CES National Benchmark Article 

BLS Establishment Survey National Estimates Revised to 

Incorporate March 2014 Benchmarks

Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 2

Summary of the benchmark revisions............................................................................................. 2

Revisions in the postbenchmark period ........................................................................................ 12

Changes to the CES published series ............................................................................................ 14

Series changes ........................................................................................................................... 14

Seasonally adjusted data publication change ............................................................................ 17

Why benchmarks differ from estimates ........................................................................................ 17

Benchmark revision effects for other data types........................................................................... 18

Vintage data .................................................................................................................................. 25

Three-month moving average ....................................................................................................... 25

Methods......................................................................................................................................... 25

Benchmark adjustment procedure ............................................................................................ 25

Benchmark source material ...................................................................................................... 26

Business birth and death estimation .......................................................................................... 26

Availability of revised data ........................................................................................................... 28

Seasonal adjustment procedure ..................................................................................................... 28

Table of figures ............................................................................................................................. 29

Authored by Nicholas Fett and Caila Pinkleton.

Nicholas Fett and Caila Pinkleton are economists in the Division of Current Employment 

Statistics – National, Office of Employment and Unemployment Statistics, Bureau of Labor 

Statistics. Telephone: (202) 691-6555; e-mail: Contact CES 

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Introduction

With the release of January 2015 data on February 6, 2015, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) 

introduced its annual revision of national estimates of employment, hours, and earnings from the 

Current Employment Statistics (CES) monthly survey of nonfarm establishments. Each year, the 

CES survey realigns its sample-based estimates to incorporate universe counts of employment—a 

process known as benchmarking. Comprehensive counts of employment, or benchmarks, are 

derived primarily from unemployment insurance (UI) tax reports that nearly all employers are 

required to file with State Workforce Agencies.

Summary of the benchmark revisions

The March 2014 benchmark level for total nonfarm employment is 137,214,000; this figure is 

67,000 above the sample-based estimate for March 2014, an adjustment of less than 0.05 percent. 

Table 1 below shows the recent history of total nonfarm percentage benchmark revisions. Over 

the prior ten years, the annual benchmark revision at the total nonfarm level has averaged 0.3 

percent (in absolute terms), with an absolute range of 0.1 percent to 0.7 percent. 

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Table 1. Percent differences between nonfarm employment benchmarks and estimates by industry supersector, 

March 2004-2014(1)

CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry 

Title 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011(2) 2012 2013(3) 2014 

00-000000 Total nonfarm 0.2 -0.1 0.6 -0.2 -0.1 -0.7 -0.3 0.1 0.3 -0.1 (4)

(Level difference in 

thousands)

(203) (-158) (752) (-293) (-89) (-902) (-378) (67) (424) (-119) (67)

05-000000 Total private .2 -.2 .7 -.2 -.1 -.9 -.4 (4) .4 -.1 .1

10-000000 Mining and 

logging .7 -.3 1.2 (4) .4 -3.5 -3.0 -.4 1.6 -1.2 -1.8 

20-000000 Construction .6 .5 2.6 .1 .7 -2.9 -1.3 -.5 1.8 .3 1.6

30-000000 Manufacturing -.4 -.3 -.1 -1.0 -.1 -.7 -1.0 .1 -.2 .2 .4

40-000000 Trade, 

transportation, 

and utilities

.2 .3 .6 .5 .2 -1.2 -.6 .4 .6 -.5 -.1 

50-000000 Information -1.0 -2.1 -.5 -1.8 .3 -1.5 -.4 -.4 1.8 -.2 2.4

55-000000 Financial 

activities .1 -.8 .4 -1.3 -.3 -.1 .4 -.2 .6 -.1 .2 

60-000000 Professional and 

business services -.2 -.4 1.3 .2 -.4 -.8 (4) .7 (4) (4) -.8 

65-000000 Education and 

health services .2 (4) .5 -.2 -.1 -.3 (4) -.6 (4) -.3 -.1 

70-000000 Leisure and 

hospitality 1.2 .4 .3 -.8 -1.1 -.6 -.6 .7 .8 .5 .3 

80-000000 Other services .5 -1.3 .5 .3 .2 -.8 .2 -2.0 1.1 -.4 1.1 

90-000000 Government .1 (4) (4) -.2 .2 .1 .1 .1 -.3 (4) -.2

(1) The differences listed in this table reflect the error due to normal benchmarking procedures. Typically this error is equal to the March benchmarked level 

minus the published March estimated level. However in some years, other factors beyond normal benchmarking procedures influence the difference between the 

benchmarked and published March estimate levels. Those years are footnoted.

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(2) A review of industries for the possible presence of noncovered employment in benchmark 2011 yielded 13 additional industries. As a result of including these 

industries, employment in the amount of 95,000 was added to the total nonfarm benchmark level. The difference between the benchmarked and published 

March 2011 estimate level was 162,000. For this table, the 95,000 amount was added to the original published total nonfarm and total private March 2011

estimates before calculating the percent and level differences. Portions of the 95,000 amount were also added as appropriate to the original published March 

2011 estimates of supersectors financial activities and education and health services before calculating the percent differences.

(3) The percent and level differences in this column reflect reconstructions to series within CES supersectors financial activities and Education and healthcare 

services. Each first quarter, the Quarterly Census of Employment and Wages (QCEW) program, whose data account for approximately 97 percent of the CES 

universe scope (see www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section1), incorporates updated industry assignments. In 2013, these updates included two substantial 

groups of nonrandom, noneconomic code changes, one to funds, trusts, and other financial vehicles (NAICS 525), and the other, a reclassification of 

approximately 466,000 in employment from private households (NAICS 814), which is out of scope for CES, to services for the elderly and persons with 

disabilities (NAICS 62412), which is in scope. These changes also had an impact, beyond what would be considered typical for a given benchmark year, on 

corresponding CES series. For more information about the changes to these industries, see the QCEW First Quarter 2013 News Release available at 

www.bls.gov/news.release/archives/cewqtr_09262013.htm. (4) Less than 0.05 percent.

To Table of Figures

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Table 2 shows the nonfarm employment benchmarks for March 2014, not seasonally adjusted, by 

industry. The revision to the reconstructed total nonfarm employment is 67,000. 

