In the United States Court of Federal Claims

No. 11-492 C

Filed: July 22, 2015

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MERIDIAN ENGINEERING COMPANY, *

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Plaintiff, *

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v. *

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THE UNITED STATES, *

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Defendant. *

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Michael H. Payne, Cohen Seglias Pallas Greenhall & Furman PC, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 

Counsel for Plaintiff.

Gregg P. Yates, United States Department of Justice, Civil Division, Washington, D.C., Counsel 

for the Government.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND FINAL ORDER

BRADEN, Judge.

Meridian Engineering Company (“Meridian”) is an engineering and construction firm in 

Tucson, Arizona, specializing in heavy civil, structural, and industrial construction. On September 

21, 2007, the Army Corps of Engineers (“USACE,” “Army Corps,” or “Corps”) awarded Meridian

a $5.8 million contract to complete a flood control project in Nogales, Arizona including 

demolition, excavation, and construction. 

After work at that site commenced, numerous problems arose and, on July 29, 2011,

Meridian filed a Complaint in the United States Court of Federal Claims alleging a breach of 

contract seeking damages of $7.6 million. After trial, Meridian filed an Amended and Second 

Amended Complaint, adding a new breach of contract claim and a claim for the breach of the duty 

of good faith and fair dealing.

Breach of Contract; 

Cardinal Change;

Contract Disputes Act, 

41 U.S.C. §§ 601–613;

Duty of Good Faith and Fair Dealing;

Federal Acquisition Regulations:

31.205-33 (“Professional and Consultant 

Service Costs”);

52.211-10 (“Commencement, Prosecution, and 

Completion of Work”);

52.233-1 (“Disputes”);

52.236-2 (“Differing Site Conditions”);

52.242-14 (“Suspension of Work”);

52.243-4 (“Changes”);

52.248-3 (“Value Engineering—Construction”).
2

To facilitate review of this Memorandum Opinion And Final Order, the court has provided 

the following outline: 

I. RELEVANT FACTUAL BACKGROUND.

A. In 2007, The United States Army Corps Of Engineers Awarded Plaintiff A 

Contract To Construct The Chula Vista Project.

B. On January 9, 2008, Construction Commenced.

C. In July 2008, The “Monsoon Season” Began.

D. In October 2008, Structural Failures Impacted The Union Pacific Railroad 

Track And Construction Was Suspended. 

E. In March 2009, The United States Army Corps Of Engineers Began To Scale 

Back The Chula Vista Project.

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY.

III. DISCUSSION.

A. Jurisdiction.

B. Contract Disputes Act. 

C. Standing.

D. Standard Of Review.

E. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To Damages For The Breach Of Contract Claims 

Alleged In The May 19, 2014 Second Amended Complaint.

1. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To Recover Costs To Protect Its Workers 

From Hazardous Conditions (Count 1).

a. Plaintiff’s Argument.

b. The Government’s Response.

c. The Court’s Resolution.

2. Whether Meridian Is Entitled To Costs For Differing Site Conditions 

In The Channel And At The Sewer Line (Counts 2 and 5).

a. Plaintiff’s Argument.

b. The Government’s Response.
3

c. The Court’s Resolution.

3. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To Recover Costs Incurred Because Of 

The Railroad Right-Of-Way Delay (Count 3).

4. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To Recover Costs For Delays Incurred 

As A Result Of Flood Events (Count 4).

a. Plaintiff’s Argument.

b. The Government’s Response.

c. The Court’s Resolution.

5. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To An Adjustment For The Unpaid 

Contract Quantities (Count 6).

a. Plaintiff’s Argument.

b. The Government’s Response.

c. The Court’s Resolution.

6. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To Costs For The To Suspension Of Work 

(Count 7), Channel Fill (Count 8), And Interim Protection (Count 9).

a. Plaintiff’s Argument.

b. The Government’s Response.

c. The Court’s Resolution.

7. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To Costs Regarding The Punchlist (Count 

10).

a. Plaintiff’s Argument.

b. The Government’s Response.

c. The Court’s Resolution.

8. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To Recover Costs For The North Bridge 

VECP (Count 11).

a. Plaintiff’s Argument.

b. The Government’s Response.

c. The Court’s Resolution.
4

F. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To Recover Preparation Costs For A Request 

For Equitable Adjustment (Count 12).

a. Plaintiff’s Argument.

b. The Government’s Response.

c. The Court’s Resolution.

G. Whether The Government Violated The Duty Of Good Faith And Fair Dealing 

(Count 14).

1. Plaintiff’s Argument.

2. The Government’s Response.

3. The Court’s Resolution.

IV. CONCLUSION.

* * *

I. RELEVANT FACTUAL BACKGROUND.

1

A. In 2007, The United States Army Corps Of Engineers Awarded Plaintiff A 

Contract To Construct The Chula Vista Project.

In April 1994, the USACE issued a Design Memorandum for a flood control project in 

Nogales, Arizona, known asthe Chula Vista Project (“Project”). JX1. In 2004, Congress approved 

funding for the Project and, on August 22, 2007, the USACE issued a request for proposal. JX17-

1. 

On May 29, 2007, the USACE issued IFB No. W912PL-07-B-0005 (“Solicitation”). JX2. 

Next, the USACE solicited bids for a firm fixed-price contract and requested prices for a base bid 

and three separate options. JX2. These options included: Section 2300(a) concerning earthwork

(JX2-339); Section 2130 concerning the standards for dewatering (JX7; JX2-329); and Section 

1355 concerning environmental protection issues (JX5-11).

 

1 The relevant facts cited herein were derived from: trial proceedings in Tucson, Arizona

from January 27–30, 2014 (“TR 1–1227”) and in Washington, D.C. from March 24–27, 2014 (“TR 

1228–2292”); trial exhibits admitted into evidence, i.e., JX1-1–190-1; PX1-1–394; DX1-1–612-9; 

and an April 28, 2014 hearing to supplement expert testimony (“TR 2293–2434”). The witnesses 

who testified on behalf of Meridian’s case-in-chief are listed with their job descriptions and 

transcript cites in Court Exhibit A, attached hereto. The witnesses who testified on behalf of the 

Government’s case-in-chief are listed with their job descriptions and transcript cites in Court 

Exhibit B, attached hereto. A chronology of the events discussed in the relevant factual 

background is in Court Exhibit C, attached hereto.
5

On September 21, 2007, the USACE awarded Contract No. W912PL-07-C-0025 

(“Contract”) to Meridian. JX193-1. The Contract was for a “base bid,” but included “options” for 

potential cost increases and anticipated time extensions. JX193. A map of the Project’s work site, 

Court Exhibit D, follows.

Court Exhibit D

PX375 (Pl. Dem. Ex. B).

On October 27, 2007, Meridian requested electronic copies of drawings and survey files

from the USACE, but did not receive them. JX110-3.

On November 13, 2007, the USACE issued a Notice to Proceed. DX15-1; PX386. On the 

following day, Meridian and the USACE attended a preconstruction conference where Meridian

was advised that only the contracting officer (“CO”) and the administrative contracting officer

were authorized to “commit any money for the [G]overnment.” DX726-3. The USACE also 

advised Meridian that there may be chromium, a heavy metal, at the Chula Vista site, but more 

information would be forthcoming. DX726-5, 13; PX133. Meridian again asked the USACE to

provide the requested electronic drawing and survey files. DX726-4; PX3-4.
6

By November 19, 2007, Meridian planned to begin staking2the site. PX3-3; DX726-3. 

But, the USACE failed to deliver the required surety files by that date. PX134. Nevertheless, 

Meridian agreed to begin “dewatering and mobilization.” PX3-3; DX726-3. 

On November 26, 2007, Meridian submitted a Water Diversion Plan for the Project that

the USACE approved the next day. JX51-1–8. On that date, the USACE also advised Meridian 

that chromium at the Chula Vista site was “extremely low, less than the soil remediation standards 

for the State of Arizona, and less than any applicable water standards, except for drinking water.” 

JX53-1. Meridian’s November 27, 2007 meeting minutes also indicate that the USACE reported 

that heavy metals were a “non-issue.” JX113-2.

On December 4, 2007, Meridian notified the USACE that it was still waiting for drawings 

and survey files, and their absence adversely impacted Meridian’s ability to perform a site survey 

and staking. PX134. Meridian also informed the USACE that, if the delay continued, it could 

impact the Project schedule and budget. PX134. On December 11, 2007, at a weekly construction 

meeting with Meridian and the USACE, a representative from Santa Cruz County3stated that 

hazardous substances, including heavy metals and water-borne pathogens, may be present at the 

site. JX110-7. The next day, Meridian submitted a Request for Information (“RFI”) (RFI-0008) 

to the USACE to verify this information. JX110-7. On December 14, 2007, the USACE replied,

referring to the section of the Contract labeled “Water Quality.” JX110-7.4

On December 14, 2007, the USACE exercised “Option 1” to relocate the North Bridge and 

construct a new ramp. JX116-2. Option 1 modified the Contract by adding 120 days to the 

schedule. JX116-2.

 

2

“Staking” consists of construction surveying, where reference points and markers are 

placed to guide the construction of structures such as roads or buildings. These markers usually 

are placed according to a coordinate system selected for the project. See U.S. DEP’T OF AGRIC.,

NATURAL RES. CONSERVATION SERV., NAT’L ENG’G MANUAL (3d ed., July 2010), at 111.

3 The Chula Vista site was within Santa Cruz County, Arizona. JX2.

4 Section 01355 3.3.4 Water Quality provides:

Within the project area there are water quality issues resulting from the site 

proximity to the international border with Mexico. Inadequate sewage collection 

facilities in Nogales, Sonora may result in the release of raw sewage which can 

flow across the border via Nogales Wash. Water sample testing in November 2004 

within the active wash bed indicated the presence of fecal coliforms. Runoff from 

storms shall be controlled, retarded, and diverted to protected drainage courses by 

means of diversion ditches, benches, berms, and by any measures required by area 

wide plans under the Clean Water Act.

JX2-282; see also JX110-7 (citing JX2-282).
7

On December 19, 2007, Meridian submitted two additional RFIs to the USACE: RFI-10, 

again requesting the electronic version of the Project plans; and RFI-11, noting that the class of 

pipe listed in the USACE’s plans and specifications “is not typically used in a sanitary sewer 

application.” JX110-9–10.

On December 28, 2007, the USACE responded to RFI-10, by informing Meridian that “AsBuilt” drawings were delivered to Meridian’s outbox at the USACE office. JX110-10.5

 On 

January 7, 2008, Meridian submitted an Initial Project Schedule to the USACE. JX78-517–31. 

On January 8, 2008, Meridian sent Serial Letter H-1 to notify the USACE that “the design 

condition has and continues to prevent Meridian from reasonably prosecuting the work. . . . There 

remain numerous unresolved conditions . . . impacting Meridian’s ability to plan the work.” 

PX137. Serial Letter H-1 reserved Meridian’s right to seek a Request for Equitable Adjustment 

(“REA”) for delays and differing site conditions encountered. PX137. 

B. On January 9, 2008, Construction Commenced.

From January 9 to 21, 2008, Meridian cleared and grubbed the channel area, assembled the

diversion and dewatering system and commenced channel excavation. JX78-517–31. On January 

21, 2008, Meridian began to install the diversion and dewatering system. PX9.

On January 12, 2008, the USACE acknowledged that it provided Meridian with incomplete

survey information about site survey criteria, but insisted there were no differing site conditions. 

PX 138. Nevertheless, Meridian’s REA had to be resubmitted to include an itemized breakdown 

of costs and schedule impacts. PX138. Throughout January 2008, Meridian continued to discuss 

site survey issues with the USACE during weekly construction meetings. JX114-2; JX115-1. On 

January 23, 2008, Meridian submitted RFI-13 regarding fiber optic cables and, on January 31, 

2008, Meridian submitted RFI-14 regarding stationing. JX110-12–13.

On February 1, 2008, Meridian submitted an initial sewer shoring and sheeting plan to the 

USACE. DX54-1. On that same day, Meridian began dewatering and water diversion system 

construction across the channel. PX11.6 On February 4, 2008, Meridian began subgrade 

preparation in the Blue Section. JX78-495.

On February 11, 2008, Meridian began excavation in the Purple Section and installation of

4-inch and 6-inch pumps to dewater the subgrade in the Blue Section in preparation for the 

 

5 December 28, 2007, however, was the “Early Finish” date for starting the diversion 

system and was the earliest date by which Meridian could examine subsurface flows at the site. 

JX28-35. The “Late Finish” date was January 22, 2008. JX28-35. 

6 The USACE, however, did not approve Meridian’s shoring and sheeting plan until March 

4, 2008. DX54-2.
8

construction of French Drain7dewatering system that was scheduled to begin one week later. 

JX78-483; see also Court Exhibit C. On February 20, 2008, Meridian also prepared the subgrade 

of the Purple Section, while continuing to prepare the subgrade on the Blue Section. JX78-467; 

PX14-16; see also Court Exhibit C. On February 21, 2008, Meridian installed additional 

dewatering pumps in the Blue Section (JX78-463; PX14–16), but encountered softer-thananticipated soils during the subgrade preparation in the Purple Section from Station 14+75 to 

15+75. PX16; see also Court Exhibit C. Preparation also continued from Station 15+40 to 16+00. 

PX16–17; see also Court Exhibit C. On February 29, 2008, however, boils8appeared in the Blue 

Section from Station 12+50 to 9+00, resulting in slope failure at the channel invert site. PX20.

On March 3, 2008, Meridian’s construction effort continued, as it expanded the French 

Drain system in the Blue Section and commenced French Drain construction in the concrete area 

of the Purple Section. JX78-445. But, on that date, Meridian also encountered groundwater and

the trench boxes at the site reached a depth of approximately fifteen feet. PX30. On March 4, 

2008, Meridian submitted a shoring and sheeting plan. JX54.

On March 10, 2008, Meridian sent Serial Letter 7285-6 (H-5) to notify the USACE of the

February 29, 2008 slope failure and informed the USACE about the springs, subsurface flows, and

clay layers that Meridian contended were differing site conditions. JX55. Prior to the weekly 

meeting on March 11, 2008, Meridian engaged ConformaTech, Inc. (“Conforma”) to recover and 

analyze samples to assess soil properties at the finished subgrade-elevation within the rectangle 

channel invert area, between stations 14+50 and 15+80. JX56. On March 18, 2008, Meridian sent 

Serial Letter 7285-8 (H-7)9to notify the USACE of Conforma’s subgrade soil analysis indicating 

the soil may have presented a stability issue. JX56. On March 20, 2008, Meridian excavated the 

jack and bore pit at Station 283+50. PX24.

On March 25, 2008, Meridian sent Serial Letter 7285-10 (H-9) to notify the USACE that 

additional water migrated into the work area and was considered by Meridian to be a differing site 

condition. JX57. On April 1, 2008, the USACE responded that site dewatering was Meridian’s 

responsibility, but that it would issue a RFP for an increase in pipe size. JX159. On April 3, 2008, 

Meridian encountered groundwater when the trench boxes were fifteen feet deep. PX30.

 

7 A French drain is a trench with a perforated pipe surrounded by porous aggregate that 

creates an area where water will “find relief and . . . accumulate in, so that it can then be pumped 

off.” 2/21/14 TR at 122 (Payne).

8

“Boiling is evidenced by an upward water flow into the bottom of the cut. A high water 

table is one of the causes of boiling. Boiling produces a ‘quick’ condition in the bottom of the cut, 

and can occur even when shoring or trench boxes are used.” U.S. DEP’T OF LABOR, OCCUPATIONAL 

SAFETY & HEALTH ADMIN., OSHA Technical Manual, Section V: Chapter 2.V.F, available at

https://www.osha.gov/dts/osta/otm/otm_v/otm_v_2.html (last visited July 22, 2015).

9 H-8 is not in the record.
9

On April 7, 2008, Meridian began post-subgrade preparation of the riprap10 area of the 

Blue Section. JX78-365. On April 8, 2008, at station 281+46, Manhole 68A, Meridian began to 

excavate the jack and bore pit. PX32. But, groundwater from a nearby stream filled the manhole 

boxes. PX32. On April 9, 2008, Meridian also completed subgrade preparation of the concrete 

channel in the Purple Section by placing geotextile in the channel invert from station 16+02 to 

station 14+50. PX78-359. On April 14, 2008, the USACE directed Meridian to stop work on the 

east side of the riprap channel, because of an anticipated RFP to add a reinforced concrete access 

ramp in the flood control channel. PX35-2. On April 15, 2008, Meridian began construction of 

the channel invert forms between stations 16+02 and 14+50. JX78-353. On April 15, 2008, the 

USACE issued RFP-005, requesting that Meridian provide an estimate for that addition. JX160.

On April 17, 2008, the USACE issued Modification R3

11 to increase the subdrain pipe 

diameter from four inches to eight inches. JX118. On the same day, Meridian sent Serial Letter 

07285-015 (H-18) to the USACE, listing project delays to date and their specific causes, including 

the delay in receiving the electronic site survey drawings, and submitting a REA for all of these

delays. PX146. But, the REA was denied, because “a reasonable contractor should have 

anticipated this rocky condition based on the site visit and analysis of soil logs[.]” DX100-1. 

In response, on April 17, 2008, Meridian stopped using the jack and bore method of the 

sewer pipe installation, because it encountered “unexpected rock-like soils.” DX102-1.

On April 18, 2008, Meridian submitted a Value Engineering Change Proposal (“VECP”)12

regarding reconstruction of the North Bridge. JX118. On April 22, 2008, Meridian placed riprap 

in the channel invert at station 9+00 in the Blue Section. PX38. On April 24, 2008, Meridian 

began to pour concrete on the bottom of the channel invert from station 16+02 to station 15+42 in

the Purple Section. PX39. On April 25, 2008, Meridian submitted a proposal to the USACE in 

response to RFP-005, but noted that the proposed addition of the ramp “had already had” an 

 

10 Riprap, or zone 3 rockfill, is the most common cover material for embankment dams. 

Riprap consists of shot rock, rock armor or rubble, and is rock or other material used to armor 

shorelines, streambeds, bridge abutments, pilings and other shoreline structures against scour and 

water or ice erosion. See U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENG’RS, COASTAL ENG’G TECH. NOTE-III-1,

RIPRAP REVETMENT DESIGN 1 (1985).

11 In their briefs, the parties refer to the modifications in many formats, e.g., “R3,” R-3,” 

and “R0003.” For consistency and ease of reference, the court has changed all modification 

references, including those in quotations, to the “R3” format. 

12 See 48 C.F.R. § 52.248-3(b) (VECP is “a proposal that—(1) Requires a change to this, 

the instant contract, to implement; and (2) Results in reducing the contract price or estimated cost 

without impairing essential functions or characteristics; provided, that it does not involve a 

change—(i) In deliverable end item quantities only; or (ii) To the contract type only.”) (emphasis 

added). This “contract change requirement can be the addition of the VECP to the contract, with 

attendant savings. VECPs are applicable to all contract types, including contracts with 

performance-based specifications.” OFFICE OF MGMT. & BUDGET, EXEC. OFFICE OF THE 

PRESIDENT, CIRCULAR NO. A-131 (REVISED), VALUE ENG’G (2013), at 4.
10

adverse impact on the project schedule. PX147. On April 28, 2008, Meridian began to pour 

concrete to create channel walls from station 15+42 to station 14+82 in the Purple Section. PX40. 

On May 1, 2008, the USACE sent Meridian Serial Letter C-0013, acknowledging receipt 

of the April 18, 2008 VECP. JX50-27. On May 6, 2008, Meridian submitted, a revised proposal 

in response to RFP-005, again emphasizing that this addition had already delayed the Project. 

