Dwayne Steven Spence v. State of Maryland, No. 7, September Term 2014 

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — FOURTH AMENDMENT — SEARCH INCIDENT 

TO ARREST — The warrantless search of the digital information on an arrestee’s cell 

phone incident to a lawful arrest, save for case-specific exigent circumstances, is 

unreasonable in violation of the Fourth Amendment. Under this rule, established in Riley 

v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2473 (2014), the police officer may examine only the physical 

aspects of a cell phone in the interest of officer safety. The search of the most recent text 

messages on an arrestee’s cell phone went beyond the mere physical search of the phone 

and violated the arrestee’s Fourth Amendment rights.

CONSTITUTIONAL LAW — FOURTH AMENDMENT — GOOD FAITH 

DOCTRINE — Courts generally will not suppress evidence where law enforcement 

officers act in objectively reasonable reliance on a warrant or statute or, as was decided in 

Davis v. United States, 131 S. Ct. 2419 (2011), binding precedent under which their 

conduct is lawful. This principle is known as the good-faith exception to the exclusionary 

rule. The police officer’s warrantless search of a cell phone incident to the defendant’s 

lawful arrest, prior to the Supreme Court’s decision in Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2473 

(2014), was done in reasonable reliance on then-binding precedent, United States v. 

Robinson, 414 U.S. 218 (1973). By application of the good faith doctrine, the information 

obtained from the cell phone is not suppressed. 
Circuit Court for Caroline County 

Case No. 05-K-11-008640 

Argued: January 8, 2015 

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

OF MARYLAND 

No. 7 

September Term, 2014 

DWAYNE STEVEN SPENCE 

v. 

STATE OF MARYLAND 

 Barbera, C.J., 

 *Harrell

 Battaglia 

Greene

McDonald

Watts 

Raker, Irma S. (Retired, Specially 

Assigned) 

 JJ. 

Opinion by Barbera, C.J.

 Filed: July 27, 2015 

*Harrell, J., now retired, participated in the 

hearing and conference of this case while an 

active member of this Court; after being recalled 

pursuant to the Constitution, Article IV, Section 

3A, he also participated in the decision and 

adoption of this opinion.
 Petitioner Dwayne Spence was convicted in the Circuit Court for Caroline County 

of possession with intent to distribute marijuana, possession of marijuana, and possession 

of drug paraphernalia. The principal issue we decide in this case is whether the court was 

required to deny Petitioner’s motion to suppress text messages that the police obtained 

during the search of his cell phone incident to his lawful arrest. 

 Petitioner appealed the judgment of conviction to the Court of Special Appeals and, 

while the case was pending in that court, filed a petition for writ of certiorari, which we 

granted. We then stayed all proceedings in this case until the United States Supreme Court 

issued its decisions in Riley v. California, cert. granted, 134 S. Ct. 999 (2014), and United 

States v. Wurie, cert. granted, 134 S. Ct. 999 (2014). On June 25, 2014, the Supreme 

Court issued a consolidated opinion in those two cases. Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2473 

(2014). 

Following the parties’ submission of their briefs, we heard arguments in the case on 

the same day as two other cases, Demby v. State, No. 11, Sept. Term 2014, and Sinclair v. 

State, No. 43, Sept. Term 2014. The three cases present the common question of whether, 

in light of the Supreme Court’s decision in Riley, the respective petitioners were entitled to 

the suppression of data obtained by the police during a warrantless search of the cell phones 

incident to a lawful arrest. For reasons we explain later in this opinion, we hold that the 

trial court in the present case properly denied the motion to suppress the data obtained from 

Petitioner’s cell phone. 

I.

The Suppression Hearing, Trial, and Appeal 
2

 Petitioner sought suppression of text messages, found on his cellphone at the time 

of his arrest, that the State ultimately used in convicting him of several drug-related 

offenses. Sergeant Nancy Nagel (“Sergeant Nagel”) of the Caroline County Sheriff’s 

Office testified as the sole witness for the State at the hearing on the motion. 

