The Great Outdoors: 

Household Consumption of Outdoor Recreation from 2000 to 2022 from the CEX

Mark Stroud, MA

The College of Staten Island

David A. King, Ph.D.

Arizona State University

Jonathan R. Peters, Ph.D.

The College of Staten Island & The CUNY Graduate School

U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics Microdata User Conference

Washington, DC

July 22, 2023
Abstract

The 2020 Covid19 pandemic caused many radical impacts on various forms of household consumption. This study looks to 

explore how households shifted their consumption of traditional recreation activities to and from outdoor recreational 

products and services. Travel and recreational options such as theme parks, hotels, group tours, museums, cultural events 

and cruises were unavailable or severely limited in scope during the pandemic. Thus, households were forced to seek other 

forms of recreation and relaxation – with the apparent growth in outdoor activities. The U.S. Forest Service (USFS) had 

conducted a study of outdoor recreation activity starting in the 1960’s, but this survey was discontinued in 2009, leaving a 

gap in our understanding of outdoor recreation. This study looks to compare some of the historic BLS CEX data to the 

USFS survey results and look to understand how outdoor recreation changed in response to the pandemic and how it is 

further changing as the result of a return to a new normal in our economy.
Outdoor Recreation

Just what do we consider Outdoor Recreation?

What components of Spending comprise Outdoor Recreation Spending?
Interest in Outdoor Recreation

• Important component of economic activity in many states

• Important component of employment in many states

• Radical Changes during the COVID19 Pandemic

• Interest in how consumption changed during that period

• How is this sector rebounding in terms of activity and spending?

• Will household change their consumption patterns after the shock of 

COVID19?
So – What is Outdoor Recreation?

• U.S Forest Service conducted a survey on outdoor recreation in the 

United States from 1960 to 2009.

• Survey had reported usage activity as well as frequency of use.

• Survey is not currently conducted.

• Other Potential Sources of Data:

• U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis has started to collect and report 

data on Recreation via the National Income and Product Accounts –

the Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account.

• BLS also has the American Time Use Survey

• And – the BLS CEX Data – ongoing data collection
Various Activities

• Capital Intensive – Motorboating, RV’s, and such

• Time Intensive – Walking, Hiking and Such

• Fee Intensive – Theme Parks, Downhill Skiing and such

• Studying these activities will require some discussion as to how best 

to measure these various items

• Economic Value

• Health Value

• Time Use 
How Do we define Outdoor Recreation?

• One Component of the Leisure Sector that include Sports and Travel

• Leisure and Sports in the BLS Time Use Survey

• Part of Entertainment Consumption Group at BLS CEX Survey

• Encompasses a broad range of activities in the U.S. Forest Service 

Recreational Activities Survey.
BLS Time Use Survey

How Households Spend Their Time


National Survey on 

Recreation and the Environment

U.S Forest Service – Lead Agency

1960-2009

This publication presents a national study of outdoor recreation trends as part of the Renewable Resources 

Planning Act Assessment by the Forest Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture. The objectives are to review 

past trends in outdoor recreation participation by Americans, to describe in detail current outdoor recreation 

participation patterns, and to compare patterns across regional and demographic strata. Further objectives 

include describing recreation activity participation on public and private lands and providing projections of 

outdoor recreation participation out to the year 2060. One overriding national trend is quite evident: the mix 

of outdoor activities chosen by Americans and the relative popularity of activities overall have been 

evolving over the last several decades. One general category of activity that has been showing growth in the 

first decade of the 21st century is nature-based recreation. Between 2000 and 2009, the number of people who 

participated in nature based outdoor recreation grew by 7.1 percent and the number of activity days grew about 

40 percent. Among types of nature-based recreation, motorized activities showed growth up to about 2005, but 

then ended up toward the end of the 2000-2009 decade at about the same level as in 2000. The trend in 

hunting, fishing, and backcountry activities remained relatively flat during this period. Various forms of skiing, 

including snowboarding, declined during this decade. The clear growth area was within the overall group of 

activities oriented toward viewing and photographing nature. Generally, outdoor recreation activities are 

projected to grow in number of participants out to 2060. Population growth is projected to be the primary driver 

of growth in number of adult participants under each RPA Assessment scenario. The top five activities in terms 

of growth of number of participants are developed skiing, other skiing, challenge activities, equestrian activities, 

and motorized water activities. The lowest rates of participant growth are visiting primitive areas, motorized offroad activities, motorized snow activities, hunting, fishing, and floating water activities. At the same time, a 

number of activities are projected to decline in per-capita adult participation rates.
Recreational Activities

• Level of Activity – Hours and Days of Activity

• Growth Rate in Use – How Use is changing

• Some activities growing in terms of use

• Some activities are very high in terms of total hours or days

• Some activities have a very high share of households that participate.