Six supersectors had upward revisions. The largest upward revision occurred in construction by 

an amount of 90,000 or 1.6 percent. Within this supersector, the revision was concentrated in 

specialty trade contractors, which was revised upward by 92,700, or 2.5 percent. Information had 

an upward revision of 66,000, or 2.4 percent. Other services was revised upward by 59,000 or 1.1 

percent. Manufacturing was revised upward by 43,000, or 0.4 percent, with the majority of the 

increase attributed to nondurable goods, which experienced an upward revision of 30,000, or 0.7 

percent. Leisure and hospitality was also revised upward by 38,000, or 0.3 percent. The smallest 

upward revision of 19,000, or 0.2 percent occurred in financial activities. 

The remaining five supersectors saw negative revisions. The largest downward revision occurred 

in professional and business services, which decreased by 147,000, or 0.8 percent. Within this 

supersector, the largest revision was in admistrative and support services with a revision of 

-169,400, or -2.2 percent. The next largest negative revision occurred in government, which 

experienced a drop of -38,000, or -0.2 percent. Trade, transportation, and utilities was also revised 

downward by -31,000, or -0.1 percent, with a large decrease occurring in wholesale trade (-45,400, 

or -0.8 percent). Mining and logging and education and health services exhibited identical level 

decreases of -16,000 (-1.8 percent and -0.1 percent, respectively). 

Table 2. Nonfarm employment benchmarks by industry, March 2014 (in 

thousands)

CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry Title Benchmark Estimate 

Differences

Amount Percent

00-000000 Total nonfarm 137,214 137,147 67 (1)

05-000000 Total private 114,989 114,884 105 0.1

06-000000 Goods-producing 18,675 18,558 117 0.6

07-000000 Service-providing 118,539 118,589 -50 (1)

08-000000

Private serviceproviding 96,314 96,326 -12 (1)

10-000000 Mining and logging 868 884 -16 -1.8

10-113300 Logging 50 52.8 -2.8 -5.6

10-210000 Mining 817.6 830.8 -13.2 -1.6

10-211000 Oil and gas extraction 192.7 206.2 -13.5 -7

10-212000

Mining, except oil and 

gas 201 205.8 -4.8 -2.4

10-212100 Coal mining 73.6 77.7 -4.1 -5.6

10-213000

Support activities for 

mining 423.9 418.8 5.1 1.2

20-000000 Construction 5,746 5,656 90 1.6

20-236000

Construction of 

buildings 1,283.4 1,286.2 -2.8 -0.2

20-236100 Residential building 615.2 621.7 -6.5 -1.1

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CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry Title Benchmark Estimate 

Differences

Amount Percent

20-236200 Nonresidential building 668.2 664.5 3.7 0.6

20-237000

Heavy and civil 

engineering 

construction 823.9 823.8 0.1 (1)

20-238000

Specialty trade 

contractors 3,638.2 3,545.5 92.7 2.5

30-000000 Manufacturing 12,061 12,018 43 0.4

31-000000 Durable goods 7,600 7,587 13 0.2

31-321000 Wood products 361.9 358 3.9 1.1

31-327000

Nonmetallic mineral 

products 369.1 371.4 -2.3 -0.6

31-331000 Primary metals 396.3 396.6 -0.3 -0.1

31-332000

Fabricated metal 

products 1,438.5 1,440.2 -1.7 -0.1

31-333000 Machinery 1,116.1 1,115.2 0.9 0.1

31-334000

Computer and 

electronic products 1,048.3 1,055.7 -7.4 -0.7

31-334100

Computer and 

peripheral equipment 158.2 161.9 -3.7 -2.3

31-334200

Communications 

equipment 95.3 99.5 -4.2 -4.4

31-334400

Semiconductors and 

electronic components 368 368.6 -0.6 -0.2

31-334500 Electronic instruments 389.6 387.7 1.9 0.5

31-335000

Electrical equipment 

and appliances 375.3 374.8 0.5 0.1

31-336000

Transportation 

equipment 1,547.4 1,533.9 13.5 0.9

31-337000

Furniture and related 

products 366 362.5 3.5 1

31-339000

Miscellaneous durable 

goods manufacturing 581 578.4 2.6 0.4

32-000000 Nondurable goods 4,461 4,431 30 0.7

32-311000 Food manufacturing 1,460.8 1,458 2.8 0.2

32-313000 Textile mills 117.2 116.9 0.3 0.3

32-314000 Textile product mills 113.2 110.7 2.5 2.2

32-315000 Apparel 142.6 135.6 7 4.9

32-322000

Paper and paper 

products 372.1 374.5 -2.4 -0.6

32-323000

Printing and related 

support activities 452.7 440.7 12 2.7

32-324000

Petroleum and coal 

products 107.5 110.5 -3 -2.8

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CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry Title Benchmark Estimate 

Differences

Amount Percent

32-325000 Chemicals 797.9 797.4 0.5 0.1

32-326000

Plastics and rubber 

products 668.6 659.2 9.4 1.4

32-329000

Miscellaneous 

nondurable goods 

manufacturing 228.3 227.6 0.7 0.3

40-000000

Trade, transportation, 

and utilities 25,852 25,883 -31 -0.1

41-420000 Wholesale trade 5,758.3 5,803.7 -45.4 -0.8

41-423000 Durable goods 2,883.8 2,917.2 -33.4 -1.2

41-424000 Nondurable goods 1,989 1,985.6 3.4 0.2

41-425000

Electronic markets and 

agents and brokers 885.5 900.9 -15.4 -1.7

42-000000 Retail trade 15,009.5 15,004 5.5 (1)