 Sergeant Nagel testified that, during the early morning hours of January 13, 2011, 

she responded to a report of a robbery at a mobile home in a trailer park in Preston, 

Maryland. After completing her interview with the robbery victims, Sergeant Nagel 

noticed fresh footprints in the snow outside of the victims’ home, leading from a doorstep 

a few mobile homes away directly to the robbery victims’ home. While Sergeant Nagel 

and at least one other officer who had arrived on the scene were investigating the footprints, 

a woman stepped out from the home where the footprints began and identified herself as 

Tonya LaLone (“Ms. LaLone”).

Sergeant Nagel asked Ms. LaLone if she could come inside to speak about the 

robbery that had just occurred. Ms. LaLone consented and, as they stepped into the home, 

Sergeant Nagel asked who else, if anyone, was present. Ms. LaLone informed Sergeant 

Nagel that her two parents, who owned the home, and her three-year-old son were present. 

She then pointed to a room where, she said, her son was asleep. Sergeant Nagel heard a 

loud noise emanating from that room. She asked again who was in the room. Sergeant 

Nagel then drew her weapon, evidently prompting Ms. LaLone to say that her boyfriend, 

Dwayne Steven Spence (“Petitioner”), was inside the bedroom. Sergeant Nagel ordered 

him out. 
3

 Sergeant Nagel testified that, as Petitioner exited the bedroom, he had in his hand a 

cell phone and was using it. Sergeant Nagel and at least one other officer ordered Petitioner 

to put his hands in the air. He obeyed, keeping his cell phone in his hand. Sergeant Nagel 

then asked Petitioner to sit on a chair. As Petitioner sat down, he continued using the 

phone. Sergeant Nagel asked Petitioner to place the phone on an end table, which he did. 

At that time, Sergeant Nagel re-holstered her gun. 

The officers frisked Petitioner to ensure that he was not armed. Sergeant Nagel then 

interviewed Ms. LaLone and Petitioner and asked Ms. LaLone to wake her parents. With 

everyone together, Sergeant Nagel informed them that there had been a robbery in the 

trailer park and she was searching for shoes matching the imprints outside and the stolen 

prescription pills. Sergeant Nagel obtained consent to search the home. 

 While searching the bedroom from which Petitioner had exited, Sergeant Nagel 

found a black wallet propped against an aquarium and, behind the wallet, a clear bag 

containing what she recognized as marijuana. The wallet contained Petitioner’s 

identification card. Inside a cabinet in the room were additional bags of marijuana, drug 

paraphernalia, and a small digital scale. Nagel did not find any evidence linking Petitioner 

to the robbery.

 The police placed Ms. LaLone and Petitioner under arrest. Sergeant Nagel decided 

to search the cell phone Petitioner had been using when he walked out of the bedroom. She 

did that “in an attempt to um, possibly discover any other kind of evidence that could be 

destroyed[.]” Sergeant Nagel described what she did next: “I activated the screen and the 

message folder. When I opened up the message folder that’s when I found . . . located text 
4

messages from the previous night leading into that morning . . . [w]here there were text 

messages that were indicative of the distribution of [controlled dangerous substances].” 

Sergeant Nagel also saw two messages related to the robbery she was investigating. 

Sergeant Nagel could discern that those two messages had not been read or answered. 

Petitioner informed Nagel that he had no knowledge of the robbery; he was likely asleep 

when those text messages came in; and the incoming messages were from his brother’s 

phone. 

 Sergeant Nagel testified that, once she “realized that, that phone had evidentiary 

value[,]” she “went ahead and seized the phone.” She expressed concerns about either 

remote or instantaneous wiping of the cell phone.1

 The police later obtained a warrant to 

search the data in the cell phone.

 Petitioner also testified at the suppression hearing. His version of events 

surrounding the search of the cell phone was almost identical to that of Sergeant Nagel. 

