IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

DIVISION II

In the Matter of the Welfare of No. 48271-1-II

S.W.C. and E.W.,

(Consolidated with

 Minor Children, No. 48281-9-II)

M.Z.; S.Z.,

Appellants,

v.

A.T.; A.W.; WASHINGTON STATE 

DEPARTMENT OF SOCIAL AND 

HEALTH SERVICES, UNPUBLISHED OPINION

Respondents.

WORSWICK, J. — M.Z. and S.Z. appeal the superior court’s order vacating a nonparental 

custody decree that had given M.Z. and S.Z. nonparental custody of S.W.C. and E.W. They also 

appeal the superior court’s denial of their motion for revision and the court’s dismissal of their 

petitions for nonparental custody.

M.Z. argues that the trial court erred by (1) vacating the nonparental custody order as to 

S.W.C. M.Z argues that A.W. did not have standing to challenge the order as to S.W.C. because 

substantial evidence that A.W. was not S.W.C.’s biological father overcame the statutory 

presumption that a man is the father of a child born to the man’s legal wife.1 

 

1 RCW 26.26.116(1)(d).

Filed

Washington State

Court of Appeals

Division Two

October 18, 2016
No. 48271-1-II;

Cons. with No. 48281-9-II 

2

In a separate brief, S.Z. argues that the trial court erred by (2) finding that A.W. was 

improperly served the petition for nonparental custody of S.W.C. and E.W., (3) dismissing the 

nonparental custody decree as it pertained to A.T. without her filing a petition for modification, 

and (4) denying S.Z.’s motion for revision.

We hold that because a court order is required to overcome the presumption of paternity 

under RCW 26.26.116, A.W. had standing to challenge the nonparental custody order in its 

entirety. We also hold that A.W. was improperly served with the petition for nonparental 

custody, and the superior court did not err by dismissing the nonparental custody decree and 

petition or by denying S.Z.’s motion for revision. Consequently, we affirm.

FACTS

A.T. is the mother of E.W. and S.W.C., who were born in September 2005, and 

November 2009, respectively. A.W. is listed as the father on E.W.’s birth certificate. A.W. and 

A.T. married shortly after E.W.’s birth. However, at the time of S.W.C.’s birth, A.W. and A.T. 

had separated, and S.W.C.’s birth certificate does not name a father.

Around July 6, 2013, A.T., who was coping with a drug addiction and an abusive 

boyfriend, placed the children with family friends, M.Z. and S.Z. On August 9, 2013, M.Z. and 

S.Z. filed nonparental custody petitions for both children under RCW 26.10.030. The petitions 

listed A.W. as the father of E.W. and John Doe as the father of S.W.C. A.T. eventually joined

the noncustodial parenting agreement.2

 

2 A contested hearing on the petition for nonparental custody was held on April 17, 2014. At the 

conclusion of that hearing, the trial court issued a temporary custody order leaving the children 

with M.Z. and S.Z., but continued the trial for four months in order to further determine A.T.’s 

parental fitness. The parties reached a settlement agreement, and on August 15, 2014, the trial 

court entered a nonparental custody decree in favor of M.Z. and S.Z. A.T. later claimed to 
No. 48271-1-II;

Cons. with No. 48281-9-II 

3

From the time the children came into their care, M.Z. and S.Z. were in contact with A.W. 

via Facebook messaging, over the phone, and through text messaging. On August 7, 2013, two 

days before M.Z. and S.Z. filed the nonparental custody petitions, A.W. made it clear to M.Z and 

S.Z. that he opposed their having custody of the children. According to A.W., he spoke with 

M.Z. and S.Z. on the phone shortly following their Facebook conversation and told them his 

address in Eugene, Oregon. On October 30, A.W. moved to a different address in Eugene, 

Oregon, and sent M.Z. and S.Z. a Facebook message telling them his updated address.

M.Z. and S.Z. apparently made no attempt to personally serve A.W. with the petitions for 

nonparental custody.3 Instead, M.Z. and S.Z. obtained orders allowing service by publication on 

“John Doe” as to S.W.C. on September 16, and on A.W. as to E.W. on October 10.4 In their 

declaration supporting service by publication, M.Z. and S.Z. stated only that A.W. lived in 

Eugene, Oregon.