42-441000

Motor vehicle and 

parts dealers 1,826.3 1,822.9 3.4 0.2

42-441100 Automobile dealers 1,163.7 1,157.5 6.2 0.5

42-442000

Furniture and home 

furnishings stores 444 442.2 1.8 0.4

42-443000

Electronics and 

appliance stores 483.2 497.8 -14.6 -3

42-444000

Building material and 

garden supply stores 1,210.5 1,207.2 3.3 0.3

42-445000

Food and beverage 

stores 2,943.8 2,957.8 -14 -0.5

42-446000

Health and personal 

care stores 1,010.3 1,008.4 1.9 0.2

42-447000 Gasoline stations 863.4 859.7 3.7 0.4

42-448000

Clothing and clothing 

accessories stores 1,320.5 1,338.5 -18 -1.4

42-451000

Sporting goods, hobby, 

book, and music stores 591.9 574.6 17.3 2.9

42-452000

General merchandise 

stores 3,043.7 3,053.9 -10.2 -0.3

42-452100 Department stores 1,312.8 1,301.3 11.5 0.9

42-453000

Miscellaneous store 

retailers 791.3 774.1 17.2 2.2

42-454000 Nonstore retailers 480.6 466.9 13.7 2.9

43-000000

Transportation and 

warehousing 4,534.5 4,524.8 9.7 0.2

43-481000 Air transportation 440.2 455.2 -15 -3.4

43-482000 Rail transportation 230.3 232.7 -2.4 -1

43-483000 Water transportation 64.9 65.3 -0.4 -0.6

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 7 of 29

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CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry Title Benchmark Estimate 

Differences

Amount Percent

43-484000 Truck transportation 1,374.3 1,367.7 6.6 0.5

43-485000

Transit and ground 

passenger 

transportation 476.9 468.3 8.6 1.8

43-486000 Pipeline transportation 46.5 45.1 1.4 3

43-487000

Scenic and sightseeing 

transportation 24.5 23.8 0.7 2.9

43-488000

Support activities for 

transportation 613.7 599.8 13.9 2.3

43-492000

Couriers and 

messengers 539.2 541 -1.8 -0.3

43-493000

Warehousing and 

storage 724 725.9 -1.9 -0.3

44-220000 Utilities 549.7 550.3 -0.6 -0.1

50-000000 Information 2,719 2,653 66 2.4

50-511000

Publishing industries, 

except Internet 723.7 726.5 -2.8 -0.4

50-512000

Motion picture and 

sound recording 

industries 380.1 313 67.1 17.7

50-515000

Broadcasting, except 

Internet 281.5 287.5 -6 -2.1

50-517000 Telecommunications 849.4 854.4 -5 -0.6

50-518000

Data processing, 

hosting and related 

services 274.4 267.8 6.6 2.4

50-519000

Other information 

services 209.6 203.3 6.3 3

55-000000 Financial activities 7,889 7,870 19 0.2

55-520000 Finance and insurance 5,894.9 5,868.9 26 0.4

55-521000

Monetary authorities -

central bank 18.2 18 0.2 1.1

55-522000

Credit intermediation 

and related activities 2,562.8 2,571.1 -8.3 -0.3

55-522100

Depository credit 

intermediation 1,712.6 1,705 7.6 0.4

55-522110 Commercial banking 1,301.2 1,280.9 20.3 1.6

55-523000

Securities, commodity 

contracts, investments, 

and funds and trusts 874.2 870.5 3.7 0.4

55-524000

Insurance carriers and 

related activities 2,439.7 2,409.3 30.4 1.2

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CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry Title Benchmark Estimate 

Differences

Amount Percent

55-530000

Real estate and rental 

and leasing 1,994.2 2,000.6 -6.4 -0.3

55-531000 Real estate 1,459.4 1,458.3 1.1 0.1

55-532000

Rental and leasing 

services 511.3 520.2 -8.9 -1.7

55-533000

Lessors of nonfinancial 

intangible assets 23.5 22.1 1.4 6

60-000000

Professional and 

business services 18,685 18,832 -147 -0.8

60-540000

Professional and 

technical services 8,310.3 8,326.6 -16.3 -0.2

60-541100 Legal services 1,118 1,134.4 -16.4 -1.5

60-541200

Accounting and 

bookkeeping services 1,058 1,052.3 5.7 0.5

60-541300

Architectural and 

engineering services 1,344.1 1,369.1 -25 -1.9

60-541500

Computer systems 

design and related 

services 1,742.1 1,728.6 13.5 0.8

60-541600

Management and 

technical consulting 

services 1,208.2 1,199.1 9.1 0.8

60-550000

Management of 

companies and 

enterprises 2,146.5 2,112.8 33.7 1.6

60-560000

Administrative and 

waste services 8,228 8,392.2 -164.2 -2

60-561000

Administrative and 

support services 7,852.1 8,021.5 -169.4 -2.2

60-561300 Employment services 3,251.7 3,427.2 -175.5 -5.4

60-561320

Temporary help 

services 2,626 2,741.2 -115.2 -4.4

60-561400

Business support 

services 873.8 858.5 15.3 1.8

60-561700

Services to buildings 

and dwellings 1,803.9 1,802.3 1.6 0.1

60-562000

Waste management 

and remediation 

services 375.9 370.7 5.2 1.4

65-000000

Education and health 

services 21,465 21,481 -16 -0.1

65-610000 Educational services 3,555.4 3,539.1 16.3 0.5

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CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry Title Benchmark Estimate 

Differences

Amount Percent

65-620000

Health care and social 

assistance 17,909.8 17,941.4 -31.6 -0.2

65-621000

Ambulatory health 

care services 6,556.1 6,597.3 -41.2 -0.6

65-621100 Offices of physicians 2,448.7 2,473.9 -25.2 -1

65-621400 Outpatient care centers 698.5 705.9 -7.4 -1.1

65-621600

Home health care 

services 1,240 1,265.7 -25.7 -2.1

65-622000 Hospitals 4,767.3 4,792.7 -25.4 -0.5

65-623000

Nursing and residential 

care facilities 3,239.6 3,234.9 4.7 0.1

65-623100 Nursing care facilities 1,644.3 1,644.1 0.2 (1)

65-624000 Social assistance 3,346.8 3,316.5 30.3 0.9

65-624400 Child day care services 866.4 876.1 -9.7 -1.1

70-000000 Leisure and hospitality 14,181 14,143 38 0.3

70-710000

Arts, entertainment, 

and recreation 1,927.5 1,939.7 -12.2 -0.6

70-711000

Performing arts and 

spectator sports 421 420.9 0.1 (1)

70-712000

Museums, historical 

sites, and similar 

institutions 138 134.5 3.5 2.5

70-713000

Amusements, 

gambling, and 

recreation 1,368.5 1,384.3 -15.8 -1.2

70-720000

Accommodation and 

food services 12,253.4 12,203.2 50.2 0.4

70-721000 Accommodation 1,819.2 1,805.9 13.3 0.7

70-722000

Food services and 

drinking places 10,434.2 10,397.3 36.9 0.4

80-000000 Other services 5,523 5,464 59 1.1

80-811000

Repair and 

maintenance 1,232.3 1,209 23.3 1.9

80-812000

Personal and laundry 

services 1,351.9 1,351.7 0.2 (1)

80-813000

Membership 

associations and 

organizations 2,938.6 2,903.4 35.2 1.2

90-000000 Government 22,225 22,263 -38 -0.2

90-910000 Federal 2,716 2,705 11 0.4

90-911000

Federal, except U.S. 

