FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEVEN T HC IRC U IT JUNE 26, 2008 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H]

I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 07- 15024 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D . C . D o c k e tN o . 0 7 - 0 0 0 4 7 - C R - WS U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s S H A N N O N P H A L O , D A V I D C L I N T O N , D A N N Y A N T O N I O S E L L E R S , D e f e n d a n ts - A p p e lla n ts .

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rom the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f o rth e So u th e rn D i s tr i c to f A l ab a ma

_________________________ ( Ju n e 26, 2008) B efo re T JO F L A T , D U B IN A an d B L A C K , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M:2

A ppe l l a nt s S ha nnon P ha l o, D a vi d C l i nt on, a nd D a nny A nt oni o S e l l e r s , w ho w ere j o i n t l y tri ed , co n v i ct ed , an d sen t en ced fo r p art i ci p at i n g i n a sch em e t o p o ssess a nd di s tr i but e c oc a i ne ba s e , c ha l l e nge both the i rc onvi c t i ons a nd s e nt e nc e s on di r e c tappe a l . F orthe r e a s ons tha tf ol l ow , w e a f

f i rm i n pa r t , va c a t e i n pa r t , a nd rem an d fo r fu rth er p ro ceed i n g s. I. P h al o , C l i n t o n , an d S el l ers w ere each ch arg ed w i th co n sp i racy t o p o ssess w i th i nt e ntt o di s tr i but e m or e tha n 50 gr a m s of am i xtur e a nd s ubs t a nc e c ont a i ni ng ade t e c t abl e a m ountof

c r a c k c oc a i ne , i n vi ol a t i on of 21 U . S . C . §§ 841( a ) ( 1) a nd ( b) ( 1) ( A ) , a nd 846 ( C ount1) . T he i ndi c tm e nts pe c i f i c a l l y a l l e ge d tha tthe conspi ra cyoccurre d from on or abou tJanu ary 200 5 throu gh on or abou tF ebruary 2 1 , 2 0 0 7 . S e lle r s w a s a ls o c h a r g e d w ith k n o w in g ly p o s s e s s in g w ith in te n t to d is tr ib u te le s s th a n 5 g r a m s o f am ix tu r e a n d s u b s ta n c e c o n ta in in g ad e te c tab le am o u n to f crack (C o u n t2 ), an d w as ch arg ed al o n g w i th P h al o o f an o th er o ffen se in v o lv in g le s s th a n 5 g r a m s o f am ix tu r e a n d s u b s ta n c e c o n ta in in g ad e te c tab le a m ountof

c r a c k, both i n vi ol a t i on of 21 U . S . C . §§ 841( a ) ( 1) a nd ( b) ( 1) ( C ) ( C ount 1 5 ) . C lin to n w a s a ls o c h a r g e d w ith k n o w in g ly p o s s e s s in g w ith in te n t to d is tr ib u te appr oxi m a t e l y 4. 8 gr a m s of c oc a i ne ( C ount5) , appr oxi m a t e l y 7. 4 gr a m s of c oc a i ne (C ou nt6), approx i m at el y 2. 2 g ra m s of c ocai ne (C ou nt7), l es s than 5 gram s of a3

m i xture a nd subst ance cont ai ni ng a det ec t abl e a m ou ntof cocai ne base (C ou nt8), a nd appr oxi m a t e l y 2. 1 gr a m s of c oc a i ne ( C ount9) , a l l i n vi ol a t i on of 21 U . S . C . §§ 84 1(a) (1) a nd (b)( 1)(C ). A f t e rtr i a l , aj ury c onvi c t e d P ha l o a nd S e l l e r s of the c ons pi r a c y , but a c qui tt e d C l i nt on. T he j ury de t e rm i ne d tha tthe c ons pi r a c y i nvol ve d 50 gr a m s or m o r e o f c o c a in e b a s e . T h e ju ry a ls o c o n v ic te d P h a lo a n d S e lle r s o n C o u n t 1 5 ; a c qui tt e d S e l l e r s on C ountT w o; a nd c onvi c t e d C l i nt on on C ount s F i ve , S i x, a nd S even, and acqui tt ed hi m on C ou nt s E i gh tand N i ne. A t s e n te n c in g , a ll th r e e d e f e n d a n ts o b

je c te d to th e s ta te m e n t in th e ir p r e s e n te n c e in v e s tig a tio n r e p o rts ( “P S I ” ) th a t e a c h w a s r e s p o n s ib le f o r1 .5 ki l og ra m s or m ore of c ocai ne base (“ cr ac k cocai ne”) . T he di stri ctcourtov errul ed th e s e o b je c tio n s a n d in d ic a te d , w ith r e s p e c t to P h a lo a n d C lin to n , b u t n o t S e lle r s , thati tw ou l d h ave i m po se d the sa m e s ent ence even i f the gu i del i nes w er e e rr one ous l y c a l c ul a t e d. U l t i m a t e l y , the c our ts e nt e nc e d P ha l o t o s e rve at ot a l of 2 9 2 m o n th s im p r is o n m e n t, C lin to n to s e rv e ato ta l o f 2 4 0 m o n th s im p r is o n m e n t, a n d S e lle r s to s e rv e 2 6 2 m o n th s im p r is o n m e n t. T h e y th e n p e r f e c te d th is ap p e a l. II. S el l ers an d P h al o rai se tw o ev i d en t i ary arg u m en t s o n ap p eal , resp ect i v el y. S e l l e r s c ont e nds tha tthe di s tr i c tc our tvi ol a t e d hi s r i ghtt o af a i rtr i a l by pe rm i tt i ng4

