IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

April 22, 2010 Session

TERESA LYNN STANFIELD, ET AL. v. JOHN NEBLETT, JR., M.D., ET AL.

Direct Appeal from the Circuit Court for Madison County

No. C06-273 Roger A. Page, Judge

No. W2009-01891-COA-R3-CV - Filed June 4, 2010

This is a medical malpractice case. The jury returned a verdict, finding that the

Appellee/Doctor deviated from the standard of care, but that his deviation was not the legal

cause of the injury. Appellant contends that the trial court erred in denying her motion for

a directed verdict, erred in ruling on her objections to Appellee’s experts and the

impeachment of her experts, that she was prejudiced by the language used on the verdict

form, and that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing Appellee to make a powerpoint

presentation during opening statements and closing arguments. Finding no error, we affirm.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3. Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Circuit Court Affirmed

J. STEVEN STAFFORD,J., delivered the opinion of the Court, in which ALAN E. HIGHERS, P.J.,

W.S., and HOLLY M. KIRBY, J., joined.

Michael L. Weinman, Jackson, Tennessee, and Thomas L. Long, Collierville, Tennessee, for

the appellant, Teresa Lynn Stanfield, Individually, and on behalf of the heirs at law of Trista

Jane Greene, Deceased. 

Dixie W. Cooper, Chris J. Tardio, Nashville, Tennessee, for the appellees, John Neblett, Jr.,

M.D., and West Tennessee Neurosurgical Clinic. P.C.

OPINION

On August 8, 2006, Appellant, Teresa Lynn Stanfield (“Ms. Stanfield”) filed this

action individually and on behalf of the heirs at law of her daughter, Trista Jane Greene

(“Ms. Greene”). Ms. Stanfield named Appellees, John Neblett, M.D. (“Dr. Neblett”) and
Jackson Madison County General Hospital District, d/b/a Jackson Madison County General Hospital 1

was also named as a defendant. Subsequently Ms. Stanfield voluntarily dismissed the claim against the

hospital. 

Dr. Neblett also asserted the defense of the comparative fault of Ms. Greene or the person

2

responsible for the ATV accident. Upon the motion of Ms. Stanfield, this defense was struck by the trial

court. This is not an issue on appeal.

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West Tennessee Neurosurgical Clinic, P.C. as defendants. Ms. Greene sustained head

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injuries during an ATV accident, which occurred on August 29, 2005. Following the

accident, she was taken to Jackson Madison County Hospital (the “Hospital”). After being

treated and evaluated in the emergency room, Ms. Greene was admitted to the neurological

intensive care unit at the Hospital. On August 30, 2005, she was transferred to the

intermediate neurosurgical unit on the orders of Dr. Neblett and another doctor that was also

treating Ms. Greene. At some point during her stay at the hospital, Ms. Greene’s

neurological status deteriorated. It is disputed when the deterioration began. Dr. Neblett

asserts that he was not notified of the deterioration in Ms. Greene’s status until approximately

10:50 p.m on August 30, 2005. Ms. Greene died on August 31, 2005, as a result of her

neurological injuries. Ms. Stanfield asserted in her complaint that Dr. Neblett is guilty of

medical negligence for failing to properly assess and treat her daughter, for transferring her

daughter out of the intensive care unit, and for failing to timely diagnose and treat her

daughter. Also in her complaint, Ms. Stanfield asserted that the nursing staff at the hospital

“failed to appreciate [her daughter’s] changing neurological status,” which changes required

immediate attention, and “failed to take the appropriate action....and failed to immediately

notify Dr. Neblett....”

Dr. Neblett and West Tennessee Neurological Clinic, P.C. filed an answer on January

8, 2007. In his answer, Dr. Neblett denied that he was guilty of medical negligence, stating

that he complied with the standard of care. In defense of the claims lodged against him, Dr.

Neblett averred the comparative fault of the hospital and nursing staff.

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A jury trial began on February 23, 2009. The trial concluded on March 3, 2009. That

same day, the jury returned a verdict in favor of Dr. Neblett. According to the verdict form,

the jury found that Dr. Neblett did deviate from the standard of care, but that his deviation

was not the legal cause of Ms. Greene’s death. The trial court entered a judgment reflecting

this decision on March 24, 2009. 

On April 22, 2009, Ms. Stanfield filed a Motion for New Trial. In her motion, Ms.

Stanfield raised ten issues which she contended entitled her to a new trial. The trial court

entered an order on September 4, 2009, denying the motion.
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Ms. Stanfield filed a notice of appeal on September 11, 2009. She raises seven issues

for our review, all of which were also raised in her Motion for New Trial as required by

Tenn. R. App. P. 3(e). We restate them as follows:

1. Whether the trial court erred in allowing Dr. Neblett’s counsel to show portions of

what was purported to be excerpts from the trial transcript to the jury during closing

arguments?

2. Whether the trial court erred by denying Ms. Stanfield’s Motion for a directed verdict

as to Dr. Neblett’s comparative fault claims?

3. Whether the trial court erred by allowing Dr. Neblett’s experts to testify as to opinions

not identified in their Rule 26 disclosures?

4. Whether the language regarding causation on the verdict form was misleading and,

therefore, caused the jury to misunderstand the required showing?

5. Whether the trial court erred in allowing Dr. Neblett to impeach Ms. Stanfield’s

experts through medical treatises?

6. Whether Dr. Neblett’s experts satisfied the locality rule and were properly qualified

to render opinions?

7. Whether the trial court erred in allowing Dr. Neblett’s counsel to make a power point

presentation, which included exhibiting documents that had not yet been admitted into

evidence, during opening arguments? 

I. Directed Verdict

Ms. Stanfield contends that the trial court erred in denying her motion for directed

verdict on Dr. Neblett’s comparative fault defense. A trial court's decision to grant a motion

for directed verdict involves a question of law. Underwood v. HCA Health Servs. of

Tennessee, Inc., 892 S.W.2d 423, 425 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1994). On appeal, we apply the same

standard used by the trial court when ruling on the motion initially. United Brake Sys., Inc.

v. Am. Envtl. Prot., Inc., 963 S.W.2d 749, 754 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). Accordingly, we do

not weigh the evidence or evaluate the credibility of witnesses. Id. (citing Underwood, 892

S.W.2d at 425). Rather, we consider all of the evidence, taking the strongest legitimate view

of it in the non-moving party's favor. Eaton v. McLain, 891 S.W.2d 587, 590 (Tenn. 1994).

The court should grant the motion, "only if, after assessing the evidence according to the

foregoing standards, it determines that reasonable minds could not differ as to the

conclusions to be drawn from the evidence." Id.

In his answer, Dr. Neblett asserted the defense of the comparative fault of the hospital

and the nursing staff. Accordingly, Dr. Neblett bears the burden of proving comparative

fault. Banks v. Elks Club Pride of Tenn. 1102, 301 S.W.3d 214, 224 (Tenn. 2010). 
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After reviewing the record, we find that the trial court did not err in denying Ms.