Postal Service 2,127.5 2,117.6 9.9 0.5

90-919120 U.S. Postal Service 588.2 587.1 1.1 0.2

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 10 of 29

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CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry Title Benchmark Estimate 

Differences

Amount Percent

90-920000 State government 5,211 5,217 -6 -0.1

90-921611

State government 

education 2,565.4 2,565.2 0.2 (1)

90-922000

State government, 

excluding education 2,645.1 2,651.8 -6.7 -0.3

90-930000 Local government 14,298 14,341 -43 -0.3

90-931611

Local government 

education 8,129 8,147.8 -18.8 -0.2

90-932000

Local government, 

excluding education 6,169.3 6,193.1 -23.8 -0.4

(1) Less than 0.05 percent.

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Revisions in the postbenchmark period

From April 2014 to December 2014, also known as the postbenchmark period, estimates were calculated for each month based on new 

benchmark levels and new net birth/death factors. Net birth/death factors were revised to incorporate information from the most recent 

year of universe employment counts. Table 3 shows the net birth/death model values for the supersectors over the postbenchmark

period. From April 2014 to December 2014, the net birth/death model cumulatively added 968,000, compared with 841,000 in the 

previously published April to December employment estimates.

Table 3. Net birth/death estimates by industry supersector, April – December 2014 (in thousands)

CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry Title Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Cumulative

Total 

10-000000 Mining and logging 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 1 0 12

20-000000 Construction 35 37 24 12 12 7 12 -10 -21 108

30-000000 Manufacturing 0 6 4 -3 4 1 3 2 0 17

40-000000 Trade, transportation, and utilities 21 24 12 7 14 9 28 10 4 129

50-000000 Information 0 5 0 -1 3 -1 6 3 0 15

55-000000 Financial activities 8 8 4 3 4 -1 16 3 10 55

60-000000 Professional and business services 81 22 5 35 19 -12 76 14 -10 230

65-000000 Education and health services 22 13 -14 7 21 12 35 14 -3 107

70-000000 Leisure and hospitality 82 81 86 62 23 -33 -17 -22 4 266

80-000000 Other services 12 6 6 -2 3 -2 4 1 1 29

Total nonfarm birth/death adjustment 263 204 129 122 104 -19 164 16 -15 968

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Table 4 presents revised total nonfarm employment data on a seasonally adjusted basis for January

2014 through December 2014. The revised data for April 2014 forward incorporate the effect of 

applying the rate of change measured by the sample to the new benchmark level, as well as updated 

net birth/death model adjustments and new seasonal adjustment factors. 

Table 4. Differences in seasonally adjusted levels and over-the-month changes, 

total nonfarm employment, January – December 2014 (in thousands)

2014 

Levels Over-the-month changes

As 

Previously 

Published

As 

Revised Difference 

As 

Previously 

Published

As 

Revised Difference 

January 137,539 137,642 103 144 166 22 

February 137,761 137,830 69 222 188 -34 

March 137,964 138,055 91 203 225 22 

April 138,268 138,385 117 304 330 26 

May 138,497 138,621 124 229 236 7 

June 138,764 138,907 143 267 286 19 

July 139,007 139,156 149 243 249 6 

August 139,210 139,369 159 203 213 10 

September 139,481 139,619 138 271 250 -21 

October 139,742 139,840 98 261 221 -40 

November 140,095 140,263 168 353 423 70

December(p) 140,347 140,592 245 252 329 77

(p)Preliminary. 

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Changes to the CES published series 

With the release of the January 2015 first preliminary estimates, CES incorporated series changes 

related to annual sample adequacy and disclosure review, and began publishing previously 

available but not published seasonally adjusted derivative series. 

Series changes 

All CES series are evaluated annually for sample size, coverage, and response rates. The following 

series changes result from a reevaluation of the sample and universe coverage for NAICS 

industries. 

Some series have new CES industry codes or titles as a result of the series changes (Exhibit 1). 

These CES industry code or title changes have been applied to all data types published for the 

designated series. Historical data for those series with new CES industry codes or CES industry 

titles were impacted as noted on the remainder of this section; historical data are available under 

the new CES industry codes or CES industry titles. 

Exhibit 1. Series with CES industry code or title changes

NAICS Code 

Previous New

CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry 

Title 

CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry Title 

332996,9 31-332999 Miscellaneous 

fabricated metal 

products 

31-332999 Miscellaneous 

fabricated metal 

products and ball and 

roller bearings

3346 31-334600 Miscellaneous 

media 

manufacturing and 

reproduction

31-334600 Miscellaneous 

computer and 

electronic products

To Table of Figures

Exhibit 2 through Exhibit 7 show the new CES industry codes and titles, not the previous CES 

industry codes and titles, as noted in Exhibit 1. 

Only directly estimated data types1 are included in the exhibits: 

• All Employees (AE) • Production Employees (PE)

• AE Average Weekly Hours (AE AWH) • PE Average Weekly Hours (PE AWH)

1 CES estimates data in two ways: directly and indirectly. Directly estimated data types refer to data types for which 

estimates are calculated directly from the responding sample. Indirectly estimated data types refer to data types for 

which estimates are calculated from other directly estimated data types. Average weekly earnings of all employees 

and indexes of aggregate weekly hours of all employees are examples of indirectly estimated data types. For more 

information on indirectly estimated data types, see the CES Technical Notes at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm. 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 14 of 29

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• AE average hourly earnings (AE AHE) • PE average hourly earnings (PE AHE)

• AE Average Weekly Overtime Hours 

(AE AWOH)

• PE Average Weekly Overtime Hours 

(PE AWOH)

• Women Employees (WE)

The directly estimated data types listed except for AE are collectively called non-AE data types. 

