# Patent

## Title
Method and apparatus for estimating signal-to-noise ratio based on dedicated physical channel pilot symbols

## Abstract

The present invention is related to a method and apparatus for estimating signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based on dedicated physical channel (DPCH) pilot symbols in a wireless communication system. A receiver receives a DPCH transmission and a despreader despreads the received DPCH transmission. A selector selects pilot symbols in the despread DPCH transmission. A signal power estimator estimates signal power based on the pilot symbols, and a noise power estimator estimates noise power based on the received DPCH transmission. A SNR estimator estimates an SNR based on the signal power estimation and the noise power estimation. The noise power estimator may calculate the noise power estimation either based only on pilot symbols or based on both pilot symbols and non-pilot symbols. The DPCH transmission may be transmitted using more than one antenna for transmit diversity.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
This application claims the benefit of U.S. provisional application No. 60/678,647 filed May 6, 2005, which is incorporated by reference as if fully set forth.


FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention is related to wireless communication systems. More particularly, the present invention is related to a method and apparatus for estimating signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based on dedicated physical channel (DPCH) pilot symbols in a wireless communication system.
BACKGROUND
In a wireless communication system, such as a wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) system, a downlink power control scheme is implemented to reduce the interference between wireless transmit/receive units (WTRUs). The WTRU estimates the SNR of the received signal, and then compares this estimated SNR with a threshold. When the estimated SNR is higher than the threshold, the WTRU generates a power control bit and sends it to a Node-B to reduce the transmit power. When the estimated SNR is lower than the threshold, the WTRU generates a power control bit and sends it to the Node-B to increase the transmit power. Although this scheme operates adequately, it is based on the ability to accurately estimate the SNR.
SUMMARY
The present invention is related to a method and apparatus for estimating SNR based on DPCH pilot symbols in a wireless communication system. A receiver receives a DPCH transmission and a despreader despreads the received DPCH transmission. A selector selects pilot symbols in the despread DPCH transmission. A signal power estimator estimates signal power based on the pilot symbols, and a noise power estimator estimates noise power based on the received DPCH transmission. A SNR estimator estimates an SNR based on the signal power estimation and the noise power estimation. The noise power estimator may calculate the noise power estimation either based only on pilot symbols or based on both pilot symbols and non-pilot symbols. The DPCH transmission may be transmitted using more than one antenna for transmit diversity.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art time slot structure for downlink DPCH.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an apparatus for estimating SNR in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a process for estimating SNR in accordance with the present invention.
FIG. 4 shows a transmitter and a receiver wherein the transmitter implements a transmit diversity with a plurality of antennas.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Hereafter, the terminology “WTRU” includes but is not limited to a user equipment, a mobile station, a fixed or mobile subscriber unit, a pager, or any other type of device capable of operating in a wireless environment. When referred to hereafter, the terminology “base station” includes but is not limited to a Node-B, a site controller, an access point or any other type of interfacing device in a wireless environment.
The features of the present invention may be incorporated into an integrated circuit (IC) or be configured in a circuit comprising a multitude of interconnecting components.
In accordance with the present invention, DPCH transmissions are used to estimate the received signal SNR that will be used for power control bit generation. FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a prior art time slot structure of the downlink DPCH in a WCDMA system transmitted from a base station to a WTRU. The data information, which comprises a dedicated physical data channel (DPDCH), and control information, which comprises a dedicated physical control channel (DPCCH), are multiplexed in the time domain. The control information includes transmit power control (TPC), transport format combination index (TFCI) and pilot information.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an apparatus 100 for estimating SNR in accordance with a preferred embodiment of the present invention. The apparatus 100 of FIG. 2 utilizes a Rake receiver to combine multipath components. Due to the nature of the dispersive wireless channel, the received signals include a plurality of replicas, (i.e., multipath components), of the transmitted signals. Two or more strong multipath components are processed by Rake fingers, respectively. It should be noted that the configuration of the apparatus shown in FIG. 2 is provided as an example and the present invention may be implemented with or without Rake receiver.
The apparatus 100 comprises a plurality of delay units 1021-102m, a plurality of despreaders 1041-104m, a plurality of selectors 1061-106m, a plurality of signal power estimators 1081-108m, a plurality of noise power estimators 1101-110m, a plurality of SNR estimators 1121-112m, and a summer 114. Received DPCH transmissions are forwarded to the delay units 1021-102m and delayed by each delay unit 1021-102m to be aligned in time domain in accordance with the detected location of each multipath component. Each delayed version of the received signal is despread by the despreader 1041-104m to obtain transmitted symbols.
Suppose that v1m, v2m, . . . , vNm are all N despread symbols for mth delay, (i.e., mth finger), in one time slot. Among them, the first N1 symbols are non-pilot symbols and the last N2 symbols are pilot symbols, where N=N1+N2. The selector 1061-106m selects the pilot symbols and outputs the pilot symbols to the signal power estimator 1081-108m, and optionally to the noise power estimator 1101-110m.
The signal power estimator 1081-108m receives pilot symbols from the selector 1061-106m and estimates the signal power from the pilot symbols. The signal power can be estimated as follows:




  
    
      
        
          
            P
            m
          
          =
          
            
              
              
                
                  1
                  
                    N
                    2
                  
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                    ∑
                    
                      k
                      =
                      1
                    
                    
                      N
                      2
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                      
                        v
                        
                          
                            N
                            1
                          
                          +
                          k
                        
                        m
                      
                      ⁡
                      
                        (
                        
                          s
                          
                            
                              N
                              1
                            
                            +
                            k
                          
                          m
                        
                        )
                      
                    
                    *
                  
                
              
              
            
            2
          
        
        ;
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          (
          1
          )
        
      
    
  




where SN1+km (1≦k≦N2) are known pilot symbols with binary phase shift keying (BPSK) or quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK) modulation and with unit amplitude. This method provides the best accuracy of power estimation with simple implementation. However, it should be noted that it is obvious to those skilled in the art that any other method may be implemented alternatively.

The noise power estimator 1101-110m estimates the noise power. Two options are provided for the noise power estimation in the present invention. In accordance with a first option, only pilot symbols are used to estimate the noise power. The noise power estimator 1101-110m receives pilot symbols from the selector 1061-106m. The noise power for mth finger is estimated as follows:




  
    
      
        
          σ
          m
          2
        
        =
        
          
            
              1
              
                N
                2
              
            
            ⁢
            
              
                ∑
                
                  k
                  =
                  1
                
                
                  N
                  2
                
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  
                  
                    v
                    
                      
                        N
                        1
                      
                      +
                      k
                    
                    m
                  
                  
                
                2
              
            
          
          -
          
            
              P
              m
            
            .
          
        
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          (
          2
          )
        
      
    
  




In accordance with a second option, both pilot symbols and non-pilot symbols are used to estimate the noise power. The noise power estimator 1101-110m receives despread symbols from the despreader 1041-104m. The noise power for mth finger is estimated as follows:




  
    
      
        
          
            σ
            m
            2
          
          =
          
            
              
                1
                N
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  ∑
                  
                    k
                    =
                    1
                  
                  N
                
                ⁢
                
                  
                    
                    
                      v
                      k
                      m
                    
                    
                  
                  2
                
              
            
            -
            
              
                (
                
                  
                    
                      α
                      data
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      G
                      data
                    
                  
                  +
                  
                    
                      α
                      TPC
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      G
                      TPC
                    
                  
                  +
                  
                    
                      α
                      TFCI
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      G
                      TFCI
                    
                  
                  +
                  
                    
                      α
                      pilot
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      G
                      pilot
                    
                  
                
                )
              
              ⁢
              
                P
                m
              
            
          
        
        ;
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          (
          3
          )
        
      
    
  




where αdata, αTPC, αTFCI and αpilot are time percentage of data symbols, TPC symbols, TFCI symbols and pilot symbols occupied in one time slot. It is obvious that αdata+αTPC+αTFCI+αpilot=1. Gdata is the power offset of data symbol relative to pilot symbol. GTPC is the power offset of TPC symbol relative to pilot symbol. GTFCI is the power offset of TFCI symbol relative to pilot symbol. Gpilo=1.

Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) standards specify the power offset relative to the data symbol. The power offsets (in dB) of TPC, TFCI and pilot symbols relative to data symbols are PO1, PO2 and PO3, respectively. Assume that po1, po2 and po3 are power offsets in linear that can be calculated as poi=100.1*POi, where i=1,2,3. Define gTPC=po1, gTFCI=po2 and gpilot=po3. The power offsets relative to pilot symbols are then calculated as follows:




  
    
      
        {
        
          
            
              
                
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                      G
                      data
                    
                    =
                    
                      1
                      /
                      
                        g
                        pilot
                      
                    
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                      G
                      TPC
                    
                    =
                    
                      
                        g
                        TPC
                      
                      /
                      
                        g
                        pilot
                      
                    
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                      G
                      TFCI
                    
                    =
                    
                      
                        g
                        TFCI
                      
                      /
                      
                        g
                        pilot
                      
                    
                  
                
              
            
            
              
                
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                      G
                      pilot
                    
                    =
                    1
                  
                
              
            
          
          .
        
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          (
          4
          )
        
      
    
  




In a special case of Gdata=GTPC=GTFCI=1, the noise power can be simplified as follows:





  
    
      
        
          σ
          m
          2
        
        =
        
          
            
              1
              N
            
            ⁢
            
              
                ∑
                
                  k
                  =
                  1
                
                N
              
              ⁢
              
                
                  
                  
                    v
                    k
                    m
                  
                  
                
                2
              
            
          
          -
          
            
              P
              m
            
            .
          
        
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          (
          5
          )
        
      
    
  




The SNR estimator 1121-112m calculates SNR for each finger. The SNR for mth finger is estimated as follows:




  
    
      
        
          SNR
          m
        
        =
        
          
            
              P
              m
            
            
              σ
              m
              2
            
          
          .
        
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          (
          6
          )
        
      
    
  




The summer 114 combines the SNR estimates generated by the fingers. The overall SNR for all M fingers, (assuming that maximal ratio combining (MRC) Rake combining is utilized), is estimated as follows:

SNRall=SNR1+SNR2+ . . . +SNRM.  Equation (7)

The apparatus 100 shown in FIG. 2 is configured to implement the second option in calculating the noise power estimation, (i.e., the noise power estimation is calculated using both pilot symbols and non-pilot symbols). In the case that the first option for calculating the noise power estimation is implemented, (i.e., only pilot symbols are used in estimation of noise power), the output from the selector 1061-106m, instead of the output from the despreader 1041-104m, is used in estimating the noise power.
When transmit diversity is used as illustrated in FIG. 4, the signal power estimation becomes as follows:




  
    
      
        
          
            P
            m
          
          =
          
            
              
                
                
                  
                    1
                    
                      N
                      2
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                      ∑
                      
                        k
                        =
                        1
                      
                      
                        N
                        2
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                        
                          v
                          
                            
                              N
                              1
                            
                            +
                            k
                          
                          m
                        
                        ⁡
                        
                          (
                          
                            s
                            
                              1
                              ,
                              
                                
                                  N
                                  1
                                
                                +
                                k
                              
                            
                            m
                          
                          )
                        
                      
                      *
                    
                  
                
                
              
              2
            
            +
            
              
                
                
                  
                    1
                    
                      N
                      2
                    
                  
                  ⁢
                  
                    
                      ∑
                      
                        k
                        =
                        1
                      
                      
                        N
                        2
                      
                    
                    ⁢
                    
                      
                        
                          v
                          
                            
                              N
                              1
                            
                            +
                            k
                          
                          m
                        
                        ⁡
                        
                          (
                          
                            s
                            
                              2
                              ,
                              
                                
                                  N
                                  1
                                
                                +
                                k
                              
                            
                            m
                          
                          )
                        
                      
                      *
                    
                  
                
                
              
              2
            
          
        
        ;
      
    
    
      
        Equation
        ⁢
        
          
        
        ⁢
        
          (
          8
          )
        
      
    
