II 

116TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION S. 1201 

To amend the fossil energy research and development provisions of the Energy 

Policy Act of 2005 to enhance fossil fuel technology, and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

APRIL 11, 2019 

Mr. MANCHIN (for himself, Ms. MURKOWSKI, Mrs. CAPITO, Mr. CRAMER, and 

Mr. DAINES) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources 

A BILL 

To amend the fossil energy research and development provisions of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 to enhance fossil 

fuel technology, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Enhancing Fossil Fuel 

5 Energy Carbon Technology Act of 2019’’. 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
2 

•S 1201 IS

1 SEC. 2. ESTABLISHMENT OF COAL AND NATURAL GAS 

2 TECHNOLOGY PROGRAM. 

3 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Energy Policy Act of 2005 

4 is amended by striking section 962 (42 U.S.C. 16292) and 

5 inserting the following: 

6 ‘‘SEC. 962. COAL AND NATURAL GAS TECHNOLOGY PRO7 GRAM. 

8 ‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

9 ‘‘(1) LARGE-SCALE PILOT PROJECT.—The term 

10 ‘large-scale pilot project’ means a pilot project 

11 that— 

12 ‘‘(A) represents the scale of technology de13 velopment beyond laboratory development and 

14 bench scale testing, but not yet advanced to the 

15 point of being tested under real operational con16 ditions at commercial scale; 

17 ‘‘(B) represents the scale of technology 

18 necessary to gain the operational data needed 

19 to understand the technical and performance 

20 risks of the technology before the application of 

21 that technology at commercial scale or in com22 mercial-scale demonstration; and 

23 ‘‘(C) is large enough— 

24 ‘‘(i) to validate scaling factors; and 

25 ‘‘(ii) to demonstrate the interaction 

26 between major components so that control 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
3 

•S 1201 IS

1 philosophies for a new process can be de2 veloped and enable the technology to ad3 vance from large-scale pilot plant applica4 tion to commercial-scale demonstration or 

5 application. 

6 ‘‘(2) NET-NEGATIVE CARBON DIOXIDE EMIS7 SIONS TECHNOLOGY.—The term ‘net-negative car8 bon dioxide emissions technology’ means tech9 nology— 

10 ‘‘(A) for thermochemical co-conversion of 

11 coal and biomass fuels that— 

12 ‘‘(i) uses a carbon capture system; 

13 and 

14 ‘‘(ii) with carbon dioxide removal, the 

15 Secretary determines can provide elec16 tricity, fuels, or chemicals with net-nega17 tive carbon dioxide emissions from produc18 tion and consumption of the end products, 

19 while removing atmospheric carbon dioxide; 

20 and 

21 ‘‘(B) through which each use of coal will 

22 be combined with the use of a regionally indige23 nous form of biomass energy, provided on a re24 newable basis, that is sufficient in quantity to 

25 allow for net-negative emissions of carbon dioxVerDate Sep 11 2014 22:07 Apr 29, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00003 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S1201.IS S1201

pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
4 

•S 1201 IS

1 ide (in combination with a carbon capture sys2 tem), while avoiding impacts on food production 

3 activities. 

4 ‘‘(3) PROGRAM.—The term ‘program’ means 

5 the program established under subsection (b)(1). 

6 ‘‘(4) TRANSFORMATIONAL TECHNOLOGY.— 

7 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—The term ‘trans8 formational technology’ means a power genera9 tion technology that represents a significant 

10 change in the methods used to convert energy 

11 that will enable a step change in performance, 

12 efficiency, and cost of electricity as compared to 

13 the technology in existence on the date of enact14 ment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Car15 bon Technology Act of 2019. 

16 ‘‘(B) INCLUSIONS.—The term ‘trans17 formational technology’ includes a broad range 

18 of technology improvements, including— 

19 ‘‘(i) thermodynamic improvements in 

20 energy conversion and heat transfer, in21 cluding— 

22 ‘‘(I) advanced combustion sys23 tems, including oxygen combustion 

24 systems and chemical looping; and 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
5 

•S 1201 IS

1 ‘‘(II) the replacement of steam 

2 cycles with supercritical carbon diox3 ide cycles; 

4 ‘‘(ii) improvements in steam or carbon 

5 dioxide turbine technology; 

6 ‘‘(iii) improvements in carbon capture, 

7 utilization, and storage systems technology; 

8 ‘‘(iv) improvements in small-scale and 

9 modular coal-fired technologies with re10 duced carbon output or carbon capture 

11 that can support incremental power gen12 eration capacity additions; 

13 ‘‘(v) fuel cell technologies for low-cost, 

14 high-efficiency, fuel-flexible modular power 

15 systems; 

16 ‘‘(vi) advanced gasification systems; 

17 ‘‘(vii) thermal cycling technologies; 

18 and 

19 ‘‘(viii) any other technology the Sec20 retary recognizes as transformational tech21 nology. 