In order to more easily identify affected series, since AE series are published at a more detailed 

industry level than non-AE series, series changes exhibits are split by AE and non-AE data types. 

The non-AE tables cover all directly estimated non-AE data types.

The first group of series changes exhibits contains three exhibits referencing the AE data type and 

the second group contains three exhibits referencing all non-AE data types. The three exhibits in 

each group display the discontinued, collapsed, and new series. Discontinued series exhibits 

(Exhibit 2 and Exhibit 5) display series for which the data types noted are no longer published. 

Collapsed series exhibits (Exhibit 3 and Exhibit 6) display series for which the data types noted 

are no longer published because the industry no longer has sufficient sample to be estimated and 

published separately. Affected industries have been combined with other similar industries for 

estimation and publication purposes. Historical data for these series were reconstructed to provide 

consistent time series. New series exhibits (Exhibit 4 and Exhibit 7) display series for which the 

data types noted are now published. 

 

AE exhibits

Exhibit 2. Discontinued AE series

There are no discontinued AE series. 

To Table of Figures

Exhibit 3. Collapsed AE series

NAICS 

Code 

CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry Title Collapsed into CES Industry 

332991 31-332991 Ball and roller bearings Collapsed into miscellaneous fabricated 

metal products and ball and roller 

bearings (31-332999)

3343 31-334300 Audio and video 

equipment

Collapsed into miscellaneous computer 

and electronic products (31-334600)

45393 42-453930 Manufactured and 

mobile home dealers

Collapsed into all other miscellaneous 

store retailers (42-453990)

To Table of Figures

Exhibit 4. New AE series

There are no new AE series published. 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 15 of 29

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To Table of Figures

Non-AE exhibits

Exhibit 5. Discontinued Non-AE series

NAICS 

Code 

CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry 

Title 

Discontinued 

From Publication 

Next Highest 

Published Industry(2)

236116 20-236116 

New multifamily 

general 

contractors

AE AHE, AE AWH Residential building (20-

236100) 

236117 20-236117 

New housing 

operative 

builders

AE AHE, AE AWH Residential building (20-

236100) 

3311 31-331100 

Iron and steel 

mills and 

ferroalloy 

production

WE Primary metals (31-

331000) 

3313 31-331300 

Alumina and 

aluminum 

production

WE Primary metals (31-

331000) 

33151 31-331510 Ferrous metal 

foundries

AE AHE, AE AWH, 

AE AWOH Foundries (31-331500) 

33152 31-331520 Nonferrous 

metal foundries

AE AHE, AE AWH, 

AE AWOH Foundries (31-331500) 

332321 31-332321 Metal windows 

and doors AE AWOH

Ornamental and 

architectural metal 

products (31-332320)

332323 31-332323 

Ornamental and 

architectural 

metal work

AE AWOH

Ornamental and 

architectural metal 

products (31-332320)

332999 31-332999 

Miscellaneous 

fabricated metal 

products 

AE AHE, AE AWH, 

AE AWOH, PE, PE 

AHE, PE AWH, PE 

AWOH, WE

All other fabricated metal 

products (31-332990) 

333517 31-333517 Machine tool 

manufacturing

AE AHE, AE AWH, 

AE AWOH, PE, PE 

AHE, PE AWH, PE 

AWOH

Metalworking machinery 

(31-333500) 

337122 31-337122 

Nonupholstered 

wood household 

furniture

AE AHE, AE AWH, 

AE AWOH, PE, PE 

AHE, PE AWH, WE

Other household and 

institutional furniture 

(31-337120)

337124,5,7 31-337127 

Miscellaneous 

household and 

institutional 

furniture

AE AHE, AE AWH, 

AE AWOH, PE, PE 

AHE, PE AWH, WE

Other household and 

institutional furniture 

(31-337120) 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 16 of 29

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NAICS 

Code 

CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry 

Title 

Discontinued 

From Publication 

Next Highest 

Published Industry(2)

311611 32-311611 

Animal, except 

poultry, 

slaughtering

AE AWOH Animal slaughtering and 

processing (32-311600) 

311612,3 32-311613 

Meat processed 

from carcasses, 

and rendering 

and meat 

byproduct 

processing

AE AWOH Animal slaughtering and 

processing (32-311600) 

45399 42-453990 

All other 

miscellaneous 

store retailers

AE AHE, AE AWH, 

PE, PE AHE, PE 

AWH, WE

Other miscellaneous 

store retailers (42-

453900) 

54186 60-541860 Direct mail 

advertising

PE, PE AHE, PE 

AWH

Advertising and related 

services (60-541800)

(2) The industry listed is the next highest published industry for all data types discontinued from publication. 

 

To Table of Figures

Exhibit 6. Collapsed Non-AE series

There are no collapsed non-AE series.

To Table of Figures

Exhibit 7. New Non-AE series

There are no new non-AE series published. 

To Table of Figures

 

___________________________ 

Seasonally adjusted data publication change 

Seasonally adjusted estimates for the indirectly estimated data types associated with series not 

available until the second preliminary release are now available with the second preliminary 

release. This change in publication status does not impact the seasonally adjusted series 

published for a given month with the first preliminary release of CES data. Approximately 8,300 

more seasonally adjusted derivative series will be published. 

Why benchmarks differ from estimates

A benchmark revision is the difference between the benchmark employment level for a given 

March and its corresponding sample-based estimate. The overall accuracy of the establishment 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 17 of 29

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survey is usually gauged by the size of this difference. The benchmark revision often is regarded 

as a proxy for total survey error, but this does not take into account error in the universe data or 

infrequent events such as historical reconstructions. The employment counts obtained from 

quarterly UI tax forms are administrative data that reflect employer record-keeping practices and 

differing state laws and procedures. The benchmark revision can be more precisely interpreted as 

the difference between two independently derived employment counts, each subject to its own 

error sources.