JX163. On May 7, 2008, Meridian poured concrete in the bottom of the channel invert from station 

14+82 to station 14+42 in the Purple Section. PX78-293. On May 8, 2008, the USACE 

unilaterally issued Modification R6/AD7, adding the new access ramp detailed in RFP-5, but 

stating that a “supplemental agreement modification will be issued to definitize the final price and 

if appropriate, time adjustment.” JX121-2.

On May 9, 2008, however, Meridian sent Serial Letter 7285-025 to notify the USACE that

“close to the Union Pacific Railroad rails,” Meridian encountered subsurface water flows entering 

the area from the eastern trench wall between stations 282+58 and 281+46. DX131-1; DX440-3. 

In addition, at station 281+52, where Meridian encountered subsurface water again where the 

Union Pacific railroad tracks had settled into the ground, so that Meridian ceased jack and bore 

excavation. PX45. Meridian’s May 9, 2008 Daily Report also notes that the earthwork crew could 

not proceed with work until the USACE definitized the new access ramp subject to Modification 

R6/AD7. PX45.

On May 14, 2008, the USACE issued RFP-8, requesting proposals for a soil investigation 

between stations 277+17 and 282+30. JX165-1. On May 15, 2008, the USACE issued unilateral,

undefinitized Modification R7/AD10 authorizing Meridian to conduct soil investigations 

discussed in RFP-8. JX122. Thereafter, Meridian engaged a geotechnical engineering firm, 

Kleinfelder West, Inc. (“Kleinfelder”), to conduct this investigation. JX122; DX175-4. On that 

same day, the USACE sent Meridian Serial Letter C-16, acknowledging that the delays noted in 

Meridian’s April 17, 2008 Serial Letter H-18 were justified. JX166. Thereafter, Meridian and the 

USACE negotiated the terms of a definitized modification.13 JX121. On May 30, 2008, Meridian 

submitted a revised proposed cost and schedule, including the May 8, 2008 access ramp 

modification, R6/AD7. PX389-18–19. This revision increased the Contract price by $89,776.14 

and extended performance by twelve calendar days. PX389-18–19. On May 30, 2008, Kleinfelder 

completed a geotechnical subsurface soil investigation at the sewer excavation site and issued a

draft report to Meridian that identified the locations and depths of groundwater at the site. DX175-

10–11, 16.

On June 3, 2008, Meridian and the USACE convened a conference call to discuss options 

to manage the soft subsurface soil conditions near the sewer line, pursuant to Task 3 of the May 

 

13 “The term ‘undefinitized contractual action’ means a new procurement action entered 

into by the head of an agency for which the contractual terms, specifications, or price are not agreed 

upon before performance is begun under the action.” 10 U.S.C. § 2326(g)(1). Examples include:

letter contracts; orders under basic ordering agreements; and provisioned item orders, for which 

the price has not been agreed upon before performance has begun. See DEF. FED. ACQUISITION 

REG. SUPP., SUBPART 217.7401, UNDEFINITIZED CONTRACT ACTIONS (1998).
11

15, 2008 Modification R7/AD10 (authorizing Meridian to conduct a soil investigation). DX174-

2; DX176-1. 

On June 4, 2008, the USACE sent Meridian Serial Letter C-19, providing comments on 

the VECP. JX50-29. 

On June 5, 2008, Meridian and the USACE executed bilateral Modification R8/AD7-1 that

definitized R6/AD7. JX123; PX389; DX183-3–4. This Modification deleted work on a new 

access ramp, increased the Contract price by $89,776, extended the schedule by twelve calendar 

days, but included the following release:

[T]he contract price is increased as indicated above, which reflects all credits due 

the Government and all debts due the Contractor. It is further understood and 

agreed that this adjustment constitutes compensation in full on behalf of the 

Contractor . . . for all costs and markups directly or indirectly attributable for the 

change ordered, for all delays related thereto, for all extended overhead costs, and 

for performance of the change within the time frame stated.14

JX123; PX389; DX183-3–4. The USACE also issued a RFP for two methods to remediate 

saturated soil at the sewer line, including one utilizing two rows of sheet piling. DX184-1–2. On 

June 5, 2008, Meridian commenced installing the sewer line at station 287+96. PX52.

On June 10, 2008, Meridian submitted a proposal in response to the June 5, 2008 RFP to 

remediate saturated soils, including a $1.44 million sheet piling option. DX195-1–3.

From June 18–20, 2008, Meridian excavated the concrete section of the channel from 

station 16+02 to 17+22, in the Lime Green Section, pursuant to Option 1, that the USACE

exercised. JX78-178–87. On June 20, 2008, the USACE issued Modification R10/AD11, in 

response to Meridian’s proposal to remediate saturated soil in the area of the sewer line. JX125; 

DX666-6–7. Although Modification R10 was not definitized, it directed Meridian to execute the 

two-sheet piling proposal between stations 279+00 and 282+00, and increased the Contract price 

by $937,009. JX125; DX666-6–7.

On June 24, 2008, Meridian completed riprap work in the Blue Section. JX78-167–69. 

On June 26, 2008, Meridian began subgrade preparation of the concrete section from stations of

16+02 to 16+97 in the Lime Green Section, pursuant to Option 1. JX78-161.15 

On June 27, 2008, the USACE issued bilateral Modification R9/AD10-1 to definitize the 

May 15, 2008 Modification R7. JX124-2. Modification R9 increased the Contract price by

$23,107 to complete a soil analysis and prepare a workplan to address the saturated condition of 

 

14 Identical release language was used in most bilateral modifications.

15 June 26, 2008 was the original date that of the channel invert work was to be completed. 

JX28-52. 
12

the subsurface, but also included a mutual release of liability. JX124-2. On that same day, another

flood event occurred at the work site. PX53. 

C. In July 2008, The “Monsoon Season” Began.

16

On July 3, 2008, Meridian poured new concrete in the channel bottom of the Purple 

Section. PX54. From July 6 to 11, 2008 and on July 14, 2008, the site experienced flooding. 

PX56–61. 

On July 10, 2008, Kleinfelder completed a geotechnical assessment and issued a report on 

the soil in the sewer line area. PX209; DX210-5. 

On July 14, 2008, the USACE executed bilateral Modification R11/AD12 by increasing 

the Contract price by $24,216 and extending the time for performance by three calendar days to 

allow additional geotechnical testing to be conducted at the North Bridge area, per the April 18, 

2008 VECP. JX126. 

On July 21, 2008, Meridian began to install the two-sheet pile wall and, on July 29, 2008, 

Meridian began pouring concrete at the right channel wall between stations 14+42 and 14+82 of 

the Purple Section. JX78-90–91, 107. 

Between August 3 and September 26, 2008, the worksite experienced forty-seven days of 

flooding out of fifty-four. PX62–102. This slowed construction efforts at station 282+15, where 

the sewer excavation was ongoing. PX85–91.

On August 11, 2008, Kleinfelder performed another soil analysis and released a report, 

pursuant to Modification R11. JX167.

On August 12, 2008, Meridian requested additional funds to pay Giken, Ltd. (“Giken”) to 

remove boulders that were slowing construction, but the USACE denied this request, because the 

existence of boulders was considered a known condition. DX228-1; 1/30/14 TR 1178 (Martinez). 

In response, Giken abandoned the installation of sheet wall after installing only one row. DX228-

1; 1/30/14 TR 1178 (Martinez). 

On August 13, 2008, the USACE and Meridian discussed the costs associated with 

Modification R10 concerning the installation of the two-sheet piling. PX212. On August 20, 

2008, installation of the sheet pile wall was terminated. PX73.

From late August 2008 to early September 2008, Meridian encountered soil conditions that 

matched the USACE’s specifications and made progress, despite additional weather interruptions. 

JX78-1–76; JX79-362–77; PX78–81. On September 4, 2008, the USACE and Meridian executed 

 

16 Monsoons are a common occurrence at the project site during the summer months. See 

1/27/14 TR 231 (Sutton) (Q: “Mr. Sutton, the monsoon season is from the middle of June until the 

last half of September, correct?” A: “Typically, from the 4th of July.”).
13

bilateral Modification R12/AD14 extending the Contract by nine calendar days to account for 

weather delays in July 2008, but also included a mutual release of liability. JX127-2. 

On September 9, 2008, the USACE issued Modification R16/AD11-1 to address saturated 

soil conditions. JX131-1–3. Modification R16 definitized Modification R10 (authorizing the 

installation of the two-sheet pile pipe), by deleting one of the two required rows and reducing 

Meridian’s total compensation for Modification R10 from the original proposed price of 

$1,440,000 to $1,128,729. JX131-1–3. Modification R16 also extended the Contract by twenty 

calendar days, but included a mutual release of liability. JX131-1–3. The next day, at the 

USACE’s suggestion, Meridian also poured concrete at the bottom of the excavation to stabilize 

the sewer pipe foundation. PX89. This effort, however, was unsuccessful. 

On September 11, 2008, the USACE acknowledged that Meridian experienced unexpected

groundwater. PX89; PX90-1. On September 12, 2008, Meridian and the USACE met to discuss 

solutions to the saturated soil conditions in the sewer excavation area. 3/25/14 TR 1841–42

(Chickey). During that discussion, a USACE geotechnical engineer, Stephen Chickey 

recommended that Meridian’s Project Manager, Mark Branson, and Quality Control Manager, 

David Maximoff, excavate below the sewer pipe and reinforce the subsurface with a woven 

geotextile fabric and gravel. 3/26/14 TR 1883 (Chickey); DX651-128 (whiteboard photograph).

On September 12, 2008, the USACE issued bilateral modification R13/AD16 to address 

delays experienced by Meridian in May and June 2008, extended the schedule by four calendar 

days, but included a mutual release of liability. JX128-2. On September 15, 2008, the USACE 

released bilateral modification R17/AD13 to address additional costs and delays “directly or 

indirectly attributable” to flawed survey data. JX132-2. Modification R17 specifically increased 

the Contract price by $108,377, extended the schedule by sixty calendar days, and again contained 

a mutual release of liability. JX132-2.

On September 19, 2008, Meridian began implementing the design that Mr. Chickey

recommended on September 12, 2008. PX96; PX213–14. On September 22, 2008, the USACE 

issued the Koplin Recommendation Memorandum (“Koplin Memorandum”) that formalized Mr. 

Chickey’s September 12, 2008 recommendations. PX214; DX263-1–3. The USACE also 

executed bilateral Modification R15/AD17 to account for weather delays in August, extended the 

contract schedule by twelve calendar days, and included a mutual release of liability. JX130-1–2.

On September 23, 2008, Messrs. Chickey, Branson, and Maximoff met to discuss 

implementation of the Koplin Memorandum and progress at the worksite. DX440-107; DX255-

1; PX100; PX216; 1/28/14 TR 394–96 (Branson). Messrs. Branson and Maximoff understood the 

Koplin Memorandum to permit the sewer construction to proceed in wet soil, but Mr. Chickey 

stated that the trench had to be dewatered. DX440-107; DX255-1; PX100; PX216; 1/28/14 TR

394–96 (Branson). Mr. Chickey provided more explicit guidance on the materials recommended, 

and Mr. Maximoff took notes reflecting his understanding that the “trench [was] to be completely 

dewatered.” DX440-107; DX255-1; PX100; PX216; 1/28/14 TR 394–96 (Branson). 

On September 24, 2008, Meridian began installing sections of the sewer pipe between 

Manholes 68A1 and 68A, without dewatering the trench. JX79-305, 309, 313, 317, 321 (Quality 
14

Control Reports for September 24–30, 2008). Although Meridian Quality Control Reports 

indicated that the water in the trench was slightly above the top of the sewer pipe, it reflected that 

the installation was proceeding in compliance with the Koplin Memorandum. JX79-305, 309, 313, 

317, 321 (Quality Control Reports for September 24–30, 2008); DX651-127; 1/29/14 TR 757

(Maximoff); 3/26/14 TR 1883–88 (Chickey).

On September 24 and 25, 2008, the USACE executed bilateral Modifications R18/AD18 

and R19/AD19. JX133-1–2; JX134-1–2. Modification R18 provided an additional $578,009 for 

revisions to the North Bridge design, extended the schedule by twenty-seven calendar days, and 

included a mutual release of liability. JX133-1–2. Modification R19 added seventy-five linear 

feet of channel invert and wall to the base bid, added $1,198,500, extended the schedule by ninety

calendar days, and included a mutual release of liability. JX134-1–2.

On September 26, 2008, flood water at the worksite began to recede, but progress was

delayed through October 3, 2008 “due to the ground conditions caused by the recent flooding.” 

PX105; see also PX106–108. 

On October 3, 2008, Meridian determined that subsurface water caused the misinstallation 

of several runs of sewer pipe, requiring Meridian to “rework the affected areas.” JX79-294 

(October 3, 2008 Quality Control Report). On October 12, 2008, the worksite experienced another 

flood event. PX112.

On October 15, 2008, Meridian completed pouring concrete in the channel walls and invert 

in the Purple Section. PX114. On October 20, 2008, Meridian completed the reinstallation of the 

reinforced concrete pipe between stations 281+46 and 281+52. PX115. On that same day, 

Meridian began installation of the geotextile and filter rock between stations 16+02 and 16+77 and 

completed the subgrade preparation of the Lime Green section, as required by Option 1. PX115. 

Meridian also commenced installation of ductile iron pipe at station 281+40. PX115. On October 

27, 2008, Meridian began pouring concrete in the channel bottom of the concrete area in the Lime 

Green Section, as required by Option 1. JX79-208–21.

D. In October 2008, Structural Failures Impacted The Union Pacific Railroad 

Track And Construction Was Suspended.

On October 28, 2008, the sheet pile wall that Meridian installed at station 281+25, near the 

trestle bridge of the Union Pacific Railroad (“UPRR”), was “showing signs of settlement,” i.e.,

bending. PX119; DX282-2 (USACE email). The UPRR attributed thisto Meridian’s construction. 

DX282-2 (USACE email); DX291-2 (letter from law firm representing UPRR); DX277-1 (UPRR 

handwritten order). Accordingly, the UPRR requested that Meridian cease work in the area and 

submit a new plan. DX282-2; DX291-2; DX277-1.

On November 1, 2008, Meridian finished pouring concrete on the eastern half of the 

channel invert, between stations 16+20 and 16+97 in the Lime Green Section, as required by

Option 1. PX120-1–3. From November 4–7, 2008, Meridian poured concrete in the channel walls 

of the Lime Green Section between stations 16+02 and 16+97, as required by Option 1. JX79-

177–94.
15

On November 7, 2008, to address the problem near UPRR’s tracks, Meridian submitted a 

new shoring plan to the USACE and the UPRR that involved sliding shoring boxes into place with 

an excavator, while another excavator simultaneously added backfill for support. DX297-11–13. 

On November 14, 2008, however, the USACE became aware that Meridian was not complying 

with the new shoring plan and requested that Meridian submit a revised shoring plan. 3/24/14 TR

1241 (Martinez); DX304-1; DX301-2–3. Thereafter, Meridian submitted Addendum 1 to the

November 7, 2008 shoring plan, acknowledging deviations from the original plan, because of the

“sloughing of the adjacent soils,” and proposed a new shoring box installation procedure. 3/24/14

TR 1241 (Martinez); DX304-1; DX301-2–3. During this time, Meridian continued to place 

concrete in the right channel walls of the Lime Green Section. JX79-118–158.

On November 17, 2008, the USACE determined that Meridian also was not adhering to 

the revised shoring plan submitted in Addendum 1 and ordered the suspension of work and 

submission of a new remedial action plan. 3/26/14 TR 1878–80 (Chickey); DX390-1–2. On 

November 25, 2008, Meridian acknowledged that the site workers did not follow the plan outlined 

in Addendum 1, but restated Meridian’s confidence that the Addendum 1 plan would be successful,

if followed. DX324-2–4. 

On November 26, 2008, Meridian resumed installation of the sewer line, but its efforts 

again were hindered by a flood. PX123. In November and early December 2008, Meridian 

continued construction by placing concrete in the walls of the Lime Green Section, as required by 

Option 1. JX79-118–58. 

On December 12, 2008, Meridian notified the USACE of movement, leakage, and cracks 

in the sewer pipe between stations 281+46 and 282+10, at Manhole 68A, that Meridian attempted

to fix by injecting polyurethane grout outside of the pipe. DX331-1. On December 15, 2008, 

Meridian and the USACE issued quality control reports. DX333-1; DX334-1. Meridian’s Quality 

Control Report indicated that the USACE Quality Assurance representative approved Meridian’s 

sewer line construction between Manhole 68B and 68C; but the USACE’s Quality Control report 

disagreed, reflecting that Meridian’s “[Quality Control] report states that [it] did not have a 

problem in the above are[a,] which is wrong.” DX333-1; DX334-1. On December 18, 2008, the 

USACE sent Meridian Serial Letter C-25, suspending all construction work in the area of the sewer 

line location. JX171-1. On that same day, Meridian sent the USACE Serial Letter 7285-56, with 

revisions to the VECP, consistent with the August 11, 2008 Kleinfelder soil analysis. JX50-234. 

On December 18–19, 2008, another flood event occurred. PX127; PX128.

On January 16, 2009, the USACE and Meridian jointly inspected the sewer pipe with the 

manufacturer, Hanson Pipe (“Hanson”). DX358-1–2. Hanson determined that the pipe between 

Manhole 68A and 68A-1 was misaligned, causing separations at the joints. DX358-1–2. Hanson 

also noted that the class of pipe installed was incorrect for the volume of fill that covered the pipe. 

DX358-1–2. On January 23, 2009, the Arizona Department of Environmental Quality (“ADEQ”) 

recommended that the USACE consult with a local engineer familiar with local soil conditions to 

ensure that the proper type of pipe was used. PX361. As a result, the USACE’s Project Manager

acknowledged a design error in the pipe and advised his staff to keep ADEQ informed of potential 

solutions. PX361.
16

From January 20–27, 2009, Meridian continued other construction work, pouring concrete 

in the Purple Section and grouting the transition portion of the riprap areas in the Blue Section. 

PX129–30; see also Court Exhibit C. But, on January 27, 2009, the USACE sent Serial Letter C33, directing Meridian to suspend work on the Project and determine if the sewer pipe that had 

been laid could be salvaged. JX172-1. On January 28, 2009, Meridian encountered soft soils at 

Station 277+44. JX80-130. On January 30, 2009, Meridian completed the riprap grouting at 

Station 12+50. PX130.

On February 3, 2009, the USACE issued unilateral Modification R21/AD21, directing 

Meridian to drill additional geotechnical borings, compensating Meridian an additional $23,572,

extending the schedule by fourteen calendar days, and including a mutual release. JX136-1–2. On 

that same day, the USACE began a “Punchlist,” citing three deficiencies in Meridian’s work. 

JX49-7.17

On February 5, 2009, the USACE denied Meridian’s payment request #13 for $397,531.70, 

but instead paid only $89,256.82, citing the improper installation of the sewer pipe and open items 

on the Punchlist. DX378-1. Meridian accepted that payment, and signed a mutual release. 

DX378-1. 

On February 9, 2009, the USACE sent Meridian RFP-15, requesting a proposal for site 

suspension and demobilization. JX162. RFP-15 specified that the proposal must continue 

dewatering efforts and include a minimum staff of eight for safety and security. JX162.

On February 10 and 12, 2009, Meridian sent Serial Letters 7285-63 and 7285-64 to the 

USACE. JX50-264; JX173. Serial Letter 7285-63 provided the USACE with a revision to the 

North Bridge culvert designs. JX50-264. Serial Letter 7285-64 responded to RFP-15, requesting 

proposals for suspension and demobilization. JX173. On February 24, 2009, in response to Serial 

Letter 07285-64, the USACE issued undefinitized and unilateral Modification R22 increasing the 

Contract amount by $169,315.52 for the suspension directed in the USACE’s January 27, 2009

Serial Letter C-33 and included a unilateral release. JX137.

 

17 A “Punchlist” is a term used in the Unified Facilities Guide Specifications (“UFGS”), 

Quality Control § 01 45 00.00 20 (Nov. 2011), available at http://www.wbdg.org/ccb/DOD/

UFGS/UFGS%20COMPLETE.pdf (last visited July 22, 2015). A Punchlist entails three 

inspections (the “Punch-Out Inspection,” as specified in UFGS-1 § 1.14.1. The first identifies 

work that must be completed or redone prior to the commencement of the second inspection. The 

second inspection is the “Pre-Final” Inspection,” as specified in UFGS-1, § 1-14.2. The third is a 

“Pre-Final Punchlist” and provides items to be completed or redone prior to the “Final Acceptance 

Inspection” (defined in UFGS-1, § 1.14.3). See UFGS-1 §§ 1-14.1–1-14.3. Unresolved items not 

addressed by the third inspection are the contractor’s responsibility. See UFGS-1 § 1-14.3.
17

E. In March 2009, The United States Army Corps Of Engineers Began To Scale

Back The Chula Vista Project.

On March 13, 2009, the USACE unilaterally issued modification R20, extending the 

schedule by five calendar days, because of weather delays experienced during the last four months 

of 2008.18 JX135-1–2. 

On March 19, 2009, AMEC Geomatrix Consultants, Inc. (“AMEC”), an architectengineering corporation that the USACE hired, issued a draft report on the status of the sewer pipe 

construction. DX427-1. On March 24, 2009, the USACE lifted the construction suspension via 

Serial Letter C-46. JX174. On that same day, the USACE issued unilateral Modification 

R23/AD24/AD25 that added channel backfilling tasks, deleted seventy-five feet of channel added 

by Modification R19, shortened the schedule by ninety days, and deducted $590,947 from the 

Contract price. JX138; DX672-4.

In March 2009, the USACE discovered overpayments made to Meridian, so on April 22, 

2009, the USACE’s Project Manager began to reduce Meridian’s work percentages, reflected in 

USACE’s Resident Management System (“RMS”).

19

 3/24/14 TR 1276 (Martinez). The USACE

tried to “issue a new pay estimate,” but “the RMS system won’t let you do that.” 3/24/14 TR 1276 

(Martinez). Thus, the USACE changed the “percentages complete” within pay estimate number 

15 instead of reissuing a new pay estimate. 3/24/14 TR 1276 (Martinez).

From March 26, 2009 to April 16, 2009, the USACE added nine items to the Punchlist. 

JX49-8–9. On March 31, 2009, the USACE sent Meridian RFP-21, requesting a cost estimate for 

interim protection work. JX176. 

On April 10, 2009, Meridian sent Serial Letter 7285-91 to the USACE, requesting 

compensation for several quantity overruns. PX226. On April 15, 2009, Meridian responded to 

RFP-21 in Serial Letter 7285-97 (H-87), including an estimated cost proposal. JX178.

On April 22, 2009, the USACE issued unilateral Modification R25/AD27/AD28 adding

$1,141,225 to the Contract for the interim protection plan, proposed by Meridian in Serial Letter 

7285-97. JX140-1–3. Modification R25 also eliminated unfinished work that was part of Option 

1, resulting in a net reduction of $2,929,000.73 from the September 21, 2007 Contract price of 

$5,783,188.00. JX140-1–3. 

On April 28, 2009, the USACE informed Meridian that the VECP would not proceed

because of the Project suspension. DX468-2–3. Meridian requested compensation for the VECP 

 

18 Unlike the other bilateral weather-delay contract extensions, Meridian did not execute 

Modification R20, resulting in unilateral release. JX135-1–2.

19 RMS is part of a suite of computer programs that the USACE uses to facilitate quality 

management and contract administration and provides a USACE-approved method to plan, 

schedule, and control all aspects of construction. See RESIDENT MGMT. SYS., U.S. ARMY CORPS 

OF ENG’RS, available at http://rms.usace.army.mil (last visited July 22, 2015).
18

design, which the USACE did not approve, stating that it was Meridian’s responsibility and not 

part of the Contract. DX468-2–3.

On May 1, 2009, Meridian sent the USACE Serial Letter 7285-102 (H-94) to update its 

response to the March 31, 2009 RFP-21 and to provide a cost estimate proposal for interim 

protection work. PX230.

On May 6, 2009, Meridian sent the USACE Serial Letter 7285-105 (H-96) that: included 

payment request #15; informed the USACE that current modifications were insufficient to address 

Meridian’s costs; and stated that funding was missing from the RMS for modifications specified 

in Modification R25 (backfill channel between 18+40 and 22+00) and Modification R27 (interim 

protection plan). JX180. Specifically, payment request #15 stated that 92% of the work was 

completed and demanded payment of $959,942.72. DX484-9. 

On May 11, 2009, the USACE issued unilateral Modification R28, reducing the payment 

for interim protection work from $1,141,225 to $516,516.64. JX143. On May 12, 2009, Meridian 

sent the USACE Serial Letter 7285-106 providing the USACE with an estimate of suspension 

costs. PX231. On May 13, 2009, the USACE rejected Meridian’s May 6, 2009 request, but set a

meeting at the worksite on May 18, 2009 to establish the final “credits and debits.” DX482-1. 

Meridian and the USACE, however, failed to agree on payment request #15, and on June 

2, 2009, the USACE unilaterally issued pay estimate #15 acknowledging 94% completion and 

paying Meridian an additional $640,146.52. DX628-1. The USACE, however, continued to 

identify Punch-out Inspection and the Pre-Final Inspection deficiencies, resulting in thirty-eight

items being added to the Punchlist between the end of April 2009 and the end of July 2009. JX49-

9–12; DX612-6–7.

On June 5, 2009, AMEC released its final report evaluating the sewer pipeline that 

Meridian installed prior to the suspension. JX52; JX194-3. On June 8, 2009, the USACE and 

Meridian conducted a pre-final inspection of the Chula Vista Project. DX612-6–7.

On July 30, 2009, the USACE issued Modifications R30 and R31. JX145; JX146. 

Modification R30 unilaterally definitized R23, without materially altering its provisions, and 

added $6,466 to the Contract price. JX145. Modification R31 also definitized Modification R22 

(i.e., the request for a suspension and demobilization proposal), added $476,630 to the Contract

and extended the schedule by seventy-two calendar days, but included a mutual release. JX146. 

On July 31, 2009, Meridian sent Serial Letter 7285-128 (H-116) to the USACE with 

invoices for Modifications R22, R25, and R30, in addition to new estimates for work to be 

completed. JX183. On August 3, 2009, no agreement was reached on a definitization price, so

the USACE unilaterally issued Modification R29 that definitized R25 (the interim protection 

proposal), and reduced the Contract price by $549,133.27. JX144-2. On August 11, 2009, another 

definitization agreement failed, and the USACE unilaterally issued Modification R32, definitizing 

R21 (requesting geotechnical test borings), and increasing the Contract by $1,734. JX147-1–2.
19

On August 24, 2009, Meridian submitted a final $767,597.73 payment request (#16). 

DX572-207; 3/24/14 TR 1284 (Martinez). Meridian, however, did not confer with the USACE 

about the final closeout payment request. DX572-207, 3/24/14 TR 1284 (Martinez). On 

September 2, 2009, the USACE internally circulated a draft modification R33/AD33 for “flood 

event damage and subsurface water.” PX377.

On September 10, 2009, the USACE sent Meridian Serial Letters C-81, C-82 and C-83, in 

which the USACE specified that the unilateral definitizations contained in Modifications R29, 

R30, and R31 did not preclude continuing negotiations to achieve a mutually agreed-upon 

definitization price. JX185–87.

On September 15, 2009, the USACE performed a third and final inspection (“Final 

Acceptance Inspection”) of the Project site and issued a final Punchlist, including twenty-four

deficiencies. JX49-12–14; DX612-7–9. On October 26, 2009, the USACE conducted an afteraction review. PX7.

On April 2, 2010, Meridian submitted a consolidated REA to the USACE. JX177-1. On 

May 20, 2010, the USACE acknowledged receipt of the REA and indicated that it planned to make 

a decision on the REA by November 30, 2010. JX189-1.

No response was forthcoming, so Meridian converted the April 2, 2010 REA to a certified 

claim during the first week of January 2011. JX33. 

On June 23, 2011, the USACE informed Meridian that only $746,577.23 was available to 

pay for the undisputed work and invited Meridian to submit a revised payment request. PX237. 

On July 14, 2011, Meridian submitted a revised payment request #16 for the full amount available:

$746,577.23. JX190. The record does not indicate whether Meridian ever was paid this amount.

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY.

On July 29, 2011, Meridian filed a Complaint in the United States Court of Federal Claims 

that was assigned to the Honorable Judge Christine O.C. Miller, alleging a breach of contract and 

requesting damages for: Health Hazards (Count 1); Unstable Soils and Excessive Subsurface 

Water (Count 2); Railroad Right of Way Delay (Count 3); Flood Events (Count 4); Sewer 

Relocation (Count 5); Unpaid Contract Quantities (Count 6); Suspension of Work (Count 7); 

Channel Fill (Count 8); Interim Protection (Count 9); Punch List (Count 10); North Bridge VECP 

(Count 11); and REA Preparation (Count 12). Compl. ¶ 324. On November 14, 2011, the 

Government filed an Answer. On January 5, 2012, the parties filed a Joint Preliminary Status 

Report. On January 6, 2012, the court adopted the parties’ proposed discovery schedule. 

On May 8, 2012, Meridian submitted a Motion For Partial Summary Judgment, arguing 

that it was entitled to $1,060,353.68 from unilateral modifications R25/28, R30, and R31. On May 

15, 2012, Meridian filed a Motion To Amend its May 8, 2012 Motion For Partial Summary 

Judgment that the court granted on May 16, 2012. On June 8, 2012, the Government filed a 

Response. On June 25, 2012, Meridian filed a Reply. On September 27, 2012, Meridian’s Motion 

For Partial Summary Judgment was denied.
20

On December 31, 2012, Meridian submitted a second Motion For Summary Judgment. On 

February 15, 2013, the Government filed a Response. On March 4, 2013, Meridian filed a Reply.

On January 28, 2013, the case was reassigned to the undersigned judge.

On September 9, 2013, the Government submitted a Proposed Pretrial Order. On 

September 11, 2013, Meridian submitted a Proposed Pretrial Order, and on September 30, 2013, 

submitted a second Proposed Pretrial Order. 

On January 20, 2014, the parties submitted proposed findings of fact and conclusions of 

law, witness lists, and exhibits lists. On January 20, 2014, the Government submitted a Motion In 

Limine to exclude evidence of Meridian’s financial records that were not produced in discovery. 

On January 23, 2014, Meridian filed a Response to the Government’s January 20, 2014 Motion In 

Limine.20

From January 27–30, 2014, trial was held in Tucson, Arizona.

On March 20, 2014, Meridian filed an Amended Complaint (“Am. Compl.”).

On March 27–30, 2014, trial continued in Washington, D.C. On April 28, 2014, a hearing

on supplemental expert testimony was held in Washington, D.C.

On May 19, 2014, Plaintiff filed a Second Amended Complaint (“2nd Am. Compl.”) that 

included new breach of contract claim and a claim for the breach of the duty of good faith and fair 

dealing. Meridian also adjusted its total claim from $7,644,292.05 to $6,432,856.29. On June 10, 

2014, the Government filed an Answer.

On July 18, 2014, Meridian filed a Post-Trial Brief (“Pl. 7/18/14 Br.”). On September 18, 

2014, the Government filed a Post-Trial Brief (“Gov’t 9/18/14 Br.”). On October 3, 2014, 

Meridian filed Post-Trial Reply (“Pl. 10/3/14 Reply”). On December 9, 2014, the Government 

filed a Proposed Chronology (“Gov’t Chron.”). 

III. DISCUSSION.

A. Jurisdiction.

The United States Court of Federal Claims has “jurisdiction to render judgment upon any 

claim against the United States founded either upon the Constitution, or any Act of Congress or 

any regulation of an executive department, or upon any express or implied contract with the United 

States, or for liquidated or unliquidated damages in cases not sounding in tort.” 28 

U.S.C. § 1491(a)(1) (2006). The Tucker Act, however, is “‘only a jurisdictional statute; it does 

not create any substantive right enforceable against the United States for money damages.’” 

United States v. Mitchell, 445 U.S. 535, 538 (1980) (quoting United States v. Testan, 424 U.S. 

 

20 The Government’s January 20, 2014 Motion In Limine is denied.
21

392, 398 (1976)). Therefore, to satisfy the jurisdictional requirements of the Tucker Act, a plaintiff 

must identify and plead a constitutional provision, federal statute, independent contractual 

relationship, and/or executive agency regulation that provides a substantive right to money 

damages. See Todd v. United States, 386 F.3d 1091, 1094 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“[J]urisdiction under 

the Tucker Act requires the litigant to identify a substantive right for money damages against the 

United States separate from the Tucker Act itself.”); see also Roth v. United States, 378 F.3d 1371, 

1384 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (“Because the Tucker Act itself does not provide a substantive cause of 

action . . . a plaintiff must find elsewhere a money-mandating source upon which to base a suit.”). 

In this case, Meridian entered into Contract No. W912PL-07-C-0025 with USACE for the 

Project, and the May 19, 2014 Second Amended Complaint alleges that the USACE breached the 

Contract. JX193-1. Since the Second Amended Complaint alleges a contractual relationship with 

the Government and a breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing, the court has 

jurisdiction to adjudicate Meridian’s claims.

B. Contract Disputes Act.

If a plaintiff meets the jurisdictional requirements of the Tucker Act, the plaintiff also must 

satisfy compliance with the mandatory requirements of the Contract Disputes Act (“CDA”), 41 

U.S.C. §§ 601–613 (2006).21

To assert a claim under the CDA, a plaintiff must submit a written and certified claim to 

the Contracting Officer (“CO”) and obtain a final decision on that claim. See M. Maropakis 

Carpentry, Inc. v. United States, 609 F.3d 1323, 1327 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (holding that the CDA 

“requires both a valid claim and a [CO’s] final decision on that claim”). Although the CDA does 

not define the term “claim,” the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has defined

a “claim” as a “written demand or written assertion by one of the contracting parties seeking, as a 

matter of right, the payment of money in a sum certain[.]” England v. Swanson Grp., Inc., 353 

F.3d 1375, 1379 (Fed. Cir. 2004). 

For claims over $100,000, Congress also requires that:

the contractor . . . certify that the claim is made in good faith, that the supporting 

data are accurate and complete to the best of his knowledge and belief, that the 

amount requested accurately reflects the contract adjustment for which the 

 

21 On January 4, 2011, Congress amended certain provisions of the CDA and recodified 

the Act at 41 U.S.C. §§ 7101–7109. See Public Contracts Act of Jan. 4, 2011, Pub. L. No. 111-

350, § 3, 124 Stat. 3677, 3816–26. Although the Public Contracts Act repealed 41 U.S.C. §§ 601–

613, any “rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were 

begun before the date of enactment of this Act” are still governed by these sections of the United 

States Code. Pub. L. No. 111-350, § 7(b), 124 Stat. at 3855.
22

contractor believes the [G]overnment is liable, and that the certifier is duly 

authorized to certify the claim on behalf of the contractor.

41 U.S.C. § 605(c)(1). In addition, for claims over $100,000, a failure to “issue a decision” or 

“notify the contractor of the time within which a decision will be issued” within sixty days of 

receipt of the claim is “deemed to be a decision by the [CO] denying the claim[.]” 41 U.S.C. 

§ 605(c)(2), (5).

On September 21, 2007, Meridian entered into Contract No. W912PL-07-C-0025 with the 

USACE for the Project. JX193-1. On April 2, 2010, Meridian submitted a consolidated REA to 

the USACE’s CO, listing fourteen claims. JX177-1. On May 20, 2010, the USACE acknowledged

receipt and responded that it would issue a decision by November 30, 2010. JX189-1. On January 

7, 2011, Meridian filed a “Claim Overview” letter restating identical claims as the April 2, 2010 

REA. JX33.

Between January and June 2011, Meridian and the USACE engaged in discussions to 

resolve their dispute. 1/29/14 TR 862–65 (Haworth). On June 23, 2011, the USACE issued a 

letter stating, “$746,577.23 remains available to pay for undisputed amounts for work that has 

been performed and that was required by the Contract,” and invited Meridian to “submit another 

pay request if it so chooses.” PX237. On July 14, 2011, Meridian submitted a “pay request,” but 

the USACE’s response was not forthcoming. JX190; 1/29/14 TR 862–65 (Haworth). 

On July 29, 2011 Complaint, “a ‘deemed denial’ appeal was taken . . . through the filing 

of the instant action in the United States Court of Federal Claims.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 56. As such, 

Meridian appears to invoke 41 U.S.C. § 605(c), providing that, for claims over $100,000, failure 

to “issue a decision” or “notify the contractor of the time within which a decision will be issued,” 

i.e., within sixty days of receipt of the claim, is “deemed to be a decision by the [CO] denying the 

claim[.]” 41 U.S.C. § 605(c)(2), (5). 
23

None of Meridian’s April 2, 2010, January 7, 2011, or July 14, 2011 communications with 

the USACE complied with 41 U.S.C. § 7103(b)(1)22 or 48 C.F.R. § 33.207(c).

23

 JX33-1824; JX 

177-1; JX190. The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, however, has held that 

“exact recitation of section 605(c) [predecessor to section 7103(b)(1)] is not required[, and instead, 

that] . . . . ‘substantial compliance’ suffices.” Fischbach & Moore Int’l Corp. v. Christopher, 987 

F.2d 759, 763 (Fed. Cir. 1993) (quoting United States v. Gen. Elec. Corp., 727 F.2d 1567, 1569 

(Fed. Cir. 1984)); see also Contract Cleaning Maint., Inc. v. United States, 811 F.2d 586, 592 (Fed 

Cir. 1987) (“All that is required is that the contractor submit in writing to the [CO] a clear and 

unequivocal statement that gives the [CO] notice of the basis . . . of the claim.”).

For these reasons, the court has determined that Meridian’s claim was deemed denied on 

March 7, 2011 and that the jurisdictional requirements of the CDA have been satisfied. See 

Sikorsky Aircraft Corp. v. United States, 773 F.3d 1315, 1322 (Fed. Cir. 2014). 

C. Standing.

The United States Supreme Court has held that “the question of standing is whether the 

litigant is entitled to have the court decide the merits of the dispute or of particular issues.” 

Warth v. Seldin, 422 U.S. 490, 498 (1975). Standing must be determined “as of the commencement 

of suit.” Rothe Dev. Corp. v. Dep’t of Def., 413 F.3d 1327, 1334 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (quoting 

Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife, 504 U.S. 555, 570 n.5 (1992)). The party invoking federal 

jurisdiction bears the burden of establishing standing. See Lujan, 504 U.S. at 560–61. Specifically, 

 

22 Section 7103(b)(1), in relevant part, provides: 

For claims or more than $100,000 made by a contractor, the contractor shall certify 

that—(A) the claim is made in good faith; (B) the supporting data are accurate and 

complete to the best of the contractor’s knowledge and belief; (C) the amount 

requested accurately reflects the contract adjustment for which the contractor 

believes the Federal Government is liable; and (D) the certifier is authorized to 

certify the claim on behalf of the contractor.

41 U.S.C. § 7103(b)(1) (emphasis added). 

23 FAR 33.207, in relevant part, provides that “[t]he certification shall state as follows”:

I certify that the claim is made in good faith; that the supporting data are accurate 

and complete to the best of my knowledge and belief; that the amount requested 

accurately reflects the contract adjustment for which the contractor believes the 

Government is liable; and that I am duly authorized to certify the claim on behalf 

of the contractor.

48 C.F.R. § 33.207(c) (emphasis added).

24 Plaintiff states that this certification is from DFAR § 252.203-7002, but that regulation 

concerns informing employees about their whistleblower rights. 
24

“a plaintiff must show [that] it has suffered an ‘injury in fact’ that is . . . concrete and particularized 

and . . . actual or imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical; . . . the injury is fairly traceable to the 

challenged action of the defendant; and . . . it is likely, as opposed to merely speculative, that the 

injury will be redressed by a favorable decision.” Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Envtl. 

Serv., Inc., 528 U.S. 167, 180–81 (2000) (internal citations omitted).

The May 19, 2014 Second Amended Complaint alleges that Meridian suffered monetary 

injury that is concrete, particularized, and fairly traceable to the USACE’s actions. Any financial 

injury established by the Meridian also can be redressed by a monetary award. For these reasons, 

the court has determined that Meridian has standing to seek adjudication of the claims in the May 

19, 2014 Second Amended Complaint.

D. Standard Of Review.

“A breach of contract claim requires two components: (1) an obligation or duty arising out 

of the contract and (2) factual allegations sufficient to support the conclusion that there has been a 

breach of the identified contractual duty.” Bell/Heery v. United States, 739 F.3d 1324, 1330 (Fed. 

Cir. 2014) (citing San Carlos Irrigation & Drainage Dist. v. United States, 877 F.2d 957, 959 

(Fed. Cir. 1989) (“To recover for breach of contract, a party must allege and establish: (1) a valid 

contract between the parties, (2) an obligation or duty arising out of the contract, (3) a breach of 

that duty, and (4) damages caused by the breach.”)).

In addition, “[e]very contract imposes upon each party a duty of good faith and fair dealing 

in its performance and its enforcement.” RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF CONTRACTS § 205 (1981)

(“RESTATEMENT”). “Failure to fulfill that duty constitutes a breach of contract, as does failure to 

fulfill a duty ‘imposed by a promise stated in the agreement.’” Metcalf Constr. Co. v. United 

States, 742 F.3d 984, 990 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (quoting RESTATEMENT § 235). “Both the duty not to 

hinder and the duty to cooperate are aspects of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing.” 

Precision Pine & Timber, Inc. v. United States, 596 F.3d 817, 820 n.1 (Fed. Cir. 2010); see also 

Metcalf, 742 F.3d at 991 (“[W]hile the implied duty exists because it is rarely possible to anticipate 

in contract language every possible action or omission by a party that undermines the bargain, the 

nature of that bargain is central to keeping the duty focused on honoring the reasonable 

expectations created by the autonomous expressions of the contracting parties.” (internal quotation 

marks and citation omitted)). 

The implied duty of good faith and fair dealing, however, “‘cannot expand a party’s 

contractual duties beyond those in the express contract or create duties inconsistent with the 

contract’s provisions.’” Metcalf, 742 F.3d at 991 (quoting Precision Pine, 596 F.3d at 831). 

“Although in one sense any ‘implied’ duty ‘expands’ the ‘express’ duties, . . . an act will not be 

found to violate the duty (which is implicit in the contract) if such a finding would be at odds with 

the terms of the original bargain[.]” Id. Therefore, the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing 

“is limited by the original bargain: it prevents a party’s acts or omissions that, though not 

proscribed by the contract expressly, are inconsistent with the contract’s purpose and deprive the 

other party of the contemplated value.” Id.
25

E. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To Damages For The Breach Of Contract Claims 

Alleged In The May 19, 2014 Second Amended Complaint.

25

1. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To Recover Costs To Protect Its Workers 

From Hazardous Conditions (Count 1).

a. Plaintiff’s Argument.

Meridian argues that the Contract misrepresented the water quality and contamination 

levels as a result of the worksite’s proximity to inadequate sewer facilities in Nogales, Mexico. Pl. 

7/18/14 Br. at 12–14; see also Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 2–6. On November 14, 2007, a USACE 

representative, specializing in environmental issues, Mike Fink, indicated that chromium was 

identified in the original Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (“SWPPP”) permit[.]”26 Pl. 

7/18/14 Br. at 12. That SWPPP was prepared by Granite Construction Company for a nearby 

project, but Meridian was not informed about it. Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 13. 

On November 21, 2007, a Nogales Wash Channel Improvements Report concluded “there 

is no definitive proof that chromium is absent from the project site.” DX19-5. If any significant 

reports conclusively establishing the lack of contaminants at the Project site existed, none were 

shared with Meridian. Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 5 (citing JX110-7; JX113-2).

One week later, however, the USACE told Meridian “that there was no chromium in the 

waters of the channel and that heavy metals in the water were a non-issue,” contradicting the 

SWPPP. 1/28/14 TR 664 (Maximoff). But, the USACE informed Meridian that “if chromium 

was, in fact, present in the subsurface excavations, no employees were to be exposed.” Pl. 7/18/14 

Br. at 13 (citing PX133-4; 1/28/14 TR 663 (Maximoff)). 

By December 11, 2007, Meridian began to “encounter in its excavations a kind of soupy, 

foul material” that “raised concerns about . . . subsurface E. Coli contamination.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. 

at 13. Meridian requested more environmental quality information from the USACE, but received 

only a “cut and paste[d ] section of the Specifications addressing water quality.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. 

at 13 (citing JX110-7 (referring to the USACE’s and Santa Cruz County representatives’ warnings 

of the potential presence of heavy metals and water-borne pathogens within the Project’s limits); 

1/28/14 TR 666–68 (Maximoff)). 

 

25 Plaintiff’s May 19, 2014 Second Amended Complaint lists fourteen claims. 2nd Am. 

Compl. ¶ 387. Only two of these claims present a viable cause of action: breach of contract; and 

breach of good faith and fair dealing. See 2nd Am. Compl. ¶ 387. The remaining twelve counts 

are subsumed within breach of contract. Each of those will be discussed in Plaintiff’s breach of 

contract cause of action.

26 “The SWPPP is a document prepared by a contractor for the owner and the ADEQ, when 

the contractor is grading an area to prevent pollution runoff from storms.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 13; 

see also 1/28/14 TR 664–65 (Maximoff).
26

The USACE’s knowledge about the “potential presence of chromium . . . [and] direction 

to prevent [Meridian’s] employee exposure to the contaminant, created an implied, or constructive, 

order for Meridian to take protective measures for its workers’ safety.” Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 5; see 

also 1/28/14 TR 668–69 (Maximoff). Based on the possibility of contamination, Meridian “had 

all of its employees vaccinated for Hepatitis D, and set up stations so that all . . . employees could 

wash off their boots and the bottom of the soles of their shoes at the end of their shifts.” Pl. 7/18/14 

Br. at 13–14 (citing 1/28/14 TR 668 (Maximoff)). Workers were given “thick rubber gloves rather 

than leather gloves, . . . hand washing stations were set up[, and s]teps were taken to clean and 

pressure wash all of the equipment[.]” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 14 (citing 1/28/14 TR 668–69

(Maximoff)). 

Meridian asserts that it “incurred in excess of $78,369.04 in damages” to protect against 

this unanticipated contamination that constituted a constructive change to the contract. Pl. 7/18/14 

Br. at 14, 59–60. 

b. The Government’s Response.

The Government responds that the “site conditions here were consistent with the [C]ontract 

indications: sewage was present; chromium was not.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 73. Moreover, 

Meridian does not dispute the Government’s evidence “that chromium levels at the [P]roject site 

were safe.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 74 (citing DX19-3; JX53-1). It is true that a USACE employee 

stated that chromium was identified at a nearby site, so Meridian was warned that, if chromium 

were encountered, “it cannot be exposed to anyone.” PX133-4. But, this does not rise to the level 

of “defective specifications, misrepresentation, [or] nondisclosure” necessary for constructive 

change. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 74–75 (citing Miller Elevator Co. v. United States, 30 Fed. Cl. 662, 

678 (1994) (“Legal scholars have recognized five distinct types of constructive changes: 

(I) disputes over contract interpretation during performance; (II) Government interference or 

failure to cooperate; (III) defective specifications; (IV) misrepresentation and nondisclosure of 

superior knowledge; and (V) acceleration.”)). Meridian cites “no authority to support liability 

when statements are truthful and consistent with actual conditions, but the contractor does not trust 

them.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 75 (emphasis added).

As for the presence of E. Coli, the Contract “represents ‘water quality issues’ and ‘raw 

sewage’ in the Nogales Wash ‘flow,’ along with ‘fecal coliforms’ in ‘the active wash bed.’” Gov’t 

9/18/14 Br. at 73–74 (quoting JX5-11). The Contract also “promises ‘biological water quality 

impacts’ from storm water”; therefore, “sewage should have been expected in the subsurface water 

because it is fed and charged by surface water.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 74. Therefore, the 

Government contends that Meridian had a “pre-existing duty to take protective measures during 

channel construction[.]” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 74.

c. The Court’s Resolution.

The issue is whether the USACE should be required to reimburse Meridian for costs 

incurred to protect its employees against contamination.

An implied-in-fact contract “is one founded upon a meeting of the minds, which, although 

not embodied in an express contract, is inferred, as a fact, from the conduct of the parties showing, 
27

in light of the surrounding circumstances, their tacit understanding.” Int’l Data Prods. 

Corp. v. United States, 492 F.3d 1317, 1325 (Fed. Cir. 2007). In this case, Meridian argues the 

USACE had an implied contract to reimburse for these costs, because a USACE employee stated

that chromium was discovered at a nearby site, and later the USACE warned Meridian that, if 

chromium were discovered, employees should not be exposed. 1/28/14 TR 664 (Maximoff). 

These two facts, without more, do not evidence a “meeting of the minds” or a “tacit 

understanding,” particularly since Meridian does not dispute that chromium levels at the site were 

safe. Int’l Data Prods. Corp., 492 F.3d at 1325; DX19-3; JX53-1. The record reflects only that 

Meridian was warned of the risks if chromium were present. 1/28/14 TR 664 (Maximoff). 

In the alternative, Meridian seeks to recover these costs as a cardinal change to the contract. 

See Aydin Corp. v. Widnall, 61 F.3d 1571, 1577 (Fed. Cir. 1995) (“Where it requires a constructive 

change in a contract, the Government must fairly compensate the contractor for the costs of the 

change.”); see also Info. Sys. & Networks, Corp. v. United States, 81 Fed. Cl. 740, 746 (2008) (“A 

contractor is entitled to an equitable adjustment for a constructive change when it is required to 

perform more or different work not called for under the terms of its contract.”).

A constructive change entails two base components, the change component and the 

order or fault component. Al Johnson Constr. Co. v. United States, 20 Cl. Ct. 184, 

204 (1990). The “change” component describes work outside of the scope of the 

contract, while the “order/fault” component describes the reason that the contractor 

performed the work. Embassy Moving & Storage Co. v. United States, 191 Ct. Cl. 

537, 545 (1970); Eggers & Higgins & Edwin A. Keeble Assocs., Inc. v. United 

States, 185 Ct. Cl. 765, 785 (1968). Thus, if the Government either expressly or 

impliedly ordered work outside the scope of the contract, or if the Government 

otherwise caused the contractor to incur additional work, a constructive change 

arises for that work performed outside of the scope of the contract. Lathan Co. v. 

United States, 20 Cl. Ct. 122, 128 (1990)[.]

Miller Elevator, 30 Fed. Cl. at 678 (citing 1 GOV’T CONTRACT CHANGES § 10:9–11).

In this case, Meridian argues that the USACE misrepresented the possibility of on-site 

chromium by making contradictory statements. Compare Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 13 (citing 1/28/14 TR 

663) (The USACE “strictly advised Meridian that if chromium was, in fact, present in the 

subsurface excavations, no employees were to be exposed.”) and Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 12 (citing 

PX133-4) (A USACE representative “indicated that there was chromium identified in the original 

Storm Water Pollution Prevention Plan (“SWPPP”) permit[.]”), with 7/18/14 Br. at 13 (citing 

JX113-2) (The USACE told Meridian that “there was no chromium in the waters of the channel 

and that ‘heavy metals’ were a ‘non-issue.’”). 

As a matter of law, “it is valid to conclude that the Government’s failure to disclose vital 

information is a form of defective specifications with the result that it is covered by the clauses 

that recognize defective specifications as constructive changes.” 1 GOV’T CONTRACT CHANGES

§ 10:11. But here, the USACE did not fail to disclose. To the contrary, it disclosed that a nearby 

site contained chromium. PX133-4. And, it also disclosed that on-site chromium levels were safe. 

DX19-3; JX53-1. Meridian does not dispute the truth of either of these facts. Therefore, because 
28

the Government did not misrepresent the actual conditions or fail to disclose any superior 

knowledge, a constructive change did not occur. 

For these reasons, the court has determined that Meridian is not entitled to recover the costs 

to protect its employees from potentially hazardous conditions under an implied contract or 

cardinal change theory.

2. Whether Meridian Is Entitled To Costs For Differing Site Conditions 

In The Channel And At The Sewer Line (Counts 2 and 5).

27

a. Plaintiff’s Argument.28

Meridian argues that the USACE is responsible for differing site conditions in the channel 

and at the sewer line, causing delays and imposing unanticipated costs on Meridian for three 

reasons. First, Mark Sutton, the current President of Meridian Engineering Co., was more credible

than the Government’s witnesses (Ms. Martinez and Mr. Chickey) as to the issue of the “jack and 

bore” method. Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 17. “Mr. Sutton testified that the ‘jack and bore’ method was 

abandoned[,] because Meridian encountered the soupy, contaminated materials in the manhole, 

and his subcontractor reasonably refused to continue with the ‘jack and bore’ for safety reasons.” 

Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 17. In contrast, the Government’s witnesses simply speculated. Pl. 10/3/14 

Reply at 17–18.

Second, the USACE instructed Meridian to install sewer pipe in wet soil. Pl. 10/3/14 Reply

at 18 (citing PX216); see also Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 24 (citing 1/28/14 TR 394 (Branson); PX216)

(“[T]he [USACE] agreed to allow the sewer construction to proceed in the wet soil, without 

completely dewatering as the original Specifications required.”). Moreover, because the USACE’s 

on-site representatives, Mr. Chickey and Mr. Slack, “were vested with, and held themselves out to 

have, the requisite authority to direct Meridian to perform what they believed was required work 

at the site.” Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 18 (citing Centre Mfg. Co. v. United States, 183 Ct. Cl. 115, 126–

28 (1968) (holding that a CO’s instructions can bind a contractor)). 

Third, the Government selectively cites evidence that Meridian failed to follow its shoring 

plan. Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 19. In fact, Mr. Chickey, a geotechnical engineer, acknowledged that 

the shoring plan developed by Kleinfelder “look[ed] good on paper.” 3/26/14 TR 1875 (Chickey). 

But, moving the shoring box in unstable, soupy soils “was simply not feasible,” as the USACE 

recognized. Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 19 (citing PX320 (Colonel Mangness) (“You can’t build a 

sewerline in soup.”)).

 

27 Plaintiff’s May 19, 2014 Second Amended Complaint lists sewer relocation separately 

as Count V. 2nd Am. Compl. ¶¶ 164–225. But, because the parties’ briefs jointly discuss differing 

site conditions and sewer relocation, the court addresses Counts 2 and 5 together in this section. 

28 Plaintiff’s July 18, 2014 Post-Trial Brief does not cite a single statute or case in support 

of Counts 2 or 5. Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 14–30. Because Plaintiff’s October 3, 2014 Reply sets forth a 

more cogent argument with legal citations, the court’s discussion focuses on it, but has 

supplemented with facts discussed in Plaintiff’s July 18, 2014 Post-Trial Brief.
29

b. The Government’s Response.

The Government responds that that Meridian’s claim fails, because there were “no differing 

site conditions at the channel or sewer line,” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 43; and “the parties agreed to a 

modification to address [the saturated soil condition] as a differing site condition,” Gov’t 9/18/14 

Br. at 62.

As an initial matter, “[a] reasonable contractor would have foreseen large amounts of 

groundwater throughout the channel in light of the environmental and geographic features of the

site.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 45. “The site sits on a floodplain. The very purpose of the project is 

to control flash floods[.]” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 45. “[T]he project sits between two active 

waterways, and indeed, the channel construction itself takes place within the confines of one of 

them. Surface water is a certain indicator of subsurface water.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 45. 

The Government also criticizes Meridian’s geotechnical expert, Dr. Mahar, because he 

only “reviewed ten subsurface explorations [and] reasoned that only these ten explorations were 

relevant[.]” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 47 (citing 4/4/14 Mahar Narr. at 5). In addition, Dr. Mahar based 

his analysis on two data points and “exclude[d] the contrary indications of all other explorations[.]” 

Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 47–48. In addition, Meridian has “misread” Renda Marine, Inc. v. United 

States, 66 Fed. Cl. 639 (2006), where the Renda Marine court “merely found that . . . the two 

borings relied upon to support a differing site condition were closest to the site, but nonetheless 

‘provide[d] an incomplete account of the character of the minerals,’ and that other borings, further 

away, provided a ‘more complete picture.’” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 48 (quoting Renda Marine, 66 

Fed. Cl. at 687–88). Meridian’s differing site claim also fails, “because, as a project in a floodplain 

and an active waterway, to look at two downstream explorations for subsurface conditions to the 

exclusion of every other exploration upstream is not reasonable.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 48–49 

(citing H.B. Mac, Inc. v. United States, 153 F.3d 1338, 1346 (Fed. Cir. 1998) (“The reasonableness 

of reliance upon borings taken from a distance from a project site cannot be determined based on 

a bright line rule, but must rather be determined based on the geologic and topographic features 

present in each case.”)).

In addition, other plan documents gave notice of saturated soils. “The specifications warn 

specifically that Meridian would encounter ‘unsatisfactory material,’ [that] falls outside the 

[American Society for Testing and Materials] standard for suitable construction material and 

‘unstable material,’ which is ‘too wet to properly support the utility pipe[.]’” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 

49. In addition, the specifications also “disclose[] groundwater under the channel” and “require 

Meridian to submit a detwatering plan.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 45 (citing JX7-3, at ¶ 1.3.4; JX8-6–

8, at ¶¶ 1.5, 3.2.4). Also, “the plan drawings warn that subsurface, saturated soil conditions should 

be expected throughout the site[.]” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 49–50 (citing JX25-1 (GCV03 at Test 

Hole 89-4) (showing alluvial soils)). Those drawings “give notice of the ‘artesian condition’ in 

the channel[.]” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 46 (citing 1/27/14 TR 120–25 (Sutton)). Therefore, Meridian 

should have expected saturated soils, because the plan drawings show alluvial soils that “are 

deposited by flowing water and extend over very large areas” and are “in a flowing condition.” 

Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 50 (citing 3/23/14 Chickey Narr. at 13; JX25-1 (GCV03 soil characteristics)). 

In addition, the plan drawings “depict a higher groundwater level impounded behind the banks of 

the Nogales Wash than under the channel floor.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 46–47 (citing JX42-1; JX26-

1; 1/30/14 TR 1093–94 (Martinez)). Likewise, upstream soil data showed unstable, saturated 
30

conditions that a reasonable contractor would have considered. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 51 (citing 

JX8-5).

