WHOLE COURT

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July 16, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A15A0674. GREEN v. WILSON et al.

MCFADDEN, Judge.

Pamela Green appeals from the grant of summary judgment to Robert Wilson

in this personal injury action against him individually and in his capacity as executor

of the estate of his wife, Audie Wilson. In the action, Green alleged that she was

injured while trying to get away from the Wilsons’ dog. Because there is evidence

that Mrs. Wilson knew that the dog had the propensity to do the type of act that

caused Green’s injury, summary judgment is not appropriate. Accordingly, we

reverse.

“Summary judgment is appropriate when no genuine issues of material fact

remain and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. On appeal, we

review a trial court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, construing the evidence
and all inferences drawn from it in a light favorable to the nonmovant.” Stennette v.

Miller, 316 Ga. App. 425, 426 (729 SE2d 559) (2012) (citation omitted).

So viewed, the evidence showed that at the time of the incident Green worked

for a housecleaning company that provided cleaning services to the Wilsons, who

owned a border collie named Nani. Normally, after arriving at the Wilsons’ house, the

housecleaners would wait outside until Mrs. Wilson locked Nani in a room. When the

housecleaners were ready to clean that room, Mrs. Wilson would move Nani,

sometimes physically dragging the dog to another room as the dog lunged, barked,

and growled at the housecleaners. After securing Nani in the other room, Mrs. Wilson

would tell the housecleaners that they were “safe.” Although Green testified that she

did not see Nani behave viciously or aggressively, the other housecleaners testified

that they were afraid of Nani. 

On October 11, 2011, Green and a co-worker arrived at the Wilsons’ house in

a cleaning company van. Unlike other times, on this occasion Nani was outside the

house in a fenced enclosure, barking. Green got out of the van. Suddenly, Green’s coworker saw Nani leap over the fence and run towards Green. The co-worker yelled

a warning to Green, who quickly jumped inside the van and shut the door as Nani

2
barked, growled, and jumped against the van door. In Green’s effort to escape the

dog, she struck her arm against the van, sustaining an injury that required surgery. 

Citing “principles of common law negligence,” Green has argued that the

Wilsons were liable because they knew of Nani’s propensity to “chase people, or to

act aggressively toward people so as to frighten them.” (She expressly does not seek

to recover under OCGA § 51-2-7, which provides for liability of the owner or keeper

of a vicious or dangerous animal for injuries caused by that animal.) Our law as to

negligence claims against dog owners provides that

a dog owner will be liable for damages only if the owner has knowledge

that the dog has the propensity to do the particular act . . . which caused

injury to the complaining party. Under this test, the plaintiff must show

that the dog had the propensity to do the act that caused the injury and,

if so, whether the owner had knowledge of that propensity.

Wade v. American Nat. Ins. Co., 246 Ga. App. 458, 459 (1) (540 SE2d 671) (2000)

(citations and punctuation omitted) (addressing claims made under both the

dangerous animal liability statute, OCGA § 51-2-7, and the premisesliability statute,

OCGA § 51-3-1). See generally Stennette, supra, 316 Ga. App. 425 (analyzing several

theories through which plaintiff sought to impose liability upon defendant for dog

attack).

3
The trial court granted summary judgment to Wilson on the ground that there

was no evidence that Nani had the propensity to do the particular act that caused

Green’s injury because Nani had never before chased anyone, inside or outside the

house. The trial court correctly noted that “a dog’s aggressive or menacing behavior

alone is not sufficient to place its owner on notice of a propensity” to do a particular

act. Wade, 246 Ga. App. at 460 (1) (citation omitted). Nevertheless, the trial court

considered the evidence in this case too narrowly. While a dog owner must

have reason to know of [the animal’s] propensity to do harm of the type

which it inflicts[,] this does not mean an incident involving the exact

same conduct and the exact same injury must actually occur before the

owner’s knowledge may be inferred, as long as there is an incident or

incidents which would put a prudent man on notice to anticipate the

event which occurred.

Torrance v. Brennan, 209 Ga. App. 65, 67-68 (2) (432 SE2d 658) (1993) (citations

and punctuation omitted).

