09-1060-cr

United States v. Medley (Bivins) 

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION TO A

SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED

BY THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1 AND FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1. 

WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY

MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE

NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY

OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated Term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at the

Daniel Patrick Moynihan United States Courthouse, 500 Pearl Street, in the City of New York,

on the 28 day of July, two thousand and ten. th

Present: WILFRED FEINBERG,

RALPH K. WINTER,

ROSEMARY S. POOLER,

Circuit Judges.

_____________________________________________________

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee,

 -v- (09-1060-cr)

JOSEPH MEDLEY,

Defendant-Appellant.

 

Appearing for Appellee: Joseph J. Karaszewski, Assistant United States Attorney (Terrance

P. Flynn, United States Attorney, on the brief), Western District of

New York, New York, N.Y.

 

Appearing for Appellant: Bruce R. Bryan, Syracuse, N.Y.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Western District of New York 

(Elfvin, J.).

ON CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, ADJUDGED,
 Medley also argues that the district court improperly admitted the fact of his prior 1

acquittal. It was, however, Medley’s own attorney who made reference to the acquittal.

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AND DECREED that said District Court’s judgment be and it hereby is AFFIRMED, and the

cause REMANDED for consideration of whether resentencing is appropriate pursuant to United

States v. Regalado, 518 F.3d 143 (2d Cir. 2008).

On November 12, 2008, this panel dismissed Joseph Medley’s appeal for lack of

jurisdiction, and remanded to the district court with directions for the court to enter a new

judgment. The district court did so, and Medley filed a timely appeal. The appeal returned to this

panel pursuant to United States v. Jacobson, 15 F.3d 19, 21-23 (2d Cir. 1994). We assume the

parties’ familiarity with the facts, proceedings below, and the issues raised on appeal.

 Joseph Medley appeals from a judgment of conviction entered on July 1, 2005 in the

United States District Court for the Western District of New York (Elfvin, J.), following a jury

trial, for one count of conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute five kilograms or more of

cocaine in violation of 21 U.S.C. §§ 846, 841(a)(1) and (b)(1)(A), and two counts of use of a

communication facility to commit a drug trafficking offense in violation of 21 U.S.C. § 843(b).

 I. Double Jeopardy

Three weeks prior to the start of the federal trial, Medley was tried in state court, and

acquitted of charges stemming from drugs found during a search of his home on October 8,

1999. The Double Jeopardy Clause does not prevent successive prosecutions of an individual

for the same act by two different sovereigns. Heath v. Alabama, 474 U.S. 82, 88 (1985). Medley,

however, argues that the “state and federal prosecutions [were] so intertwined as to undermine

the assumption that two supposedly independent criminal actions were prosecuted by separate

sovereigns.” United States v. Coonan, 938 F.2d 1553, 1563 (2d Cir. 1991).

Medley offers no basis to conclude that the state and federal prosecutors were doing

anything other than cooperating. See id. (“The key criterion in determining whether the

application of this exception is warranted is not the extent of control exercised by one

prosecuting authority over the other but rather the ultimate source of the power under which the

respective prosecutions were undertaken.”) (quotation marks and alterations omitted). His claim

of collusion rests on his observations that: (1) the state trial occurred three weeks prior to the

federal trial; and (2) the federal prosecutor made explicit reference to the fact that Medley was

arrested on state charges. These facts provide no basis for a finding that the state and federal

prosecutors were acting in concert.1

II. Extra-Record Information

Medley argues that the district court erred in not granting a mistrial after a juror viewed

Medley in handcuffs. Although “extra-record information that comes to the attention of a juror is

presumptively prejudicial . . . . the presumption may be rebutted by a showing that the

information is harmless,” United States v. Hillard, 701 F.2d 1052, 1064 (2d Cir. 1983)

(quotation marks and citation omitted), and a “trial court has wide discretion in deciding how to
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pursue an inquiry into the effects of extra-record information.” Id.