29

Therefore, “there was no differing site condition at the sewer line because the contract 

documents gave notice of the saturated soils in this area.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 52. A site visit 

also would have “revealed saturated groundwater at the trestle bridge at station 23+00.” Gov’t 

9/18/14 Br. at 53. Meridian also “should have expected saturated soils over a wide area near B3 

and B4,” because a “huge stratum of 45-feet of black, saturated alluvial soils” is located “just 150 

feet away from the trestle bridge where Meridian encountered its worst conditions.” Gov’t 9/18/14 

Br. at 54. Mr. Sutton “testified that [although] he considered B2 and B3 in preparing his bid, but 

did not consider them notice of conditions at the sewer.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 54. Therefore, it 

was unreasonable for Meridian “to assume that [nearby saturated soils] ended abruptly where the 

borings were taken, particularly in light of their proximity to the Nogales Wash.” Gov’t 9/18/14 

Br. at 54–55.

In sum, Meridian “had either actual or inquiry notice of the saturated soil conditions at both 

the channel and sewer, and did not require a geotechnical engineer to recognize it.” Gov’t 9/18/14 

Br. at 55.

The Government also argues that Meridian is “not entitled to compensation for [saturated 

soil conditions] for the additional reason that the May 30[, 2008] Kleinfelder Report gave Meridian

perfect notice of the condition, and the parties agreed to a modification to address it as a differing 

site condition.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 62. Therefore, the parties reached accord and satisfaction as 

to the sewer line condition. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 62 (citing Bell BCI Co. v. United States, 570 F.3d 

1337, 1340–41 (Fed. Cir. 2009) (holding that an “[a]ccord and satisfaction occur ‘when 

performance different from that which was claimed as due is rendered and such substituted 

performance is accepted by the claimant as full satisfaction of his claim’”)). Between May 15, 

2008 and September 19, 2008, “the parties agreed to address the site condition at the sewer line in 

two ‘two-part’ modifications: (1) R7 and R9; and (2) R10 and R16.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 62 

(citing DX664-4–8; DX665-3–5; DX666-5–7; DX668-4–6). Modification R7/R9 “gave Meridian

$93,838 to do a ‘sewer relocation supplemental soils investigation,’ and ‘develop [a] workplan by 

[a] licensed Geotechnical Engineer to correct or mitigate for unacceptable subsurface soil 

conditions[.]’” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 62 (quoting DX664-6–7; DX665-4). The R10/R16 

modification “address[ed] the soil remediation utilizing the workplan,” and “paid [Plaintiff] 

$1,128,729, which represents the full value of [Plaintiff’s] initial proposed price of $1,444,202.36, 

 

29 The Government adds that the “After Action Review” document that Meridian cites is 

unreliable, “because it was the result of an informal discussion among a number of [USACE] and 

Santa Cruz County [representatives] to voice their opinions about the Chula Vista Project.” Gov’t 

9/18/14 Br. at 51–52. “No formal document was ever produced and no conclusions were ever 

drawn” from the discussion’s participants, many of whom “did not have personal knowledge about 

the project, but offered opinions of matters second or third-hand.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 52.
31

less the value of a second sheetpile wall that [Plaintiff] failed to install.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 62 

(citing DX669-4). That modification also contained a release:

[T]he contract price is increased as indicated above, which reflects all credits due 

the Government and all debts due the Contractor. It is further understood and 

agreed that this adjustment constitutes compensation in full on behalf of the 

Contractor . . . for all costs and markups directly or indirectly attributable for the 

change ordered, for all delays related thereto, for all extended overhead costs, and 

for performance of the change within the time frame stated.

DX669-6.

But, Modification R10/R16 was not an affirmative direction for work. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br.

at 63. Instead, it simply “addressed a condition, and did not direct a specific solution[.]” Gov’t 

9/18/14 Br. at 63. This is made clear by the fact that Meridian “was paid to retain a geotechnical 

engineer to propose a workplan to address the saturated soil condition, which its engineer, 

Kleinfelder, did.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 63 (internal citation omitted) (citing 1/30/14 TR 1145 

(Martinez)).

Moreover, since R16 “contains a scrivener’s error that conflicts with the release and should 

be reformed to eliminate the conflict.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 64. R10 “provided for initial funds 

for the soil remediation work . . . , and reflected an agreed-upon 20 calendar [day] extension for 

the project,” and “definitize[d] R10.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 64. R10 also included Item 5 that 

provided: “Twenty days[’] time extension for this change was agreed to by the Government and 

the contractor[;] however, the cost for this extension was not agreed to.” DX666-7. R16 also 

contained this language, “but was a result of a [USACE] contract administration technician’s 

error.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 64 (citing 1/29/14 TR 965 (Childers); 1/30/14 TR 1192–93

(Martinez)). Contemporaneous evidence established that the parties agreed to a full settlement for 

the saturated soil condition “at the sewer line.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 65 (citing 1/29/14 TR 961 

(Childers); 1/30/14 TR 1191 (Martinez)). 

c. The Court’s Resolution.

“Where the differing site conditions claim and a defective specifications claim are so 

intertwined as to constitute a single claim, that claim will be governed by the specific differing site 

conditions clause and the cases under that clause.” Comtrol, Inc. v. United States, 294 F.3d 1357, 

1362 (Fed. Cir. 2002). As such, the court is required to adjudicate Meridian’s channel and sewer

allegations as one claim for a differing site condition.30

 

30 The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has stated that:

Performance specifications “set forth an objective or standard to be achieved, and 

the successful bidder is expected to exercise his ingenuity in achieving that 
32

 

objective or standard of performance, selecting the means and assuming a 

corresponding responsibility for that selection.”

Blake Constr., 987 F.2d at 745 (quoting J.L. Simmons Co. v. United States, 188 Ct. Cl. 684, 689 

(1969)).

On the other hand, design specifications describe, “in precise detail[,] . . . materials to be 

employed and the manner in which the work is to be performed.” Id. Where design specifications 

are required, “[t]he contractor has no discretion to deviate from the specifications, but is required 

to follow them as one would a road map.” Id. (quotation marks and citation omitted). But, as the 

United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has observed, “[d]etailed design 

specifications contain an implied warranty that if they are followed, an acceptable result will be 

produced.” Stuyvesant Dredging Co. v. United States, 834 F.2d 1576, 1582 (Fed. Cir. 1987). As 

such, as the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has held:

[T]he distinction between design and performance specifications is not 

absolute . . . . Contracts may have both design and performance characteristics. It 

is not only possible, but likely that a contractor will be granted at least limited 

discretion to find the best way to achieve goals within the design parameters set by 

the contract.

Blake Constr., 987 F.2d at 746 (internal citations omitted); see also Zinger Constr. Co. v. United 

States, 807 F.2d 979 (Fed. Cir. 1986). 

On occasion, the labels “design specification” and “performance specification” 

have been used to connote the degree to which the [G]overnment has prescribed 

certain details of performance on which the contractor could rely. However, those 

labels do not independently create, limit, or remove a contractor’s obligations.

Zinger, 807 F.2d at 981 (internal citations omitted); see also Blake Constr., 987 F.2d at 746 (“It is 

the obligations imposed by the specification which determine the extent to which it is 

‘performance’ or ‘design,’ not the other way around.”).

Returning to the facts of this case, the Contract’s Diversion And Control Of Water 

specification provided, in relevant part:

Within 10 days after receipt of Notice to Proceed, the Contractor shall submit a 

Diversion and Control of Water Plan showing the method that he proposes to use 

to divert water from the working area. . . .

The Contractor is responsible for the diversion and control of all runoff entering 

the construction area. The runoff will include water originating from upstream, 

urban runoff, adjacent d[]rainages; and in addition any and all seepage and 

groundwater originating within the work. The work site may be inundated because 
33

 

of runoff. The Contractor shall be responsible for protection of work site during 

times of runoff by his own means and shall be approved by the [CO]. . . .

The location and depth of any bypass drainage ditch or sump shall be subject to 

Government approval. Special precautions shall be taken to avoid impairing the 

permanent subgrade or embankment foundation. . . .

The groundwater will encounter during construction throughout the project reach 

of the Nogales Creek Channel. The construction area shall be dewatered prior to 

commencement or continuation or work, and all subgrades, whether for earth fill, 

stone, grouted stone, or concrete shall be kept drained and free of water throughout 

the working period. Lowering of the groundwater table can be accomplished by 

installing a series of dewatering wells and well pumps along the channel edges in 

the upper reaches and by using sump pumps in the lower reaches. The pumped 

water shall be directed into the temporary channels used for control of surface 

water. The Contractor shall submit the method of dewatering to [CO] for his 

approval.

Ten (10) calendar days prior to start of the construction, the Contractor shall submit 

plans showing the proposed methods to dewater each working area and control 

water from rain, sheet flow, streamflows, and other surface water. The plans shall 

show the scheme of operations and a complete layout of drainage pipes, pumps, 

diversion channels, cofferdams, etc. The Contractor shall assume full 

responsibility for the adequacy of his dewatering and control methods. Prior notice 

to the [CO] of the Contractor’s method of dewatering will in no way release the 

Contractor from the fulfillment of his obligations or make the Government, in any 

manner, responsible for any losses due to failure or inadequacy of the dewatering 

and control method used.

JX7-2–3.

This specification “set[s] forth an objective or standard to be achieved,” i.e., dewatering 

the work area. See Blake Constr., 987 F.2d at 745; JX7-3 (“The construction area shall be 

dewatered[.]”). It allows Meridian to “exercise [its] ingenuity in achieving that objective[.]”); see 

also JX7-2 (“[T]he Contractor shall submit a . . . Plan showing the method that he proposes to use 

to divert water from each working area.”). The specification also placed the responsibility for 

dewatering on Meridian. JX7-3 (“The Contractor shall assume full responsibility for the adequacy 

of his dewatering and control methods.”). And, the Government expressly disclaimed 

responsibility for failed or inadequate results. JX7-3 (“Prior notice to the [CO] of the Contractor’s 

method of dewatering will in no way release the Contractor from the fulfillment of his obligations 

or make the Government, in any manner, responsible for any losses due to failure or inadequacy 

of the dewatering and control method used.”). 

The specification repeatedly uses the word “shall” when describing mandatory activities. 

JX7-2–3 (providing that: “the Contractor shall submit a Diversion and Control of Water Plan”; 

“[t]he Contractor shall be responsible for protection of work site”; “[t]he construction area shall 
34

In Metcalf, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has stated that:

[FAR 52.236-2]

31 exists precisely in order to “take at least some of the gamble on 

subsurface conditions out of bidding”: instead of requiring high prices that must 

insure against the risks inherent in unavoidably limited pre-bid knowledge, the 

provision allows the parties to deal with actual subsurface conditions once, when 

 

be dewatered”; “the Contractor shall assume full responsibility for the adequacy of his dewatering 

and control methods”). But, the specification did not use the word “shall” as to how Meridian was 

to achieve its objective. Instead, the specification stated, “Lowering of the groundwater table can 

be accomplished by installing a series of dewatering wells and well pumps along the channel edges 

in the upper reaches and by using sump pumps in the lower reaches.” JX7-3 (emphasis added). 

That specification did not “describe in precise detail the materials to be employed and the manner 

in which the work [was] to be performed.” Blake Constr., 987 F.2d at 745. Instead, it provided 

Meridian with “discretion to deviate from the specifications.” Id. 

For these reasons, the court has determined that the dewatering specifications were 

performance specifications and that Meridian was responsible for achieving those requirements.

31 FAR 52.236-2 provides:

(a) The Contractor shall promptly, and before the conditions are disturbed, give a 

written notice to the [CO] of (1) subsurface or latent physical conditions at the 

site which differ materially from those indicated in this contract, or (2) unknown 

physical conditions at the site, of an unusual nature, which differ materially 

from those ordinarily encountered and generally recognized as inhering in work 

of the character provided for in the contract.

(b) The [CO] shall investigate the site conditions promptly after receiving the 

notice. If the conditions do materially so differ and cause an increase or 

decrease in the Contractor’s cost of, or the time required for, performing any 

part of the work under this contract, whether or not changed as a result of the 

conditions, an equitable adjustment shall be made under this clause and the 

contract modified in writing accordingly.

(c) No request by the Contractor for an equitable adjustment to the contract under 

this clause shall be allowed, unless the Contractor has given the written notice 

required; provided, that the time prescribed in (a) above for giving written 

notice may be extended by the [CO].

(d) No request by the Contractor for an equitable adjustment to the contract for 

differing site conditions shall be allowed if made after final payment under this 

contract.

48 C.F.R. § 52.236-2.
35

work begins, “more accurate” information about them can reasonably be 

uncovered. 

Id. at 996 (quoting Foster Constr. C.A. & Williams Bros. Co. v. United States, 193 Ct. Cl. 587, 

613–14 (1970)).

The appellate court continued,

[f]or that reason, even requirements of pre-bid inspection by the contractor have 

been interpreted cautiously regarding conditions that are hard to identify accurately 

before work begins, so that “the duty to make an inspection of the site does not 

negate the changed conditions clause by putting the contractor at peril to discover 

hidden subsurface conditions or those beyond the limits of an inspection 

appropriate to the time available.” 

Id. (quoting Foster, 193 Ct. Cl. at 615). 

Although the contract in Metcalf stated that the Government’s expansive-soil report was 

“for preliminary information only,” the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 

held:

We do not think that the language can fairly be taken to shift that risk [of inaccurate 

information] to Metcalf, especially when read together with the other government 

pronouncements, much less when read against the longstanding background 

presumption against finding broad disclaimers “of liability for changed conditions.”

Id. (quoting United Contractors v. United States, 177 Ct. Cl. 151, 165 (1966)).

Therefore, to receive an equitable adjustment for a Type 1 differing site condition,32

a contractor must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that: (1) “a reasonable 

contractor reviewing the contract documents as a whole would interpret them as 

making a representation about the site conditions”; (2) “the actual site conditions 

were not reasonably foreseeable to the contractor, with the information available to 

the particular contractor outside the contract documents”; (3) “the contractor in fact 

 

32 In this case, the contract incorporates a “differing site conditions” clause, FAR 52.236-

2.” JX2-107–08. “A Type I differing site condition is [a] ‘subsurface or latent physical condition[] 

at the site which differ[s] materially from those indicated in this contract.’” 48 C.F.R. § 52.236-

2(a). 
36

relied on the contract representation”; and (4) “the conditions differed materially 

from those represented, and the contractor suffered damages as a result.”

CCI, Inc. v. McHugh, 2015 WL 1600059, No. 2014-1470, at *2 (Fed. Cir. Apr. 10, 2015) (quoting 

Int’l Tech. Corp. v. Winter, 523 F.3d 1341, 1348–49 (Fed. Cir. 2008)). However, “[a] contractor 

is not eligible for an equitable adjustment for a Type 1 differing site condition[,] unless the contract 

indicated what the condition would be.” Comtrol, 294 F.3d at 1363.

In order to qualify as a Type 2 differing site condition,33

“the unknown physical condition must be one that could not be reasonably

anticipated by the contractor from his study of the contract documents, his 

inspection of the site, and his general experience[,] if any, as a contractor in the 

area.”

Randa/Madison Joint Venture III v. Dahlberg, 239 F.3d 1264, 1276 (Fed. Cir. 2001) (quoting 

Perini Corp. v. United States, 180 Ct. Cl. 768, 780 (1967)); see also id. at 1277 (“The Court of 

Claims has opined that proving a Type 2 differing site condition is more difficult than proving a 

Type 1 differing site condition, involving a heavier burden of proof and a stiffer test.”).

Since Meridian failed to specify whether the alleged differing site conditions were Type 1 

or Type 2, the court is obligated to discuss both.

Because the CCI test is written in the conjunctive, Meridian must meet all four elements to 

be eligible for a Type 1 adjustment. First, “a reasonable contractor reviewing the contract 

documents as a whole would interpret them as making a representation about the site conditions.” 

CCI, 2015 WL 1600059, at *2. In this case, the specification stated that “[w]ater in varying 

quantities may be flowing in natural washes throughout the length of the project, as a result of 

rainfall or flow from upstream watersheds sources.” JX7-2. It also stated that “[t]he runoff will 

include water originating from upstream, urban runoff, adjacent d[]rainages; and in addition any 

and all seepage and groundwater originating within the work. The work site may be inundated 

because of runoff.” JX7-3. Thus, a reasonable contractor would interpret the Specification as 

representing water as a site condition.

Second, CCI requires that the actual site conditions “not [be] reasonably foreseeable to the 

contractor, with the information available to the particular contractor outside the contract 

documents.” CCI, 2015 WL 1600059, at *2. “When determining whether site conditions were 

reasonably foreseeable to the contractor, both the contract and any other information available to 

the contractor are considered.” Id. at *3. Therefore, the court should consider what information 

objectively was available to Meridian, not just the information that Meridian knew at the time. 

 

33 A Type 2 differing site condition is an “unknown physical condition[] at the site of an 

unusual nature, which differ[s] materially from those ordinarily encountered and generally 

recognized as inhering in work of the character provided for in the contract.” 48 C.F.R. § 52.236-

2(a).
37

See id. In this case, the original plan drawings showed black, saturated soil with no bearing 

capacity in the boring holes closest to the sewer plan. JX21-58–59; JX22-1. And, the work site 

was in a floodplain, so Meridian should have anticipated saturated soil conditions. The plan 

drawings also warned of subsurface saturated soils. JX25-1. Therefore, a reasonable contractor 

would want to investigate whether there were unstable, saturated conditions upstream. 3/23/14 

Chickey Narr. at 13 (explaining that the contract and soil samples showed soft soils); see also 

1/27/14 TR 106–08 (Sutton) (testifying that he considered boring holes B2 and B3 in preparing 

his bid). A site visit also would have made these conditions known, because large portions of 

saturated, alluvial soil were located “100 feet or so” away from where Meridian experienced some 

of its worst conditions. 3/25/14 TR 1783 (Chickey); JX22-1. Therefore, based on the information 

available to Meridian, the actual conditions at the site were reasonably foreseeable. 

The third CCI inquiry is to determine whether the contractor “in fact rel[ied] on the contract 

representation.” CCI, 2015 WL 1600059, at *2. The specification stated that “[t]he runoff will 

include water originating from upstream, urban runoff, adjacent d[]rainages; and in addition any 

and all seepage and groundwater originating within the work. The work site may be inundated 

because of runoff.” JX7-3. Meridian stated that it relied on the Specification and Contract data. 

Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 66. If so, it would have expected saturated soil conditions. To the extent that 

the specification did not expressly guarantee saturated soil conditions, e.g., “[t]he work site may 

be inundated,” it was incumbent on Meridian to conduct due diligence about the site condition. 

See CCI, 2015 WL 1600059, at *3 (“[B]oth the contract and any other information available to 

the contractor are considered.”) (emphasis added). Meridian did not do so.

Fourth, CCI requires the plaintiff to establish that “the conditions differed materially from 

those represented, and the contractor suffered damages as a result.” Id. at *2. As previously 

discussed, the specification provided Meridian with notice that it might encounter a work site 

inundated with runoff from various sources. JX7-2–3. Therefore, the actual conditions—saturated 

soil—were not materially different from the USACE’s representations that the work site “may be 

inundated.” JX7-3. Therefore, Meridian failed to meet this requirement.

For these reasons, the court has determined that Meridian failed to establish by a 

preponderance of the evidence all four CCI elements of a Type 1 differing site condition. As such, 

Meridian also has failed to establish a Type 2 differing site condition. See Randa/Madison, 239 

F.3d at 1277. 

In any event, 34 Meridian’s sewer line condition claim is barred by accord and satisfaction. 

“[T]he affirmative defense of ‘accord and satisfaction requires four elements: (1) proper subject 

matter; (2) competent parties; (3) a meeting of the minds of the parties; and (4) consideration.’” 

 

34 Although the Government appears to concede a differing site condition in the heading 

titled, “Meridian And The Army Corps of Engineers Develop Proposals To Install The Sewer Pipe 

In Light Of The Differing Site Condition” (Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 19), later in the same brief the 

Government argued, “As a matter of law, the Government[’s] determination that this was a 

differing site condition was in error[.]” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 55.
38

Holland v. United States, 621 F.3d 1366, 1382 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (quoting O’Connor v. United 

States, 308 F.3d 1233, 1240 (Fed. Cir. 2002)).

First, neither party contests proper subject matter, and the court has determined that this 

contract action properly is before the court. Second, it is undisputed that both parties were 

competent to enter into the relevant agreements: Modifications R7 and R9; and Modifications R10 

and R16. Thus, the first two elements are satisfied.

Third, “[a] meeting of the minds occurs where there are ‘accompanying expressions 

sufficient to make the [claimant] understand, or to make it unreasonable for him not to understand, 

that the performance is offered to him as full satisfaction of his claim and not otherwise.’” 

Holland, 621 F.3d at 1382 (quoting Chesapeake & Potomac Tel. Co. v. United States, 228 Ct. Cl. 

101, 109 (1981)). R16 modified the sewer line contract and contained a mutual release:

[T]he contract price is increased as indicated above, which reflects all credits due 

the Government and all debits due the Contractor. It is further understood and 

agreed that this adjustment constitutes compensation in full on behalf of the 

Contractor . . . for all costs and markups directly or indirectly attributable for the 

change ordered, for all delays related thereto, for all extended overhead costs, and 

for performance of the change within the time frame stated.

DX669-6.

This release covered “all costs and markups” that were “directly or indirectly attributable” 

to the sewer line contract change, as well as “for performance.” DX669-6. Moreover, Meridian 

was on notice that it was being compensated “in full” for the sewer line. DX669-6. As such, the

release was “sufficient to make [Meridian] understand . . . that the performance is offered to [it] as 

full satisfaction of [its] claim[.]” Holland, 621 F.3d at 1382. 

Fourth, “[t]o constitute consideration, a performance or a return promise must be bargained 

for.” RESTATEMENT § 71(1). Here, the USACE paid an additional $93,838 for a “sewer relocation 

supplemental soil[] investigation” and to “develop a workplan by licensed Geotechnical Engineer 

to correct or mitigate for unacceptable subsurface soil conditions,” pursuant to R7 and R9. DX664-

6–7; DX665-4. Meridian also was paid $1,128,729 for soil remediation, pursuant to R10 and R16. 

DX669-4. 

For these reasons, the court has determined that the Government has satisfied all four 

Hollland elements. Thus, even if, arguendo, the sewer line were a differing site condition, the 

R16 release and accompanying price increase constituted accord and satisfaction. 

3. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To Recover Costs Incurred Because Of 

The Railroad Right-Of-Way Delay (Count 3).

The May 19, 2014 Second Amended Complaint seeks “$0.00 against [the Government]” 

for “any increase in the cost and time to perform any part of the contract work impacted by the 

lack of access” to the work site. 2nd Am. Compl. ¶¶ 111, 115. Therefore, Meridian does not seek 
39

monetary damages for Count 3, and its post-trial briefing did not allege that it was entitled to 

damages for any right-of-way delay.

For this reason, the court has determined that Meridian is not entitled to recover damages 

for Count 3.

4. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To Recover Costs For Delays Incurred 

As A Result Of Flood Events (Count 4).

a. Plaintiff’s Argument.

Meridian argues that delays due to the USACE’s modifications and specification defects 

“cause[d Meridian] to perform during a period of inclement weather,” and therefore, it “is entitled 

to its additional costs for working in those weather conditions.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 69 (citing

Merritt-Chapman & Scott Corp. v. United States, 208 Ct. Cl. 639, 642–53 (1976) (finding delay

caused by rain and flooding compensable under suspension of work clause, where the delay was

enhanced by earlier failure of the Government to make construction site available)); see also Pl. 

10/3/14 Br. at 26–27 (“[The USACE] caused various delays . . . ; . . . those delays prevented 

[Meridian] from completing the specific work most susceptible to flood damage . . . ; and . . . the 

incompletion of that work caused substantial damage that would not have occurred if the work had 

been completed as originally scheduled.”). The delays caused by flood damage “actually Meridian

in a position that was worse than if [it] had not even started.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 69.

Meridian concedes that the November 14, 2007 to January 15, 2008 modifications 

addressed retrospective injury, but not future flood damage, barring a defense of accord and 

satisfaction. Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 72. Moreover, the USACE “failed to assert the accord and

satisfaction defense in a timely manner.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 72. Therefore, the court should “refuse 

to bar a claim based upon the defense of accord and satisfaction[, because] the parties continue[d]

to consider the claim after execution of a release.” Cmty. Heating & Plumbing v. Kelso Co., 987 

F.2d 1575, 1581 (Fed. Cir. 1993); see also id. (holding that accord and satisfaction did not apply 

when the Government “continued to negotiate and audit [the Plaintiff’s] claims years after they 

were submitted”)).

b. The Government’s Response.

The Government responds that Meridian’s flood damage claims are barred by accord and 

satisfaction, because Meridian consented to bilateral Modifications R17 and R8 that collectively

extended the Contract by seventy-two days and increased the price by $128,190. Gov’t 9/18/14 

Br. at 68; see also JX132-1; DX183-3–4. In addition, R17 and R8 both contained “complete 

release” provisions specifying that the modifications included “compensation in full” for “all costs 

and markups directly or indirectly attributable for the change ordered, [and] for all delays related 

thereto[.]” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 68–69 (citing JX132-2; DX183-4). As such, these releases

addressed all costs incurred during the “time period stated,” referring to the sixty-day extension,

not a retrospective period, as claimed by the Meridian. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 69 (citing JX123-2). 

Meridian also signed other bilateral modifications that, in total, “added 237 calendar days to the 

[C]ontract” and extended the completion date to account for all flood events. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 

70. Because each bilateral modification included the same general release, accord and satisfaction 
40

bars all of Meridian’s indirect costs associated with the extensions, including all flood damages. 

Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 70.

The Government adds that Meridian’s released claims were not revived by an August 10, 

2009 internal USACE memorandum stating that the Government would pay Meridian $543,868 

as an “equitable adjustment” for “flood event damage” and “sub-surface water,” because there was 

no mutuality of intent to contract. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 73. In Community Heating & Plumbing, 

the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit held that there was “no mutuality of 

intent to contract supporting an accord and satisfaction where neither party treated a claim as 

released, one party continued to audit the claims, and both parties actively negotiated the 

purportedly released claim for years after the purported accord.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 73; see also 

Cmty. Heating & Plumbing, 987 F.2d at 1581 (holding that accord and satisfaction did not apply 

when the Government “continued to negotiate and audit [the plaintiff’s] claims years after they 

were submitted”)). In this case, Meridian was unaware of the internal USACE memorandum, and

therefore, could not rely on it to revive its claims. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 73.

Finally, Meridian’s claims of flood-based delay fails for lack of causation. The USACE’s 

actions were not the “but for” cause of Meridian’s damages due to flooding. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 

71–72. Meridian’s planned construction schedule extended into the monsoon season. Therefore, 

Meridian elected to work during that time. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 70–71.

c. The Court’s Resolution.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit held in Community Heating & 

Plumbing, 987 F.2d at 1581:

Discharge of a claim by accord and satisfaction occurs when some performance 

different from that which was claimed as due is rendered and such substituted 

performance is accepted by the claimant as full satisfaction of his claim. However, 

courts may refuse to bar a claim based upon the defense of accord and satisfaction 

where the parties continue to consider the claim after execution of a release.

Id. at 1581 (internal citations omitted); see also England v. Sherman R. Smoot Corp., 388 F.3d 

844, 849 (Fed. Cir. 2004) (same).

Under this standard, the court must undertake a two-part inquiry: (1) whether Plaintiff 

agreed to “some performance different from that which was claimed as due”; and, if so (2) whether

“the parties continue to consider the claim after execution of a release.” Cmty. Heating & 

Plumbing, 987 F.2d at 1581.35

 

35 Meridian’s reliance on Merritt-Chapman is unavailing. That case interpreted the pre1960 version of the Suspension Clause. See Merritt-Chapman, 208 Ct. Cl. at 648–49 (explaining 

this history of the clause at issue). “The pre-1960 Suspension of Work Clause does not, by its 

language, bar recovery because a contractor would have been prevented by other causes from 

performing its work when the Government’s actions did in fact cause its damage.” Id. at 649–50. 

In contrast, the post-1960 clause imposes a “sole proximate” requirement on Government action. 
41

On September 21, 2008, the parties executed bilateral Modifications R17 and R8. JX132-

1–2 (R17); DX183-3–4 (R8). Both included the following “closing statement”:

It is understood and agreed that pursuant to the above, the contract time is extended 

the number of calendar days stated, and the contract price is increased as indicated 

above, which reflects all credits due the Government and all debits due the 

Contractor and its Subcontractors and Suppliers for all costs and markups directly 

or indirectly attributable for the change ordered, for all delays related thereto, for 

all extended overhead costs, and for performance of the change within the time 

frame stated.

JX132-2; DX183-4.

The “closing statement” in Modifications R17 and R8 provides that the Contract price 

changed in tandem with time extensions. These changes “reflect[ed] all credits due the 

Government and all debits due [Plaintiff] . . . for all costs and markups directly or indirectly 

attributable to the change ordered[.]” JX132-2. As such, the first part of the accord and satisfaction 

inquiry is satisfied, because Meridian agreed to “some performance different from that which was 

claimed as due.” Cmty. Heating & Plumbing, 987 F.2d at 1581.

But, Meridian contends that the USACE “continued to consider the claims,” precluding 

meeting the second part of the Community Heating & Plumbing test. Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 72. Here, 

Meridian misstates the standard: it is not whether one party considered the released claims, but 

whether both parties considered them. See Cmty. Heating & Plumbing, 987 F.2d at 1581 

(“[C]ourts may refuse to bar a claim based upon the defense of accord and satisfaction where the 

parties continue to consider the claim after execution of a release.”) (emphasis added). Meridian

points to the USACE’s August 10, 2009 draft modification, including an estimate for flood 

damage. PX377 (9/2/09 draft modification of $543,868). But, the May 19, 2014 Second Amended

Complaint does not allege, and the record does not support finding, that the USACE’s August 10, 

2009 internal memorandum was known by Meridian prior to discovery. See Cmty. Heating & 

Plumbing, 987 F.2d at 1581 (holding that “courts may refuse to bar a claim . . . where the parties 

continue to consider the claim after execution of a release”) (emphasis added). Thus, this case is 

distinguishable from Community Heating & Plumbing, where the Government “administered, 

reviewed, and negotiated [the plaintiff’s] claims on the merits prior to and after execution of the 

subject contract negotiations[.]” Id. at 1581 n.7. Here, there were no negotiations of Meridian’s

claims after Modifications R17 and R8, and there is no evidence the parties discussed the matter 

further. 

 

See id. at 649 (quoting post-1960 Suspension of Work Clause (“No adjustment shall be made to 

the extent that performance by the Contractor would have been prevented by other causes even if 

the work had not been so suspended, delayed or interrupted [by the Government].”)). Thus, 

although Merritt-Chapman allows a plaintiff to seek compensation for Government delays, the 

plaintiff must prove that Government action was the “sole proximate” cause of its damages. Id. 

Because Merritt-Chapman interpreted the pre-1960 clause, it is not applicable in this case.
42

Finally, Meridian asserts that the Government waived an accord and satisfaction defense

by failing to raise it in a timely manner. Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 72; see also RCFC 12(b) (“Every defense 

to a claim for relief in any pleading must be asserted in the responsive pleading if one is required.”). 

In this case, the Government’s November 14, 2011 Answer states, “This action is barred in whole 

or part by the doctrine of accord & satisfaction.” Answer ¶ 326. Therefore, the Government’s 

affirmative defense of accord and satisfaction was timely.

For these reasons, the court has determined that the doctrine of accord and satisfaction bars 

Meridian’s claim that the USACE is responsible for costs incurred for delays caused by flood 

events.

5. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To An Adjustment For The Unpaid 

Contract Quantities (Count 6).

a. Plaintiff’s Argument.

Next, Meridian argues that the USACE is liable for unpaid contract quantities and its 

“failure to [pay] Meridian is a flagrant breach of [the September 21, 2007 C]ontract and good faith 

and fair dealing.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 74. The Contract specified anticipated quantities of certain 

items and stated how Meridian would be paid for those items, e.g., “if the quantity actually used 

was less than the estimated quantity, [Meridian] would be paid less,” and vice-versa. Pl. 7/18/14 

Br. at 73–74 (citing JX11-7; 1/28/14 TR 670–72, 674 (Maximoff)). When Meridian informed the 

USACE that additional items were needed, “[a]t no time did the [USACE] advise Meridian that it 

disagreed with Meridian’s calculations, nor has the Corps offered its own calculation to refute 

Meridian’s findings.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 74 (citing 1/28/14 TR at 676–77 (Maximoff); 1/29/14 TR 

at 685–87 (Maximoff); PX226); see also Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 36 (same). Nevertheless, Meridian 

concludes that it is “undoubtedly entitled to an adjustment to the Contract price to compensate it 

for the estimated quantities that were exceeded in the field,” in the amount of $358,913.63. Pl. 

7/18/14 Br. at 74 (citing 1/28/14 TR at 677 (Maximoff); PX394; JX3); see also Pl. 10/3/14 Reply 

at 36 (same).

In fact, the Government’s witnesses “conceded at trial that ‘Meridian was still owed some 

money’ on the unpaid contract quantities.” Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 36–37 (citing 3/17/14 Weathers 

Narr. at 44; 3/24/14 TR at 1422 (Martinez)). Therefore, the court should treat Meridian’s 

entitlement to the unpaid contract quantities as conceded by the Government. Pl. 10/3/14 Reply 

at 37. 

b. The Government’s Response.

The Government responds that the “unit priced quantity work was generally done,” but 

disputes what costs are allowable. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 82. “[I]t is a straightforward accounting 

matter relating to unit priced items pursuant to the [C]ontract.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 82. In any 

event, Meridian “has been substantially overpaid[, based on] the unit quantity items of the 

[September 21, 2007 C]ontract in the amount of $326,642.32.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 82 (citing 

3/17/14 Weathers Narr. at 40–52). 
43

c. The Court’s Resolution.

The September 21, 2007 Contract was a unit price contract. JX2-5–8 (Solicitation 

explaining that bidding was based on unit prices). Therefore, Meridian is entitled to payment for 

items used. JX3; JX11; 1/28/14 TR at 670–71, 674 (Maximoff). The Government conceded at 

trial that the USACE “still owed some money” to Meridian for certain items. 3/24/14 TR at 1422 

(Martinez). But, the USACE also is entitled to withhold payment: “[I]f satisfactory progress has 

not been made, the [CO] may retain a maximum of 10 percent of the amount of the payment until 

satisfactory progress is achieved.” JX2-94 (citing 48 C.F.R. § 52.232-5); see also M. C. & D. 

Capital Corp. v. United States, 948 F.2d 1251, 1257 (Fed. Cir. 1991) (authorizing a retention of 

10 percent of total price from final payment, pursuant to a retainage clause); see also 

Johnson v. All-State Constr., Inc., 329 F.3d 848, 854 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (discussing the 

Government’s right to “set-off”). 

For these reasons, the court has determined that the Government did not breach the 

September 21, 2007 Contract based on alleged unpaid contract quantities.

6. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To Costs For The To Suspension Of Work 

(Count 7), Channel Fill (Count 8), And Interim Protection (Count 9).

a. Plaintiff’s Argument.

Without citing any supporting case law, Plaintiff argues that:

The [USACE’s] failure to adjust the Contract price to accurately reflect the costs 

incurred by Meridian in connection with the suspension, channel fill, and interim 

protection modifications, and its failure to pay Meridian even those amounts 

authorized under these modifications, is a breach of contract and of the implied duty 

of good faith and fair dealing. 

Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 75.

Pursuant to the Contract’s Changes Clause and Suspension Clause, Meridian argues that 

the USACE must compensate it for “substantial increased costs in connection with the suspension, 

and the channel fill and interim protection work.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 75 (citing 48 C.F.R. § 52.243-

4(d)36 and 48 C.F.R. § 52.242-14(b)

37). The record reflects that the USACE issued some 

 

36 FAR 52.243-4, in relevant part, provides:

If any change under this clause causes an increase or decrease in the Contractor’s 

cost of, or the time required for, the performance of any part of the work under th[e 

C]ontract, whether or not changed by any such order, the [CO] shall make an 

equitable adjustment and modify the [C]ontract in writing.

48 C.F.R. § 52.243-4(d).

37 FAR 52.242-14(b), in relevant part, provides:
44

technically deficient modifications, but promised Meridian that corrective modifications would be

forthcoming, the USACE has “maintained that [it] could not, and would not, release any money 

to . . . [Meridian].” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 75 (citing JX180, 185–87; DX649-9; 1/27/14 TR at 37

(Yates); 1/29/14 TR at 841–42, 850–51 (Haworth); 3/27/14 TR at 2109–39 (Haworth)).38

b. The Government’s Response.

The Government responds that “[t]he [USACE] has breached neither the [C]ontract nor an 

implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing” by withholding payment for suspension of work, 

channel fill, and interim protection work. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 81.

Since these claims concern the USACE’s failure to make payment, “only a breach of 

contract is at issue,” not the covenant of good faith and fair dealing. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 77–78. 

Because Meridian failed to substantiate its final payment request, the USACE “lawfully 

exercised its right to withhold payment to protect its rights with respect to overpayments.” Gov’t 

9/18/14 Br. at 78 (citing Johnson, 329 F.3d at 854 (affirming the Government’s right to “set-off” 

payment)).

39

 The Government acknowledges, however, that Meridian’s work was “not entirely 

paid for” and that an “equitable adjustment of the [C]ontract may be appropriate and payment 

due . . . provided that Meridian can prove to the [c]ourt during the damages phase of the trial that 

its costs are reasonable, allocable, and allowable.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 82 (internal citation 

omitted) (citing Boeing N. Am., Inc. v. Roche, 298 F.3d 1274, 1280 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (explaining 

the differences between allocability and allowability); 3/17/14 Weathers Narr. at 53–59 

(evaluating and calculating payment due to Meridian)).

 

If the performance of all or any part of the work is, for an unreasonable period of 

time, suspended, delayed, or interrupted (1) by an act of the [CO] in the 

administration of th[e C]ontract, or (2) by the [CO]’s failure to act within the time 

specified in th[e C]ontract (or within a reasonable time if not specified), an 

adjustment shall be made for any increase in the cost of performance of th[e 

C]ontract (excluding profit) necessarily caused by the unreasonable suspension, 

delay, or interruption, and the [C]ontract modified in writing accordingly.

48 C.F.R. § 52.242-14(b).

38 Meridian’s October 3, 2014 Reply does not argue that the USACE breached the Contract 

or the duty of good faith and fair dealing. Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 37–41. Instead, Meridian rebuts 

the Government’s contentions that the money owed to Meridian for suspension, channel fill, and 

interim protection work is offset by other overpayments and was not adequately substantiated. Pl. 

10/3/14 Reply at 37–41. 

39 The remainder of the Government’s September 18, 2014 Brief provides a factual 

explanation regarding Meridian’s alleged failure to substantiate entitlement to payment, including 

substantial overpayment and allegations as to the USACE’s failure to support certain unit priced 

quantity items. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 78–82.
45

c. The Court’s Resolution.