Fishing





U.S. Commerce Department

Bureau of Economic Analysis 

Outdoor Recreation Satellite Account

BEA - Geography of outdoor recreation

Outdoor recreation is measured by place of production, not residence of consumer. 

The value of manufactured goods, such as boats, is assigned to the state where 

they are produced, even if the goods are not ultimately used there. Services, such 

as sailing lessons, are assigned to the location where they are consumed. The value 

of services provided by retailers, such as boat dealers, is also assigned to the 

location of sale. The services of retailers (known as trade margins) are not measured 

by sales but are most akin to sales less the cost of goods sold. The production of 

imported goods is excluded from ORSA, but the value of the services of retailers 

selling the imported goods is included.

Outdoor recreation spending and production are allocated to states by applying 

state-level data to detailed, underlying national values. The underlying estimates 

are distributed to states before aggregation to publication levels to provide the 

most accurate state values possible. Statistics are primarily based on time-series 

data generated from the Economic Census and Quarterly Census of Employment 

and Wages. Additional government and nongovernment data sources are used to 

supplement the census data and to refine and evaluate the statistics.



BLS CEX Data

Products in Outdoor Recreation

Some Proposed Items and our Work Plan
Prior Work and Methods

• The BLS Staff has welcomed us to this conference before.

• We have benefited greatly from our interactions with BLS Staff

• This is a new area of study for us – but is using similar methods as we used 

in prior studies. 

• We have also developed some techniques that we have used in the past to 

study the consumption patterns.

• Four Basic Metrics:

• 1) Frequency of households having a particular spending item

• 2) Amount of money spent on item.

• 3) User Household Spending

• 4) Average Household Spending
BLS Locational Data 

• BLS CEX data will be based on location of Consumer Unit

• A few different possible groupings:

• Local Consumption – activities you do around home

• Consumption of Transportation Services – travel services

• Away From Home Consumption – activities you do away from home

• BLS provides us with some variables that help sort these items and let us 

examine these different activities.

• Pandemic may have altered the availability of away from home activies.
Outdoor Recreation in the CEX 1

• Hunting and Fishing Equipment – UCC 600420

• Athletic Gear Game Table and Exercise Equip - UCC 600210

• Bicycles - UCC 600310

• Camping Equipment - UCC 600410 

• Hunting and Fishing Equip - UCC 600420

• Water Sports Equip - UCC 600901

• Purchase of boat with motor - UCC 600132
Outdoor Stuff 2

• Outdoor Equipment Snow Lawn etc - UCC 320410

• Outdoor Furniture - UCC 290430

• Camp Fees

• Gasoline - UCC

• Vehicles:

• Motorcycles – New (UCC xx) and Used (UCC xx) 

• RVs –

• Sports Wear -

Typical Camping Trip –

New Jersey to Maryland

• Spending falls into a few categories

• Fuel consumed on trip 

• Food – likely purchased at home and used on trip

• Consumption goods purchased on trip – additional food, travel 

guides, forgotten items, local goods.

• Food purchased on road – ice cream, food at rest stops and such

• Cost of campsite

• Cost of Firewood
Consumptive Activities versus Capital 

Activities

• We may want to examine different types of consumption.

• Purchase of a bicycle or a boat or camping equipment – Capital

• Purchase of Motorcycle or RV - Capital

• Purchase of meals during activity – Use 

• Purchase of admission or user passes – Use

• Purchase of lessons or training - Use

• The 2020 Pandemic stimulated some consumptive activity that might not have been in 

the normal user consumption bucket.

• Other 2020 Purchases may be more of capital investment – which is likely to have a 

rebound impact in later periods – you bought a bicycle – so you do not need another 

bicycle in 2021 or 2022.

