# Patent

## Title
Inbred maize line PH51K

## Abstract

An inbred maize line, designated PH51K, the seeds and plants of inbred maize line PH51K, methods for producing a maize plant, either inbred or hybrid, produced by crossing the inbred maize line PH51K with another maize plant, and seed and plants produced therefrom. The invention also relates to methods for producing a modified PH51K maize plant that comprises in its genetic material one or more transgenes or backcross conversion genes and to the transgenic and backcross conversion maize plants produced by these methods. This invention also relates to methods for producing other inbred and hybrid maize lines derived from inbred maize line PH51K and to the inbred and hybrid maize lines so produced.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/355,741, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,881,881, filed on Jan. 31, 2003, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to the field of maize breeding, specifically relating to an inbred maize line designated PH51K.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The goal of plant breeding is to combine, in a single variety or hybrid, various desirable traits. For field crops, these traits may include resistance to diseases and insects, tolerance to heat and drought, reducing the time to crop maturity, greater yield, and better agronomic quality. With mechanical harvesting of many crops, uniformity of plant characteristics such as germination and stand establishment, growth rate, maturity, and plant and ear height, is important. Traditional plant breeding is an important tool in developing new and improved commercial crops.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention, there is provided a novel inbred maize line, designated PH51K. This invention thus relates to the seeds of inbred maize line PH51K, to the plants of inbred maize line PH51K, to plant parts of inbred maize line PH51K, to methods for producing a maize plant produced by crossing the inbred maize line PH51K with another maize plant, including a plant that is part of a synthetic or natural population, and to methods for producing a maize plant containing in its genetic material one or more backcross conversion trait or transgene and to the backcross conversion maize plants and plant parts produced by those methods. This invention also relates to inbred maize lines and plant parts derived from inbred maize line PH51K, to methods for producing other inbred maize lines derived from inbred maize line PH51K and to the inbred maize lines and their parts derived by the use of those methods. This invention further relates to hybrid maize seeds, plants and plant parts produced by crossing the inbred line PH51K or a backcross conversion of PH51K with another maize line.
DEFINITIONS
Certain definitions used in the specification are provided below. Also in the examples that follow, a number of terms are used herein. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided. NOTE: ABS is in absolute terms and % MN is percent of the mean for the experiments in which the inbred or hybrid was grown. PCT designates that the trait is calculated as a percentage. % NOT designates the percentage of plants that did not exhibit a trait. For example, STKLDG % NOT is the percentage of plants in a plot that were not stalk lodged. These designators will follow the descriptors to denote how the values are to be interpreted.
ABTSTK=ARTIFICIAL BRITTLE STALK. A count of the number of “snapped” plants per plot following machine snapping. A snapped plant has its stalk completely snapped at a node between the base of the plant and the node above the ear. Expressed as percent of plants that did not snap.
ALLELE. Any of one or more alternative forms of a genetic sequence. Typically, in a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given sequence occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
ANT ROT=ANTHRACNOSE STALK ROT (Colletotrichum graminicola). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Anthracnose Stalk Rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
BACKCROSSING. Process in which a breeder crosses a progeny line back to one of the parental genotypes one or more times.
BARPLT=BARREN PLANTS. The percent of plants per plot that were not barren (lack ears).
BREEDING. The genetic manipulation of living organisms.
BREEDING CROSS. A cross to introduce new genetic material into a plant for the development of a new variety. For example, one could cross plant A with plant B, wherein plant B would be genetically different from plant A. After the breeding cross, the resulting F1 plants could then be selfed or sibbed for one, two, three or more times (F1, F2, F3, etc.) until a new inbred variety is developed. For clarification, such new inbred varieties would be within a pedigree distance of one breeding cross of plants A and B.
BRTSTK=BRITTLE STALKS. This is a measure of the stalk breakage near the time of pollination, and is an indication of whether a hybrid or inbred would snap or break near the time of flowering under severe winds. Data are presented as percentage of plants that did not snap.
CLDTST=COLD TEST. The percent of plants that germinate under cold test conditions.
CLN=CORN LETHAL NECROSIS. Synergistic interaction of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) in combination with either maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV-A or MDMV-B) or wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Corn Lethal Necrosis. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
COMRST=COMMON RUST (Puccinia sorghi). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Common Rust. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
D/D=DRYDOWN. This represents the relative rate at which a hybrid will reach acceptable harvest moisture compared to other hybrids on a 1 to 9 rating scale. A high score indicates a hybrid that dries relatively fast while a low score indicates a hybrid that dries slowly.
DIPERS=DIPLODIA EAR MOLD SCORES (Diplodia maydis and Diplodia macrospora). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Diplodia Ear Mold. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
DIPROT=DIPLODIA STALK ROT SCORE. Score of stalk rot severity due to Diplodia (Diplodia maydis). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant.
DRPEAR=DROPPED EARS. A measure of the number of dropped ears per plot and represents the percentage of plants that did not drop ears prior to harvest.
D/T=DROUGHT TOLERANCE. This represents a 1 to 9 rating for drought tolerance, and is based on data obtained under stress conditions. A high score indicates good drought tolerance and a low score indicates poor drought tolerance.
EARHT=EAR HEIGHT. The ear height is a measure from the ground to the highest placed developed ear node attachment and is measured in centimeters.
EARMLD=GENERAL EAR MOLD. Visual rating (1 to 9 score) where a “1” is very susceptible and a “9” is very resistant. This is based on overall rating for ear mold of mature ears without determining the specific mold organism, and may not be predictive for a specific ear mold.
EARSZ=EAR SIZE. A 1 to 9 visual rating of ear size. The higher the rating the larger the ear size.
EBTSTK=EARLY BRITTLE STALK. A count of the number of “snapped” plants per plot following severe winds when the corn plant is experiencing very rapid vegetative growth in the V5-V8 stage. Expressed as percent of plants that did not snap.
ECB1LF=EUROPEAN CORN BORER FIRST GENERATION LEAF FEEDING (Ostrinia nubilalis). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to preflowering leaf feeding by first generation European Corn Borer. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
ECB2IT=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GENERATION INCHES OF TUNNELING (Ostrinia nubilalis). Average inches of tunneling per plant in the stalk.
ECB2SC=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GENERATION (Ostrinia nubilalis). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating post flowering degree of stalk breakage and other evidence of feeding by European Corn Borer, Second Generation. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
ECBDPE=EUROPEAN CORN BORER DROPPED EARS (Ostrinia nubilalis). Dropped ears due to European Corn Borer. Percentage of plants that did not drop ears under second generation corn borer infestation.
EGRWTH=EARLY GROWTH. This is a measure of the relative height and size of a corn seedling at the 2-4 leaf stage of growth. This is a visual rating (1 to 9), with 1 being weak or slow growth, 5 being average growth and 9 being strong growth. Taller plants, wider leaves, more green mass and darker color constitute higher score.
ELITE INBRED. An inbred that contributed desirable qualities when used to produce commercial hybrids. An elite inbred may also be used in further breeding for the purpose of developing further improved varieties.
ERTLDG=EARLY ROOT LODGING. Early root lodging is the percentage of plants that do not root lodge prior to or around anthesis; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30° angle or greater would be counted as root lodged.
ERTLPN=EARLY ROOT LODGING. An estimate of the percentage of plants that do not root lodge prior to or around anthesis; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30° angle or greater would be considered as root lodged.
ERTLSC=EARLY ROOT LODGING SCORE. Score for severity of plants that lean from a vertical axis at an approximate 30 degree angle or greater which typically results from strong winds prior to or around flowering recorded within 2 weeks of a wind event. Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being no lodging.
ESTCNT=EARLY STAND COUNT. This is a measure of the stand establishment in the spring and represents the number of plants that emerge on per plot basis for the inbred or hybrid.
EYESPT=EYE SPOT (Kabatiella zeae or Aureobasidium zeae). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Eye Spot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
FUSERS=FUSARIUM EAR ROT SCORE (Fusarium moniliforme or Fusarium subglutinans). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Fusarium ear rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
GDU=GROWING DEGREE UNITS. Using the Barger Heat Unit Theory, which assumes that maize growth occurs in the temperature range 50° F.-86° F. and that temperatures outside this range slow down growth; the maximum daily heat unit accumulation is 36 and the minimum daily heat unit accumulation is 0. The seasonal accumulation of GDU is a major factor in determining maturity zones.
GDUSHD=GDU TO SHED. The number of growing degree units (GDUs) or heat units required for an inbred line or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plants shedding pollen and is measured from the time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method, where the heat units for a 24-hour period are:




  
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The highest maximum temperature used is 86° F. and the lowest minimum temperature used is 50° F. For each inbred or hybrid it takes a certain number of GDUs to reach various stages of plant development.
GDUSLK=GDU TO SILK. The number of growing degree units required for an inbred line or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plants with silk emergence from time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method as given in GDU SHD definition.
GENOTYPE. Refers to the genetic constitution of a cell or organism.
GIBERS=GIBBERELLA EAR ROT (PINK MOLD) (Gibberella zeae). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Gibberella Ear Rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
GIBROT=GIBBERELLA STALK ROT SCORE. Score of stalk rot severity due to Gibberella (Gibberella zeae). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant.
GLFSPT=GRAY LEAF SPOT (Cercospora zeae-maydis). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Gray Leaf Spot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
GOSWLT=GOSS' WILT (Corynebacterium nebraskense). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Goss' Wilt. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
GRNAPP=GRAIN APPEARANCE. This is a 1 to 9 rating for the general appearance of the shelled grain as it is harvested based on such factors as the color of harvested grain, any mold on the grain, and any cracked grain. High scores indicate good grain quality.
HCBLT=HELMINTHOSPORIUM CARBONUM LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium carbonum). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Helminthosporium infection. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
HD SMT=HEAD SMUT (Sphacelotheca reiliana). This score indicates the percentage of plants not infected.
HSKCVR=HUSK COVER. A 1 to 9 score based on performance relative to key checks, with a score of 1 indicating very short husks, tip of ear and kernels showing; 5 is intermediate coverage of the ear under most conditions, sometimes with thin husk; and a 9 has husks extending and closed beyond the tip of the ear. Scoring can best be done near physiological maturity stage or any time during dry down until harvested.
INC D/A=GROSS INCOME (DOLLARS PER ACRE). Relative income per acre assuming drying costs of two cents per point above 15.5 percent harvest moisture and current market price per bushel.
INCOME/ACRE. Income advantage of hybrid to be patented over other hybrid on per acre basis.
INC ADV=GROSS INCOME ADVANTAGE. GROSS INCOME advantage of variety #1 over variety #2.
KSZDCD=KERNEL SIZE DISCARD. The percent of discard seed; calculated as the sum of discarded tip kernels and extra large kernels.
LINKAGE. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their transmission was independent.
LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles tend to remain together in linkage groups when segregating from parents to offspring, with a greater frequency than expected from their individual frequencies.
L/POP=YIELD AT LOW DENSITY. Yield ability at relatively low plant densities on a 1 to 9 relative system with a higher number indicating the hybrid responds well to low plant densities for yield relative to other hybrids. A 1, 5, and 9 would represent very poor, average, and very good yield response, respectively, to low plant density.
LRTLDG=LATE ROOT LODGING. Late root lodging is the percentage of plants that do not root lodge after anthesis through harvest; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30° angle or greater would be counted as root lodged.
LRTLPN=LATE ROOT LODGING. Late root lodging is an estimate of the percentage of plants that do not root lodge after anthesis through harvest; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30° angle or greater would be considered as root lodged.
LRTLSC=LATE ROOT LODGING SCORE. Score for severity of plants that lean from a vertical axis at an approximate 30° angle or greater which typically results from strong winds after flowering. Recorded prior to harvest when a root-lodging event has occurred. This lodging results in plants that are leaned or “lodged” over at the base of the plant and do not straighten or “goose-neck”back to a vertical position. Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being no lodging.
MDMCPX=MAIZE DWARF MOSAIC COMPLEX (MDMV=Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus and MCDV=Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Maize Dwarf Mosaic Complex. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
MST=HARVEST MOISTURE. The moisture is the actual percentage moisture of the grain at harvest.
MSTADV=MOISTURE ADVANTAGE. The moisture advantage of variety #1 over variety #2 as calculated by: MOISTURE of variety #2−MOISTURE of variety #1=MOISTURE ADVANTAGE of variety #1.
NLFBLT=NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium turcicum or Exserohilum turcicum). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Northern Leaf Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
OILT=GRAIN OIL. Absolute value of oil content of the kernel as predicted by Near-infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry matter.
PEDIGREE DISTANCE. Relationship among generations based on their ancestral links as evidenced in pedigrees. May be measured by the distance of the pedigree from a given starting point in the ancestry.
PLANT. As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to an immature or mature whole plant, including a plant that has been detasseled or from which seed or grain has been removed. Seed or embryo that will produce the plant is also considered to be the plant.
PLANT PARTS. As used herein, the term “plant parts” includes leaves, stems, roots, seed, grain, embryo, pollen, ovules, flowers, ears, cobs, husks, stalks, root tips, anthers, silk, tissue, cells and the like.
PLANT CELL. Plant cell, as used herein includes, plant cells whether isolated, in tissue culture or incorporated in a plant or plant part.
PLTHT=PLANT HEIGHT. This is a measure of the height of the plant from the ground to the tip of the tassel in centimeters.
POLSC=POLLEN SCORE. A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount of pollen shed. The higher the score the more pollen shed.
POLWT=POLLEN WEIGHT. This is calculated by dry weight of tassels collected as shedding commences minus dry weight from similar tassels harvested after shedding is complete.
POP K/A=PLANT POPULATIONS. Measured as 1000s per acre.
POP ADV=PLANT POPULATION ADVANTAGE. The plant population advantage of variety #1 over variety #2 as calculated by PLANT POPULATION of variety #2−PLANT POPULATION of variety #1=PLANT POPULATION ADVANTAGE of variety #1.
PRM=PREDICTED RELATIVE MATURITY. This trait, predicted relative maturity, is based on the harvest moisture of the grain. The relative maturity rating is based on a known set of checks and utilizes standard linear regression analyses and is also referred to as the Comparative Relative Maturity Rating System that is similar to the Minnesota Relative Maturity Rating System.
PRMSHD=A relative measure of the growing degree units (GDU) required to reach 50% pollen shed. Relative values are predicted values from the linear regression of observed GDU's on relative maturity of commercial checks.
PROT=GRAIN PROTEIN. Absolute value of protein content of the kernel as predicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry matter.
RTLDG=ROOT LODGING. Root lodging is the percentage of plants that do not root lodge; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30° angle or greater would be counted as root lodged.
RTLADV=ROOT LODGING ADVANTAGE. The root lodging advantage of variety #1 over variety #2.
SCTGRN=SCATTER GRAIN. A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount of scatter grain (lack of pollination or kernel abortion) on the ear. The higher the score the less scatter grain.
SDGVGR=SEEDLING VIGOR. This is the visual rating (1 to 9) of the amount of vegetative growth after emergence at the seedling stage (approximately five leaves). A higher score indicates better vigor.
SEL IND=SELECTION INDEX. The selection index gives a single measure of the hybrid's worth based on information for up to five traits. A maize breeder may utilize his or her own set of traits for the selection index. One of the traits that is almost always included is yield. The selection index data presented in the tables represent the mean value averaged across testing stations.
SLFBLT=SOUTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium maydis or Bipolaris maydis). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Southern Leaf Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
SOURST=SOUTHERN RUST (Puccinia polysora). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Southern Rust. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
STAGRN=STAY GREEN. Stay green is the measure of plant health near the time of black layer formation (physiological maturity). A high score indicates better late-season plant health.
STDADV=STALK STANDING ADVANTAGE. The advantage of variety #1 over variety #2 for the trait STK CNT.
STKCNT=NUMBER OF PLANTS. This is the final stand or number of plants per plot.
STKLDG=STALK LODGING REGULAR. This is the percentage of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage) at regular harvest (when grain moisture is between about 20 and 30%) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break below the ear.
STKLDL=LATE STALK LODGING. This is the percentage of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage) at or around late season harvest (when grain moisture is between about 15 and 18%) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break below the ear.
STKLDS=STALK LODGING SCORE. A plant is considered as stalk lodged if the stalk is broken or crimped between the ear and the ground. This can be caused by any or a combination of the following: strong winds late in the season, disease pressure within the stalks, ECB damage or genetically weak stalks. This trait should be taken just prior to or at harvest. Expressed on a 1 to 9 scale with 9 being no lodging.
STLLPN=LATE STALK LODGING. This is the percent of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage or crimping) at or around late season harvest (when grain moisture is below 20%) as measure by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break or crimp below the ear.
STLPCN=STALK LODGING REGULAR. This is an estimate of the percentage of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage) at regular harvest (when grain moisture is between about 20 and 30%) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break below the ear.
STRT=GRAIN STARCH. Absolute value of starch content of the kernel as predicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry matter.
STWWLT=Stewart's Wilt (Erwinia stewartii). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Stewart's Wilt. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
TASBLS=TASSEL BLAST. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to measure the degree of blasting (necrosis due to heat stress) of the tassel at the time of flowering. A 1 would indicate a very high level of blasting at time of flowering, while a 9 would have no tassel blasting.
TASSZ=TASSEL SIZE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate the relative size of the tassel. The higher the rating the larger the tassel.
TAS WT=TASSEL WEIGHT. This is the average weight of a tassel (grams) just prior to pollen shed.
TEXEAR=EAR TEXTURE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate the relative hardness (smoothness of crown) of mature grain. A 1 would be very soft (extreme dent) while a 9 would be very hard (flinty or very smooth crown).
TILLER=TILLERS. A count of the number of tillers per plot that could possibly shed pollen was taken. Data are given as a percentage of tillers: number of tillers per plot divided by number of plants per plot.
TSTWT=TEST WEIGHT (UNADJUSTED). The measure of the weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel).
TSWADV=TEST WEIGHT ADVANTAGE. The test weight advantage of variety #1 over variety #2.
WIN M %=PERCENT MOISTURE WINS.
WIN Y %=PERCENT YIELD WINS.
YIELD BU/A=YIELD (BUSHELS/ACRE). Yield of the grain at harvest in bushels per acre adjusted to 15% moisture.
YLDADV=YIELD ADVANTAGE. The yield advantage of variety #1 over variety #2 as calculated by: YIELD of variety #1−YIELD variety #2=yield advantage of variety #1.
YLDSC=YIELD SCORE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to give a relative rating for yield based on plot ear piles. The higher the rating the greater visual yield appearance.
Definitions for Area of Adaptability
When referring to area of adaptability, such term is used to describe the location with the environmental conditions that would be well suited for this maize line. Area of adaptability is based on a number of factors, for example: days to maturity, insect resistance, disease resistance, and drought resistance. Area of adaptability does not indicate that the maize line will grow in every location within the area of adaptability or that it will not grow outside the area.
Central Corn Belt: Iowa, Illinois, Indiana
Drylands: non-irrigated areas of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado and Oklahoma
Eastern U.S.: Ohio, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia
North central U.S.: Minnesota and Wisconsin
Northeast: Michigan, New York, Vermont, and Ontario and Quebec Canada Northwest U.S.: North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Washington, Oregon, Montana, Utah, and Idaho
South central U.S.: Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas
Southeast U.S.: North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana
Southwest U.S.: Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona
Western U.S.: Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and California
Maritime Europe France, Germany, Belgium and Austria