Stanfield’s motion for a directed verdict. There is ample evidence in the record upon which

a jury could find that the nursing staff was at fault. On direct examination, as Ms.

Stanfield’s witness, Dr. Neblett testified that, based on the nurse’s notes in Ms. Greene’s

medical records around 7:00 p.m. on August 30, 2005, the nursing staff should have called

him to inform him of Ms. Greene’s status. Instead, according to Dr. Neblett, he was not

contacted until approximately 10:50 p.m. that day. He testified that the standard of care was

to rely on the nurses to call him. Dr. Marvin Rozear, one of Ms. Stanfield’s experts, testified

that based upon the Glasgow Coma score given by the nurse at 1:00 p.m. on August 30,

2005, the nurse’s notes describing Ms. Greene’s condition were inaccurate. Moreover, Dr.

Rozear testified that he expects his nurses to contact him upon a change in the mental status

of a patient, and that, had the nurses contacted Dr. Neblett and had he responded

appropriately, the outcome would have differed. Dr. Isabelle Richmond, also one of Ms.

Stanfield’s experts, testified that the August 30, 2005, 1:00 p.m. nurse’s notes and the

Gaslgow Coma Score given by the nurse at 1:00 p.m. are inconsistent, implying that the

nurse erred. Dr. Richmond also testified that the nurse did not notify Dr. Neblett at 4:15 p.m.

when she documented that Ms. Green was holding her head and groaning, and that, had Dr.

Neblett been notified and had he come to the hospital, Ms. Green would have survived. Dr.

Richmond testified that she was familiar with nursing protocols and when a doctor should

be notified. Dr. Arthur Daus, another expert for Ms. Stanfield, also testified that it was

reasonable for Dr. Neblett to expect a call from the nurses when Ms. Greene’s status

changed. Dr. Owen Samuels, an expert for Dr. Neblett, testified that the standard of care

required the nurses to communicate any changes to Dr. Neblett and that they failed to contact

him at 7:00 p.m. on August 30, 2005, after documenting dramatic changes. Finally, the nurse

that was on duty the night of August 30, 2005, and who actually treated Ms. Greene, testified

that she knew that the standard of care required her to call Dr. Neblett upon a change in the

mental status of a patient. She testified that she was not entirely sure that Ms. Greene had

undergone a significant change, but instead of contacting Dr. Neblett as she knew she should,

she consulted with other nurses. Finding sufficient evidence in the record, we affirm the trial

court’s denial of Ms. Stanfield’s motion for a directed verdict. 

II. Experts

Decisions regarding the admissibility of evidence rest within the sound discretion of

the trial court. Otis v. Cambridge Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 850 S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tenn. 1992).

Accordingly, we review the trial court’s decisions under an abuse of discretion standard.

State Dep’t of Transp. v. Veglio, 786 S.W.2d 944, 948 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1989). The abuse

of discretion standard requires us to consider “(1) whether the decision has a sufficient

evidentiary foundation, (2) whether the trial court correctly identified and properly applied

the appropriate legal principles, and (3) whether the decision is within the range of
Tennessee Rule of Civil Procedure 26.02 provides in pertinent part: 3

4) Trial Preparation: Experts. Discovery of facts known and opinions held

by experts, otherwise discoverable under the provisions of subdivision (1)

of this rule and acquired or developed in anticipation of litigation or for

trial, may be obtained only as follows:

(A)(i) A party may through interrogatories require any other party to

identify each person whom the other party expects to call as an expert

witness at trial, to state the subject matter on which the expert is expected

to testify, and to state the substance of the facts and opinions to which the

expert is expected to testify and a summary of the grounds for each opinion.

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acceptable alternatives.” State ex rel. Vaughn v. Kaatrude, 21 S.W.3d 244, 248 (Tenn. Ct.

App. 2000). “While we will set aside a discretionary decision if it rests on an inadequate

evidentiary foundation or if it is contrary to the governing law, we will not substitute our

judgment for that of the trial court merely because we might have chosen another

alternative.” Id. If this Court finds error, we will only set aside the final judgement upon a

finding that the error “more probably than not affected the judgment or would result in

prejudice to the judicial process.” Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b). 

A. Dr. Neblett’s Experts

i. Rule 26 Disclosures 

Ms. Stanfield submits on appeal that the trial court erred in allowing Dr. Neblett’s

experts to testify regarding opinions not provided in their Rule 26 disclosures. Pursuant to 3

Rule 37.03 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure, the trial court may exclude an expert’s

testimony when the opposing party asserts that the expert did not disclose an opinion in his

or her Rule 26 expert disclosures. “Exclusion is proper only if the disclosures failed to give

the opposing side reasonable notice of the opinions such that, without exclusion, there would

be unfair surprise or trial by ambush.” Watkins v. Affiliated Internists, P.C., No. M2008-

01205-COA-R3-CV, 2009 WL 5173716, *20 (Tenn. Ct. App. Dec. 29, 2009)(citations

omitted). The decision to exclude an experts testimony under Rule 37.03 rests within the

sound discretion of the trial court and will not be overturned absent an abuse of that

discretion. Id. 

According to Ms. Stanfield, the trial court erred in allowing Dr. Neblett’s experts to

testify about the actions of the nurses, specifically their failure to notify Dr. Neblett as these

opinions were not previously disclosed. Also, Ms. Stanfield argues that the trial court erred
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in allowing Dr. Neblett’s expert, Dr. Owen Samuels, to testify as to a newly formed opinion

on Ms. Greene’s transfer summary. Prior to trial, Ms. Stanfield filed a motion in limine

requesting that the trial court limit Dr. Neblett’s experts’ testimonies to only those opinions

provided in the Rule 26 disclosures. By order entered May 14, 2009, the trial court granted

the motion in that the “experts [would] be required by the [trial] court to testify consistent

with their Rule 26 disclosures.” At the pretrial hearing, the trial court specifically stated that

the experts would not be required to testify from their report. However, the trial court held

that the experts would not be allowed to offer new opinions, but could respond to criticisms

made by Ms. Stanfield’s experts.

Ms. Stanfield, in her brief, only specifically objects to the testimony of Dr. Owen

Samuels. After reviewing Dr. Neblett’s expert disclosures, this Court finds that the

testimony of the experts as to the actions of the nursing staff was adequately disclosed. The

supplemental disclosure for Dr. Samuels specifically states that the nurses were required to

notify Dr. Neblett when Ms. Greene’s Glasgow Coma Score dropped from a score of thirteen

to a score of nine. Also, two other disclosed experts indicated in their Rule 26 disclosures

that they had criticisms of the failure of the nursing staff to notify Dr. Neblett. Accordingly,

any testimony regarding the actions of the nursing staff was not outside the scope of Dr.

Neblett’s Rule 26 disclosures. 