• Supply chain issues may impact some purchases – lack of stuff

• Operational Issues may impact some purchases – lack of staff
Rebound or Not?

• When we force a household to change their consumption patterns –

how do they rebound after that change?

• Supply chain issues – goods not available – so you purchase 

something else.

• COVID19 Restrictions – you cannot purchase former good or engage 

in activity – so you do something else.

• Theme Park Holiday versus Camping

• RV Use versus Hotel Stay

• Driving versus Flying

• Do you return to the original consumption pattern after the changes?
Rebound II

• So – in this study – we look to explore what changes occurred in 

outdoor recreation prior to, during and after the COVID19 Pandemic

• How much change can we observe in the BLS CEX in terms of 

consumption and how did the consumption change post the 

pandemic.
Hunting and Fishing 

Equipment

UCC 600420 
Hunting and Fishing Equipment – UCC 600420

• Hunting and fishing equipment experienced a strong 2020 with 

significant increases in households with this spending category.

• Spending is focused in urban households – with major increases in 

spending in the Northeast and Midwest in 2020 compared to prior 

periods and post periods.
Share of HH with Consumption

Area 2010 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

UnknownR 4.76% 3.65% 4.56% 3.30% 3.56% 5.69% 2.75% 0.00%

NE Rural 1.49% 1.25% 1.36% 1.15% 2.21% 1.31% 1.62% 2.36%

NE Urban 0.44% 0.17% 1.06% 0.22% 0.00% 1.23% 0.23% 0.59%

MW Rural 1.10% 2.49% 1.13% 2.25% 1.50% 2.28% 2.02% 0.86%

MW Urban 0.69% 2.42% 2.33% 2.27% 0.57% 3.48% 1.70% 0.29%

S Rural 1.06% 1.39% 1.50% 1.01% 1.28% 1.23% 0.72% 2.02%

S Urban 0.71% 0.57% 0.48% 0.83% 0.82% 0.64% 0.88% 1.20%

W Rural 2.43% 2.66% 2.58% 1.63% 2.30% 2.20% 2.97% 3.75%

W Urban 0.54% 2.05% 1.92% 0.36% 1.13% 1.93% 0.80% 1.14%

Overall 1.03% 1.69% 1.64% 1.25% 1.39% 1.83% 1.31% 1.57%

Hunting and Fishing Equipment


5.69%

1.31% 1.23%

2.28%

3.48%

1.23%

0.64%

2.20%

1.93%

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

UnknownR NE Rural NE Urban MW Rural MW Urban S Rural S Urban W Rural W Urban

Hunting and Fishing Equipment

UCC 600420

2010 & 2016-2022

Fishing
Camping Equipment

UCC 600410 
Camping Equipment

Share of HH with Consumption

Area 2010 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

UnknownR 2.19% 2.90% 0.47% 1.78% 3.25% 0.92% 0.00%

NE Rural 1.24% 0.53% 1.75% 1.35% 0.40% 1.31% 0.93% 2.58%

NE Urban 0.44% 0.34% 0.53% 0.67% 0.00% 0.62% 1.37% 0.59%

MW Rural 0.90% 1.37% 1.63% 0.53% 1.35% 0.82% 1.71% 1.55%

MW Urban 0.86% 3.08% 1.40% 1.26% 1.70% 1.00% 1.21% 1.43%

S Rural 0.28% 0.73% 1.36% 0.65% 0.90% 1.04% 0.54% 0.71%

S Urban 0.14% 0.71% 0.48% 0.17% 0.61% 0.64% 0.53% 0.20%

W Rural 1.43% 4.15% 3.39% 2.94% 3.37% 3.66% 3.90% 3.96%

W Urban 0.76% 1.25% 1.92% 1.20% 1.89% 1.09% 2.18% 1.27%

Overall 0.65% 1.38% 1.61% 1.00% 1.42% 1.31% 1.48% 1.42%
Camping Equipment

Total Dollars Spent

Area 2010 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

UnknownR $4,224.00 $5,135.97 $48.00 $4,560.00 $16,356.00 $1,308.00

NE Rural $4,056.00 $1,464.00 $22,511.97 $15,960.00 $372.00 $9,876.00 $15,948.00 $11,100.00