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND FURTHER EMBODIMENTS
All tables discussed in the Detailed Description of the Invention and Further Embodiments section can be found at the end of the section.
Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of PH51K
Inbred maize line PH51K is a yellow, dent-flint maize inbred that is well suited to be used as either a male or female in the production of the first generation F1 maize hybrids. Inbred maize line PH51K is best adapted to the Central Corn Belt, Northwest, Northcentral, Northeast, Eastern, and Western areas of the United States as well as Canada and U.S. Drylands. Inbred maize line PH51K can be used to produce hybrids with approximately 99 maturity based on the Comparative Relative Maturity Rating System for harvest moisture of grain. Inbred maize line PH51K demonstrates high yield, above average stand establishment, and large tassel as an inbred per se. In hybrid combination, inbred PH51K demonstrates high yield, strong early stand establishment, above average root lodging resistance, and high extractable starch.
The inbred has shown uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence for all the traits as described in the Variety Description Information (Table 1, found at the end of the section). The inbred has been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number of generations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type to ensure the homozygosity and phenotypic stability necessary for use in commercial hybrid seed production. The line has been increased both by hand and in isolated fields with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in PH51K.
Inbred maize line PH51K, being substantially homozygous, can be reproduced by planting seeds of the line, growing the resulting maize plants under self-pollinating or sib-pollinating conditions with adequate isolation, and harvesting the resulting seed using techniques familiar to the agricultural arts.
Genetic Marker Profile
To select and develop superior inbred parental lines for producing hybrids, it is necessary to identify and select genetically unique individuals that occur in a segregating population. The segregating population is the result of a combination of crossover events plus the independent assortment of specific combinations of alleles at many gene loci that results in specific and unique genotypes. The genetic variation among individual progeny of a breeding cross allows for the identification of rare and valuable new genotypes. Once identified, it is possible to utilize routine and predictable breeding methods to develop progeny that retain the rare and valuable new genotypes developed by the initial breeder.
Even if the entire genotypes of the parents of the breeding cross were characterized and a desired genotype known, only a few if any individuals having the desired genotype may be found in a large segregating F2 population. It would be very unlikely that a breeder of ordinary skill in the art would be able to recreate the same line twice from the very same original parents as the breeder is unable to direct how the genomes combine or how they will interact with the environmental conditions. This unpredictability results in the expenditure of large amounts of research resources in the development of a superior new maize inbred line. Once such a line is developed its value to society is substantial since it is important to advance the germplasm base as a whole in order to maintain or improve traits such as yield, disease resistance, pest resistance and plant performance in extreme weather conditions. Backcross trait conversions are routinely used to add or modify one or a few traits of such a line and this further enhances its value and usefulness to society.
Phenotypic traits exhibited by PH51K can be used to characterize the genetic contribution of PH51K to progeny lines developed through the use of PH51K. Quantitative traits including, but not limited to, yield, maturity, stay green, root lodging, stalk lodging, and early growth are typically governed by multiple genes at multiple loci. PH51K progeny plants that retain the same degree of phenotypic expression of these quantitative traits as PH51K have received significant genotypic and phenotypic contribution from PH51K. This characterization is enhanced when such quantitative trait is not exhibited in non-PH51K breeding material used to developed the PH51K progeny.
In addition to phenotypic observations, a plant can also be identified by its genotype. The genotype of a plant can be characterized through a genetic marker profile, which can identify plants of the same variety or a related variety or be used to determine or validate a pedigree. Genetic marker profiles can be obtained by techniques such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) which are also referred to as Microsatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). For example, see Berry, Don, et al., “Assessing Probability of Ancestry Using Simple Sequence Repeat Profiles: Applications to Maize Hybrids and Inbreds”, Genetics, 2002, 161:813-824, which is incorporated by reference herein.
Particular markers used for these purposes are not limited to the set of markers disclosed herein, but are envisioned to include any type of marker and marker profile which provides a means of distinguishing varieties. In addition to being used for identification of Inbred Line PH51K, a hybrid produced through the use of PH51K, and the identification or verification of pedigree for progeny plants produced through the use of PH51K, the genetic marker profile is also useful in further breeding and in developing backcross conversions.
Means of performing genetic marker profiles using SSR polymorphisms are well known in the art. SSRs are genetic markers based on polymorphisms in repeated nucleotide sequences, such as microsatellites. A marker system based on SSRs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may be present. Another advantage of this type of marker is that, through use of flanking primers, detection of SSRs can be achieved, for example, by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), thereby eliminating the need for labor-intensive Southern hybridization. The PCRTM detection is done by use of two oligonucleotide primers flanking the polymorphic segment of repetitive DNA. Repeated cycles of heat denaturation of the DNA followed by annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences at low temperatures, and extension of the annealed primers with DNA polymerase, comprise the major part of the methodology.
Following amplification, markers can be scored by gel electrophoresis of the amplification products. Scoring of marker genotype is based on the size of the amplified fragment as measured by molecular weight (MW) rounded to the nearest integer. While variation in the primer used or in laboratory procedures can affect the reported molecular weight, relative values should remain constant regardless of the specific primer or laboratory used. When comparing lines it is preferable if all SSR profiles are performed in the same lab. The SSR analyses reported herein were conducted in-house at Pioneer Hi-Bred. An SSR service is available to the public on a contractual basis by Paragen (formerly Celera AgGen) in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Primers used for the SSRs reported herein are publicly available and may be found in the, Maize GDB using the World Wide Web prefix followed by maizegdb.org (maintained by the USDA Agricultural Research Service), in Sharopova et al. (Plant Mol. Biol. 48(5-6):463-481), Lee et al. (Plant Mol. Biol. 48(5-6); 453-461), or may be constructed from sequences if reported herein. Some marker information may be available from Paragen.
Map information is provided by bin number as reported in the Maize GDB. A bin number.xx designation indicates that the bin location on that chromosome is not known. The bin number digits to the left of decimal point represent the chromosome on which such marker is located, and the digits to the right of the decimal represent the location on such chromosome. Any bin numbers reported in parenthesis represent other bin locations for such marker that have been reported in the literature or on the Maize GDB. Map positions are also available on the Maize GDB for a variety of different mapping populations.
The SSR profile of Inbred PH51K can be found in Table 2 found at the end of this section. The profile can be used to identify hybrids comprising PH51K as a parent, since such hybrids will comprise two sets of allele, one set of which will be the same alleles as PH51K. Because an inbred is essentially homozygous at all relevant loci, an inbred should, in almost all cases, have only one allele at each locus. In contrast, a genetic marker profile of a hybrid should be the sum of those parents, e.g., if one inbred parent had allele x at a particular locus, and the other inbred parent had allele y the hybrid is x.y (heterozygous) by inference. Subsequent generations of progeny produced by selection and breeding are expected to be of genotype x (homozygous), y (homozygous), or x.y (heterozygous) for that locus position. When the F1 plant is used to produce an inbred, the inbred should be either x or y for that allele.
Plants and plant parts substantially benefiting from the use of PH51K in their development such as PH51K comprising a backcross conversion, transgene, or genetic sterility factor, may be identified by having a molecular marker profile with a high percent identity to PH51K.
The SSR profile of PH51K also can be used to identify essentially derived varieties and other progeny lines developed from the use of PH51K, as well as cells and other plant parts thereof. Progeny plants and plant parts produced using PH51K may be identified by having a molecular marker profile of at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5% genetic contribution from inbred line PH51K.
Unique SSR Profiles
While determining the SSR genetic marker profile of the inbreds described supra, several unique SSR profile loci sets were or may be identified through further analysis which did not appear in either parent of such inbred.
Such unique SSR profiles may arise during the breeding process from recombination or mutation. A combination of several unique alleles provides a means of identifying an inbred, a hybrid produced from such inbred, and progeny produced from such inbred. Such progeny may be further characterized as being within a pedigree distance of PH51K, such as within 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 or less breeding crosses to a maize plant other than PH51K or a plant that has PH51K as a parent or other progenitor. Further unique molecular profiles may be identified with other molecular tools such as SNPs and RFLPs.
Each genetic marker profile represents a novel grouping of alleles unique to an inbred. Each of the unique SSR profiles that may be found are referred to as a “loci set”.
Comparing PH51K to Other Inbreds
A breeder uses various methods to help determine which plants should be selected from the segregating populations and ultimately which inbred lines will be used to develop hybrids for commercialization. In addition to the knowledge of the germplasm and other skills the breeder uses, a part of the selection process is dependent on experimental design coupled with the use of statistical analysis. Experimental design and statistical analysis are used to help determine which plants, which family of plants, and finally which inbred lines and hybrid combinations are significantly better or different for one or more traits of interest. Experimental design methods are used to assess error so that differences between two inbred lines or two hybrid lines can be more accurately determined. Statistical analysis includes the calculation of mean values, determination of the statistical significance of the sources of variation, and the calculation of the appropriate variance components. Either a five or a one percent significance level is customarily used to determine whether a difference that occurs for a given trait is real or due to the environment or experimental error. One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plant varieties to determine if there is no significant difference between the two traits expressed by those varieties. For example, see Fehr, Walt, Principles of Cultivar Development, p. 261-286 (1987) which is incorporated herein by reference. Mean trait values may be used to determine whether trait differences are significant, and preferably the traits are measured on plants grown under the same environmental conditions.
In Tables 3A-3D, data from traits and characteristics of inbred maize line PH51K per se are given and compared to other maize inbred lines
Inbred by Tester comparisons are also used to evaluate two inbreds. Combined inbred by tester comparison results can be used to distinguish two inbred lines while also providing information about the combining ability of the inbreds used.
Table 4 compares PH51K to inbred PH7BW, when each inbred is crossed to the same tester lines.
Methods of Introducing a New Gene or Trait Into PH51K.
Field crops are bred through techniques that take advantage of the plant's method of pollination. A plant is self-pollinated if pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant. A plant is sib-pollinated when individuals within the same family or line are used for pollination. A plant is cross-pollinated if the pollen comes from a flower on a different plant from a different family or line. The terms “cross-pollination” and “out-cross” as used herein do not include self-pollination or sib-pollination.
Maize (zea mays L.), often referred to as corn in the United States, can be bred by both self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques. Maize has separate male and female flowers on the same plant, located on the tassel and the ear, respectively. Natural or open pollination occurs in maize when wind blows pollen from the tassels to the silks that protrude from the tops of the ears.
Plants that have been self-pollinated and selected for type for many generations become homozygous at almost all gene loci and produce a uniform population of true breeding progeny. A cross between two different homozygous lines produces a uniform population of hybrid plants that may be heterozygous for many gene loci. A cross of two plants; each heterozygous at a number of gene loci, will produce a population of hybrid plants that differ genetically and will not be uniform.
One possible method of introducing a new gene or trait into PH51K is producing a backcross conversion of PH51K. A backcross conversion occurs when DNA sequences are introduced through traditional (non-transformation) breeding techniques, such as backcrossing (Hallauer et al., 1988). DNA sequences, whether naturally occurring or transgenes, may be introduced using these traditional breeding techniques. A backcross conversion may produce a plant with a trait conversion in at least one or more crosses, including at least 2 crosses, at least 3 crosses, at least 4 crosses, and the like. Molecular marker assisted breeding or selection may be utilized to reduce the number of backcrosses necessary to achieve the backcross conversion. The term backcross conversion is also referred to in the art as a single locus conversion. Reference is made to US 2002/0062506A1 for a detailed discussion of single locus conversions and traits that may be incorporated into PH51K through backcross conversion. Desired traits transferred through this process include, but are not limited to, waxy starch, grain color, nutritional enhancements, altered fatty acid profile, increased digestibility, low phytate, industrial enhancements, disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance and yield enhancements. The trait of interest is transferred from the donor parent to the recurrent parent, in this case, the maize plant disclosed herein. The backcross conversion may result from either the transfer of a dominant allele or a recessive allele. Selection of progeny containing the trait of interest is accomplished by direct selection for a trait associated with a dominant allele. Selection of progeny for a trait that is transferred via a recessive allele, such as the waxy starch characteristic, requires growing and selfing the first backcross generation to determine which plants carry the recessive alleles. Recessive traits may require additional progeny testing in successive backcross generations to determine the presence of the gene of interest. Along with selection for the trait of interest, progeny are selected for the phenotype of the recurrent parent. While occasionally additional polynucleotide sequences or genes are transferred along with the backcross conversion, this is an insubstantial change to the variety, and backcross conversion lines are easily developed without undue experimentation. Hallauer et al. (1998, page 472) states that “For single gene traits that are relatively easy to classify, the backcross method is effective and relatively easy to manage.” Poehiman et al. (1995, page 334) states that “A backcross-derived inbred line fits into the same hybrid combination as the recurrent parent inbred line and contributes the effect of the additional gene added through the backcross.”
The advent of new molecular biological techniques has allowed the isolation and characterization of genetic elements with specific functions, such as encoding specific protein products. Scientists in the field of plant biology developed a strong interest in engineering the genome of plants to contain and express foreign genetic elements, or additional, or modified versions of native or endogenous genetic elements in order to alter the traits of a plant in a specific manner. Any DNA sequences, whether from a different species or from the same species, that are inserted into the genome using transformation are referred to herein collectively as “transgenes”. A transformed plant may contain at least one transgene but could contain at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and/or no more than 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2. Over the last fifteen to twenty years several methods for producing transgenic plants have been developed, and the present invention, in particular embodiments, also relates to transformed versions of the claimed inbred maize line PH51K as well as hybrid combinations thereof.
Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, including biological and physical plant transformation protocols. See, for example, Miki et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick, B. R. and Thompson, J. E. Eds. (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 1993) pages 67-88 and Armstrong, “The First Decade of Maize Transformation: A Review and Future Perspective” (Maydica 44:101-109, 1999). In addition, expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Gruber et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick, B. R. and Thompson, J. E. Eds. (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 1993) pages 89-119.
The most prevalent types of plant transformation involve the construction of an expression vector. Such a vector comprises a DNA sequence that contains a gene under the control of or operatively linked to a regulatory element, for example a promoter. The vector may contain one or more genes and one or more regulatory elements.
A genetic trait which has been engineered into a particular maize plant using transformation techniques, could be moved into another line using traditional breeding techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach is commonly used to move a transgene from a transformed maize plant to an elite inbred line, and the resulting progeny would then comprise the transgene(s). Also, if an inbred line was used for the transformation then the transgenic plants could be crossed to a different inbred in order to produce a transgenic hybrid maize plant. As used herein, “crossing” can refer to a simple X by Y cross, or the process of backcrossing, depending on the context.
Various genetic elements can be introduced into the plant genome using transformation. These elements include but are not limited to genes; coding sequences; inducible, constitutive, and tissue specific promoters; enhancing sequences; and signal and targeting sequences. See the traits, genes and transforming methods listed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,118,055, which are herein incorporated by reference.
With transgenic plants according to the present invention, a foreign protein can be produced in commercial quantities. Thus, techniques for the selection and propagation of transformed plants, which are well understood in the art, yield a plurality of transgenic plants which are harvested in a conventional manner, and a foreign protein then can be extracted from a tissue of interest or from total biomass. Protein extraction from plant biomass can be accomplished by known methods which are discussed, for example, by Heney and Orr, Anal. Biochem. 114: 92-6 (1981). In one embodiment, the biomass of interest is seed.
A genetic map can be generated, primarily via conventional Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis, and Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) which identifies the approximate chromosomal location of the integrated DNA molecule. For exemplary methodologies in this regard, see Glick and Thompson, METHODS IN PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 269-284 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993).
Wang et al. discuss “Large Scale Identification, Mapping and Genotyping of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Human Genome”, Science, 280:1077-1082, 1998, and similar capabilities are becoming increasingly available for the corn genome. Map information concerning chromosomal location is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenic plant. If unauthorized propagation is undertaken and crosses made with other germplasm, the map of the integration region can be compared to similar maps for suspect plants, to determine if the latter have a common parentage with the subject plant. Map comparisons would involve hybridizations, RFLP, PCR, SSR and sequencing, all of which are conventional techniques. SNP's may also be used alone or in combination with other techniques.
Likewise, by means of the present invention, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Through the transformation of maize the expression of genes can be modulated to enhance disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance, agronomic traits as well as grain quality traits. Transformation can also be used to insert DNA sequences which control or help control male-sterility. DNA sequences native to maize as well as non-native DNA sequences can be transformed into maize and used to modulate levels of native or non-native proteins. Anti-sense technology, various promoters, targeting sequences, enhancing sequences, and other DNA sequences can be inserted into the maize genome for the purpose of modulating the expression of proteins. Exemplary transgenes implicated in this regard include, but are not limited to, those categorized below.
1. Transgenes That Confer Resistance to Pests or Disease and That Encode:
(A) Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant variety can be transformed with cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example Jones et al., Science 266: 789 (1994) (cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum); Martin et al., Science 262: 1432 (1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato encodes a protein kinase); Mindrinos et al., Cell 78: 1089 (1994) (Arabidopsis RSP2 gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae). A plant resistant to a disease is one that is more resistant to a pathogen as compared to the wild type plant.
(B) A Bacillus thuringiensis protein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al., Gene 48: 109 (1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt δ-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding δ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.), for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Other examples of Bacillus thuringiensis transgenes being genetically engineered are given in the following patents and hereby are incorporated by reference for this purpose: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,188,960; 5,689,052; 5,880,275; and WO 97/40162.
(C) A lectin. See, for example, the disclosure by Van Damme et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 24: 25 (1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of several Clivia miniata mannose-binding lectin genes.
(D) A vitamin-binding protein such as avidin. See PCT Application No. US93/06487 the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference for this purpose. The application teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests.
(E) An enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease inhibitor or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262: 16793 (1987) (nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor), Huub et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 21: 985 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I), and Sumitani et al., Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 57: 1243 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of Streptomyces nitrosporeus α-amylase inhibitor) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,494,813.
(F) An insect-specific hormone or pheromone such as an ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof. See, for example, the disclosure by Hammock et al., Nature 344: 458 (1990), of baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone.
(G) An insect-specific peptide or neuropeptide which, upon expression, disrupts the physiology of the affected pest. For example, see the disclosures of Regan, J. Biol. Chem. 269: 9 (1994) (expression cloning yields DNA coding for insect diuretic hormone receptor), and Pratt et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 163: 1243 (1989) (an allostatin is identified in Diploptera puntata). See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,317 to Tomalski et al., who disclose genes encoding insect-specific, paralytic neurotoxins.
(H) An insect-specific venom produced in nature by a snake, a wasp, etc. For example, see Pang et al., Gene 116: 165 (1992), for disclosure of heterologous expression in plants of a gene coding for a scorpion insectotoxic peptide.
(I) An enzyme responsible for an hyperaccumulation of a monterpene, a sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative or another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity.
(J) An enzyme involved in the modification, including the post-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; for example, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, a phosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, a chitinase and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See PCT Application No. WO 93/02197 in the name of Scott et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which contain chitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCC under Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also Kramer et al., Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 23: 691 (1993), who teach the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding tobacco hookworm chitinase, and Kawalleck et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 21: 673 (1993), who provide the nucleotide sequence of the parsley ubi4-2 polyubiquitin gene.
(K) A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, see the disclosure by Botella et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 24: 757 (1994), of nucleotide sequences for mung bean calmodulin cDNA clones, and Griess et al., Plant Physiol. 104: 1467 (1994), who provide the nucleotide sequence of a maize calmodulin cDNA clone.
(L) A hydrophobic moment peptide. See PCT Application No. WO95/16776 (disclosure of peptide derivatives of Tachyplesin which inhibit fungal plant pathogens) and PCT Application No. WO95/18855 (teaches synthetic antimicrobial peptides that confer disease resistance), the respective contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference for this purpose.
(M) A membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker. For example, see the disclosure by Jaynes et al., Plant Sci. 89: 43 (1993), of heterologous expression of a cecropin-β lytic peptide analog to render transgenic tobacco plants resistant to Pseudomonas solanacearum. 
(N) A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See Beachy et al., Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 28: 451 (1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus. Id.
(O) An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom. Thus, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in the insect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect. Cf. Taylor et al., Abstract #497, SEVENTH INT'L SYMPOSIUM ON MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS (Edinburgh, Scotland, 1994) (enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments).
(P) A virus-specific antibody. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al., Nature 366: 469 (1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack.
(Q) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogen or a parasite. Thus, fungal endo α-1,4-D-polygalacturonases facilitate fungal colonization and plant nutrient release by solubilizing plant cell wall homo-α-1,4-D-galacturonase. See Lamb et al., Bio/Technology 10: 1436 (1992). The cloning and characterization of a gene which encodes a bean endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein is described by Toubart et al., Plant J. 2: 367 (1992).
(R) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. For example, Logemann et al., Bio/Technology 10: 305 (1992), have shown that transgenic plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating gene have an increased resistance to fungal disease.
(S) Genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Response and/or the pathogenesis related genes. Briggs, S., Current Biology, 5(2) (1995).
(T) Antifungal genes (Cornelissen and Melchers, PI. Physiol. 101:709-712, (1993) and Parijs et al., Planta 183:258-264, (1991) and Bushnell et al., Can. J. of Plant Path. 20(2):137-149 (1998).
2. Transgenes That Confer Resistance to a Herbicide, for Example:
(A) A herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as an imidazolinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code for mutant ALS and AHAS enzyme as described, for example, by Lee et al., EMBO J. 7: 1241 (1988), and Miki et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 80: 449 (1990), respectively. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,011; 5,013,659; 5,141,870; 5,767,361; 5,731,180; 5,304,732; 4,761,373; 5,331,107; 5,928,937; and 5,378,824; and international Publication No. WO 96/33270, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose.
(B) Glyphosate (resistance imparted by mutant 5-enolpyruvl-3-phosphikimate synthase (EPSP) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) and Streptomyces hygroscopicus phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (bar) genes), and pyridinoxy or phenoxy proprionic acids and cycloshexones (ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS which can confer glyphosate resistance. U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,061 to Barry et al. also describes genes encoding EPSPS enzymes. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,248,876 B1; 6,040,497; 5,804,425; 5,633,435; 5,145,783; 4,971,908; 5,312,910; 5,188,642; 4,940,835; 5,866,775; 6,225,114 B1; 6,130,366; 5,310,667; 4,535,060; 4,769,061; 5,633,448; 5,510,471; Re. 36,449; RE 37,287 E; and 5,491,288; and international Publications Nos. WO 97/04103; WO 97/04114; WO 00/66746; WO 01/66704; WO 00/66747 and WO 00/66748, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. Glyphosate resistance is also imparted to plants that express a gene that encodes a glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme as described more fully in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,776,760 and 5,463,175, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. In addition glyphosate resistance can be imparted to plants by the over expression of genes encoding glyphosate N-acetyltransferase. See, for example, U.S. Application Ser. Nos. 60/244,385; 60/377,175 and 60/377,719. A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC Accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. European Patent Application No. 0 333 033 to Kumada et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al. disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer resistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase gene is provided in European Patent Nos. 0 242 246 and 0 242 236 to Leemans et al. De Greef et al., Bio/Technology 7: 61 (1989), describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,969,213; 5,489,520; 5,550,318; 5,874,265; 5,919,675; 5,561,236; 5,648,477; 5,646,024; 6,177,616 B1; and 5,879,903, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. Exemplary of genes conferring resistance to phenoxy proprionic acids and cycloshexones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop, are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2 and Acc1-S3 genes described by Marshall et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 83: 435 (1992).
(C) A herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and gs+genes) and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene). Przibilla et al., Plant Cell 3: 169 (1991), describe the transformation of Chlamydomonas with plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441 and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al., Biochem. J. 285: 173 (1992).
(D) Acetohydroxy acid synthase, which has been found to make plants that express this enzyme resistant to multiple types of herbicides, has been introduced into a variety of plants (see, e.g., Hattori et al. (1995) Mol Gen Genet. 246:419). Other genes that confer tolerance to herbicides include: a gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome P4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Shiota et al. (1994) Plant Physiol 106:17), genes for glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase (Aono et al. (1995) Plant Cell Physiol 36:1687, and genes for various phosphotransferases (Datta et al. (1992) Plant Mol Biol 20:619).
(E) Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox) is necessary for the production of chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant survival. The protox enzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds. These herbicides also inhibit growth of all the different species of plants present, causing their total destruction. The development of plants containing altered protox activity which are resistant to these herbicides are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,288,306 B1; 6,282,837 B1; and 5,767,373; and international Publication No. WO 01/12825, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose.
3. Transgenes That Confer or Contribute to a Grain Trait, Such as:
(A) Modified fatty acid metabolism, for example, by transforming a plant with an antisense gene of stearoyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic acid content of the plant. See Knultzon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89: 2624 (1992).
(B) Decreased phytate content