Like all sample surveys, the establishment survey is susceptible to two sources of error: sampling 

error and nonsampling error. Sampling error is present any time a sample is used to make 

inferences about a population. The magnitude of the sampling error, or variance, relates directly 

to sample size and the percentage of the universe covered by that sample. The CES monthly survey 

captures slightly under one-third of the universe, exceptionally high by usual sampling 

standards. This coverage ensures a small sampling error at the Total nonfarm employment level.

Both the universe counts and the establishment survey estimates are subject to nonsampling errors 

common to all surveys – measurement, response, and processing errors. The error structures for 

both the CES monthly survey and the UI universe are complex. Still, the two programs generally 

produce consistent total employment figures, each validating the other. 

Benchmark revision effects for other data types

The routine benchmarking process results in revisions to the series for production and 

nonsupervisory employees and women employees. There are no benchmark employment levels 

for these series; they are revised by preserving ratios of employment for the particular data type to 

all employee employment prior to benchmarking, and then applying these ratios to the revised all 

employee figures. These figures are calculated at the basic cell level and then aggregated to 

produce the summary estimates. Average weekly hours, average hourly earnings, and in 

manufacturing industries, average weekly overtime hours are not benchmarked; they are estimated 

solely from reports supplied by survey respondents at the basic estimating cell level. 

The aggregate industry levels of the hours and earnings series are derived as a weighted average. 

The all employee employment estimates or the production and nonsupervisory employee 

employment estimates for the basic cells essentially act as weights for their respective hours and 

earnings estimates for broader industry groupings. Adjustments of the all employee estimates to 

new benchmarks may alter the weights used for both AE and PE hours and earnings, which, in 

turn, may change the estimates for both AE and PE hours and earnings at higher levels of 

aggregation. 

Generally, new employment benchmarks have little effect on hours and earnings estimates for 

major industry groupings. To influence the hours and earnings estimates of a broader industry 

group, employment revisions have to be relatively large and must affect industries that have hours 

or earnings averages that are substantially different from those of other industries in their broader

group. Table 5 and Table 6 provide information on the levels of specific hours and earnings series 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 18 of 29

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resulting from the March 2014 benchmark. Total private average hourly earnings increased by 

two cents for AE and PE from the previously published level. 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 19 of 29

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Table 5. Effect of March 2014 benchmark revisions to AE AWH and AE AHE estimates, selected industries

CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry Title 

Average Weekly Hours Average Hourly Earnings

Estimated Revised Difference Estimated Revised Difference 

05-000000 Total private 34.7 34.7 0 $24.48 $24.50 $0.02 

06-000000 Goods-producing 40.5 40.5 0 25.64 25.62 -.02 

08-000000 Private serviceproviding 33.6 33.6 0 24.21 24.23 .02 

10-000000 Mining and logging 45 45.1 .1 31.13 31.04 -.09 

20-000000 Construction 38.7 38.6 -.1 26.55 26.53 -.02 

30-000000 Manufacturing 41 41 0 24.80 24.79 -.01 

31-000000 Durable goods 41.5 41.5 0 26.17 26.18 .01 

31-321000 Wood products 41 41 0 18.20 18.17 -.03 

31-327000 Nonmetallic mineral 

products 41.7 41.7 0 22.63 22.63 0 

31-331000 Primary metals 43.6 43.6 0 24.92 24.94 .02 

31-332000 Fabricated metal 

products 41.6 41.6 0 22.20 22.20 0 

31-333000 Machinery 41.8 41.8 0 26.94 26.95 .01 

31-334000 Computer and 

electronic products 40.2 40.2 0 33.73 33.73 0 

31-335000 Electrical equipment 

and appliances 40.6 40.6 0 25.05 25.05 0 

31-336000 Transportation 

equipment 43.1 43.1 0 29.85 29.94 .09 

31-336001 Motor vehicles and 

parts 43.4 43.5 .1 24.40 24.50 .10 

31-337000 Furniture and related 

products 39.9 39.9 0 19.43 19.46 .03 

31-339000 Miscellaneous durable 

goods manufacturing 39.3 39.3 0 23.71 23.71 0 

32-000000 Nondurable goods 40.3 40.2 -.1 22.38 22.34 -.04 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 20 of 29

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CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry Title 

Average Weekly Hours Average Hourly Earnings

Estimated Revised Difference Estimated Revised Difference 

32-311000 Food manufacturing 39.8 39.8 0 18.46 18.47 .01 

32-313000 Textile mills 41.4 41.4 0 17.53 17.53 0 

32-314000 Textile product mills 37.8 37.8 0 16.14 16.13 -.01 

32-315000 Apparel 37.2 37.3 .1 17.15 17.17 .02 

32-322000 Paper and paper 

products 42.4 42.4 0 24.58 24.60 .02 

32-323000 Printing and related 

support activities 37.5 37.5 0 22.65 22.65 0 

32-324000 Petroleum and coal 

products 43.6 43.4 -.2 38.09 37.58 -.51 

32-325000 Chemicals 41.8 41.8 0 29.83 29.83 0 

32-326000 Plastics and rubber 

products 41.3 41.3 0 20.53 20.52 -.01 

32-329000 

Miscellaneous 

nondurable goods 

manufacturing 

37.4 37.4 0 21.32 21.32 0 

40-000000 Trade, transportation, 

and utilities 34.6 34.6 0 21.45 21.44 -.01 

41-420000 Wholesale trade 39.3 39.3 0 28.18 28.17 -.01 

42-000000 Retail trade 31.3 31.3 0 16.94 16.95 .01 

43-000000 Transportation and 

warehousing 38.6 38.6 0 22.88 22.90 .02 

44-220000 Utilities 42.3 42.3 0 35.72 35.72 0 

50-000000 Information 37.5 37.4 -.1 34.05 34.08 .03 

55-000000 Financial activities 37.8 37.8 0 30.87 30.87 0 

60-000000 Professional and 

business services 36.6 36.7 .1 29.39 29.49 .10 

65-000000 Education and health 

services 32.8 32.8 0 24.57 24.59 .02 

70-000000 Leisure and hospitality 26.5 26.5 0 13.78 13.79 .01 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 21 of 29

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CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry Title 

Average Weekly Hours Average Hourly Earnings

Estimated Revised Difference Estimated Revised Difference 

80-000000 Other services 32 32.1 .1 21.87 21.96 .09

To Table of Figures

Table 6. Effect of March 2014 benchmark revisions to PE AWH and PE AHE estimates, selected industries

CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry Title 

Average Weekly Hours Average Hourly Earnings

Estimated Revised Difference Estimated Revised Difference 

05-000000 Total private 33.8 33.8 0 $20.59 $20.61 $0.02 

06-000000 Goods-producing 41.3 41.3 0 21.42 21.42 0 

08-000000 Private serviceproviding 32.6 32.6 0 20.42 20.44 .02 

10-000000 Mining and logging 47.6 47.6 0 26.79 26.75 -.04 

20-000000 Construction 39.2 39.2 0 24.43 24.43 0 

30-000000 Manufacturing 41.9 41.9 0 19.54 19.53 -.01 

31-000000 Durable goods 42.4 42.4 0 20.63 20.65 .02 

31-321000 Wood products 41.8 41.8 0 15.56 15.53 -.03 

31-327000 Nonmetallic mineral 

products 42.5 42.5 0 18.63 18.64 .01 

31-331000 Primary metals 44.1 44.2 .1 22.06 22.07 .01 

31-332000 Fabricated metal 

products 42.5 42.5 0 18.63 18.63 0 

31-333000 Machinery 43.2 43.3 .1 20.95 20.96 .01 

31-334000 Computer and 

electronic products 40.8 40.8 0 23.57 23.57 0 

31-335000 Electrical equipment 

and appliances 41.3 41.3 0 18.10 18.10 0 

31-336000 Transportation 

equipment 43.7 43.7 0 24.91 24.98 .07 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 22 of 29

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CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry Title 

Average Weekly Hours Average Hourly Earnings

Estimated Revised Difference Estimated Revised Difference 

31-336001 Motor vehicles and 

parts 43.9 43.9 0 21.44 21.51 .07 

31-337000 Furniture and related 

products 40.8 40.8 0 15.63 15.63 0 

31-339000 Miscellaneous durable 

goods manufacturing 40 40 0 17.47 17.47 0 

32-000000 Nondurable goods 41.2 41.2 0 17.72 17.68 -.04 

32-311000 Food manufacturing 40.3 40.3 0 15.50 15.50 0 

32-313000 Textile mills 41.7 41.7 0 14.09 14.09 0 

32-314000 Textile product mills 37.5 37.5 0 13.25 13.25 0 

32-315000 Apparel 39.1 39.2 .1 13.34 13.34 0 

32-322000 Paper and paper 

products 43.7 43.7 0 20.16 20.18 .02 

32-323000 Printing and related 

support activities 39 39 0 18.02 18.02 0 

32-324000 Petroleum and coal 

products 45.9 45.7 -.2 36.37 35.70 -.67 

32-325000 Chemicals 43 43 0 21.47 21.47 0 

32-326000 Plastics and rubber 

products 41.9 41.9 0 16.36 16.36 0 

32-329000 

Miscellaneous 

nondurable goods 

manufacturing 

40.3 40.3 0 18.72 18.72 0 

40-000000 Trade, transportation, 

and utilities 33.6 33.6 0 18.26 18.26 0 

41-420000 Wholesale trade 39 39 0 23.22 23.21 -.01 

42-000000 Retail trade 29.8 29.8 0 14.34 14.35 .01 

43-000000 Transportation and 

warehousing 38.3 38.4 .1 20.40 20.44 .04 

44-220000 Utilities 42 42 0 32.84 32.84 0 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 23 of 29

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CES 

Industry 

Code

CES Industry Title 

Average Weekly Hours Average Hourly Earnings

Estimated Revised Difference Estimated Revised Difference 

50-000000 Information 36.4 36.2 -.2 28.84 28.83 -.01 

55-000000 Financial activities 37.3 37.3 0 24.78 24.77 -.01 

60-000000 Professional and 

business services 35.8 35.8 0 24.47 24.55 .08 

65-000000 Education and health 

services 32.1 32 -.1 21.49 21.51 .02 

70-000000 Leisure and hospitality 25.5 25.5 0 11.99 11.99 0 

80-000000 Other services 31 31 0 18.40 18.50 .10 

To Table of Figures

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 24 of 29

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Vintage data

Due to user interest in versions of CES estimates from original to current publication, CES 

compiled vintage data tables that display the CES published employment values for a given 

reference month across time. CES vintage data can be found at 

www.bls.gov/ces/cesvininfo.htm. 

Three-month moving average

Effective with the release of January 2015 data, the establishment survey will introduce two new 

data series: total nonfarm employment, 3-month average change and total private employment, 

3-month average change. Both series are seasonally adjusted.

Methods

Benchmark adjustment procedure

Establishment survey benchmarking is done on an annual basis to a population derived primarily 

from the administrative file of employees covered by UI. The time required to complete the 

revision process—from the full collection of the UI population data to publication of the revised 

industry estimates—is about ten months. The benchmark adjustment procedure replaces the 

March sample-based employment estimates with UI-based population counts for March. The 

benchmark therefore determines the final employment levels, while sample movements capture 

month-to-month trends. 

Benchmarks are established for each basic estimating cell and are aggregated to develop published 

levels. On a not seasonally adjusted basis, the sample-based estimates for the year preceding and 

the nine months following the benchmark also are then subject to revision. Employment estimates 

for the months between the most recent March benchmark and the previous year's benchmark are 

adjusted using a "wedge-back" procedure. In this process, the difference between the benchmark 

level and the previously published March estimate for each estimating cell is computed. This 

difference, or error, is linearly distributed across the 11 months of estimates subsequent to the 

previous benchmark; eleven-twelfths of the March difference is added to February estimates, tentwelfths to January estimates, and so on, ending with the previous April estimates, which receive 

one-twelfth of the March difference. The wedge procedure assumes that the total estimation error 

accumulated at a steady rate since the last benchmark. Applying previously derived over-themonth sample changes to the revised March level yields revised estimates for the nine months 

following the March benchmark (also referred to as the post benchmark period, see Revisions in 

the post benchmark period). New net birth/death model estimates also are calculated and applied 

during post benchmark estimation. 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 25 of 29

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Benchmark source material

The principal source of benchmark data for private industries is the Quarterly Census of 

Employment and Wages (QCEW). The QCEW scope is defined by employment data provided to 

state employment security agencies by employers covered by state UI laws. BLS uses several 

other sources to establish benchmarks for the industries partially covered or exempt from 

mandatory UI coverage, accounting for nearly 3 percent of the nonfarm employment total. 