the gove rnm e ntt o pr e s e nte vi de nc e of adrug tr a ns a c t i on tha toc c urr e d a f t e rthe r e tu rn o f th e in d ic tm e n t. P h a lo , in tu rn , c o n te n d s th a t th e d is tr ic t c o u r t e rr e d in denyi ng hi s m ot i on for a cqui tt al because am at er i al vari ance occurre d attri al w hen th e g o v e rn m e n t in tr o d u c e d e v id e n c e o f m u ltip le c o n s p ir a c ie s , o th e rth a n th e o n e in w h ic h h e w a s c h a r g e d . A s t o thei r s ent ence s, al l three defe nd ant s c on t end thatthe di stri ctcourt e rr e d i n c a l c ul a t i ng the a m ountof drugs f orw hi c h the y w e r e r e s pons i bl e . C l i nt on c o n te n d s th a t h is s e n te n c e is u n r e a s o n ab le b e c au s e o f th e e rr o n e o u s c a lc u la tio n , a nd be c aus e the di s tr i c tc ourte rr one ous l y e nha nc e d hi s of f e ns e l e ve l f

orbe i ng a m a na ge rors upe rvi s or . P ha l o a l s o c ont e nds tha tthe di s tr i c tc our te rr e d by f a i l i ng t o app l y the N ov em ber 200 7 sent enci ng gu i del i nes a thi s s ent enci ng on S ept em ber 27, 2007. A. W e r e v ie w e v id e n tia ry ru lin g s f o ra n ab u s e o f

d is c r e tio n . U

ni ted Stat es v. Ken n a rd , 4 7 2 F .3 d 8 5 1 , 8 5 4 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 6 ) . “I n r e v ie w in g is s u e s u n d e rR u le 403, w e l ook a tthe e vi de nc e i n al i ghtm os tf a vor abl e t o i t s a dm i s s i on, m a xi m i z i ng i t s probat i ve val ue and m i ni m i zi ng i t s und ue prej ud i ci al i m pact . ” U ni ted Stat es v. T i no co , 3 0 4 F .3 d 1 0 8 8 , 1 1 2 0 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 2 ) ( in te rn a l q u o ta tio n m a rk s o m itte d ) . W h e n atim e ly o b

je c tio n is m a d e , w e m u s t d e te rm in e w h e th e ra n y e rr o ris5

ha rm l e s s , w hi c h m e a ns tha t“ the purpor t e d e rr orha d no s ubs t a nt i a l i nf l ue nc e on the ou t com e and suff

i ci entevi dence uni nfec t ed by error s up po rt s the verdi ct . ” U ni te d State s v . D i c ke rs on , 248 F . 3d 1036, 1048 ( 11th C i r . 2001) ( quot a t i on m a rks o m itte d ) ; see a l

so F e d. R . C r i m . P . 52( a ) . T he j ury ha s e xc l us i ve pr ovi nc e ove rthe d e te rm in a tio n o f

th e c r e d ib ility o f

w itn e s s e s , a n d ac o u r t o f ap p e a ls m a y n o t r e v is it th e is s u e . U

n ite d S ta te s v . Ch a s ta in , 19 8 F . 3d 13 38 , 13 51 (11th C i r. 19 99 ). U n d er th e F ed eral R u l es o f E v i d en ce, “ [e] v i d en ce o f o th er cri m es, w ro n g s, ora c t s i s nota dm i s s i bl e t o pr ove the c ha r a c t e rof ape r s on i n or de rt o s how a c t i on i n con form i ty there w i th. Itm ay , ho w ever , be adm i ss i bl e f or other purpo se s, such a s pr oof of m ot i ve , opportuni ty , i nt e nt , pr e pa r a t i on, pl a n, know l e dge , i de nt i ty , or ab s e n c e o f

m is ta k e o ra c c id e n t.” F e d . R . E v id . 4 0 4 ( b ) . E vi de nc e of

c r i m i na l a c t i vi ty othe rtha n the of f e ns e c ha r ge d i s not extri nsi c und erR ul e 404 (b) i f i ti s ( 1) an un char ged o ff ense w hi ch a r os e outof

the s a m e tr a ns a c t i on ors e r i e s of tr a ns a c t i ons a s the c ha r ge d of

f e ns e , ( 2) ne c e s s a ry t o c om pl e t e the s t ory of the c r i m e , or (3) i nextri cabl y i nt ertw i ned w i th the evi dence re gardi ng the charged o f f e n s e . U ni te d State s v . V

e l tm ann , 6 F . 3d 14 83 , 14 98 (11th C i r. 19 93 ). “ O ther tr a n s a c t i o n s c o n n e c t e d wi th th e o f f e n s e s c h a r g e d h a v e l o n g b e e n u s e d t o s h o w a ge ne r a l pa tt e rn, the ne c e s s a ry c r i m i na l i nt e nt , orthe gui l ty know l e dge of the defe nd ant . ” U

n ite d S ta te s v . Mu s c a te ll , 42 F . 3d 627, 631 ( 11th C i r . 1995) (quo t at i on m arks and b ra cket s om i tt ed) ( ho l di ng thatchal l enged t es t i m on y w as6

in tr in s ic to th e c r im e s c h a r g e d ) . U nd erthe F eder al R ul es of E vi dence, al l re l evantevi dence i s a dm i ss i bl e, and i rr el evantevi dence i s i nadm i ss i bl e. F ed. R . E vi d. 40 2. “ T he st andard for w hat c ons t i tut e s r e l e va nte vi de nc e i s al ow one : e vi de nc e i s r e l e va nti f i tha s ‘ a ny t e nde nc y t o m a ke the e xi s t e nc e of a ny f a c ttha ti s of

c ons e que nc e t o the de t e rm i na t i on of

the a c t i on m or e pr obabl e orl e s s pr obabl e tha n i tw oul d be w i tho utthe evi dence. ’ ” T i no co , 3 0 4 F .3 d a t 1 1 2 0 ( q u o tin g F e d .R .E v id . 4 0 1 ) . N e v e r th e le s s , r e le v a n t e v id e n c e m a y b e e x c lu d e d if “its p r o b a tiv e v a lu e is su b st an t i al l y o u tw ei g h ed b y th e d an g er o f u n fai r p rej u d i ce, co n fu si o n o f th e i ssu es, orm i s l e a di ng the j ury , orby c ons i de r a t i ons of undue de l a y , w a s t e of

t i m e , or needl es s pre se nt at i on of cum ul at i ve evi dence. ” F ed. R . E vi d. 40 3. “ T he t erm