He clarified that the phone was a “flip phone,” new to him at the time of his arrest. He 

added that the cellphone was a “smartphone” with internet capabilities and a touch screen. 

The court denied the motion to suppress the drug-related text messages that Sergeant 

Nagel read at the time of Petitioner’s arrest as well as the additional text messages that 

were produced later, as the result of the search warrant. The court ruled that the warrantless 

search of the cell phone was reasonable under the Fourth Amendment. The court reasoned 

 

1

 A cell phone can be wiped remotely when, by request to the cellular provider, the provider 

resets the phone to factory settings, erasing all data that had been in the device.
5

that the warrantless search was limited to the few text messages that Sergeant Nagel had 

read. Moreover, based on Sergeant Nagel’s observing Petitioner earlier using the phone, 

the sergeant reasonably could be concerned about destruction of evidence and that 

Petitioner might have been notifying others about the presence of law enforcement. The 

court concluded that the exigency of the situation—an armed robber on the loose and police 

suspicion that Petitioner may have been communicating with the perpetrator or a third party 

about police presence—validated the immediate search of the phone. 

 On August 24, 2011, Petitioner appeared before the court and, in a colloquy with 

the trial judge, waived his right to a jury trial. Following that colloquy, the parties 

proceeded to trial based on an agreed upon statement of facts. Included in that statement 

were facts relating to the text messages that Petitioner sought to suppress. Petitioner was 

convicted and sentenced, and this appeal followed. 

The Search Incident to Arrest Exception—Then and Now 

The Fourth Amendment protects “[t]he right of the people to be secure in their 

persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures.” In 

furtherance of that protection, it has long been understood that searches made without a 

warrant are presumptively unreasonable. Kyllo v. United States, 533 U.S. 27, 32 (2001). 

Yet, over time, the Supreme Court has recognized, as reasonable under the Fourth 

Amendment, a number of exceptions to the warrant requirement. One such exception, 

often relied upon by law enforcement, permits officers to conduct a search incident to a 

lawful arrest. The origin of this exception is found in Chimel v. California, 395 U.S. 752 

(1969). 
6

In Chimel, the Supreme Court defined the contours of the search incident to arrest 

exception and, in doing that, identified officer safety and prevention of evidence 

destruction as the rationales for the exception. The Supreme Court explained that, when 

an officer makes an arrest, “it is reasonable for the arresting officer to search the person 

arrested in order to remove any weapons that the latter might seek to use in order to resist 

arrest or effect his escape. Otherwise, the officer’s safety might well be endangered, and 

the arrest itself frustrated.” Id. at 763. It is also “reasonable for the arresting officer to 

search for and seize any evidence on the arrestee’s person in order to prevent its 

concealment or destruction[,]” and for the same reasons to search “the area into which an 

arrestee might reach in order to grab a weapon or evidentiary items[.]” Id. at 763. The 

Court concluded that the potential for any of this to occur during an arrest provides “ample 

justification” to search “the arrestee’s person and the area ‘within his immediate control.’” 

Id. 

The Supreme Court further developed the scope of the search incident to arrest 

exception in United States v. Robinson, 414 U.S. 218 (1973). Robinson had been arrested 

for driving on a suspended license. The arresting officer, while conducting a pat down of 

Robinson, felt an object in his coat pocket that the officer could not identify. The officer 

removed that object—a crumpled cigarette packet—opened it, and found capsules of 

heroin inside. Id. at 220-23. The Court upheld the warrantless search as a proper search 

incident to Robinson’s arrest. The Court emphasized that “[t]he authority to search the 

person incident to a lawful custodial arrest, while based upon the need to disarm and to 

discover evidence, does not depend on what a court may later decide was the probability 
7

in a particular arrest situation that weapons or evidence would in fact be found upon the 

person of the suspect.” Id. at 235. Instead, a “custodial arrest of a suspect based on 

probable cause is a reasonable intrusion under the Fourth Amendment; that intrusion being 

lawful, a search incident to the arrest requires no additional justification.” Id. 