Green presented more than simply evidence of Nani’s aggressive or menacing

behavior. She presented evidence that, on at least one occasion, a barking and

growling Nani lunged at the housecleaners as Mrs.Wilson held the dog back. We find

nomeaningful distinction between this behavior and what happened on the dayGreen

4
was injured. In both instances the dog’s acts could be construed as attempts to move

toward a person in an aggressive manner. The evidence of the incident in which Nani,

while restrained, lunged aggressively at a housecleaner raises a genuine issue of

material fact as to whether a prudent person would anticipate that Nani would chase

someone if unrestrained. Together with that evidence, Mrs. Wilson’s efforts to keep

Nani away from the housecleaners also raises a fact question about her knowledge of

the dog’s propensities. See Supan v. Griffin, 238 Ga. App. 404, 406 (519 SE2d 22)

(1999) (evidence that, three months before dog bite, defendant told another person

to “do whatever was necessary . . . to keep the dogs from attacking” raised fact

question as to defendant’s prior knowledge of dogs’ tendency to attack humans).

The dissent citesseveral casesin which we held that prior incidents, as a matter

of law, did not show the defendant dog owner knew or should have known of the

dog’s propensity to do the act that resulted in the plaintiff’s injury. In those cases,

however, the dogs’ prior conduct was not as similar to the conduct that injured the

plaintiff as is the case here. See, e.g., Kringle v. Elliot, 301 Ga. App. 1, 3 (1) (686

SE2d 665) (2009) (dog that bit plaintiff previously had attacked animals); Huff v.

Dyer, 297 Ga. App. 761, 763 (1) (678 SE2d 206) (2009) (dog that bit plaintiff

previously had barked when children were near it); Phiel v. Boston, 262 Ga. App.

5
814, 816-817 (1) (586 SE2d 718) (2003) (dog that bit plaintiff previously had charged

down defendant’s driveway and growled at a person); Wade, 246 Ga. App. at 460 (1)

(dog that bit plaintiff, who was familiar with it, previously had growled, chased and

engaged in threatening actions toward strangers who approached its fenced

enclosure); Hamilton v. Walker, 235 Ga. App. 635-636 (510 SE2d 120) (1998) (dog

that bit plaintiff previously had growled, barked and appeared threatening to

strangers); Durham v. Mooney, 234 Ga. App. 772, 773-774 (1) (507 SE2d 877)

(1998) (dog that bit plaintiff previously had barked and growled at people); Rowlette

v. Paul, 219 Ga. App. 597, 599 (466 SE2d 37) (1995) (dog that attacked and bit

plaintiff, a stranger to it who had entered the defendant’s backyard, previously had

bitten the defendant’s uncle when he startled the dog by banging on the porch where

the dog was sleeping); Marshall v. Person, 176 Ga. App. 542, 543 (336 SE2d 380)

(1985) (dog that jumped on plaintiff, a stranger to it, previously had jumped on its

ownersin a display of “frolicsome affection”); Banks v. Adair, 148 Ga. App. 254, 255

(251 SE2d 88) (1978) (dog bit plaintiff; decision does not describe any prior incidents

but states that record was devoid of evidence to establish defendant’s “knowledge of

his dog’s propensity to bite or injure humans”).

6
Because a fact question exists as to whether Nani had the propensity to do the

act that caused Green’s injury and whether Mrs. Wilson had knowledge of that

propensity,summary judgment was not appropriate. See Evans-Watson v. Reese, 188

Ga. App. 292, 293-294 (372 SE2d 675) (1988) (reversing grant of summary judgment

to defendant in case involving injuries sustained when plaintiff ran from defendant’s

dog, where there was evidence of defendant’s knowledge that dog previously had

chased people, jumped at children, and had once “c[o]me at” a child).

Judgment reversed. Barnes, P. J., Phipps, P. J., concur; Ellington, P. J.,

concurs in the judgment only; Dillard, Ray and McMillian, J J., dissent.

7
A15A0674. GREEN v. WILSON et al.

DILLARD, Judge, dissenting.

Because there is no evidence in the record sufficient to infer that the owners

of the dog, the Wilsons,

1

knew or should have known of their dog’s propensity to

chase people (inside or outside of the home), the trial court did not err in granting the

Wilsons’ motion for summary judgment.

For Green to recover damages resulting from the injuries she sustained while

running away from the Wilsons’ dog,

2

she must prove that the Wilsons knew or

1 For the sake of simplicity, I will refer to Robert Wilson and the Estate of

Audie Wilson collectively as “the Wilsons.”

2 Although Green maintains that her claim for damages is based on common

law principles of negligence, rather than OCGA § 51-2-7, this appears to be (as the

majority recognizes) a distinction without a difference for purposes of my analysis. 

Indeed, as our Supreme Court recently noted, the General Assembly’s amendment to

OCGA § 51-2-7 in 1985 made clear—to the extent that there was any doubt—that the

standard for liability under the statute is negligence, notstrict liability. See Eshleman

v. Key, ___ Ga. ___ (___ SE2d ___), 2015 WL 3936075, *3 n. 3 (June 29, 2015). 
should have known of their dog’s propensity to do the particular act that caused the

injury at issue.3 The particular act that allegedly caused Green’s injury was the

Wilsons’ dog chasing her. And while Green was not required to show that the

Wilsons knew or should have known of the dog’s propensity to do the exactsame act

that caused her injury (i.e., vaulting the fence and chasing someone who had just

pulled up in a vehicle),4

the law does require that there must be at least one incident

that would cause a prudent person to anticipate the actual incident that occurred (i.e.,

chasing people in general).5 Thus, unless Green can point to a prior incident of the

same type as the incident at issue, the requisite knowledge necessary to impose

3

See Kringle v. Elliot, 301 Ga. App. 1, 2 (686 SE2d 665) (2009); Raith v.

Blanchard, 271 Ga. App. 723, 724 (1) (611 SE2d 75) (2005); Phiel v. Boston, 262

Ga. App. 814, 816 (1) (586 SE2d 718) (2003) (physical precedent only asto Division

2); Wade v. American Nat’l Ins. Co., 246 Ga. App. 458, 459 (1) (540 SE2d 671)

(2000); Hamilton v. Walker, 235 Ga. App. 635, 635 (510 SE2d 120) (1998); Durham

v. Mooney, 234 Ga. App. 772, 773 (1) (507 SE2d 877) (1998).

4

See Durham, 234 Ga. App. at 773 (1); Torrance v. Brennan, 209 Ga. App. 65,

67 (2) (432 SE2d 658) (1993). 

5

See Kringle, 301 Ga. App. at 2; Durham, 234 Ga. App. at 773 (1); Torrance,

209 Ga. App. at 67-68 (2); Marshall v. Person, 176 Ga. App. 542, 543 (336 SE2d

380) (1985); Sutton v. Sutton, 145 Ga. App. 22, 25 (1) (243 SE2d 310) (1978).

2
liability for the incident that caused her injury will not be ascribed to the Wilsons.

6

This, Green has not done.

Here, the evidence showsthat, on previous occasions, the Wilsons’ dog had (at

most) barked, growled, and lunged on its leash. Indeed, Robert Wilson testified that

the dog had never bitten or attempted to bite anyone; nor was he aware of any

instance where the dog chased anyone inside or outside of the home. Moreover, one

of Green’s own co-workers testified that, to her knowledge, the dog had never

threatened her or any of her co-workers while they were cleaning the Wilsons’

house.7 Finally, Green even testified that she had never known the dog to be vicious

6

See Kringle, 301 Ga. App. at 2 (“[I]n order to infer the requisite knowledge[,]

there must be at least one incident that would cause a prudent person to anticipate the 

actual incident that caused the injury.” (citation and punctuation omitted) (emphasis

supplied)); Durham, 234 Ga. App. at 773 (1) (same); Rowlette v. Paul, 219 Ga. App. 

597, 599 (466 SE2d 37) (1995) (noting that “[i]t is not enough, however, that the

possessor of the animal has reason to know that it has a propensity to do harm in one

or more specific ways; it is necessary that he have reason to know of its propensity

to do harm of the type which it inflicts” (citation and punctuation omitted)); Sutton,

145 Ga. App. at 25 (1) (noting that the proper test is “whether the one incident was

of such a nature as to cause a reasonably prudent person to believe that the animal

was sufficiently dangerous as to be likely to cause an injury at a later time”).

7 During the co-worker’s deposition, the following exchange took place

between Green’s co-worker and the Wilsons’ attorney:

Q. Dog ever threaten you in any manner?

3
or aggressive before the chasing incident on October 3, 2011.

8

A. No . . . .

Q. And so you had never seen him act that way[,] had you?

A. No, never. 

8 During Green’s deposition, the following exchange took place between Green

and the Wilsons’ attorney:

Q: So I take it that you never had any problem with the dog in those [prior]

instances [i.e., when she cleaned the Wilsons’ home], at all?

