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Nebraska Supreme Court Advance Sheets

310 Nebraska Reports

NOAH’S ARK PROCESSORS v. UNIFIRST CORP.

Cite as 310 Neb. 896

Noah’s Ark Processors, LLC, a Minnesota limited 

liability company, appellant, v. UniFirst 

Corporation, a Massachusetts 

corporation, appellee.

___ N.W.2d ___

Filed February 11, 2022. No. S-21-086.

1. Appeal and Error. An appellate court is not obligated to engage in an 

analysis that is not necessary to adjudicate the case and controversy 

before it.

2. Arbitration and Award: Judgments: Appeal and Error. Whether a 

stay of proceedings should be granted and arbitration required is a question of law. When reviewing questions of law, an appellate court has 

an obligation to resolve the questions independently of the conclusion 

reached by the trial court.

3. Equity: Appeal and Error. In an appeal of an equity action, an appellate court tries factual questions de novo on the record and reaches 

a conclusion independent of the findings of the trial court; provided, 

where the credible evidence is in conflict on a material issue of fact, the 

appellate court considers and may give weight to the fact that the trial 

judge heard and observed the witnesses and accepted one version of the 

facts rather than another.

4. Trial: Evidence: Appeal and Error. A trial court has the discretion to 

determine the relevancy and admissibility of evidence, and such determinations will not be disturbed on appeal unless they constitute an abuse 

of that discretion.

5. Rules of Evidence: Hearsay: Appeal and Error. Apart from rulings 

under the residual hearsay exception, an appellate court reviews for clear 

error the factual findings underpinning a trial court’s hearsay ruling and 

reviews de novo the court’s ultimate determination to admit evidence 

over a hearsay objection or exclude evidence on hearsay grounds.

Nebraska Supreme Court Online Library

www.nebraska.gov/apps-courts-epub/

04/28/2022 08:08 AM CDT
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NOAH’S ARK PROCESSORS v. UNIFIRST CORP.

Cite as 310 Neb. 896

6. Evidence: Appeal and Error. In a civil case, the admission or exclusion of evidence is not reversible error unless it unfairly prejudiced a 

substantial right of the complaining party.

7. Estoppel. To impose equitable estoppel, the court must find as to the 

party estopped, (1) conduct which amounts to a false representation or 

concealment of material facts or, at least, which is calculated to convey 

the impression that the facts are otherwise than, and inconsistent with, 

those which the party subsequently attempts to assert; (2) the intention, 

or at least the expectation, that such conduct shall be acted upon by, or 

influence, the other party or other persons; (3) knowledge, actual or constructive, of the real facts; as to the other party, (4) lack of knowledge 

and of the means of knowledge of the truth as to the facts in question; 

(5) reliance, in good faith, upon the conduct or statements of the party to 

be estopped; and (6) action or inaction based thereon of such a character 

as to change the position or status of the party claiming the estoppel, to 

his or her injury, detriment, or prejudice.

8. Appeal and Error. An appellate court will not consider an argument or 

theory that is raised for the first time on appeal.

9. Trial: Evidence: Presumptions. In a bench trial, the court is presumed 

to have considered only competent and relevant evidence in making 

its decision.

10. Judgments: Words and Phrases: Appeal and Error. An abuse of 

discretion, warranting reversal of a trial court’s evidentiary decision on 

appeal, occurs when a trial court’s decision is based upon reasons that 

are untenable or unreasonable or if its action is clearly against justice or 

conscience, reason, and evidence.

Appeal from the District Court for Douglas County: 

Gregory M. Schatz, Judge. Affirmed.

W. Patrick Betterman, P.C., L.L.O., for appellant.

Max Kelch and Matt Davis for appellee.

Heavican, C.J., Miller-Lerman, Cassel, Stacy, Funke, 

Papik, and Freudenberg, JJ.

Funke, J.

Noah’s Ark Processors, LLC (Noah’s), notified UniFirst 

Corporation (UniFirst) that it was terminating their business agreement. Pursuant to an arbitration clause, UniFirst 
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NOAH’S ARK PROCESSORS v. UNIFIRST CORP.

Cite as 310 Neb. 896

commenced an arbitration proceeding against Noah’s seeking 

damages. Noah’s sought a declaration in district court that 

because Noah’s was not a signatory to the agreement, Noah’s 

was not bound by the agreement or the arbitration provision. 

