COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 02-14-00382-CV

LEVONNE MARIE KUKUK APPELLANT

V.

TIMOTHY KUKUK APPELLEE 

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FROM COUNTY COURT AT LAW NO. 2 OF PARKER COUNTY

TRIAL COURT NO. CIV-14-0200

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MEMORANDUM OPINION1

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Appellant Levonne Marie Kukuk appeals the trial court’s order denying her 

petition for bill of review. We will affirm.

Appellant and Appellee Timothy Kukuk divorced sometime in the late 

1990s. On January 23, 2009, in an effort to modify the terms of custody and 

child support, Appellee filed a motion for enforcement, clarification, and 

 

1See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.
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modification of prior order for child support and for possession or access and to 

reduce to judgment medical arrearages and enforce and reduce to judgment 

dependency exemption allowances. In October 2009, Appellant was contacted 

by Appellee’s counsel, requesting to set a date for a hearing on this motion. By 

this time, Appellant’s counsel had withdrawn from the case and Appellant was 

representing herself pro se.

Appellant became aware of the January 14, 2010 hearing after speaking 

with Appellee on the phone seven days before the hearing was set to occur. 

However, at the hearing, Appellee’s counsel claimed to have sent a notice letter 

containing information about the hearing by certified mail to Appellant on 

November 15, 2009. Appellant claims the October 2009 letter was the last 

correspondence she received regarding the hearing until receiving the final 

judgment, which was signed on March 10, 2010.

Appellant claims that she was first made aware of the hearing when she 

discussed it with Appellee on the phone. Further, she claims that in an effort to 

delay proceedings, she sent a motion for continuance and a personal letter to the 

trial court the day after her conversation with Appellee. Appellant did not hear 

anything else regarding the hearing until she received a final judgment shortly 

after March 10, 2010. She did not pursue a motion for new trial, appeal, or other 

remedy until filing a petition for bill of review on March 7, 2014.

In three issues, Appellant argues that the evidence is legally insufficient to 

show that she received sufficient notice of the January 14, 2010 hearing and that 
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the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s denial 

of her petition for bill of review.

In our due process review of the evidence, we will determine whether the 

trial court’s denial of Appellant’s bill of review constituted an abuse of discretion. 

A trial court abuses its discretion if the court acts without reference to any guiding 

rules or principles, that is, if the act is arbitrary or unreasonable. Low v. Henry,

221 S.W.3d 609, 614 (Tex. 2007); Cire v. Cummings, 134 S.W.3d 835, 838–39 

(Tex. 2004). An appellate court cannot conclude that a trial court abused its 

discretion merely because the appellate court would have ruled differently in the 

same circumstances. E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co. v. Robinson, 923 S.W.2d 

549, 558 (Tex. 1995); see also Low, 221 S.W.3d at 620.

A trial court also abuses its discretion by ruling without supporting 

evidence. Ford Motor Co. v. Garcia, 363 S.W.3d 573, 578 (Tex. 2012). But an 

abuse of discretion does not occur when the trial court bases its decision on 

conflicting evidence and some evidence of substantive and probative character 

supports its decision. Unifund CCR Partners v. Villa, 299 S.W.3d 92, 97 (Tex. 

2009); Butnaru v. Ford Motor Co., 84 S.W.3d 198, 211 (Tex. 2002) (op. on reh’g).

A bill of review allows a party to challenge a judgment after the time for 

filing a motion for new trial or an appeal has expired. Valdez v. Hollenbeck, 

No. 13-0709, 2015 WL 3640887, at *1 (Tex. June 12, 2015). Although it is an 

equitable proceeding, the fact that an injustice has occurred is not sufficient to 

justify relief by bill of review. Wembley Inv., Co. v. Herrera, 11 S.W.3d 924, 927 
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(Tex. 1999) (citing Alexander v. Hagedorn, 226 S.W.2d 996, 998 (Tex. 1950)). 