22 ‘‘(b) COAL AND NATURAL GAS TECHNOLOGY PRO23 GRAM.— 

24 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall estab25 lish a coal and natural gas technology program to 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
6 

•S 1201 IS

1 ensure the continued use of the abundant domestic 

2 coal and natural gas resources of the United States 

3 through the development of technologies that will 

4 significantly improve the efficiency, effectiveness, 

5 costs, and environmental performance of coal and 

6 natural gas use. 

7 ‘‘(2) REQUIREMENTS.—The program shall in8 clude— 

9 ‘‘(A) a research and development program; 

10 ‘‘(B) large-scale pilot projects; 

11 ‘‘(C) demonstration projects; and 

12 ‘‘(D) a front-end engineering and design 

13 program. 

14 ‘‘(3) PROGRAM GOALS AND OBJECTIVES.—In 

15 consultation with the interested entities described in 

16 paragraph (5)(C), the Secretary shall develop goals 

17 and objectives for the program to be applied to the 

18 technologies developed within the program, taking 

19 into consideration the following: 

20 ‘‘(A) Increasing the performance of coal 

21 and natural gas plants, including by— 

22 ‘‘(i) ensuring reliable, low-cost power 

23 from new and existing coal and natural gas 

24 plants; 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
7 

•S 1201 IS

1 ‘‘(ii) achieving high conversion effi2 ciencies; 

3 ‘‘(iii) addressing emissions of carbon 

4 dioxide through high-efficiency platforms; 

5 ‘‘(iv) developing small-scale and mod6 ular technologies to support incremental 

7 capacity additions and load following gen8 eration, in addition to large-scale genera9 tion technologies; 

10 ‘‘(v) supporting dispatchable oper11 ations for new and existing applications of 

12 coal and natural gas generation; and 

13 ‘‘(vi) accelerating the development of 

14 technologies that have transformational en15 ergy conversion characteristics. 

16 ‘‘(B) Using carbon capture, utilization, and 

17 sequestration technologies to decrease the car18 bon dioxide emissions, and the environmental 

19 impact from carbon dioxide emissions, from new 

20 and existing coal and natural gas plants, includ21 ing by— 

22 ‘‘(i) accelerating the development of 

23 technologies to capture carbon dioxide 

24 emissions from new and existing coal and 

25 natural gas plants; 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
8 

•S 1201 IS

1 ‘‘(ii) accelerating the development of 

2 technologies to capture carbon dioxide 

3 emissions from industrial facilities, includ4 ing— 

5 ‘‘(I) nontraditional fuel manufac6 turing facilities, including ethanol or 

7 other biofuel production plants; and 

8 ‘‘(II) energy-intensive manufac9 turing facilities that produce carbon 

10 dioxide as a byproduct of operations; 

11 ‘‘(iii) supporting sites for safe geologi12 cal storage of large volumes of anthropo13 genic sources of carbon dioxide and the de14 velopment of the infrastructure needed to 

15 support a carbon dioxide utilization and 

16 storage industry; 

17 ‘‘(iv) improving the conversion, utili18 zation, and storage of carbon dioxide pro19 duced from fossil fuels and other anthropo20 genic sources of carbon dioxide; 

21 ‘‘(v) lowering greenhouse gas emis22 sions for all fossil fuel production, genera23 tion, delivery, and use, to the maximum ex24 tent practicable; 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
9 

•S 1201 IS

1 ‘‘(vi) developing carbon utilization 

2 technologies, products, and methods, in3 cluding carbon use and reuse for commer4 cial application; and 

5 ‘‘(vii) developing net-negative carbon 

6 dioxide emissions technologies. 

7 ‘‘(C) Decreasing the non-carbon dioxide 

8 relevant environmental impacts of coal and nat9 ural gas production, including by— 

10 ‘‘(i) further reducing non-carbon diox11 ide air emissions; and 

12 ‘‘(ii) reducing the use, and managing 

13 the discharge, of water in power plant op14 erations. 

