nard for proxy respondents to report on whether someone who was not work-
ing was looking for work or out of the labor force. Since only a relatively
small percentage of the sampled population falls into this gray area, per-
haps a rule could be made that required in-person responding for any family
member for which this classification was possibly problematic.

Mere generally on the issue of proxy and self-reporting, it seems
to me that it should be standard procedure that a respondent should always
i home he/she

/herself first and then about any one for

be asked about at:

doing proxy reporting. The only way to model accuracy, it seems to me, is
for the self-reporting to come first. A neat and rather simple laboratory
study might be to check back with those for whom a proxy reported to see

what correspondence there is between the two reports. aAs was pointed out at
the conference, of course, there are problems of possible communication be-
tween members of the family between interviews, but at least we would get
some lower bound on the amount of lack of correspondence there is.

I enclose the proposed test questionnaire with some comments
scribbled on it.

REFERENCES

F. (1979). Eye Witness ony. Cambridge, Massachusetts:

Harvard University Press.

A. D. (1979). The Psychology of Eye Witness Testimony. New York:
Free Press.

ST: ebp


GF. be vo, antens to book tor wary of amy cine auring tne
ner. 12 aostns?

INTERVIEWER CHEGH ITEX

Emirs tor Wi ar ites 200...
weed Entry (or ka. ye B2IAL
Sls otner cases.

tee
it gepenas idpetiey in notes:

TNTERVLEWEF CRED:

Ine AOtation.....0 ihBE E2bAr
Ail other kotatzone...0 (Skip to 028!

G24L, DESTALBE JOE In O25; TERWISE SKIP TC

ba. APE you palé by the pour of this J0b7

SIE, GESCRIPTION GF JOS OF BUSTKESS
SISK. For wnoe c1z vou wari’ (name O¢ Cumuaay, ausiaess, Yes 0
organszation or other eapioyer.i wo 6G (Skip te G26)

G28. nat 2s your hourly rate of day on this Joc. perore
Oeouctipns of any kind?

boliars Lents,

Wat tine o- business OF industry ib [nh IFOr Preemie.

ane vague pin., reter; snow store, Stare caor beot., ve
fare.) i
4“ a (ere te Gad
oe o
_ n n
What tine Dé wort were you aoimo” (For evaepie: eertrica: Be be
emorneer, toca Chere, tesét, tarper. % %

How are you pardon tmrs Jol” for exampse, are yOu ou:t
aL a Sally, weetiy, aonthiy of anoual raze. on a

Biecewore OF CoMassion Basis, oF 4: soRe other rate”

wert your Qost iedertant attavitzes or outses at this Jo: Yariv rates
(For eramoue: types, neers account boors, fsves, serie cars Metkiy ratte

operates printing oress, isnisnes concrete dumettiv rate...
Monthiy rate.

veatiy rate

Sear

precewer: bests

oto tomerssion casie

were rou: Soae ctner ways...

fe. ealover of ¢ PRIVATE Co,. bus. o”
indivigual for sagen, Salary Of coms.
A FEDERAL governsent raninver.
& STATE governemnt enploree.......4+
A LOCA, governeent eaoiover.
Selé-eenioves 20 OWN bus., prod. practice. of fara,
14 tne nesses .ecor porated?
Yeteeel eee to 28) .
Mo..00 (Sing te O28:
working WiTHOUT PAY ne fag, Dus.
NEVER WORKEL



hk. 92g vou iowe ov take of+ any nours Ge nar Ce weir Season OE were angen: t7 08

+708 work, FOr aay Featan Guch as ilinest, wore a3) WEEN”
ralatibn, ABl:6ey, lapor Bispute O° laroet”
inciube hours at ali jabs. Or Layore steaporary of inoetinite., 3 Bese tr Ot
Wee OD Lo DEIN WIEMIN LC Gas... seeeseeeeeees (SUE TE IMS
Yes G0) d) 0000) mow many Mour es” LADO” GIBDULEL reer e eee £
wet % jac weather afrectes jot
ti Or vacation. ....ecseeeee eee
2 Family of persona, oalisation ELCE*T ost
33 ilimess, of gaterarty iesve.... a
uu Own iilness, injury or oisasility 2
5 Raternity or pregnancy ibave/Daternity..eeee.et
be School of training...
7 vic or military @uty
8 Otner (Soecity if notes...
*

RDin. Gre vou recerving wages O° Saiary #roe your
eapiover tov any or tne time of! ast weer?