NE Urban $9,408.00 $8,568.00 $3,084.00 $11,160.00 $7,764.00 $4,908.00 $26,832.00 $2,460.00

MW Rural $6,324.03 $13,907.96 $11,100.05 $12,108.00 $10,368.00 $21,792.00 $73,104.02 $10,944.00

MW Urban $6,636.00 $13,500.06 $7,908.00 $9,336.00 $9,036.00 $4,620.00 $14,052.00 $10,320.00

S Rural $30,168.00 $21,263.99 $36,564.00 $7,296.03 $9,864.00 $56,147.96 $11,232.00 $6,552.00

S Urban $660.00 $11,100.00 $4,320.00 $360.00 $3,540.00 $7,452.00 $7,788.00 $240.00

W Rural $8,280.00 $23,304.00 $21,252.00 $25,740.00 $25,391.98 $23,184.00 $28,716.03 $43,740.09

W Urban $11,183.97 $28,980.05 $11,448.00 $31,332.00 $43,392.00 $41,136.03 $46,872.05 $24,252.00

Total Survey Spending $76,716.00 $126,312.06 $123,323.99 $113,340.03 $114,287.98 $185,471.99 $225,852.10 $109,608.09

Survey Count 7059 6372 6090 5773 5337 4980 5121 4580

Average CU Spending $10.87 $19.82 $20.25 $19.63 $21.41 $37.24 $44.10 $23.93

Consumer Units 121,107,000 129,549,000 130,001,000 131,439,000 132,242,000 131,234,000 133,595,000 135,998,476

Total Annual Spending $ 1,316,170,082 $ 2,568,047,875 $ 2,632,552,056 $ 2,580,512,767 $ 2,831,866,414 $ 4,887,596,614 $ 5,891,956,903 $3,254,701,576

Outdoor Equipment

Snowblowers and Such

UCC 320410

Not fun stuff...

Lawn & Garden
Outdoor Equipment - Snow Blowers and such - UCC 320410

Share of HH with Consumption

Area 2010 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

UnknownR 4.01% 3.32% 2.36% 3.11% 8.94% 0.92% 0.00%

NE Rural 1.74% 3.92% 3.51% 1.35% 2.62% 3.49% 2.31% 4.08%

NE Urban 0.88% 2.54% 2.83% 0.22% 0.00% 2.46% 2.52% 0.59%

MW Rural 2.00% 2.49% 2.89% 4.24% 4.06% 2.94% 2.64% 4.66%

MW Urban 2.06% 2.64% 3.72% 4.55% 3.40% 2.99% 2.91% 2.29%

S Rural 1.61% 1.92% 2.11% 1.94% 3.23% 2.37% 2.08% 2.62%

S Urban 1.13% 1.71% 0.96% 2.16% 1.64% 1.28% 1.75% 2.19%

W Rural 2.15% 2.99% 1.61% 3.27% 1.77% 2.38% 4.82% 2.92%

W Urban 1.41% 0.80% 2.40% 1.44% 1.39% 0.60% 1.38% 1.02%

Overall 1.59% 2.29% 2.43% 2.34% 2.49% 2.37% 2.38% 2.55%
Outdoor Equipment - Snow Blowers and such - UCC 320410

Total Dollars Spent

Area 2010 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

UnknownR $20,759.97 $49,272.00 $84,876.00 $72,540.02 $126,060.00 $852.00

NE Rural $24,539.97 $197,424.04 $83,532.06 $27,516.02 $81,827.98 $86,472.00 $113,424.00 $89,112.09

NE Urban $17,964.00 $20,964.00 $49,284.00 $4,800.00 $28,200.00 $40,344.00 $78,660.01 $5,100.00

MW Rural $88,008.00 $199,392.00 $106,920.10 $240,792.00 $87,720.03 $142,932.06 $73,955.95 $51,828.12

MW Urban $21,924.00 $99,600.00 $87,348.00 $70,668.00 $39,276.00 $44,508.00 $61,224.00 $172,236.00

S Rural $73,787.89 $75,000.09 $165,479.86 $95,472.00 $323,747.86 $168,564.00 $264,036.09 $260,676.00