Following a bench trial, the court dismissed the complaint of 

Noah’s, determined that Noah’s was equitably estopped from 

contesting that it is bound by the agreement and arbitration 

provision, and directed Noah’s to participate in arbitration.

Noah’s appeals. The appeal is without merit. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

UniFirst, a Massachusetts corporation, is a supplier of industrial worker uniforms. Nebraska Prime Group LLC (Prime) 

is a Nebraska limited liability company, which operated a 

meatpacking business in Hastings, Nebraska. In 2013, UniFirst 

and Prime entered into a customer service agreement (CSA), 

under which UniFirst agreed to provide uniforms and related 

services for Prime’s meatpacking business. The initial term of 

the CSA was 60 months, through April 2018, and then on a 

month-to-month basis thereafter. The CSA included separate 

line items with pricing and stated, “The Customer orders from 

[UniFirst] for all of Customer’s requirements for garments and 

other items (‘Merchandise’) of the type listed on the reverse, 

at the prices and upon the terms and conditions outlined. 

Additional Merchandise requested by Customer, verbally or 

in writing, will also be covered by this Agreement.” The 

CSA required arbitration for “[a]ll disputes of whatever kind 

between Customer and UniFirst.” The CSA stated, “Customer 

agrees that in the event it sells or transfers its business, it will 

require the purchaser or transferee to assume all obligations 

and responsibilities under this Agreement.”

Noah’s is a Minnesota limited liability company doing business in Omaha, Nebraska. In 2014, through foreclosure of 

a lien, Noah’s acquired Prime’s assets, including the meat

packing operation. Prime continued its operations at the plant 

until January 1, 2015. On January 2, Noah’s took possession 
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NOAH’S ARK PROCESSORS v. UNIFIRST CORP.

Cite as 310 Neb. 896

of the property and began operating the plant and assets for 

its own account. UniFirst continued to provide services to the 

plant under the CSA, until January 2018, when Noah’s issued 

a termination letter.

In June 2018, UniFirst filed an arbitration demand against 

Noah’s, seeking $141,054.01 in damages and requesting that 

the arbitration occur in Topeka, Kansas. In September, Noah’s 

filed a complaint in the district court for Douglas County, 

Nebraska, seeking a declaration that the CSA is not binding 

against it and a determination of any balance due to UniFirst 

under an oral arrangement. UniFirst filed an answer denying the allegations and asserting affirmative defenses that (1) 

Noah’s ratified the CSA, (2) Noah’s continued Prime’s operation of the plant business and utilization of services under the 

CSA, and (3) Noah’s was estopped from denying the existence 

of a valid contract.

Noah’s moved for summary judgment, arguing that it was 

not bound by the CSA or, in the alternative, that UniFirst had 

waived its right to arbitration. The court granted the motion 

of Noah’s with respect to UniFirst’s ratification and successor 

liability affirmative defenses, but denied the motion as to the 

equitable estoppel affirmative defense, finding genuine issues 

of material fact.

Although acknowledging that Noah’s was not a signatory 

to the CSA, the court found UniFirst had presented evidence 

from which a jury could conclude that the conduct of Noah’s 

“on several instances” amounted to false representations, concealment of material facts, or representations calculated to 

convey the impression that the facts are otherwise than, and 

inconsistent with, those which Noah’s subsequently attempted 

to assert. The court found no merit to the argument of Noah’s 

that an equitable estoppel defense requires a party to prove the 

elements of fraud and deception. The court found no merit to 

the argument of Noah’s that UniFirst had waived its right to 

arbitration. The court found UniFirst had acted consistently 

with its arbitration right and found no evidence of any prejudice to Noah’s.
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NOAH’S ARK PROCESSORS v. UNIFIRST CORP.

Cite as 310 Neb. 896

The court held a bench trial in October 2020. In its posttrial order, the court found that UniFirst had established the 

elements for its equitable estoppel claim, and the court again 

found no evidence of a waiver. The court found no merit to the 

argument of Noah’s that UniFirst had failed to plead its estoppel theory, explaining UniFirst had asserted equitable estoppel 

as an affirmative defense in answers to the first and second 

amended complaint of Noah’s.

In analyzing the elements of equitable estoppel based upon 

the trial evidence, the court found:

When [Noah’s] took over operation of the plant on or 

about January 2, 2015, neither [Noah’s] nor Prime notified [UniFirst] that [Noah’s] had assumed operation of 

the plant, and [UniFirst] believed it was continuing to do 

business with Prime. There is no evidence that [UniFirst] 

entered into any oral agreement with [Noah’s] at any time 

before the [CSA] was terminated by [Noah’s]. [UniFirst] 

was not aware that [Noah’s] existed, and [Noah’s] did 

nothing to give notice to [UniFirst] as to the change in the 

ownership of the plant in January, 2015.