    
    
        (1) Introduction of a phytase-encoding gene would enhance breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant. For example, see Van Hartingsveldt et al., Gene 127: 87 (1993), for a disclosure of the nucleotide sequence of an Aspergillus niger phytase gene.
        (2) A gene could be introduced that reduces phytate content. In maize, this, for example, could be accomplished, by cloning and then reintroducing DNA associated with the single allele which is responsible for maize mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid. See Raboy et al., Maydica 35: 383 (1990).
    
    


(C) Modified carbohydrate composition effected, for example, by transforming plants with a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch. See Shiroza et al., J. Bacteriol. 170: 810 (1988) (nucleotide sequence of Streptococcus mutans fructosyltransferase gene), Steinmetz et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 200: 220 (1985) (nucleotide sequence of Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene), Pen et al., Bio/Technology 10: 292 (1992) (production of transgenic plants that express Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase), Elliot et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 21: 515 (1993) (nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes), Søgaard et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268: 22480 (1993) (site-directed mutagenesis of barley α-amylase gene), and Fisher et al., Plant Physiol. 102: 1045 (1993) (maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II).
(D) Elevated oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or decreased linolenic acid via FAD-3 gene modification (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,063,947; 6,323,392; and WO 93/11245).
4. Genes That Control Male-sterility
(A) Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemical N-Ac-PPT (WO 01/29237).
(B) Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters (WO 92/13956, WO 92/13957).
(C) Introduction of the barnase and the barstar gene (Paul et al. Plant Mol. Biol. 19:611-622, 1992).
PH51K Inbreds That Are Male Sterile
Hybrid seed production requires elimination or inactivation of pollen produced by the female inbred parent. Incomplete removal or inactivation of the pollen provides the potential for self-pollination. A reliable method of controlling male fertility in plants offers the opportunity for improved plant breeding. This is especially true for development of maize hybrids, which relies upon some sort of male sterility system. It should be understood that PH51K can be produced in a male-sterile form. There are several ways in which a maize plant can be manipulated so that it is male sterile. These include use of manual or mechanical emasculation (or detasseling), use of one or more genetic factors that confer male sterility, including cytoplasmic genetic and/or nuclear genetic male sterility, use of gametocides and the like. A male sterile inbred designated PH51K may include one or more genetic factors, which result in cytoplasmic genetic and/or nuclear genetic male sterility. Such embodiments are also within the scope of the present claims. The term manipulated to be male sterile refers to the use of any available techniques to produce a male sterile version of maize line PH51K. The male sterility may be either partial or complete male sterility.
Hybrid maize seed is often produced by a male sterility system incorporating manual or mechanical detasseling. Alternate strips of two maize inbreds are planted in a field, and the pollen-bearing tassels are removed from one of the inbreds (female). Provided that there is sufficient isolation from sources of foreign maize pollen, the ears of the detasseled inbred will be fertilized only from the other inbred (male), and the resulting seed is therefore hybrid and will form hybrid plants.
The laborious detasseling process can be avoided by using cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) inbreds. Plants of a CMS inbred are male sterile as a result of factors resulting from the cytoplasmic, as opposed to the nuclear, genome. Thus, this characteristic is inherited exclusively through the female parent in maize plants, since only the female provides cytoplasm to the fertilized seed. CMS plants are fertilized with pollen from another inbred that is not male-sterile. Pollen from the second inbred may or may not contribute genes that make the hybrid plants male-fertile, and either option may be preferred depending on the intended use of the hybrid. The same hybrid seed, a portion produced from detasseled fertile maize and a portion produced using the CMS system, can be blended to insure that adequate pollen loads are available for fertilization when the hybrid plants are grown.
There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterility available, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al. and chromosomal translocations as described by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. In addition to these methods, Albertsen et al., of Pioneer Hi-Bred, U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068, have developed a system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifying a gene which is critical to male fertility; silencing this native gene which is critical to male fertility; removing the native promoter from the essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an inducible promoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into the plant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because the inducible promoter is not “on” resulting in the male fertility gene not being transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing, or turning “on”, the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male fertility to be transcribed.
These, and the other methods of conferring genetic male sterility in the art, each possess their own benefits and drawbacks. Some other methods use a variety of approaches such as delivering into the plant a gene encoding a cytotoxic substance associated with a male tissue specific promoter or an antisense system in which a gene critical to fertility is identified and an antisense to that gene is inserted in the plant (see: Fabinjanski, et al. EPO 89/3010153.8 Publication No. 329,308 and PCT Application No. PCT/CA90/00037 published as WO 90/08828).
Another system for controlling male sterility makes use of gametocides. Gametocides are not a genetic system, but rather a topical application of chemicals. These chemicals affect cells that are critical to male fertility. The application of these chemicals affects fertility in the plants only for the growing season in which the gametocide is applied (see Carlson, Glenn R., U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,904). Application of the gametocide, timing of the application and genotype specificity often limit the usefulness of the approach and it is not appropriate in all situations.
Incomplete control over male fertility may result in self-pollinated seed being unintentionally harvested and packaged with hybrid seed. The male parent is grown next to the female parent in the field, so there is the very low probability that the male selfed seed could be unintentionally harvested and packaged with the hybrid seed. Once the seed from the hybrid bag is planted, it is possible to identify and select these self-pollinated plants. These self-pollinated plants will be genetically equivalent to one of the inbred lines used to produce the hybrid. Though the possibility of inbreds being included hybrid seed bags exists, the occurrence is very low because much care is taken to avoid such inclusions. It is worth noting that hybrid seed is sold to growers for the production of grain or forage and not for breeding or seed production.
These self-pollinated plants can be identified and selected by one skilled in the art due to their decreased vigor when compared to the hybrid. Inbreds are identified by their less vigorous appearance for vegetative and/or reproductive characteristics, including shorter plant height, small ear size, ear and kernel shape, cob color, or other characteristics.
Identification of these self-pollinated lines can also be accomplished through molecular marker analyses. See, “The Identification of Female Selfs in Hybrid Maize: A Comparison Using Electrophoresis and Morphology”, Smith, J. S. C. and Wych, R. D., Seed Science and Technology 14, pp. 1-8 (1995), the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. Through these technologies, the homozygosity of the self pollinated line can be verified by analyzing allelic composition at various loci along the genome. Those methods allow for rapid identification of the invention disclosed herein. See also, “Identification of Atypical Plants in Hybrid Maize Seed by Postcontrol and Electrophoresis” Sarca, V. et al., Probleme de Genetica Teoritica si Aplicata Vol. (1) p. 29-42.
Development of Maize Hybrids Using PH51K
A single cross maize hybrid results from the cross of two inbred lines, each of which has a genotype that complements the genotype of the other. The hybrid progeny of the first generation is designated F1. In the development of commercial hybrids in a maize plant breeding program, only the F1 hybrid plants are sought. F1 hybrids are more vigorous than their inbred parents. This hybrid vigor, or heterosis, can be manifested in many polygenic traits, including increased vegetative growth and increased yield.
PH51K may be used to produce hybrid maize seed. One such embodiment is the method of crossing inbred maize line PH51K with another maize plant, such as a different maize inbred line, to form a first generation F1 hybrid plant. The first generation F1 hybrid plant produced by this method is also an embodiment of the invention. This first generation F1 plant will comprise an essentially complete set of the alleles of inbred line PH51K. One of ordinary skill in the art can utilize either breeder books or molecular methods to identify a particular F1 hybrid plant produced using inbred line PH51K, and any such individual plant is also encompassed by this invention. These embodiments also cover use of these methods with transgenic, male sterile and/or backcross conversions of inbred line PH51K.
The development of a maize hybrid in a maize plant breeding program involves three steps: (1) the selection of plants from various germplasm pools for initial breeding crosses; (2) the selfing of the selected plants from the breeding crosses for several generations to produce a series of inbred lines, which, although different from each other, breed true and are highly uniform; and (3) crossing the selected inbred lines with different inbred lines to produce the hybrids. During the inbreeding process in maize, the vigor of the lines decreases. Vigor is restored when two different inbred lines are crossed to produce the hybrid. An important consequence of the homozygosity and homogeneity of the inbred lines is that the hybrid between a defined pair of inbreds will always be the same. Once the inbreds that give a superior hybrid have been identified, the hybrid seed can be reproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parents is maintained.
PH51K may be used to produce a single cross hybrid, a three-way hybrid or a double cross hybrid. A single cross hybrid is produced when two inbred lines are crossed to produce the F1 progeny. A double cross hybrid is produced from four inbred lines crossed in pairs (A×B and C×D) and then the two F1 hybrids are crossed again (A×B)×(C×D). A three-way cross hybrid is produced from three inbred lines where two of the inbred lines are crossed (A×B) and then the resulting F1 hybrid is crossed with the third inbred (A×B)×C. Much of the hybrid vigor and uniformity exhibited by F1 hybrids is lost in the next generation (F2). Consequently, seed produced from hybrids is not used for planting stock.
Inbred by Tester Comparisons
Combining ability of a line, as well as the performance of the line per se, is a factor in the selection of improved maize inbreds. Combining ability refers to a line's contribution as a parent when crossed with other lines to form hybrids. The hybrids formed for the purpose of selecting superior lines are designated as test crosses. One way of measuring combining ability is by using values based in part on the overall mean of a number of test crosses. This mean may be adjusted to remove environmental effects and it is adjusted for known genetic relationships among the lines.
Combining Ability Data
A general combining ability report for inbred PH51K is provided in Table 5. Table 5 shows overall mean values of traits from F1 lines produced by crosses between inbred PH51K and numerous other maize lines. Table 5 demonstrates that inbred PH51K shows good general combining ability for hybrid production.
A specific combining ability report for inbred PH51K is provided in Table 5A-5C. Tables 5A-5C show mean values of traits from numerous individual F1 lines produced by crosses between inbred PH51K and other maize lines.
Hybrid Comparisons
The results in Tables 6A-6E compare a hybrid for which inbred PH51K is a parent and five other hybrids.
Using PH51K to Develop Other Maize Inbreds
Inbred maize lines are typically developed for use in the production of hybrid maize lines. However, PH51K could also be used to derive new maize inbred lines. Inbred maize lines preferably should be highly homogeneous, substantially homozygous and reproducible to be useful as parents of commercial hybrids. Plant breeding techniques known in the art and used in a maize plant breeding program include, but are not limited to, recurrent selection, mass selection, bulk selection, mass selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, open pollination breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, making double haploids, and transformation. Often combinations of these techniques are used. The development of maize hybrids in a maize plant breeding program requires, in general, the development of homozygous inbred lines, the crossing of these lines, and the evaluation of the crosses. There are many analytical methods available to evaluate the result of a cross. The oldest and most traditional method of analysis is the observation of phenotypic traits. Alternatively, the genotype of a plant can be examined.
Using PH51K in a Breeding Program
This invention is directed to methods for producing a maize plant by crossing a first parent maize plant with a second parent maize plant wherein either the first or second parent maize plant is an inbred maize plant of the line PH51K. Thus, any such methods using the inbred maize line PH51K are part of this invention: selfing, sibbing, backcrosses, mass selection, bulk selection, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. All plants produced using inbred maize line PH51K as a parent are within the scope of this invention, including plants essentially derived from inbred maize line PH51K, as such term is defined in 7 U.S.C. § 2104(a)(3) of the Plant Variety Protection Act, which definition is hereby incorporated by reference. This also includes progeny plants and parts thereof with at least one ancestor that is PH51K, and more specifically, where the pedigree of the progeny includes 1, 2, 3, 4, and/or 5 or less breeding crosses to a maize plant other than PH51K or a plant that has PH51K as a parent or other progenitor. All breeders of ordinary skill in the art maintain pedigree records of their breeding programs. These pedigree records contain a detailed description of the breeding process, including a listing of all parental lines used in the breeding process and information on how such line was used. Thus, a breeder would know if PH51K were used in the development of a progeny line, and would also know how many crosses to a line other than PH51K or line with PH51K as a parent or other progenitor were made in the development of any progeny line. The inbred maize line may also be used in crosses with other, different, maize inbreds to produce first generation (F1) maize hybrid seeds and plants with superior characteristics.
Pedigree Breeding
Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, such as PH51K and one other elite inbred line having one or more desirable characteristics that is lacking or which complements PH51K. If the two original parents do not provide all the desired characteristics, other sources can be included in the breeding population. In the pedigree method, superior plants are selfed and selected in successive filial generations. In the succeeding filial generations the heterozygous condition gives way to homogeneous lines as a result of self-pollination and selection. Typically in the pedigree method of breeding, five or more successive filial generations of selfing and selection is practiced: F1→F2; F2→F3; F3→F4; F4→F5, etc. After a sufficient amount of inbreeding, successive filial generations will serve to increase seed of the developed inbred. Preferably, an inbred line comprises homozygous alleles at about 95% or more of its loci.
Backcrossing
In addition to being used to create a backcross conversion, backcrossing can also be used to modify PH51K and a hybrid that is made using the modified PH51K. As discussed previously, backcrossing can be used to transfer a specific desirable trait from one line, the donor parent, to an inbred called the recurrent parent which has overall good agronomic characteristics yet lacks that desirable trait. This transfer of the desirable trait into an inbred with overall good agronomic characteristics can be accomplished by first crossing a recurrent parent and a donor parent (non-recurrent parent). The progeny of this cross is then mated back to the recurrent parent followed by selection in the resultant progeny for the desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent parent as well as selection for the characteristics of the recurrent parent. Typically after four or more backcross generations with selection for the desired trait and the characteristics of the recurrent parent, the progeny will contain essentially all genes of the recurrent parent except for the genes controlling the desired trait. However, the number of backcross generations can be less if molecular markers are used during selection or elite germplasm is used as the donor parent. The last backcross generation is then selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred. In addition to the above described use, backcrossing can be used in conjunction with pedigree breeding to develop new inbred lines. For example, an F1 can be created that is backcrossed to one of its parent lines to create a BC1, BC2, BC3, etc. Progeny are selfed and selected so that the newly developed inbred has many of the attributes of the recurrent parent and some of the desired attributes of the non-recurrent parent. This approach leverages the value and strengths of the recurrent parent for use in new hybrids and breeding, and has very significant value for a breeder.
Recurrent Selection and Mass Selection
Recurrent selection is a method used in a plant breeding program to improve a population of plants. PH51K can be used in a recurrent selection program to improve the population. The method entails individual plants cross pollinating with each other to form progeny which are then grown. The superior progeny are then selected by any number of methods, which include individual plant, half-sib progeny, full-sib progeny, selfed progeny and topcrossing. The selected progeny are cross pollinated with each other to form progeny for another population. This population is planted and again superior plants are selected to cross pollinate with each other. Recurrent selection is a cyclical process and therefore can be repeated as many times as desired. The objective of recurrent selection is to improve the traits of a population. The improved population can then be used as a source of breeding material to obtain inbred lines to be used in hybrids or used as parents for a synthetic cultivar. A synthetic cultivar is the resultant progeny formed by the intercrossing of several selected inbreds. Mass selection is a useful technique when used in conjunction with molecular marker enhanced selection. In mass selection seeds from individuals are selected based on phenotype. These selected seeds are then bulked and used to grow the next generation. Similarly, bulk selection requires growing a population of plants in a bulk plot, allowing the plants to self-pollinate, harvesting the seed in bulk and then using a sample of the seed harvested in bulk to plant the next generation. Also, instead of directed pollination, open pollination could be used as part of the breeding program.
Mutation Breeding
Mutation breeding is one of many methods that could be used to introduce new traits into PH51K. Mutations that occur spontaneously or are artificially induced can be useful sources of variability for a plant breeder. The goal of artificial mutagenesis is to increase the rate of mutation for a desired characteristic. Mutation rates can be increased by many different means including temperature, long-term seed storage, tissue culture conditions, radiation; such as X-rays, Gamma rays (e.g. cobalt 60 or cesium 137), neutrons, (product of nuclear fission by uranium 235 in an atomic reactor), Beta radiation (emitted from radioisotopes such as phosphorus 32 or carbon 14), or ultraviolet radiation (preferably from 2500 to 2900 nm), or chemical mutagens (such as base analogues (5-bromo-uracil), related compounds (8-ethoxy caffeine), antibiotics (streptonigrin), alkylating agents (sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards, epoxides, ethylenamines, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfones, lactones), azide, hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, or acridines. Once a desired trait is observed through mutagenesis the trait may then be incorporated into existing germplasm by traditional breeding techniques. Details of mutation breeding can be found in “Principals of Cultivar Development” Fehr, 1993 Macmillan Publishing Company the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Breeding with Molecular Markers
Molecular markers, which includes markers identified through the use of techniques such as Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), may be used in plant breeding methods utilizing PH51K.
Isozyme Electrophoresis and RFLPs as discussed in Lee, M., “Inbred Lines of Maize and Their Molecular Markers,” The Maize Handbook, (Springer-Verlag, New York, Inc. 1994, at 423-432) incorporated herein by reference for this purpose, have been widely used to determine genetic composition. Isozyme Electrophoresis has a relatively low number of available markers and a low number of allelic variants among maize inbreds. RFLPs allow more discrimination because they have a higher degree of allelic variation in maize and a larger number of markers can be found. Both of these methods have been eclipsed by SSRs as discussed in Smith et al., “An evaluation of the utility of SSR loci as molecular markers in maize (Zea mays L.): comparisons with data from RFLPs and pedigree”, Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1997) vol. 95 at 163-173 and by Pejic et al., “Comparative analysis of genetic similarity among maize inbreds detected by RFLPs, RAPDs, SSRs, and AFLPs,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1998) at 1248-1255 incorporated herein by reference. SSR technology is more efficient and practical to use than RFLPs; more marker loci can be routinely used and more alleles per marker locus can be found using SSRs in comparison to RFLPs. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms may also be used to identify the unique genetic composition of the invention and progeny lines retaining that unique genetic composition. Various molecular marker techniques may be used in combination to enhance overall resolution.
Maize DNA molecular marker linkage maps have been rapidly constructed and widely implemented in genetic studies. One such study is described in Boppenmaier, et al., “Comparisons among strains of inbreds for RFLPs”, Maize Genetics Cooperative Newsletter, 65:1991, pg. 90, is incorporated herein by reference.
One use of molecular markers is Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping. QTL mapping is the use of markers, which are known to be closely linked to alleles that have measurable effects on a quantitative trait. Selection in the breeding process is based upon the accumulation of markers linked to the positive effecting alleles and/or the elimination of the markers linked to the negative effecting alleles from the plant's genome.
Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for the selection of qualitative traits. For example, markers closely linked to alleles or markers containing sequences within the actual alleles of interest can be used to select plants that contain the alleles of interest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also be used to select for the genome of the recurrent parent and against the genome of the donor parent. Using this procedure can minimize the amount of genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. It can also be used to reduce the number of crosses back to the recurrent parent needed in a backcrossing program. The use of molecular markers in the selection process is often called genetic marker enhanced selection.
Production of Double Haploids
The production of double haploids can also be used for the development of inbreds in the breeding program. An F1 hybrid for which PH51K is a parent can be used to produce double haploid plants. Double haploids are produced by the doubling of a set of chromosomes (1N) from a heterozygous plant to produce a completely homozygous individual. For example, see Wan et al., “Efficient Production of Doubled Haploid Plants Through Colchicine Treatment of Anther-Derived Maize Callus”, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 77:889-892, 1989. This can be advantageous because the process omits the generations of selfing needed to obtain a homozygous plant from a heterozygous source.
Use of PH51K in Tissue Culture
This invention is also directed to the use of PH51K in tissue culture. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” includes plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue culture, cultured microspores, plant calli, plant clumps, and the like. As used herein, phrases such as “growing the seed” or “grown from the seed” include embryo rescue, isolation of cells from seed for use in tissue culture, as well as traditional growing methods.
Duncan, Williams, Zehr, and Widholm, Planta (1985) 165:322-332 reflects that 97% of the plants cultured that produced callus were capable of plant regeneration. Subsequent experiments with both inbreds and hybrids produced 91% regenerable callus that produced plants. In a further study in 1988, Songstad, Duncan & Widholm in Plant Cell Reports (1988), 7:262-265 reports several media additions that enhance regenerability of callus of two inbred lines. Other published reports also indicated that “nontraditional” tissues are capable of producing somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration. K. P. Rao, et al., Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter, 60:64-65 (1986), refers to somatic embryogenesis from glume callus cultures and B. V. Conger, et al., Plant Cell Reports, 6:345-347 (1987) indicates somatic embryogenesis from the tissue cultures of maize leaf segments. Thus, it is clear from the literature that the state of the art is such that these methods of obtaining plants are, and were, “conventional” in the sense that they are routinely used and have a very high rate of success.
Tissue culture of maize, including tassel/anther culture, is described in U.S. Publication No. 2002/0062506A1 and European Patent Application, Publication No. 160,390, each of which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. Maize tissue culture procedures are also described in Green and Rhodes, “Plant Regeneration in Tissue Culture of Maize,” Maize for Biological Research (Plant Molecular Biology Association, Charlottesville, Virginia 1982, at 367-372) and in Duncan, et al., “The Production of Callus Capable of Plant Regeneration from Immature Embryos of Numerous Zea Mays Genotypes,” 165 Planta 322-332 (1985). Thus, another aspect of this invention is to provide cells which upon growth and differentiation produce maize plants having the genotype and/or physiological and morphological characteristics of inbred line PH51K.
Progeny of the breeding methods described herein may be characterized in any number of ways, such as by traits retained in the progeny, pedigree and/or molecular markers. Using the breeding methods described herein, one can develop individual plants, plant cells, and populations of plants that retain at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5% genetic contribution from inbred line PH51K. In pedigree analysis the percentage genetic contribution may not be actually known, but on average 50% of the starting germplasm would be expected to be passed to the progeny line after one cross to another line, 25% after another cross to a different line, and so on. With backcrossing, the expected contribution of PH51K after 2, 3, 4 and 5 doses (or 1, 2, 3 and 4 backcrosses) would be 75%, 87.5%, 93.75% and 96.875% respectively. Actual genetic contribution may be much higher than the genetic contribution expected by pedigree, especially if molecular markers are used in selection. Molecular markers could also be used to confirm and/or determine the pedigree of the progeny line.
Specific methods and products produced using inbred line PH51K in plant breeding are discussed in the following sections. The methods outlined are described in detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding. However, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention.
One method for producing a line derived from inbred line PH51K is as follows. One of ordinary skill in the art would produce or obtain a seed from the cross between inbred line PH51K and another variety of maize, such as an elite inbred variety. The F1 seed derived from this cross would be grown to form a homogeneous population. The F1 seed would contain essentially all of the alleles from variety PH51K and essentially all of the alleles from the other maize variety. The F1 nuclear genome would be made-up of 50% variety PH51K and 50% of the other elite variety. The F1 seed would be grown and allowed to self, thereby forming F2 seed. On average the F2 seed would have derived 50% of its alleles from variety PH51K and 50% from the other maize variety, but many individual plants from the population would have a greater percentage of their alleles derived from PH51K (Wang J. and R. Bernardo, 2000, Crop Sci. 40:659-665 and Bernardo, R. and A. L. Kahler, 2001, Theor. Appl. Genet. 102:986-992). The molecular markers of PH51K could be used to select and retain those lines with high similarity to PH51K. The F2 seed would be grown and selection of plants would be made based on visual observation, markers and/or measurement of traits. The traits used for selection may be any PH51K trait described in this specification, including the inbred per se maize PH51K traits described herein under the detailed description of inbred PH51K. Such traits may also be the good general or specific combining ability of PH51K, including its ability to produce hybrids with the approximate maturity and/or hybrid combination traits described herein in under the detailed description of inbred PH51K. The PH51K progeny plants that exhibit one or more of the desired PH51K traits, such as those listed herein, would be selected and each plant would be harvested separately. This F3 seed from each plant would be grown in individual rows and allowed to self. Then selected rows or plants from the rows would be harvested individually. The selections would again be based on visual observation, markers and/or measurements for desirable traits of the plants, such as one or more of the desirable PH51K traits listed herein. The process of growing and selection would be repeated any number of times until a PH51K progeny inbred plant is obtained. The PH51K progeny inbred plant would contain desirable traits derived from inbred plant PH51K, some of which may not have been expressed by the other maize variety to which inbred line PH51K was crossed and some of which may have been expressed by both maize varieties but now would be at a level equal to or greater than the level expressed in inbred variety PH51K. However, in each case the resulting progeny line would benefit from the efforts of the inventor(s), and would not have existed but for the inventor(s) work in creating PH51K. The PH51K progeny inbred plants would have, on average, 50% of their nuclear genes derived from inbred line PH51K, but many individual plants from the population would have a greater percentage of their alleles derived from PH51K. This breeding cycle, of crossing and selfing, and optional selection, may be repeated to produce another population of PH51K progeny maize plants with, on average, 25% of their nuclear genes derived from inbred line PH51K, but, again, many individual plants from the population would have a greater percentage of their alleles derived from PH51K. Another embodiment of the invention is a PH51K progeny plant that has received the desirable PH51K traits listed herein through the use of PH51K, which traits were not exhibited by other plants used in the breeding process.
The previous example can be modified in numerous ways, for instance selection may or may not occur at every selfing generation, selection may occur before or after the actual self-pollination process occurs, or individual selections may be made by harvesting individual ears, plants, rows or plots at any point during the breeding process described. In addition, double haploid breeding methods may be used at any step in the process. The population of plants produced at each and any cycle of breeding is also an embodiment of the invention, and on average each such population would predictably consist of plants containing approximately 50% of its genes from inbred line PH51K in the first breeding cycle, 25% of its genes from inbred line PH51K in the second breeding cycle, 12.5% of its genes from inbred line PH51K in the third breeding cycle and so on. However, in each case the use of PH51K provides a substantial benefit. The linkage groups of PH51K would be retained in the progeny lines, and since current estimates of the maize genome size is about 50,000-80,000 genes (Xiaowu, Gai et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2000, Vol. 28, No. 1, 94-96), in addition to non-coding DNA that impacts gene expression, it provides a significant advantage to use PH51K as starting material to produce a line that retains desired genetics or traits of PH51K.
Another embodiment of this invention is the method of obtaining a substantially homozygous PH51K progeny plant by obtaining a seed from the cross of PH51K and another maize plant and applying double haploid methods to the F1 seed or F1 plant or to any successive filial generation. Such methods decrease the number of generations required to produce an inbred with similar genetics or characteristics to PH51K. See Bernardo, R. and Kahler, A. L., Theor. Appl. Genet. 102:986-992, 2001.
The utility of inbred maize line PH51K also extends to crosses with other species. Commonly, suitable species will be of the family Graminaceae, and especially of the genera Zea, Tripsacum, Coix, Schlerachne, Polytoca, Chionachne, and Trilobachne, of the tribe Maydeae. Potentially suitable for crosses with PH51K may be the various varieties of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.
As is readily apparent to one skilled in the art, the foregoing are only some of the various ways by which the inbred can be obtained by those looking to use the germplasm. Other means are available, and the above examples are illustrative only.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
Maize is used as human food, livestock feed, and as raw material in industry. The food uses of maize, in addition to human consumption of maize kernels, include both products of dry- and wet-milling industries. The principal products of maize dry milling are grits, meal and flour. The maize wet-milling industry can provide maize starch, maize syrups, and dextrose for food use.
Maize oil is recovered from maize germ, which is a by-product of both dry- and wet-milling industries.
Maize, including both grain and non-grain portions of the plant, is also used extensively as livestock feed, primarily for beef cattle, dairy cattle, hogs, and poultry.
Industrial uses of maize include production of ethanol, maize starch in the wet-milling industry and maize flour in the dry-milling industry. The industrial applications of maize starch and flour are based on functional properties, such as viscosity, film formation, adhesive properties, and ability to suspend particles. The maize starch and flour have application in the paper and textile industries. Other industrial uses include applications in adhesives, building materials, foundry binders, laundry starches, explosives, oil-well muds, and other mining applications.
Plant parts other than the grain of maize are also used in industry: for example, stalks and husks are made into paper and wallboard and cobs are used for fuel and to make charcoal.
The seed of inbred maize line PH51K, the plant produced from the inbred seed, the hybrid maize plant produced from the crossing of the inbred, hybrid seed, and various parts of the hybrid maize plant and transgenic versions of the foregoing, can be utilized for human food, livestock feed, and as a raw material in industry.
DEPOSITS
Applicant has made a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of Inbred Maize Line PH51K with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, Va. 20110 USA, ATCC Deposit No. PTA4876. The seeds deposited with the ATCC on Dec. 26, 2002 were taken from the deposit maintained by Pioneer HI-Bred International, Inc., 7250 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, Iowa 50131-0552 since prior to the filing date of this application. Access to this deposit will be available during the pendency of the application to the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks and persons determined by the Commissioner to be entitled thereto upon request. Upon allowance of any claims in the application, the Applicant will make the deposit available to the public pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 1.808. This deposit of the Inbred Maize line PH51K will be maintained in the ATCC depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period. Additionally, Applicant has satisfied all the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §§ 1.801-1.809, including providing an indication of the viability of the sample upon deposit. Applicant has no authority to waive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biological material or its transportation in commerce. Applicant does not waive any infringement of his rights granted under this patent or under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 USC 2321 et seq). U.S. Plant Variety Protection of Inbred Maize Line PH51K has been issued under PVP No. 200300222.