  




where sm1,N1+k (1≦k ≦N2) are known pilot symbols from antenna 1 with BPSK or QPSK modulation and with unit amplitude, and sm2,N1+k (1≦k≦N2) are known pilot symbols from antenna 2 with BPSK or QPSK modulation and with unit amplitude. follows:

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a process 200 for estimating SNR in accordance with the present invention. DPCH transmissions are received (step 202) and despread to generate symbols including pilot symbols (step 204). Signal power estimation is calculated based on the pilot symbols (step 206). Noise power estimation is calculated based on either the pilot symbols or pilot and non-pilot symbols (step 208). The SNR estimation is calculated from the signal power estimation and the noise power estimation (step 210).
Although the features and elements of the present invention are described in the preferred embodiments in particular combinations, each feature or element can be used alone without the other features and elements of the preferred embodiments or in various combinations with or without other features and elements of the present invention.

## Claims

1. A method for estimating signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based on dedicated physical channel (DPCH) transmissions, the DPCH transmission including pilot symbols, the method comprising:
receiving a DPCH transmission;
despreading the DPCH transmission to obtain transmitted symbols, the transmitted symbols including pilot symbols and non-pilot symbols;
calculating signal power estimation based on the pilot symbols of the DPCH;
calculating noise power estimation based on the pilot symbols and the non-pilot symbols of the DPCH; and
calculating the SNR estimation from the signal power estimation and the noise power estimation.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the signal power estimation, the noise power estimation and the SNR estimation are performed on at least two multipath components of the received transmission, and the SNR estimations of the multipath components are combined to generate a final SNR estimation.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein the DPCH transmission is transmitted using at least two antennas for transmit diversity.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the noise power estimation is calculated based on time percentages of the pilot symbols and the non-pilot symbols in a time slot and power offsets of the pilot symbols and the non-pilot symbols.

5. An apparatus for estimating signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based on dedicated physical channel (DPCH) transmissions, the DPCH transmission including pilot symbols, the apparatus comprising:
a despreader for despreading a received DPCH transmission to obtain transmitted symbols, the transmitted symbols including pilot symbols and non-pilot symbols;
a selector for selecting the pilot symbols of the DPCH;
a signal power estimator for calculating signal power estimation based on the pilot symbols of the DPCH;
a noise power estimator for calculating noise power estimation based on the pilot symbols and the non-pilot symbols of the DPCH; and
a SNR estimator for calculating the SNR estimation from the signal power estimation and the noise power estimation.

6. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the noise power estimator calculates the noise power estimation based on time percentages of the pilot symbols and the non-pilot symbols in a time slot and power offsets of the pilot symbols and the non-pilot symbols.

7. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the DPCH transmission is transmitted using at least two antennas for transmit diversity and the signal power estimator calculates the signal power estimation by a summing signal power estimation for each transmit.

8. The apparatus of claim 5 wherein the apparatus is utilized in a wireless transmit/receive unit.

9. An apparatus for estimating signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) based on dedicated physical channel (DPCH) transmissions, the DPCH transmission including pilot symbols and non-pilot symbols, the apparatus comprising:
a plurality of delay units for aligning a plurality of multipath components of received DPCH transmission;
a plurality of despreaders for despreading the multipath components of the DPCH transmission to obtain transmitted symbols, the transmitted symbols including the pilot symbols and the non-pilot symbols;
a plurality of selectors for selecting the pilot symbols of the DPCH from the transmitted symbols;
a plurality of signal power estimators for calculating signal power estimation based on the pilot symbols of the DPCH;
a plurality of noise power estimators for calculating noise power estimation based on the pilot symbols and the non-pilot symbols of the DPCH;
a plurality of SNR estimators for calculating SNR estimations from the signal power estimations and the noise power estimations; and
a summer for summing the SNR estimations.

10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the noise power estimator calculates the noise power estimation based on time percentages of the pilot symbols and the non-pilot symbols in a time slot and power offsets of the pilot symbols and the non-pilot symbols.

11. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the DPCH transmission is transmitted using at least two antennas for transmit diversity and the signal power estimator calculates the signal power estimation by a summing signal power estimation for each transmit.

12. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein the apparatus is utilized in a wireless transmit/receive unit.