11-149-cv

Curtis v. The Law Offices of David M. Bushman, Esq.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY

FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN

CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE

EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION

“SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY

PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the

Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, at 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York,

on the 13th day of October, two thousand eleven.

Present: ROBERT A. KATZMANN,

DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,

SUSAN L. CARNEY,

Circuit Judges.

____________________________________________________________

W. ROBERT CURTIS, Sc.D., J.D, CURTIS & ASSOCIATES, P.C.,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

- v - No. 11-149-cv

THE LAW OFFICES OF DAVID M. BUSHMAN, ESQ., DAVID M. BUSHMAN, Attorney at

Law, JANET CALLAGHAN, EILEEN DEGREGORIO, STEVI BROOKS NICHOLS,

JEFFREY LEVITT, ESQ., Attorney at Law, HERBERT MONTE LEVY, ESQ., LAW OFFICES

OF HERBERT MONTE LEVY, ESQ., JOHN DOE, ESQ., LAW OFFICES OF JOHN DOE,

ESQ., JANE DOE, ESQ., LAW OFFICES OF JANE DOE, ESQ.,

Defendants-Appellees.

____________________________________________________________

For Plaintiffs-Appellants: W. ROBERT CURTIS, Curtis & Associates, P.C.,

New York, N.Y.

For Bushman Defendants-Appellees: LORIN A. DONNELLY, Milber Makris Plousadis

& Seiden, LLP, Woodbury, N.Y.
2

For Defendants-Appellees Levitt and Jeffrey Levitt, Esq., Massapequa, N.Y.

Turansky:

For Defendant-Appellee DeGregorio: HERBERT MONTE LEVY, ESQ., New York, N.Y.

For Defendant-Appellee Brooks: Stevi Brooks Nichols, pro se, Colorado Springs,

Colo.

For Levy Defendants-Appellees: MATTHEW TRACY, Winget, Spadafora &

Schwartzberg, LLP, New York, N.Y.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York

(Matsumoto, J.).

ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,

AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

Plaintiffs-Appellants Curtis & Associates, P.C. and W. Robert Curtis (collectively

“Curtis”) appeal from a December 17, 2010 judgment of the United States District Court for the

Eastern District of New York (Matsumoto, J.) dismissing with prejudice their complaint alleging

civil violations of the Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act (“RICO”), 18 U.S.C.

§§ 1961-1968, denying leave to amend, denying motions to disqualify counsel, and denying

sanctions against Curtis. Curtis alleges, in essence, that various of his former clients and those

clients’ current counsel committed violations of RICO by bringing “counterfeit” malpractice

claims and disputing fees earned by Curtis in his former representation of these clients. We

assume the parties’ familiarity with the facts and procedural history of the case.

RICO creates a private right of action that allows a plaintiff to recover threefold

damages. 18 U.S.C. § 1964(c). “In order to recover damages under RICO, . . . a plaintiff must

show ‘(1) a substantive RICO violation under § 1962; (2) injury to the plaintiff’s business or

property, and (3) that such injury was by reason of the substantive RICO violation.’” UFCW
3

Local 1776 v. Eli Lilly & Co., 620 F.3d 121, 131 (2d Cir. 2010) (quoting City of New York v.

Smokes-Spirits.com, Inc., 541 F.3d 425, 439 (2d Cir. 2008), overruled on other grounds by Hemi

Grp., LLC v. City of New York, 130 S. Ct. 983 (2010)). A section 1962 violation requires

proving “that the defendant participated or conspired to participate, directly or indirectly, in the

conduct of an enterprise through a pattern of racketeering activity.” United States v. Burden, 600

F.3d 204, 214 (2d Cir. 2010); see also 18 U.S.C. § 1962. 

 “Racketeering activity” is defined to mean any of a list of state and federal crimes that

includes mail and wire fraud. See 18 U.S.C. § 1961(1). Mail fraud “occurs whenever a person,

‘having devised or intending to devise any scheme or artifice to defraud,’ uses the mail ‘for the

purpose of executing such scheme or artifice or attempting so to do.’” Bridge v. Phoenix Bond &

Indem. Co., 553 U.S. 639, 647 (2008) (quoting 18 U.S.C. § 1341). “The gravamen of the offense

is the scheme to defraud, and any ‘mailing that is incident to an essential part of the scheme

satisfies the mailing element,’” id. (quoting Schmuck v. United States, 489 U.S. 705, 712

(1989)), “even if the mailing itself ‘contain[s] no false information,’” id. (alteration in original)

(quoting Schmuck, 489 U.S. at 715). “Likewise, a defendant commits wire fraud where he ‘was

one of the participants in a fraudulent scheme which was furthered by the use of interstate

transmission facilities.’” Smokes-Spirits.com, 541 F.3d at 446 (quoting United States v. Corey,

566 F.2d 429, 431 n.2 (2d Cir. 1977)). “[A]ll allegations of fraudulent predicate acts[] are

subject to the heightened pleading requirements of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 9(b). In

addition to alleging the particular details of a fraud, ‘the plaintiffs must allege facts that give rise

to a strong inference of fraudulent intent.’” First Capital Asset Mgmt., Inc. v. Satinwood, Inc.,

385 F.3d 159, 178-79 (2d Cir. 2004) (citations omitted) (quoting Moore v. PaineWebber, Inc.,
1

 According to a chart included as Exhibit 1 to the proposed complaint, the first scheme

contained as its components (1) creation of a “false basis of discharge ‘for cause’ to obtain fee

forfeiture and fee disgorgement,” (2) commencement of “frivolous legal malpractice claims to

obtain money from Curtis’ [sic] insurer,” and (3) creation of “‘legitimate’ reasons for fraudulent

asset transfer to make clients judgment-proof,” while the second scheme involved Bushman’s

obtaining of money by means of (1) “false promises made to his new clients” and (2) “false

pretenses and false representations made in submissions to the courts.” J.A. 1966. On appeal,

4

189 F.3d 165, 173 (2d Cir. 1999)). “Although it is true that matters peculiarly within a

defendant’s knowledge may be pled ‘on information and belief,’ this does not mean that those

matters may be pled lacking any detail at all.” Id. at 179.