S Urban $12,492.00 $22,848.00 $36,228.00 $45,407.96 $194,880.00 $31,788.00 $34,212.00 $26,411.99

W Rural $26,556.00 $17,688.06 $9,612.00 $65,736.00 $47,496.00 $56,508.01 $49,175.88 $25,344.06

W Urban $16,560.05 $18,984.00 $43,248.00 $20,376.00 $22,583.99 $7,056.00 $26,880.00 $24,192.00

Total Survey Spending $281,831.91 $672,660.16 $630,924.02 $655,643.98 $898,271.88 $704,232.07 $702,419.93 $654,900.26

Survey Count 7059 6372 6090 5773 5337 4980 5121 4580

Average CU Spending $39.93 $105.56 $103.60 $113.57 $168.31 $141.41 $137.16 $142.99

Consumer Units 121,107,000 129,549,000 130,001,000 131,439,000 132,242,000 131,234,000 133,595,000 135,998,476

Total Annual Spending $ 4,835,219,879 $ 13,675,839,778 $ 13,468,104,027 $14,927,626,726 $ 22,257,685,957 $18,558,070,577 $18,324,505,087 $ 19,446,602,057

Sporting Equipment

Athletic Gear, Game Tables and Exercise Equipment

UCC 600210 
Sporting Equipment - UCC 600210

Share of HH with Consumption

Area 2010 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

UnknownR 2.19% 3.32% 1.42% 3.56% 1.63% 0.00%

NE Rural 3.23% 1.78% 4.09% 1.92% 2.21% 2.40% 2.55% 4.94%

NE Urban 2.21% 3.73% 3.36% 2.22% 0.00% 4.31% 3.20% 3.86%

MW Rural 3.60% 4.24% 2.89% 2.38% 2.86% 3.59% 2.48% 3.62%

MW Urban 3.26% 3.96% 2.56% 4.29% 5.10% 4.23% 3.64% 2.57%

S Rural 3.22% 1.72% 2.73% 1.80% 2.40% 1.80% 2.26% 2.52%

S Urban 0.99% 3.57% 2.72% 2.82% 2.04% 2.57% 2.63% 2.79%

W Rural 2.15% 4.15% 4.84% 4.90% 4.26% 3.48% 4.64% 4.17%

W Urban 4.88% 3.19% 2.64% 2.76% 3.53% 3.38% 3.33% 4.19%

Overall 3.06% 3.04% 3.14% 2.65% 3.07% 3.03% 2.93% 3.47%
Sporting Equipment - UCC 600210

Total Dollars Spent

Area 2010 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

UnknownR $4,512.00 $8,664.00 $4,404.00 $18,576.00 $5,124.00

NE Rural $24,119.94 $12,264.00 $18,120.06 $13,596.00 $26,567.97 $19,632.03 $58,032.04 $78,467.95

NE Urban $30,540.00 $39,816.04 $47,987.92 $33,288.00 $44,051.98 $73,752.00 $11,772.04 $26,424.06

MW Rural $42,120.00 $76,355.84 $49,151.92 $56,795.94 $109,079.95 $88,056.10 $41,400.00 $96,900.09

MW Urban $19,896.04 $61,524.00 $16,308.05 $37,836.05 $16,704.00 $26,483.96 $30,684.00 $65,472.03

S Rural $80,172.24 $62,520.12 $68,076.00 $42,540.00 $59,988.16 $91,548.08 $41,436.00 $62,628.00

S Urban $5,232.01 $60,120.00 $47,675.99 $20,447.94 $16,548.00 $10,176.00 $36,888.00 $35,303.94

W Rural $21,264.00 $43,308.00 $39,816.00 $54,528.00 $33,408.00 $82,740.06 $219,108.00 $38,412.00

W Urban $44,724.15 $63,456.12 $40,692.08 $46,859.97 $52,200.12 $94,872.12 $70,536.12 $48,083.97

Total Survey Spending $268,068.38 $423,876.12 $336,492.02 $310,295.90 $377,124.18 $492,384.35 $509,856.20 $451,692.04