‘ u n f a i rp r e j u d i c e , ’ a s t o ac r i mi n a l d e f e n d a n t , s p e a k s t o th e c ap a c i ty o f s o me c onc e de dl y r e l e vante vi de nc e t o l ur e the f a c t f i nde ri nt o de c l a r i ng gui l ton agr ound di ff er entfr om proo f s peci fi c t o the offe nse c harged. ” O ld Chi ef v. U ni ted Stat es , 5 1 9 U .S . 1 7 2 , 1 8 0 , 1 1 7 S . C t. 6 4 4 , 6 5 0 , 1 3 6 L . E d . 2 d 5 7 4 ( 1 9 9 7 ) ( h o ld in g th a t, w here defe nd antw as w i l l i ng t o st i pu l at e thathe w as a c on vi ct ed fe l on for purpo se s of af e l on i n pos s e s s i on of

af i r e a rm pr os e c ut i on, i tw a s undul ypr e j udi c i a l f orthe gove rnm e ntt o be pe rm i tt e d t o i ntr oduc e the pr i orc onvi c t i on’ s or de rof j udgm e nt a n d c o m m itm e n t) .7

E xcl usi on of evi dence und er“ R ul e 403 i s an extra ordi naryre m edy w hi ch the di s tr i c tc ourts houl d i nvoke s pa r i ngl y , a nd the ba l a nc e s houl d be s truc k i n f a vor of adm i ss i bi l i ty. ” T

i no co , 304 F . 3d a t1120 ( i nt e rna l quot a t i on m a rks a nd a l t e r a t i ons om i tt e d) . “ T he m a j orf unc t i on of

R ul e 403 i s l i m i t e d t o e xc l udi ng m a tt e rof s c a ntorc um ul a t i ve pr oba t i ve f or c e , dr a gge d i n by the he e l s f orthe s a ke of i t s pre j ud i ci al ef

fe ct . ” U n i ted S ta tes v. Cro ss , 92 8 F . 2d 10 30 , 10 48 (11th C i r. 1991) ( i nt e rna l quot a t i on m a rks om i tt e d) . I n de t e rm i ni ng w he the rt o e xc l ude e vi de nc e unde rR ul e 403, di s tr i c tc our t s m a y c ons i de rthe pr e s e nc e orabs e nc e of e v id e n tia ry a lte rn a tiv e s . O ld C hi ef , 519 U . S . a t184, 117 S . C t . a t652. “ [ I ] n a c r i m i na l tr i a l , r e l e va nte vi de nc e i s i nhe r e nt l y pr e j udi c i a l ; i ti s onl y w he n u n fa ir prej ud i ce subst ant i al l y outw ei gh s probat i ve val ue thatthe rul e perm i t s e xcl usi on . ” U n i ted S ta tes v. E do u a rd , 485 F . 3d 1324, 1346 ( 11th C i r . 2007) ( quot i ng U ni ted State s v . Ki ng , 7 1 3 F .2 d 6 2 7 , 6 3 1 ( 1 1 th C ir . 1 9 8 3 ) ( e m p h a s is a d d e d ) ( b r a c k e ts om i tt ed). A l though t i m e i s nota n e s s e nt i a l e l e m e ntof a n of f e ns e a s l ong a s the gove rnm e nte s t abl i s he s tha tthe c onduc toc c urr e d r e a s onabl y ne a rthe da t e tha tthe in d ic tm e n t m e n tio n s , U ni te d State s v . P ope , 13 2 F . 3d 68 4, 68 8-89 (11th C i r. 19 98 ), th is ap p lie s o n ly to p r o o f o f a n y d a te b e f

o r e th e r e tu rn o f

th e in d ic tm e n t a n d w ith in th e s ta tu te o f

lim ita tio n s . R usse l l

v. U ni ted Stat es , 42 9 F . 2d 23 7, 23 8 (5th C i r.Dec isions of the Fifth Circuit, hande d down prior to closeof business on September 30, 1 1981, arebinding prece dent. Bo nn er v. Ci ty of Pricha rd, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209- 10 (11th Cir. 1981). 8 1970) . “ [ A ] f

t e ra n i ndi c tm e ntha s be e n r e turne d, i t s c ha r ge s m a y notbe 1 broadened throu gh am endm entexce ptby the grand j ury i t se l f. ” U ni ted Stat es v. A r tr ip , 9 4 2 F .2 d 1 5 6 8 , 1 5 7 0 ( 1 1 th C ir . 1 9 9 1 ) ( q u o ta tio n m a rk s o m itte d ) .