On August 15, 2014, the trial court entered default judgments against A.W. and John 

Doe, and entered nonparental custody decrees awarding custody of the children to M.Z. and 

S.Z.5 On February 12, 2015, the Department of Social Health Services (DSHS) filed dependency 

 

withdraw her joinder to the decree, stating that she had not understood that the nonparental 

custody decree would be permanent.

3 The record does not reflect, and M.Z. and S.Z. do not contend, that they attempted personal 

service on A.W.

4 The orders allowing service by publication are not included in the record on appeal, but are 

referenced by the superior court during the hearing on A.W.’s motion to vacate.

5 The order of default against A.W. and the nonparental custody decree pertaining to E.W. is not 

part of the record on appeal. However, it is clear from the record that both sets of default 

judgments and custody decrees were entered on August 15, 2014.
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Cons. with No. 48281-9-II 

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petitions for both the children as a result of multiple inquiries into physical abuse and neglect of 

the children by M.Z. and S.Z. Both children were then removed from M.Z.’s and S.Z.’s care and 

placed into foster homes.

On June 3, 2015, A.W. filed a motion to vacate the nonparental custody decree, arguing 

that he had not been properly served and therefore the court lacked the jurisdiction to enter the 

decree. On June 26, the superior court agreed, finding that M.Z. and S.Z. never properly served 

A.W. The superior court entered an order vacating the nonparental custody decree and all 

attendant orders.

A.T. then moved to dismiss the nonparental custody petition. M.Z. responded to A.T.’s 

motion, arguing that the superior court’s order vacating the custodial decree applied only to 

A.W., and that A.T. remained bound by her joinder to the original decree. M.Z. also moved to 

amend both children’s placement by placing E.W. with A.W. and S.W.C. with M.Z. The court 

held a hearing for clarification of whether the court’s order vacating the nonparental custody 

decree applied to both A.T. and A.W. or just A.W.6 The court clarified that the decree was 

vacated as to both A.W. and A.T. The court explained that without personal jurisdiction over 

A.W., it could not make the requisite findings under RCW 26.10.030, and therefore the entire

decree was void.

On August 20, 2015, S.Z. moved for revision of the clarifying order. After a hearing on 

the motion, the court denied S.Z.’s motion to revise and dismissed the nonparental custody 

petitions without prejudice, explaining that if S.Z. wanted to move forward with the action he 

needed to refile and properly serve A.W.

 

6 The transcript of this hearing was not included in the record.
No. 48271-1-II;

Cons. with No. 48281-9-II 

5

DSHS moved to dismiss S.Z. and M.Z. from the dependency proceedings because M.Z. 

and S.Z. were no longer the legal custodians of E.W. or S.W.C. The court granted the motion. 

On September 21, 2015, the superior court ordered both children be placed with A.T.

M.Z. and S.Z. appeal.

ANALYSIS

I. STANDING

M.Z. argues that the trial court erred when it vacated the nonparental custody decree

pertaining to S.W.C. because A.W. did not have standing to challenge that portion of the decree

because A.W. is not the biological father of S.W.C. She contends that the presumption of 

A.W.’s paternity under RCW 26.26.116 was overcome. We disagree.

Under Washington’s Uniform Parentage Act of 2002, being married to the mother when a 

child is born gives rise to a presumption of paternity. RCW 26.26.116(1)(a). The presumption 

of parentage established under RCW 26.26.116(1)(a) can only be rebutted by a court order 

declaring nonparentage after receiving “clear, cogent, and convincing evidence.” In re Marriage 

of Thier, 67 Wn. App. 940, 947, 841 P.2d 794 (1992). In the absence of an order declaring 

nonparentage, the presumed father is still the father of the child. In re Marriage of Wendy M., 92 

Wn. App. 430, 440, 962 P.2d 130 (1998).

A party has standing to pursue an action when he is within the zone of interests protected 

by a statute and has suffered an injury in fact. In re Custody of S.R., 183 Wn. App. 803, 809, 334 

P.3d 1190 (2014). RCW 26.10.030(2) requires that notice of a child custody proceeding “shall 

be given to the child’s parent, guardian and custodian, who may appear and be heard and may 

file a responsive pleading.” This statute puts the parents within the zone of interests for first 
No. 48271-1-II;

Cons. with No. 48281-9-II 

6

party standing. 183 Wn. App. at 810. Under the Uniform Parentage Act, a presumed parent is 

entitled to seek custody of their minor child on equal footing with the biological mother. Thier, 

67 Wn. App. at 946-47.

A.W. and A.T. were married at the time S.W.C. was born, and no court order 

disestablishing A.W.’s paternity was ever entered. Therefore, under RCW 26.26.116(1)(a), 

A.W. is the presumptive father of S.W.C. Nonetheless, M.Z. contends that the statutory 

presumption that A.W. is the father of S.W.C. was overcome by substantial evidence that A.W. 

is not S.W.C.’s biological father.

M.Z. relies on In re Marriage of Akon, 160 Wn. App. 48, 248 P.3d 94 (2011) to support 

his contention. However, Akon is not analogous to the facts of this case. In Akon, a stepfather 

argued that, under RCW 26.26.116(1)(d),

7

he was the presumed father of the children at issue. 

160 Wn. App. at 61. Division Three of this court agreed that Akon was arguably a presumed 

father under the subsection. But, the Akon court recognized that a competing presumption 

existed that the former husband of Akon’s wife was the children’s father under RCW 

26.26.116(1)(a). Only after noting the competing statutory presumptions did the trial court in 

 

7 RCW 26.26.116(1)(d) states that a person is presumed to be the parent of a child if:

(d) After the birth of the child, the person and the mother or father of the 

child have married each other or entered into a domestic partnership with each other 

in apparent compliance with law, whether or not the marriage or domestic 

partnership is, or could be declared invalid, and the person voluntarily asserted 

parentage of the child, and:

(i) The assertion is in a record filed with the state registrar of vital statistics;

(ii) The person agreed to be and is named as the child’s parent on the child’s 

birth certificate; or

(iii) The person promised in a record to support the child as his or her own.
No. 48271-1-II;

Cons. with No. 48281-9-II 

7

Akon turn to testimonial evidence of biological fatherhood. Unlike in Akon, here there were no 

competing statutory presumptions that the trial court needed to decide between.

Furthermore, Washington courts have upheld the statutory presumption of paternity 

under RCW 26.26.116(1)(a) despite clear evidence disproving the presumptive parent as the 

biological parent. For instance, in Wendy, 92 Wn. App. at 440, Division One of this court held 

that even where a blood test conclusively demonstrates nonpaternity, in the absence of an order 

declaring nonparentage, the presumed father is still the father of the child. Here, the evidence of 

nonpaternity—a declaration explaining that A.T. told A.W. he was not the biological father of 

S.W.C.—is far less compelling than a conclusive blood test. We decline M.Z. and S.Z.’s 

invitation to deviate from the abundance of authority requiring a court order to overcome the 

presumption of parenthood.

Because A.W. remains the presumed father of S.W.C., the trial court did not err by 

finding that A.W. had standing to challenge the entire nonparental custody decree.

II. IMPROPER SERVICE

S.Z. argues that the trial court erred by finding that A.W. was not properly served the 

nonparental custody petition. We disagree.

Under CR 60(b), a trial court “may relieve a party . . . from a final judgment, order, or 

proceeding” under certain conditions. Generally, a decision to grant or deny a motion to vacate a 

judgment under CR 60(b) is within the trial court’s sound discretion and will not be disturbed 

unless the trial court exercised its discretion on untenable grounds or for untenable reasons. In re 

Marriage of Hughes, 128 Wn. App. 650, 657, 116 P.3d 1042 (2005). However, courts have a 
No. 48271-1-II;

Cons. with No. 48281-9-II 

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mandatory, nondiscretionary duty to grant relief from void judgments. Ahten v. Barnes, 158 Wn.

App. 343, 350, 242 P.3d 35 (2010).

“A default judgment entered without personal jurisdiction is void.” Ha v. Signal Elec., 

Inc., 182 Wn. App. 436, 447, 332 P.3d 991 (2014). “‘Proper service of the summons and 

complaint is essential to invoke personal jurisdiction.’” Scanlan v. Townsend, 181 Wn.2d 838, 

847, 336 P.3d 1155 (2014) (internal quotation marks omitted) (quoting Morris v. Palouse River 

& Coulee City R.R., 149 Wn. App. 366, 370-71, 203 P.3d 1069 (2009)). Because courts have a 

mandatory, nondiscretionary duty to vacate void judgments, we review de novo the trial court’s 

decision to grant a CR 60(b) motion to vacate a default judgment for failure to comply with the 

requirements for service of process. Dobbins v. Mendoza, 88 Wn. App. 862, 871, 947 P.2d 1229 

(1997).

