NO. 12-14-00226-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

TYLER, TEXAS

JOCK COLBY DOMINEY, 

APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

APPELLEE

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§

§

APPEAL FROM THE 159TH 

JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

ANGELINA COUNTY, TEXAS

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Jock Colby Dominey appeals the trial court’s order of deferred adjudication and raises 

one issue relating to the trial judge’s impartiality. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

An Angelina County grand jury returned a three count indictment against Appellant for 

the offenses of manufacture or delivery of a controlled substance (counts I and II) and possession 

of a controlled substance (count III). Appellant pleaded “guilty” to each count, and the trial 

court ordered a presentence investigation report (PSI). 

The trial court conducted a sentencing hearing, and deferred a finding of guilt for each 

count. For counts one and two, the trial court placed Appellant on deferred adjudication 

community supervision for three years. For count three, the trial court placed Appellant on 

deferred adjudication community supervision for ten years. This appeal followed.

NEUTRAL AND DETACHED MAGISTRATE

In his sole issue, Appellant contends that he was denied the right to a neutral and 

detached magistrate. He argues that his due process rights were violated because the trial judge 

“was an active participant in developing the evidence on which [his] sentence was based . . . and 
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developed that evidence based on information learned outside the confines of the court 

proceeding.” Appellant does not argue that the trial court failed to consider the full range of 

punishment. The sole basis for his claim relates to the trial court’s questioning. 

Standard of Review

To reverse a judgment on the ground of improper conduct or comments by the trial judge, 

the reviewing court must find (1) that judicial impropriety was in fact committed, (2) resulting in 

probable prejudice to the complaining party. Johnson v. State, 452 S.W.3d 398, 405 (Tex. 

App.—Amarillo 2014, pet. ref’d). The scope of appellate review is the entire record. See 

Dockstader v. State, 233 S.W.3d 98, 108 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d).1

Applicable Law

Due process requires a neutral and detached judge at the sentencing hearing, and does not 

permit the trial judge to assume the role of a prosecutor. See Brumit v. State, 206 S.W.3d 639, 

645 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006); Avilez v. State, 333 S.W.3d 661, 673 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st 

Dist.] 2010, pet. ref’d). However, a trial judge may question a witness when seeking information

to clarify a point or get the witness to repeat something that the judge could not hear. See

Moreno v. State, 900 S.W.2d 357, 359 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1995, no pet.). In instances 

where the court is asked to assess punishment, and particularly when a defendant files an 

application for community supervision, the trial judge has the authority to independently 

question witnesses in order to obtain information that is relevant to his punishment 

determination. See Guin v. State, 209 S.W.3d 682, 686 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2006, no pet.). 

Absent a clear showing of bias, a trial court’s actions will be presumed to have been correct. 

Brumit, 206 S.W.3d at 645.

The Sentencing Hearing

Despite having previously been convicted of a felony, Appellant filed an application for 

community supervision. The conduct he complains of occurred during the sentencing hearing.

Four witnesses testified during the hearing. Among those witnesses were Dane Smith, 

the community supervision officer who prepared the PSI report; Tina Dominey, Appellant’s 

 

1 Appellant did not object to the trial court’s conduct or comments at trial. Ordinarily, failure to object 

precludes appellate review. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1. However, a conviction may be reversed if it is based on 

structural error. See Johnson v. United States, 520 U.S. 461, 468–69, 117 S. Ct. 1544, 1549–50, 137 L. Ed. 2d 718 

(1997) (listing cases involving structural error: total deprivation of right to counsel, lack of impartial trial judge, 

unlawful exclusion of grand jurors of defendant’s race, denial of right to self-representation at trial, right to public 

trial, erroneous reasonable-doubt instruction to jury) (citations omitted). Because Appellant’s contention turns on 

whether structural error occurred, we review his claim.
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sister-in-law; Lauren Flowers, Appellant’s common-law wife; and Appellant. Smith, Dominey, 

and Flowers each testified that they believed Appellant had a sincere desire to change. The trial 

court independently questioned Smith, Flowers, and Appellant.

The trial court’s independent questioning of Community Supervision Officer Smith 

revealed that Appellant had prior criminal convictions and a sporadic work history. During his 

discourse with Smith, the trial court stated that Smith’s opinion was important, to which Smith 

responded as follows:

When I talk to somebody that’s been using drugs . . . and I ask them what they’re willing to do in 

order to take care of that problem, and I bring up the fact that SAFPF is six to nine months long, 

most of them will say, [‘]Well, I don’t need that.[’] But [Appellant] didn’t. He stated he’s willing 

to do whatever it takes to get himself straightened out. And I believe him.

Flowers testified that she wanted Appellant to “come home” because she wants her 

husband and because her children “need him.” The record revealed that Flowers had been in 

drug court since August 7, 2013. Although she was unable to visit Appellant while he was in 

jail, Flowers testified that he has changed and would be successful if placed in drug court. 

At the conclusion of her testimony, the trial court asked Flowers to explain the type and 

length of treatment she received. He further inquired about whether her treatment did “any 

good” and asked if Appellant should be placed in drug treatment. Flowers testified that she 

believed Appellant would benefit from treatment. The trial court then remarked, “How can you 

say [the children] need him when he’s in the condition he’s in? He’s a dope head.” Flowers

explained, “I’ve been there. And I know whenever I was in my addiction my children needed 

me, but I’ve bettered myself for them and for myself. And I know he’s capable of it.”