CE6 Ses? ur 202, asz about MALK pot tars

LAST WEEA, now wane nours o9¢ vor ACTUALLY work
ar your

reef iSeip to R25)
me 0 iBeae te R25)

imalw: JO87

ve

u aZIE, nay vour eapioves aiven vor ¢ Soecitit Gate to return tz wary
BY un res 0 ibeag to G21b

a“ a we OG

be be lic. be vou expect tc oe recalies te your jor wttnir the nec! co a2r
a8 ae

eo 6

TOTAL HOURS &T AL, S0BS: wane:

ee Ever though voc eventually expec: te oe calsee oat tc wer
Eve? CHEST TTES have you been 1ooeing tor wort guring tne gas: ¢ wenus”

chet 20K
(Sei te G25)

205 1s 35° are. ANE O20) total:
EE OEMET Se eesceeeeaeeeees

s bess than 35 hrs.

is the reasor vou woreed Jess thar

3 wnat

cE ours GAST

IMark the appreeriate reson ,

Hy mOrk.oe.
Material SnOCtagee cece eee
Plant or aachine repair.,
hew 0D started ov enced during wees.
potioay (legal or reisgrows..
Lapor dispute.
bat weather atvectes jot..
fm jLiness, ingury, medical apts...
vacatpon/Derfonal GRy. see.
$Ot ROUTE vary ath weet.
Faaiiy or persona: obiicatrons...,
Senoo! or traning.
Otner reason (Specityi.



Appendix I. Proposed Tes

bss

Our xonmacALALDROE ETE LE:

Wow} movie lite tb ast ¢ tee questions

t

apo

Thig revere te the wees extencing trae

Sunpay, Septeamer 7. tnrouar Satueaay

Sepieaber

GLAST WEE, ane ro OF apy wore at
counting wor. aroun the nouse’

(Serr te E200.
Seg te G2o,

(ibe E20K

Koeeeee
bnacie to worn...0

S2GK. oes your Gubability comcietesy incapaci sate
yoo #f08 GOING any Kind oF work uring the
next: aomtns” ey ae a
ver 2 [Stag te B27
act

SAE WEE. S26 yOu nave @ yoo or

worth yOu wert teaoorarsiy apsent O° of Lavoe ~ SUact WOR ceeeeees o
a . bees not want full-tiee work.....

ree 0 Fulimtiae wort weer anger IS hours,

ho (Stup te G22. Coule fine only part-tiar wore

got Lass

Dis vou nave wore taar one
as a partetaan or wpecent job”
2208 Hoe wMich you are an Lavoti.

6

if

res, sore than one yor
hz, pry one Jor iSesp to a,

aanv jock cre vou have

ow ean, pours per

weet cr yDL USiha.

fours vary eeth weer.

bo vou esualiy wort
pub i6}%

TE hours or apr:

your

tes
We

vis

sect:
Ge not inciuge

3

Questionnaire

CHEEY

Skip
ibe te 2208-.

rest ir G20E.
Ais others.

TI TUNTERVIEWEP CHECK ITER

2
yy & TOTk, HOURS REPORTED 18 207 WERE:
4 aoe d-34 hours.

G25
ibe te R20E-4

US ours...
ours vary eatn wees.

inveRvigwEh CRECK ITER

: svest in G20E-1...0  (Skup to 261
thet vp G20E1...0 (Ask B20F!
Whac ve the reason you USAT work 1

Ih hours ?
(hart the appropriate reason

ily of personaj oblioations. errept
ean realty or senoai..
Our pealth..
Senooi or training
Socsal Security laaits on earnings.
Otner \Specrtyi..