Robinson created a bright line rule—eliminating the need for police officers and 

courts to assess on a case-by-case basis the danger to the arresting officer or the likelihood 

of destruction of evidence. 

It is the fact of the lawful arrest which establishes the authority to search, and 

we hold that in the case of a lawful custodial arrest a full search of the person 

is not only an exception to the warrant requirement of the Fourth 

Amendment, but is also a ‘reasonable’ search under that Amendment.” 

Id. at 235. 

 The Supreme Court left intact the search incident to arrest doctrine, as explicated in 

Robinson, until deciding Riley v. California, 134 S. Ct. 2473 (2014).2 The Court held, in 

an opinion consolidating two cases, Riley and United States v. Wurie, that searches of cell 

phones fall outside the permitted scope of the search incident to arrest, thereby creating a 

sea-change in this area of Fourth Amendment jurisprudence. Id. at 2480. 

 

2

 Until the Supreme Court decided Riley v. California, the only modification the Court 

made to the search incident to arrest exception was to rework the exception as it had been 

applied for many years to searches of vehicles incident to arrest. In Arizona v. Gant, 556 

U.S. 332 (2009), the Court rejected the rule established in New York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 

454 (1981), insofar as the Belton rule had allowed an automatic search of the passenger 

area of the vehicle after the arrest of a recent occupant the vehicle. Now, under Gant, 

“[p]olice may search a vehicle incident to a recent occupant’s arrest only if the arrestee is 

within reaching distance of the passenger compartment at the time of the search or it is 

reasonable to believe the vehicle contains evidence of the offense of arrest.” 556 U.S. at 

351. 
8

In Riley, the officer stopped Riley for driving on an expired registration tags. During 

the stop, the officer arrested Riley, searched him, and found a cell phone and other evidence 

on his person linking him to a criminal gang. The officer’s search of the contents of the 

cell phone revealed messages that he believed further connected Riley to a gang. Id. at 

2480. In Wurie, an officer had observed Petitioner Wurie make an apparent drug sale from 

his car. The officer arrested him and took him to the police station. While at the police 

station, Wurie’s flip phone kept ringing and with each ring, “my house” would appear on 

the phone’s main screen. Officers eventually opened Wurie’s flip phone, observed a 

picture on the screen, and searched through the phone to find the phone number associated 

with “my house.” Id. at 2481. 

 The Supreme Court held, in both cases, that the warrantless searches of the cell 

phones did not fall within the search incident to arrest exception and, consequently, were 

done in violation of Riley’s and Wurie’s Fourth Amendment rights. Id. at 2484-85. The 

Court, observing that today’s cell phones are “based on technology nearly inconceivable 

just a few decades ago, when . . . Robinson [was] decided[,]” id. at 2484, concluded that 

the search of a cell phone’s data cannot be justified by either officer safety or prevention 

of the destruction of evidence, the two traditional rationales that make a warrantless search 

incident to arrest reasonable under the Fourth Amendment, id. at 2485-88. Consequently, 

in the context of cell phone searches, application of Chimel, as further explicated in

Robinson, does not comport with the dictates of the Fourth Amendment; therefore, 

“officers must generally secure a warrant” before conducting “searches of data on cell 

phones[.]” Id. at 2485. 
9

The Court was careful to note that concern for officer safety justifies a limited 

physical inspection of a cell phone, within the scope of the search incident to arrest 

exception: “Law enforcement officers remain free to examine the physical aspects of a 

phone to ensure that it will not be used as a weapon—say, to determine whether there is a 

razor blade hidden between the phone and its case.” Id. Moreover, “[t]o the extent dangers 

to arresting officers may be implicated in a particular way in a particular case, they are 

better addressed through consideration of case-specific exceptions to the warrant 

requirement, such as the one for exigent circumstances.” Id. at 2486; see also id. at 2494. 

Nevertheless, “[o]nce an officer has secured a phone and eliminated any potential physical 

threats . . . data on the phone can endanger no one.” Id. at 2485. 