Courts narrowly construe the grounds on which a plaintiff may obtain a bill of 

review due to Texas’s fundamental public policy favoring the finality of 

judgments. Mabon Ltd. v. Afri-Carib Enterprises, Inc., 369 S.W.3d 809, 812

(Tex. 2012) (citing King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 

2003); Alexander, 226 S.W.2d at 998. A person is not entitled to relief by bill of 

review unless he has exhausted all other remedies available at the time the bill is 

filed. See Gold v. Gold, 145 S.W.3d 212, 214 (Tex. 2004); Wembley, 11 S.W.3d 

at 927; Rizk v. Mayad, 603 S.W.2d 773, 775 (Tex. 1980). If a party allows a 

judgment to become final by neglecting to file a motion for new trial, appeal, or 

appeal by writ of error, then the party is precluded from proceeding on a petition 

for bill of review unless the complaint shows a good excuse for the party’s failure 

to exhaust adequate legal remedies. Rundle v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 1 

S.W.3d 209, 216 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 1999, no pet.); see Gold, 145 S.W.3d at 

214.

Here, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying Appellant’s bill 

of review because Appellant failed to exhaust all available legal remedies 

beforehand.2 Appellant became aware of the March 10, 2010 final judgment 

 

2Appellee argues alternatively that the bill of review was barred by 

limitations because the judgment was rendered more than four years before 

Appellant filed the petition. This argument is unpersuasive, however, because 

the statute of limitations did not begin to run until the date the judgment was 

signed, which was on March 10, 2010. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 306a.
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shortly after it was signed—at the latest, sometime in March 2010. Appellant

thus became aware of the judgment soon enough after it was signed to have filed

a motion for new trial or a direct appeal. See Tex. R. Civ. P. 329b(a) (“A motion 

for new trial, if filed, shall be filed prior to or within thirty days after the judgment 

or other order complained of is signed.”); Tex. R. App. P. 26.1(a), (b) (expressing 

that an appellant can appeal up to thirty days after the final judgment is signed, 

or ninety days if the party timely files a motion for new trial, a motion to modify 

the judgment, a motion to reinstate, or a request for findings of fact and 

conclusions of law). However, Appellant failed to pursue any other legal 

remedies until filing a bill of review almost four years later.

When asked why she waited so long to act, Appellant explained that she 

was unwilling to seek any legal remedy other than a bill of review and, for that 

reason, she had difficulty obtaining counsel. However, an unwillingness to utilize 

alternate legal remedies is no excuse for failing to exhaust all available means of 

review. See Johnson v. W.J. Hancock Paint & Wallpaper Co., 336 S.W.2d 468, 

469 (Tex. Civ. App.—Fort Worth 1960, writ ref’d n.r.e.) (holding that an 

unexplained delay of fifty-four days demonstrated lack of due diligence when 

appellant had the ability to pursue other legal remedies); see Ruland v. Ley, 144 

S.W.2d 883, 884–85 (Tex. 1939) (holding that a four-month delay between 

discovery of the judgment and the filing of the bill of review demonstrated lack of 

due diligence when appellant failed to take alternate action due to 

inconvenience).
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Appellant directs us to Caldwell v. Barnes, arguing, “Even if the individual 

becomes aware of the proceedings, he or she has no duty to participate in them 

without proper service of process, and is also not at fault for failing to answer.” 

975 S.W.2d 535, 537–38 (Tex. 1998). Our case is distinguishable from Caldwell, 

however, because the appellant in Caldwell did not become aware of the 

judgment until after other legal remedies had already expired. See id. (“Barnes 

does not argue that Caldwell failed to use diligence in pursuing legal remedies 

under Texas law because . . . no legal remedies remained available to him.”). 

Appellant had other means of attacking the judgment available to her, but she 

consciously chose to disregard them in order to file a bill of review.

Because Appellant failed to use due diligence in challenging the March 10, 

2010 judgment, the trial court’s decision was not arbitrary or unreasonable. See 

Low, 221 S.W.3d at 614; Cire, 134 S.W.3d at 838–39; see also Gold, 145 

S.W.3d at 214; Wembley, 11 S.W.3d at 927; Rizk, 603 S.W.2d at 775. For this 

reason, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by denying her bill of review.

Accordingly, we overrule Appellant’s issues and affirm the trial court’s order 

denying the petition for bill of review.

/s/ Bill Meier

BILL MEIER

JUSTICE

PANEL: LIVINGSTON, C.J.; DAUPHINOT and MEIER, JJ.

DAUPHINOT, J., concurs without opinion.

DELIVERED: July 23, 2015