“ C onvi c t i on on the ba s i s of am odi f i c a t i on of

a n e s s e nt i a l e l e m e ntnotc ha r ge d by the grand j ury c on st i tut es re vers i bl e e rr or. ” I d. (r ever si ng conv i ct i on w here go vernm entpres ent ed evi dence thatenl ar ged the charges i n the i nd i ctm ent ). H e r e , the drug i nc i de ntc ha l l e nge d by S e l l e r s oc c urr e d one da y a f t e rthe r e tu rn o f th e in d ic tm e n t. B e c au s e th e in c id e n t w a s n o t a n e s s e n tia l e le m e n t a n d d id n o tb ro ad en th e ch arg es, b u tw as m erel y i n tri n si c ev i d en ce o f an u n ch arg ed o ffen se w hi ch ar ose outof the sa m e transac t i on or se ri es of transac t i on s and w as i ne xtr i c abl y i nt e rtw i ne d w i th the e vi de nc e r e ga r di ng the c ons pi r a c y a nd s ubs t a nt i ve of

f e ns e s , w e c onc l ude tha tR ul e 404( b) di d notappl y . B e c aus e the e vi de nc e w a s r e l e va nt , a s i tm a de the e xi s t e nc e of S e l l e r s ’ s pa r t i c i pa t i on i n the c o n s p ir a c y m o r e lik e ly , a n d w a s n o t u n f a ir ly p r e ju d ic ia l, c o n s id e r in g th a t it c le a r ly de m ons tr a t e d S e l l e r s ’ s drug de a l i ng, a nd the j ury w a s e nt i t l e d t o j udge the c r e d i b i l i ty o f

th e t e s t i f y i n g d e p u ty a n d S e l l e r s ’ s c o - c o n s p i r a t o rwi tn e s s e s , we c onc l ude tha ta dm i s s i on of thi s e vi de nc e by the di s tr i c tc our tw a s nota n abus e of9

di s c r e t i on. B. W e r e vi e w ac l a i m of

m a t e r i a l va r i a nc e “ vi e w i ng the e vi de nc e i n the l i ght m ostfa vo rabl e t o the go vernm entt o d et erm i ne w hether are as on abl e tri erof fa ct coul d h ave f

ou nd thata s i ng l e c on spi ra cyexi st ed beyond a r ea sonabl e dou bt . ” U n i ted S ta tes v. C a stro , 89 F . 3d 1443, 1450 ( 11th C i r . 1996) . A va r i a nc e doe s not af fe ctthe el em ent s of the cr i m es char ged, bu toccurs w hen the fa ct s proved attri al d if f e rf r o m th o s e a lle g e d in th e in d ic tm e n t. U ni te d State s v . W

e is s m an , 899 F . 2d 1 1 1 1 , 1 1 1 4 ( 1 1 th C ir . 1 9 9 0 ) . F o rav a r ia n c e to b e r e v e r s ib le e rr o r , th e f a c ts e s t abl i s he d a ttr i a l m us t“ m a t e r i a l l y di ve r ge f r om the f a c t s i n the i ndi c tm e nt ” a nd th e d e f e n d a n t m u s t s u f

f e rs u b s ta n tia l p r e

ju d ic e a s ar e s u lt. I

d. W he the raj ury c oul d ha ve f ound as i ngl e c ons pi r a c y i s de t e rm i ne d by e xa m i ni ng thr e e f

a c t or s : ( 1) w he the rac om m on goa l e xi s t e d; ( 2) the na tur e of the u n d e r ly in g s c h e m e ; a n d ( 3 ) th e o v e r lap o f p a r tic ip a n ts . U

n i te d S ta te s v . M

a t th e ws , 168 F . 3d 1234, 1244 ( 11th C i r . 1999) . “ A m a t e r i a l va r i a nc e be tw e e n a n i ndi c tm e nt a n d th e g o v e rn m e n t’s p r o o f a t tr ia l o c c u r s if

th e g o v e rn m e n t p r o v e s m u ltip le conspi ra ci es un der a n i nd i ctm ental l egi ng on l y asi ng l e c on spi ra cy . ” C a stro , 89 F . 3d a t1450 ( c i t i ng Kot teakos v . U ni ted Stat es , 3 2 8 U. S. 7 5 0 , 6 6 S. Ct . 1 2 3 9 , 9 0 L. E d. 1557 ( 1946) ) . N e ve rthe l e s s , i n pr ovi ng the e xi s t e nc e of ac ons pi r a c y , the10

go vernm entneed no tes t abl i sh “ thatea ch conspi ra t or agree d w i th everyother c ons pi r a t or , kne w of

hi s f e l l ow c ons pi r a t or s , w a s a w a r e of a l l of the de t a i l s of

the conspi ra cy , or cont em pl at ed part i ci pat i ng i n the sa m e r el at ed cr i m e. ” I d. a t1451 ( hol di ng tha tj ury c oul d ha ve r e a s onabl y c onc l ude d tha tone c om m on a gr e e m e nt e xi s t e d f orpurpos e s of

aR I C O c ons pi r a c y ) . F ur the rm or e , w he r e the gove rnm e nt suff i ci ent l y s up po rt s asi ng l e c on spi ra cychar ge, evi dence of m ul t i pl e c on spi ra ci es do es no tcr ea t e am at er i al vari ance , bu t , atm ost , ent i t l es a def endantt o a j ury in s tru c tio n o n th e p o s s ib ility o f m u ltip le c o n s p ir a c ie s . U ni te d State s v . Suthe r land , 65 6 F . 2d 11 81 , 11 89 n. 5 (5th C i r. U ni tA S ept . 19 81 ) ( ho l di ng thatno evi dence w as pres ent ed thata s i ng l e c on spi ra cyexi st ed). E v e n if am a te r ia l v a r ia n c e is e s tab lis h e d , th e ap p e lla n t m u s t d e m o n s tr a te s u b s ta n tia l p r e

ju d ic e , w h ic h m e a n s th a t ( 1 ) th e p r o o f a t tr ia l d if

f e r e d s o g r e a tly f r o m th e c h a r g e s th a t h e w a s u n f a ir ly s u rp r is e d a n d u n ab le to p r e p a r e a n a d e q u a te de f e ns e , or( 2) s o m a ny de f e nda nt s a nd s e pa r a t e c ons pi r a c i e s w e r e pr e s e nt e d t o the j ury tha tas ubs t a nt i a l l i ke l i hood e xi s t s tha tthe j ury tr a ns f e rr e d pr oof