Further, after reviewing the record, this Court finds that the testimony of Dr. Neblett’s

experts, regarding the actions of the nurses and the expectations Dr. Neblett should have of

the nurses, and the testimony regarding the transfer summary were responses to criticisms

made by Ms. Stanfield’s experts. While not required, Dr. Neblett’s Rule 26 disclosure

specifically states that “[t]he experts disclosed above may be called upon to respond to

specific criticisms levied by the experts disclosed by [Ms. Stanfield] or to specific testimony

elicited from other witnesses at trial.” On direct examination of Dr. Neblett, Ms. Stanfield

made an issue of the nurses’ duty, without specific orders, to contact Dr. Neblett upon a

change in the mental status of a patient. Further, with regard to the action of the nurses, Ms.

Stanfield’s expert, Dr. Isabella Richmond, in response to a question asked by Ms. Stanfield’s

counsel, testified that the nurse’s 1:00 p.m. notes were inconsistent and indicated error. Ms.

Stanfield’s expert, Dr. Arthur Daus, also indicated on direct examination that the nurses may

have erred in their assessment of Ms. Greene at 1:00 p.m. As to the transfer summary, Ms.

Stanfield’s expert, Dr. Marvin Rozear, testified that, upon being notified of Ms. Greene’s

transfer from the intensive care unit to the floor, Dr. Neblett should have asked about the

condition of the patient. Dr. Rozear testified that, based upon the notes regarding Ms.

Greene’s status in the transfer summary, Dr. Neblett should not have allowed her to be

transferred. Dr. Rozear based his belief that Dr. Neblett was notified of the transfer on the

notations contained in the transfer summary. 
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The rules of discovery exist, in part, to prevent “trial by ambush.” Austin v. City of

Memphis, 684 S.W.2d 624, 632 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984). Expert testimony should only be

excluded when there would be “unfair surprise or trial by ambush.” Watkins v. Affiliated

Internists, P.C., 2009 WL 5173716 at*20. Based on Ms. Stanfield’s examination of her own

experts, it is obvious to this Court that she was aware that the actions by the nurses, as well

as the transfer summary, were an issue. Consequently, we do not find that the trial court

abused its discretion in allowing Dr. Neblett’s experts to testify on these issues. 

ii.Qualifications

At trial, there were numerous objections to the qualifications of each party’s experts.

Ms. Stanfield contends that Dr. Neblett’s experts were not properly qualified to testify as

experts. The determination of the admissibility, qualifications, and competency of expert

testimony lies within the sound discretion of the trial court. Taylor ex rel. Gneiwek v.

Jackson-Madison County Gen. Hosp. Dist., 231 S.W.3d 361, 365 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006).

Accordingly, we review the admissibility of expert testimony under an abuse of discretion

standard. Wilson v. Patterson, 73 S.W.3d 95, 102 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2001).

Ms. Stanfield first submits that neither Dr. Manuel Weiss, Dr. Richard Miller, nor Dr.

Owen Samuels qualified as experts under the locality requirement. The locality requirement

is found in Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-26-115(b). Based on the locality requirement,

to testify as an expert in a medical malpractice case, the expert must (1) have been licensed

to practice in Tennessee or a contiguous bordering state, a profession which would make the

testimony relevant and (2) have actually practiced the profession in Tennessee or a

contiguous bordering state in the year preceding the date of the alleged injury. Tenn. Code.

Ann. § 29-26-115(b). After reviewing the record, we find that all of Dr. Neblett’s experts

met the locality requirement. Dr. Samuels was a licensed and practicing physician in Georgia

in 2005 and at the time of trial, and was board certified in neurology. Dr. Miller is a surgeon

who specializes in trauma. He was the medical director of the trauma unit at Vanderbilt

University Medical Center in Tennessee in 2005 and at the time of trial. He was certified

under Advanced Trauma Life Support (“ATLS”) and was licensed in Tennessee in 2005 and

at the time of the trial. Dr. Weiss is a neurosurgeon who was licensed and practicing in

Tennessee at the time of trial and in 2005. Consequently, this Court finds that all of Dr.

Neblett’s experts met the statutory locality requirement. 

From Ms. Stanfield’s brief it appears that she may be confusing the requirement that

the expert be sufficiently familiar with the standard of care required of Dr. Neblett with the

locality requirement. The locality requirement and the requirement that the expert be familiar

with the standard of care are two separate requirements. Tennessee Code Annotated § 29-26-

115(a) requires that the expert be familiar with the standard of care required of the profession
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and speciality of the defendant in the community in which the defendant practiced or a

similar community. 

To testify as a medical expert, “[e]xpert witnesses may not simply assert their

familiarity with the standard of professional care in the defendant's community without

indicating the basis for their familiarity.” Williams v. Baptist Memorial Hosp., 193 S.W.3d

545, 553 (Tenn. 2006)(citations omitted). The burden of demonstrating that the expert is

qualified is on the party proffering the testimony. Carpenter v. Keppler, 205 S.W.3d 474,

783 (Tenn. Ct App. 2006). “The expert must present facts demonstrating how he or she has

knowledge of the applicable standard of professional care either in the community in which

the defendant physician practices or in a similar community.” Kenyon v. Handal, 122

S.W.3d 743, 762 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003). This Court has previously rejected a national

standard of care and even a state-wide standard of care. Id. (citations omitted). An expert

need not be able to recite all of the medical statistics of a community. Ledford v. Moskovitz,

742 S.W.2d 645, 648 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987). However, “a complete lack of knowledge

concerning a community’s medical resources would be contrary to knowledge of the required

standard of care. Mabon v. Jackson-Madison County General Hospital, 968 S.W.2d 826,

831 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). “[A] reasonable basis for an experts knowledge of the medical

community in question could consist of information such as the size, location and presence

of teaching hospitals in the community. Carpenter, 205 S.W.3d at 478 (citing Sandlin v.

University Medical Center, No. M2001-00679-COA-R3-CV, 2002 WL 167716, at *6 (Tenn.

Ct. App. July 25, 2002)). We review the trial court’s decision on whether the expert

presented sufficient facts to demonstrate that he or she is familiar with the standard of care

of the community in which the defendant practices or a similar community under an abuse

of discretion standard. Id. at 759. We will not overturn the trial court’s decision merely

because reasonable minds could reach a different conclusion. Eldridge v. Eldridge, 42

S.W.3d 82, 85 (Tenn. 2001).

Our Supreme Court has had several opportunities to review and discuss a trial court’s

decision on whether an expert has knowledge of the standard of care in the defendant’s

community or a similar community. In Stovall v. Clarke, 113 S.W.3d 715 (Tenn. 2003), our

Supreme Court affirmed a trial court’s determination that the expert had knowledge of the

appropriate standard of care. In affirming the trial court, the Stovall court noted that unlike

other cases the expert at issue did not rely on a national standard or equate the state standard

to a national one, nor did the expert simply make a vague conclusory statement that he had

knowledge of the appropriate standard of care. Id. at 723. Instead, as discussed in Stovall,

the expert testified that he had never practiced in Tennessee, but had reviewed twenty

medical charts from Tennessee, testified in three other cases in Tennessee and had reviewed

statistical information about the medical community, including the number of medical

specialists and resources available. Id. The Stovall Court distinguished its case from
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Robinson v. Le Corps, 83 S.W.3d 718 (Tenn. 2002), in which the court held that the expert

did not provide sufficient support for his assertion that he was familiar with the appropriate

standard of care. Id. In Robinson, the court noted that expert merely testified that the

standard of care “would be expected” to be the same as the national standard of care.