15 ‘‘(D) Examining methods of converting 

16 coal and natural gas to other valuable products 

17 and commodities in addition to electricity. 

18 ‘‘(4) CROSS-CUTTING DIRECTION FOR CARBON

19 CAPTURE, UTILIZATION, AND SEQUESTRATION AC20 TIVITIES.—The carbon capture, utilization, and se21 questration activities described in paragraph (3)(B) 

22 shall be— 

23 ‘‘(A) cross-cutting in nature; and 

24 ‘‘(B) carried out by the Assistant Sec25 retary for Fossil Energy, in coordination with 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
10 

•S 1201 IS

1 the heads of other relevant offices of the De2 partment, including the Director of the Office 

3 of Science and the Assistant Secretary for En4 ergy Efficiency and Renewable Energy. 

5 ‘‘(5) CONSULTATIONS REQUIRED.—In carrying 

6 out the program, the Secretary shall— 

7 ‘‘(A) undertake international collabora8 tions, taking into consideration the rec9 ommendations of the National Coal Council; 

10 ‘‘(B) use existing authorities to encourage 

11 international cooperation; and 

12 ‘‘(C) consult with interested entities, in13 cluding— 

14 ‘‘(i) coal and natural gas producers; 

15 ‘‘(ii) industries that use coal and nat16 ural gas; 

17 ‘‘(iii) organizations that promote coal, 

18 advanced coal, and natural gas tech19 nologies; 

20 ‘‘(iv) environmental organizations; 

21 ‘‘(v) organizations representing work22 ers; and 

23 ‘‘(vi) organizations representing con24 sumers. 

25 ‘‘(c) REPORT.— 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
11 

•S 1201 IS

1 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Not later than 18 months 

2 after the date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil 

3 Fuel Energy Carbon Technology Act of 2019, the 

4 Secretary shall submit to Congress a report describ5 ing the program goals and objectives adopted under 

6 subsection (b)(3). 

7 ‘‘(2) UPDATE.—Not less frequently than once 

8 every 2 years after the initial report is submitted 

9 under paragraph (1), the Secretary shall submit to 

10 Congress a report describing the progress made to11 wards achieving the program goals and objectives 

12 adopted under subsection (b)(3). 

13 ‘‘(d) FUNDING.— 

14 ‘‘(1) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.— 

15 There are authorized to be appropriated to the Sec16 retary to carry out this section, to remain available 

17 until expended— 

18 ‘‘(A) for activities under the research and 

19 development program component described in 

20 subsection (b)(2)(A)— 

21 ‘‘(i) $230,000,000 for each of fiscal 

22 years 2020 and 2021; and 

23 ‘‘(ii) $150,000,000 for each of fiscal 

24 years 2022 through 2024; 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
12 

•S 1201 IS

1 ‘‘(B) subject to paragraph (2), for activi2 ties under the large-scale pilot projects program 

3 component described in subsection (b)(2)(B)— 

4 ‘‘(i) $347,000,000 for each of fiscal 

5 years 2020 and 2021; 

6 ‘‘(ii) $272,000,000 for each of fiscal 

7 years 2022 and 2023; and 

8 ‘‘(iii) $250,000,000 for fiscal year 

9 2024; 

10 ‘‘(C) for activities under the demonstration 

11 projects program component described in sub12 section (b)(2)(C)— 

13 ‘‘(i) $100,000,000 for each of fiscal 

14 years 2020 and 2021; and 

15 ‘‘(ii) $500,000,000 for each of fiscal 

16 years 2022 through 2024; and 

17 ‘‘(D) for activities under the front-end en18 gineering and design program described in sub19 section (b)(2)(D), $50,000,000 for each of fis20 cal years 2020 through 2023. 

21 ‘‘(2) COST SHARING FOR LARGE-SCALE PILOT

22 PROJECTS.—Activities under subsection (b)(2)(B) 

23 shall be subject to the cost-sharing requirements of 

24 section 988(b).’’. 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
13 

•S 1201 IS

1 (b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 

2 for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–58; 

3 119 Stat. 600) is amended by striking the item relating 

4 to section 962 and inserting the following: 

‘‘Sec. 962. Coal and natural gas technology program.’’. 