Survey Count 7059 6372 6090 5773 5337 4980 5121 4580

Average CU Spending $37.98 $66.52 $55.25 $53.75 $70.66 $98.87 $99.56 $98.62

Consumer Units 121,107,000 129,549,000 130,001,000 131,439,000 132,242,000 131,234,000 133,595,000 135,998,476

Total Annual Spending $ 4,599,087,307 $ 8,617,816,615 $ 7,182,971,936 $ 7,064,781,362 $ 9,344,511,113 $12,975,415,218 $13,300,964,468 $ 13,412,539,116
1.63%

2.40%

4.31%

3.59%

4.23%

1.80%

2.57%

3.48%

3.38%

0.00%

1.00%

2.00%

3.00%

4.00%

5.00%

6.00%

UnknownR NE Rural NE Urban MW Rural MW Urban S Rural S Urban W Rural W Urban

Sporting Equipment

UCC 600210

2010 & 2016-2022
Water Sports Equipment

UCC 600901
Water Sports and Misc. Equipment - UCC 600901

Share of HH with Consumption

Area 2010 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

UnknownR 0.00% 1.82% 2.07% 0.94% 0.00% 1.63% 0.00% 0.00%

NE Rural 1.00% 0.89% 1.36% 0.77% 0.60% 0.65% 0.46% 1.07%

NE Urban 0.44% 0.34% 0.71% 0.22% 0.00% 0.21% 1.14% 1.19%

MW Rural 0.30% 0.62% 1.01% 0.66% 0.60% 1.14% 0.62% 0.52%

MW Urban 0.86% 1.32% 1.86% 0.51% 1.13% 1.74% 0.73% 0.57%

S Rural 0.44% 0.66% 0.82% 0.72% 0.68% 0.47% 0.54% 0.71%

S Urban 0.28% 0.71% 0.48% 0.66% 0.41% 0.00% 0.35% 0.60%

W Rural 0.72% 1.16% 1.45% 1.80% 0.89% 2.20% 1.67% 2.29%

W Urban 0.65% 0.68% 1.20% 0.36% 1.13% 0.60% 0.46% 1.27%

Overall 0.52% 0.80% 1.08% 0.73% 0.67% 0.84% 0.72% 0.98%
Water Sports and Misc. Equipment - UCC 600901

Total Dollars Spent

Area 2010 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022

UnknownR $4,524.00 $7,236.00 $3,060.00 $2,052.00

NE Rural $8,076.00 $8,172.00 $3,839.99 $2,160.00 $1,020.00 $15,060.00 $2,076.00 $12,192.00

NE Urban $1,044.00 $1,212.00 $18,300.00 $480.00 $1,440.00 $7,464.00 $7,296.00

MW Rural $1,476.00 $8,304.00 $7,680.00 $21,000.00 $6,672.00 $27,143.97 $11,796.00 $3,024.00

MW Urban $3,876.00 $3,024.00 $10,260.00 $9,636.00 $1,224.00 $3,720.01 $21,384.00 $2,316.00

S Rural $6,024.00 $29,460.00 $10,440.00 $6,336.00 $6,059.97 $19,872.00 $19,020.00 $15,036.00

S Urban $996.00 $6,144.00 $5,916.00 $1,164.00 $612.00 $720.00 $5,100.00

W Rural $4,584.00 $2,004.03 $3,143.97 $37,992.02 $2,364.00 $27,984.00 $29,940.03 $20,123.95

W Urban $8,136.00 $25,788.00 $19,764.00 $1,464.00 $14,856.03 $19,560.00 $20,772.00 $33,576.00

Total Survey Spending $34,212.00 $88,632.03 $86,579.96 $83,292.02 $32,808.00 $116,831.98 $113,172.03 $98,663.95

Survey Count 7059 6372 6090 5773 5337 4980 5121 4580

Average CU Spending $4.85 $13.91 $14.22 $14.43 $6.15 $23.46 $22.10 $21.54

Consumer Units 121,107,000 129,549,000 130,001,000 131,439,000 132,242,000 131,234,000 133,595,000 135,998,476

Total Annual Spending $ 586,954,623 $ 1,801,975,966 $ 1,848,190,703 $ 1,896,383,131 $ 812,927,775 $ 3,078,780,736 $ 2,952,395,499 $ 2,929,726,388
Questions?

Jonathan.peters@csi.cuny.edu