The Parties’ Contentions 

 Petitioner and the State agree that, under the general rule announced in Riley, 

Sergeant Nagel’s search of Petitioner’s cell phone does not come within the permitted 

scope of a search incident to a lawful arrest. The State does not concede, however, that 

Petitioner is entitled to suppression of the data the police captured from his cell phone. 

 The State advances two arguments in support of the court’s refusal to exclude the 

data captured from Petitioner’s cell phone. First, under the exigent circumstances 

exception to the warrant requirement (of which the Riley Court spoke as an exception to 

the general rule prohibiting warrantless cell phone searches), Sergeant Nagel acted 

reasonably when she “activated” the screen of the cell phone, opened the message folder, 

and read the drug-related text messages. Second, even if the search of the cell phone 

violated Petitioner’s Fourth Amendment rights, it was properly admitted into evidence 
10

under the “good faith” exception to the exclusionary rule. We need not address the first of 

the State’s arguments, because we agree with the second. 

The Good Faith Doctrine 

 The good faith doctrine provides that the exclusionary rule does not apply to 

evidence the police seize in objectively reasonable reliance upon a search warrant or thencontrolling statutory or case law. The doctrine developed in the Fourth Amendment 

jurisprudence as a response to the so-called exclusionary rule. Broadly described, the 

exclusionary rule requires that evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment 

must be excluded from trial. 

The exclusionary rule is a “‘prudential’ doctrine, created by [the Court] to ‘compel 

respect for the constitutional guaranty.’” Davis v. United States, 131 S. Ct. 2419, 2426 

(2011). “Exclusion is ‘not a personal constitutional right,’ nor is it designed to ‘redress the 

injury’ occasioned by an unconstitutional search.” Id. at 2426 (quoting Stone v. Powell, 

428 U.S. 465, 486 (1976)). Because “the [exclusionary] rule’s sole purpose . . . is to deter 

future Fourth Amendment violations,” id. (citing Herring v. United States, 555 U.S. 135, 

141 (2009); United States v. Leon, 468 U.S. 897, 921 n.22 (1984); Elkins v. United States, 

364 U.S. 206, 217 (1960)), the Supreme Court’s “cases have thus limited the rule’s 

operation to situations in which this purpose is ‘thought most efficaciously served.” Id. at 

2426 (quoting United States v. Calandra, 414 U.S. 338, 348 (1974)). 

 The Court in Leon held that the exclusionary rule does not apply to evidence police 

seize in “objectively reasonable reliance” upon a search warrant later determined to be 

invalid. 468 U.S. at 922. Then, in Illinois v. Krull, 480 U.S. 340, 349-50 (1987), the Court 
11

extended application of the good faith doctrine to actions that police take in reasonable 

reliance on a subsequently invalidated statute. The trend continued with Arizona v. Evans, 

514 U.S. 1 (1995), in which the Court applied the doctrine to law enforcement’s reasonable 

reliance on information about a warrant, in a judiciary-maintained database, and then, with 

Herring, 555 U.S. at 137 (holding that misinformation contained in a police-maintained 

database, as the result of an “isolated” instance of negligence by a police employee, did not 

require exclusion of evidence seized by police who reasonably relied on that 

misinformation). Most recently, in Davis, the Supreme Court held that the exclusionary 

rule does not apply to police action taken in reasonable reliance on then-binding appellate 

precedent. 

 We twice have applied the good faith doctrine, as was done in Davis, 2419 S. Ct. at 

2423-24, to “searches conducted in objectively reasonable reliance on binding appellate 

precedent[.]” See Kelly v. State, 436 Md. 406 (2013), cert. denied, 135 S. Ct. 401 (2014); 

Briscoe v. State, 422 Md. 384 (2011). We understood, moreover, that the binding 

precedent upon which the officer relied need not be “factually the same as the police 

conduct in question.” Kelly, 436 Md. at 426. 