The court found that after Noah’s acquired the plant, management at the plant did not change, which meant that UniFirst’s 

contacts at the plant were the same as under Prime—at the same 

business phone numbers and email addresses. The court found 

that in a phone call with UniFirst in 2016, a plant employee 

had referred to the business as “WR Reserve” and assured that 

WR Reserve and Prime were the same entity. In addition, the 

court found that from August 2017 to January 2018, UniFirst 

submitted “233 invoices . . . to ‘Nebraska Prime’” for services 

provided under the CSA. The court found as follows: All of 

the invoices were paid on a regular basis; UniFirst was never 

advised the invoices were incorrectly titled; and at the time 

the CSA was terminated, there was an outstanding balance due 

to UniFirst.

The record showed that because the original term of the 

CSA would expire in 2018, UniFirst proposed a new contract 
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NOAH’S ARK PROCESSORS v. UNIFIRST CORP.

Cite as 310 Neb. 896

in September 2017 with the entity referred to as “Nebraska 

Prime/WR Reserve” and was not advised that the proposed 

contract named an incorrect entity. In a followup conversation, 

Noah’s acknowledged to UniFirst that the current CSA would 

remain effective for 2 years.

There were several occasions between 2015 and 2018 

wherein UniFirst requested and received performance evaluations from the company named “Nebraska Prime,” and UniFirst 

was not notified of the incorrect name for the company. Lastly, 

the court found when Noah’s terminated the CSA, it sought to 

do so for cause based upon several CSA provisions, which the 

court found was an acknowledgment by Noah’s that it believed 

it was bound by the CSA.

Regarding UniFirst’s equitable estoppel claim, the court ultimately found that the conduct of Noah’s amounted to a false 

representation or concealment of the fact that it had become 

UniFirst’s customer under the CSA, with the expectation that 

UniFirst would rely on the misrepresentation, that UniFirst 

was unaware Noah’s had become its customer under the CSA, 

and that UniFirst had relied in good faith, to its detriment, on 

the conduct of Noah’s. The court found that in reliance on the 

CSA, UniFirst continued to invest in the operation of Noah’s 

by taking new orders and adding a new service route. The 

court therefore concluded that UniFirst had established the 

essential elements of equitable estoppel and that Noah’s was 

estopped from denying the binding authority of the CSA. The 

court lifted a stipulated stay of the arbitration proceedings and 

directed Noah’s to participate in arbitration.

Noah’s moved to alter or amend, arguing, inter alia, the 

court’s estoppel ruling did not address the question of whether 

the parties’ billing disputes over certain items were within the 

scope of the CSA’s arbitration provision. Noah’s argued that its 

alleged liability was for certain garments not included within 

the CSA and was an issue for the court to decide and not the 

arbitrator. The court summarily overruled the motion to alter 

or amend.
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NOAH’S ARK PROCESSORS v. UNIFIRST CORP.

Cite as 310 Neb. 896

Noah’s appeals. We moved the case to our docket upon our 

own motion.

ASSIGNMENTS OF ERROR

Noah’s assigns, summarized and restated, that the district 

court erred in (1) finding that Noah’s was equitably estopped 

from disputing that it is bound by the CSA and arbitration provision; (2) failing to find part of the parties’ billing dispute to 

be outside the scope of the arbitration agreement; (3) failing to 

determine the amounts owed to UniFirst for garments, if any; 

(4) deciding the issue of equitable estoppel when it was not 

pled; and (5) admitting hearsay evidence.

[1] The brief of Noah’s included further assignments of 

error. However, at oral argument, Noah’s agreed that these 

assignments of error were based on dictum in the trial court’s 

order and that it is not necessary to address that aspect of the 

appeal to fully resolve this case. An appellate court is not obligated to engage in an analysis that is not necessary to adjudicate the case and controversy before it. 1

STANDARD OF REVIEW

[2] Whether a stay of proceedings should be granted and 

arbitration required is a question of law. 2 When reviewing 

questions of law, this court has an obligation to resolve the 

questions independently of the conclusion reached by the 

trial court. 3

[3] In an appeal of an equity action, this court tries factual 

questions de novo on the record and reaches a conclusion 

independent of the findings of the trial court; provided, where 

the credible evidence is in conflict on a material issue of fact, 

we consider and may give weight to the fact that the trial 

1 Amend v. Nebraska Pub. Serv. Comm., 298 Neb. 617, 905 N.W.2d 551 

(2018).

