# Patent

## Title
Linear voltage regulator

## Abstract

A linear voltage regulator provides a regulated load voltage to a load. In a preferred embodiment, the linear voltage regulator includes: a regulating circuit for receiving an input voltage and providing an output voltage to a load, the regulating circuit being driven by a driving voltage; and two resistors connected to each other in series receiving the output voltage and providing an adjusting current to the regulating circuit. The linear voltage regulator is capable of providing a greater current to the load, and having a wide range of input voltages.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to voltage regulators, and particularly to a linear voltage regulator for providing a regulated voltage to a load mounted on a motherboard.
2. General Background
Linear voltage regulators are widely used to supply power to electronic devices, such as to a load on a motherboard of a computer. Such linear voltage regulators are available in a wide variety of configurations for many different applications.
Referring to FIG. 3, a typical linear voltage regulator 1 includes a voltage regulator IC (Integrated Circuit) 10. The voltage regulator IC 10 includes an adjusting terminal 11, an input terminal 12, and an output terminal 13. The adjusting terminal 11 receives an adjusting voltage V1. The input terminal 12 receives an input voltage Vin, and is grounded via a first filter capacitor C1. The output terminal 13 provides an output voltage Vout to a load RL, and is grounded via a second filter capacitor C2. Two resistors R1 and R2 are connected to each other in series, between the output terminal 13 and ground. A node N between the resistors R1 and R2 provides the adjusting voltage V1 to the adjusting terminal 11.
An impedance of each of the resistors R1, R2 is adjustable. When the resistor R1 or the resistor R2 has an appropriate impedance, the output voltage Vout can be regulated at a required level.
However, in the voltage regulator IC 10, when the input voltage Vin is 3.3V and the output voltage Vout is 1.5V, a load current is less than 0.1 A. Therefore the linear voltage regulator 1 cannot provide a greater current to the load. Furthermore, in the voltage regulator IC 10, a difference between the input voltage Vin and the output voltage Vout is between 1.3V and 1.5V. Therefore when a 1.5V output voltage Vout is needed, the input voltage Vin must be between 2.8V (i.e., 1.5V+1.3V) and 3.0V (i.e., 1.5V+1.5V). Otherwise, the linear voltage regulator 1 will not run properly.
What is needed, therefore, is a linear voltage regulator which is able to provide a greater current to a load and have a wide range of input voltages.
SUMMARY
A linear voltage regulator is provided for providing a regulated load voltage to a load. In a preferred embodiment, the linear voltage regulator includes: a regulating circuit for receiving an input voltage and providing an output voltage to a load, the regulating circuit being driven by a driving voltage; and two resistors connected to each other in series receiving the output voltage and providing an adjusting current to the regulating circuit. Since a MOSFET is adopted as a regulating means, the load current of the linear voltage regulator is much higher than that of the conventional linear voltage regulator. Due to the regulating means being driven by the driving voltage, the output voltage is independent of the input voltage. Therefore the output voltage is stabilized at about 1.5V when the input voltage is varying within a wide range between about 1.5V and 7.0V.
The linear voltage regulator is capable of providing a greater current to the load, and having a wide range of input voltages.
Other advantages and novel features will become more apparent from the following detailed description of preferred embodiments when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a circuit diagram of a linear voltage regulator of a first preferred embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a circuit diagram of a linear voltage regulator of a second preferred embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 3 is a circuit diagram of a typical linear voltage regulator.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
As shown in FIG. 1, in a first preferred embodiment of the present invention, a linear voltage regulator 2 includes a regulating circuit 20. The regulating circuit 20 includes an adjusting terminal 21, an input terminal 22, and an output terminal 23. The adjusting terminal 21 receives an adjusting current I1. The input terminal 22 receives an input voltage Vin. The output terminal 23 provides an output voltage Vout to a load Rload. A resistive voltage divider (not labeled) comprises two resistors R4 and R5. The resistors R4 and R5 are connected to each other in series, between the output terminal 23 and ground. A node M between the resistor R4 and the resistor R5 provides the adjusting current I1.
The regulating circuit 20 includes a regulating means 201, a transistor amplifier 203, and a current-limiting resistor R3. The regulating means 201 is an N-channel metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET). The transistor amplifier 203 is a bipolar transistor. A base of the transistor amplifier 203 receives the adjusting current I1. An emitter of the transistor amplifier 203 is grounded. A collector of the transistor amplifier 203 is connected to a gate of the regulating means 201. The gate of the regulating means 201 as a controlling pole is coupled to a driving voltage Vd via a current-limiting resistor R3. A drain of the regulating means 201 as an input pole is connected to the input terminal 22 for receiving the input voltage Vin. A source of the regulating means 201 as an output pole is connected to the output terminal 23 for providing the output voltage Vout.
When an output voltage Vout suddenly becomes higher, the adjusting current I1 becomes larger correspondingly. A collector current I2 becomes larger correspondingly. Then a voltage ΔUDG between the gate and the source of the regulating means 201 becomes higher. The increase of the voltage ΔUGS induces a decrease of the output voltage Vout. Therefore the load voltage Vload drops to a same level as before the sudden increase thereof.
Contrarily, when the output voltage Vout suddenly becomes lower, the adjusting current I1 becomes smaller correspondingly. The collector current I2 becomes smaller correspondingly. Then the voltage UDG between the gate and the source of the regulating means 201 becomes lower. The decrease of the voltage ΔUDG induces an increase of the output voltage Vout. Therefore the load voltage Vload climbs to a same level as before the sudden decrease thereof.
In the illustrated embodiment, because that the regulating means 201 is driven by the driving voltage Vd instead of the input voltage Vin, a change of the input voltage Vin cannot influence the conduction capability of the regulating means 201. Therefore the linear voltage regulator 2 can have a wide range of the input voltage Vin. Because the regulating means 201 can have a greater current, the linear voltage regulator 2 can provide a greater current. Furthermore, since the input voltage Vin can be reduced, a power of the linear voltage regulator 2 can be reduced correspondingly.
A relationship of an impedance of the load Rload, the input voltage Vin and the output voltage Vout is shown as follows:

    1) When the input voltage Vin and the driving voltage Vd are invariable. As an example, the input voltage Vin is 3.3V, and the driving voltage Vd is 3.3V. In such case, a relationship of the impedance of the load Rload and the output voltage Vout is shown as follows:









TABLE 1







Relationship between Impedance of Load and Output Voltage










Impedance of load Rload (Ω)
Output voltage Vout (V)







. . .
. . .



8.5
1.508



12.3
1.514



13.2
1.515



15.3
1.515



19.2
1.517



19.7
1.518



24.6
1.519



29.7
1.521



30.5
1.522



38.6
1.523



43.6
1.525



47.5
1.525



52.8
1.526



58.1
1.526



61.4
1.526



. . .
. . .










As seen in TABLE 1, the output voltage Vout is stabilized at about 1.5V. Furthermore, since a MOSFET is adopted as the regulating means 201, a 5.2 A load current Iload is gained. Compare this with the conventional linear voltage regulator 1 (see FIG. 3), wherein when the input voltage Vin is 3.3V and the output voltage Vout is stabilized at about 1.5V, the load current Iload is less than 0.1 A. The load current Iload of the linear voltage regulator 2 is as much as 52 times (or more) higher than that of the conventional linear voltage regulator 1.

    2) When the impedance of the load Rload and the driving voltage Vd are invariable. As an example, the impedance of the load Rload is 100 Ω, and the driving voltage Vd is 3.3V. In such case, a relationship of the input voltage Vin and the output voltage Vout is shown as follows:









TABLE 2







Relationship between Input Voltage and Output Voltage










Input voltage Vin (V)
Output voltage Vout (V)







. . .
. . .



1.505
1.488



1.6
1.512



1.7
1.512



1.8
1.512



2
1.512



2.5
1.512



3
1.512



3.6
1.512



3.8
1.512



4
1.513



4.8
1.513



5.7
1.513



6.2
1.513



6.7
1.513



7
1.513



. . .
. . .










As seen in TABLE 2, due to the regulating means 201 being driven by the driving voltage Vd, the output voltage Vout is independent of the input voltage Vin. Therefore the output voltage Vout is stabilized at about 1.5V when the input voltage Vin is varying within a wide range between about 1.5V and 7.0V.