5 SEC. 3. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING. 

6 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Energy Policy Act of 2005 

7 is amended by striking section 963 (42 U.S. C. 16293) 

8 and inserting the following: 

9 ‘‘SEC. 963. CARBON STORAGE VALIDATION AND TESTING. 

10 ‘‘(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: 

11 ‘‘(1) ELECTRIC GENERATION UNIT.—The term 

12 ‘electric generation unit’ means an electric genera13 tion unit that— 

14 ‘‘(A) uses coal- or natural gas-based gen15 eration technology; and 

16 ‘‘(B) is capable of capturing carbon dioxide 

17 emissions from the unit. 

18 ‘‘(2) LARGE-SCALE CARBON SEQUESTRATION.— 

19 The term ‘large-scale carbon sequestration’ means a 

20 scale that demonstrates the ability to inject into geo21 logic formations and sequester several million metric 

22 tons of carbon dioxide for not less than a 10-year 

23 period. 

24 ‘‘(3) PROGRAM.—The term ‘program’ means 

25 the program established under subsection (b)(1). 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
14 

•S 1201 IS

1 ‘‘(b) CARBON STORAGE PROGRAM.— 

2 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall estab3 lish a program of research, development, and dem4 onstration for carbon storage. 

5 ‘‘(2) PROGRAM ACTIVITIES.—Activities under 

6 the program shall include— 

7 ‘‘(A) in coordination with relevant Federal 

8 agencies, developing and maintaining mapping 

9 tools and resources that assess the capacity of 

10 geologic storage formation in the United States; 

11 ‘‘(B) developing monitoring tools, modeling 

12 of geologic formations, and analyses— 

13 ‘‘(i) to predict and verify carbon diox14 ide containment; and 

15 ‘‘(ii) to account for sequestered car16 bon dioxide in geologic storage sites; 

17 ‘‘(C) researching— 

18 ‘‘(i) potential environmental, safety, 

19 and health impacts in the event of a leak 

20 into the atmosphere or to an aquifer; and 

21 ‘‘(ii) any corresponding mitigation ac22 tions or responses to limit harmful con23 sequences of such a leak; 

24 ‘‘(D) evaluating the interactions of carbon 

25 dioxide with formation solids and fluids, includVerDate Sep 11 2014 22:07 Apr 29, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00014 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S1201.IS S1201

pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
15 

•S 1201 IS

1 ing the propensity of injections to induce seis2 mic activity; 

3 ‘‘(E) assessing and ensuring the safety of 

4 operations relating to geologic sequestration of 

5 carbon dioxide; 

6 ‘‘(F) determining the fate of carbon diox7 ide concurrent with and following injection into 

8 geologic formations; and 

9 ‘‘(G) supporting cost and business model 

10 assessments to examine the economic viability 

11 of technologies and systems developed under the 

12 program. 

13 ‘‘(3) GEOLOGIC SETTINGS.—In carrying out re14 search activities under this subsection, the Secretary 

15 shall consider a variety of candidate geologic set16 tings, including— 

17 ‘‘(A) operating oil and gas fields; 

18 ‘‘(B) depleted oil and gas fields; 

19 ‘‘(C) residual oil zones; 

20 ‘‘(D) unconventional reservoirs and rock 

21 types; 

22 ‘‘(E) unmineable coal seams; 

23 ‘‘(F) saline formations in both sedimentary 

24 and basaltic geologies; 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
16 

•S 1201 IS

1 ‘‘(G) geologic systems that may be used as 

2 engineered reservoirs to extract economical 

3 quantities of brine from geothermal resources of 

4 low permeability or porosity; and 

5 ‘‘(H) geologic systems containing in situ 

6 carbon dioxide mineralization formations. 

7 ‘‘(c) LARGE-SCALE CARBON SEQUESTRATION DEM8 ONSTRATION PROGRAM.— 

9 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall estab10 lish a demonstration program under which the Sec11 retary shall provide funding for demonstration 

12 projects to collect and validate information on the 

13 cost and feasibility of commercial deployment of 

14 large-scale carbon sequestration technologies. 