In Briscoe, we held that when the police seized evidence from a locked glove 

compartment, prior to the Supreme Court’s decision in Arizona v. Gant, 556 U.S. 332 

(2009), they acted in reasonable reliance on then-binding precedent established by New 

York v. Belton, 453 U.S. 454 (1981). 422 Md. at 409-10. In Kelly, the police, prior to the 

Supreme Court’s decision in United States v. Jones, 132 S. Ct. 945 (2012), attached a 

Global Positioning System (GPS) to Kelly’s car, without a warrant, and tracked its 
12

movements for 11 days. We recognized that “no Maryland appellate decision has held 

expressly that the attachment and use of a GPS tracking device is permissible under the 

Fourth Amendment.” Kelly, 436 Md. at 426. Yet, the police acted in reasonable reliance 

on the then-binding precedent of United States v. Knotts, 460 U.S. 276 (1983), which 

allowed the use of a mechanical device, attached to the exterior of a vehicle, to track that 

vehicle’s movement in public. Id. 

 The State contends that Sergeant Nagel, in searching the phone initially and reading 

those text messages, was acting in good faith reliance on then-controlling authority in 

Maryland, namely, Robinson and the cases in Maryland applying Robinson and its progeny. 

E.g., Carter v. State, 367 Md. 447, 460-62 (2002); Colvin v. State, 299 Md. 88, 97-98

(1984). We agree. 

Riley no doubt represents the Supreme Court’s effort to adjust Fourth Amendment 

jurisprudence to the quickly evolving digital age. The Riley Court understood, though, that 

its holding represents a significant departure from what had long been the search incident 

to arrest rule, as described and applied in Robinson and its progeny. See Riley, 134 S. Ct. 

at 2484 (acknowledging that “a mechanical application of Robinson might well support the 

warrantless searches at issue here.”). The categorical rule established by Robinson has 

been followed in Maryland. It follows that Sergeant Nagel acted in objectively reasonable 

reliance on then-binding authority when she conducted the warrantless search of the cell 

phone, and the Davis good-faith exception to the exclusionary rule applies to the search. 

At least one other Circuit Court of Appeals has held similarly, see United States v. 

Gary, NO. 13-1788, 2015 WL 3814617 (7th Cir. June 19, 2015) (applying the Davis good 
13

faith doctrine to uphold a pre-Riley search of a cell phone incident to a lawful arrest, as 

governed by the arresting officer’s objectively reasonable reliance upon Robinson). And, 

to our knowledge, none of the remaining circuit courts of appeal has held differently.3

 In sum, the police acted in good faith in searching Petitioner’s cell phone. The 

Circuit Court, therefore, properly denied Petitioner’s motion to suppress the text messages 

on his cell phone that were the product of that search. 

II. 

 Petitioner elected to waive a jury trial in favor of a trial before the court on an agreed 

statement of facts. The court engaged in a colloquy with Petitioner, pursuant to the dictates 

of Md. Rule 4-246(b),4

 to ascertain whether he understood his right to a jury trial and 

 

3 Our research discloses only a few reported decisions at the lower level of the federal 

courts that reach the same conclusion, United States v. Mitchell, No. 3:13-CR-128-L-1, 

2015 WL 437673 (N.D. Tex. Feb. 2, 2015); United States v. Caldwell, No. 1:13-CR-128, 

2015 WL 179583 (E.D. Tenn. Jan. 14, 2015); United States v. Clark, 29 F. Supp. 3d 1131 

(E.D. Tenn. 2014); United States v. Spears, 31 F. Supp. 3d 869 (N.D. Tex. 2014); United 

States v. Garcia, 68 F. Supp. 3d 1113 (N.D. Cal. 2014); United States v. Miller, 50 F. Supp. 

3d 717 (D. Md. 2014). Cf. United States v. Eisenhour, 44 F. Supp. 3d 1028, 1032 (D. Nev. 

