TEXAS COURT OF APPEALS, THIRD DISTRICT, AT AUSTIN

NO. 03-13-00381-CR

Anthony Boyd Robertson, Appellant

v.

The State of Texas, Appellee

FROM THE DISTRICT COURT OF HAYS COUNTY, 22ND JUDICIAL DISTRICT

NO. CR-12-0972, HONORABLE WILLIAM R. HENRY, JUDGE PRESIDING

M E M O R A N D U M O P I N I O N

Anthony Boyd Robertson was convicted of family-violence assault, repeat offense. 

See Tex. Penal Code § 22.01(b). In five issues, he complains about the trial court’s admission of

evidence and alleged prosecutorial misconduct. The parties are familiar with the facts, procedural

history, and applicable standards of review. Accordingly, we will not recite them here except as

necessary to advise the parties of the Court’s decision and the basic reasons for it. See Tex. R. App.

P. 47.4. Having reviewed the record and concluded that appellant has failed to demonstrate any

reversible error as discussed herein, we will affirm the trial court’s judgment of conviction.

Hearsay

In his first issue, appellant complains about the trial court’s admission of hearsay

testimony from four witnesses: Austin Police Department (APD) Officers Russell Rose and

Jason Castillo; Florence Briceno, the complainant’s friend; and APD Victim Services Counselor
Stephanie Burgess. Over appellant’s objection, the testimony of Officer Rose, Officer Castillo, and

Briceno relating what the complainant, appellant’s then-girlfriend, had told them was admitted by

the trial court under the excited-utterance exception to the hearsay rule. See Tex. R. Evid. 803(2)

(statement relating to startling event or condition made while declarant was under stress of

excitement caused by event or condition is not excluded by hearsay rule); see also Apolinar v. State,

155 S.W.3d 184, 186 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (exception is based on assumption that declarant is

not, at time of statement, capable of reflection that would enable her to fabricate information). The

trial court admitted Burgess’s testimony over appellant’s objection with an instruction limiting

its purpose.

To determine whether a statement is an excited utterance, trial courts should

determine “whether the declarant was still dominated by the emotions, excitement, fear, or pain of

the event or condition” when the statement is made. Apolinar, 155 S.W.3d at 186 (quoting Zuliani

v. State, 97 S.W.3d 589, 596 (Tex. Crim. App. 2003)). Factors that the trial court may consider

include the length of time between the occurrence and the statement, the nature of the declarant,

whether the statement is made in response to a question, and whether the statement is self-serving. 

Id. No factor alone is dispositive. Lawton v. State, 913 S.W.2d 542, 553 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995),

overruled on other grounds, Mosley v. State, 983 S.W.2d 249, 263 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998).

Officer Rose was the first official to arrive at Briceno’s house upon receiving a call

relating that a woman had been assaulted but was no longer at the assault location or in the presence

of the perpetrator. He testified that when he arrived at Briceno’s house, “it was fairly obvious that

[the complainant] had been involved in some type of disturbance” and that she was “being consoled”

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by Briceno and had “obvious injuries.” He indicated that the complainant’s injuries included

bleeding knees and swelling and abrasions on the left side of her face and forehead and that she was

holding an ice pack to her face and head. Officer Rose testified that as he spoke to the complainant,

she was “going back and forth, emotionwise” and crying intermittently and that it took between a

few seconds to a minute throughout the interview to “calm her down” enough so that she could

explain what had happened. He further testified that the complainant appeared to still be under the

stress and excitement of what had just happened and that she was still in pain. After this predicate

was laid, see Johnson v. State, 967 S.W.2d 410, 417 (Tex. Crim. App. 1998) (proponent of evidence

bears burden of establishing predicate for admission of hearsay statement), Officer Rose testified

about what the complainant told him: after the couple had a heated argument about a text message,

appellant grabbed the complainant, dragged her to the ground by her hair, and punched her in the

face and head.1

In light of Officer Rose’s predicate testimony about the complainant’s injuries, pain,

stress, and emotional state, as well as the relatively short period of time between the alleged assault

and the complainant’s statement to him (the statement occurred within two or three hours of the

The complainant provided a different account at trial: she got angry about a text message

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regarding another woman and confronted appellant about it, tripped and hurt her knees, and then

slapped and pushed appellant. She further testified that the physical altercation progressed when

appellant pushed and shoved her in return and that they both fell to the ground and “scuffled” and

that she did not recall being punched in the face. She explained the discrepancy in her accounts by

indicating that her previous accounts were intended to “ma[ke her]self out to be the better person.”