15 ‘‘(2) EXISTING REGIONAL CARBON SEQUESTRA16 TION PARTNERSHIPS.—In carrying out paragraph 

17 (1), the Secretary may provide additional funding to 

18 regional carbon sequestration partnerships that are 

19 carrying out or have completed a large-scale carbon 

20 sequestration demonstration project under this sec21 tion (as in effect on the day before the date of enact22 ment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel Energy Carbon 

23 Technology Act of 2019) for additional work on that 

24 project. 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
17 

•S 1201 IS

1 ‘‘(3) DEMONSTRATION COMPONENTS.—Each 

2 demonstration project carried out under this sub3 section shall include longitudinal tests involving car4 bon dioxide injection and monitoring, mitigation, 

5 and verification operations. 

6 ‘‘(4) CLEARINGHOUSE.—The National Energy 

7 Technology Laboratory shall act as a clearinghouse 

8 of shared information and resources for— 

9 ‘‘(A) existing or completed demonstration 

10 projects receiving additional funding under 

11 paragraph (2); and 

12 ‘‘(B) any new demonstration projects fund13 ed under this subsection. 

14 ‘‘(5) REPORT.—Not later than 1 year after the 

15 date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel En16 ergy Carbon Technology Act of 2019, the Secretary 

17 shall submit to the Committee on Energy and Nat18 ural Resources of the Senate and the Committee on 

19 Science, Space, and Technology of the House of 

20 Representatives a report that— 

21 ‘‘(A) assesses the progress of all regional 

22 carbon sequestration partnerships carrying out 

23 a demonstration project under this subsection; 

24 ‘‘(B) identifies the remaining challenges in 

25 achieving large-scale carbon sequestration that 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
18 

•S 1201 IS

1 is reliable and safe for the environment and 

2 public health; and 

3 ‘‘(C) creates a roadmap for carbon storage 

4 research and development activities of the De5 partment through 2025, with the goal of reduc6 ing economic and policy barriers to commercial 

7 carbon sequestration. 

8 ‘‘(d) INTEGRATED STORAGE PROGRAM.— 

9 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary may estab10 lish a program to transition large-scale carbon se11 questration demonstration projects under subsection 

12 (c) into integrated commercial storage complexes. 

13 ‘‘(2) GOALS AND OBJECTIVES.—The goals and 

14 objectives of the program described in paragraph (1) 

15 shall be— 

16 ‘‘(A) to identify geologic storage sites that 

17 are able to accept large volumes of carbon diox18 ide acceptable for commercial contracts; 

19 ‘‘(B) to understand the technical and com20 mercial viability of carbon dioxide geologic stor21 age sites; and 

22 ‘‘(C) to carry out any other activities nec23 essary to transition the large-scale carbon se24 questration demonstration projects under subVerDate Sep 11 2014 22:07 Apr 29, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00018 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S1201.IS S1201

pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
19 

•S 1201 IS

1 section (c) into integrated commercial storage 

2 complexes. 

3 ‘‘(e) COST SHARING.—Activities carried out under 

4 this section shall be subject to the cost-sharing require5 ments of section 988. 

6 ‘‘(f) REPORT ON CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE CON7 TRACTING AUTHORITY.— 

8 ‘‘(1) REPORT.—Not later than 180 days after 

9 the date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil Fuel 

10 Energy Carbon Technology Act of 2019, the Sec11 retary shall submit to the Committee on Energy and 

12 Natural Resources of the Senate and the Committee 

13 on Science, Space, and Technology of the House of 

14 Representatives a report that— 

15 ‘‘(A) describes the costs and benefits of en16 tering into long-term binding contracts on be17 half of the Federal Government with qualified 

18 parties to provide support for capturing carbon 

19 dioxide from electricity generated at an electric 

20 generation unit or carbon dioxide captured from 

21 an electric generation unit and sold to a pur22 chaser for— 

23 ‘‘(i) the recovery of crude oil; or 

24 ‘‘(ii) other purposes for which a com25 mercial market exists; 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
20 

•S 1201 IS

1 ‘‘(B) contains an analysis of how the De2 partment would establish, implement, and 

3 maintain a contracting program described in 

4 subparagraph (A); and 

5 ‘‘(C) outlines options for how contracts 

6 may be structured, and regulations that would 

7 be necessary, to implement a contracting pro8 gram described in subparagraph (A). 

9 ‘‘(g) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

10 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

11 out this section— 

12 ‘‘(1) $105,000,000 for fiscal year 2020; 

13 ‘‘(2) $110,250,000 for fiscal year 2021; 

14 ‘‘(3) $115,763,000 for fiscal year 2022; 

15 ‘‘(4) $121,551,000 for fiscal year 2023; and 

16 ‘‘(5) $127,628,000 for fiscal year 2024.’’. 