Service by means other than personal service, such as by publication, is authorized only 

by statute. RCW 4.28.100 authorizes service by publication in limited circumstances. The 

statute provides:

When the defendant cannot be found within the state, and upon the filing of an 

affidavit of the plaintiff, his agent, or attorney, with the clerk of the court, stating

that he believes that the defendant is not a resident of the state, or cannot be found 

therein . . . the service may be made by publication of the summons . . . in any of 

the following cases:

. . . .

(5) When the action is for nonparental custody under chapter 26.10 RCW and the 

child is in the physical custody of the petitioner.

RCW 4.28.100.

Because service by publication is “in derogation of the common law,” a party must 

strictly comply with the statute authorizing service by publication. Rodriquez v. James-Jackson,

127 Wn. App. 139, 143, 111 P.3d 271 (2005). The issue before a court on a postjudgment CR 
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Cons. with No. 48281-9-II 

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60(b) motion is not simply whether the affidavit required by RCW 4.28.100 is sufficient, but 

whether the petitioner, in fact, made an honest and reasonable effort to locate the respondent

before seeking service by publication. Brennan v. Hurt, 59 Wn. App. 315, 319, 796 P.2d 786 

(1990). To perfect service by publication, a petitioner must do more than state that she does not 

know the respondent’s whereabouts, or that she undertook efforts to ascertain the respondent’s 

residence; the plaintiff must identify steps undertaken to serve the defendant personally. Bruff v. 

Main, 87 Wn. App. 609, 612, 943 P.2d 295 (1997).

Here the declaration submitted by M.Z. supporting the motion for service by publication 

stated only that A.W. “resides in Eugene, Oregon.” Clerk’s Papers at 499. The declaration

failed to describe or claim any due diligence in searching for or obtaining personal service on 

A.W. The declaration is deficient because it does not set forth facts showing a reasonably 

diligent search. Dobbins, 88 Wn. App. at 872-73.

Furthermore, the record shows that M.Z. and S.Z. had information that could have 

reasonably been used to personally serve A.W. A.W. contends that he gave his original address 

to M.Z. and S.Z. over the phone, and the record supports that M.Z and S.Z. were in frequent 

communication with A.W. via Facebook and over the phone. When A.W. moved in October 

2013, he communicated his new address to M.Z. and S.Z. and filed a change of address with the 

postal service. At a minimum, due diligence would require that personal service be attempted at 

either of the Eugene addresses provided by A.W. and that a copy of the petition be mailed to 

A.W. at that address if personal service could not be effected there. See Dobbins, 88 Wn. App. 

at 873. Under these circumstances, the information provided to the trial court does not establish 

an honest and reasonable effort to personally serve A.W.
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Cons. with No. 48281-9-II 

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We hold that the trial court properly determined it did not have jurisdiction over A.W. 

because M.Z. and S.Z. failed to make an honest and reasonable effort to locate A.W. before 

seeking service by publication. Therefore the trial court did not err by vacating the nonparental 

custody decree as void.

III. DISMISSAL OF CUSTODY PETITION AND ORDER

S.Z. argues that the superior court erred by dismissing the nonparental custody petition in 

its entirety without A.T. first filing a petition for modification of the final decree. S.Z. contends 

that the vacation of the judgment of default against A.W. based on his improper service only 

opened the door for A.W. to respond to the petition for nonparental custody and did not 

invalidate the decree as it pertained to A.T. S.Z. argues that because the decree remained valid 

against A.T., her exclusive avenue for modification or dismissal of the decree was to file a 

petition for modification. Because the decree was void, and therefore A.T.’s petition for 

modification of the decree would have been meaningless, we disagree.

To enter a nonparental custody decree under RCW 26.10.030, the family court must first 

find either that the child is not in the physical custody of one of its legal parents or that no legal 

parent is a suitable custodian. RCW 26.10.032. Contrary to S.Z.’s contention, the findings as to 

all legal parents are inseparable; if the child is within the physical custody of any legal parent or 

if any legal parent is a suitable custodian, the petition must be denied. Nonparental custody 

decrees are not entered as to each parent, but rather as to each child.

As previously discussed, the family court never obtained jurisdiction over A.W., and as a 

result, the court was unable to make the required findings before entering a final nonparental 

custody decree. Without the requisite findings as to all legal parents, the nonparental custody 
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decree entered by the court was void, and therefore the court’s vacation of the decree in its 

entirety was appropriate; A.T. was not required to file a petition for modification.