~~ TRTERVIEWEE
TOTAL ROURS

en08

123 nourby ee
ours vars each weee...0

YD wOrr apy Dvertiae oF extty

gee nour Incauge nours at al. 7008.
vv . yest moe pany add:tiona, Nourse”
rv? ’ wef a
“ n
ger Fd, 2
, te r B
Joe ic oy “ -
ce Len a 5
ee ‘ oo
Ly ed ref, 7
“sy Be
ir . 8
Brae te €208-2) ey a fs *
inet 6208 \ ae
a torre n ~



Seip te C74 '

Aaa, mere OU iooKiNe TOT Nui parte

tne

ai ‘
artetiee 0

GSB. wnat as the alk reason that vou are act currentiy rooeing tor

hes yoo te begin in 30 gays. © iberp te G24

At JOD NOm..., f iSkip to 824
MG MOR) avaiiaaie in
june of wort or area iy
COULDN'” FIRE any work, t

SSHODLINE, trainang,
SEiis oF exoeriencts....
Eeplovers tain 100 10UKE o” TOD Das...
Dtner CERSOMAL RAKDICAP an tameung sox...
lant arrange CHILL TARE. .
FAMILY responsibsl: ties
In senooi or ctner trasming.
MUG neal th, onvarca, @r6adi latices cee
Other Soecyty 1° notes
BON KOOR ses esseeeseureers

a2 YSU GaN a GE MoM, |rtmer tal. ot aart Lime

haybe. 1% gepengs..,

(Seip te G2
(Skip to 824

Gor't knoe.

TID. nave vee LoouRG 10° work gt any tier CUTINE Ine Gest Lt apmtn’

2206,

IRTERVIEWER

Gutoorns Rotation...
Al. Gthee fotatyant,

£iFiy) B2AA
+b (Sere te G27

tan 1

EID ie yes y...0 Gkae to €240r

Was ne. G task 624i
be vou want a jor noe, ertaer tuli o part~tieeTM
a0 Seren 9

Maybe, 3% oepencs...0
as, seeeeeG (Skup to @240)
Dont entered (Seis te €240)

t24e.

wnat are tne reasons vou are not iporine ror work”
inart gach reason aentioned.

BELIEVES NO WOW). availaple in
lane ov wore or areas.
COULDN'T FIRE any works...
URTKS REL. SCHOOLING. trasming,
Stilis or experience,, C
Eagvovers thine TOC YOUNE of TOG OL5.....0
t

Utner PERSONEL KANEICRE ir tinerng job...
tan t atranoe CHILD DARE,
FNL: responsiceiities,
it senoo, of ptmer travning
Vee mealth, onysical gigas
Otner i

Gert enoas. ss

ecaty in Actes,

Cowie vou have Carer é jot iR3T KEEL

res CD iSeap te G24

+ Maat as Une Teaser tna vou COME eOL nave Laker 4 sot

Riread> nas a sop.
Gwe temporays iiiness..
Borns tr scno.
Utner iSoecséy se notees..2

2) one Gad deer atrered

have you worced ata jot tor pay at any

the past :2 eontns? Po
a a .

ver =

feof Gas te @

voL itt

Farsona:, janis.

QTROMANTY seeeeeeee

meturr to scnDoees

mbalthececceee

Retiresent or sic age.

Teaporary, stespuai or ynteraittant

JOE ppepietet......

Elare wart or oucimess conditzons.
ungatistactory wort arrangements

thoure, pay. ettesy

Other (Soecrty an eotess...



REPORT ON BLS CONFERENCE ON SURVEY QUESTIONNAIR DESIGN

Judith Tanur
State University of New York at

tony Brook

Before turning to a specific report on the BLS Conference I would
like to address an over-arching issue, one side of which represents a fear
on my part, and the other side a major hope. The fear is that we at the
conference, chose at 8LS, and all those working in the field of Cognitive
Aspects of Survey Methodology will be reduced to putting old wine in new
bottles. The issue here is that the problems that we addressed at the
conference, that the CPS and CE surveys bring up, and that the CASM move-
ment in general deals with, are problems that survey researchers have been
aware of and have been wrestling with for a long time. So if all we do is
call old probiems by new names, then we are indulging ourselves in fFaddish-
ness and are unlikely to make any but sporadic and ragged progess towards
the solutions of these problems. On the other hand, I do believe that cog-
nitive psychology has a great deal to offer to survey research. We have
already discovered that the thinking of cognitive psychologists sensitizes
survey researchers to look at old problems in new ways. Further, we nave
already found that a good deal of che methodology of cognitive psychology
is transferrable to survey research and can help us investigate problems
that we have long noted and that long concerned us. So I am quite sure
neremental progress.

that there is important

But I would hope that all of this can go a giant step further --
that the concepts and the conceptual framework of cognitive psychology can
help us organize our investigations into the problems of survey research in
more systematic way than has heretofore been possible. We all know that
there are many questions that need to be answered, and many fronts upon which
research can advance, but very little time and very scarce resources to carry
out these researches. Thus I would hope that cognitive psychologists could
help point us to a coherent program of research which will let us set prior-
ities for basic research that will generalize and be applicable across survevs,
agencies, time, and space.