2014) (suppressing evidence seized in the warrantless search of a cell phone on the ground 

that there was no binding precedent in the Ninth Circuit “explicitly rul[ing] that digital data 

on a cell phone can be searched incident to arrest”). 

4 Md. Rule 4-246(b) reads: 

Procedure for acceptance of waiver. A defendant may waive the right to a 

trial by jury at any time before the commencement of trial. The court may 

not accept the waiver until, after an examination of the defendant on the 

record in open court conducted by the court, the State’s Attorney, the 

attorney for the defendant, or any combination thereof, the court determines 

and announces on the record that the waiver is made knowingly and 

voluntarily.
14

voluntarily desired to waive that right. Following that colloquy, Petitioner declared his 

wish to waive a jury trial. The court accepted Petitioner’s waiver, stating that it was “freely 

and voluntarily given.” The court did not announce on the record a finding that Petitioner’s 

waiver was made “knowingly and voluntarily,” as required by Rule 4-246(b). 

 Petitioner argues that the court’s violation of Rule 4-246(b) requires reversal of the 

judgment of conviction. Petitioner acknowledges our holdings in Nalls v. State, 437 Md. 

674, 693-94 (2014), and Szwed v. State, 438 Md. 1, 5 (2014), that, in order to preserve for 

appellate review a claim of non-compliance with Maryland Rule 4-246(b), the defense is 

required to object at the time of the waiver inquiry. Petitioner argues nonetheless that we 

should not apply that holding here because it was not clear, prior to Nalls, that a 

contemporaneous objection was required. 

 The State urges us either to dismiss this claim, on the ground that we granted 

certiorari on this question improvidently, or to refuse to review the claim, under Maryland 

Rule 8-131(a),5 for want of a contemporaneous objection. We shall take the latter course 

of action proposed by the State. 

 

5 Md. Rule 8-131(a) reads:

Generally. The issues of jurisdiction of the trial court over the subject matter 

and, unless waived under Rule 2-322, over a person may be raised in and 

decided by the appellate court whether or not raised in and decided by the 

trial court. Ordinarily, the appellate court will not decide any other issue 

unless it plainly appears by the record to have been raised in or decided by 

the trial court, but the Court may decide such an issue if necessary or 

desirable to guide the trial court or to avoid the expense and delay of another 

appeal.
15

 We made it perfectly clear in Nalls that a claimed failure of the court to adhere 

strictly with the requirements of Rule 4-246(b) requires a contemporaneous objection in 

order to be challenged on appeal. 437 Md. at 684. Nalls involved two separate cases, Nalls 

v. State, No. 54, Sept. Term, 2013, and Melvin v. State, No. 95, Sept. Term, 2013, which

we consolidated for purposes of our opinion. We exercised our discretion in each of those 

cases to reach the merits of near-identical, unpreserved claims of error (claims that were 

much like the claim of error here). See also Szwed, 438 Md. at 5. We did so in order to 

clarify the misconception, held by petitioners Nalls and Melvin, that this Court had “created 

an exception to the general contemporaneous objection requirement to preserve an issue 

for appeal[]” in an earlier decision, Valonis v. State, 431 Md. 551 (2013). Id. We made 

clear in Nalls, 437 Md. at 693-94, that Valonis is not to be understood as creating such an 

exception from the requirement of a contemporaneous objection, set forth in Rule 8-131(a), 

for claimed violations of Rule 4-246(b). In short, we did not create in Nalls a “change in 

procedure,” as Petitioner contends; on the contrary, we reinforced in that case what long 

has been the preservation rule, set forth in the plain language of Rule 8-131(a), which 

requires a contemporaneous objection. 

 Petitioner, by failing to object at the time the court accepted his waiver of his right 

to a jury trial, has failed to preserve his claim of error for this Court’s review. We therefore 

do not consider the claim. 

JUDGMENT OF THE CIRCUIT COURT 

FOR CAROLINE COUNTY AFFIRMED; 

COSTS TO BE PAID BY PETITIONER.