Pursuant to the FAR, Meridian is entitled to payment for increased costs incurred due to 

the CO’s changes to or suspension of the Contract. See 48 C.F.R. § 52.243-4(d) (Changes Clause); 

48 C.F.R. § 52.242-14(b) (Suspension Clause). But, under the Contract, the USACE is entitled to 

withhold payment only under specified circumstances. JX2-94 (48 C.F.R. § 52.232-5(e)) (“[I]f 

satisfactory progress has not been made, the [CO] may retain a maximum of 10 percent of the 

amount of the payment until satisfactory progress is achieved.”); see also M. C. & D. Capital, 948 

F.2d at 1257 (allowing ten percent of total price from final payment to be withheld, under a

Retainage Clause); see also Johnson, 329 F.3d at 854 (discussing the Government’s right to a “setoff” payment). In this case, both parties acknowledge that the amount the USACE owes Meridian,

if any, should be determined at the damages phase of trial. Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 38 n.25 

(determining whether Meridian’s calculations are correct “is a question best reserved for the 

damages portion of trial”); Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 82 (“[A]n equitable adjustment . . . may be 

appropriate . . . provided that [Plaintiff] can prove . . . during the damages phase of trial that its 

costs are reasonable, allocable, and allowable.”) (emphasis added) (internal citations omitted). 

Therefore, Meridian is ordered to provide the Government with all relevant payment 

request materials within thirty days and to meet with the Government to discuss payment. If a 

settlement is not reached, the Government is ordered to show cause within sixty days of receiving 

Meridian’s payment request materials why the court should not find a breach of contract for the 

unpaid work Meridian has performed, as alleged in Counts 7–9 of the May 19, 2014 Second 

Amended Complaint.

7. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To Costs Regarding The Punchlist (Count 

10).

a. Plaintiff’s Argument.

Meridian also argues that the USACE breached the Contract when it “issued a final punch 

list containing [eighty-four] outstanding deficiency notices,” seventy-four of which were “added 

after suspension.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 76 (citing 1/29/14 TR at 694–95 (Maximoff); JX49-6–14); 

see also Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 49–50 (explaining the deficiency notice and response procedure). First, 

“[m]ost of these notices were excessive, and, for the most part, frivolous,” and “[n]one . . . were 

significant enough to render the Project unusable.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 76 (1/29/14 TR at 694–95 

(Maximoff)); see also Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 50 (same); Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 42 (citing DX612 (listing, 

as examples, QA-00027, 31–32, 35)). Second, the Punchlist items were not timely, because “the

USACE’s “inspections and listing of ‘deficiencies’ should have been performed at th[e] time [the 

relevant increment of work was completed], not four to seven months later.” Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 

42–43 (citing JX2-316–17(stating that acceptance inspections would be performed “near the end 

of any increment of the work”)). Third, the USACE relied only on an unidentified photograph

concerning the channel crack repair. Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 43–44 (citing DX651-12140). These 

 

40 DX651-121 is an unidentified and undated photograph that appears to show cracks in 

the channel. The photograph was not discussed at trial, although other photographs contained in 

DX651 were referred to as being in Mr. Chickey’s binder. 3/25/14 TR 1481 (Chickey). For these 
46

minor items do not warrant the excessive Punchlist. Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 43–44 (citing Neal & 

Co., Inc. v. United States, 36 Fed. Cl. 600, 632 (1996); Adams v. United States, 175 Ct. Cl. 288

(1966)). Here, like in Neal and Adams, the Punchlist “contained items [that] could not be 

repaired . . . or in the very least, did not need to be repaired given the fact that the Project was 

being deleted and would go unused.” Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 44. 

Therefore, Meridian contends that the USACE breached the Contract and the duty of good 

faith and fair dealing in issuing the Punchlist. Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 76 (citing N. Star Alaska Hous.

Corp. v. United States, 76 Fed. Cl. 158, 198 (2007) (finding that the “[i]mproper use of extracontractual inspections,” in combination with other actions, “clearly constituted bad faith that 

breached the Army’s duty to cooperate” (citations omitted))).

b. The Government’s Response.

The Government responds that the Punchlist complied with the Contract and was not 

excessive. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 75 (citing FAR 52.236-11(a)41; JX2-111; JX2-316–17 (requiring 

a punchlist “near the end of the work”)). The Government further advises the court that an eightyfour item Punchlist, twenty-one of which were added at pre-final inspection, “is about average” 

and “not overinspection” for a $12 million project. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 75 (citing DX612-6–7; 

3/24/14 TR 1495–96 (Slack); Neal, 36 Fed. Cl. at 632 (concerning 6,000 item punchlist for thirty 

housing units); Adams, 358 F.2d at 991 (discussing the rejection of at least 200,000 pins)). 

Therefore, “[t]he deficiency items were not excessive or frivolous,” as they predominantly 

concerned the cracked flood channel, i.e., the focus of the Project. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 75–76 

(citing JX74-2; DX651-121). 

But, the Government adds that Meridian cites the incorrect legal test and misstates the rule 

of North Star Alaska Housing Corp., 76 Fed. Cl. 158 (2007) that involved extra-contractual 

inspections that prevented repair, whereas “[t]he punch list items here were pursuant to the 

[C]ontract for the purpose of repair.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 76. In short, “[t]he punch list here did 

not breach the [C]ontract.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 76. 

c. The Court’s Resolution.

FAR 52.236-11, in relevant part, provides, “Before taking possession of or using any work, 

the [CO] shall furnish the Contractor a list of items of work remaining to be performed or corrected 

on those portions of the work that the Government intends to take possession of or use.” 48 

C.F.R. § 52.236-11(a). Although no clear legal test addresses whether a nominally “excessive”

Punchlist constitutes a breach of contract in this case, the court will attempt to evaluate the alleged 

 

reasons, the court has determined that DX651-121 is inadmissible for lack of foundation. See FED.

R. EVID. 901.

41 FAR 52.236-11, in relevant part, provides, “Before taking possession of or using any 

work, the [CO] shall furnish the Contractor a list of items of work remaining to be performed or 

corrected on those portions of the work that the Government intends to take possession of or use.” 

48 C.F.R. § 52.236-11(a). 
47

number, timing, and nature of the contested Punchlist items under the traditional standards of the 

Administrative Procedure Act, 5 U.S.C. § 551 et seq.

The Contract provides: 

Near the end of the work, or any increment of work established by a time stated in 

the SPECIAL Clause, ‘Commencement, Prosecution, and Completion of Work’, or 

by the specifications, the CQC Manager shall conduct an inspection of the work. 

A punch list of items which do not conform to the approved drawings and 

specifications shall be prepared and included in the CQC documentation[.]

JX2-316–17; see also 5 U.S.C. § 706 (stating that “the reviewing court shall . . . . (2) hold unlawful 

and set aside agency action, findings, and conclusions found to be—(A) arbitrary, capricious, an 

abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law”).

As a threshold issue, the court does not consider eighty-four item Punchlist necessarily to 

be arbitrary and capricious per se. 3/24/14 TR 1495–96 (Slack) (stating that the number of 

Punchlist items was “average”); cf. Neal & Co., 36 Fed. Cl. at 632 (finding that a 6,000-item punch 

list was “over-zealous”); Adams, 358 F.2d at 990–91 (observing that the Government’s inspection 

of 200,000 defective pins “definitely increased plaintiff’s costs”).

Next, Meridian argues that the October 2008 suspension and February 2009 deletion of 

remaining work resulted in “increments,” requiring the USACE to submit Punchlist items with the 

Contractor Quality Control documents at the time of the suspension or deletion of work. Pl. 

10/3/14 Reply at 42–43 (citing JX2-316–17). But, the Contract in this case refers only to 

increments “established by a time stated in the SPECIAL Clause,” and this clause does not cause 

or “establish” increments, based on the future suspension or deletion of work. JX2-316–17 

(emphases added); see also 48 C.F.R. § 52.211-10 (Commencement, Prosecution, and Completion 

of Work).

42

 In other words, the September 21, 2007 Contract does not require that the USACE 

issue a Punchlist after completion of an “increment” of work. Compare JX2-316–17 (“Near the 

end of the work, or any increment of work established by a time stated in the SPECIAL 

Clause, . . . . [a] punch list of items which do not conform to the approved drawings and 

specifications shall be prepared[.]” (emphasis added)), with JX2-111 (FAR 52.236-11) (“Before 

taking possession of or using any work, the [CO] shall furnish the Contractor a list of items of 

 

42 FAR 52.211-10, included in the Solicitation, provides:

The Contractor shall be required to (a) commence work under this contract within 

10 calendar days after the date the Contractor receives the notice to proceed, 

(b) prosecute the work diligently, and (c) complete the entire work ready for use 

not later than 274 calendar days. The time stated for completion shall include final 

cleanup of the premises.

48 C.F.R. § 52.211-10; see also JX2-146.
48

work remaining to be performed or corrected on those portions of the work that the Government 

intends to take possession of or use.”). 

In this case, only ten of the eighty-four Punchlist items were identified before the October 

2008 suspension of work, but all Punchlist items concerning the Contract were issued by

September 2009, i.e., less than six months after the March 24, 2009 lift of the suspension of work

and within the seventy-two day extension period authorized in Modification R31. JX49-6–14; see 

also JX175 (lifting suspension); JX146 (seventy-two day extension). In sum, the USACE issued 

the Punchlist items in a timely manner.

The nature of the Punchlist items primarily concerned removal of stones and repairs of 

integral Project work items. See JX49-6–14 (Punchlist items by QA); DX612 (Punchlist items by 

QA); JX74-2 (listing “Rework and Repairs” and “Channel Crack Repair RFI 49” as the two 

Punchlist items as of January 2013); see also 1/29/14 TR at 695 (Maximoff) (restating that the

forty-seven Punchlist items concerned the removal of loose stones). In contrast, here it must be 

noted that Meridian did not present any evidence that the channel was not cracked.

For these reasons, the court has determined that the USACE’s punchlist did not breach the 

Contract or implied duty of good faith and fair dealing.

8. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To Recover Costs For The North Bridge 

VECP (Count 11).

a. Plaintiff’s Argument.

Meridian argues that “the [USACE] not just encouraged, but required [Meridian] to expend 

considerable time and expense on design services for the alternative bridge 

design, . . . constitut[ing] constructive acceptance of Meridian’s proposed value engineering 

change.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 77. Since Meridian’s North Bridge VECP complied with FAR 52.248-

3 and was sufficient for the CO to evaluate and accept, Meridian “should be compensated for the 

expenses it incurred in developing the bridge design.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 77. Meridian “is not 

seeking to share in the savings,” but is “simply seeking reimbursement for the cost to prepare, and 

revise, the VECP; things that it did at the behest of, and in reliance on statements made by, the 

[USACE].” Pl. 10/3/14 Br. at 45. The cancellation of all remaining work, including the North 

Bridge, was not foreseeable and was the sole reason that the North Bridge VECP was not accepted. 

Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 77; Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 45. 

Moreover, the USACE “has taken ownership of [the VECP] design and has the right to use 

it in the future” if the Project is ever completed. Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 45. As such, the USACE

received something of value from Meridian, without making payment, resulting in unjust 

enrichment. Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 77; Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 45. 

b. The Government’s Response.

The Government responds that a contractor may only share in the savings of a VECP, if

the proposal is accepted. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 76 (citing Ni Indus. v. United States, 841 F.2d 1104, 

1105 (Fed. Cir. 1988) (“If the agency adopts the [VECP], the submitting contractor is entitled to 
49

share in the resulting cost savings.”); John J. Kirlin, Inc. v. United States, 827 F.2d 1538, 1541 

(Fed. Cir. 1987) (holding that a contractor was “not entitled to compensation . . .[,] because its 

[VECP] was not accepted”)). In this case, although the USACE “came close” to approving the 

North Bridge VECP, the sewer line issue arose and all remaining contract work was cancelled. 

Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 77 (citing 3/25/14 TR at 1585–86 (Underwood)). Because the VECP was 

never accepted, Meridian was not entitled to payment, since there are no savings to be shared. 

Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 76–77. 

Therefore, Meridian’s constructive acceptance and unjust enrichment arguments fail. 

Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 77. No constructive acceptance occurred, and the court does not have 

jurisdiction over Meridian’s unjust enrichment claim. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 77. 

c. The Court’s Resolution.

FAR 52.248-3 is incorporated into the Contract and provides that contractors are 

“encouraged to develop, prepare, and submit [VECP’s] voluntarily” and will “share in any instant 

contract savings43 from accepted VECP’s[.]” 48 C.F.R. § 52.248-3(a) (emphasis added); see also

JX2-124 (incorporating FAR 52.248-3).

44

 In this case, the USACE never accepted the North 

Bridge VECP before all remaining work on the Project ceased. 3/24/14 TR 1586 (Underwood)

(stating that Meridian’s final VECP proposal “very likely would have been approved,” but was 

 

43 “Instant contract savings” are defined as “the estimated reduction in Contractor cost of 

performance resulting from acceptance of the VECP, minus allowable Contractor’s development 

and implementation costs[.]” 48 C.F.R. § 52.248-3(b). 

44 FAR 52.248-3(f), governing the sharing of VECP savings, provides:

(f) Sharing—

(1) Rates. The Government’s share of savings is determined by subtracting 

Government costs from instant contract savings and multiplying the 

result by (i) 45 percent for fixed-price contracts or (ii) 75 percent for 

cost-reimbursement contracts.

(2) Payment. Payment of any share due the Contractor for use of a VECP 

on this contract shall be authorized by a modification to this contract 

to—

(i) Accept the VECP;

(ii) Reduce the contract price or estimated cost by the amount of 

instant contract savings; and 

(iii) Provide the Contractor’s share of savings by adding the 

amount calculated to the contract price or fee.

48 C.F.R. § 52.248-3(f) (emphasis added). 
50

never used, because then the North Bridge was eliminated from the Project because of subsequent

sewer line problems); 1/27/14 TR 147 (Sutton) (confirming that “[t]he [P]roject was subsequently

suspended not long after” Meridian submitted the final VECP proposal). Therefore, as a matter of 

law, Meridian “is not entitled to compensation in this case because its proposal was not accepted.” 

John J. Kirlin, Inc., 827 F.2d at 1541; see also 48 C.F.R. § 52.248-3(f) (providing that a contract 

must be modified to “accept the VECP” for a Contractor to share in savings).45

Meridian also failed to establish that the USCAE “later implement[ed] substantially 

identical changes in the same contract.” John J. Kirlin, 827 F.2d at 1541 (emphasis in original). 

In fact, the USACE did not utilize Meridian’s North Bridge VECP design to complete the Project

or for any other purpose. 3/24/14 TR 1586 (Underwood); 1/27/14 TR 149 (Sutton) (stating only 

that he “heard reference to [Meridian’s VECP design] on projects—other arch projects, that it’s a 

good design”) (emphasis added). Likewise, the court does not have jurisdiction to grant Meridian 

relief under its unjust enrichment claim since the USACE did not enter into an implied-in-fact 

contract or use Meridian’s design. See Cleveland Chair Co. v. United States, 214 Ct. Cl. 360, 364 

(1977) (“Unjust enrichment cannot in itself be the basis for recovery here, for it lacks the 

consensual element needed to find a contract implied in fact, and only provides support for the 

remedial device known as a contract implied in law, over which this court has no jurisdiction.”)).

For these reasons, the court has determined that the USACE did not breach the Contract by 

failing to reimburse Meridian for the North Bridge VECP design. If Meridian becomes aware that 

the USACE misappropriates Meridian’s design to complete the Project or in another context, 

Meridian can file a Complaint in the United States Court of Federal Claims under the Takings 

Clause of the Fifth Amendment.

F. Whether Plaintiff Is Entitled To Recover Preparation Costs For A Request 

For Equitable Adjustment (Count 12).

a. Plaintiff’s Argument.

Meridian also contends that it “is entitled to recover the costs of contract administration,” 

including the “costs associated with the preparation of REAs” prepared by outside consultants. Pl. 

7/18/14 Br. at 77 (citing FAR 31.205-33(b)46; see also Tip Top Constr., Inc. v. Donahoe, 695 F.3d 

1276, 1284 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (holding that the Postal Service Board of Contract Appeals “erred in 

 

45 Meridian could have argued that the CO did not comply with FAR 52.248-3(d), because 

the CO did not explain the reasons for rejecting the VECP in writing. See 48 C.F.R. § 52.248-

3(d)(2) (“If the VECP is not accepted, the [CO] will notify the Contractor in writing, explaining 

the reasons for rejection.”). But, this argument was not raised and the elimination of remaining 

work on the Project renders this requirement moot. 

46 FAR 31.205-33, in relevant part, provides, “Costs of professional and consultant services 

are allowable . . . when reasonable in relation to the services rendered and when not contingent 

upon recovery of the costs from the Government[.]” 48 C.F.R. § 31.205-33(b); see also 48 C.F.R. 

§ 31.205-33(c) (listing unallowable professional and consultant costs); 48 C.F.R. § 31.205-33(d) 

(listing factors to be considered when determining whether a cost is allowable).
51

holding that the consultant costs and attorney fees . . . were not genuine contract administration 

costs[,] because they were solely directed at . . . maximizing [the plaintiff’s] monetary recovery”)

(internal quotations omitted); see also Bill Strong Enters., Inc. v. Shannon, 49 F.3d 1541, 1550 

(Fed. Cir. 1995) (holding that a contractor’s consultant costs were recoverable, because they

materially furthered negotiations), overruled on other grounds by Reflectone, Inc. v. Dalton, 60 

F.3d 1572, 1579 (Fed. Cir. 1995)). 

If a contractor incurs a cost “‘for the genuine purpose of materially furthering the 

negotiation process, such cost should normally be a contract administration cost allowable under 

FAR 31.205-33, even if negotiation eventually fails and a CDA claim is later submitted.’” Tip 

Top, 695 F.3d at 1283–84 (quoting Bill Strong, 49 F.3d at 1550). In this case, the USACE 

requested that Meridian prepare the REAs to begin bilateral negotiations and then requested 

Meridian to submit a single, consolidated REA. Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 78 (citing PX237; 1/29/14 TR

857–60 (Haworth)). Later, however, Meridian converted the REA to a certified claim. Pl. 7/18/14 

Br. at 78 (citing 1/29/14 TR 860 (Haworth)). Because “these REAs were submitted for the genuine 

purpose of materially furthering the negotiation process, . . . . [Plaintiff] is entitled to payment of 

the $406,971.07 expended in REA preparation costs.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 78.

Moreover, despite the Government’s assertions to the contrary, neither Reflectone nor 

Plano Builders Corp. v. United States, 40 Fed. Cl. 635 (1998) control here. The Government 

misreads Reflectone “when it argues that [it] stands for the proposition that an REA is 

commensurate with a claim.” Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 46. Instead, FAR 52.233-1 “define[s] what a 

‘claim’ is” and lists “[s]everal criteria [that] must be present to meet the definition of a claim.” Pl. 

10/3/14 Reply at 46 (emphasis in original). Namely, a claim must be submitted “to the [CO] for a 

written decision” and it must use the precise language in 48 C.F.R. § 52.233-1(d)(2)(iii).

47

 Pl. 