How could we make some first steps toward constructing that frame-
work? TI do net think it ts possible te do that in a conference such the
one just convened, for while such a conference is very useful turning up
ideas, I do not thinkit is useful for the kind of concentrated systematic
thinking that is needed for such an over-arching project. I wonder if it
would be possible to support a senior cognitive psychologist for a hunk of
cime to prepare a report that might embody such an over-arching Framework.
Surely the background papers for the Committee on National Statistics’ CASM
seminar on the contridutions that cognitive psychology can make to survey
research would be a starting point. But those papers were meant as orienta-
tion rather than as research programs. While a review of the literature
would be part of the proposed Framework paper, it seems to me that it should
go further and actually lay out and evaluate for feasibility the broad areas
of vesearch where cognitive psychology can inform surveys.



Wray ik vOUr iSisiy. wernsy, Clmeenss.
rate of pay oF this yon, betare geouztions ot any Kindy
Inciude any overtime bay, t:Dk OF CoMALESIONS Ubuaise recel yet

eontniy, vearis

Bhat to G20 .

E262, mow auchBo vou ubuaily ear. per wee. of this Joe. DETOrE oeoUctions
of amy tind?
usua.ly recervec.

Inciuae any overtrae pay, ties oF comarsszons

0006

ai

Gr this Jot, are Oo ¢ wemper of a ia00r unior oF c¢ ar eaCLOVer
agsociatioe s2aslar ff a union”

ves 0 (Stir te 8251

wet

De € union cy pEtiover ats

Gn thee yon. are yo, Cover:

40 -

SIT. INTERVIEWER CHET). 1TE

This person it:
iad years of ages, G (Skrp te €27k?
ceveeees D apr O27A

Breese

bre vou retirec #roe a 0D of DUBIneSK”

tes 0 (Ene ouestions:
ae

how woud vou Greeribe vou KAIk STATUS or activity at

tus tiee? For example, in senool, peragnentiy eisapite,
temporarily il: or crpablec, taxinc Care of the Mouse or fagiiy.
Sometning eise?

in senool..

Jemporarsiy 11: or orsabied..
Taking care of nouse/tamiiy
in retireeent..
Something eise/otner.

E36 Wereaviende Ch2i0” TER
Thre perso a8
bee? wears of age ...0 (hen 28h)

ALL ORR. eee eeeeG (Ent imestions:
S2GK. LAST WEEL, were vou enroliec ie a nian scneo., college, or

wnpversity? (Mari "Test 1) currentiy on nosigay OF seasona.
vacation. fare the’ for suaaer vacation,

muat Sznos,

Toliese or university...
ke (Ent tuestions

f senoo, af #4)

vou enroliec

Pelion ee
Fartetiee



SLi. Coure vou wave Laken» jot LAS. REED :+ bne hag peel creeks

ves G Skee te O21:
wt

faces ¢ jac U&S?

tis Me reaso”

fireaoy nas é job.

Gur teaporary sliness....0
borne te scnoc..
Other (Se:

iSrap te G2?
(Seip to a7:

he AD! many aeeKs had vou Deen

AL pf tne ene oO oS
or iavors?

Js the jor ¢ros wich vo:
partotiae 70?

Fulictrae ¢ (Seis te @2f an enter
Farctier YOe tToe wMagn on jaypte.»

Gee have you Deen ioguine ro” work purine trie ras! | reece

Slain. anal have vou peer gorag during the Last
mori” (Narr ALL eetnoas uset: go not
mrter each response agi, “Anythigs eise?*
Cnecees
wath > public eaploveent apeacy

private eapioveent agency
apsover CUT eCtiy. se.
traengs or reiatives..
Placee or ansmeree ads...
WOLAING. ees eee
Otner.. (Soecr4y in notesel.

