201** HAR 10 All 3^8

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Respondent,

v.

THOMAS J. WENGER,

Appellant.

No. 69403-1-1

DIVISION ONE

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

FILED: March 10. 2014

SPEARMAN, J. -A woman called 911, identified herself, and reported

observing a possible attempted burglary in progress at an Everett church. Based on

circumstances suggesting the reliability of the citizen's information and their own

observations at the scene, police officers stopped Thomas Wenger for further

investigation. Because the circumstances supported a reasonable suspicion that

Wenger was involved in criminal activity, the trial court did not err in denying

Wenger's motion to suppress evidence seized after his detention. We therefore

affirm his conviction for possession of methamphetamine while on community

custody.

FACTS

The material facts are undisputed. At 1:27 p.m. on August 1, 2012, a woman

called 911 and reported observing a possible burglary in progress at one of the
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entrances to Our Lady of Perpetual Help Church in Everett. The caller identified

herself as Gayle Evans and said that two men were "looking like they are trying to fix

a bike, but one male is trying to jimmy into the door."1 She described the suspects as

two white males with grayish hair and wearing light-colored t-shirts. Evans told the

911 operator that she would keep going, but provided her telephone number and said

that the police could call her ifthey needed additional information.

In response to the report, Everett Police Officer Alex Soderstrom arrived at the

church at 1:30 p.m. and began looking for the suspects. In an area near the location

of the suspected break-in attempt, a man matching Evans' general description

jumped out of the bushes and started to flee on a bicycle. Officer Soderstrom

activated his emergency lights and siren and the man, Joshua Cooper, stopped and

got off his bicycle.

While another officerspoke with Cooper, Officer Soderstrom walked toward

the nearby church entrance. As he turned the corner past the entrance, Soderstrom

immediately encountered a man standing next to a bicycle. The man, later identified

as Thomas Wenger, got on the bicycle and fled, ignoring Soderstrom's orders to

stop.

Another officerstopped Wenger a short distance away and arrested him on an

outstanding warrant. Wenger was wearing a black t-shirtand had brown hair.

Officers found methamphetamine in a search incident to the arrest. The officers saw

no other persons or bicycles in the area.

1Ex. 3, at 1.
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The State charged Wenger with one count of possession of a controlled

substance while on community custody. Prior to trial, he moved to suppress the

methamphetamine seized after his arrest, arguing that police officers lacked a

reasonable suspicion to detain him based on the caller's 911 tip.

The trial court denied the motion to suppress. Following a trial on stipulated

evidence, the court found Wenger guilty as charged and imposed a 14-month

standard range sentence.

ANALYSIS

Wenger contends that neither the informant nor the informant's tip was

sufficiently reliable to support a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. He argues

that the evidence seized after his unlawful detention must therefore be suppressed.

"When reviewing the denial of a suppression motion, an appellate court

determines whether substantial evidence supports the challenged findings of fact and

whether the findings support the conclusions of law." State v. Garvin, 166 Wn.2d

242, 249, 207 P.3d 1266 (2009). We review challenged conclusions of law de novo.

State v. Armenta, 134 Wn.2d 1, 9, 948 P.2d 1280 (1997). Wenger has assigned

error to only one finding of fact. The remaining findings are therefore verities on

appeal. State v. O'Neill, 148 Wn.2d 564, 571, 62 P.3d 489 (2003).

Consistent with the Fourth Amendment and article I, section 7 of the

Washington State Constitution, police officers may conduct an investigatory stop if

the officers have a reasonable and articulable suspicion that an individual is involved

in criminal activity. State v. Sieler, 95 Wn.2d 43, 46, 621 P.2d 1272 (1980); see also

Terrv v. Ohio. 392 U.S. 1, 21, 88 S.Ct. 1868, 20 L.Ed.2d 889 (1968). The necessary

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No. 69403-1/4

level of articulable suspicion is "a substantial possibility that criminal conduct has

occurred or is about to occur." State v. Kennedy, 107 Wn.2d 1, 6, 726 P.2d 445

(1986).