TABLE 1





VARIETY DESCRIPTION INFORMATION


PH51K

















 1. TYPE: (Describe intermediate types in
Sta.
Sam.












comments section)
Avg.
Dev
Size



1 = Sweet, 2 = Dent, 3 = Flint, 4 = Flour,
2



5 = Pop and 6 = Ornamental.



Comments: Dent-Flint










 2. MATURITY: DAYS HEAT UNITS
Days
H. Units













From emergence to 50% of plants in silk
61
1,348




From emergence to 50% of plants in
61
1,346



pollen



From 10% to 90% pollen shed
 2
  51



From 50% Silk to harvest at 25% moisture







 3. PLANT:












Plant Height (to tassel tip) (cm)
182.5
19.40
45



Ear Height (to base of top ear node) (cm)
72.8
13.78
45



Length of Top Ear Internode (cm)
15.2
5.44
45



Average Number of Tillers per Plant
0.0
0.02
9



Average Number of Ears per Stalk
1.0
0.06
9



Anthocyanin of Brace Roots: 1 = Absent,
2



2 = Faint, 3 = Moderate, 4 = Dark







 4. LEAF:












Width of Ear Node Leaf (cm)
8.6
1.11
45



Length of Ear Node Leaf (cm)
72.4
5.56
45



Number of Leaves above Top Ear
4.4
0.69
45



Leaf Angle: (measure from 2nd leaf above
21.6
6.12
45



ear at anthesis to stalk above leaf) (Degrees)








*
Leaf color: Dark Green Munsell code: 7.5GY34











Leaf Sheath Pubescence: 1 = none to
2




9 = like peach fuzz







 5. TASSEL:












Number of Primary Lateral Branches
9.1
2.52
45



Branch Angle from Central Spike
20.0
6.26
45



Tassel Length (from top leaf collar to tassel
55.7
4.15
45



tip) (cm):



Pollen Shed: 0 = male sterile, 9 = heavy shed
5


*
Anther Color: Yellow Munsell code: 7.5Y8.58


*
Glume Color: Purple Munsell code: 10RP28


*
Bar Glumes (glume bands): 1 = absent,
1



2 = present



Peduncle Length (from top leaf to basal
23.8
3.10
45



branches) (cm):









 6a. EAR (Unhusked ear)












*
Silk color: Red Munsell c. 2.5R48





(3 days after silk emergence)








*
Fresh husk color: Light Green Munsell c. 5GY66











(25 days after 50% silking)




*
Dry husk color: Buff Munsell c. 5Y92



(65 days after 50% silking)



Ear position at dry husk stage: 1 = upright,
1



2 = horizontal, 3 = pendant



Husk tightness: (1 = very loose, 9 = very tight)
6



Husk extension (at harvest): 1 = short (ears
2



exposed), 2 = medium (<8 cm), 3 = long



(8-10 cm), 4 = v. long (>10 cm)







 6b. EAR (Husked ear data)












Ear length (cm):
13.4
1.63
45



Ear diameter at mid-point (mm)
38.9
1.91
45



Ear weight (gm):
85.2
22.42
45



Number of Kernel Rows:
14.3
1.76
45



Kernel Rows: 1 = indistinct, 2 = distinct
2



Row alignment: 1 = straight, 2 = slightly
2



curved, 3 = spiral



Shank Length (cm):
6.4
1.71
45



Ear Taper: 1 = slight cylind., 2 = average,
2



3 = extreme conic.







 7. KERNEL (Dried):












Kernel Length (mm):
10.1
0.65
45



Kernel Width (mm):
8.1
0.61
45



Kernel Thickness (mm):
4.7
0.46
45



Round Kernels (shape grade) (%)
56.1
13.41
9



Aleurone Color pattern: 1 = homozygous,
1



2 = segregating


*
Aleurone Color: Yellow Munsell c.: 1.25Y712








*
Hard Endo. color: Yellow Munsell c.: 10YR712












Endosperm Type:
3





1 = sweet (su1), 2 = extra sweet (sh2),



3 = normal starch, 4 = high amylose starch,



5 = waxy starch, 6 = high protein,



7 = high lysine, 8 = super sweet (se),



9 = high oil, 10 = other



Weight per 100 kernels (unsized sample) (gm):
25.4
2.01
9







 8. COB:











*
Cob Diameter at mid-point (mm):
22.1
1.80
45


*
Cob Color: Red Munsell c.: 10R38







10. DISEASE RESISTANCE:









(Rate from 1 = most-susceptable to 9 = most-resistant. Leave



blank if not tested, leave race or strain options blank if polygenic.)







A. LEAF BLIGHTS, WILTS, AND LOCAL INFECTION DISEASES









Anthracnose Leaf Blight (Colletotrichum graminicola)


5
Common Rust (Puccinia sorghi)



Common Smut (Ustilago maydis)


5
Eyespot (Kabatiella zeae)


6
Gross's Wilt (Clavibacter michiganense spp. nebraskense)



Gray Leaf Spot (Cercospora zeae-maydis)



Helminthosporium Leaf Spot (Bipolaris zeicola) Race:


6
Northern Leaf Blight (Exserohilum turcicum) Race:



Southern Leaf Blight (Bipolaris maydis) Race:



Southern Rust (Puccinia polysora)


7
Stewart's Wilt (Erwinia stewartii)



Other (Specify):        







B. SYSTEMIC DISEASES









Corn Lethal Necrosis (MCMV and MDMV)


9
Head Smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana)



Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus (MDV)



Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus (MCMV)



Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus (MDMV)



Sorghum Downy Mildew of Corn (Peronosclerospora sorghi)



Other (Specify):        







C. STALK ROTS








4
Anthracnose Stalk Rot (Colletotrichum graminicola)



Diploidia Stalk Rot (Stenocarpella maydis)



Fusarium Stalk Rot (Fusarium moniliforme)



Gibberella Stalk Rot (Gibberella zeae)



Other (Specify):        







D. EAR AND KERNEL ROTS









Aspergillus Ear and Kernel Rot (Aspergillus flavus)



Diplodia Ear Rot (Stenocarpella maydis)


6
Fusarium Ear and Kernel Rot (Fusarium moniliforme)


4
Gibberella Ear Rot (Gibberella zeae)



Other (Specify):        







11. INSECT RESISTANCE:









(Rate from 1 = most-suscept. to 9 = most-resist., leave



blank if not tested.)



Corn Worm (Helicoverpa zea)



Leaf Feeding



Silk Feeding



Ear Damage



Corn Leaf Aphid (Rophalosiphum maydis)



Corn Sap Beetle (Capophilus dimidiatus)



European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)


7
1st. Generation (Typically whorl leaf feeding)



2nd. Generation (Typically leaf sheath-collar feeding)



Stalk Tunneling



cm tunneled/plant



Fall armyworm (Spodoptera fruqiperda)



Leaf Feeding



Silk Feeding



mg larval wt.



Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamaize)



Northern Rootworm (Diabrotica barberi)



Southern Rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata)



Southwestern Corn Borer (Diatreaea grandiosella)



Leaf Feeding



Stalk Tunneling



cm tunneled/plant



Two-spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus utricae)



Western Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifrea virgifrera)



Other (Specify):        







12. AGRONOMIC TRAITS:








4
Staygreen (at 65 days after anthesis; rate from 1-worst to 9-excellent)


0
% Dropped Ears (at 65 days after anthesis)



% Pre-anthesis Brittle Snapping



% Pre-anthesis Root Lodging



% Post-anthesis Root Lodging (at 65 days after anthesis)



% Post-anthesis Stalk Lodging







5,417.0 Kg/ha Yield of inbred per se (at 12-13% grain moisture)





* Munsell Glossy Book of Color, a standard color reference Kollmorgen Inst. Corp. New Windsor NY.













TABLE 2







SSR PROFILE OF PH51K











Locus
Bin #
PH51K mwt















bnlg1014
 1.01
126



phi427913
 1.01
131



phi056
 1.01
258



bnlg1127
 1.02
100



bnlg1007
 1.02
129



bnlg1429
 1.02
192



bnlg1627
 1.02
201



bnlg1083
 1.02
207



bnlg1953
 1.02
209



bnlg439
 1.03
235



phi109275
 1.03
128



phi339017
 1.03
148



bnlg1484
 1.03
148



bnlg1203
 1.03
307



dupssr26
 1.04
125



bnlg2238
 1.04
207



bnlg2086
 1.04
228



bnlg1886
 1.05
144



bnlg1832
 1.05
218



bnlg1884
 1.05
308



bnlg1615
 1.06
236



bnlg1057
 1.06
274



bnlg1556
 1.07
211



phi423298
 1.08
135



bnlg2228
 1.08
271



phi323065
 1.08
331



phi002
 1.08
72



phi335539
 1.08
91



phi011
 1.09
222



bnlg1597
 1.09(1.10)
189



bnlg1720
 1.09(1.10)
240



phi308707
 1.10
134



phi064
 1.11
106



phi265454
 1.11
221



phi260485
 1.11
321



phi227562
 1.11
322



bnlg2031
 1.XX
214



bnlg1130
 1.XX
275



phi402893
 2.00
216



phi96100
 2.01
283



bnlg1017
 2.02
197



bnlg2277
 2.02
296



bnlg1327
 2.02
316



phi109642
 2.03
135



bnlg1537
 2.03
140



bnlg1064
 2.03
191



phi083
 2.04
128



bnlg1018
 2.04
137



bnlg1396
 2.06
136



bnlg1831
 2.06
189



bnlg1036
 2.06
197



bnlg1138
 2.06
227



phi251315
 2.07
127



phi127
 2.08
124



phi427434
 2.08
139



phi090
 2.08
140



phi435417
 2.08
216



bnlg2237
 2.08
220



bnlg1258
 2.08
221



bnlg1940
 2.08
251



bnlg1520
 2.09
289



phi101049
 2.10
238



bnlg1690
 2.XX
114



phi453121
 3.00
220



phi104127
 3.01
165



phi404206
 3.01
302



bnlg1647
 3.02
133



bnlg1144
 3.02
137



phi193225
 3.02
141



phi374118
 3.02
227



bnlg1523
 3.03
268



phi029
 3.04
154



bnlg1019
 3.04
180



bnlg1638
 3.04
229



bnlg1816
 3.04
291



bnlg1113
 3.04
81



bnlg1452
 3.04
88



bnlg1035
 3.05
115



phi073
 3.05
188



phi053
 3.05
194



bnlg1951
 3.06
130



phi102228
 3.06
131



bnlg2241
 3.06
145



bnlg1160
 3.06
225



bnlg1496
 3.09
220



phi072
 4.00(4.01)
142



phi295450
 4.01
189



phi213984
 4.01
286



bnlg1162
 4.03
129



phi021
 4.03
87



phi308090
 4.04
223



phi096
 4.04
238



phi079
 4.05
188



bnlg1265
 4.05
200



phi438301
 4.05
210



bnlg1755
 4.05
219



bnlg1137
 4.06
135



umc2038
 4.07
125



bnlg1189
 4.07
133



bnlg1784
 4.07
235



bnlg2244
 4.08
202



phi093
 4.08
285



bnlg1565
 4.09
207



phi076
 4.11
167



bnlg1890
 4.11
204



bnlg1006
 5.00
230



phi396160
 5.02
303



phi109188
 5.03
164



bnlg653
 5.04
157



bnlg1208
 5.04
121



phi331888
 5.04
133



phi330507
 5.04
134



bnlg1892
 5.04
160



bnlg2323
 5.04
192



phi333597
 5.05
213



phi085
 5.06
261



bnlg1711
 5.07
181



bnlg1346
 5.07
192



bnlg1118
 5.07
76



bnlg1597
 5.08
216



umc1883
 6.00
84



phi159819
 6.00(6.08)
139



umc1517
 6.01
104



umc1498
 6.01
118



phi423796
 6.01
131



bnlg1422
 6.01
220



umc1229
 6.01
246



umc1656
 6.02
136



umc1572
 6.02
204



umc1006
 6.02
222



phi389203
 6.03
307



phi452693
 6.04
133



umc2055
 6.04(6.05)
88



phi445613
 6.05
103



bnlg1174
 6.05
222



umc1413
 6.05
301



umc1463
 6.06
310



phi299852
 6.07
123



phi364545
 6.07
138



bnlg1759
 6.07
138



phi338882
 6.XX
169



bnlg2132
 7.00
203



phi034
 7.02
141



bnlg1094
 7.02
148



bnlg1070
 7.03
163



bnlg2271
 7.03
223



phi328175
 7.04
125



phi051
 7.05
142



phi069
 7.05
203



phi116
 7.06
162



phi420701
 8.00
294



bnlg1194
 8.02
144



phi121
 8.03
101



bnlg2082
 8.03
174



bnlg1863
 8.03
247



phi115
 8.03
304



bnlg2046
 8.04
321



bnlg1176
 8.05
221



bnlg1152
 8.06
124



bnlg1031
 8.06
290



bnlg1828
 8.07
171



bnlg1065
 8.07
219



bnlg1056
 8.08
109



phi015
 8.08
85



phi233376
 8.09
151



bnlg2122
 9.01
238



phi033
 9.01
252



umc1037
 9.02
248



bnlg1159
 9.04
148



bnlg1012
 9.04
160



phi032
 9.04
240



phi108411
 9.05
118



phi236654
 9.05
126



phi448880
 9.06(9.07)
185



bnlg619
 9.07
275



bnlg1129
 9.08
301



phi059
10.02
156



phi96342
10.02
249



bnlg1037
10.03
121



bnlg1655
10.03
151



bnlg1079
10.03
172



bnlg1655
10.03
207



phi050
10.03
86



phi301654
10.04
132



phi062
10.04
164



phi323152
10.05
144



bnlg1074
10.05
176



bnlg1839
10.07
208



bnlg1450
10.07
238

















TABLE 3A





PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON REPORT


Variety #1: PH51K


Variety #2: PHP02

























YIELD
YIELD
MST
TSTWT
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
TILLER
GDUSHD
GDUSLK



BU/A 56#
BU/A 56#
PCT
LB/BU
SCORE
COUNT
PCT
GDU
GDU


Stat
ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
86.3
104.3
16.6
52.4
5.8
23.4
4.4
131.3
132.0


Mean2
99.5
125.4
18.4
51.7
5.4
21.7
5.2
128.0
131.3


Locs
33
33
37
10
42
28
25
64
64


Reps
40
40
45
10
42
28
25
64
64


Diff
−13.2
−21.1
1.8
0.7
0.3
1.7
0.8
3.4
0.7


Prob
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.370
0.025
0.017
0.543
0.000
0.100






POLWT
POLWT
TASBLS
TASSZ
PLTHT
EARHT
STAGRN
STKLDG
BRTSTK



VALUE
VALUE
SCORE
SCORE
CM
CM
SCORE
% NOT
% NOT


Stat
ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
121.9
96.4
8.7
6.0
190.6
71.0
3.8
92.9
100.0


Mean2
119.6
90.3
8.5
6.4
186.9
67.6
5.0
96.4
98.8


Locs
13
13
10
51
44
16
14
8
3


Reps
24
24
10
51
44
16
14
8
3


Diff
2.3
6.1
0.2
−0.4
3.7
3.5
−1.2
−3.5
1.2


Prob
0.902
0.676
0.343
0.043
0.112
0.171
0.026
0.351
0.423






SCTGRN
EARSZ
TEXEAR
EARMLD
BARPLT
DRPEAR
GLFSPT
NLFBLT
GOSWLT



SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
% NOT
% NOT
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
7.8
5.0
5.7
5.7
99.2
100.0
3.0
6.1
6.5


Mean2
7.7
6.0
5.3
7.1
98.5
100.0
4.4
5.0
6.5


Locs
16
2
3
11
30
1
5
5
1


Reps
16
2
3
11
30
1
10
9
2


Diff
0.1
−1.0
0.3
−1.4
0.7
0.0
−1.4
1.1
0.0


Prob
0.843
0.500
0.423
0.016
0.466

0.073
0.020












HC



STWWLT
ANTROT
FUSERS
GIBERS
EYESPT
COMRST
BLT
ECB1LF
ECB2SC



SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
7.3
4.9
6.3
3.7
5.0
5.1
8.5
7.0
1.0


Mean2
7.3
5.3
7.6
5.8
5.8
5.9
8.5
5.5
2.5


Locs
4
4
7
5
2
7
1
1
1


Reps
4
8
7
10
4
7
2
2
2


Diff
0.0
−0.4
−1.3
−2.1
−0.8
−0.7
0.0
1.5
−1.5


Prob
1.000
0.215
0.000
0.045
0.500
0.182









HD



CLDTST
CLDTST
KSZDCD
SMT
ERTLDG
LRTLDG
ERTLPN
LRTLPN
STLLPN



PCT
PCT
PCT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT


Stat
ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
87.9
99.7
3.1
93.6
99.6
92.3
100.0
83.3
90.7


Mean2
91.8
104.2
2.9
94.6
91.8
100.0
100.0
85.0
74.1


Locs
16
16
18
3
9
2
1
3
1


Reps
16
16
18
6
10
2
1
4
1


Diff
−3.9
−4.5
0.2
−1.0
7.8
−7.7
0.0
−1.7
16.7


Prob
0.008
0.007
0.653
0.797
0.136
0.500

0.840
















TABLE 3B





PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON REPORT


Variety #1: PH51K


Variety #2: PH50P

























YIELD
YIELD
MST
TSTWT
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
TILLER
GDUSHD
GDUSLK



BU/A 56#
BU/A 56#
PCT
LB/BU
SCORE
COUNT
PCT
GDU
GDU


Stat
ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
81.2
103.9
16.6
51.6
5.8
23.2
4.2
130.8
131.4


Mean2
93.8
122.8
17.5
53.8
5.6
22.9
6.3
126.8
129.1


Locs
29
29
33
9
48
31
26
75
74


Reps
33
33
37
9
48
31
26
75
74


Diff
−12.6
−18.9
0.9
−2.2
0.1
0.3
2.1
4.0
2.3


Prob
0.000
0.001
0.026
0.002
0.312
0.596
0.444
0.000
0.000






POLWT
POLWT
TASBLS
TASSZ
PLTHT
EARHT
STAGRN
STKLDG
BRTSTK



VALUE
VALUE
SCORE
SCORE
CM
CM
SCORE
% NOT
% NOT


Stat
ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
127.4
95.3
8.7
6.0
191.7
73.1
3.8
92.9
100.0


Mean2
127.4
97.4
8.6
5.2
207.3
64.5
4.5
94.4
97.7


Locs
9
9
10
57
52
20
17
8
4


Reps
18
18
10
57
52
20
17
8
4


Diff
0.0
−2.2
0.1
0.8
−15.7
8.6
−0.7
−1.5
2.3


Prob
0.999
0.828
0.343
0.000
0.000
0.002
0.069
0.351
0.144






SCTGRN
EARSZ
TEXEAR
EARMLD
BARPLT
DRPEAR
GLFSPT
NLFBLT
GOSWLT



SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
% NOT
% NOT
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
7.7
5.0
5.7
5.4
99.1
100.0
2.7
6.1
6.5


Mean2
7.4
5.5
7.0
6.5
98.8
100.0
2.8
4.6
6.5


Locs
17
2
3
13
31
1
3
4
1


Reps
17
2
3
13
31
1
6
8
2


Diff
0.3
−0.5
−1.3
−1.1
0.3
0.0
−0.2
1.5
0.0


Prob
0.172
0.500
0.270
0.020
0.412

0.667
0.069






STWWLT
ANTROT
FUSERS
GIBERS
EYESPT
COMRST
ECB1LF
ECB2SC
CLDTST



SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
PCT


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
7.3
2.5
6.3
4.3
3.5
5.1
7.0
1.0
87.3


Mean2
7.3
2.3
6.7
6.3
5.5
5.6
3.5
3.0
89.1


Locs
4
2
7
6
1
7
1
1
12


Reps
4
4
7
10
2
7
2
2
12


Diff
0.0
0.3
−0.4
−1.9
−2.0
−0.4
3.5
−2.0
−1.8


Prob
1.000
0.500
0.555
0.013

0.078


0.463























HD









CLDTST
KSZDCD
SMT
ERTLDG
LRTLDG
ERTLPN
LRTLPN
STLLPN




PCT
PCT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT



Stat
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS







Mean1
100.3
3.5
93.6
99.7
92.3
100.0
100.0
90.7



Mean2
103.4
3.0
92.3
92.0
100.0
100.0
100.0
64.0



Locs
12
14
3
11
2
1
2
1



Reps
12
14
6
12
2
1
2
1



Diff
−3.0
0.5
1.3
7.6
−7.7
0.0
0.0
26.7



Prob
0.391
0.291
0.807
0.319
0.500

1.000

















TABLE 3C





PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON REPORT


Variety #1: PH51K


Variety #2: PH51H

























YIELD
YIELD
MST
TSTWT
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
TILLER
GDUSHD
GDUSLK



BU/A 56#
BU/A 56#
PCT
LB/BU
SCORE
COUNT
PCT
GDU
GDU


Stat
ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
81.2
103.9
16.6
52.4
5.8
23.0
4.2
131.3
131.8


Mean2
87.7
114.5
17.1
55.6
5.7
22.0
0.5
125.0
126.6


Locs
29
29
33
10
52
35
26
84
83


Reps
33
33
37
10
52
35
26
84
83


Diff
−6.6
−10.6
0.5
−3.2
0.1
1.0
−3.7
6.3
5.2


Prob
0.055
0.031
0.436
0.000
0.520
0.050
0.069
0.000
0.000






POLWT
POLWT
TASBLS
TASSZ
PLTHT
EARHT
STAGRN
STKLDG
BRTSTK



VALUE
VALUE
SCORE
SCORE
CM
CM
SCORE
% NOT
% NOT


Stat
ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
110.5
87.2
8.5
6.0
191.8
72.3
4.0
92.9
100.0


Mean2
164.2
133.9
8.6
6.1
188.1
68.8
4.7
98.2
100.0


Locs
16
16
11
63
62
24
21
8
5


Reps
27
27
11
63
62
24
21
8
5


Diff
−53.8
−46.6
−0.1
−0.1
3.6
3.5
−0.8
−5.3
0.0


Prob
0.000
0.001
0.341
0.417
0.079
0.065
0.137
0.351
1.000






SCTGRN
EARSZ
TEXEAR
EARMLD
BARPLT
DRPEAR
GLFSPT
NLFBLT
GOSWLT



SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
% NOT
% NOT
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
7.5
5.0
5.7
5.3
98.9
100.0
3.1
6.1
6.5


Mean2
7.4
4.5
7.7
5.0
99.1
100.0
4.5
5.7
5.5


Locs
20
2
3
17
33
1
6
5
1


Reps
20
2
3
17
33
1
12
9
2


Diff
0.2
0.5
−2.0
0.3
−0.3
0.0
−1.4
0.4
1.0


Prob
0.591
0.500
0.074
0.585
0.657

0.030
0.338












HC



STWWLT
ANTROT
FUSERS
GIBERS
EYESPT
COMRST
BLT
ECB1LF
ECB2SC



SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
6.6
4.3
6.0
4.3
5.0
5.1
8.5
7.0
1.0


Mean2
6.8
4.4
5.4
5.6
7.0
6.7
8.0
4.5
3.5


Locs
5
5
8
6
2
7
1
1
1


Reps
5
10
9
11
4
7
2
2
2


Diff
−0.2
−0.1
0.6
−1.3
−2.0
−1.6
0.5
2.5
−2.5


Prob
0.374
0.876
0.597
0.018
0.156
0.002









HD



CLDTST
CLDTST
KSZDCD
SMT
ERTLDG
LRTLDG
ERTLPN
LRTLPN
STLLPN



PCT
PCT
PCT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT


Stat
ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
87.3
100.3
3.5
93.6
99.7
92.3
100.0
83.3
90.7


Mean2
85.6
99.3
2.6
97.6
82.0
97.0
100.0
70.0
89.8


Locs
12
12
14
3
11
2
1
3
1


Reps
12
12
14
6
12
2
1
4
1


Diff
1.7
1.0
0.9
−3.9
17.6
−4.7
0.0
13.3
0.9


Prob
0.537
0.776
0.144
0.418
0.076
0.613

0.423
















TABLE 3D





PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON REPORT


Variety #1: PH51K


Variety #2: PH7BW

























YIELD
YIELD
MST
TSTWT
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
TILLER
GDUSHD
GDUSLK



BU/A 56#
BU/A 56#
PCT
LB/BU
SCORE
COUNT
PCT
GDU
GDU


Stat
ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
64.7
97.4
16.8
49.7
5.6
22.0
4.7
133.2
133.7


Mean2
76.1
114.6
15.6
50.5
6.3
20.7
16.2
127.9
129.8


Locs
14
14
14
5
39
28
22
79
78


Reps
14
14
14
5
39
28
22
79
78


Diff
−11.4
−17.2
−1.2
−0.8
−0.7
1.3
11.5
5.3
3.9


Prob
0.018
0.013
0.052
0.225
0.001
0.028
0.008
0.000
0.000






POLWT
POLWT
TASBLS
TASSZ
PLTHT
EARHT
STAGRN
STKLDG
BRTSTK



VALUE
VALUE
SCORE
SCORE
CM
CM
SCORE
% NOT
% NOT


Stat
ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
110.0
81.4
8.7
5.8
195.4
75.5
4.4
79.5
100.0


Mean2
145.6
115.0
8.3
5.9
225.0
85.7
3.9
66.8
95.6


Locs
12
12
7
63
52
17
17
3
4


Reps
19
19
7
63
52
17
17
3
4


Diff
−35.5
−33.6
0.4
−0.1
−29.6
−10.3
0.4
12.7
4.4


Prob
0.053
0.049
0.356
0.306
0.000
0.002
0.300
0.138
0.215






SCTGRN
EARSZ
TEXEAR
EARMLD
BARPLT
DRPEAR
GLFSPT
NLFBLT
STWWLT



SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
% NOT
% NOT
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
7.4
5.0
5.7
5.5
97.4
100.0
3.1
5.7
6.6


Mean2
7.3
5.5
5.7
5.3
98.2
100.0
3.0
5.0
7.0


Locs
19
2
3
11
30
1
7
3
5


Reps
19
2
3
11
30
1
13
5
5


Diff
0.1
−0.5
0.0
0.2
−0.8
0.0
0.1
0.7
−0.4


Prob
0.786
0.500
1.000
0.691
0.470

0.736
0.508
0.374











HC



ANTROT
FUSERS
GIBERS
EYESPT
COMRST
BLT
ECB1LF
ECB2SC
CLDTST



SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
PCT


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
4.3
6.2
5.3
6.5
4.8
8.5
7.0
1.0
76.7


Mean2
5.2
5.6
5.3
5.5
5.0
7.5
8.0
2.0
78.3


Locs
5
6
4
1
5
1
1
1
3


Reps
10
7
8
2
5
2
2
2
3


Diff
−0.9
0.6
0.0
1.0
−0.2
1.0
−1.0
−1.0
−1.7


Prob
0.436
0.384
1.000

0.374



0.724






















HD








CLDTST
KSZDCD
SMT
ERTLDG
LRTLDG
ERTLPN
LRTLPN




PCT
PCT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT



Stat
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS







Mean1
96.2
4.8
100.0
99.6
100.0
99.0
83.3



Mean2
98.7
6.4
95.6
88.4
98.1
100.0
76.7



Locs
3
5
1
4
1
2
3



Reps
3
5
2
4
1
2
4



Diff
−2.5
−1.6
4.4
11.2
1.9
−1.0
6.7



Prob
0.645
0.035

0.262

0.500
0.423

















TABLE 4





Average Inbred By Tester Performance Comparing PH51K To PH7BW Crossed


To The Same Inbred Testers And Grown In The Same Experiments.

