As shown in FIG. 2, in a second preferred embodiment of the present invention, instead of having a regulating circuit 20, a linear voltage regulator 2′ of the second preferred embodiment has a regulating circuit 20′. The regulating circuit 20′ includes a regulating means 202. The regulating means 202 is a bipolar transistor. A base of the regulating means 202 as a controlling pole is connected to the transistor amplifier 203, and receives the driving voltage Vd. A collector of the regulating means 202 as an input pole is connected to the input terminal 22 for receiving the input voltage Vin. An emitter of the regulating means 202 as an output pole is connected to the output terminal 23 for providing the output voltage Vout.
It is believed that the present embodiments and their advantages will be understood from the foregoing description, and it will be apparent that various changes may be made thereto without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention or sacrificing all of its material advantages, the examples hereinbefore described merely being preferred or exemplary embodiments of the invention.

## Claims

1. A linear voltage regulator comprising:
a regulating circuit for receiving an input voltage and providing an output voltage to a load, the regulating circuit comprising a regulating means and a transistor amplifier, the regulating means comprising a controlling pole, an input pole, and an output pole, and the transistor amplifier comprising a base, an emitter, and a collector; and
two resistors connected to each other in series for receiving the output voltage and providing an adjusting current to the regulating circuit, wherein the base of the transistor amplifier receives the adjusting current, the emitter of the transistor amplifier is grounded, the collector of the transistor amplifier is connected to the controlling pole, the controlling pole receives a driving voltage, instead of the input voltage, for driving the regulating means so that a change in the input voltage cannot influence the conduction capability of the regulating means, the input pole receives the input voltage, and the output pole provides the output voltage.

2. The linear voltage regulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the transistor amplifier is a bipolar transistor.

3. The linear voltage regulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the regulating means is a MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), the controlling pole is a gate of the regulating means, the input pole is a drain of the regulating means, and the output pole is a source of the regulating means.

4. The linear voltage regulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the regulating means is a bipolar transistor, the controlling pole is a base of the regulating means, the input pole is a collector of the regulating means, and the output pole is an emitter of the regulating means.

5. The linear voltage regulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the input voltage is 3.3V.

6. The linear voltage regulator as claimed in claim 1, wherein the output voltage is 1.5V.

7. A linear voltage regulator comprising:
a regulating means comprising a controlling pole, an input pole and an output pole, the input pole receiving an input voltage, the output pole providing an output voltage, the controlling pole receiving a driving voltage, instead of the input voltage, for driving the regulating means so that a change in the input voltage cannot influence the conduction capability of the regulating means;
a transistor amplifier including a base receiving an adjusting current, an emitter being grounded, and a collector being connected to the controlling pole; and
a resistive voltage divider receiving the output voltage and providing the adjusting current to the base.

8. The linear voltage regulator as claimed in claim 7, wherein the resistive voltage divider comprises two resistors, the resistors are connected to each other in series between the output pole and ground, and a node between the resistors provides the adjusting current to the base.

9. The linear voltage regulator as claimed in claim 7, wherein the regulating means is an N-channel MOSFET (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor), the controlling pole is a gate of the regulating means, the input pole is a drain of the regulating means, and the output pole is a source of the regulating means.

10. The linear voltage regulator as claimed in claim 7, wherein the regulating means is a bipolar transistor, the controlling pole is a base of the regulating means, the input pole is a collector of the regulating means, and the output pole is an emitter of the regulating means.

11. The linear voltage regulator as claimed in claim 7, wherein the input voltage is 3.3V.

12. The linear voltage regulator as claimed in claim 7, wherein the output voltage is 1.5V.

13. A voltage regulator comprising:
a regulating means capable of accepting an input voltage and generating an output voltage under control of a driving voltage independent from said input voltage;
an amplifier electrically connected with said regulating means and capable of accepting an electrical current caused by said output voltage of said regulating means so as to control said regulating means together with said driving voltage.

14. The voltage regulator as claimed in claim 13, wherein said regulating means is a selective one of a metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistor (MOSFET) and a bipolar transistor.

15. The voltage regulator as claimed in claim 13, further comprising a voltage divider electrically connected between said regulating means and amplifier so as to generate said electrical current for said amplifier based on said output voltage of said regulating means.