She also signed an Affidavit of Non-Prosecution a few months before appellant’s trial seeking to

drop the charges and indicating that she had been in communication with appellant via letters and

that, although she was not changing her original allegation, she simply did not feel that his actions

warranted a felony conviction.

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assault), we cannot conclude that the trial court’s admission of the complainant’s hearsay as an

excited utterance was an abuse of discretion. See Zuliani, 97 S.W.3d at 595 (trial court does not

abuse its discretion in admitting hearsay under exception unless decision is so clearly wrong as to

lie outside zonewithinwhich reasonable persons might disagree). We overrule appellant’s first issue

as to Officer Rose’s testimony.

The State laid the following predicate for admission of the complainant’s statements

to Briceno as an excited utterance: Briceno testified that she did not recognize the complainant (even

though she was her “best friend”) when she arrived at her house due to the blood coming down her

legs, the fact that she had been crying, and the swelling and “whelping” of her face. Briceno further

testified that the complainant was shaking and crying and that she looked “horrible” and did not have

the “physical appearance” of her friend. Briceno said that the complainant was “devastated” and

crying so hard that it was difficult for Briceno to understand her words. The complainant’s

statements to Briceno occurred even closer in time to the alleged assault than those she made to

Officer Rose. This predicate supports the reasonable conclusion that the complainant was still

dominated by the emotions, excitement, fear, or pain of the alleged assault when she made her

statements to Briceno. See Apolinar, 155 S.W.3d at 186. Accordingly, we conclude that the trial

court did not abuse its discretion in admitting the complainant’s hearsay statements to Briceno under

the excited-utterance exception. We overrule appellant’s first issue as to Briceno’s testimony.

Appellant complains of the following hearsay testimony of Officer Castillo, who

spoke with the complainant the afternoon after the alleged assault while on “civil standby” to

supervise the removal of her belongings from the residence that she shared with appellant: “the gist

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of [what the complainant told me] was they had been out with friends, argued and that [appellant]

assaulted her” and that the complainant had not initiated any physical violence with appellant. 

Before Officer Castillo testified such, he indicated that the complainant seemed to him to be “having

a hard time” from the event the prior night and that she was “emotional,” “choked up,” and still

under the stress of the event. He also testified that her face was badly bruised, including a very

“obvious” black eye.2

The predicate to Officer Castillo’s testimonyabout the complainant’s emotional state

and visible injuries supports an excited-utterance ruling, while the relatively long period of time that

ensued between the alleged assault and the complainant’s statements weigh against the conclusion

that her statements “resulted from impulse rather than reason and reflection.” See Zuliani,

97 S.W.3d at 595 (excited utterance “represents an event speaking through the person rather than the

person speaking about the event”). Because of the tension between these two factors, we cannot

conclude that the trial court’s decision was so clearly wrong as to lie outside the zone of reasonable

disagreement. Id. However, even if the trial court erred in admitting Officer Castillo’s statements

about what the complainant told him—which amounted to nothing more than that the appellant

“assaulted her” and that she did not initiate the violence—those same facts were proven by other

admissible evidence, rendering the error harmless. See Mayes v. State, 816 S.W.2d 79, 88 (Tex.

Crim.App. 1991). Accordingly, we overrule appellant’s first issue as to Officer Castillo’s testimony.

After the objected-to hearsay statement, Officer Castillo explained that the complainant’s 2

injuries were “very significant” and in the “top five” of all the family-violence injuries he had seen

in his years of service.

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APD Victim Services Counselor Burgess testified about what the complainant told

her about appellant’s prior abuse, not as to what the complainant told her about the events on the

night in question. Appellant objected on the basis of hearsay, which the trial court overruled (while

allowing a running objection). The trial court also issued a limiting instruction about the purpose

of the testimony, admonishing the jury that Burgess’s testimony about what the complainant told her

about appellant’s prior abuse could be used for two purposes only: to show appellant’s intent and

to rebut his self-defense theory. See Casey v. State, 215 S.W.3d 870, 879 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007);

see also Tex. R. Evid. 404(b). By definition, then, Burgess’s testimony about what the complainant

told her was not hearsay because it was offered for a purpose other than the truth of the matter

asserted. Cf. Tex. R. Evid. 801(d) (hearsay is statement, other than one made by declarant while

testifying at trial, offered in evidence to prove truth of matter asserted). Accordingly, the trial court

did not abuse its discretion in admitting Burgess’s testimony over appellant’s hearsay objection, and

we overrule appellant’s first issue in its entirety.