of one c o n s p ir a c y to ad e f

e n d a n t in v o lv e d in a n o th e r . U ni te d State s v . C alde r on , 127 F . 3d 13 14 , 13 28 (11th C i r. 19 97 ). I n Kot te akos , a s i ng l e c on spi ra cyw as al l eged, the go vernm entconceded that e i ghts e pa r a t e c ons pi r a c i e s w e r e pr ove n, no c onne c t i on e xi s t e d a m ong the11

c ons pi r a t or s a s i de f

r om as i ngl e de f

e nda ntw ho di r e c t e d e a c h gr oup, a nd none of the conspi ra ci es ai ded o r benefi tt ed fr om the others despi t e thei r s i m i l arobj ec t i ves a nd c om m on l e a de r s hi p. 328 U . S . a t755, 66 S . C t . a t1243- 44. I n l i ghtof thi s , the S u p r e m e C o u rt r e v e r s e d th e c o n v ic tio n s . I d. 3 2 8 U .S . a t 7 7 7 , 6 6 S . C t. a t 1 2 5 3 - 5 4 . H e r e , the e vi de nc e s uf

f i c i e nt l y s uppor t e d as i ngl e c ons pi r a c y c onvi c t i on a nd, a l though m ul t i pl e c ons pi r a c i e s m a y ha ve pl aus i bl y e xi s t e d, the j ury r e c e i ve d the r e qui s i t e i ns truc t i on, a nd am a t e r i a l va r i a nc e di d notr e s ul t . C ons i de r i ng the ov er l ap of part i ci pant s and the com m on go al of bu yi ng and sel l i ng drug s, a j ury c o u ld h a v e f

o u n d as in g le c o n s p ir a c y , se e M a t th e ws , 168 F . 3d a t1244, e ve n i f the gove rnm e ntf

a i l e d t o pr ove tha te a c h c ons pi r a t orw a s a w a r e of a l l of the de t a i l s of th e c o n s p ir a c y . See C a stro , 89 F . 3d a t1451. E ve n a s s um i ng ar gue ndo th a t a m a te r ia l v a r ia n c e o c c u rr e d , P h a lo h a s n o t d e m o n s tr a te d s u b s ta n tia l p r e ju d ic e . See C alde r on , 127 F . 3d a t1328. C. W h en rev i ew i n g a sen t en ce i m p o sed b y th e d i stri ctco u rt , w e n o rm al l y m u st f ir s t e n s u r e th a t th e d is tr ic t c o u rt c o rr e c tly c a lc u la te d th e g u id e lin e r a n g e . U ni ted State s v . W

i ni nge ar , 42 2 F . 3d 12 41 , 12 45 (11th C i r. 20 05 ). W e r evi ew the di stri ct c our t ’ s f i ndi ngs of

f a c tf orc l e a re rr ora nd i t s appl i c a t i on of the s e nt e nc i ng g u i d el i n es t o th o se fact s de no vo . U ni ted Stat es v. H

um ber , 255 F . 3d 1308, 131112

(1 1 th C i r. 2 0 0 1 ). W h eth er th e d i stri ctco u rtm i sap p l i ed U . S . S . G . § 1 B 1 . 3 i s a pur e l y l e ga l que s t i on r e vi e w e d de no vo . U ni te d State s v . M

c Cr i m m on , 362 F . 3d 7 2 5 , 7 2 8 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 4 ) . W h e th e rac o - c o n s p ir a to r ’s a c tio n s w e r e r e a s o n ab ly f o r e s e e ab le is aq u e s tio n o f f a c t th a t w e r e v ie w f

o rc le a re rr o r . U

ni ted Stat es v. C over , 1 9 9 F .3 d 1 2 7 0 , 1 2 7 4 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 0 ) .

“ A d e f e n d a n ti s s e n t e n c e d u s i n g th e G u i d e l i n e s M a n u a l i n e f f e c ta tth e t i me of se nt enci ng , un l es s thi s w ou l d rai se ex p o s t fa c to c onc e rns , i n w hi c h c a s e the d e f e n d a n ti s s e n t e n c e d u s i n g th e G u i d e l i n e s M a n u a l i n e f f e c ta tth e t i me th e c r i me w as com m i tt ed. ” U

ni ted Stat es v. A vi les , 51 8 F . 3d 12 28 , 12 30 (11th C i r. 20 08 ). “W h e n ad e f

e n d a n t o b

je c ts to af

a c tu a l f in d in g th a t is u s e d in c a lc u la tin g h is gu i del i ne se nt ence [, ] the go vernm entbear s the bu rden of es t abl i shi ng the di sput ed fa ctby a pre po nd er ance of the evi dence. ” U n ite d S ta te s v . Mo r ia r ty , 429 F . 3d 1012, 1022 ( 11th C i r . 2005) ( c i t a t i on & a l t e r a t i on om i tt e d) . W he r e the gove rnm e nt d o es n o t p re se n t ev id en ce to su p p o rt a c o n tested fa ct u n d er lyin g th e d ef en d an t’ s s e nt e nc e , w e a r e “ obl i ge d t o va c a t e the s e nt e nc e i m pos e d a nd r e m a nd f or re se nt enci ng . ” U

n ite d S ta te s v . H

a ll , 349 F . 3d 1320, 1325- 26 ( 11th C i r . 2003) ( v a c a tin g a n d r e m a n d in g s e n te n c e w h e r e th e g o v e rn m e n t f a ile d to e s tab lis h f

a c ts dur i ng tr i a l ors e nt e nc i ng t o s uppor tatw o- l e ve l e nha nc e m e ntf orabus e of

pos i t i on o f tru s t) . W h e r e ad is tr ic t c o u rt f a ils to m a k e f