IV. DENIAL OF MOTION FOR REVISION

S.Z. also argues that the superior court erred by denying S.Z.’s motion for revision. S.Z. 

argues that by proving that the child was not in the physical custody of A.T. that S.Z. carried his 

burden to show adequate cause to proceed to a hearing on the nonparental custody petition. We

reject S.Z.’s argument for two reasons. First, it fails to recognize the full impact of the fatal flaw 

of not properly serving A.W. Second, it misunderstands the burden on a petitioner for 

nonparental custody to prove adequate cause.

Because a nonparental custody petition necessarily implicates the parent’s fundamental

right, we afford a parent considerable deference when balancing the parent’s rights against both 

the interests of third parties and children’s rights. In re Custody of J.E., 189 Wn. App. 175, 183, 

356 P.3d 233 (2015). RCW 26.10.032 requires a petitioner seeking a nonparental custody order 

to submit an affidavit declaring that the child is not in the physical custody of any of his legal

parents or that neither parent is a suitable custodian. In re Custody of E.A.T.W., 168 Wn.2d 335,

344, 227 P.3d 1284 (2010).

In addition to proving that the child is not in the physical custody of one of his parents or 

that neither parent is a suitable custodian, the nonparent must also set forth sufficient facts 

supporting the custody order. 168 Wn.2d at 344. The superior court may issue a nonparental 

custody order only if the court finds that the parents are unfit or placement with a parent would 

result in actual detriment to the child’s growth and development. 168 Wn.2d at 344. The 
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superior court must deny the nonparent’s petition if it does not find adequate cause for hearing 

the petition based on the affidavits. 168 Wn.2d at 345.

As previously discussed, the court never acquired personal jurisdiction over A.W. 

Without jurisdiction over A.W., the court could not validly enter findings as to whether A.W. 

was an unfit parent or whether placement with A.W. would result in actual detriment to the 

children’s growth and development. As the superior court properly explained, “to just simply 

make an allegation that one of the parents doesn’t have physical custody makes absolutely no 

sense since you could have one parent who doesn’t have custody and be a totally fit parent. Thus 

. . . you have to show that both parents are unfit.”8 Verbatim Report of Proceedings (VRP) at 27. 

As a result of S.Z.’s failure to properly serve A.W., the superior court was unable to determine 

whether S.Z. carried his burden of showing adequate cause. Therefore, the court’s decision to 

dismiss the nonparental custody petition without prejudice was not error.

Furthermore, S.Z.’s argument misunderstands his burden to prove adequate cause under

RCW 26.10.032. In arguing that he showed adequate cause, S.Z. relies exclusively on In re 

Custody of B.J.B., 146 Wn. App. 1, 9, 189 P.3d 800 (2008) (the fact that the parties agreed the 

children were not in the custody of either parent gave rise to an undisputed basis to find adequate 

cause under RCW 26.10.032). However, B.J.B. was abrogated by our Supreme Court in 

E.A.T.W., 168 Wn.2d at 348. There our Supreme Court explained, “[M]erely setting forth facts 

that the child is not in the custody of a parent is not sufficient to provide adequate cause for a 

hearing.” 168 Wn.2d at 345. The Supreme Court concluded:

 

8 S.Z. argues that the court erred by interpreting adequate cause to require that the child is not in 

the custody of a parent and that neither parent is a suitable custodian. S.Z. appears to 

misunderstand the court’s emphasis on the total absence of findings as to A.W. 
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Cons. with No. 48281-9-II 

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RCW 26.10.032 requires a superior court judge to deny a motion for a hearing on 

a third party custody order unless the nonparent submits an affidavit (1) declaring 

that the child is not in the physical custody of one of its parents or that neither parent 

is a suitable custodian and (2) setting forth facts supporting the requested custody 

order. The facts supporting the requested custody order must show that the parent 

is unfit or that placing the child with the parent would result in actual detriment to 

the child’s growth and development.

168 Wn.2d at 348 (emphasis in original).

Because S.Z. failed to show adequate cause to support his nonparental custody petition, 

the superior court did not err by dismissing the petition.

Affirmed.

A majority of the panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the 

Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 

2.06.040, it is so ordered.

Worswick, J.

We concur:

Maxa, A.C.J.

Melnick, J.