We review the reasonableness of the officer's suspicions by considering the

totality of the circumstances known to the officer at the time of the stop. State v. Lee,

147 Wn. App. 912, 917, 199 P.3d 445 (2008). The determination of reasonable

suspicion "must be based on commonsense judgments and inferences about human

behavior." Id. (quoting Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. 119, 125, 120 S.Ct. 673, 145

L.Ed.2d 570 (2000)).

An officer's reasonable suspicion may be based on an informant's tip ifthe

information possesses sufficient "'indicia of reliability.'" Sieler, 95 Wn.2d at 47

(quoting Adams v. Williams, 407 U.S. 143, 147, 92 S.Ct. 1921, 1923, 32 LEd.2d 612

(1972)). In assessing indicia of reliability, courts consider all relevant factors,

including (1) the reliability of the informant, (2) whether the information was obtained

in a reliable manner, and (3) whether officers corroborated any details of the

informant's tip. id, (citing State v. Lesnick. 84 Wn.2d 940, 530 P.2d 243 (1975)).

Contrary to Wenger's assertions, the legal standard for determining reasonable

suspicion based on an informant's tip is the "totality of the circumstances" test, not

the two-part reliability analysis derived from Aquilar v. Texas, 378 U.S. 108, 84 S.Ct.

1509, 12 LEd.2d 723 (1964), and Spinelli v. United States, 393 U.S. 410, 89 S.Ct.

584, 21 LEd.2d 637 (1969). State v. Marcum, 149 Wn. App. 894, 903, 205 P.3d 969

(2009); see also Lee. 147 Wn. App. at 920-21.
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Here, a named citizen informant reported observing possible criminal activity

while it was in progress. "A citizen-witness's credibility is enhanced when he or she

purports to be an eyewitness to the events described." Lee, 147 Wn. App. at 918

(citing State v. Vandover, 63 Wn. App. 754, 759, 822 P.2d 784 (1992)). In addition,

Evans communicated more than conclusory allegations of criminal behavior. She

identified the precise location, described the suspects, and provided a brief but specific

description of the suspicious activity, as well as additional details indicating the

presence of bicycles. She also explained that she was continuing on her way, but left

her telephone number and expressed her willingness to provide additional assistance if

contacted.

Officers arrived at the scene within three minutes of Evans' report. Almost

immediately, they encountered two men near a church entrance in the general area

that Evans had described. Wenger has not challenged the trial court's finding that

Joshua Cooper matched the informant's general description. Both men were on

bicycles and attempted to flee immediately upon seeing the police. Police saw no

one else on the church grounds or nearby. Although Cooper stopped, Wenger

ignored the orders ofa uniformed officer and attempted to escape. The suspects' flight

from police officers is a suspicious circumstance that may be considered in

determining whether officers had a reasonable suspicion of criminal activity. State v.

Gatewood, 163 Wn.2d 534, 540, 182 P.3d 426 (2008); State v. Little, 116 Wn.2d 488,

496, 806 P.2d 749 (1991): see also Illinois v. Wardlow, 528 U.S. at 124 ("nervous,

evasive behavior," including unprovoked flight upon noticing police, is a "pertinent

factor" in determining reasonable suspicion).

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No. 69403-1/6

At the time they detained Wenger, police officers were aware that a named

and cooperative eyewitness had described specific suspicious activity occurring near

a church entrance. The informant also reported the presence of a bicycle. Upon

arriving at the reported location three minutes later, the officers encountered two men

who matched the general description of reported suspects. No one else was in the

area. Both men were on bicycles and both men fled immediately upon noticing the

officers.

Viewed together, the foregoing circumstances, including the informant's

eyewitness account, the officers' prompt corroboration of several details, and their

own observations, were sufficient to establish the reliability of the tip and create a

reasonable, articulable suspicion of criminal activity justifying an investigatory

detention. The trial court did not err in denying Wenger's motion to suppress.

On appeal, Wenger challenges the trial court's finding that he matched the

informant's "general description," noting that the record indicated he had brown,

rather than "grayish," hair, and that he was wearing a black, rather than a "light

colored" t-shirt. When considered in light of all of the circumstances known to the

officers, however, including the other details of the tip and the officers' own

observations, such discrepancies did not render the decision to detain Wenger

unreasonable.

Affirmed.

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