Prosecutorial misconduct

In his second issue, appellant contends that the State committed prosecutorial

misconduct by “withholding material facts when establishing the predicate for the complainant’s

excited utterances” and thereby misleading the court when it presented Briceno’s testimony at the

conclusion of its case rather than in the appropriate chronological sequence by which the

complainant made her statements to the various witnesses on the evening in question. Essentially,

appellant argues that because the complainant first spoke to Briceno, the State presented a “false

picture” to the court by reserving the facts surrounding those first statements until after the court had

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already ruled on the admissibility of the complainant’s later-in-time hearsay statements to other

witnesses. The State responds that appellant failed to preserve this issue for review by not objecting

at trial. See Pena v. State, 353 S.W.3d 797, 807 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); see also Tex. R. App. P.

33.1. We agree with the State.

Prosecutorial misconduct is an independent basis for objection that must be

specifically urged to preserve error. Hajjar v. State, 176 S.W.3d 554, 566 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st

Dist.] 2004, pet. ref’d); see also Penry v. State, 903 S.W.2d 715, 764 (Tex. Crim. App. 1995) (proper

method of preserving error in cases of prosecutorial misconduct is to object on specific grounds,

request instruction that jury disregard conduct, and move for mistrial). Appellant did not object at

trial to the allegations of prosecutorial misconduct that he now makes on appeal. He has, therefore,

failed to preserve the error for appellate review, and we accordingly overrule his second issue. See

Banda v. State, 890 S.W.2d 42, 61 (Tex. Crim. App. 1994) (failure to object at trial to actions of

prosecutor that allegedly violated due-process rights does not preserve error for appeal).

Opinion testimony

In his third and fourth issues, appellant complains that the trial court erred in

admitting testimony of Officers Rose and Castillo offering opinions about the truthfulness of other

witnesses, which generally is inadmissible. See Sandoval v. State, 409 S.W.3d 259, 292 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2013, no pet.). He complains about the following question that the State asked of

Officer Rose: “Did you—from [the complainant’s] demeanor and everything that you saw about her,

did you have any indication that she was being, you know, anything other than truthful with you?” 

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Officer Rose answered, “No.” Appellant objected after Officer Rose had answered the question, and

the trial court overruled the objection.

Appellant failed to preserve error on the issue of Officer Rose’s testimony because

he did not object until after the objectionable question had been asked and answered, and

he has demonstrated no legitimate reason to justify the delay in objecting. See Luna v. State,

268 S.W.3d 594, 604 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008); Sandoval, 409 S.W.3d at 306. Moreover, even if we

were to assume that appellant’s objection had been timely, we could not conclude on this record that

appellant was harmed. See Garcia v. State, 126 S.W.3d 921, 927 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (we may

not reverse for non-constitutional error if we have fair assurance that error did not have substantial

and injurious effect or influence in determining jury’s verdict);see also Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b) (any

error that does not affect substantial rights must be disregarded). There was strong evidence of

appellant’s guilt (in an interview with law enforcement, even appellant admitted to hitting

complainant “like a man”), the complainant’s injuries were significant (and arguably inconsistent

with appellant’s theoryof self-defense), appellant thoroughlycross-examinedOfficerRose to include

a concession that he was not a “human lie detector,” the State did not highlight or revisit Officer

Rose’s testimony, and the objected-to testimony was self-evident (had the investigating officers not

believed the complainant, there would likely have been no case for the jury to decide). We overrule

appellant’s third issue.

In his fourth issue, appellant complains about the trial court’s admission over his

objection of Officer Castillo’s testimony opining that, in his “experience in dealing with these types

of cases,” it is common for defendants, as they get closer to trial, to “come up with a good cover

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story or a good new story . . . that [the investigators] have never heard before as [they] were

investigating.” Specifically, appellant argues that Officer Castillo was opining on the credibility of

criminal defendants as a class, which is improper. See Hitt v. State, 53 S.W.3d 697, 707 (Tex.

App.—Austin 2001, pet. ref’d) (witness may not directly testify that class of persons to which

particular witness belongs is truthful).