17 (b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 

18 for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–58; 

19 119 Stat. 600; 121 Stat. 1708) is amended by striking 

20 the item relating to section 963 and inserting the fol21 lowing: 

‘‘Sec. 963. Carbon storage validation and testing.’’. 

22 SEC. 4. CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM. 

23 (a) CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM.— 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
21 

•S 1201 IS

1 (1) IN GENERAL.—Subtitle F of title IX of the 

2 Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16291 et 

3 seq.) is amended by adding at the end the following: 

4 ‘‘SEC. 969. CARBON UTILIZATION PROGRAM. 

5 ‘‘(a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish a 

6 program of research, development, and demonstration for 

7 carbon utilization— 

8 ‘‘(1) to assess and monitor— 

9 ‘‘(A) potential changes in lifecycle carbon 

10 dioxide and other greenhouse gas emissions; 

11 and 

12 ‘‘(B) other environmental safety indicators 

13 of new technologies, practices, processes, or 

14 methods used in enhanced hydrocarbon recovery 

15 as part of the activities authorized under sec16 tion 963; 

17 ‘‘(2) to identify and assess novel uses for car18 bon, including the conversion of carbon dioxide for 

19 commercial and industrial products, such as— 

20 ‘‘(A) chemicals; 

21 ‘‘(B) plastics; 

22 ‘‘(C) building materials; 

23 ‘‘(D) fuels; 

24 ‘‘(E) cement; 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
22 

•S 1201 IS

1 ‘‘(F) products of coal use in power systems 

2 or other applications; or 

3 ‘‘(G) other products with demonstrated 

4 market value; 

5 ‘‘(3) to identify and assess carbon capture tech6 nologies for industrial systems; and 

7 ‘‘(4) to identify and assess alternative uses for 

8 coal, including products derived from carbon engi9 neering, carbon fiber, and coal conversion methods. 

10 ‘‘(b) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

11 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

12 out this section— 

13 ‘‘(1) $25,000,000 for fiscal year 2020; 

14 ‘‘(2) $26,250,000 for fiscal year 2021; 

15 ‘‘(3) $27,562,500 for fiscal year 2022; 

16 ‘‘(4) $28,940,625 for fiscal year 2023; and 

17 ‘‘(5) $30,387,656 for fiscal year 2024.’’. 

18 (2) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of 

19 contents for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public 

20 Law 109–58; 119 Stat. 600) is amended by adding 

21 at the end of the items relating to subtitle F of title 

22 IX the following: 

‘‘Sec. 969. Carbon utilization program.’’. 

23 (b) STUDY.— 

24 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary of Energy 

25 shall enter into an agreement with the National 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
23 

•S 1201 IS

1 Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 

2 under which the National Academies of Sciences, 

3 Engineering, and Medicine shall conduct a study to 

4 assess any barriers and opportunities relating to 

5 commercializing carbon dioxide in the United States. 

6 (2) REQUIREMENTS.—The study under para7 graph (1) shall— 

8 (A) analyze challenges to commercializing 

9 carbon dioxide, including— 

10 (i) expanding carbon dioxide pipeline 

11 capacity; 

12 (ii) mitigating environmental impacts; 

13 (iii) access to capital; 

14 (iv) geographic barriers; and 

15 (v) regional economic challenges and 

16 opportunities; 

17 (B) identify potential markets, industries, 

18 or sectors that may benefit from greater access 

19 to commercial carbon dioxide; 

20 (C) assess— 

21 (i) the state of infrastructure as of 

22 the date of the study; and 

23 (ii) any necessary updates to infra24 structure to allow for the integration of 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
24 

•S 1201 IS

1 safe and reliable carbon dioxide transpor2 tation, use, and storage; 

3 (D) describe the economic, climate, and en4 vironmental impacts of any well-integrated na5 tional carbon dioxide pipeline system, including 

6 suggestions for policies that could— 

7 (i) improve the economic impact of 

8 the system; and 

9 (ii) mitigate impacts of the system; 

10 (E) assess the global status and progress 

11 of chemical and biological carbon utilization 

12 technologies in practice as of the date of the 

13 study that utilize anthropogenic carbon, includ14 ing carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, 

15 and biogas, from power generation, biofuels 

16 production, and other industrial processes; 

17 (F) identify emerging technologies and ap18 proaches for carbon utilization that show prom19 ise for scale-up, demonstration, deployment, 

20 and commercialization; 

21 (G) analyze the factors associated with 

22 making carbon utilization technologies viable at 

23 a commercial scale, including carbon waste 

24 stream availability, economics, market capacity, 

25 energy, and lifecycle requirements; 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
25 

•S 1201 IS

1 (H)(i) assess the major technical chal2 lenges associated with increasing the commer3 cial viability of carbon reuse technologies; and 

4 (ii) identify the research and development 

5 questions that will address the challenges de6 scribed in clause (i); 

7 (I)(i) assess research efforts being carried 

8 out as of the date of the study, including basic, 

9 applied, engineering, and computational re10 search efforts, that are addressing the chal11 lenges described in subparagraph (H)(i); and 

12 (ii) identify gaps in the research efforts 

13 under clause (i); and 

14 (J) develop a comprehensive research agen15 da that addresses long- and short-term research 

16 needs and opportunities. 

17 (3) DEADLINE.—Not later than 180 days after 

18 the date of enactment of this Act, the National 

19 Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine 

20 shall submit to the Secretary of Energy a report de21 scribing the results of the study under paragraph 

22 (1). 

23 SEC. 5. CARBON REMOVAL. 

24 (a) IN GENERAL.—Subtitle F of title IX of the En25 ergy Policy Act of 2005 (42 U.S.C. 16291 et seq.) (as 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
26 

•S 1201 IS

1 amended by section 4(a)(1)) is amended by adding at the 

2 end the following: 

3 ‘‘SEC. 969A. CARBON REMOVAL. 

4 ‘‘(a) ESTABLISHMENT.—The Secretary, in coordina5 tion with the heads of appropriate Federal agencies, in6 cluding the Secretary of Agriculture, shall establish a re7 search, development, and demonstration program (re8 ferred to in this section as the ‘program’) to test, validate, 

9 or improve technologies and strategies to remove carbon 

10 dioxide from the atmosphere on a large scale. 

11 ‘‘(b) CROSS-CUTTING DIRECTION.—The Secretary 

12 shall ensure that the program— 

13 ‘‘(1) is cross-cutting in nature; and 

14 ‘‘(2) includes the coordinated participation of 

15 the Office of Fossil Energy, the Office of Science, 

16 and the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable 

17 Energy. 

18 ‘‘(c) PROGRAM ACTIVITIES.—The program may in19 clude research, development, and demonstration activities 

20 relating to— 

21 ‘‘(1) direct air capture and storage technologies; 

22 ‘‘(2) bioenergy with carbon capture and seques23 tration; 

24 ‘‘(3) enhanced geological weathering; 

25 ‘‘(4) agricultural and grazing practices; 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
27 

•S 1201 IS

1 ‘‘(5) forest management and afforestation; and 

2 ‘‘(6) planned or managed carbon sinks, includ3 ing natural and artificial. 

4 ‘‘(d) REQUIREMENTS.—In developing and identifying 

5 carbon removal technologies and strategies under the pro6 gram, the Secretary shall consider— 

7 ‘‘(1) land use changes, including impacts on 

8 natural and managed ecosystems; 

9 ‘‘(2) ocean acidification; 

10 ‘‘(3) net greenhouse gas emissions; 

11 ‘‘(4) commercial viability; 

12 ‘‘(5) potential for near-term impact; 

13 ‘‘(6) potential for carbon reductions on a 

14 gigaton scale; and 

15 ‘‘(7) economic cobenefits. 

16 ‘‘(e) AIR CAPTURE TECHNOLOGY PRIZE COMPETI17 TION.— 

18 ‘‘(1) DEFINITIONS.—In this subsection: 

19 ‘‘(A) DILUTE MEDIA.—The term ‘dilute 

20 media’ means media in which the concentration 

21 of carbon dioxide is less than 1 percent by vol22 ume. 

23 ‘‘(B) PRIZE COMPETITION.—The term 

24 ‘prize competition’ means the competitive techVerDate Sep 11 2014 22:07 Apr 29, 2019 Jkt 089200 PO 00000 Frm 00027 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S1201.IS S1201

pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
28 

•S 1201 IS

1 nology prize competition established under 

2 paragraph (2). 

3 ‘‘(2) ESTABLISHMENT.—Not later than 1 year 

4 after the date of enactment of the Enhancing Fossil 

5 Fuel Energy Carbon Technology Act of 2019, the 

6 Secretary, in consultation with the Administrator of 

7 the Environmental Protection Agency, shall establish 

8 as part of the program a competitive technology 

9 prize competition to award prizes for carbon dioxide 

10 capture from dilute media. 

11 ‘‘(3) REQUIREMENTS.—In carrying out this 

12 subsection, the Secretary, in accordance with section 

13 24 of the Stevenson-Wydler Technology Innovation 

14 Act of 1980 (15 U.S.C. 3719), shall develop require15 ments for— 

16 ‘‘(A) the prize competition process; and 

17 ‘‘(B) monitoring and verification proce18 dures for projects selected to receive a prize 

19 under the prize competition. 

20 ‘‘(4) ELIGIBLE PROJECTS.—To be eligible to be 

21 awarded a prize under the prize competition, a 

22 project shall— 

23 ‘‘(A) meet minimum performance stand24 ards set by the Secretary; 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
29 

•S 1201 IS

1 ‘‘(B) meet minimum levels set by the Sec2 retary for the capture of carbon dioxide from 

3 dilute media; and 

4 ‘‘(C) demonstrate in the application of the 

5 project for a prize— 

6 ‘‘(i) a design for a promising carbon 

7 capture technology that will— 

8 ‘‘(I) be operated on a demonstra9 tion scale; and 

10 ‘‘(II) have the potential to 

11 achieve significant reduction in the 

12 level of carbon dioxide in the atmos13 phere; 

14 ‘‘(ii) a successful bench-scale dem15 onstration of a carbon capture technology; 

16 or 

17 ‘‘(iii) an operational carbon capture 

18 technology on a commercial scale. 

19 ‘‘(f) INTRAAGENCY COORDINATION.—The direct air 

20 capture activities carried out under subsections (c)(1) and 

21 (e) shall be carried out in coordination with, and 

22 leveraging lessons learned from, the coal and natural gas 

23 technology program established under section 962(b)(1). 

24 ‘‘(g) ACCOUNTING.—The Secretary shall collaborate 

25 with the Administrator of the Environmental Protection 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
30 

•S 1201 IS

1 Agency and the heads of other relevant Federal agencies 

2 to develop and improve accounting frameworks and tools 

3 to accurately measure carbon removal and sequestration 

4 methods and technologies across the Federal Government. 

5 ‘‘(h) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There 

6 are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary to carry 

7 out this section— 

8 ‘‘(1) $45,000,000 for fiscal year 2020, of which 

9 $15,000,000 shall be used to carry out subsection 

10 (e); 

11 ‘‘(2) $31,500,000 for fiscal year 2021; 

12 ‘‘(3) $33,075,000 for fiscal year 2022; 

13 ‘‘(4) $34,729,000 for fiscal year 2023; and 

14 ‘‘(5) $36,465,000 for fiscal year 2024.’’. 

15 (b) TECHNICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of contents 

16 for the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (Public Law 109–58; 

17 119 Stat. 600) (as amended by section 4(a)(2)) is amend18 ed by adding at the end of the items relating to subtitle 

19 F of title IX the following: 

‘‘Sec. 969A. Carbon removal.’’. 

20 SEC. 6. FOSSIL ENERGY. 

21 Section 961(a) of the Energy Policy Act of 2005 (42 

22 U.S.C. 16291(a)) is amended— 

23 (1) in paragraph (6), by inserting ‘‘, including 

24 technology development to reduce emissions of car25 bon dioxide and associated emissions of heavy metals 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS
31 

•S 1201 IS

1 within coal combustion residues and gas streams re2 sulting from fossil fuel use and production’’ before 

3 the period at the end; and 

4 (2) by striking paragraph (7) and inserting the 

5 following: 

6 ‘‘(7) Increasing the export of emissions control 

7 technologies from the United States for fossil en8 ergy-related equipment, technology, and services. 

9 ‘‘(8) Developing carbon removal and utilization 

10 technologies, products, and methods that result in 

11 net reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, includ12 ing direct air capture and storage, and carbon use 

13 and reuse for commercial application. 

14 ‘‘(9) Improving the conversion, use, and storage 

15 of carbon dioxide produced from fossil fuels.’’. 

Æ 


pbinns on DSK79D2C42PROD with BILLS