Robinson, 83 S.W.3d at 724. Moreover, the Robinson expert provided no basis whatsoever

for assertion of knowledge of the standard of care or why he thought Nashville and his

community were similar. Id. 

This Court has also reviewed a trial court’s decision on whether an expert has

knowledge of the standard of care in the defendant’s community or a similar community on

numerous occasions. We affirmed the trial court’s decision to exclude an expert’s testimony

in Ayers v. Rutherford Hosp. Inc, 689 S.W.2d 155 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1984). In Ayers, the

expert at issue testified to a national standard of care. Id. at 162-63. Further, the expert did

not know where Murfreesboro- the defendant’s community- was located, whether it was a

big or small town, any physicians in Murfreesboro, where the defendants trained or the size

of the hospital at issue. Id. at 163. In Mabon, we again found that an expert was not familiar

with the appropriate standard of care and therefore could not testify. Mabon, 968 S.W.2d at

831. The Mabon expert indicated in his testimony that he believed there was a national

standard of care. More importantly, the expert did not know the population of the city at

issue, the number of hospitals in the city, whether there were any colleges, universities or

medical schools in the city, how many specialities were represented in the city, how many

doctors where in the area, and that he had not treated anyone from the city or reviewed any

medical records from the city. Id . In Kenyon, we again found that the expert did not have

the required knowledge of an appropriate standard of care. Kenyon, 122 S.W.3d at 762. The

expert stated that the state standard of care was the same as his state’s standard, indicating

that he relied on a statewide standard of care. Id. Also, the expert provided no basis for his

assertion that he was familiar with the standard of care or his assertion that the communities

were similar. Id. 

We have reviewed the testimony of each of Dr. Neblett’s experts. After our review,

we find that, based on the case law of this State, Ms. Stanfield has not demonstrated that the

trial court abused its discretion in finding that Dr. Neblett’s experts had sufficient knowledge

of the standard of care of Dr. Neblett’s community or a similar community. 

Dr. Samuels is a physician licensed in Georgia, board certified in neurology, and at

the time of trial, he was serving as the director of neurological care at Emory University

School of Medicine. Dr. Samuels admitted that he does not treat patients in Tennessee, but

had spoken at Vanderbilt Medical School several times. Dr. Samuels stated that he knew the

hospital at issue had about six hundred beds, making it a large hospital, and that it had

multiple sub-specialities, an active neurosurgery service, five or six neurosurgeons, and a
Catchment refers to the area which the hospital being described treats the medical issues that arise.

4

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large catchment area of five hundred thousand people. He testified that this was similar to 4

Emory, the hospital he practiced at. He explained that the hospital in Jackson has a full scope

trauma service. According to Dr. Samuels, the level of trauma service and the intensive care

unit for head trauma at the Jackson hospital is similar to Emory. Dr. Samuels carefully

explained the equipment and services available at the hospital in question. He explained that

all of the medical specialities needed for the treatment of an injury like Ms. Greene’s are

available in Jackson. He further explained that this is similar to Emory. Dr. Samuels

testified that the hospital had a neurological intensive care unit and a neurology floor, active

operating rooms capable of doing whatever needed to be done, and a “full gamut” of

radiological services. He testified that these factors make the hospital similar to Emory. Dr.

Samuels expressed that he understood the nursing flow sheets, methods of monitoring and

treatment modalities used at the hospital in question. According to Dr. Samuels, the nursing

flow sheets used at the hospital are similar to the ones he uses at Emory. He testified that the

monitoring of Ms. Greene, as evident from the medical records, is similar to the method of

monitoring provided at Emory. Dr. Samuels testified that there were two hospitals in

Jackson, with about three hundred doctors. He further testified that the hospital at issue and

Emory are similar as far as the treatment of closed head injuries like Ms. Greene’s. On cross

examination he admitted that Jackson and Atlanta are not similar communities. However,

on re-direct examination, Dr. Samuels testified that the medical communities are similar. 

As in Stovall, Dr. Samuels provided sufficient support for his assertion that he was

familiar with the standard of care of a similar medical community. He did not simply make

a bare assertion without providing the court with support for his assertion. He had detailed

knowledge of the hospitals and medical facilities in Jackson, making him aware of the

resources available in the area. We recognize that merely speaking at a medical school in

the same state does not alone indicate that an expert is familiar with the standard of care of

the defendant’s medical community. However, Dr. Samuels testified that he was familiar

with the hospital at issue from reading about the medical community. He reviewed Ms.

Greene’s medical records and testified that they were similar to those used in his hospital,

indicating to this Court that he had a sufficient understanding and experience with the

standard of care expected in Jackson. We recognize that Ms. Stanfield was not provided the

opportunity to voir dire Dr. Samuels. However, Ms. Stanfield was allowed to fully cross

examine Dr. Samuels. Other than a single question comparing Jackson and Atlanta, Ms.

Stanfield did not attempt to question Dr. Samuels on his knowledge of the standard of care.

It is not within the province of this Court to assume facts about the hospitals or communities

discussed when such does not appear within the record. State Dept. Of Children Servs. v.

D.W.J., No. E2004-0286-COA-R3-PT, 2005 WL 1528367, at *4 (June 29, 2005). Based

upon the record in this case, we find that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in holding
Dr. Miller’s testimony was presented to the jury through a video-taped deposition. 5

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that Dr. Samuels provided sufficient facts to support his assertion that he was familiar with

the standard of care in a community similar to Dr. Neblett’s. 

Dr. Miller testified that he was the medical director of the trauma unit at Vanderbilt

University Medical Center in Nashville. He testified that he was certified to teach the ATLS 5

course in his region. Dr. Miller testified that he was familiar with the medical community

in Jackson and the standard of care for a patient with an injury like Ms. Greene’s at the

Jackson hospital in 2005. His familiarity with Jackson comes in part because he treats

patients referred from that area and also because he is actively involved in the trauma system

for the State. He testified that the City of Jackson had a population of about sixty thousand

and the area had a population of about one-hundred-and-forty thousand. He testified that he

often interacts with physicians in Jackson when discussing whether to transfer a patient to

Nashville. He testified that there are two hospitals in Jackson and that the hospital at issue

has approximately six hundred beds. Dr. Miller testified that the hospital has a neurological

intensive care unit and also a step-down unit on the same floor. He testified that he was

familiar with the standard of care for the treatment of a patient like Ms. Green at Vanderbilt,

and that the standard of care was similar to the standard of care in Jackson. He then directly

testified that he was familiar with the standard of care in Jackson. 

