This opinion will be unpublished and

may not be cited except as provided by

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014).

STATE OF MINNESOTA

IN COURT OF APPEALS

A14-1467

State of Minnesota,

Respondent,

vs.

Jeremiah Thomas Lord,

Appellant.

Filed July 27, 2015

Affirmed

Reilly, Judge

Stearns County District Court

File No. 73-CR-14-1128

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, Karen B. Andrews, Assistant Attorney General, St. 

Paul, Minnesota; and

Janelle Kendall, Stearns County Attorney, St. Cloud, Minnesota (for respondent)

Cathryn Middlebrook, Chief Appellate Public Defender, Davi E. Axelson, Assistant 

Public Defender, St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant)

Considered and decided by Hooten, Presiding Judge; Halbrooks, Judge; and 

Reilly, Judge. 

U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N

REILLY, Judge

Appellant challenges his conviction of domestic assault by strangulation, arguing 

that the district court erred by admitting relationship evidence. Appellant also claims that 
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the prosecutor committed misconduct by eliciting testimony regarding past verbal abuse. 

We affirm. 

FACTS

Appellant Jeremiah Lord and J.B. dated sporadically between May 2012 and 

December 2013 and have two children together. Between December 2013 and February 

2014, J.B. and appellant lived together in St. Cloud, Minnesota. J.B. described the 

couple’s relationship as “stressful” and testified that they “fought all the time” and that 

some of their fights were physical. J.B. described one sexual encounter in which J.B. 

claims that appellant “was intoxicated [and] he would keep going and going and I would 

eventually get sore and hurt and be crying and begging him to stop and he wouldn’t stop 

until he was done.” Appellant acknowledged that there were “intense verbal arguments” 

but denied physically or sexually assaulting J.B. 

On February 8 at approximately 1:40 a.m., appellant and J.B. got into an argument 

in the couple’s living room. Appellant began yelling at J.B. and backed her into a corner, 

where he pushed her head into the wall using the palm of his hand. J.B. ran through the 

kitchen and tried to call a crisis hotline from her cell phone. Appellant “ripped” the cell 

phone out of J.B.’s hand and threw it at her. J.B. began dialing 911 and appellant “came 

charging” at her. J.B. closed the phone and held it against her chest, and appellant began 

“tackling” her for the phone. J.B. turned onto her stomach and appellant sat on her, with 

his legs squeezing her torso. Appellant put his hands on J.B.’s neck and pulled her head 

and neck back into an arched position. J.B. could not breathe when appellant placed his 

hands around her neck. 
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J.B. threw her phone down the hallway and appellant jumped off of her to get the 

phone. J.B. went to the closet to get her jacket and appellant pushed her forehead with 

the palm of his hand, causing her to strike her head on the closet door. J.B. dropped to 

her knees and appellant pushed her against the wall, where she struck her head, started 

seeing yellow spots, and had difficulty breathing. Appellant tackled J.B. to the floor and 

tried to prevent her from leaving. J.B. eventually left the apartment and called the police 

from a nearby gas station. The responding police officers noticed that J.B.’s eyes were 

red, she appeared to have been crying, and had a bump on the left side of her head behind 

her left ear, along with scratches on her face and arms. J.B. also told the officer that she 

was having a hard time swallowing. Police officers went to the couple’s apartment, 

spoke with appellant, and ultimately arrested him for domestic assault. 

The state charged appellant with one count of felony domestic assault by 

strangulation in violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.2247, subd. 1 (2012). Appellant pleaded 

not guilty and a jury trial was held. The jury found appellant guilty of domestic assault 

by strangulation. The district court sentenced appellant to 18 months in the custody of 

the commissioner of corrections but stayed execution of the sentence for a five-year 

period. This appeal followed. 

D E C I S I O N

Appellant raises two arguments: first, that the district court erred by allowing the 

state to introduce relationship evidence under Minn. Stat. § 634.20 (2012) and second, 

that the prosecutor committed misconduct by eliciting testimony from J.B. about an 
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earlier hospitalization in disregard of the district court’s ruling that such evidence was 

inadmissible. We address each argument in turn. 

