2d at 705. “The alien bears the burden of proof in the deportation

proceedings.” Id. at 707. We are concerned here with the first step, whether

petitioner has established her status as a refugee, as defined by § 1101(a)(42). 

We must uphold the Board’s determination that petitioner is not eligible for

asylum if the record considered as a whole contains reasonable, substantial, and

probative evidence to support that determination. INS v. Elias-Zacarias , 502 U.S.

478, 481 (1992). Reversal is appropriate only where the evidence would compel a

reasonable fact finder “to conclude that the requisite fear of persecution existed.” 

Id. at 481 & n.1. 

In this case, petitioner has not met her burden to establish that her fear of

persecution is well-founded. The IJ found as a matter of fact that neither

petitioner nor Were were credible witnesses, and neither witness supported his or

her testimony with documentation or objective pieces of evidence.

Here the IJ gave “specific, cogent reasons” for his determination of

credibility. Sviridov , 358 F.3d at 727. 

Because we cannot weigh evidence, and we cannot evaluate the credibility

of witnesses, Yuk , 355 F.3d at 1233, we must conclude that the BIA’s factual

findings on the credibility of these witnesses “are conclusive.” Our review of the
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record does not compel us to hold otherwise. Tsevegmid , 336 F.3d at 1235. The

remainder of petitioner’s arguments do not address this determinative issue. 

Petitioner bore the burden of proof in deportation proceedings, and she failed to

establish a credible well-founded fear of persecution. Kapcia , 944 F.2d at 707.

Withholding of deportation

Title 8 U.S.C. § 1253(h) provides that an alien shall not be deported if his

or her life or freedom would be threatened due to his or her “race, religion,

nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion.” In this

case, because petitioner did not establish the lower standard for asylum–a

well-founded fear of persecution–she also failed to establish the higher standard

for withholding deportation–a clear probability of persecution. See Rezai , 62 F.3d

at 1289. We thus affirm the Board’s decision to deny withholding of deportation. 

Convention Against Torture

The Convention Against Torture (CAT) provides another basis to withhold

removal. Pursuant to the CAT, an alien is entitled not to be removed to a country

if he or she can show that it is more likely than not that he or she would be

tortured if removed to that country. 8 C.F.R. § 208.16(c)(2), (4). A petitioner

must show that the persecution at issue would be so severe as to rise to the level
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of torture, but he or she need not show that the torture would be on account of a

protected classification. Elzour , 378 F.3d at 1150. Because petitioner in this case

has not credibly shown that she has established a well-founded fear of persecution

if removed, she cannot meet the CAT’s higher standard that she would be subject

to torture.

Conclusion

Because we accept the agency’s findings regarding the witnesses’

credibility to be conclusive, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B), we DENY the petition

for review.

Entered for the Court

Paul J. Kelly, Jr. 

Circuit Judge