Here, the probability of prejudice (or the likelihood that the information was harmful) is

practically non-existent as the juror who allegedly saw Medley was dismissed the same day and

did not participate in deliberations. Therefore, any potential prejudice was harmless. 

III. Constructive Amendment of the Indictment 

Medley argues that the indictment was constructively amended because it charged him

with a conspiracy involving 5 kilograms of cocaine, under 21 U.S.C. § 841(b)(1)(A), but the jury

convicted him of a conspiracy involving 3.5 kilograms of cocaine, under 21 U.S.C. §

841(b)(1)(B). 

There was no error here. A conspiracy involving 3.5 kilograms of cocaine is a lesser

included offense of a conspiracy involving 5 kilograms of cocaine. See Fed. R. Crim. P. 31(c)(1)

(“A defendant may be found guilty of . . . an offense necessarily included in the offense

charged”);United States v. Gaskin, 364 F.3d 438, 453-54 (2d Cir. 2004); United States v. Diaz,

176 F.3d 52, 100-01 (2d Cir. 1999).

IV. Expert Testimony

Medley argues that the district court improperly admitted testimony by a case agent on

the meaning of code words used by the participants in intercepted telephone conversations

because the agent was not sufficiently qualified as an expert and strayed beyond the scope of

expert testimony by testifying about terms that were unique to the conspiracy itself. 

“[W]e have consistently upheld the use of expert testimony to explain both the operations

of drug dealers and the meaning of coded conversations about drugs.” United States v.

Dukagjini, 326 F.3d 45, 52 (2d Cir. 2003). We have, however, also expressed concerns about the

use of a case agent as an expert witness because it “increases the likelihood that inadmissible and

prejudicial testimony will be proffered,” id. 53, and that the case agent will “stray from the scope

of his expertise.” Id. at 55. Medley, however, has not pointed to parts of the agent’s testimony

which either strayed from the scope of the agent’s expertise or were otherwise inadmissible. The

district court did not abuse its discretion in allowing the testimony. 

V. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Medley argues that the evidence was insufficient to show that he was part of a conspiracy

to distribute cocaine or that he was the owner of the found cocaine. We disagree. 

It is well settled that a defendant seeking to overturn a conviction based upon

insufficiency of the evidence bears a heavy burden. United States v. Santos, 541 F.3d 63, 70-71

(2d Cir. 2008). A conviction must be affirmed if, “after viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the essential elements of

the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 (1979). 

The evidence presented by the government included: transcripts of telephone
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conversations on three separate dates between Medley and co-conspirators Bivins and Castillo

that were drug-related, as well as testimony by Castillo that the conversations related to a two

kilogram cocaine deal for $45,000; (2) testimony that police seized three ounces of cocaine and

$11,000 in cash from Medley’s house on October 8, the day after Bivins and Medley had a

conversation in drug-coded language; (3) evidence that after Medley’s arrest, he had a telephone

conversation with Bivins referencing seized money. Based on this evidence, a rational trier of

fact could have found that Medley was part of a conspiracy to possess with intent to distribute

cocaine. The evidence was, therefore, sufficient.

V. Remand Under Regalado

The parties agree that a remand pursuant to United States v. Regalado is warranted. 518

F.3d 143 (2d Cir. 2008). In Regalado we held that: 

Where a defendant has not preserved the argument that the sentencing range

for the crack cocaine offense fails to serve the objectives of sentencing under §

3553(a), we will remand to give the district court an opportunity to indicate

whether it would have imposed a non-Guidelines sentence knowing that it had

discretion to deviate from the Guidelines to serve those objectives. If so, the

court should vacate the original sentence and resentence the defendant. If not,

the court should state on the record that it is declining to resentence, and it

should provide an appropriate explanation for this decision.

Id. at 149. 

We agree with the parties that a Regalado remand is appropriate here.

Accordingly, the judgment of the district court hereby is AFFIRMED, and the

cause REMANDED for consideration of whether resentencing is appropriate pursuant to

Regalado. 

FOR THE COURT:

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk