Filed 7/14/15 P. v. Amaya CA2/7

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IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION SEVEN

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

V.

VICTOR ENRIQUE AMAYA,

Defendant and Appellant.

 B257164

 (Los Angeles County

 Super. Ct. No. BA416070)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Los Angeles County, Craig E. 

Veals, and Judge. Affirmed with directions.

Kevin D. Sheehy, under appointment by the Court of Appeal, for Defendant and 

Appellant.

Kamala D. Harris, Attorney General, Gerald A. Engler, Chief Assistant Attorney 

General, Lance E. Winters, Senior Assistant Attorney General, Nima Razfar, Deputy 

Attorney General, for Plaintiff and Respondent.

___________________________
2

Victor Amaya was convicted of residential burglary. On appeal, he asserts that the 

trial court erred in failing to strike one statement made by the prosecution’s fingerprint 

examiner. Affirmed, with directions.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Amaya was charged with one count of first-degree residential burglary based on 

events on April 3, 2013. At trial, the prosecution presented the testimony of the 

homeowner, Rina Fernandez Valeriano, who could not identify appellant, and Bolganin 

Youssef, a forensic print specialist with the Los Angeles Police Department, with respect 

to the investigation of the burglary. After conducting a due diligence hearing with 

respect to the officer who had processed the scene to obtain fingerprints, that witness’s 

testimony from the preliminary hearing was read to the jury. The prosecution also 

presented witnesses who testified to the investigation of two uncharged crimes in which 

Amaya had been identified. 

The jury found Amaya guilty, and after a court proceeding with respect to prior 

convictions, the trial court sentenced Amaya to an aggregate state prison term of 10 years 

plus 25 years to life, consisting of: Count 1: 25 years to life (Pen. Code, §§ 667, subds. 

(b)- (i), 1170.12, subds. (a)-(d)), plus two consecutive 5 year enhancements (Pen. Code, 

§ 667, subd. (a)), plus a stayed 5-year enhancement (Pen. Code, §§ 654, 667, subd. (a)).1

The information relevant to this appeal concerns only the testimony of Bolganin 

Youssef. As a result, we will not discuss the other testimony.

Testimony of Youssef

Youssef identified himself as a forensic print specialist with the Los Angeles 

Police Department(LAPD), with 13 years experience working with fingerprints. He 

described for the jury his training and education, as well as the nature of fingerprints and 

 

1 While the court stayed the third enhancement under Penal Code Section 654, 

because two of the felonies had been tried together, only two enhancements should have 

been imposed. (Pen. Code, § 667 (a).)
3

fingerprint analysis. In describing the procedures he follows at LAPD, he testified that 

following his conclusion that he could make an identification based on a match of the 

fingerprints, his work was verified; specifically, he stated “Every ID that we get has to be 

verified by two other experts to make sure that everything—my conclusion is correct.” 

In this case, Youssef testified that he received a print exemplar, which he 

compared to the latent prints taken from the scene. He also took the fingerprints of 

Amaya in court, which he compared to the exemplar print, and concluded they were the 

same.

On cross-examination, Youssef was asked numerous questions about his practices, 

as well as his actions in this case. He confirmed that, of the latent prints taken at the 

scene, one fingerprint matched Amaya, but that two palm prints and another fingerprint 

taken at the scene did not. Counsel then asked the witness a series of questions 

concerning the nature of his conclusions:

MS. BADHAN: Q. Now, when you did your comparison, there wasn’t a 

mathematical formula that you used, correct, in looking at the latent and the exemplar? 

YOUSSEF: A: No.

MS. BADHAN: Q: Okay, and you as you said, you don’t use a set number of 

characteristics to determine if there is a match, correct?

YOUSSEF: A: That’s correct.

MS. BADHAN: Q: And can that vary between examiner to examiner, right?

YOUSSEF: A: That’s correct.

MS. BADHAN: Q: You basically make judgment calls, right?

YOUSSEF: A: It’s not a judgment. It’s a conclusion. This is my conclusion that 

those two prints are made by the same person or coming from the same source.

MS. BADHAN: Q: It’s a subjective conclusion, correct?

YOUSSEF: A: No, ma’am. It’s objective.

MS. BADHAN: Q: But you decide that yourself when you say that you find that 

match, correct?
4

YOUSSEF: A: That is one thing, but my conclusions that are reached aren’t 

subjective and have nothing to do with feeling, but thinking. You cannot verify feeling.

MS. BADHAN: Q: Okay.

YOUSSEF: A: My finding here is objective because it was verified by two other 

examiners.

MS. BADHAN: Your Honor, my I approach and move to strike?

THE COURT: You are asking him was it a subjective determination, so your 

question is: You do this based on objective factors, correct?

THE WITNESS: Yes.

Amaya’s counsel, outside the presence of the jury, renewed his objection to the 

witness’s statement about the verification of his conclusion, asserting that, under 

Crawford v. Washington (2004) 541 U.S. 36 (Crawford), the admission of this statement 

was improper hearsay. The court denied the objection, but precluded any future 

reference to the conclusions of others by the witness. The statement, and the court’s 

ruling, are the sole issue in this appeal.2

DISCUSSION

Appellant argues that Youssef’s statement constituted testimony that two other 

fingerprint examiners verified his identification opinion, and, as a result, his Sixth 

Amendment right to confront witnesses was violated. Respondent asserts that there was 

no violation because Youssef, the criminalist who performed the analysis at issue in the 

case, was present in court and subject to cross-examination. Even if the admission of the 

statement were error, respondent argues, it was harmless in the absence of any

explanation of how the cross-examination of the verifying analysts could have assisted in 

challenging Youssef’s opinion. We agree that the court did not err, and affirm the 

conviction.

 

2 No further references to this procedure of verification were made at trial, and 

neither party referred to this testimony in argument to the jury.
5

Confrontation Clause Jurisprudence

The Confrontation Clause provides that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the 

accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted with the witnesses against him.” (U.S. 

Const., 6th Amend.) The purpose of that clause is to “ensure the reliability of the 

evidence against a criminal defendant by subjecting it to rigorous testing in the context of 

an adversary proceeding before the trier of fact.” (Maryland v. Craig (1990) 497 U.S. 

836, 845.) “A hearsay statement that otherwise satisfies a statutory exception may be 

admitted against a criminal defendant without violating the confrontation clause as long 

as the statement is not testimonial.’” (People v. Lopez (2012) 55 Cal.4th 569, 590 

(Lopez), citing Crawford.)

3

In Crawford v. Washington, supra, 541 U.S. at page 59, set forth a general rule 

that prohibits the prosecution from using testimonial out of court statements unless the 

witness is unavailable and the defense had a prior opportunity to cross-examine that 

witness. The Supreme Court did not define “testimonial,” leaving later cases to explore 

the meaning and limits of that concept. In three post-Crawford cases, the Court applied 

the rule without setting forth a clear test to be applied by courts in identifying those 

statements that are testimonial.4

In Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts (2009) 557 U.S. 305, the prosecution 

submitted at trial certificates of analysis identifying the substance found in defendant’s 

car as cocaine; the analysts who had performed the testing did not testify. The Court 

reversed the conviction, finding that the certificates “fell within the “core class of 

testimonial statements’” under Crawford.

In Bullcoming v. New Mexico (2011) 564 U.S.__[131 S.Ct.2705, 180 L.Ed.2d 

610], a laboratory analysis of defendant’s blood alcohol level was introduced without the 

 

3 For a detailed analysis of the relevant cases and development of this doctrine, see 

People v. Barba (2013) 215 Cal.App.4th 712.

4 We note in each case the issue before the court was the admission of documents 

reporting the laboratory findings of non-testifying analysts.
6

testimony of the analyst who had performed the testing. Instead, another analyst, who 

had no role in the testing, testified at trial. The Court again found this to be testimonial 

and reversed.

Finally, in Williams v. Illinois (2012) 567 U.S.__[132 S.Ct. 2221, 183 L.Ed.2d 

89], the Court considered the admission of DNA analysis. There, the testifying witness 

had obtained a report of DNA testing done by another laboratory, and matched it to her 

own DNA analysis of defendants. The report from the other laboratory was not 

introduced into evidence. The Court, in three separate opinions, found no confrontation 

clause violation, although there was no majority rationale for the decision.

California Cases

Our Supreme Court began its analysis of Crawford in People v. Geier (2007) 41 

Cal.4th 555. There, a laboratory report prepared by a non-testifying analyst was 

introduced by the laboratory director. Concluding that the report was “a 

contemporaneous recordation of observable events rather than the documentation of past 

events”, the Court found that the report was not testimonial. (Id. at p. 605.) Thereafter, 

however, the U.S. Supreme Court decided Melendez-Diaz, finding a laboratory report

testimonial even if it consisted of a contemporaneous recording of observations.

The California Supreme Court revisited the issue in a trio of cases: People v. 

Lopez (2012) 55 Cal.4th 569; People v. Dungo (2012) 55 Cal.4th 608; and People v.

Rutterschmidt (2012) 55 Cal.4th 650.

In People v. Lopez, supra, 55 Cal.4th pages 581-582, the issue was the 

admissibility of a laboratory report analyzing blood alcohol levels, with testimony from a 

colleague of the analyst. The Court held that there were two critical components 

indicating that a statement is testimonial: first, “the out-of-court statement must have 

been made with some degree of formality or solemnity”; and second, “the primary 

purpose of the statement must pertain in some fashion to a criminal prosecution.” The 

Lopez court did not further define the primary purpose analysis, however, as the court 

concluded that the first test had not been met: “the critical portions of that report were not 
7

made with the requisite degree of formality or solemnity to be considered testimonial.”

(Ibid.)

The report at issue consisted of six pages. The first was a log sheet, on which 

several samples, including defendant’s, were listed. The second was a calibration 

printout, and two other pages were “quality control runs.” The remaining pages were 

computer generated numerical results of the analysis. The machine generated pages, in 

the view of the court, did not raise confrontation issues because, among other reasons, “a 

machine cannot be cross-examined.” (People v. Lopez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at p. 583.) The 

first page, containing handwritten entries, while a more difficult issue, was testimonial in 

the view of the Court because the persons making the entries had not “signed, certified, 

or swor[n] to the truth of the contents” (id. at p. 584), and it was thus not prepared with 

the requisite formality.5

In People v. Dungo, supra, 55 Cal.4th at page 619, a forensic pathologist testified

to objective facts recorded in an autopsy which he had not performed, and on the basis of 

those facts, testified to his own opinion of the cause of death. The autopsy report was not 

introduced into evidence, and the pathologist who performed the autopsy did not testify. 

The Court found no Confrontation Clause violation. In its analysis, the Court concluded 

that the statements at issue were observations about the body, not conclusions about the 

 

5 There were separate opinions in the case. Justice Werdegar concurred, agreeing 

that the formality requirements had not been met. Declining to conclude that all forensic 

laboratory records are testimonial, Justice Werdegar urged “a fair and practical ‘Crawford 

boundary,’ that is, a ‘logical stopping place between requiring the prosecution to call as a 

witness one of the laboratory experts who worked on the matter and requiring the 

prosecution to call all of the laboratory experts who did so.’” (People v. Lopez, supra, 55 