I.

Appellant first challenges the district court’s admission of relationship evidence 

under Minn. Stat. § 634.20. We review a district court’s decision to admit relationship 

evidence for an abuse of discretion. State v. Lindsey, 755 N.W.2d 752, 755 (Minn. App. 

2008), review denied (Minn. Oct. 29, 2008). Appellant bears the burden of establishing 

that the district court abused its discretion and that he was prejudiced. Id. 

“Evidence of another crime, wrong, or act is not admissible to prove the character 

of a person in order to show action in conformity therewith.” Minn. R. Evid. 404(b). 

But relationship evidence is distinct from rule 404(b) bad-acts evidence because it 

evinces “prior conduct between the accused and the alleged victim and may be offered to 

illuminate the history of the relationship, that is, to put the crime charged in the context of 

the relationship between the two.” State v. McCoy, 682 N.W.2d 153, 159 (Minn. 2004). 

A defendant is presumed to be aware that his prior relationship with the victim, 

“particularly in so far as it involves ill will or quarrels,” may be offered against him at 

trial. Id. at 159-60 (quotation omitted). 

In the context of a domestic assault case, evidence of domestic conduct by the 

accused against the victim of domestic conduct is admissible. Minn. Stat. § 634.20. 

Evidence is admissible under section 634.20 if (1) it is domestic conduct by the accused, 

(2) it is perpetrated against the victim of domestic abuse or against another family or 

household member, and (3) the probative value of the evidence is not “substantially 
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outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice, confusion of the issue, or misleading the 

jury, or by considerations of undue delay, waste of time, or needless presentation of 

cumulative evidence.” Id.; State v. Meyer, 749 N.W.2d 844, 849 (Minn. App. 2008). 

Before trial, the state moved to introduce relationship evidence of past physical 

incidents between appellant and J.B., including the sexual assault. The district court 

determined that the physical incidents between appellant and J.B. met the definition of 

“domestic abuse” contemplated in section 634.20 and were therefore admissible. 

However, the district court clarified that it could “limit the amount of testimony regarding 

this incident if . . . too much emphasis is being placed on [it].” Appellant does not argue

that the behavior qualifies as “domestic conduct,” nor does he argue that the conduct was 

perpetrated against a family or household member. Appellant’s only challenge on appeal 

is whether the probative value of the evidence is substantially outweighed by the danger 

of unfair prejudice. 

“When balancing the probative value against the potential prejudice, unfair 

prejudice is not merely damaging evidence, even severely damaging evidence; rather, 

unfair prejudice is evidence that persuades by illegitimate means, giving one party an 

unfair advantage.” Lindsey, 755 N.W.2d at 757. Here, the district court considered this 

issue and found that, “for the purpose of illuminating the relationship between [appellant] 

and [J.B.] and to put the alleged crime within the context of that relationship,” a brief 

description of the previous physical and sexual incidents was “highly probative” and was 

not substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice. See State v. Waukazo, 

374 N.W.2d 563, 565 (Minn. App. 1985) (determining court acted within its discretion in 
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admitting relationship evidence to “illuminate” the relationship and place the charged 

assault in the “proper context”), review denied (Minn. Nov. 1, 1985). The district court 

reiterated that it would limit such evidence to a “brief description” of appellant’s conduct 

in order to minimize any possible unfair prejudice or confusion of the issue and in the 

interest of judicial economy. The district court’s determination is amply supported by 

our previous decisions. See, e.g., Lindsey, 755 N.W.2d at 756 (stating that evidence 

“which places the event in context bolsters its probative value”); McCoy, 682 N.W.2d at 

161 (recognizing that relationship evidence “assist[s] the jury by providing a context with 

which it could better judge the credibility of the principals in the relationship”). 

Moreover, the district court minimized any potential prejudice to appellant by 

providing cautionary instructions to the jury before the state presented evidence of the 

sexual assault. And before excusing the jury to begin its deliberations, the district court 

again instructed the jurors that the evidence was offered “for the limited purpose of 

demonstrating the nature and extent of the relationship between the defendant and [J.B.].” 