YIELD
MST
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
GDUSHD
GDUSLK
PLTHT
EARHT
STAGRN


—
BU/A 56#
PCT
SCORE
COUNT
GDU
GDU
CM
CM
SCORE





Reps
128
129
33
1
52
10
57
46
68


Locs
128
129
33
1
52
10
57
46
68


PH51K
180.1
23.1
6.0
63.0
122.4
117.8
293.2
130.7
5.4


PH7BN
182.8
21.8
6.3
69.0
119.7
116.9


PH7BW






302.2
132.7
4.7


Diff
2.7
1.3
0.3
6.0
2.7
0.9
9.0
2.0
0.7


Pr > T
0.117
0.000
0.096

0.000
0.215
0.000
0.269
0.001






TSTWT
GLFSPT
NLFBLT
GIBERS
ECB2SC
GIBROT
BRTSTK
STLLPN
EBTSTK



LB/BU
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT


—
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Reps
65
2
1
2
1
2
1
11
25


Locs
65
2
1
2
1
2
1
11
25


PH51K
54.1
6.0
6.5
8.0
6.0
9.0
2.0
97.0
83.9


PH7BW
53.3
6.0
4.5
7.5
9.0
8.5
6.5
93.6
86.8


Diff
0.8
0.0
2.0
0.5
3.0
0.5
4.5
3.4
2.9


Pr > T
0.000


0.500

0.500

0.101
0.284





*Pr > T values are valid only for comparisons with Locs >= 10













TABLE 5





General Combining Ability


Report for Inbred PH51



















YIELD bu/a 56# ABS
Mean
169.9



YIELD bu/a 56# ABS
Locs
319



YIELD bu/a 56# ABS
Reps
2212



YIELD bu/a 56# ABS
Years
5



MST pct ABS
Mean
21.2



MST pct ABS
Locs
320



MST pct ABS
Reps
2287



MST pct ABS
Years
5



EGRWTH score ABS
Mean
5.7



EGRWTH score ABS
Locs
58



EGRWTH score ABS
Reps
296



EGRWTH score ABS
Years
5



ESTCNT count ABS
Mean
55.3



ESTCNT count ABS
Locs
27



ESTCNT count ABS
Reps
83



ESTCNT count ABS
Years
4



GDUSHD GDU ABS
Mean
124.8



GDUSHD GDU ABS
Locs
100



GDUSHD GDU ABS
Reps
1088



GDUSHD GDU ABS
Years
5



GDUSLK GDU ABS
Mean
123



GDUSLK GDU ABS
Locs
60



GDUSLK GDU ABS
Reps
504



GDUSLK GDU ABS
Years
4



PLTHT cm ABS
Mean
285.3



PLTHT cm ABS
Locs
123



PLTHT cm ABS
Reps
944



PLTHT cm ABS
Years
5



EARHT cm ABS
Mean
124.4



EARHT cm ABS
Locs
117



EARHT cm ABS
Reps
857



EARHT cm ABS
Years
5



STAGRN score ABS
Mean
5



STAGRN score ABS
Locs
140



STAGRN score ABS
Reps
1061



STAGRN score ABS
Years
5



TSTWT lb/bu ABS
Mean
54.4



TSTWT lb/bu ABS
Locs
252



TSTWT lb/bu ABS
Reps
1863



TSTWT lb/bu ABS
Years
5



GLFSPT score ABS
Mean
5



GLFSPT score ABS
Locs
8



GLFSPT score ABS
Reps
88



GLFSPT score ABS
Years
4



NLFBLT score ABS
Mean
6.3



NLFBLT score ABS
Locs
5



NLFBLT score ABS
Reps
28



NLFBLT score ABS
Years
4



STWWLT score ABS
Mean
7.2



STWWLT score ABS
Locs
5



STWWLT score ABS
Reps
11



STWWLT score ABS
Years
2



ANTROT score ABS
Mean
5.3



ANTROT score ABS
Locs
12



ANTROT score ABS
Reps
64



ANTROT score ABS
Years
4



GIBERS score ABS
Mean
5.5



GIBERS score ABS
Locs
10



GIBERS score ABS
Reps
36



GIBERS score ABS
Years
4



EYESPT score ABS
Mean
4.9



EYESPT score ABS
Locs
2



EYESPT score ABS
Reps
8



EYESPT score ABS
Years
2



COMRST score ABS
Mean
5.6



COMRST score ABS
Locs
6



COMRST score ABS
Reps
16



COMRST score ABS
Years
1



ECB1LF score ABS
Mean
5.7



ECB1LF score ABS
Locs
6



ECB1LF score ABS
Reps
40



ECB1LF score ABS
Years
4



ECB2SC score ABS
Mean
3.8



ECB2SC score ABS
Locs
12



ECB2SC score ABS
Reps
81



ECB2SC score ABS
Years
3



GIBROT score ABS
Mean
4.5



GIBROT score ABS
Locs
2



GIBROT score ABS
Reps
46



GIBROT score ABS
Years
2



BRTSTK % NOT ABS
Mean
97.6



BRTSTK % NOT ABS
Locs
22



BRTSTK % NOT ABS
Reps
127



BRTSTK % NOT ABS
Years
4



STLLPN % NOT ABS
Mean
74.9



STLLPN % NOT ABS
Locs
65



STLLPN % NOT ABS
Reps
783



STLLPN % NOT ABS
Years
5



EBTSTK % NOT ABS
Mean
98.2



EBTSTK % NOT ABS
Locs
1



EBTSTK % NOT ABS
Reps
2



EBTSTK % NOT ABS
Years
1



ABTSTK % NOT ABS
Mean
71.3



ABTSTK % NOT ABS
Locs
17



ABTSTK % NOT ABS
Reps
217



ABTSTK % NOT ABS
Years
5



ERTLPN % NOT ABS
Mean
78.7



ERTLPN % NOT ABS
Locs
24



ERTLPN % NOT ABS
Reps
253



ERTLPN % NOT ABS
Years
2



LRTLPN % NOT ABS
Mean
72.9



LRTLPN % NOT ABS
Locs
31



LRTLPN % NOT ABS
Reps
231



LRTLPN % NOT ABS
Years
2

















TABLE 5A





Combining Ability Report for Inbred PH51K


F1 data for Inbred Line PH51K when crossed to various tester lines






















YIELD
YIELD
YIELD






bu/a 56#
bu/a 56#
bu/a 56#
MST pct
MST pct
MST pct



ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





75228G
183.3
19
20
22.3
19
20


216141G
160.7
13
13
23
13
13


53341F
163.7
16
16
21.6
16
16


61683F
178.6
17
17
22.3
17
17


61683K
176.1
17
17
21.8
17
17


61688G
181.2
11
11
18.2
12
12


61695A
144.7
13
13
20.6
13
13


76036H
168.5
11
11
16.8
13
13


76046K
181.6
14
14
20.7
14
14


77178F
148.3
11
11
20.2
13
13


77178G
178.7
11
11
19.1
13
13


77178H
177.3
11
11
20.4
13
13


216141J
163.8
13
13
23.8
13
13


216152H
162.3
13
13
24
13
13


216152J
161.1
13
13
24.2
13
13


216153A
167.7
11
11
23
11
11


216153H
149.9
11
11
23.7
11
11


53330H
177.1
23
23
20.4
23
23


51442G
185.5
22
22
21.8
22
22


53300D
171.5
19
20
22.1
19
20


53576K
180
20
20
19.6
20
20


56798D
176.7
12
12
23.5
12
12


56807G
154.1
16
16
21.7
16
16


57093C
187.7
20
20
22.3
20
20


57093J
162.1
17
17
20.9
17
17


61657F
143.6
13
13
18.2
13
13


61684G
188.1
17
17
24.6
17
17


75226D
171.6
20
21
21.9
20
21


75229B
184
19
20
21.4
19
20


75934A
182.5
33
33
21.5
33
33


76021A
170
19
20
22
19
20


77178J
171.3
11
11
22
13
13


77183H
157.3
11
11
17.1
13
13


77183J
164.2
11
11
16.3
13
13






EGRWTH
EGRWTH
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
ESTCNT
ESTCNT



score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
count ABS
count ABS
count ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





75228G


216141G
6
2
2


53341F
5.5
4
4


61683F
5.4
5
5


61683K
5.6
5
5


61688G
6
1
1


61695A
6
2
2


76036H
7
1
1


76046K


77178F
7
1
1


77178G
6
1
1


77178H
6
1
1


216141J
6
2
2


216152H
5
2
2


216152J
6
1
1


216153A
6.3
4
4


216153H
5.3
4
4


53330H
6
2
2


51442G
5.5
2
2


53300D


53576K
6
4
4
58
1
1


56798D


56807G



62
4
4


57093C
5.3
4
4
47
1
1


57093J



68
1
1


61657F


61684G
5.3
4
4


75226D


75229B


75934A



71
1
1


76021A


77178J
4
1
1


77183H
6
1
1


77183J
6
1
1






GDUSHD
GDUSHD
GDUSHD
GDUSLK
GDUSLK
GDUSLK



GDU ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





75228G
130
4
4


216141G
128.7
7
7
125.5
4
4


53341F
123.3
7
7
125
2
2


61683F
126.4
8
8
125
2
2


61683K
123
8
8
123.5
2
2


61688G
121.1
8
8
122.7
3
3


61695A
119.2
6
6
110
1
1


76036H
121.7
9
9
121.3
4
4


76046K
131.7
3
3


77178F
123.2
9
9
124
4
4


77178G
123.6
9
9
122.5
4
4


77178H
124.2
9
9
124
4
4


216141J
125.9
7
7
124
4
4


216152H
128.7
7
7
124.3
4
4


216152J
125
6
6
120.3
4
4


216153A
119.8
6
6
115.5
2
2


216153H
120
6
6
117
2
2


53330H
126.6
7
7


51442G
129.1
7
7


53300D
130.5
4
4


53576K
128.1
8
8
128
2
2


56798D
133
2
2


56807G
132.4
3
5
133
1
2


57093C
128.1
8
8
125.5
2
2


57093J
129.7
5
6


61657F
129.6
5
5
130.3
3
3


61684G
126.6
8
8
127
2
2


75226D
128
4
4


75229B
129.3
4
4


75934A
129.3
11
12
132.7
3
3


76021A
132.3
4
4


77178J
125.1
9
9
124.8
4
4


77183H
123.6
9
9
123.3
4
4


77183J
118.3
9
9
119.3
4
4






PLTHT cm
PLTHT cm
PLTHT cm
EARHT
EARHT
EARHT



ABS
ABS
ABS
cm ABS
cm ABS
cm ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





75228G
263.5
4
4
110.5
4
4


216141G
275
4
4
118.7
4
4


53341F
263.1
7
7
110.3
7
7


61683F
284.5
8
8
115.3
8
8


61683K
271.8
8
8
118.7
8
8


61688G
293.4
6
6
134.1
5
5


61695A
297.6
6
6
136.5
4
4


76036H
280.9
7
7
125.7
6
6


76046K
295.3
4
4
126.4
4
4


77178F
288.5
7
7
123.2
6
6


77178G
284.8
7
7
119
6
6


77178H
296.5
7
7
133.8
6
6


216141J
278.1
4
4
116.2
4
4


216152H
274.3
4
4
118.1
4
4


216152J
283.8
4
4
122.6
4
4


216153A
269.9
8
8
116.2
8
8


216153H
273.7
8
8
124.5
8
8


53330H
265
9
9
121.4
9
9


51442G
280
9
9
131.2
9
9


53300D
270.5
4
4
102.9
4
4


53576K
254.8
9
9
104.1
9
9


56798D
285.1
4
4
123.2
4
4


56807G
283.5
4
5
125.5
4
5


57093C
250.3
9
9
89.2
9
9


57093J
294.6
6
7
134.6
6
7


61657F
294.3
8
8
117.8
8
8


61684G
279.8
7
7
118.7
7
7


75226D
276.2
4
4
109.2
4
4


75229B
282.6
4
4
109.2
4
4


75934A
289
12
13
121.1
12
13


76021A
276
3
3
116
3
3


77178J
278.3
7
7
121.1
6
6


77183H
272.5
7
7
116.4
6
6


77183J
278.7
7
7
111.8
6
6






STAGRN
STAGRN
STAGRN
TSTWT
TSTWT
TSTWT



score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
lb/bu ABS
lb/bu ABS
lb/bu ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





75228G
6.4
5
5
52.6
13
14


216141G
3.5
6
6
54.5
11
11


53341F
5.4
8
8
55.8
10
10


61683F
6.1
8
8
55.3
11
11


61683K
6.6
8
8
53.9
11
11


61688G
4.5
6
6
54.8
11
11


61695A
5
7
7
54.2
10
10


76036H
3.9
8
8
56
12
12


76046K
5.3
4
4
54.2
10
10


77178F
4.4
8
8
55
12
12


77178G
4.1
8
8
54.5
12
12


77178H
5.1
8
8
53.9
12
12


216141J
4.2
5
5
53.1
11
11


216152H
3.4
5
5
52.3
11
11


216152J
4.8
6
6
54.2
11
11


216153A
6
5
5
55.4
9
9


216153H
5.6
5
5
55
9
9


53330H
4.4
10
10
54.3
12
12


51442G
4.2
9
9
54.9
11
11


53300D
6.2
5
5
55.7
14
15


53576K
3.6
7
7
56
13
13


56798D
6.5
4
4
52.7
8
8


56807G
6.4
7
7
53.4
14
14


57093C
4.7
7
7
52.4
13
13


57093J
6.4
5
5
53.1
11
11


61657F
2.4
5
5
54.6
14
14


61684G
7.3
7
7
53.4
11
11


75226D
5.2
5
5
57
15
16


75229B
6.2
5
5
53.5
13
14


75934A
5.3
10
10
53.7
27
27


76021A
6.2
5
5
55.3
13
14


77178J
5
8
8
53.9
12
12


77183H
3
8
8
53.9
12
12


77183J
3.5
8
8
56.5
12
12






GLFSPT
GLFSPT
GLFSPT
NLFBLT
NLFBLT
NLFBLT



score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





75228G
4
1
1


216141G
5
1
1


53341F
5
1
1


61683F
5
1
1


61683K
5
1
1


61688G


61695A


76036H


76046K
6
1
1


77178F


77178G


77178H


216141J
7
1
1


216152H
3
1
1


216152J
7
1
1


216153A


216153H


53330H


51442G


53300D
5
1
1


53576K
5
1
1


56798D


56807G
7
1
1


57093C
6
1
1


57093J
4
1
1
5
1
2


61657F


61684G
6
1
1


75226D
3
1
1


75229B
6
1
1


75934A
4
3
3
4.5
1
2


76021A
4
1
1


77178J


77183H


77183J






ANTROT
ANTROT
ANTROT
GIBERS
GIBERS
GIBERS



score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





75228G
5.5
1
2


216141G


53341F



4
1
1


61683F



5
1
1


61683K



2
1
1


61688G


61695A


76036H


76046K


77178F


77178G


77178H


216141J


216152H


216152J


216153A


216153H


53330H


51442G


53300D
8
1
2


53576K
8
1
1


56798D


56807G
5
1
2


57093C
2
1
1


57093J


61657F


61684G



5
1
1


75226D
8
1
2


75229B
6.5
1
2


75934A


76021A
6
1
2


77178J


77183H


77183J






ECB1LF
ECB1LF
ECB1LF
ECB2SC
ECB2SC
ECB2SC



score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





75228G


216141G



3
1
1


53341F
6
1
1


61683F
6
1
1


61683K
6
1
1


61688G


61695A


76036H


76046K


77178F


77178G


77178H


216141J



3
1
1


216152H



3
1
1


216152J



3
1
1


216153A


216153H


53330H


51442G


53300D


53576K


56798D


56807G


57093C


57093J


61657F


61684G
5
1
1


75226D


75229B


75934A



6
2
2


76021A


77178J


77183H


77183J









BRTSTK
BRTSTK
BRTSTK



GIBROT
GIBROT
GIBROT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT



score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





75228G
5
1
2


216141G


53341F



100
1
1


61683F



98.2
1
1


61683K



100
1
1


61688G



100
1
1


61695A



100
2
2


76036H



100
1
1


76046K
2
1
2


77178F



100
1
1


77178G



100
1
1


77178H



100
1
1


216141J


216152H


216152J


216153A


216153H


53330H



98
9
9


51442G



97.4
9
9


53300D
4
1
2


53576K



66
1
1


56798D
8
1
2


56807G
4
1
2


57093C



82.2
1
1


57093J
3.5
1
2


61657F



100
1
1


61684G


75226D
4.5
1
2


75229B
5.5
1
2


75934A
4.5
1
2
98.1
1
1


76021A
4
1
2


77178J



100
1
1


77183H



100
1
1


77183J



100
1
1






STLLPN
STLLPN
STLLPN
LRTLPN
LRTLPN
LRTLPN



% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT



ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





75228G
99
2
4
77.5
4
4


216141G
60.6
4
4
90
2
2


53341F
83.7
6
6


61683F
76.8
6
6


61683K
73.3
6
6


61688G
76.8
8
8


61695A
81
3
3


76036H
70.3
7
7


76046K
85
2
4
66
5
5


77178F
76.8
7
7


77178G
72.8
7
7


77178H
89.4
6
6


216141J
78.8
4
4
75
2
2


216152H
74
4
4
85
2
2


216152J
66.3
3
3
60
1
1


216153A
73.9
2
2
94.3
4
4


216153H
75.9
2
2
99.5
4
4


53330H
83.1
5
5


51442G
72.7
5
5


53300D
98
2
4
72.5
4
4


53576K
63
8
8


56798D
100
2
3
73.3
3
3


56807G
52.5
2
4


57093C
85.4
8
8


57093J
79.9
4
7
42
4
5


61657F
52.6
9
9


61684G
90.4
6
6


75226D
91.8
2
4
75
4
4


75229B
89
2
4
90
3
3


75934A
81.4
10
13
48.3
5
6


76021A
96.8
2
4
60
3
3


77178J
73.7
7
7


77183H
50.1
7
7


77183J
62.1
6
6






ABTSTK
ABTSTK
ABTSTK
ERTLPN
ERTLPN
ERTLPN



% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT



ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





75228G



85
3
4


216141G



90
4
4


53341F


61683F


61683K


61688G


61695A


76036H


76046K



68
1
2


77178F


77178G


77178H


216141J



85
4
4


216152H



95
4
4


216152J



95
4
4


216153A



85
2
2


216153H



65
2
2


53330H
70.8
2
3


51442G
92.1
2
3


53300D



93.8
3
4


53576K
88.5
1
2


56798D



86.3
2
3


56807G



100
1
1


57093C
90
1
2


57093J



72.3
3
4


61657F


61684G


75226D



85.3
2
3


75229B



92.5
3
4


75934A



69.9
6
7


76021A



94
3
4


77178J


77183H


77183J
















TABLE 5B





Combining Ability Report for Inbred PH51K


F1 data for Inbred Line PH51K when crossed to different tester lines than in


Table 5A






















YIELD
YIELD
YIELD






bu/a 56#
bu/a 56#
bu/a 56#
MST pct
MST pct
MST pct



ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





77183K
162.1
11
11
16.2
13
13


209391E
182.2
21
22
21.9
21
22


216142A
165
13
13
21.9
13
13


216142B
157.9
13
13
24.4
13
13


216152G
165.1
12
12
23.4
12
12


56804E
179.5
20
21
22
20
21


61682J
153.7
17
17
20.5
17
17


61689J
169.3
11
11
17.3
13
13


61689K
167.9
11
11
18.2
13
13


61690A
168.5
11
11
18.3
13
13


76013G
150
16
16
19.4
16
16


76049K
159.3
12
12
20.9
12
12


76050A
175.5
12
12
22.5
12
12


76050D
166.8
11
11
23.1
11
11


76050E
161.6
11
11
19.4
13
13


76050G
180.8
12
12
22.3
12
12


76050H
176.4
12
12
21.3
12
12


76050K
157
14
14
23.2
14
14


77179E
175.2
11
11
19
13
13


77179F
166.9
11
11
18.9
13
13


77179G
173.4
11
11
20.9
13
13


77179J
170.1
11
11
17.7
13
13


77179K
158.9
11
11
19.1
12
12


77180A
175.6
11
11
19.3
13
13


77180B
170.4
89
98
20.4
91
100


210714A
164.6
15
15
21.1
15
15


216142C
161.9
13
13
22.4
13
13


216142D
173.7
15
15
22.7
16
16


216142E
164
13
13
22.6
13
13


216142F
168.4
12
12
23.1
12
12


216142H
154
13
13
24.4
13
13


216150C
166
12
12
23.4
12
12


216150D
170.2
13
13
22.6
13
13


216150E
169
12
12
22.8
12
12


216150G
168.7
13
13
23.7
13
13


216150K
186.8
21
23
20.8
21
23


216151A
169.9
13
13
25.7
13
13






EGRWTH
EGRWTH
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
ESTCNT
ESTCNT



score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
count ABS
count ABS
count ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