in d in g s o f

f a c t s u f f ic ie n t to p e rm it13

m e a ni ngf

ul appe l l a t e r e vi e w , how e ve r , w e w i l l va c a t e as e nt e nc e a nd r e m a nd the c a s e f o rth e d is tr ic t c o u rt to d o s o in th e f ir s t in s ta n c e . See , e . g. , U ni ted Stat es v. Mock , 52 3 F . 3d 12 99 , 13 04 (11th C i r. 20 08 ). A s e nt e nc i ng c ourtm a y c ons i de ra c qui tt e d c onduc ta s l ong a s the g o v e rn m e n t p r o v e d th e c o n d u c t r e lie d u p o n b y ap r e p o n d e r a n c e o f th e e v id e n c e . U ni te d State s v . B ar akat , 13 0 F . 3d 14 48 , 14 52 (11th C i r. 19 97 ). F urtherm ore, u n d er th e g u i d el i n es, rel ev an tco n d u cti n cl u d es: ( A ) a l l a c t s a nd om i s s i ons c om m i tt e d, a i de d, abe tt e d, c ouns e l e d, c o m m a n d e d , in d u c e d , p r o c u r e d , o rw illf u lly c au s e d b y th e d e f

e n d a n t; a nd (B ) i n the ca se of a j oi nt l y und ert aken cri m i nal ac t i vi ty ( a c ri m i nal p la n , s c h e m e , e n d e a v o r , o re n te rp r is e u n d e r ta k e n b y th e d e f e n d a n t in c o n c e rt w ith o th e r s , w h e th e ro rn o t c h a r g e d a s ac o n s p ir a c y ) , a ll r e a s onabl y f

or e s e e abl e a c t s a nd om i s s i ons of othe r s i n f

ur the r a nc e of th e j o i n t l y u n d ert ak en cri m i n al act i v i ty, th a t o c c u rr e d d u r in g th e c o m m is s io n o f th e o f f e n s e o f c o n v ic tio n , in p r e p a r a tio n f

o rth a t o f f e n s e , o rin th e c o u r s e o f a tte m p tin g to a v o id d e te c tio n o rr e s p o n s ib ility f o rth a t o f f e n s e . . . . U . S . S . G . § 1 B 1 . 3 (a)(1 ) (2 0 0 6 ). “ A ‘ j o i n t l y u n d ert ak en cri m i n al act i v i ty’ i s a c r im in a l p la n , s c h e m e , e n d e a v o r , o re n te rp r is e u n d e r ta k e n b y th e d e f e n d a n t in c onc e r tw i th othe r s , w he the rornotc ha r ge d a s ac ons pi r a c y . ” U . S . S . G . § 1B 1. 3, c o m m e n t. ( n .2 ) . A d e f

e n d a n t is a c c o u n tab le f

o rth e c o n d u c t o f

o th e r s th a t w a s b o th in f u r th e r a n c e o f

th e jo in tly u n d e r ta k e n c r im in a l a c tiv ity a n d r e a s o n ab ly14

f o r e s e e ab le in c o n n e c tio n w ith th a t a c tiv ity . I d. T he sc op e of “

j oi nt l y und ert aken cri m i n al act i v i ty” i s n o tn ecessaril y th e sam e as th e sco p e o f th e en t i re co n sp i racy, a n d r e le v a n t c o n d u c t m a y n o t b e th e s a m e f o re a c h p a r tic ip a n t. I

d. I n de t e rm i ni ng th e d efen d an t ’ s acco u n t ab i l i ty fo r th e co n d u cto f o th ers, th e co u rtm u stfi rst d e te rm in e th e s c o p e o f

th e c r im in a l a c tiv ity th e d e f e n d a n t a g r e e d to jo in tly u n d e r ta k e . I

d. “ W i th r e s pe c tt o of

f e ns e s i nvol vi ng c ontr aba nd ( i nc l udi ng c ontr ol l e d s ubs t a nc e s ) , the de f e nda nti s a c c ount abl e f

ora l l qua nt i t i e s of

c ontr aba nd w i th w hi ch he w as di re ct l y i nv ol ved and , i n the ca se of a j oi nt l y und ert aken cr i m i nal ac t i vi ty, al l re as on abl y f ores ee abl e quant i t i es of contraband thatw er e w i thi n the sc op e of the cr i m i nal ac t i vi ty thathe j oi nt l y und ert oo k. ” I d. A di s tr i c tc ourtm i s appl i e s U . S . S . G . § 1B 1. 3 w he n i tf a i l s t o m a ke pa r t i c ul a r i z e d f

i ndi ngs a s t o the s c ope of c r i m i na l a c t i vi ty unde r t a ke n by the d e f e n d a n t. U

ni ted Stat es v. H

un ter , 3 2 3 F .3 d 1 3 1 4 , 1 3 1 6 , 1 3 1 9 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 3 ) . O n ly a f te rm a k in g s u c h f

in d in g s s h o u ld th e c o u r t d e te rm in e r e a s o n ab le f o r e s e e ab ility . I

d. a t 1 3 1 9 ( h o ld in g th a t th e d is tr ic t c o u r t e rr e d b y f a ilin g to d o s o ) . U nde rthe gui de l i ne s , e ve n i f the de f e nda ntknow s aboutthe l a r ge rope r a t i on, a nd has a gree d t o p er form a part i cul arac t , the ac qu i es ce nce i n the ac t s of the cr i m i nal e n te rp r is e a s aw h o le is n o t au to m a tic a lly e s tab lis h e d . I d. a t1320. U n d erU .S .S .G . § 3 B 1 .1 (b ), a th re e- lev el en h an ce m en t t o th e d ef en d an t’ s15