2 Good Samaritan Coffee Co. v. LaRue Distributing, 275 Neb. 674, 748 

N.W.2d 367 (2008).

3 Id.
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NOAH’S ARK PROCESSORS v. UNIFIRST CORP.

Cite as 310 Neb. 896

judge heard and observed the witnesses and accepted one version of the facts rather than another. 4

[4-6] A trial court has the discretion to determine the rele

vancy and admissibility of evidence, and such determinations 

will not be disturbed on appeal unless they constitute an abuse 

of that discretion. 5 Apart from rulings under the residual hearsay exception, an appellate court reviews for clear error the 

factual findings underpinning a trial court’s hearsay ruling and 

reviews de novo the court’s ultimate determination to admit 

evidence over a hearsay objection or exclude evidence on 

hearsay grounds. 6 In a civil case, the admission or exclusion of 

evidence is not reversible error unless it unfairly prejudiced a 

substantial right of the complaining party. 7

ANALYSIS

Equitable Estoppel

[7] Noah’s argues that UniFirst failed to establish its equitable estoppel claim due to a lack of proof that UniFirst relied on 

the statements or conduct of Noah’s or that Noah’s deceived 

UniFirst. To impose equitable estoppel, the court must find as 

to the party estopped, (1) conduct which amounts to a false 

representation or concealment of material facts or, at least, 

which is calculated to convey the impression that the facts are 

otherwise than, and inconsistent with, those which the party 

subsequently attempts to assert; (2) the intention, or at least 

the expectation, that such conduct shall be acted upon by, or 

influence, the other party or other persons; (3) knowledge, 

actual or constructive, of the real facts; as to the other party, 

4 State v. Nebraska Assn. of Pub. Employees, 239 Neb. 653, 477 N.W.2d 577 

(1991). See, Omaha Police Union Local 101 v. City of Omaha, 292 Neb. 

381, 872 N.W.2d 765 (2015); Rauscher v. City of Lincoln, 269 Neb. 267, 

691 N.W.2d 844 (2005); Manker v. Manker, 263 Neb. 944, 644 N.W.2d 

522 (2002).

5 VKGS v. Planet Bingo, 309 Neb. 950, 962 N.W.2d 909 (2021).

6 Id.

7 Id.
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NOAH’S ARK PROCESSORS v. UNIFIRST CORP.

Cite as 310 Neb. 896

(4) lack of knowledge and of the means of knowledge of the 

truth as to the facts in question; (5) reliance, in good faith, 

upon the conduct or statements of the party to be estopped; 

and (6) action or inaction based thereon of such a character as 

to change the position or status of the party claiming the estoppel, to his or her injury, detriment, or prejudice. 8

Noah’s contends there is no evidence in the record that it 

had knowledge of the CSA or that Noah’s did anything to 

convey the impression that it was bound by the CSA, thereby 

forgoing its right to a jury trial. However, as the fact finder and 

judge of the weight and the credibility to be afforded to witness testimony, the court issued detailed findings in its posttrial 

decision which refute the arguments of Noah’s.

The court drew upon several different sources of evidence 

from the record to demonstrate that once Noah’s took over 

operation of the plant, Noah’s falsely represented that UniFirst 

was still engaged in business dealings with Prime, which 

UniFirst relied upon to its detriment. On appeal, Noah’s merely 

reargues the evidence, but such is unpersuasive where there 

is ample evidence in the record to support the court’s findings. For example, Noah’s points to evidence in the record 

that UniFirst had knowledge concerning Noah’s, because after 

January 2, 2015, Noah’s issued payment checks to UniFirst. 

However, the evidence of the overall conduct of Noah’s indicates that the payment checks do not merit significant weight, 

because third-party management companies commonly paid 

UniFirst’s invoices.

Prime left the meatpacking operation in January 2015 with 

an account balance due to UniFirst. Noah’s paid this amount 

8 See, Perry v. Esch, 240 Neb. 289, 481 N.W.2d 431 (1992); State v. 

Nebraska Assn. of Pub. Employees, supra note 4; Wheat Belt Pub. Power 

Dist. v. Batterman, 234 Neb. 589, 452 N.W.2d 49 (1990); Commerce Sav. 