77183K
6
1
1


209391E


216142A
6.5
2
2


216142B
5.5
2
2


216152G
5.5
2
2


56804E


61682J
6
1
1


61689J
4
1
1


61689K
5
1
1


61690A
6
1
1


76013G
8
1
1


76049K
4
1
1


76050A
7
1
1


76050D
6
1
1


76050E
6
1
1


76050G
6
1
1


76050H
6
1
1


76050K
5.7
3
3
42
2
2


77179E
7
1
1


77179F
7
1
1


77179G
6
1
1


77179J
6
1
1


77179K
4
1
1


77180A
6
1
1


77180B
5.5
22
29
57.4
15
27


210714A



63
1
1


216142C
6
2
2


216142D
5.5
2
2
64
3
3


216142E
5
2
2


216142F
5.5
2
2


216142H
4.5
2
2


216150C
5
2
2


216150D
4.5
2
2


216150E
5.5
2
2


216150G
5
2
2


216150K


216151A
5.5
2
2






GDUSHD
GDUSHD
GDUSHD
GDUSLK
GDUSLK
GDUSLK



GDU ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





77183K
122.9
9
9
123.3
4
4


209391E
128.8
4
4


216142A
125.7
7
7
122
4
4


216142B
124.7
7
7
120.8
4
4


216152G
128.6
7
7
123
4
4


56804E
132.3
4
4


61682J
137.4
7
7
145.5
2
2


61689J
121.6
9
9
121.5
4
4


61689K
123.1
9
9
121.8
4
4


61690A
123.2
9
9
122.3
4
4


76013G
131.6
7
7
133
2
2


76049K
121
6
6
113
1
1


76050A
123.2
6
6
115
1
1


76050D
125.5
6
6
117
1
1


76050E
123.3
9
9
121.3
4
4


76050G
121.2
6
6
112
1
1


76050H
123.8
6
6
115
1
1


76050K
122.3
6
6
116.5
2
2


77179E
121.8
9
9
122
4
4


77179F
121.9
9
9
122.8
4
4


77179G
122.4
9
9
123.3
4
4


77179J
124.7
9
9
124.8
4
4


77179K
124.5
8
8
122
3
3


77180A
122.1
9
9
120.8
4
4


77180B
122.8
36
48
121.5
25
34


210714A
128.4
4
5


216142C
124.4
7
7
120
4
4


216142D
129.3
5
6
127
1
1


216142E
124
7
7
120.3
4
4


216142F
129.3
7
7
124.8
4
4


216142H
127.1
7
7
123
4
4


216150C
126.6
7
7
122.8
4
4


216150D
129.4
7
7
123.8
4
4


216150E
128.7
7
7
124.5
4
4


216150G
128.9
7
7
121.8
4
4


216150K
129.5
4
4


216151A
129
7
7
123.3
4
4






PLTHT cm
PLTHT cm
PLTHT cm
EARHT
EARHT
EARHT



ABS
ABS
ABS
cm ABS
cm ABS
cm ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





77183K
291
7
7
122.3
6
6


209391E
299.1
4
4
119.4
4
4


216142A
287.7
4
4
122.6
4
4


216142B
272.4
4
4
116.2
4
4


216152G
278.1
4
4
120
4
4


56804E
263.5
4
4
104.1
4
4


61682J
293.4
6
6
129.2
7
7


61689J
295
7
7
122.8
6
6


61689K
287
7
7
126.6
6
6


61690A
288.1
7
7
127.4
6
6


76013G
289.6
7
7
129.5
7
7


76049K
306.9
6
6
139.7
4
4


76050A
317.1
6
6
149.9
4
4


76050D
316.7
6
6
142.2
4
4


76050E
296.1
7
7
122.8
6
6


76050G
315.4
6
6
151.8
4
4


76050H
327.2
6
6
163.2
4
4


76050K
309.2
7
7
121.1
6
6


77179E
279.4
7
7
117.7
6
6


77179F
280.9
7
7
124.5
6
6


77179G
279.4
7
7
123.2
6
6


77179J
291.7
7
7
125.3
6
6


77179K
275.6
6
6
126.5
5
5


77180A
281.2
7
7
117.3
6
6


77180B
273.1
28
33
117.2
27
32


210714A
288
4
5
130.6
4
5


216142C
270.5
4
4
122.6
4
4


216142D
275
6
7
119
6
7


216142E
267.3
4
4
120
4
4


216142F
272.4
4
4
124.5
4
4


216142H
272.4
4
4
129.5
4
4


216150C
280
4
4
116.8
4
4


216150D
278.1
4
4
115.6
4
4


216150E
280
4
4
125.1
4
4


216150G
270.5
4
4
121.3
4
4


216150K
277.5
4
4
121.3
4
4


216151A
281.9
4
4
118.1
4
4






STAGRN
STAGRN
STAGRN
TSTWT
TSTWT
TSTWT



score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
lb/bu ABS
lb/bu ABS
lb/bu ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





77183K
3.3
8
8
55
12
12


209391E
6.2
5
5
54.5
14
15


216142A
3.5
6
6
53.8
11
11


216142B
4.5
6
6
54.3
11
11


216152G
4
5
5
54.6
10
10


56804E
5.8
5
5
54.2
14
15


61682J
4.4
8
8
57.4
12
12


61689J
4
8
8
55.8
12
12


61689K
3.9
8
8
54.8
12
12


61690A
4.3
8
8
54.9
12
12


76013G
3.9
8
8
58.7
12
12


76049K
4.6
7
7
54.7
9
9


76050A
5.3
7
7
52.7
9
9


76050D
6
7
7
53.7
8
8


76050E
4.6
8
8
56.7
12
12


76050G
6.9
7
7
53.8
9
9


76050H
6.3
7
7
53.7
9
9


76050K
6.2
9
9
54.3
13
13


77179E
4.6
8
8
55.6
12
12


77179F
4.5
8
8
56.1
12
12


77179G
5.4
8
8
54.3
12
12


77179J
3.6
8
8
56.1
12
12


77179K
4.9
7
7
56.5
11
11


77180A
6.3
8
8
55.3
12
12


77180B
5.3
37
41
54.6
77
86


210714A
7
4
4
52.6
10
10


216142C
4.2
6
6
54.5
11
11


216142D
6.3
6
6
53
13
13


216142E
4.7
6
6
55.1
11
11


216142F
5
5
5
53.3
10
10


216142H
5.7
6
6
53.4
11
11


216150C
4.4
5
5
54.5
10
10


216150D
4.7
6
6
53.8
11
11


216150E
4.4
5
5
53.6
10
10


216150G
4.7
6
6
55.3
11
11


216150K
4.5
4
4
55.4
15
16


216151A
4.3
6
6
54.3
11
11






GLFSPT
GLFSPT
GLFSPT
NLFBLT
NLFBLT
NLFBLT



score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





77183K


209391E
7
1
1


216142A
5
1
1


216142B
5
1
1


216152G
5
1
1


56804E
7
1
1


61682J
7
1
1


61689J


61689K


61690A


76013G
6
1
1


76049K


76050A


76050D


76050E


76050G


76050H


76050K


77179E


77179F


77179G


77179J


77179K


77180A


77180B
6.2
4
6
8
1
2


210714A
6
1
1
6.5
1
2


216142C
5
1
1


216142D



6.5
1
2


216142E
4
1
1


216142F
5
1
1


216142H
6
1
1


216150C
5
1
1


216150D
6
1
1


216150E
6
1
1


216150G
5
1
1


216150K
3
1
1


216151A
6
1
1






STLLPN
STLLPN
STLLPN



% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
ECB2SC
ECB2SC
ECB2SC



ABS
ABS
ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





77183K
74.8
7
7


209391E
93.8
2
4


216142A
66.1
4
4
3
1
1


216142B
72.6
4
4
9
1
1


216152G
76.6
4
4
3
1
1


56804E
99
2
4


61682J
52
7
7
5.7
3
3


61689J
68.4
7
7


61689K
69.3
7
7


61690A
70.1
7
7


76013G
62.9
7
7
7
3
3


76049K
93.7
3
3


76050A
91.6
3
3


76050D
78.5
3
3


76050E
68.7
7
7


76050G
87
3
3


76050H
81.9
3
3


76050K
83.4
6
6


77179E
80.4
6
6


77179F
75.4
7
7


77179G
71
7
7


77179J
76.8
6
6


77179K
78.7
7
7


77180A
69.8
7
7


77180B
83.8
20
32
2.9
4
8


210714A
82.1
4
7


216142C
68.8
4
4
3
1
1


216142D
79
4
6


216142E
75.1
4
4
3
1
1


216142F
59.2
4
4
3
1
1


216142H
68.6
4
4
3
1
1


216150C
74.7
4
4
3
1
1


216150D
69.4
3
3
3
1
1


216150E
74.6
4
4
3
1
1


216150G
70.8
4
4
9
1
1


216150K
83
2
4


216151A
70.3
4
4
9
1
1









BRTSTK
BRTSTK
BRTSTK



GIBROT
GIBROT
GIBROT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT



score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





77183K



100
1
1


209391E
4
1
2


216142A


216142B


216152G


56804E
6
1
2


61682J


61689J



100
1
1


61689K



96.6
1
1


61690A



100
1
1


76013G


76049K



89.6
2
2


76050A



97.3
2
2


76050D



100
2
2


76050E



100
1
1


76050G



100
2
2


76050H



99.1
2
2


76050K



98.3
2
2


77179E



98.3
1
1


77179F



100
1
1


77179G



100
1
1


77179J



100
1
1


77179K



98.2
1
1


77180A



98.3
1
1


77180B
4.5
1
2
99.4
3
3


210714A
2
1
2


216142C


216142D


216142E


216142F


216142H


216150C


216150D


216150E


216150G


216150K
1.5
1
2


216151A






ERTLPN
ERTLPN
ERTLPN



% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
LRTLPN
LRTLPN
LRTLPN



ABS
ABS
ABS
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
ABS
ABS
ABS





77183K


209391E
97.5
3
4
76.7
3
3


216142A
67.5
4
4
85
2
2


216142B
75
4
4
95
2
2


216152G
82.5
4
4
80
2
2


56804E
50
3
4
77.5
4
4


61682J
70
1
1
95
2
2


61689J


61689K


61690A


76013G
50
1
1
100
2
2


76049K


76050A


76050D


76050E


76050G


76050H


76050K


77179E


77179F


77179G


77179J


77179K


77180A


77180B
93.7
13
15
90.1
16
19


210714A
94.2
5
6
61.4
5
7


216142C
70
4
4
65
2
2


216142D
99
2
2
86.7
3
3


216142E
75
4
4
90
2
2


216142F
82.5
4
4
85
2
2


216142H
58.8
4
4
55
2
2


216150C
70
4
4
70
2
2


216150D
75
4
4
35
2
2


216150E
65
4
4
75
2
2


216150G
65
4
4
85
2
2


216150K
98
1
2
57.5
4
4


216151A
60
4
4
55
2
2
















TABLE 5C





F1 data for Inbred Line PH51K when crossed to different tester lines than in


Table 5A and 5B






















YIELD
YIELD
YIELD






bu/a 56#
bu/a 56#
bu/a 56#
MST pct
MST pct
MST pct



ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





216151B
170.1
13
13
24.7
13
13


216152A
172.7
12
12
24.6
12
12


216152B
167.6
13
13
22.1
13
13


76051D
172.4
11
11
21.1
11
11


77180E
173.3
11
11
19.6
13
13


212024F
169.6
20
20
22
20
20


216142J
157.9
13
13
23.4
13
13


56803J
155.1
17
17
21.1
17
17


57119A
170.2
11
11
22.8
11
11


61646E
165.1
16
16
19.7
16
16


61687B
175.5
17
17
22.3
17
17


61687E
181.2
17
17
23.4
17
17


76037E
166.8
12
12
22.8
12
12


76049F
173.2
11
11
21.6
11
11


76053B
173
11
11
21.8
11
11


76053G
168
12
12
21.8
12
12


76108A
156.9
11
11
22.4
11
11


77182H
169
11
11
17.2
13
13


77182J
178.3
11
11
19.9
13
13


77182K
182
11
11
18.7
13
13


77183A
175.1
11
11
17.5
13
13


77183B
167.7
11
11
16.2
13
13


216144F
161
12
12
22.5
12
12


216144H
155.1
12
12
20.6
12
12


216144J
163.3
11
11
21.7
11
11


216144K
168.9
12
12
24
12
12






EGRWTH
EGRWTH
EGRWTH
GLFSPT
GLFSPT
GLFSPT



score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





216151B
5
2
2
5
1
1


216152A
6
2
2
5
1
1


216152B
6.5
2
2
3
1
1


76051D
6
1
1


77180E
6
1
1


212024F



4
1
1


216142J
5.5
2
2
5
1
1


56803J


57119A
5.3
3
3
6
1
1


61646E


61687B
5
5
5
6
1
1


61687E
5.2
5
5
6
1
1


76037E
5.5
2
2
7
1
1


76049F
5
1
1


76053B
7
1
1


76053G
5
1
1


76108A
5.8
4
4


77182H
5
1
1


77182J
6
1
1


77182K
6
1
1


77183A
6
1
1


77183B
6
1
1


216144F
7
2
2
5
1
1


216144H
7
1
1
4
1
1


216144J
5
2
2
6
1
1


216144K
7
1
1
5
1
1






GDUSHD
GDUSHD
GDUSHD
GDUSLK
GDUSLK
GDUSLK



GDU ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





216151B
129.6
7
7
123.8
4
4


216152A
127.1
7
7
122
4
4


216152B
124.4
7
7
120.8
4
4


76051D
122.2
6
6
117
1
1


77180E
124.6
9
9
124.8
4
4


212024F
126
4
4


216142J
125.3
7
7
122
4
4


56803J
133.6
3
5
133
1
2


57119A
123
4
4


61646E
129.6
5
5
130.3
3
3


61687B
127.1
8
8
125
2
2


61687E
126.6
8
8
124.5
2
2


76037E
128.9
7
7
124.3
4
4


76049F
120.3
6
6
113
1
1


76053B
124.6
5
5
115
1
1


76053G
120
6
6
113
1
1


76108A
123
6
6
120
2
2


77182H
122.3
9
9
123
4
4


77182J
122.8
9
9
122.5
4
4


77182K
123.6
9
9
121.3
4
4


77183A
121.4
9
9
121.5
4
4


77183B
121.7
9
9
121
4
4


216144F
124
7
7
119.3
4
4


216144H
125.3
6
6
122.7
3
3


216144J
127
7
7
122
4
4


216144K
129.4
5
5
127.7
3
3






PLTHT cm
PLTHT cm
PLTHT cm
EARHT
EARHT
EARHT



ABS
ABS
ABS
cm ABS
cm ABS
cm ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





216151B
276.2
4
4
127.6
4
4


216152A
278.1
4
4
120.7
4
4


216152B
270.5
4
4
112.4
4
4


76051D
314.5
6
6
142.9
4
4


77180E
284.1
7
7
127.4
6
6


212024F
278.1
4
4
113.7
4
4


216142J
285.8
4
4
124.5
4
4


56803J
279.4
4
5
118.4
4
5


57119A
273.9
6
6
122.8
6
6


61646E
300.8
9
9
122.8
9
9


61687B
277.5
8
8
120
8
8


61687E
287.3
8
8
131.4
8
8


76037E
280
4
4
122.6
4
4


76049F
312
6
6
147.3
4
4


76053B
316.2
6
6
148.6
4
4


76053G
304
6
6
130.8
4
4


76108A
279.8
7
7
133.2
7
7


77182H
290.3
7
7
121.5
6
6


77182J
290.6
7
7
132.9
6
6


77182K
289.9
7
7
134.6
6
6


77183A
281.6
7
7
119.4
6
6


77183B
288.5
7
7
127.8
6
6


216144F
281.9
3
3
129.5
3
3


216144H
266.7
4
4
122.6
4
4


216144J
270.5
4
4
123.2
4
4


216144K
284.5
3
3
121.9
3
3






STAGRN
STAGRN
STAGRN
TSTWT
TSTWT
TSTWT



score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
lb/bu ABS
lb/bu ABS
lb/bu ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