ba s e of f e ns e l e ve l i s pr ope ri f

the de f e nda ntw a s am a na ge rors upe rvi s or( butnot a n o r g a n iz e ro rle a d e r ) a n d th e c r im in a l a c tiv ity in v o lv e d f iv e o rm o r e p a r tic ip a n ts orw a s othe rw i s e e xt e ns i ve . A “ pa r t i c i pa nt ” i s c r i m i na l l y r e s pons i bl e f orthe of f e ns e , butne e d notha ve be e n c onvi c t e d. U . S . S . G . § 3B 1. 1, c om m e nt . ( n. 1) . T he d e f e n d a n t n e e d o n ly h a v e m a n a g e d o rs up e rv is e d o n e o f th e p a r tic ip a n ts . I

d. , com m ent . (n. 2). A ft er d et erm i n i n g th atth e d i stri ctco u rtco rrect l y cal cu l at ed th e g u i d el i n es, th e c o u r t th e n r e v ie w s th e s e n te n c e f o rr e a s o n ab le n e s s in lig h t o f th e 1 8 U .S .C . § 3553( a ) f a c t or s a nd m us tde t e rm i ne w he the rthe s e nt e nc e f a i l s t o a c hi e ve the p u rp o s e s o f

s e n te n c in g s e t f

o rth in th a t s ta tu te . U

n ite d S ta te s v . M

a r tin , 455 F . 3d 1227, 1237 ( 11th C i r . 2006) . R e a s onabl e ne s s r e vi e w i s “ de f e r e nt i a l , ” a nd “ the pa r ty w ho c ha l l e nge s the s e nt e nc e be a r s the bur de n of e s t abl i s hi ng tha tthe s e nt e nc e i s unr e a s onabl e i n l i ghtof both [ the ] r e c or d a nd the f a c t or s i n s e c t i on 35 53 (a ). ” U

ni ted Stat es v. T

al ley , 431 F . 3d 784, 788 ( 11th C i r . 2005) . W e ha ve no t ed that [w ] e do n oti n thi s c i rc ui tpres um e r ea sonabl e ase nt ence

w ith in th e p r o p e r ly c a lc u la te d G u id e lin e s r a n g e . R ec ent l y, ho w ever , the U . S . S up re m e C ou rtup hel d o ther c i r c ui t s ’ de c i s i ons a f

f or di ng s uc h apr e s um pt i on, not i ng thata s ent ence , i nd ependent l y c al cul at ed by the di stri ct c ourti n a c c or da nc e w i th [ U ni ted Stat es v. ] B oo ke r , [ 543 U . S . 22 0, 12 5 S . C t . 73 8, 16 0 L . E d. 2d 62 1 (20 05 )] , that f a l l s w i thi n the pr ope r l y c a l c ul a t e d G ui de l i ne s r a nge16 “s ig n if ic a n tly in c r e a s e s th e lik e lih o o d th a t th e s e n te n c e is ar e a s o n ab le o n e .” U n ite d S ta te s v . C a m

p b e ll , 491 F . 3d 1306, 1313- 14 ( 11th C i r . 2007) ( c i t a t i on om i tt e d) ( c i t i ng R i ta v. U ni ted Stat es , 551 U . S . — , 127 S . C t . 2456, 2462- 63, 168 L . E d. 2d 203 ( 2007) ) . R e c e nt l y , the S upr e m e C our tc l a r i f i e d tha t“ c our t s of ap p e a l m u s t r e v ie w a ll s e n te n c e s - - w h e th e rin s id e , ju s t o u ts id e , o rs ig n if ic a n tly ou t si de the G ui del i nes r ange--under a def er ent i al abuse- of-di sc re t i on st andard. ” G al l v. U ni ted Stat es , 5 5 2 U .S . — , 1 2 8 S . C t. 5 8 6 , 5 9 1 , 1 6 9 L . E d . 2 d 4 4 5 ( 2 0 0 7 ) . W h e n c o n d u c tin g th is r e v ie w , th e to ta lity o f th e c ir c u m s ta n c e s is to b e c o n s id e r e d . I d. a t597. A gui de l i ne s e nt e nc e m a y be r e vi e w e d f orpr oc e dur a l ors ubs t a nt i ve u n r e a s o n ab le n e s s . U

ni te d State s v . H

unt , 45 9 F . 3d 11 80 , 11 82 n. 3 (11 th C i r. 2006) . A s e nt e nc e i s pr oc e dur a l l y unr e a s onabl e i f i ti s ba s e d on c l e a r l y e rr one ous f a c ts o rth e g u id e lin e s r a n g e is im p r o p e r ly c a lc u la te d . See G a ll , 128 S . C t . a t597; H unt , 4 5 9 F .3 d a t 1 1 8 2 n .3 . A s e n te n c e m a y b e s u b s ta n tiv e ly u n r e a s o n ab le e v e n if it is p r o c e d u r a lly r e a s o n ab le . H unt , 459 F . 3d a t1182 n. 3. U nd er§ 3 55 3(a) , a s ent enci ng courti s c harged w i th i m po si ng a s ent ence that i s “ s uf f i c i e nt , butnotgr e a t e rtha n ne c e s s a ry ” t o r e f l e c tthe s e r i ous ne s s of

the o f f e n s e , a f f o r d d e te rr e n c e , p r o te c t th e p ub lic f r o m f u r th e rc r im e s o f

th e d e f e n d a n t, a nd pr ovi de the de f

e nda ntw i th e duc a t i ona l orvoc a t i ona l tr a i ni ng, m e di c a l c a r e or17

o th e rtr e a tm e n t. A c o u rt s h a ll c o n s id e r , in te ra lia , (1) the nature a nd ci rc um st ance s of the of f e ns e a nd the hi s t ory a nd c ha r a c t e r i s t i c s of the de f e nda nt ; ( 2) the ne e d f

or the se nt ence i m po se d t o ref l ec tthe se ri ou snes s of the offens e, det ercr i m i nal c onduc t , pr ot e c tthe publ i c f r om f ur the rc r i m e s of