Officer Castillo’s testimony, as phrased, is more properlycharacterized as an opinion

about criminal investigations based on his experience and knowledge as an investigator rather than

a direct opinion about the credibility of criminal defendants as a class; such lay opinions are

generally admissible. See Osbourn v. State, 92 S.W.3d 531, 537 (Tex. Crim. App. 2002)

(observations that do not require significant expertise to interpret and that are not based on scientific

theory can be admitted as lay opinions if witness’s personal knowledge and experience establishes

he is capable of expressing opinion on subject outside realm of common knowledge). Accordingly,

we conclude that the trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of this evidence was within the zone of

reasonable disagreement. See McDonald v. State, 179 S.W.3d 571, 576 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005). 

However, even if the evidence were inadmissible opinion testimony, we would conclude that

appellant’s substantial rights were not affected bythe admission of the testimony based on the record

of appellant’s trial as a whole. See Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(b). We overrule appellant’s fourth issue.

State’s notice of intent to introduce evidence of extraneous offenses

In his fifth issue, appellant argues that the trial court erred in admitting evidence of

his prior violent acts against a previous girlfriend, Sabrina DeJesus, because the State failed to

provide him with timely and specific notice, per his request, of its intent to introduce the evidence. 

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See Hernandez v. State, 176 S.W.3d 821, 824 (Tex. Crim. App. 2005) (Rule 404(b) conditions

admissibility of other-wrongdoings evidence on State’s compliance with notice provision of same

rule, and it is error to admit such evidence when State has not so complied); see also Tex. R. Evid.

404(b). While the State did provide appellant with notice of its intent to introduce evidence of his

prior family-violence convictions, appellant argues that the State was required to inform him that it

would be introducing the underlying details of one specific conviction through DeJesus. The State

responds that appellant failed to object to the lack of notice and, therefore, waived this issue on

appeal. See Pena, 353 S.W.3d at 807; see also Tex. R. App. P. 33.1.

The reporter’s record indicates that the trial court, State, and appellant discussed the

admissibility of the DeJesus testimony in a bench conference before she testified. On its own

initiative, the State raised the issue of admissibility under Rule 404 from a probative and relevancy

standpoint, without mentioning notice. See Tex. R. Evid. 404(b) (evidence of other crimes, wrongs,

or acts is not admissible to prove character of person to show action in conformity therewith but is

admissible for other purposes including motive and intent). Appellant made no argument or

objection on anyRule 404 grounds, and the only references to notice appeared in a sidebar argument

between the prosecution and defense counsel later in the bench conference as the State was making

an offer of proof:

State: I think that we’ve given sufficient notice to [defense counsel]

previously, and she certainly—

Defense: I would—as to the notice, I got notice of the conviction, but not any

other assaultive details or—you know, I got notice of the conviction,

that’s it.

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Beyond this reference to notice, appellant did not actually object on that ground, and the only

objection he made prior to DeJesus’s testimony was a non-specific Rule 403 objection:

Court: From the Defense, just as a general comment, if any?

Defense: No. 403 objection—Ithink that since self-defense has

been raised or is going to, they’re entitled to get into

some things. I’m not sure about—I would steer

away—I would prefer to steer away from the

controlling, manipulative behavior, but the conviction

is fair game.

See Tex. R. Evid. 403 (although relevant, evidence may be excluded if its probative value is

substantially outweighed by danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of issues, or misleading jury or

by considerations of undue delay or needless presentation of cumulative evidence).

At the conclusion of the bench conference, the trial court noted that it “has not made

a ruling on any of the objections at this point,” and DeJesus then testified without further objection

by appellant or any rulings by the trial court. Appellant did not cross-examine DeJesus or raise the

issues of unfair surprise and prejudice that he now asserts on appeal. We agree with the State that

appellant failed to preserve error on the issue of whether the State provided sufficient notice about

its intent to introduce evidence of extraneous offenses. See Pena, 353 S.W.3d at 797 (appellant must

make timely, specific objection and obtain adverse ruling to preserve issue). Accordingly, we

overrule appellant’s fifth issue.

CONCLUSION

Having overruled all of appellant’s issues, we affirm the trial court’s judgment

of conviction.

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_____________________________________________

Cindy Olson Bourland, Justice

Before Chief Justice Rose, Justices Goodwin and Bourland

Affirmed

Filed: July 23, 2015

Do Not Publish

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