“[W]e review de novo a district court’s grant of a motion to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6). 

While we generally review a district court’s denial of a motion for leave to amend a pleading for

abuse of discretion, where the denial is based on rulings of law, our review is de novo.” 

Papelino v. Albany Coll. of Pharmacy of Union Univ., 633 F.3d 81, 88 (2d Cir. 2011) (citations

omitted). Although the district court both dismissed Curtis’s amended complaint and, after

reviewing Curtis’s proposed second amended complaint, denied his request to amend as futile,

Curtis now abandons any reliance on the amended complaint and challenges only the rejection of

his proposed second amended complaint. Accordingly, because the district court’s denial was

based on rulings of law, we review the sufficiency of the proposed second amended complaint de

novo. 

Curtis and defendants have been involved in numerous state court proceedings stretching

back for many years. Curtis alleges that the underlying state court lawsuits between Curtis and

defendants were part of the interconnected “schemes” of Defendants-Appellees the Law Offices

of David M. Bushman, Esq., David M. Bushman, Attorney at Law, and David M. Bushman, Esq.

(collectively “Bushman”) “to Defraud Curtis” and “to Obtain Money,”1

 J.A. 2377, and that
Curtis describes “three schemes employed in the seven counterfeit claims of malpractice,”

involving (1) obtaining “windfall payments” through false malpractice suits, (2) depriving Curtis

of earned fees through false “discharge for cause” claims, and (3) fraudulently conveying client

assets to render former Curtis clients judgment proof. Br. for Pls.-Appellants at 4. The

“schemes” as briefed on appeal appear to be a reframing of the schemes’ components as pleaded

in the proposed second amended complaint. While we look at the schemes as alleged in the

proposed second amended complaint that is before us on review, this distinction makes no

difference to the outcome of our analysis.

5

Bushman recruited and controlled Defendants-Appellees Jeffrey Levitt, Esq. and Jeffrey Levitt,

Attorney at Law (collectively “Levitt”); Herbert Monte Levy, Esq. and Law Offices of Herbert

Monte Levy, Esq. (collectively “Levy”); and Stevi Brooks Nichols (“Nichols”) to execute his

schemes. Curtis further alleges that in the course of those suits, defendants made, submitted, or

suborned the submission to the courts of various false and misleading statements or evidence. 

He alleges as predicate acts of mail and wire fraud the transmission of court filings and other

case-related communications in the underlying state court lawsuits. 

Curtis contends on appeal that the district court erred in, inter alia, concluding that Curtis

had failed to plead a fraudulent scheme with the particularity required by Rule 9(b). However,

after a thorough review of the proposed second amended complaint, which is full of conclusory

and speculative allegations pertaining to the alleged fraudulent schemes, we conclude that Curtis

has failed to adequately plead a plausible fraudulent scheme. 

The alleged “schemes” require the coordination of the defendants: three counsel

(Bushman, Levy, and Levitt) and three former Curtis clients (Defendants-Appellees Nichols,

Janet Turansky Callaghan (“Turansky”), and Eileen DeGregorio). Levy is conclusorily alleged

to have learned of Bushman’s schemes and become Bushman’s “surrogate” and “puppet” in

representing DeGregorio and continuing the schemes. J.A. 2396, 2402. Curtis alleges that
6

Levitt was recruited by and is “under the control of Bushman,” id. at 2412, and “upon

information and belief,” Bushman continued to assist Levitt in “seamlessly implement[ing] the

fraudulent schemes devised by Bushman,” id. at 2411. With respect to the various clients, Curtis

alleges, again “upon information and belief,” that Bushman counseled Turansky that she could

avoid paying fees owed to Curtis if she terminated Curtis for cause and that Bushman would

represent her for “a nominal fee.” Id. at 2406. Nichols, who is pro se, is alleged on “information

and belief” to have been counseled behind the scenes by Bushman. Id. at 2384, 2415. There is a

noted dearth of allegations suggesting that the clients were aware or joined in any sort of

fraudulent scheme beyond their own individual cases. As these highlighted allegations indicate,

the fraudulent “schemes” boil down to little more than speculative and conclusory allegations

that the various defendants and others worked together under Bushman’s direction. There are no

facts alleged to support these implausible allegations of an overarching scheme or schemes, nor

is a common intent properly pleaded. Because Curtis has failed to plead a fraudulent scheme

with the requisite particularity, we need not reach the issues of additional pleading deficiencies

raised by defendants.

We have considered Curtis’s remaining arguments and find them to be without merit. 

Accordingly, for the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.

FOR THE COURT:

CATHERINE O’HAGAN WOLFE, CLERK