Dr. Miller also provided sufficient support for his assertion that he was familiar with

the standard of care in Jackson and similar communities. He did not simply make a bare

assertion, but instead provided the trial court with an adequate basis for his assertion that he

was familiar with the standard of care in Jackson. He testified that he is involved in the

trauma system throughout the State, which includes working with patients and doctors in

Jackson. He teaches the ATLS course in the region, which includes Jackson, demonstrating

his knowledge of the standard of care expected of doctors treating trauma patients such as

Ms. Greene in Jackson. He has also treated patients referred from Jackson, indicating his

knowledge of what to expect from doctors in that area. Further, unlike the experts in Ayers

and Mabon, he had detailed knowledge of Jackson and the medical resources available in

Jackson, indicating knowledge of the level of care which could be expected in that

community. Further, Ms. Stanfield did not cross examine Dr. Miller on his assertion that he

was familiar with the standard of care in Jackson. Based upon the record in this case, we find

that the trial court did not abuse its discretion holding that Dr. Miller provided sufficient facts

to support his assertion that he was familiar with the standard of care in Jackson.

Dr. Weiss testified that he was a neurosurgeon currently practicing at several hospitals

in Nashville, Tennessee. Dr Weiss testified that he was familiar with the standard of care in

Jackson. He said that he had treated patients referred from communities like Jackson. He
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expressed knowledge of numerous details about the hospital at issue in Jackson; specifically,

that it had six or seven hundred beds, had a catchment of about five hundred thousand

patients, had six practicing neurosurgeons, had both a neurological floor and intensive care

unit, had about twenty operating rooms, and CT scans were readily available. Dr. Weiss also

testified about the treatment modalities and nursing flow sheets used by the hospital in

Jackson. He further testified that the hospital in Jackson practiced differential diagnosis. He

testified that he knew Jackson had a population of aboutsixty or seventy thousand people and

that there were two hospitals in Jackson. Dr. Weiss testified that he was familiar with the

standard of care that would apply to a neurosurgeon like Dr. Neblett in the care of a patient

like Ms. Greene in 2005.

 Finally, we find that Dr. Weiss also provided sufficient support for his assertion that

he was familiar with the standard of care in Jackson. Like the other experts, he also did not

simply make a bare assertion of familiarity without providing the court with a basis for his

assertion. Like Dr. Miller, Dr. Weiss has treated patients referred from Jackson, indicating

his knowledge of the standard of care to be expected from physicians in Jackson. He also

demonstrated a detailed knowledge of Jackson and the medical facilities and resources

available in that community, which would affect the standard of care to be expected. He also

testified about the resources available, the treatment modalities and method of diagnosis,

indicating an understanding and experience with the level of care provided in Jackson.

Further, Ms. Stanfield did not cross examine Dr. Weiss on his assertion that he was familiar

with the standard of care in Jackson. Based upon the record in this case, we find that the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in holding that Dr. Weiss provided sufficient facts to

support his assertion that he was familiar with the standard of care in Jackson. 

Ms. Stanfield also contends that neither Dr. Miller nor Dr. Samuels were qualified to

testify about the standard of care of a neurosurgeon. Tennessee Code Annotated §29-26-

115(b) requires that the expert be licensed in a profession or specialty which makes the

testimony relevant. There is no requirement that the expert be licensed in the same

profession or speciality as the defendant. See Bravo v. Sumner Reg’l Health Sys., Inc., 148

S.W.3d 357, 365 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2003)(citing Tenn. Code. Ann. § 29-26-115(b); and

Ledford v. Moskowitz, 742 S.W.2d 645, 647 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1987)). 

At the time of trial, Dr. Samuels was board certified in neurology, and was serving as

the director of neurological care at Emory University School of Medicine. He testified that,

as part of his position, he trains neurologists and neurosurgeons in the care of acute brain

injuries. Also, as part of his position, he is in charge of the intensive care unit at Emory,

overseeing the nursing staff and other doctors. He testified that he treats patients in the area

of neurocritical care, which includes neurology and neurosurgery. Clearly, Dr. Samuels

testimony is relevant to Dr. Neblett’s care of Ms. Greene and Dr. Neblett’s expectations of
-13-

the nursing staff. 

Dr. Miller, at the time of trial, was the medical director of the trauma unit at

Vanderbilt University Medical Center. He was board certified in both general surgery and

surgical critical care. He teaches the ATLS course dealing with the treatment of critical

patients. In his practice, he is responsible with the overall care of a patient and consults daily

with the neurosurgeons. He is often involved in the decision to transfer a patient, with a head

injury similar to Ms. Greene’s, from the intensive care unit to the floor. His job involves

reading and interpreting a patient’s CT scans, and developing a course of treatment. Clearly,

Dr. Miller’s testimony is relevant to the issues in this case; specifically, the allegations by

Ms. Stanfield that Dr. Neblett deviated from the standard of care in transferring Ms. Greene

out of the intensive care unit and that he did not properly read the CT scans. 

iii. Harmless Error

Even if we assume arguendo that the trial court erred either in its decision allowing

the experts to testify in light of their Rule 26 disclosures or in finding that the experts were

qualified to testify, based upon the findings of the jury, any error would be harmless. This

court will only set aside a final judgment upon finding that the error “more probably than not

affected the judgment or would result in prejudice to the judicial process.” Tenn. R. App. P.

36(b). The jury found that Dr. Neblett deviated from the standard of care. However, the jury

also found that Dr. Neblett’s deviation was not the legal cause of Ms. Greene’s death. Even

if we were to exclude the testimony of Dr. Samuels, Dr. Miller and Dr. Weiss, there is ample

evidence in the record from which the jury could conclude that Dr. Neblett’s deviation was

not the legal cause of Ms. Greene’s death. Dr. Neblett himself testified that the nursing staff

should have contacted him earlier, and that this was a violation of their duty. Dr. Marvin

Rozear, Ms. Stanfield’s expert testified as to the inaccuracies in the nurse’s notes. Moreover,

Dr. Rozear testified that the nurses had a duty to contact Dr. Neblett, and had they done so

the outcome would have been different. Dr. Isabelle Richmond, another expert for Ms.

Stanfield, testified that the nurses erred in making notes in Ms. Greene’s medical records.

She further testified that the nursing staff should have contacted Dr. Neblett earlier and had

they done so, Ms. Greene would have survived. Finally, the nurse treating Ms. Greene the

night of her death testified that she knew that the standard of care required her to contact Dr.

Neblett, and she did not do so. Based upon this testimony, the jury could conclude that Dr.

Neblett’s deviation from the standard of care was not the legal cause of Ms. Greene’s death.

Moreover, the only substantive difference between the testimony of Ms. Stanfield’s

experts and the testimony of Dr. Neblett’s experts was on the issue of whether Dr. Neblett

deviated from the standard of care. Dr. Neblett’s experts testified that he did not deviate

while Ms. Stanfield’s experts testified that he did deviate. As previously stated, the jury
-14-

found that Dr. Neblett did deviate from the standard of care. The jury, however, found that

his deviation was not the legal cause of Ms. Greene’s death, as testified to by Ms. Stanfield’s

own experts, and the treating nurse. Consequently, any error in allowing Dr. Neblett’s experts

to testify would be harmless.