216151B
4.8
6
6
54.4
11
11


216152A
5
5
5
53.8
10
10


216152B
3.7
6
6
53.6
11
11


76051D
5.3
6
6
54.3
8
8


77180E
5
8
8
54
12
12


212024F
5.4
5
5
56.5
13
13


216142J
5
6
6
55
11
11


56803J
5.9
7
7
52.8
15
15


57119A
5.2
6
6
53.4
8
8


61646E
4.8
5
5
52.3
16
16


61687B
5.6
8
8
55.9
11
11


61687E
6.1
8
8
53.9
11
11


76037E
4.2
5
5
53.2
10
10


76049F
5.2
6
6
52.7
8
8


76053B
5.9
7
7
53.3
8
8


76053G
6.1
7
7
52.4
9
9


76108A
4.7
3
3
55
10
10


77182H
3.6
8
8
55.5
12
12


77182J
5.6
8
8
54.6
12
12


77182K
4.9
8
8
54.6
12
12


77183A
4
8
8
55.4
12
12


77183B
3.5
8
8
55.7
12
12


216144F
4.8
6
6
53.3
10
10


216144H
3.7
6
6
53.5
11
11


216144J
4.4
5
5
53.6
9
9


216144K
5.5
6
6
54.5
10
10






STLLPN
STLLPN
STLLPN
BRTSTK
BRTSTK
BRTSTK



% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT



ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS


Tester ID
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





216151B
67.5
4
4


216152A
62.3
4
4


216152B
64.1
4
4


76051D
89.2
3
3
100
2
2


77180E
57.7
7
7
100
1
1


212024F
88.5
2
4


216142J
67.3
4
4


56803J
74.5
2
4


57119A
84.9
3
3
100
1
1


61646E
72.7
8
8
91.2
1
1


61687B
68.8
4
4
100
1
1


61687E
90.9
5
5
100
1
1


76037E
66.5
4
4


76049F
70.8
3
3
99.1
2
2


76053B
98
2
2
100
2
2


76053G
85.1
3
3
96.5
2
2


76108A
76.4
2
2


77182H
69.1
7
7
100
1
1


77182J
77.7
7
7
100
1
1


77182K
71.9
7
7
100
1
1


77183A
78.3
6
6
100
1
1


77183B
71.3
7
7
100
1
1


216144F
72.3
4
4


216144H
73.2
4
4


216144J
63.8
4
4


216144K
72.7
3
3






ERTLPN
ERTLPN
ERTLPN
LRTLPN
LRTLPN
LRTLPN



% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT


Tester ID
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





216151B
92.5
4
4
55
2
2


216152A
72.5
4
4
80
2
2


216152B
72.5
4
4
80
2
2


76051D


77180E


212024F
94.2
4
5
60
4
4


216142J
70
4
4
60
2
2


56803J
100
1
1


57119A


61646E


61687B


61687E


76037E
85
4
4
90
2
2


76049F


76053B


76053G


76108A
80
2
2
75.2
5
5


77182H


77182J


77182K


77183A


77183B


216144F
90
4
4
85
2
2


216144H
85
4
4
75
2
2


216144J
70
4
4
75
2
2


216144K
97.5
4
4
30
1
1
















TABLE 6A





INBREDS IN HYBRID COMBINATION REPORT


Variety #1: HYBRID CONTAINING PH51K


Variety #2: 38T27






















YIELD
YIELD
MST
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
GDUSHD



BU/A 56#
BU/A 56#
PCT
SCORE
COUNT
GDU


Stat
ABS
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN





Mean1
170.4
102.7
101.2
100.5
100.8
100.9


Mean2
168.7
101.2
100.8
100.9
105.3
101.5


Locs
55
55
55
13
7
29


Reps
56
56
56
13
13
38


Diff
1.7
1.6
−0.5
−0.4
−4.5
−0.6


Prob
0.379
0.251
0.672
0.940
0.456
0.203






GDUSLK
STKCNT
PLTHT
EARHT
STAGRN
LRTLSC



GDU
COUNT
CM
CM
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
ABS





Mean1
100.1
99.0
95.5
92.1
100.0
7.0


Mean2
101.3
100.0
101.6
96.3
114.2
8.0


Locs
23
90
22
22
29
1


Reps
30
138
23
23
30
1


Diff
−1.2
−1.0
−6.1
−4.2
−14.1
−1.0


Prob
0.024
0.007
0.000
0.064
0.036






STKLDS
STKLDG
ABTSTK
DRPEAR
TSTWT
GLFSPT



SCORE
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
LB/BU
SCORE


Stat
ABS
% MN
% MN
% MN
ABS
ABS





Mean1
8.6
99.0
107.0
100.4
54.4
6.8


Mean2
7.9
93.0
91.6
99.6
55.8
3.0


Locs
4
3
1
2
33
2


Reps
6
3
4
2
34
3


Diff
0.8
6.0
15.4
0.9
−1.4
3.8


Prob
0.182
0.127

0.500
0.000
0.042






NLFBLT
GOSWLT
ANTROT
FUSERS
GIBERS
ECB1LF



SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
7.5
6.5
8.0
4.0
6.7
7.0


Mean2
6.0
7.0
3.0
4.0
6.7
6.5


Locs
2
1
2
1
3
1


Reps
3
2
4
1
5
2


Diff
1.5
−0.5
5.0
0.0
0.0
0.5


Prob
0.205

0.186

1.000






ECB2SC
HSKCVR
BRTSTK
HD SMT
ERTLPN
LRTLPN



SCORE
SCORE
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
5.8
5.7
99.2
99.4
86.4
91.4


Mean2
5.4
5.4
99.2
100.0
71.4
71.2


Locs
7
14
2
2
7
13


Reps
9
14
2
3
7
16


Diff
0.4
0.4
0.0
−0.6
15.0
20.3


Prob
0.356
0.266
1.000
0.500
0.113
0.016
















TABLE 6B





INBREDS IN HYBRID COMBINATION REPORT


Variety #1: HYBRID CONTAINING PH51K


Variety #2: X0952K






















YIELD
YIELD
MST
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
GDUSHD



BU/A 56#
BU/A 56#
PCT
SCORE
COUNT
GDU


Stat
ABS
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN





Mean1
183.0
105.5
102.8
89.6
108.0
101.6


Mean2
175.0
100.6
97.3
91.0
87.1
101.9


Locs
45
45
45
9
15
12


Reps
51
51
51
12
22
14


Diff
8.0
4.9
−5.5
−1.4
20.9
−0.3


Prob
0.011
0.009
0.000
0.893
0.00 1
0.696






GDUSLK
STKCNT
PLTHT
EARHT
STAGRN
ABTSTK



GDU
COUNT
CM
CM
SCORE
% NOT


Stat
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN





Mean1
100.7
100.1
97.6
93.7
121.8
93.3


Mean2
101.6
97.7
103.1
103.1
74.4
113.1


Locs
13
72
11
11
13
3


Reps
15
110
14
14
16
18


Diff
−0.9
2.4
−5.5
−9.4
47.4
−19.8


Prob
0.222
0.015
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.331






TSTWT
GLFSPT
NLFBLT
GOSWLT
FUSERS
GIBERS



LB/BU
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
54.0
8.0
6.8
9.0
7.8
6.0


Mean2
56.0
7.0
5.7
7.5
5.3
6.3


Locs
20
1
3
1
3
2


Reps
23
1
4
2
4
3


Diff
−2.0
1.0
1.2
1.5
2.5
−0.3


Prob
0.000

0.423

0.038
0.500






EYESPT
ECBDPE
ECB1LF
ECB2SC
HSKCVR
GIBROT



SCORE
% NOT
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
4.0
97.3
3.3
3.0
6.8
4.5


Mean2
4.0
98.4
3.0
3.1
4.5
1.0


Locs
1
4
1
3
4
1


Reps
2
4
3
5
5
2


Diff
0.0
−1.1
0.3
−0.1
2.3
3.5


Prob

0.375

0.423
0.037
















HD SMT
ERTLPN
LRTLPN



Stat
% NOT ABS
% NOT ABS
% NOT ABS







Mean1
100.0
96.7
86.7



Mean2
92.5
65.0
81.7



Locs
4
10
6



Reps
6
13
7



Diff
7.5
31.7
5.0



Prob
0.190
0.015
0.775

















TABLE 6C





INBREDS IN HYBRID COMBINATION REPORT


Variety #1: HYBRID CONTAINING PH51K


Variety #2: 38A24






















YIELD
YIELD
MST
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
GDUSHD



BU/A 56#
BU/A 56#
PCT
SCORE
COUNT
GDU


Stat
ABS
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN





Mean1
175.5
103.5
101.7
97.7
106.3
101.1


Mean2
171.4
101.2
101.0
100.2
101.7
100.8


Locs
108
108
108
26
18
41


Reps
119
119
119
33
26
51


Diff
4.0
2.3
−0.7
−2.5
4.6
0.3


Prob
0.011
0.016
0.250
0.601
0.034
0.397






GDUSLK
STKCNT
PLTHT
EARHT
STAGRN
LRTLSC



GDU
COUNT
CM
CM
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
ABS





Mean1
100.3
99.6
96.1
92.6
106.1
7.0


Mean2
100.4
100.4
96.7
95.7
112.1
2.0


Locs
36
170
34
34
45
1


Reps
45
256
39
39
50
1


Diff
−0.1
−0.8
−0.6
−3.0
−6.0
5.0


Prob
0.833
0.004
0.375
0.021
0.153






STKLDS
STKLDG
ABTSTK
DRPEAR
TSTWT
GLFSPT



SCORE
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
LB/BU
SCORE


Stat
ABS
% MN
% MN
% MN
ABS
ABS





Mean1
8.6
99.0
96.7
100.1
54.2
6.5


Mean2
7.8
100.3
88.6
100.1
56.5
5.0


Locs
4
3
4
1
60
4


Reps
6
3
22
1
68
6


Diff
0.9
−1.2
8.1
0.0
−2.3
1.5


Prob
0.340
0.736
0.310

0.000
0.058






NLFBLT
GOSWLT
ANTROT
FUSERS
GIBERS
EYESPT



SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
7.1
7.8
7.7
6.9
6.4
4.0


Mean2
6.0
8.0
5.5
7.4
6.5
6.5


Locs
5
2
3
4
5
1


Reps
7
4
6
5
8
2


Diff
1.1
−0.3
2.2
−0.5
−0.1
−2.5


Prob
0.051
0.795
0.268
0.604
0.900






ECBDPE
ECB1LF
ECB2SC
HSKCVR
GIBROT
BRTSTK



% NOT
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
% NOT


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
96.8
5.2
5.1
5.8
4.5
99.2


Mean2
98.1
5.7
6.1
6.0
1.0
97.4


Locs
6
2
11
20
1
2


Reps
6
5
15
23
2
2


Diff
−1.3
−0.5
−0.9
−0.1
3.5
1.8


Prob
0.261
0.500
0.141
0.541

0.034
















HD SMT
ERTLPN
LRTLPN




% NOT
% NOT
% NOT



Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS







Mean1
99.8
92.9
89.9



Mean2
98.7
64.8
72.2



Locs
6
18
20



Reps
9
21
24



Diff
1.1
28.1
17.8



Prob
0.177
0.002
0.008

















TABLE 6D





INBREDS IN HYBRID COMBINATION REPORT


Variety #1: HYBRID CONTAINING PH51K


Variety #2: X0952V






















YIELD
YIELD
MST
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
GDUSHD



BU/A 56#
BU/A 56#
PCT
SCORE
COUNT
GDU


Stat
ABS
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN





Mean1
178.2
104.4
102.8
89.6
108.0
101.6


Mean2
165.0
96.8
98.7
108.1
99.0
99.9


Locs
51
51
51
9
15
13


Reps
57
57
57
12
22
15


Diff
13.2
7.7
−4.1
−18.6
8.9
1.7


Prob
0.000
0.000
0.000
0.062
0.008
0.009






GDUSLK
STKCNT
PLTHT
EARHT
STAGRN
ABTSTK



GDU
COUNT
CM
CM
SCORE
% NOT


Stat
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN





Mean1
100.7
100.2
97.8
93.7
119.9
93.3


Mean2
99.1
99.7
101.8
102.2
117.5
75.9


Locs
13
80
12
12
15
3


Reps
15
118
15
15
18
18


Diff
1.6
0.5
−3.9
−8.4
2.4
17.4


Prob
0.089
0.328
0.009
0.003
0.726
0.061






TSTWT
GLFSPT
NLFBLT
GOSWLT
ANTROT
FUSERS



LB/BU
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
53.5
8.0
6.8
9.0
7.0
7.8


Mean2
56.5
8.0
5.8
7.0
7.0
6.0


Locs
24
1
3
1
1
3


Reps
27
1
4
2
2
4


Diff
−3.0
0.0
1.0
2.0
0.0
1.8


Prob
0.000

0.225


0.093






GIBERS
EYESPT
ECBDPE
ECB1LF
ECB2SC
HSKCVR



SCORE
SCORE
% NOT
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
6.0
4.0
96.9
3.3
4.0
6.8


Mean2
6.3
6.5
98.6
3.0
4.1
5.5


Locs
2
1
5
1
4
4


Reps
3
2
5
3
6
5


Diff
−0.3
−2.5
−1.7
0.3
−0.1
1.3


Prob
0.874

0.178

0.391
0.015

















GIBROT
HD SMT
ERTLPN
LRTLPN




SCORE
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT



Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS







Mean1
4.5
100.0
97.0
82.9



Mean2
5.5
98.5
84.0
84.3



Locs
1
4
11
7



Reps
2
6
14
8



Diff
−1.0
1.5
13.0
−1.4



Prob

0.187
0.140
0.877

















TABLE 6E





INBREDS IN HYBRID COMBINATION REPORT


Variety #1: HYBRID CONTAINING PH51K


Variety #2: 36R10






















YIELD
YIELD
MST
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
GDUSHD



BU/A 56#
BU/A 56#
PCT
SCORE
COUNT
GDU


Stat
ABS
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN





Mean1
175.7
103.8
100.6
97.5
106.3
100.7


Mean2
175.9
103.8
108.1
94.6
107.1
101.8


Laos
126
126
128
28
18
50


Reps
136
136
138
35
27
60


Diff
−0.2
0.0
7.6
2.9
−0.8
−1.1


Prob
0.898
0.977
0.000
0.484
0.696
0.002






GDUSLK
STKCNT
PLTHT
EARHT
STAGRN
LRTLSC



GDU
COUNT
CM
CM
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
ABS





Mean1
100.2
99.5
96.7
94.1
105.9
4.5


Mean2
102.0
101.0
98.5
95.2
127.9
4.8


Laos
40
195
42
41
56
4


Reps
49
281
47
46
61
4


Diff
−1.7
−1.5
−1.8
−1.1
−22.0
−0.3


Prob
0.000
0.000
0.030
0.467
0.000
0.873






STKLDS
STKLDG
ABTSTK
DRPEAR
TSTWT
GLFSPT



SCORE
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
LB/BU
SCORE


Stat
ABS
% MN
% MN
% MN
ABS
ABS





Mean1
7.8
103.6
96.7
100.3
54.5
6.5


Mean2
7.8
108.5
96.8
99.8
55.4
5.1


Laos
11
6
4
4
76
4


Reps
13
6
22
4
83
6


Diff
0.0
−4.9
−0.1
0.4
−0.9
1.4


Prob
1.000
0.372
0.989
0.391
0.000
0.163






NLFBLT
GOSWLT
ANTROT
FUSERS
GIBERS
EYESPT



SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
7.1
7.8
7.7
6.9
6.4
4.0


Mean2
6.2
8.0
5.8
7.3
5.5
7.0


Locs
5
2
3
4
5
1


Reps
7
4
6
5
7
2


Duff
0.9
−0.3
1.8
−0.4
0.9
−3.0


Prob
0.053
0.795
0.173
0.391
0.152






ECBDPE
ECB1LF
ECB2SC
HSKCVR
GIBROT
BRTSTK



% NOT
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
% NOT


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
96.8
5.2
5.1
5.8
4.5
99.4


Mean2
98.8
6.1
5.3
6.5
2.5
100.0


Locs
6
2
11
21
1
3


Reps
6
5
15
24
2
3


Diff
−2.0
−0.9
−0.1
−0.7
2.0
−0.6


Prob
0.228
0.634
0.628
0.010

0.423
















HD SMT
ERTLPN
LRTLPN




% NOT
% NOT
% NOT



Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS







Mean1
99.8
92.9
89.0



Mean2
100.0
64.6
79.4



Locs
6
18
21



Reps
9
21
25



Diff
−0.2
28.2
9.5



Prob
0.363
0.000
0.101










All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All such publications, patents and patent applications are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose cited to the same extent as if each was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein.
The foregoing invention has been described in detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding. However, it is obvious that certain changes and modifications such as backcross conversions and mutations, somoclonal variants, variant individuals selected from large populations of the plants of the instant inbred and the like may be practiced within the scope of the invention, as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A seed comprising at least one set of the chromosomes of maize inbred line PH51K, representative seed of said line having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-4876.

2. A maize plant produced by growing the seed of claim 1.

3. A maize plant part of the maize plant of claim 2.

4. An F1 hybrid maize seed produced by crossing a plant of maize inbred line designated PH51K, representative seed of said line having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-4876, with a different maize plant and harvesting the resultant F1 hybrid maize seed, wherein said F1 hybrid maize seed comprises two sets of chromosomes and one set of the chromosomes is the same as maize inbred line PH51K.

5. A maize plant produced by growing the F1 hybrid maize seed of claim 4.

6. A maize plant part of the maize plant of claim 5.

7. An F1 hybrid maize seed comprising an inbred maize plant cell of inbred maize line PH51K, representative seed of said line having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-4876.

8. A maize plant produced by growing the F1 hybrid maize seed of claim 7.

9. The F1 hybrid maize seed of claim 7 wherein the inbred maize plant cell comprises two sets of chromosomes of maize inbred line PH51K.

10. A maize plant produced by growing the F1 hybrid maize seed of claim 9.

11. A process of introducing a desired trait into maize inbred line PH51K comprising:
(a) crossing PH51K plants grown from PH51K seed, representative seed of which has been deposited under ATCC Accession No: PTA-4876, with plants of another maize line that comprise a desired trait to produce F1 progeny plants, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of waxy starch, male sterility, herbicide resistance, insect resistance, bacterial disease resistance, fungal disease resistance, and viral disease resistance;
(b) selecting F1 progeny plants that have the desired trait to produce selected F1 progeny plants;
(c) crossing the selected progeny plants with the PH51K plants to produce backcross progeny plants;
(d) selecting for backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and the alleles of inbred line PH51K at the SSR loci listed in Table 2 to produce selected backcross progeny plants; and
(e) repeating steps (c) and (d) to produce backcross progeny plants that comprise the desired trait and comprise at least 95% of the alleles of inbred line PH51K at the SSR loci listed in Table 2.

12. A plant produced by the process of claim 11, wherein the plant comprises at least 95% of the alleles of inbred line PH51K at the SSR loci listed in Table 2.

13. A maize plant having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of inbred line PH51K, wherein a sample of the seed of inbred line PH51K was deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-4876.

14. A process of producing maize seed, comprising crossing a first parent maize plant with a second parent maize plant, wherein one or both of the first or the second parent maize plants is the plant of claim 13, wherein seed is allowed to form.

15. The maize seed produced by the process of claim 14.

16. The maize seed of claim 15, wherein the maize seed is hybrid seed.

17. A hybrid maize plant, or its parts, produced by growing said hybrid seed of claim 16.

18. The maize plant of claim 13, further comprising an SSR profile in accordance with the profile shown in Table 2.

19. A cell of the maize plant of claim 13.

20. The cell of claim 19, wherein said cell is further defined as having an SSR profile in accordance with the profile shown in Table 2.

21. A seed comprising the cell of claim 19.

22. The maize plant of claim 13, further defined as having a genome comprising a single gene conversion.

23. The maize plant of claim 22, wherein the single gene was stably inserted into the maize genome by transformation.

24. The maize plant of claim 22, wherein the gene is selected from the group consisting of a dominant allele and a recessive allele.

25. The maize plant of claim 22, wherein the gene confers a trait selected from the group consisting of herbicide tolerance; insect resistance; resistance to bacterial, fungal, nematode or viral disease; waxy starch; male sterility and restoration of male fertility.

26. The maize plant of claim 13, wherein said plant is further defined as comprising a gene conferring male sterility.

27. The maize plant of claim 13, wherein said plant is further defined as comprising a transgene conferring a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide resistance, insect resistance and disease resistance.

28. A method of producing a maize plant, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) growing a progeny plant produced by crossing the plant of claim 13 with a second maize plant;
(b) crossing the progeny plant with itself or a different plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation;
(c) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a different plant; and
(d) repeating steps (b) and (c) for an additional 0-5 generations to produce a maize plant.

29. The method of claim 28 wherein the produced maize plant is an inbred maize plant.

30. The method of claim 29, further comprising the step of crossing the inbred maize plant with a second, distinct inbred maize plant to produce an F1 hybrid maize plant.

31. A method for developing a second maize plant in a maize plant breeding program comprising applying plant breeding techniques to a first maize plant, or parts thereof, wherein said first maize plant is the maize plant of claim 13, and wherein application of said techniques results in development of said second maize plant.

32. The method for developing a maize plant in a maize plant breeding program of claim 31 wherein plant breeding techniques are selected from the group consisting of recurrent selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, and transformation.

33. A method of plant breeding comprising the steps of:
(a) obtaining a molecular marker profile of maize inbred line PH51K, representative seed of said line having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-4876;
(b) obtaining an F1 hybrid seed for which the maize plant of claim 13 is a parent;
(c) crossing a plant grown from the F1 hybrid seed with a different maize plant; and
(d) selecting progeny that possess said molecular marker profile of PH51K.