Cal.4th at p. 586 quoting Williams v. Illinois, supra, 567 U.S.__.) Justice Corrigan 

concurred separately, relying on the primary purpose prong rather than a formality 

analysis, and concluding that most of the annotations were conventional business records, 

not testimonial hearsay. (People v. Lopez, supra, 55 Cal.4th at pp. 589-591.) Justice Liu 

dissented, concluding that the process and purpose of the statements offered were the key 

analysis and that the government involvement and the formality of the process followed 

did implicate confrontation rights. Justice Liu further concluded that the primary purpose 

of the analytical report was testimonial. (Id. at pp. 600-603.)
8

cause of death. As records of objective facts, they were less formal than opinions and not 

testimonial in nature. In addition, because autopsy reports serve purposes other than 

criminal investigation and prosecution, the Court found the criminal investigation was 

only one of several purposes for the preparation of the report, not the primary one. (Id. at 

p. 621.)6

Finally, in People v. Rutterschmidt, supra, 55 Cal.4th 650, the Court considered 

the testimony of a laboratory director concerning testing done by four non-testifying lab 

analysts, who prepared two reports which were “peer reviewed” and then turned into a 

final reports. The director reviewed the reports, determined that the analysis had 

followed procedure, and signed them. The reports were not introduced into evidence. 

(Id. at p. 659.) The Court, however, did not reach the confrontation issue, finding 

harmless error in light of “overwhelming” evidence of guilt. (Id. at p. 661.)

In People v. Holmes (2012) 212 Cal.App.4th 431, the court considered the 

confrontation issue in connection with testimony about DNA analysis. The three 

criminalists who testified at trial stated opinions based on tests that they had not 

performed, and reports prepared by other analysts. The documents on which they relied 

had not been executed under oath and were admitted into evidence. On appeal, appellant 

asserted that his confrontation rights had been violated because the documents on which 

the testimony was based had been prepared for possible prosecution and were therefore 

testimonial. The court disagreed: “The forensic data and reports in this case lack 

‘formality.’ They are unsworn, uncertified records of objective fact. Unsworn 

statements that ‘merely record objective facts’ are not sufficiently formal to be 

testimonial.” (Id. at p. 438.) Although the court concluded that the primary purpose of 

the reports did pertain to prosecution, the showing on only one prong of the analysis was 

insufficient to establish a violation of the appellant’s confrontation rights.

 

6 Dungo also generated separate opinions. Justice Werdegar and Justice Chin 

concurred separately, with joinders in each concurrence by the Chief Justice and Justice 

Baxter. Justice Corrigan, joined by Justice Liu, dissented, finding both prongs of the test 

were met.
9

In this case, Youseff did not rely on the analysis of others, but testified, and was 

extensively cross-examined, on the work he performed and the basis for his opinion that 

one of the fingerprints taken at the scene was a match to appellant. He did not rely on the

work of others, but performed the relevant analysis and reached the conclusions to which 

he testified through his own efforts. 

As to the work of the unnamed verifying analysts, nothing more is known. The 

record does not demonstrate that they recorded their observations in any manner; that, if 

they did so, their statements were sworn or certified; or that there was any intent for their 

work to form any part of the evidence in the event of a prosecution. As a result, there is 

no showing of even the level of formality found insufficient in Holmes. Thus, even if we 

were to assume for purposes of this analysis that the primary purpose of the verification 

procedure did pertain to criminal prosecution, satisfying the second prong of the Lopez

analysis, there is no evidence on which we can conclude that the first prong was met.

Finally, our conclusion is consistent with People v. Steppe (2013) 213 Cal.App.4th 

1116. There, the testifying witness explained, without objection, that no report could 

issue from the laboratory without the work of a reviewer who concurred in the result. 

Thus, when the witness, who was the reviewer there, testified to her conclusions, the jury 

knew that the results reached by the original analyst had been the same. (Id. at p. 1127.) 

The court found no confrontation clause violation there, and the results should be no 

different here where, as in Steppe, the initial testimony that verification of any result was 

required was received without objection. The single statement that was objected to thus 

added nothing to the jury’s knowledge about the results.
10

DISPOSITION

The five year enhancement imposed and stayed pursuant to Penal Code Section 

667 subdivision (a) is ordered stricken and the abstract of judgment amended to reflect 

the striking of the enhancement. The superior court is ordered to forward a copy of the 

amended abstract of judgment to the Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. In all 

other respects the judgment is affirmed.

ZELON, J.

We concur:

PERLUSS, P. J.

IWASAKI, J.

 



Judge of the Los Angeles Superior Court, assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to 

article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.