(Seip te €23)

Loult vow Dave taxen a joo LAST WEEL 1! One fad Deen crreres”

ves 0 (Skip te €220)
we

1s the reasor you Coule not nave tatea 4 ppd LA

mii

Hireagy has a jet
Ger teaporary iilnese.
being te schoo: seeeed (Skap to 827)
Gener (Soecity so notesi...f (Sere to 227)

c

nos aany
00%
’ ne

2 Ane!

have vO. Dee” ,opcing PD" rulleti@e OF cart~cree Wore”

the time yoo Startes iDeing ror work, wad
ust VOL 108% oF BULL a DOr or wax Chere spat cine?
reason?

a

LOSS Ibe cece newer eenee, iSeip to S25)
fut p02...
Lett sence!
Mantes teaporary work...
Change in noee or

jaezdy responsstsinties.c .
Gath military eernicesereed
Otner.. (Specify tp notes ..0

seeeeeeeeeed Gent te E25,

wel
t

have vou ever workec at a tulictiee Jot or business (asting
L COMBECULIVE wees OF sore?

Yes 0 (Sesp to S20 anc enter
he OG JR, OF SREVEr wor eRe”



rather than immediate recording and using sterotypic rather than actual
expenditures. Can a better way of training be devised?

It is quite clear that the length of the Consumers Expenditure
r more than respondents (or interviewers)
with equanimity and accuracy. It seems to me that the projected experiment
that will offer only some sections of the interview to groups of people is

a good one. But it would be, it seems to me, far better to present randomly
chosen sections, or in any case to at least have random halves of the inter-
view. Notice that when the halves are always fixed, the covariances be-
tween certain expenditures, trade-offs between them, etc. are absolutely
unavailabie for analysis. Further, in the design of this experiment, one
should take advantage of the structure of the survey itself. Thus, in order
to increase precision it would be very useful to use interviewers as blocks
and, despite the difficulties involved, to be sure that each interviewer
gets to use all of the five forms. Steve Fienberg and I recently drafted
and submitted for publication a paper dealing with such design issues. A
copy is attached to this report.

Survey Interview is £

The time use literature has been experimenting with blocking out
the general form of the day wich the respondent and then going back and
filling in the details, Would a similar idea -- asking people for the
places where they habitually shop and then going over each of those places
te think of what they bought there -- help?

Current Population Survey

rmation is

For the CPS the idea that one can offer bounding inf
again very important. I believe this is called "dependent interviewing
and I am all for it. Again, I believe the Canadian Labor Force Survey dees
this and it might make sense to borrow a leaf from their book, as well as
to review the research leading up to their decision to use this method.

Ac the conference the idea of dealing with the unemployed and dis~
couraged workers in the laboratory in order to understand problems of compre-
these populations. Nobodv
ice rosters of current and
500d to make

hension was questioned d5ecause of the rarity of
taiked about sampling from State Unemployment Of
past recipients. Is the Federal-State cooperati
this possible?

f
on sufficiently

If hours of work are important to be gathered at least semi-
accurately, then it seems to me they should be gathered in such a way that
tacilitates their accurate estimation, for they will often be estimated rather
than tecalled. Surely there are ac least two kinds of people -- those who
punch a time clock or who are i by the hour and thus know quite precisely
the number of hours they worked week, and those who do not. It seems
to me that a question that would permit categorization of a respondent into
one or the other of these categories should precede the question on hours
of work. Then a very simple question could be asked of those who belong to
the first group, and a series of more elaborate ones asked of those belong-
ing to the second, guiding the respondent to estimate the hours last week
in a useful way. We pointed out in the CPS that it would be particularly



CO “research

Along these same lines, one piece of research that might usefully
be carried out would be to ask respondents to keep a diary using a completely
blank Form. This would have two possible functions. In an experimental mode
it could give BLS a better idea of how respondents "think", how they classify
expenditures, and perhaps clues to ways in which the diary form could be im-
proved. Tf such a technique were to be used in production mode, it would be
taking advantage of insights brought by cognitive psychology that interview-
ing is most curate and exhaustive if respondents are permitted to first
tell the story in their own words and then are questioned about details. (See
Lortus, 1979; Yarmey, 1979.) (Note that this idea of making the task of filil-
ing out the questionnaire a cooperative one was brought up in the original
CASM conference in reference to the National Health Interview Survey.)