B. Ms. Stanfield’s Experts

Ms. Stanfield submits that the trial court erred in allowing Dr. Neblett’s counsel to

impeach her experts through the use of certain medical treatises. Specifically, Ms. Stanfield

contends that Dr. Neblett should not have been allowed to question Dr. Richmond regarding

the eighth edition of the ATLS Guidelines, as that edition was not in effect at the time of Ms.

Greene’s death and Dr. Richmond had just received that edition. Also, Ms. Stanfield

contends that Dr. Neblett should not have been allowed to question Dr. Rozear regarding

medical literature that had not been properly authenticated. 

Tennessee Rule of Evidence 618 provides:

Impeachment of expert by learned treatises.

To the extent called to the attention of an expert witness upon

cross-examination or relied upon by the witness in direct

examination, statements contained in published treatises,

periodicals, or pamphlets on a subject of history, medicine, or

other science or art, established as a reliable authority by the

testimony or admission of the witness, by other expert

testimony, or by judicial notice, may be used to impeach the

expert witness's credibility but may not be received as

substantive evidence.

On cross examination, counsel for Dr. Neblett questioned Dr. Richmond about the

Glasgow Coma Scores as described in the ATLS guidelines. Dr. Richmond testified that

ATLS was a reliable source and that she uses the ATLS guidelines for instructing physicians

on how to treat cases like Ms. Greene’s. Therefore, the requirement that the treatises be

established as reliable was met. Also, Rule 618 does not contain a temporal requirement;

moreover, we have neither been provided with, nor found any authority requiring that the

publication be in effect at the time of the case. Even if there was such a requirement, Dr.

Richmond admitted in her trial testimony that, while the seventh edition of the ATLS

guidelines was used at the time of Ms. Greene’s death, there was very little change between

the seventh and eighth editions. At trial, Dr. Richmond asserted that she had not yet

reviewed the eighth edition, but she testified at her deposition that there were no material
Mannitol is a prescription drug which may be used to treat head injuries. 6

-15-

changes between the two editions. Consequently, we cannot find that the trial court erred in

allowing Dr. Richmond to be questioned on the eighth edition of the ATLS guidelines. 

Moreover, any error, if any, was harmless. The line of questioning involving the

ATLS Guidelines concerned the question of whether a Glasgow Coma Score of thirteen

indicated a minor head injury, as stated in the eighth edition, or a moderate head injury. Dr.

Richmond admitted that, even if a score of thirteen indicated a moderate head injury, as

opposed to a minor injury, there was a ninety percent chance of recovery. Based on the

jury’s finding that Dr. Neblett’s deviation from the standard of care was not the legal cause

of Ms. Greene’s death, we cannot say that this questioning “more probably than not affected

the judgment or would result in prejudice to the judicial process.” Tenn. R. App. P. 36(b).

Therefore, any error by the trial court in allowing this type of questioning was harmless.

Ms. Stanfield also submits that the trial court erred in allowing Dr. Rozear to be

questioned on medical literature that had not properly been established as reliable. In cross

examining Dr. Rozear, counsel for Dr. Neblett asked him about literature on the use of

Mannitol and steroids to treat patients. Counsel did not refer to specific literature or attempt 6

to read any literature. Counsel simply asked about the existence of literature that

contradicted Dr. Rozear’s opinions that Mannitol or steroids should have been ordered. Dr.

Rozear admitted, upon questioning, that there was literature in existence opposing the use

of steroids and Mannitol. 

As previously stated by this Court:

[O]nce an expert has given an opinion, he or she may be

vigorously cross-examined to undermine the evidentiary weight

of the opinion. Brown v. Crown Equip. Co., 181 S.W.3d 268,

275 (Tenn. 2005); Johnson v. John Hancock Funds, 217

S.W.3d 414, 426 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006). Opposing counsel

should be given broad latitude in their cross-examination. State

v. Farner, 66 S.W.3d 188, 208 (Tenn. 2001); McDaniel v. CSX

Transp., Inc., 955 S.W.2d 257, 265 (Tenn. 1997). Thus, crossexamination may be used to require an expert to disclose and

explain the facts or data upon which his or her opinion is based.

Tenn. R. Evid. 705; State v. Thacker, 164 S.W.3d 208, 228

(Tenn. 2005). Just as an expert may be cross-examined

regarding the facts or data he or she considered, an expert may

be also cross-examined regarding the facts or data that he or she
-16-

did not consider and the reasons for not considering these facts

or data.

Duran v. Hyundai Motor Am., Inc., 271S.W.3d 178, 197-198 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2008). In this

case, counsel was not attempting to use a medical treatise to impeach Dr. Rozear as allowed

by Tenn. R. Evid. 618 and suggested by Ms. Stanfield. Instead, counsel was cross-examining

Dr. Rozear regarding her opinion that Dr. Neblett should have prescribed Mannitol or

steroids to treat Ms. Greene. Accordingly, it was entirely appropriate for counsel to ask

about the existence of, and Dr. Rozear’s knowledge of, literature supporting opinions

contrary to those of Dr. Rozear. Therefore, we find that the trial court did not abuse its

discretion in allowing this line of questioning. 

Ms. Stanfield also contends that the trial court erred in allowing counsel to question

another expert on the ATLS Guidelines and to display, during questioning, a portion of the

guidelines to the jury on a projection screen. While cross examining Dr. Arthur Daus,

counsel for Dr. Neblett placed a page from the ATLS Guidelines on an projection screen so

that the jury could read it. Dr. Daus is certified in ATLS and admitted, along with Dr.

Richmond, that the ATLS Guidelines were reliable. No copy of the page displayed appears

in the record for this Court to examine. From the transcript, it appears that the page

displayed was from the eighth edition of the ATLS Guidelines. As discussed above, it was

not error to allow questioning based on the eighth edition. Further, this Court finds that the

trial court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the page to be displayed to the jury. The

page was never actually read to the jury, nor was it admitted into evidence. Its display was

merely an aid used by counsel in questioning Dr. Daus. We have neither been provided with,

nor have we found, any authority to indicate that such display was improper. Accordingly,

this Court cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing Dr. Neblett’s

counsel to display text of the ATLS Guidelines, which was established as reliable by at least

two witnesses. 

III. Verdict Form

Ms. Stanfield also contends that language used in the Verdict Form was misleading

and caused the jury to misunderstand her required showing. The question at issue on the

Verdict Form provided: 

2. If you find that Dr. Neblett deviated from the recognized

standard of professional practice required of a neurosurgeon

practicing in Jackson, Tennessee or a similar community in 2005

in his treatment of Ms. Greene, was that deviation a legal cause
-17-

of Ms. Greene’s death which would not otherwise have

occurred? (The Plaintiff has the burden of proof on this issue).