These cautionary instructions “lessened the probability of undue weight being given by 

the jury to the evidence.” Lindsey, 755 N.W.2d at 757 (quotation omitted). We conclude 

that the district court did not abuse its discretion by admitting relationship evidence under 

section 634.20. 

II.

We next address appellant’s argument that the prosecutor committed misconduct 

by eliciting testimony that appellant verbally abused J.B. after the district court had ruled 

the evidence inadmissible. Appellant did not object to the challenged testimony during 
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trial, and we therefore apply a modified plain-error test. State v. Carridine, 812 N.W.2d 

130, 146 (Minn. 2012). Under this test, appellant must establish both that the claimed

misconduct constitutes error and that the error was plain. Id. “The burden then shifts to 

the [s]tate to demonstrate that the error did not affect [appellant’s] substantial rights.” Id. 

We first consider whether an error occurred. Prosecutorial error results from 

violations of a district court’s orders, including “attempting to elicit or actually eliciting 

clearly inadmissible evidence.” State v. Fields, 730 N.W.2d 777, 782 (Minn. 2007). The 

district court admitted relationship evidence with respect to past physical incidents 

between appellant and J.B., but directed that the state could not introduce “past verbal 

communications” between appellant and J.B. The district court reasoned that “it is not 

apparent how the past verbal communications between [appellant and J.B.] . . . meet the 

definition of ‘domestic conduct,’ even though these allegations could be considered 

emotional abuse.”

Appellant contends that the prosecutor asked J.B. a question that “she either knew 

or should have known would elicit a reference to [appellant’s] verbal abuse of [J.B.].” 

During direct examination, the prosecutor questioned J.B. about an incident in November 

2013 when she was hospitalized in a mental health unit following a suicide attempt. The 

prosecutor asked J.B. what precipitated her suicide attempt, and she answered that she 

“hear[d] so many negative words that I started to believe them and just thought that I 

wasn’t worth it or that I really was a bad mother.”

The state is required “to prepare its witnesses, prior to testifying, to avoid 

inadmissible or prejudicial statements.” State v. McNeil, 658 N.W.2d 228, 232 (Minn. 
8

App. 2003). Here, the prosecutor did not ask J.B. to describe the “negative words,” nor 

did the prosecutor ask her who made the negative comments. And although J.B. made a 

passing reference to “negative words,” she did not describe them in any detail or identify 

appellant as the individual who made negative remarks to her. This suggests that the 

prosecutor adequately prepared J.B. to avoid referencing any inadmissible statements,

and we determine that an error did not occur. Because we conclude that an error did not 

occur, there can be no finding that the error was plain. 

Lastly, we determine that even if a plain error occurred, it did not affect 

appellant’s substantial rights. If an appellant establishes plain error, the burden shifts to 

the prosecution to demonstrate that the error did not prejudice the appellant’s substantial 

rights. State v. Leutschaft, 759 N.W.2d 414, 418 (Minn. App. 2009). We consider the 

strength of the evidence against the appellant, the pervasiveness of the misconduct, and 

whether the appellant had an opportunity or made efforts to rebut the improper conduct. 

State v. Davis, 735 N.W.2d 674, 682 (Minn. 2007). “If the state fails to demonstrate that 

substantial rights were not affected, the appellate court then assesses whether it should 

address the error to ensure fairness and the integrity of the judicial proceedings.” Id.

(quotation omitted). 

Appellant argues that this case revolved primarily around “conflicting stories” 

between appellant and J.B. Appellant claims that the testimony concerning J.B.’s suicide 

attempt “would make it nearly impossible” for the jury to credit appellant’s version of 

events on February 8. We are not persuaded by this argument. J.B.’s reference to 

“negative words” was minor, and Minnesota caselaw recognizes that statements that are 
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“brief, isolated, [and] not repeated” are unlikely to have a substantial impact on the jury. 

State v. Wilford, 408 N.W.2d 577, 580 (Minn. 1987). We are satisfied that the testimony 

elicited during J.B.’s direct examination did not affect appellant’s substantial rights. 

Affirmed.