I understand that research has been carried out on the form of the
diary and more is in process. The two experimental diaries we were shown
represent exciting possibilities, and I look forward to learning more about
the results of these tests. Several ideas do occur to me. First, it seems
to me a pity that both experimental forms released the respondent from the
burden of supplying quantities of items purchased. It seems to me likely
that the effect of the convenience of being released from that burden mav
swamp any effects due to the differences in exemplification between the ex-
perimental forms. Second, it seems to me that analysis of the results of
this experiment should ve informed by findings in cognitive psychology on
part-whole cueing that under some circumstances short lists of examples give
respondents leewa truct longer lists of events (purchases) and under
other circumstances tn ct goes in the vpposite direction. Conversely,
sometimes long li i
ourage re

nerating further examples. [t is a pity that the
in the light of these findings, but surely analysis

was not dest.

will profit by taking them into account. In the same research I worry about
indings based on a question phrased "Do you understand the reason for the
diary survey?" Issues of social desirability would seem to create validity

problems for data collected in response to such a question.

Let me address a few minor, disconnected points that occurred to

e repor

In Eva Jacob' presentation it was noted that gasol
i y good. I understand all the problems of verification, but
ne Moment accept that indeed those numbers are very good. What
insights can be drawn From that -- what makes them so good and what can de
done to make the reporting of other items equally good.

The discussion about whether the transcribed items ought to be
read to the respondent in order to accomplish the bounding function is a
very interesting one. Doesn't the Canadian labor force survey do so? It
seems to me that this is a ripe field for experimentation.

In the interviewer's manual for the Consumer Expenditure Survey,
the interviewer is instructed to fill in the example pages with the respon-
dent using vesterday's expenditures (or if there were none vesterday, those
for a “usual day"). While I understand the necessity of training respon-
dents, it seems to me that this training is modelling two behaviors that
BLS hopes the respondent will avoid in filling out the diary itself -- recail



As [ turn to a report of the conference itself, let me note that
I shall make Little effort to summarize the entire conference, or even to
make comments on all the ideas that came up there, In general I shail pre-
sent ideas that occurred to me before the conference as I read over the
materials provided and went through the interviews, ideas that struck me as
especially interesting during the conference (though I am delighted that vou
have the tape that archives all of the discussion for I am sure that memory
serves none of the participants well enough to make these reports exhaustive)
and ideas that occurred to me in the days since the conference took place.
I hope this plan meets the expectations for the report required in the “con-
tract".

Consumer Expenditure Survey

I think the most exciting idea that came out of the conference was
the idea of eliminating the quarteriy interview for the Consumer Expenditure
Survey altogether. At one stroke this rids BLS of problems engendered by
lengthy recall periods and the need to experiment to find optimum recall and
thus frees resources to gather auxillary data at the time of diarv pickup.
Careful thought would have to be devoted to both the form and content of the
questions soliciting this auxilliary information so that the survey would
nue to supply data (but, I believe, more accurate data) on the kinds of

cont
major expenditures that are now collected in the quarterly interviews. The
cognitive Laboratory would be a useful setting for investigating how people
chink about, categorize, estimate, and recall such major expenditures. This
switech-over would be a iong-term project. For the moment, it seems to me,

that a practically no-cose innovation that would make it possible to progress

toward evaluating the usefuiness of the diary would be to instruct interviewers
to routinely fiag those items that are filled in on recall rather than entered
O* before the interviewer gets to the household. This would permit some analyses
of the differences between the two sorts of data, even in the absence of vali-

inrormacion.

In all of the household surveys, it seens to me that respon
be tigntened up. As long as the quarterly interview survey
ist, changed respondent rules could improve the accuracy of the
y, although at some cost in interviewer time and travel or phone use.
at households differ in their division of labor for who buys
19 pays for what. These "gatekeepers" are those who should be
answering the questions about their areas of special knowledge. It would

oo make sense to employ the Laboratory to see if patterns of shopping can be
isolated. If they can be identified, then each interview could start with
some questions identifying the pattern for an individual CU and then pro-
ceed to pose particular expenditures to those most competent to answer them.
Such a procedure would make sense for the diary as well.

This netion of working with the respondent(s) to improve accuracy
has other applications as well. In the Consumer Expenditure Survey (and I
guess across all of the surveys), the idea of telling the respondent the
purpose of the questioning seems to me an awfully good one. Indeed, warning
at the beginning of the first interview of the kind of things that are going
to be asked for would help. (I understand that such a warning is ilable
for later interviews.)