At trial, Ms. Stanfield requested that the trial court use the phrase “cause or contributed to,”

and objected to the use of “legal cause.” According to Ms. Stanfield, the term “legal cause”

implied to the jury that Dr. Neblett had to be the sole cause of Ms. Greene’s death.

Rule 49.01 of the Tennessee Rules of Civil Procedure affords the trial court wide

latitude to use a special verdict form as it deems appropriate. This Court reviews a trial

court’s verdict form under the same standard upon which we review the trial court’s jury

instructions. Jordan v. CSX Transp., Inc, No. M1999-01415-COA-R3-CV, 2001 WL

378555, *9 (Tenn. Ct. App. April 17, 2001). “The determination of whether jury instructions

were proper is a question of law and therefore, our standard of review is de novo with no

presumption of correctness.” Owens v. Methodist Health Care Sys., No.

02A019704CV00089, 1999 WL 360562, *2 (Tenn. Ct. App. June 7, 1999)( citing Solomon

v. First Am. Nat'l Bank, 774 S.W.2d 935, 940 (Tenn. App. 1989)). We review the jury

charge in its entirety to determine whether the trial court erred. City of Johnson City v.

Outdoor West, Inc., 947 S.W.2d 855, 857 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1996)(citations omitted). This

court will not invalidate the trial court’s jury instructions as long as the legal issues involved

are fairly defined and they do not mislead the jury. Hunter v. Burke, 958 S.W.2d 751, 756

(Tenn. Ct. App. 1997). Inconsistencies between the verdict form and the instructions may

be misleading to the jury. Jordan, 2001 WL 378555 at *9 (citations omitted). 

In instructing the jury, the trial court stated:

A person or entity is at fault if you find that the person or

entity was negligent and that the negligence was a cause in fact

and legal cause of the injury or damage for which a claim is

made. 

Fault has two parts: negligence and causation. 

* * *

The second part of fault is causation. 

Causation has two components: (A) causation in fact and

(b) legal cause. 

* * *
-18-

Two requirements must be met to determine whether a

person or entity’s negligent acts or omissions were a legal cause

of the injury or damage.

1. The conduct must have been a substantial factor in bringing

about the harm being complained of; and

2. The harm giving rise to the action could have been reasonably

foreseen or anticipated by a person of ordinary intelligence and

prudence. 

To be a legal cause of an injury there is no requirement

that the cause be the only cause, the last act, or the one nearest

to the injury, so long as it is a substantial factor in producing the

injury or damage. 

* * *

A single injury can be caused by the negligent acts or

omissions of one or more persons or entities.

If you find that a person or entity was negligent and that

the negligence was a cause in fact and also a legal cause of the

injury or damages for which a claim was made, you have found

that person or entity to be at fault. The plaintiff has the burden

to prove the fault of Dr. Neblett. If the plaintiff fails to do so,

you should find no fault on the part of Dr. Neblett. Dr. Neblett

has the burden of proving that Jackson-Madison County General

Hospital was at fault. If he fails to do so, you should find no

fault on the part of Jackson-Madison County General Hospital.

If you find more than one person or entity to be at fault, you

must then determine the percentage of fault chargeable to each

of them. 

From these instructions and the verdict form, we cannot find that the trial court erred.

The legal issues are fairly defined. There are no inconsistencies between the verdict form

and the instructions. The trial court clearly defined legal cause and instructed the jury that

more than one person or entity may be the cause of the injury or damages. The verdict form

asks whether Dr. Neblett’s deviation from the standard of care was “a legal cause.”

(emphasis added). It does not indicate, especially in light of the jury instructions, that Dr.

Neblett had to be the sole cause. Accordingly, we do not find that the trial court erred in its
-19-

use of the term “legal cause” on the verdict form. 

IV. Powerpoint Presentations

Finally, Ms. Stanfield contends that the trial court erred in allowing Dr. Neblett’s

counsel to use a powerpoint presentation during opening and closing statements. As to the

opening statement, Ms. Stanfield argues that she was prejudiced because Dr. Neblett’s

counsel was allowed to display evidence, not yet admitted, during opening statements. In

regard to the closing arguments, Ms. Stanfield argues that the trial court erred in allowing Dr.

Neblett’s counsel to display portions of a purported trial transcript to the jury while making

closing arguments. We will address each of these issues separately. 

Opening statements “are intended merely to inform the trial judge and jury, in a

general way, of the nature of the case and to outline, generally, the facts each party intends

to prove.” Harris v. Baptist Memorial Hospital , 574 S.W.2d 730, 732 (Tenn. 1978). “Trial

courts have wide discretion in controlling arguments of counsel, including opening

statements....” State v. Johnson, No. W2004-00464-CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL 645165, *14

(Tenn. Crim. App. March 15, 2005)(citing State v. Sutton, 562 S.W.2d 820, 823 (Tenn.

1978)). Accordingly, this Court reviews the trial court’s decisions on arguments under an

abuse of discretion standard. Id. “A trial court should provide both parties the opportunity

to present their case and the facts upon which they intend to rely, so long as those facts are

deemed likely to be supported by admissible evidence. Id. (citing State v. Stout, 46 S.W.3d

689, 713 (Tenn. 2001)). 

Ms. Stanfield argues, in part, that she was prejudiced because the trial court had

previously ruled that the parties would not be allowed to use a powerpoint presentation in

opening arguments. We have reviewed the transcript of the pretrial conference and disagree.

First, there is nothing in the order from the pretrial hearing which addresses the issue of

powerpoint presentations. During the conference, counsel for Ms. Stanfield asked about the

use of powerpoint, explaining that another trial judge had not allowed him to use a

powerpoint presentation unless everything shown had already been admitted into evidence.

After hearing this, the trial court stated that he agreed with the other judge and would not

allow it unless the parties agreed to it. In response to a question from the trial court, counsel

for Dr. Neblett stated that she intended to use a powerpoint presentation during her opening,

but would not put on any evidence that she would not use in the case. The trial court asked

the parties to exchange information and stated that, if there was not an agreement, he would

consider the issue prior to the trial beginning. The trial court in no way held that powerpoint

presentations would not be allowed. Instead the trial court simply held that the use of

evidence not already admitted into evidence would need to be agreed upon by the parties or

pre-approved by the court. Moreover, based upon counsel’s statements, Ms. Stanfield’s
-20-

counsel should have been fully aware that Dr. Neblett’s counsel planned to use a powerpoint

presentation during opening statements. Further, prior to opening arguments, the record

indicates that counsel for Ms. Stanfield was provided with an approximate twenty minute

recess to review the slides. No specific objection was made as to any of the material

contained in the presentation.

Ms. Stanfield also contends that she was prejudiced because the powerpoint

presentation contained documents not admitted into evidence. We find this argument to be

disingenuous. While we do not have a copy of the presentation made, which would certainly

be helpful, it appears from the record that the only exhibits presented during the opening

statements were the medical records of Ms. Greene and possibly Dr. Neblett’s curriculum

vitae. During the pretrial conference, counsel for Ms. Stanfield himself asked for an agreed

order stipulating to the medical records so that the parties could work from the same exhibit.