Appellant was the final witness, and the record showed he was on parole for possessing 

certain chemicals with the intent to manufacture a controlled substance. He testified he has been 

an addict since he was sixteen years old, but has changed since he has been in jail. When asked 

what has changed, he explained, “I’ve been on drugs. I really haven’t been sober. I mean, I 

wasn’t seeing clearly. I mean, I’ve been locked up almost 10 months now. I’m ready to get out 

and take care of my children.” 

Appellant’s sister-in-law’s testimony showed that Appellant was once a “trusty” at the 

jail, but at the time of the sentencing hearing, he no longer held trusty status. When Appellant

testified, the trial court asked him why he lost his trusty status. Appellant said it was because he 
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was “[g]iving out extra trays. I got rolled.” The trial court then inquired as to whether Appellant 

had ever been asked to be drug tested while in jail. Appellant responded that he had, but refused 

because he smoked marijuana while in jail. The record showed that Appellant had smoked 

marijuana the month before the sentencing hearing. Upon learning this, the following discourse 

occurred:

Trial Court: But a month ago, you were smoking dope?

Appellant: Yes, sir. I slipped up. I’m not going to lie to you.

Trial Court: Well, that’s a problem. You haven’t—you don’t have a history of having beaten 

anything. Do you realize that?

Appellant: Yes, sir.

Trial Court: And you’re in jail smoking dope?

Appellant: Yes, sir.

Trial Court: Offered a test, you refused it?

Appellant: Yes, sir.

. . . .

Trial Court: You don’t think you need drug treatment?

Appellant: Well, I mean, since I’ve been locked up ten months already, Your Honor. I was 

hoping I could get a 90-day rehab, two years drug court, and five years [of] probation.

Thereafter, Appellant testified he has never been offered any help from his previous drug 

charge and has never asked for help until now. The trial court remarked that Appellant sounded 

as if he was entitled to help and that Appellant’s family has been trying to help him for years and 

“it ain’t helped.” Nevertheless, the trial court placed Appellant on deferred adjudication 

community supervision for each count contained in the indictment.

Discussion

Appellant concedes that the information gained from the trial court’s questioning was 

relevant to sentencing. See Guin, 209 S.W.3d at 686. However, he contends that the trial 

court’s questioning him about “smoking dope” was based on knowledge derived from an

extrajudicial source, which violated his right to a hearing before an impartial judge. We 

disagree. 
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Appellant told the trial court he smoked marijuana in his explanation of why he refused 

drug testing at the jail. He makes no allegation as to the identity of the extrajudicial source from 

which the trial court purportedly gained knowledge of his smoking marijuana. Thus, to conclude 

that the trial court derived his knowledge from an extrajudicial source, we would have to (1) 

ignore Appellant’s testimony that he smoked marijuana in jail and (2) assume the trial court 

questioned Appellant about losing his trusty status (revealed by Tina Dominey’s testimony) and 

being drug tested only to obtain an admission that Appellant had smoked marijuana while in jail. 

We cannot rely on assumptions to find a “clear showing of bias.” See Brumit, 206 S.W.3d at 

645.

A judge’s impartiality might reasonably be questioned “only if it appears that he or she 

harbors an aversion, hostility or disposition of a kind that a fair-minded person could not set 

aside when judging the dispute.” Gaal v. State, 332 S.W.3d 448, 453 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011) 

(quoting Liteky v. United States, 510 U.S. 540, 558, 114 S. Ct. 1147, 1158, 127 L. Ed. 2d 474 

(1994) (Kennedy, J., concurring)). Here, by his questions and comments, the trial judge appears

to be seeking facts relevant to his role in determining the appropriate punishment for Appellant. 

See Moreno, 900 S.W.2d at 359 (“A judge’s questions are likely to be closely tied to his or her 

mental process.”). 

While judicial remarks may constitute bias if they reveal an opinion deriving from an 

extrajudicial source, no extrajudicial source has been alleged in this case. See Dockstader, 233 

S.W.3d at 108. When no extrajudicial source is alleged, the remarks will constitute bias only if 

they reveal such a high degree of favoritism or antagonism as to make fair judgment impossible. 

See id. 

After viewing the entire record, we cannot conclude that the trial judge’s remarks 

revealed a high degree of antagonism against Appellant. See Gaal, 332 S.W.3d at 458; 

Dockstader, 233 S.W.3d at 108. Several witnesses testified that they believed Appellant had a 

sincere desire to change his life. And despite the fact that Appellant was on parole and had 

committed three separate drug-related felonies, the trial judge granted him deferred adjudication 

community supervision. This decision, when viewed in light of the entire record, supports the 

presumption that the trial court was neutral and detached. See Earley v. State, 855 S.W.2d 260, 

262 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1993, pet. dism’d) (“[I]n the absence of a clear showing to the 

contrary, we will presume the trial judge was a neutral and detached officer.”).
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Conclusion

The record does not support a finding that judicial impropriety was committed or that 

Appellant was prejudiced by the trial court’s comments or conduct. See Johnson, 452 S.W.3d at 

405. Appellant was not deprived of his right to a neutral and detached magistrate. Accordingly, 

we overrule Appellant’s sole issue.

DISPOSITION

Having overruled Appellant’s sole issue, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

GREG NEELEY

Justice

Opinion delivered July 22, 2015.

Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.

(DO NOT PUBLISH)
COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS

JUDGMENT

JULY 22, 2015

NO. 12-14-00226-CR

JOCK COLBY DOMINEY,

Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS,

Appellee

Appeal from the 159th District Court 

of Angelina County, Texas (Tr.Ct.No. 2014-0069)

THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed 

herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was no error in the 

judgment.

It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment 

of the court below be in all things affirmed, and that this decision be certified to the court 

below for observance.

Greg Neeley, Justice.

Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Hoyle, J., and Neeley, J.