the de f e nda nt , a nd pr ovi de the de f e nda ntw i th c orr e c t i ona l tr e a tm e nti n the m os te f f e c t i ve m a nne r ; ( 3) the ki nds of s e n te n c e s a v a ilab le ; ( 4 ) th e s e n te n c in g g u id e lin e s ; ( 5 ) p e r tin e n t p o lic y s ta te m e n ts i ss ued b y the S ent enci ng C om m i ss i on ; (6) the need t o avo i d u nw arrant ed se nt ence di s pa r i t i e s a m ong de f

e nda nt s w i th s i m i l a rr e c or ds w ho ha ve be e n f ound gui l ty of s i m i l a rc onduc t ; a nd ( 7) the ne e d t o pr ovi de r e s t i tut i on t o a ny vi c t i m s of the of f e ns e . 18 U . S . C . § 3553( a ) . T he di s tr i c tc our tne e d notr e c i t e al aundry l i s tof the § 3553( a ) f

a c t or s ; s om e i ndi c a t i on i n the r e c or d tha tthe c our ta de qua t e l y a nd prop er l y c on si dere d the appl i cabl e a dv i sorygu i del i ne ra ng e and the § 3 55 3(a) s e n te n c in g f

a c to r s is s u f

f ic ie n t. U n ite d S ta te s v . Sc o tt , 4 2 6 F .3 d 1 3 2 4 , 1 3 2 9 ( 1 1 th C i r. 20 05 ). W h e r e ad i s tr i c tc o u rth a s i n d i c a t e d th a ti tw o u l d h a v e i mp o s e d th e s a me s e nt e nc e r e ga r dl e s s of

apa rt i c ul a rgui de l i ne s c a l c ul a t i on, how e ve r , w e m a y de c l i ne t o d ec i de a di sput ed gu i del i ne i ss ue or re m and the ca se for new se nt ence proceedi ng s w here the gu i del i ne error, i f any, di d n otaf fe ctthe ul t i m at e s ent ence im p o s e d . See U

ni te d State s v . Ke e ne , 4 7 0 F .3 d 1 3 4 7 , 1 3 4 9 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 6 ) .Clint on’s leadership enhanc ement wa s not clearly erroneous, considering that the 2 criminal activity

involved more than f

ive par ticipants and, inter a lia , Cl inton ins tr uc te d o thersto drive him to a drugdeal. See Humber, 255 F.3d at 1311. 18 U nde rs uc h c i r c um s t a nc e s , w e w i l l , i f ne c e s s a ry , pr oc e e d t o e xa m i ne w he the rthe defe nd ant ’ s s ent ence i s r ea sonabl e i n l i gh tof the gu i del i nes r ange cal cul at ed w ith o u t th e p r o c e d u r a l G u id e lin e s e rr o r . I d. a t1349- 50. H e r e , a lth o u g h th e d is tr ic t c o u r t f o u n d th a t e a c h d e f

e n d a n t w a s r e s p o n s ib le for a tl ea st1. 5 k i l og ra m s of c ocai ne base , i tdi d n otm ake part i cul ar i ze d fi nd i ng s a s to th e irr e s p o n s ib ility f

o re a c h in d iv id u a l d ru g d e a l, th e a m o u n ts a ttr ib u te d to tr a ns a c t i ons r e s ul t i ng f

r om c o- c ons pi r a t or s ’ j oi nt l y unde r t a ke n c r i m i na l a c t i vi ty , or th e f o r e s e e ab ility o f

th e la tte ra c ts . See H

un ter , 3 2 3 F . 3 d at1 3 1 9 . N ev erth el ess, 2 w i th r e s p e c tt o Ph a l o a n d Cl i n t o n , th e d i s tr i c tc o u r t ’ s s t a t e me n tth a tth e s a me s e nt e nc e w oul d ha ve be e n i m pos e d r e ga r dl e s s of the gui de l i ne c a l c ul a t i ons m e a ns th a t a n y e rr o rd id n o t a f f e c t th e s e n te n c e . See Ke e ne , 4 7 0 F .3 d a t 1 3 4 9 . T h e ir se nt ence s - 29 2 m on ths and 2 40 m on ths, re spec t i vel y - w er e a l so re as on abl e, c ons i de r i ng the s e r i ous na tur e of the of f e ns e s a nd be c aus e the r e pe a t e d i ns t a nc e s of m is c o n d u c t illu s tr a te d an e e d to d e te rf u tu r e tr a n s g r e s s io n s . W ith r e s p e c t to S e l l e r s , how e ve r , the di s tr i c tc our t ’ s f a i l ur e t o m a ke pa r t i c ul a r i z e d f i ndi ngs m a nda t e s tha tw e va c a t e hi s t ot a l s e nt e nc e a nd r e m a nd f orr e s e nt e nc i ng, s o tha tthe di s tr i c tc ourtc a n m a ke s pe c i f i c f i ndi ngs i n s uppor tof

i t s drug a m ount19

de t e rm i na t i on, c ons i s t e ntw i th the f or e goi ng. F i na l l y , w i th r e s pe c tt o P ha l o, w e a l s o not e tha tbe c aus e the N ove m be r2007 g u id e lin e s w e r e n o t y e t in e f f e c t a t th e tim e o f

h is s e n te n c in g , th e d is tr ic t c o u r t d id n o t e rrin f

a ilin g to u s e th e m . A cc ordi ng l y, w e a ff

i rm the conv i ct i on s of P hal o, C l i nt on , and S el l er s; af fi rm th e s e n te n c e s o f

P h a lo a n d C lin to n ; b u t v a c a te S e lle r s ’s s e n te n c e s a n d r e m a n d h is c a s e f o rr e s e n te n c in g c o n s is te n t w ith th is o p in io n . A FFI R M ED I N PA R T; VA C A TED A N D R EM A N D ED I N PA R T.