Counsel for Dr. Neblett agreed to this stipulation. Moreover, the first action by counsel for

Ms. Stanfield, upon beginning the presentation of the evidence, was to introduce the

stipulated records into evidence, stating that it was by the agreement of the parties. While

at the time of opening statements, the records had not been formally admitted into evidence,

they had already been stipulated to on the record at the request of Ms. Stanfield’s counsel.

At no point during the proceedings was the admissibility of the medical records questioned.

Dr. Neblett’s curriculum vitae appears in the record as an exhibit and he testified as to his

background and training. Ms. Stanfield has neither cited to, nor have we found, any place

in the record where Ms. Stanfield objected to this exhibit or Dr. Neblett’s testimony.

Consequently, we do not find that the trial court abused its discretion in allowing Dr.

Neblett’s counsel to use a powerpoint presentation, as previously disclosed, to present

stipulated and properly admissible evidence to the jury during her opening statement. 

As to closing arguments, Ms. Stanfield contends that the trial court erred in allowing

Dr. Neblett’s counsel to present portions of the trial transcript to the jury on a projection

screen during closing arguments. During closing arguments, counsel for Dr. Neblett

presented portions of the trial transcript, as prepared by the court reporter but not yet

certified, on a screen as part of her argument. Counsel for Ms. Stanfield objected to this

prior to the use of the transcript. The trial court overruled the objection and allowed counsel

for Dr. Neblett to proceed. 

“Closing argument is a crucial component of any jury trial.” McCrory v. Tribble, No.

W2009-00792-COA-R3-CV, 2010 WL 1610857, * 6 (Tenn. Ct. App. April 22, 2010).

Closing arguments allow counsel to present their theory of the case and to point out strengths

and weaknesses in the evidence. “[C]ounsel is generally given wide latitude during closing

argument, and the trial court is granted wide discretion in controlling closing arguments.”

Anderson v. State, No. E2008-00439-CCA-R3-PC, 2009 WL 2474673, *6 (Tenn. Crim App.
-21-

April 13, 2009). As with all other arguments by counsel, this Court reviews the trial court’s

decisions on closing arguments under an abuse of discretion standard. Perkins v. Sadler, 826

S.W.2d 439, 442 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1991).

Ms. Stanfield contends that counsel should not be allowed to display unauthenticated

portions of the trial transcript to the jury during closing arguments. She has not provided this

Court, nor have we found, any authority to support her position. Ms. Stanfield argues that

a party is prohibited from using otherwise inadmissible evidence during a closing argument.

She is correct. However, there is no indication in the record that the testimony presented by

Dr. Neblett’s counsel was inadmissible testimony. Ms. Stanfield also relies on Godbee v.

Dimick, 213 S.W.3d 865, 875 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006), where this Court held that it would be

improper to allow written transcripts to be taken into the jury room. We agree that it would

be improper for the jury to take the trial transcript into the jury room. However, there is no

indication that was done in this case. 

It is well established that there is nothing wrong with reminding the jury of the

testimony of various witnesses in closing argument. Perkins v. Sadler, 826 S.W.2d at 442.

“[C]ertainly in closing argument one can properly utilize a summation of trial testimony, and

it should not be improper for this to be done in a question answer form.” Id. This is exactly

what counsel for Dr. Neblett was attempting to accomplish. She displayed portions of the

trial transcript to the jury in order to remind them of the testimony given. She chose portions

of the testimony to emphasize the strengths of Dr. Neblett’s theory of the case, and the

weaknesses of Ms. Stanfield’s theory. Counsel for Ms. Stanfield similarly reminded the jury

of certain portions of the testimony given in his closing argument and rebuttal for the same

purpose. He, however, chose not to display the portions of the testimony that he viewed as

important to his case and argument. We have found no authority to indicate that counsel

should not be able to display portions of the transcript to the jury during closing arguments.

In fact, Tennessee Code Annotated § 20-9-303 provides: 

In the trial of any civil suit, counsel for either party shall be

permitted to use a blackboard, model or similar device, also any

picture, plat or exhibit introduced in evidence, in connection

with counsel’s argument to the jury for the purposes of

illustrating the counsel’s contentions with respect to the issues

that are to be decided by the jury, provided, that counsel shall

not, in writing, present any argument that could not be properly

made orally.

Counsel for Dr. Neblett was acting within the provisions of this statute. She displayed

portions of the trial transcript in order to make the same arguments she would have been
-22-

allowed to make orally. Consequently, we do not find that the trial court erred in allowing

counsel to display portions of the trial transcript during closing arguments. 

Also in regard to closing arguments, Ms. Stanfield argues that there is no way to know

whether the transcript shown was accurate as the transcript had not yet been authenticated

or certified by the court reporter. We note that the record does not contain a copy of what

was displayed to the jury. We have only the transcript of the closing arguments. From our

review of the transcript, we cannot determine what was displayed as opposed to what was

simply stated by Dr. Neblett’s counsel. Both sides concede that what was displayed was

obtained directly from the court reporter. Moreover, counsel for Ms. Stanfield was present

when portions of the transcript were displayed to the jury. At no point did he object to what

was being displayed or indicate on the record that he believed the transcript was inaccurate.

Further, Rule 6 of the Court of Appeals requires Ms. Stanfield to provide citations to the

record as to where an alleged prejudice is recorded. Ms. Stanfield’s brief provides no such

citations to support her argument that the transcript shown was inaccurate or that she was

prejudiced because the transcript had not yet been certified. Accordingly, we cannot find that

she was prejudiced by Dr. Neblett’s use of portions of the transcript during his counsel’s

closing argument. 

Also in regard to the display of the transcript, it appears that Ms. Stanfield objects

because the testimony displayed was taken out of context. As stated above, closing

arguments are a tool used by counsel to summarize their theory of the case, to remind the jury

of the evidence supporting their theory, and also to point out weaknesses in the opposing

counsel’s argument. Often when doing so, counsel will remind the jury of a portion of a

witness’ testimony that favors their case and not point out testimony that favors the opposing

party. Opposing counsel has the opportunity in his or her closing argument or rebuttal to

point out testimony that was not mentioned and make his or her argument accordingly. The

fact that the testimony was displayed instead of merely read or paraphrased does not change

what counsel is allowed to state in closing arguments. As noted by the trial court, any

argument that the testimony was being taken out of context could have properly been

addressed by counsel in rebuttal. This is the same manner in which counsel could have

addressed Dr. Neblett’s argument, had his argument not been displayed, but instead made

completely orally. Therefore, we do not find that the trial court abused its discretion in

allowing counsel to display portions of the trial transcript, as prepared by the court reporter,

to the jury during closing arguments. 

V. Conclusion 

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm all aspects of the trial court’s judgment. Costs

of this appeal are taxed against the Appellant, Teresa Lynn Stanfield, and her surety. 
-23-

___________________________________ 

J. STEVEN STAFFORD, J.