Scottsbluff v. F.H. Schafer Elev., 231 Neb. 288, 436 N.W.2d 151 (1989); 

Osmera v. School Dist. of Seward, 216 Neb. 261, 343 N.W.2d 886 (1984);

Cavanaugh v. deBaudiniere, 1 Neb. App. 204, 493 N.W.2d 197 (1992). 

See, also, 31 C.J.S. Estoppel and Waiver § 94 (2019).
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NOAH’S ARK PROCESSORS v. UNIFIRST CORP.

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on Prime’s behalf. From 2015 to 2018, UniFirst expanded its 

business with Noah’s by adding a new service route and by 

providing new price quotes and garments, at the request of 

Noah’s. In a conversation in 2017, the chief financial officer 

(CFO) of Noah’s acknowledged to UniFirst that there were 2 

years remaining on the CSA. Noah’s sought to terminate the 

CSA for cause based on the terms of the agreement, which 

illustrates that Noah’s believed it was bound by the CSA, even 

though the CSA was executed between UniFirst and Prime.

Thus, the record supports the district court’s determination 

that over a course of years, Noah’s took actions which led 

UniFirst to reasonably believe Prime remained the owner of the 

meatpacking operation, and that Noah’s obtained benefits under 

the CSA during this time. Other courts have rejected the argument Noah’s asserts here, explaining “[Noah’s] cannot have it 

both ways. It cannot rely on the contract when it works to its 

advantage and ignore it when it works to its disadvantage.” 9

This assignment of error is without merit.

Scope of CSA

Noah’s argues the parties’ dispute is not within the scope 

of the CSA’s arbitration provision. “Enforcement of an arbitration agreement involves two analytical steps: The first is 

contract formation—whether the parties entered into any arbitration agreement at all. The second involves contract interpretation to determine whether this claim is covered by the 

arbitration agreement.” 10 Both questions involve contract interpretation and are for the court to decide. 11

9 See PRM Energy Systems, Inc. v. Primenergy, L.L.C., 592 F.3d 830, 834 

n.3 (8th Cir. 2010) (internal quotation marks omitted). See, also, Tepper 

Realty Company v. Mosaic Tile Company, 259 F. Supp. 688 (S.D.N.Y. 

1966); American Ins. Co. v. Cazort, 316 Ark. 314, 871 S.W.2d 575 (1994).

10 Cullinane v. Beverly Enters. - Neb., 300 Neb. 210, 224, 912 N.W.2d 774, 

789 (2018).

11 See id. See, also, Arthur Andersen LLP v. Carlisle, 556 U.S. 624, 129 S. 

Ct. 1896, 173 L. Ed. 2d 832 (2009).
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NOAH’S ARK PROCESSORS v. UNIFIRST CORP.

Cite as 310 Neb. 896

Noah’s raised the issue of the scope of the arbitration provision in its motion to alter or amend and argued that the CSA 

defines “‘Customer’ to be ‘Prime’” and that the arbitration provision includes “disputes between ‘Prime’ and ‘UniFirst’ only.” 

But the district court found Noah’s is estopped from contesting that it is bound by the CSA and the arbitration provision, 

and we agree. As explained in our analysis above, Noah’s is 

bound by the CSA based on its conduct. This is so even though 

Noah’s did not sign the agreement. Noah’s argues this court 

should interpret the term “Customer” under the CSA as a limitation on the scope of the arbitration provision, but we find no 

difference between this argument and the arguments of Noah’s 

regarding insufficient proof for UniFirst’s equitable estoppel 

claim. As such, this argument is without merit.

Noah’s argued the parties’ have billing disputes based on 

transactions not involving garments specified in the CSA and 

that any such dispute would not be for arbitration and would 

remain for the court. However, Noah’s does not point to any 

language in the CSA that would support this outcome. The 

arbitration provision in this case is unambiguous and broadly 

covers “all disputes of whatever kind” between the parties. 

This assignment of error is without merit.

Notice

Noah’s argues the court erred by deciding the case based 

upon an unpled estoppel theory. However, Noah’s refers to dicta 

contained in the trial court’s order, which the parties agreed at 

oral argument is not presented for consideration on appeal. It 

is undisputed that UniFirst did plead equitable estoppel as an 

affirmative defense, that the parties litigated UniFirst’s theory 

during summary judgment proceedings, and that the theory 

was tried to the court. The trial court specifically found on 

this issue that “[Noah’s] certainly had notice of [UniFirst’s] 

affirmative defense of estoppel since the very outset of the 

litigation, and there is no evidence whatsoever that [Noah’s] 

has been prejudiced by [UniFirst’s] defense of equitable 
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NOAH’S ARK PROCESSORS v. UNIFIRST CORP.

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estoppel.” Noah’s was afforded fair notice of the nature of the 

defense. 12 This assignment of error is without merit.

New Arguments

[8] During the trial court proceedings, Noah’s asserted that 

UniFirst had waived its arbitration rights by demanding the 

arbitration take place in Topeka, Kansas, though the CSA’s arbitration provision required the arbitration to occur in Lincoln, 

Nebraska, by stating, “The arbitration shall be conducted in the 

capital city of the state where Customer has its principal place 

of business (or some other location mutually agreed to[)].” The 

court found UniFirst had merely made a mistake in demanding Kansas as the arbitration venue and found no evidence of 

waiver or prejudice. On appeal, Noah’s argues that UniFirst’s 

demand to arbitrate in Kansas constituted a breach of the CSA. 

However, this is a new argument not passed upon by the trial 

court. An appellate court will not consider an argument or 

theory that is raised for the first time on appeal. 13 This assignment of error is without merit.

Admission of Evidence

[9,10] As a final matter, Noah’s argues the court erred 

in admitting several statements and documents over hearsay 

objections. In a bench trial, the court is presumed to have 

considered only competent and relevant evidence in making 

its decision. 14 An abuse of discretion, warranting reversal of 

a trial court’s evidentiary decision on appeal, occurs when a 

trial court’s decision is based upon reasons that are untenable 

12 See SFI Ltd. Partnership 8 v. Carroll, 288 Neb. 698, 851 N.W.2d 82 

(2014).

13 Eletech v. Conveyance Consulting Group, 308 Neb. 733, 956 N.W.2d 692 

(2021).

14 See Eicher v. Mid America Fin. Invest. Corp., 270 Neb. 370, 702 N.W.2d 

792 (2005).
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or unreasonable or if its action is clearly against justice or conscience, reason, and evidence. 15

Noah’s argues the court erred in admitting UniFirst’s telephone conversation with a plant employee who stated that 

WR Reserve and Prime were the same entity; in admitting 

statements from the CFO of Noah’s and a letter from UniFirst; 

and in admitting customer services reports, manager’s major 

account visitation reports, and requests for customer action. 

Upon our review of the evidence, we find no abuse of discretion by the district court. We agree with UniFirst that the arguments of Noah’s go to weight rather than admissibility and that 

they do not demonstrate any prejudice to a substantial right 

of Noah’s.

First, we do not believe the telephone conversation with the 

plant employee and the statements made by the CFO of Noah’s 

were hearsay because they were not offered to prove the truth 

of the matter asserted, but to prove the effect of the statements 

on the listener under Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-801(3) (Cum. Supp. 

2020). A statement offered to prove its impact on the listener, 

instead of its truth, is offered for a valid nonhearsay purpose if 

the listener’s knowledge, belief, response, or state of mind after 

hearing the statement is relevant to an issue in the case. 16

Second, the telephone conversation with the plant employee 

and the statements made by the CFO of Noah’s were not hearsay because direct and circumstantial evidence in the record 

establishes they were made by agents of Noah’s within the 

scope of their employment. 17 Moreover, it is evident that to 

the extent the parties’ documents contained hearsay, foundation was laid to admit the evidence as business records under 

Neb. Rev. Stat. § 27-803(5) (Reissue 2016). 18 The district court 

15 O’Brien v. Cessna Aircraft Co., 298 Neb. 109, 903 N.W.2d 432 (2017).

16 See Baker-Heser v. State, 309 Neb. 979, 963 N.W.2d 59 (2021).

17 See § 27-801(4)(b)(iv). See, also, Bump v. Firemens Ins. Co., 221 Neb. 

678, 380 N.W.2d 268 (1986).

18 See O’Brien v. Cessna Aircraft Co., supra note 15.
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did not abuse its discretion in overruling the evidentiary objections of Noah’s. The appeal of Noah’s is without merit.

CONCLUSION

We affirm the district court’s judgment dismissing the complaint of Noah’s, lifting the stay, and directing Noah’s to proceed in arbitration. There is no merit to any of the arguments 

of Noah’s on appeal.

Affirmed.