A. No, because . . . 

Q. Would that be fair?

A. That’s fair.

Q. Okay.

A. The only thing, the incident was he was outside that day . . . .

Q. Well, you never had – the dog . . . never chased you . . . . It didn’t happen

at any time, did it?

A. No, it did not . . . .

Q. [I]t’s true, is it not, Ms. Green, that the dog never appeared vicious to

you until the date of this incident? Isn’t that correct?

A. Right, but that’s the only – that’s the only day because he was outside. 

Like I told you – if he was inside, that’s a different thing.

4
Green and her co-worker attempted to temper the impact of the foregoing (and

rather damaging) deposition testimony in post-deposition affidavits. But the trial

court had every right to disregard Green’s contradictory testimony under the Supreme

Court of Georgia’s holding in Prophecy Corporation v. Charles Rossignol, Inc.

9

Nevertheless, even if all of the affidavits Green submitted in support of her claim are

accepted at face value, it is ultimately of no consequence. In the end, Green’s

evidence amounts to nothing more than incidents where the dog previously appeared

threatening to Green and her co-workers, which, at best, can be characterized as

aggressive or menacing behavior. And that is simply not enough to avoid summary

adjudication. Indeed, we have repeatedly held that “menacing behavior alone does not

establish vicious propensity,” and that prior “acts of aggressive or menacing

Q. Right, but . . . he had never appeared aggressive to you until that

date [of the chasing incident]. Isn’t that correct?

A. Yes.

9

256 Ga. 27 (343 SE2d 680) (1986);see also CSX Transp., Inc. v. Belcher, 276

Ga. 522, 523 (1) (579 SE2d 737) (2003) (“Under Prophecy, a trial court that is faced

with a party’s self-contradictory sworn testimony on a material fact should disregard

the portions of that testimony that favor the party when deciding a motion for

summary judgment, unless the party offers a reasonable explanation for the

contradiction.”)

5
behavior” are insufficient to put an owner on notice of an animal’s vicious

tendencies.

10

It simply strains credulity, then, to infer that because the Wilsons may

have been aware that their dog previously growled, barked, and lunged on its leash,

they knew or should have known that the dog had a propensity to chase people.11 At

most, the evidence shows that the dog uncharacteristically vaulted the fence and

chased Green, prompting Green to jump back into the vehicle and hurt her arm in the

process. And while I have the greatest sympathy for Green’s injuries, she is not

10

See Hamilton, 235 Ga. App. at 635 (“This Court has specifically declined to

establish a rule that a dog’s menacing behavior should put an owner on notice of a dog’s propensity

to bite.”); accord Huff v. Dyer, 297 Ga. App. 761, 763 (1) (678 SE2d 206) (2009); Raith, 271 Ga.

App. at 725 (2); Phiel, 262 Ga. App. at 816-17 (1); Wade, 246 Ga. App. at 460 (1); Durham, 234 Ga.

App. at 773 (1); Banks v. Adair, 148 Ga. App. 254, 255 (251 SE2d 88) (1978).

11

See Phiel, 262 Ga. App. at 816-17 (1) (noting that a dog “charg[ing] down

his owner’s driveway and bark[ing] and growl[ing] at [a neighbor]” amounted only

to “aggressive or menacing behavior” and is not sufficient to place the owner on

notice of a “propensity to bite”); Hamilton, 235 Ga. App. at 635 (noting that “this

Court has consistently held that the dog must have, on a prior occasion, done the

same act which resulted in the injury comprising the tort action”); Rowlette, 219 Ga.

App. at 599 (noting that “[j]umping up and biting someone on the buttocks who is

dressed strangely in work clothes with a white dust mask and a hat because he startled

a dog by banging on the porch was not sufficient to show a dangerous propensity for

viciousness such that the [owners] were on notice that the dog would launch an

unprovoked attack on a stranger coming into the yard”). 

6
entitled to recover damages for this unfortunate incident under our well-established

precedent.

12

For all of the foregoing reasons, I respectfully dissent.

I am authorized to state that Judge Ray and Judge McMillian join in this

dissent.

12 Cf. Evans-Watson v. Reese, 188 Ga. App. 292, 293 (372 SE2d 675) (1988)

(allowing a claim to go forward against a dog owner when there were “a number of

instances in which the dog ran loose, sometimes in [her] presence, and . . . chased

people and put [some of them] in fear, that it jumped at children, and that [the owner]

was aware that the dog repeatedly escaped the yard through an opening in the fence

. . . .”).

7