Data on employees covered under Social Security laws, published by the U.S. Census Bureau in 

County Business Patterns, are used to augment UI data for industries not fully covered by the UI 

scope, such as Non-office insurance sales workers, child daycare workers, Religious organizations, 

and Private schools and hospitals. Noncovered employment for state and local government 

hospitals and educational institutions is based on the Annual Survey of Public Employment and 

Payroll (ASPEP) conducted by the Census Bureau. Noncovered employment data from these 

sources are available only on a lagged basis. Extrapolation to a current level is accomplished by 

applying the employment trends from the UI-covered part of the population in these industries to 

the noncovered part. Universe data for interstate railroads are obtained from the Railroad 

Retirement Board. More information on calculating noncovered employment in the CES program 

is available in the CES Technical Notes at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#NCE. 

Business birth and death estimation

Regular updating of the CES sample frame with information from the UI universe files helps to 

keep the CES survey current with respect to employment from business births and deaths. 

However, the timeliest UI universe files available will always be a minimum of six to seven months 

out of date. The CES survey thus cannot rely on regular frame maintenance alone to provide 

estimates for business birth and death employment contributions. BLS has researched both 

sample-based and model-based approaches to measuring birth units that have not yet appeared on 

the UI universe frame. Since the research demonstrated that sampling for births was not feasible 

in the very short CES production timeframes, the Bureau is utilizing a model-based approach for 

this component. 

Earlier research indicated that while both the business birth and death portions of total employment 

are generally significant, the net contribution is relatively small. To account for this net birth/death 

portion of total employment, BLS is utilizing an estimation procedure with two components. The 

first component excludes employment losses from business deaths from sample-based estimation 

in order to offset the missing employment gains from business births. This is incorporated into 

the sample-based link relative estimate procedure by simply not reflecting sample units going out 

of business, but imputing to them the same trend as the other firms in the sample. The second 

component is an Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) time series model designed 

to estimate the net birth/death employment not accounted for by the imputation. The historical 

time series used to create and test the ARIMA model was derived from the UI universe micro level 

database, and reflects the actual net of births and deaths over the past five years. The net 

birth/death model component figures are unique to each month and include negative adjustments 

in some months. Furthermore, these figures exhibit a seasonal pattern similar to the seasonal 

patterns of the continuing businesses. 

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Only error from the second component is directly measurable. Error from this component is 

measured by comparing the actual net of births and deaths from March 2013-14 — once it becomes 

available — with the model-based estimate. As Table 7 shows, the actual net birth/death for April 

2013 to March 2014 was approximately 202,000 above the forecasted amount used in the CES 

monthly estimates for the time period. 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 27 of 29

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Table 7. Differences between forecasted and actual net birth/death, total private employment, April 2013 – 

March 2014 (in thousands)

Benchmark 2014 2013 2014 Total Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar

Actual Net Birth/Death 277 201 129 143 127 -19 164 22 -26 -252 141 64 971

Forecast Net Birth/Death 236 210 140 86 99 -30 159 -11 -12 -307 124 75 769

Difference 41 -9 -11 57 28 11 5 33 -14 55 17 -11 202

Cumulative Difference 41 32 21 78 106 117 122 155 141 196 213 202

To Table of Figures

Availability of revised data

LABSTAT, the BLS public database, contains all historical employment, hours, and earnings data revised as a result of this benchmark, 

including both not seasonally adjusted and seasonally adjusted data. The data can be accessed at www.bls.gov/ces/, the CES homepage. 

Some data published on previous dates can be accessed through the CES Vintage data webpage at www.bls.gov/ces/vininfo/. 

Seasonal adjustment procedure

For technical information on how seasonal adjustment is performed in the CES program, refer to the Seasonal Adjustment section of 

the CES Technical Notes, available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cestn.htm#section5e. For more information on seasonal adjustment 

model specifications and special model adjustments, please see the Seasonal Adjustment Model Specification List section of the CES 

Seasonal Adjustment Files and Documentation page, available at www.bls.gov/web/empsit/cesseasadj.htm#samodel.

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 28 of 29

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Table of figures

Tables 

Table 1. Percent differences between nonfarm employment benchmarks and estimates by 

industry supersector, March 2004-2014 .................................................................5 

Table 2. Nonfarm employment benchmarks by industry, March 2014 (in thousands) .......7 

Table 3. Net birth/death estimates by industry supersector, April – December 2014 (in 

thousands) .............................................................................................................15 

Table 4. Differences in seasonally adjusted levels and over-the-month changes, total 

nonfarm employment, January – December 2014 (in thousands) ........................16 

Table 5. Effect of March 2014 benchmark revisions to AE AWH and AE AHE 

estimates, selected industries ................................................................................24 

Table 6. Effect of March 2014 benchmark revisions to PE AWH and PE AHE estimates, 

selected industries .................................................................................................26 

Table 7. Differences between forecasted and actual net birth/death, total private 

employment, April 2013 – March 2014(in thousands) ........................................31 

Exhibits 

Exhibit 1. Series with CES industry code or title changes ................................................17 

Exhibit 2. Discontinued AE series .....................................................................................18 

Exhibit 3. Collapsed AE series ..........................................................................................19 

Exhibit 4. New AE series ...................................................................................................19 

Exhibit 5. Discontinued Non-AE series .............................................................................19 

Exhibit 6. Collapsed Non-AE series ..................................................................................22 

Exhibit 7. New Non-AE series...........................................................................................22 

Last Modified Date: February 6, 2015 

Nicholas Fett and Caila Pinkleton, Economists 

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics | Division of Current Employment Statistics – National

PSB Suite 4860, 2 Massachusetts Avenue, NE Washington, DC 20212-0001

www.bls.gov/CES | Telephone: 1-202-691-6555 | CESinfo@bls.gov

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Page 29 of 29

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