10/3/14 Reply at 46 (quoting 48 C.F.R. § 52.233-1(d)(1)). In this case, “the REA submitted by 

Meridian did not include a demand for formal decision by the [CO],” so the “REA did not include 

a claim certification.” Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 46 (citing JX177). As such, Reflectone is “factually 

distinguishable.” Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 46 (citing Reflectone, 60 F.3d at 1579 (“The submission 

was certified and requested a CO decision.”)). Likewise, Plano Builders is not relevant, because 

Meridian “used its consultant’s work . . . during the REA phase, long before a certified claim was 

submitted.” Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 47 (citing Plano Builders, 40 Fed. Cl. at 644 (“This case does 

not raise, and hence the court does not address, a situation where a contractor employs a 

consultant’s work product during good faith negotiations before filing a CDA claim and then, after 

negotiations fail, relies upon the same work at the time it submits a CDA claim or thereafter.”)

 

47 FAR 52.233-1(d)(2)(iii) provides:

The certification shall state as follows: “I certify that the claim is made in good 

faith; that the supporting data are accurate and complete to the best of my 

knowledge and belief; that the amount requested accurately reflects the contract 

adjustment for which the Contractor believes the Government is liable; and that I 

am authorized to certify the claim on behalf of the Contractor.”

48 C.F.R. § 52.233-1(d)(2)(iii).
52

(emphasis added)). In sum, Tip Top and Bill Strong “remain good law and are controlling 

precedent on the issue of Meridian’s REA preparation costs.” Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 47. 

Finally, Meridian’s position does not “render FAR 31.205-47(f) meaningless,” but instead, 

“reconciles both [FAR 31.205-33 and FAR 31.205-47] and follows the two [United States Court 

of Appeals for the] Federal Circuit cases directly on point on the recovery of REA preparation 

costs.” Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 48. 

b. The Government’s Response.

The Government responds that Meridian’s preparation costs are not recoverable, because 

they were expended in connection with Meridian’s CDA claim. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 84–85. FAR 

31.205-47, in relevant part, provides that “‘administrative and clerical expenses,’ ‘costs of legal 

services,’ and the ‘services of accountants [and] consultants’ are ‘unallowable if incurred in 

connection with . . . the prosecution of claims or appeals against the Federal Government.’” Gov’t 

9/18/14 Br. at 84 (quoting 48 C.F.R. 31.205-47(a), (f)). Since costs for legal and accounting work 

between May 2009 and April 2010 were incurred to prepare REAs to satisfy the requirements for 

a CDA claim, they are not recoverable. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 84 (citing Reflectone, Inc., 60 F.3d 

at 1578 (“[A] contracting party, submitted a written document to the CO demanding the payment 

of $266,840 which it asserted the [G]overnment owed. . . . The submission was certified and 

requested a CO decision. Consequently, [this] REA satisfies all the requirements listed for a CDA 

‘claim’ according to the plain language of the first sentence of FAR 33.201.”); see also Plano 

Builders, 40 Fed. Cl. at 641 (“The Reflectone court held that the only requirements for a ‘claim’ 

are found in FAR 33.201, namely ‘that it be (1) a written demand, (2) seeking, as a matter of right, 

(3) payment of money in sum certain.’”) (citation omitted); JX76-6; JX76-21–23; JX76-2). 

Here, Meridian seeks to recover costs to prepare its April 5, 2010 consolidated REA—that 

is the same as its CDA claim. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 85 (citing JX33-1-16; JX177-1-17). “As CDA 

claim preparation costs are unrecoverable, the costs of preparing a preliminary submission of the 

same claim as an REA are also unrecoverable. To hold otherwise renders FAR 31.205-47(f) 

meaningless.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 85. 

Finally, Meridian did not submit the REA costs to further the negotiation process, but 

instead, “refused to negotiate [C]ontract close out with the [USACE] since approximately May 13, 

2009.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 85 (citing 3/24/14 TR at 1284 (Martinez); DX485-1; DX563-1). 

c. The Court’s Resolution.

The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has observed that “the law 

regarding the allowability of legal and consulting fees in the preparation of REA’s [has been] 

confused and unsettled.” Bill Strong, 49 F.3d at 1548. 

In that case, our appellate court provided the following guidance by identifying:

three distinct categories of legal, accounting, and consultant costs in the contract 

cost principles: (1) costs incurred in connection with the work performance of a 

contract; (2) costs incurred in connection with the administration of a contract; and 

(3) costs incurred in connection with the prosecution of a CDA claim. 
53

Bill Strong, 49 F.3d at 1549. 

“[C]osts that fall within the first and second categories are presumptively allowable if they 

are also reasonable and allocable,” but “cost[s] incurred in connection with the prosecution of a 

CDA claim or an appeal against the Government is per se unallowable.” Id. Therefore, the trial 

court should determine whether certain costs are for contract administration or CDA prosecution, 

based on whether or not the costs were incurred for “the genuine purpose of materially furthering 

the negotiation process,” i.e., for contract administration purposes. Id. at 1550. 

Thereafter, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, sitting en banc,

overruled Bill Strong’s view of when a claim arises under the CDA. See Reflectone, 60 F.3d at 

1574. In this case, the appellate court held that there are three requirements for a “claim” under 

the FAR: “that it be (1) a written demand, (2) seeking, as a matter of right, (3) the payment of 

money in sum certain.” Id. at 1575. FAR 52.233-1(c) defines a “claim” as “a written demand or 

written assertion by one of the contracting parties seeking, as a matter of right, the payment of 

money in sum certain, the adjustment or interpretation of [C]ontract terms, or other relief arising 

under or relating to th[e C]ontract.” 48 C.F.R. § 52.233-1(c).48 “Nothing in the common definition 

 

48 Pursuant to FAR 31.205-33(d):

In determining the allowability of costs . . . , the [CO] shall consider the following 

factors, among others:

(1) The nature and scope of the service rendered in relation to the service required.

(2) The necessity of contracting for the service, considering the contractor’s 

capability in the particular area.

(3) The past pattern of acquiring such services and their costs, particularly in the 

years prior to the award of Government contracts.

(4) The impact of Government contracts on the contractor’s business.

(5) Whether the proportion of Government work to the contractor’s total business 

is such as to influence the contractor in favor of incurring the cost, particularly 

when services rendered are not of a continuing nature and have little 

relationship to work under Government contracts.

(6) Whether the service can be performed more economically by employment 

rather than by contracting.

(7) The qualifications of the individual or concern rendering the service and the 

customary fee charged, especially on non-Government contracts.

(8) Adequacy of the contractual agreement for the service (e.g., description of the 

service, estimate of time required, rate of compensation, termination 

provisions).
54

of ‘claim’ . . . requires a pre-existing dispute [as to the amount owed to the plaintiff] before a 

demand as a matter of right can be a claim.” Reflectone, 60 F.3d at 1576; see also id. at 1583 

(holding that the FAR “does not require that a payment of a demand contained in a purported CDA 

claim be in dispute before being submitted for decision to the CO unless that demand is a ‘voucher, 

invoice or other routine request for payment’”). Applying that definition, the appellate court

determined that, since the plaintiff’s REA in that case was submitted before the CDA claim, it 

“satisfie[d] all the requirements listed for a CDA ‘claim.’” Id. at 1578.

Subsequently, in Tip Top, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit 

clarified the relationship between Bill Strong and Reflectone, as follows:

In Reflectone, we addressed when a claim arises for purposes of the CDA and 

overruled Bill Strong on this point. The discussion in Bill Strong regarding whether

a particular cost should be classified as either a contract administration cost or a 

cost incidental to the prosecution of a claim, however, remains good law. 

Id. at 1283 n.3 (emphases added). 

The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit then considered whether the 

plaintiff had “incurred the cost for the genuine purpose of materially furthering the negotiation 

process” and determined that consultant fees were contract administration costs that could be 

recovered. Id. at 1283–84 (quotation and citation omitted). 

In this case, Meridian submitted a consolidated REA comprised of fourteen separate REAs,

to the CO on April 5, 2010. JX177-1–19 (Meridian’s letter submitting consolidated REA); 1/29/14 

TR 858 (Haworth) (“The [USACE] had asked if we would submit a consolidated REA.”). On 

May 20, 2010, the CO stated that a final decision would be made by November 30, 2010. JX189.

Meridian argues that this case is distinguishable from Reflectone, because “the REA 

submitted by [Plaintiff] did not include a demand for a final decision by the [CO], and the REA 

did not include a claim certification.” Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 46 (citing Reflectone, 60 F.3d at 1579 

(“The submission was certified and requested a CO decision.”)). The United States Court of 

Appeals for the Federal Circuit, however, has held that there are three requirements for a “claim” 

under the FAR: “that it be (1) a written demand, (2) seeking, as a matter of right, (3) the payment 

of money in sum certain.” Reflectone, 60 F.3d at 1575. 

Meridian is correct that the consolidated REA neither explicitly demanded payment, nor 

contained the proper certification provided in FAR 52.233-1(d)(2)(iii). JX177-17 (seeking to 

“discuss these issues in detail and to enter into good faith negotiations to achieve a global 

resolution”); see also JX177-19 (DFARS 252.203-7002 certification stating, “I certify that the 

request is made in good faith, and that the supporting data are accurate and complete to the best of 

my knowledge and belief.”). But, exact compliance is not always required. See Transamerica Ins.

Corp. v. United States, 973 F.2d 1572, 1578 (Fed. Cir. 1992) (holding that “[t]his court will not 

require contractors to do more than comply as fully and reasonably as possible with the statutory 

requirements of the CDA when this court has definitively be said that certain ‘magic words’ need 

 

48 C.F.R. § 31.205-33(d).
55

not be used”); see also Contract Cleaning Maint., 811 F.2d at 592 (“All that is required is that the 

contractor submit in writing to the [CO] a clear and unequivocal statement that gives the [CO] 

notice of the basis . . . of the claim.”).

Meridian’s “Claim Overview” contains the same language and certification, and a similar 

sum certain. Compare JX177-17 (seeking ($7,386,700.03 and to “discuss these issues in detail 

and to enter into good faith negotiations to achieve a global resolution”) and JX177-19 

(certification), with JX33-15–16 (seeking ($7,688,952.05 and to “discuss these issues in detail and 

to enter into good faith negotiations to achieve a global resolution”) and JX33-18 (certification). 

Since Meridian’s REA and claim are almost identical and have the same deficiencies, the weight 

of evidence supports concluding that Meridian’s “underlying purpose for incurring [these] cost[s]

[was] to promote the prosecution of a CDA claim against the Government[.]” Bill Strong, 49 F.3d 

at 1550; see also Tip Top, 695 F.3d at 1283–84 (holding that consultant fees could be recovered if 

they were “incurred the cost for the genuine purpose of materially furthering the negotiation 

process”) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

Finally, Meridian argues that it converted the REA to a claim only after the CO failed to 

respond by the November 30, 2010 deadline. 1/29/14 TR 858–61 (Haworth). But, this does not 

evidence that Meridian incurred these costs “for the genuine purpose of materially furthering the 

negotiation process.” Bill Strong, 49 F.3d at 1550. It is true that these costs were incurred prior 

to Plaintiff’s April 5, 2010 consolidated REA, and many entries explicitly state that they were 

incurred for “claim assistance,” “claim prep,” or “claim preparation.” JX76-21–23.49 It is also 

true that Meridian’s consolidated REA and claim were almost identical. Compare JX177-1–17 

(REA letter), with JX33-1–16 (claim letter). But, the record also reflects that Meridian ceased 

negotiations in May 2009, well before the submission of the consolidated REA. 3/24/14 TR 1284 

(Martinez) (“Put simply, the contractor stopped coming to the table. They just wouldn’t 

respond.”); DX485-1 (May 13, 2009 close-out negotiation); DX563-1 (August 10, 2009 letter 

stating that Meridian “has resisted. After numerous written and verbal requests” to continue closeout negotiations). 

For these reasons, the court has determined that the USACE did not breach the Contract by 

failing to pay Meridian’s REA preparation costs.

 

49 These costs are for the $169,556.66 incurred by Cohen Segalias Pallas Greenhall & 

Furman P.C. and were incurred concurrently with the other REA preparation costs between May 

2009 and April 2010. Compare JX76-5–7, with JX76-21–23. 
56

G. Whether The Government Violated The Duty Of Good Faith And Fair Dealing 

(Count 14).

50

1. Plaintiff’s Argument.

Meridian’s final argument is that the USACE “effectively deprived Meridian of the benefit 

of the bargain to be able to build the sewer line without problems. . . . , [amounting to] a breach 

[of] good faith and fair dealing.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 84–85. Although Meridian and the USACE 

“had a good working relationship during the initial stages of th[e] Project[,] . . . . the latter 

stages . . . were marked with a pervasive attitude of non-cooperation and animosity on behalf of 

the [USACE],” as well as “refus[al] to cooperate.” Pl. 10/3/14 Reply at 48; see also, e.g., 3/27/14 

TR 2234–35 (Sutton) (testifying that the USACE intentionally withheld information from 

Meridian).

Meridian specifically asserts that the USACE breached its implied duty of good faith and 

fair dealing in at least four ways: (1) “fail[ing] to make proper payment for work performed by 

Meridian even though the [CO] and Government consultants acknowledged that payment was 

due”; (2) “improperly addressing the differing site condition it acknowledged to exist at the new 

sewer line”; (3) “improperly addressing its design error of specifying the wrong type of reinforced 

concrete pipe for the sewer line”; and (4) “failing to cooperate with Meridian on the independent 

AMEC investigation.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 79.51 

 

50 Meridian lists Count 13 of the May 19, 2014 Second Amended Complaint as “in the 

alternative” to Counts 1–12. Because the court has addressed Counts 1–12 above, it does not 

discuss Count 13.

51 In the October 3, 2014, Post-Trial Brief, Meridian lists eight ways in which the 

Government violated its duty of good faith and fair dealing:

(1) Repeated failure to provide [Plaintiff] with the requested information 

concerning potential health risks to workers . . . ; (2) failure to fully compensate 

[Plaintiff] for the differing site conditions . . . ; (3) failure to suspend the Project 

during a record monsoon year . . . ; (4) refusal to pay for the unpaid contract 

quantities . . . ; (5) encouraging [Plaintiff] to spend an enormous amount of time 

and resources constructing a VECP for a bridge that was ultimately deleted; 

(6) issuance of a punitive punch list requiring frivolous but nonetheless expensive 

repairs to a Project that would never be used; (7) repeated refusal . . . to pay close 

to a million dollars undisputedly due and owing [Plaintiff]; and (8) . . . choosing to 

simply “modify” the [C]ontract and delete all remaining work rather than utilizing 

the termination for convenience clause[.]

Pl. 10/3/14 Br. at 48–49.

But, Meridian’s October 3, 2014 Post-Trial Brief does not cite to the record or any cases 

in support of its good faith and fair dealing arguments. In addition, at least four of the eight alleged 

violations of good faith and fair dealing listed in Meridian’s October 3, 2014 Post-Trial Reply 
57

First, the USACE refused to pay Meridian over $800,000 that “it admitted it owed” for 

over five years. Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 80 (citing 3/27/14 TR 2134–35 (Haworth); see also Pl. 7/28/14 

Br. at 79 (citing N. Helex Co. v. United States, 197 Ct. Cl. 118, 124 (1972) (holding that “total 

failure to pay over many months” is a material breach of contract); Rumsfeld v. Freedom N.Y., 

Inc., 329 F.3d 1320, 1331 (Fed. Cir. 2003) (holding that failure to make progress payments in 

order to pressure a plaintiff into a contract modification constitutes a breach of contract)).

52

 This 

is because as early as June 2008, “lack of funding was a concern [to the USACE] . . . and was 

certainly affecting Contract administration and how payments were being made.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. 

at 80 (citing PX347; PX349; PX7-8; PX7-10). This included “failures to pay funds 

due, . . . deletion of necessary work such as the second row of sheetpiling, [and] failure to 

implement the necessary micro tunneling.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 81. “The [USACE] effectively 

forced Meridian to finance the additional cost incurred as a result of deficiencies for which the 

Government was responsible.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 81. 

Second, the Contract “contained a differing site conditions clause requiring a modification 

to deal with differing site conditions.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 81. Instead of firm material identified in 

the borings and test trenches, Meridian encountered “soft, soupy materials” during the sewer line 

installation. Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 81 (citing JX2; 2/21/14 TR 75, 102, 104 (Sutton); PX320). The 

USACE, however, did not comply with its “responsibility to investigate an alleged differing site 

condition, and then issue a modification to deal with the problem.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 83 (citing 

48 C.F.R. 52.236-2(b)). Instead, it “chose a remedial design,” i.e., “installation of a sheetpile wall 

approximately 250 lineal feet from each side of the sewer line.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 82. But, the 

USACE, later “delete[d] over half of the sheetpile work” and “continued to tinker with a ‘fix’ for 

the soft, wet, unstable soils.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 82 (citing JX131; PX89; PX96; PX213; PX216; 

2/21/14 TR at 386–90 (Branson)). In sum, the USACE “failed to adequately address the differing 

site condition it recognized through an appropriate modification.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 82. 

Third, the USACE did not respond properly when Meridian reported that the sewer line 

design specifications were defective. Pl. 7/18/14 Br. 83. Instead, the USACE “ignored Meridian’s 

explanation, and summarily directed [it] to install the pipe as per the Specifications.” Pl. 7/18/14 

Br. at 83 (citing JX110-10; 2/21/14 TR at 222 (Sutton); 3/25/14 TR 1553–54, 1601–12 

(Underwood); 4/28/14 TR 2372 (Mahar)). 

 

Brief—with the possible exceptions of reasons 2, 4, and 7 that concern nonpayment and number 6 

that concerns the Punchlist—were alleged for the first time in Plaintiff’s October 3, 2014 PostTrial Reply Brief. Therefore, as a matter of law, these arguments were waived. See SmithKline 

Beecham Corp. v. Apotex Corp., 439 F.3d 1312, 1319 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (“Our law is well 

established that arguments not raised in the opening brief are waived. . . . We find that these mere 

statements of disagreement . . . do not amount to a developed argument. . . . Further, arguments 

raised in footnotes are not preserved.”) (citing sources).

52 As the court noted at trial, “the Government’s refusal to release this money could make 

a difference to the survival of the company.” Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 80 (citing 3/27/14 TR at 2135 

(Haworth)).
58

Fourth, the USACE “refused Meridian’s request for a copy of the [AMEC] results, forcing 

Meridian to obtain a copy through the Freedom of Information Act” and also “misrepresented 

AMEC’s conclusions concerning the case of the pipe bowing and the salvageability of the pipe.” 

Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 83 (citing 3/25/14 TR 1609 (Underwood); 4/28/14 TR 2235–36 (Sutton); JX52). 

The USACE blamed the cracked pipe on Meridian’s injection of foam grout, but the cracks actually

were caused by the USACE’s flawed pipe design. Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 84 (citing 1/28/14 TR 401 

(Branson); 4/28/14 TR 2227–30, 2235–42, 2370–82 (Sutton)). 

2. The Government’s Response.

The Government responds that the duty of good faith and fair dealing “must be applied 

with great care” and “must not be interpreted so broadly as to inhibit a party from maximizing its 

benefits through aggressive enforcement of its contract rights.” Solar Turbines, Inc. v. United 

States, 26 Cl. Ct. 1249, 1274 (1992), aff’d, 114 F.3d 1206 (Fed. Cir. 1997).

As to nonpayment, “because [Plaintiff] claims that the purported breach at issue is of an 

express duty, i.e., the ‘failure to make proper payment for work,’ . . . only breach of contract is at 

issue.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 78. Moreover, Meridian “misrepresents that the [USACE] admitted 

it owed over $800,000,” because the disputed amount involves the final payment and closeout of 

the contract and Meridian failed to substantiate its payment request. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 78 

(internal quotation omitted). On June 2, 2009, the USACE “acknowledged 94% completion,” but 

on August 24, 2009, Meridian “submitted its next payment request . . . seeking all money 

remaining upon the contract.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 78 (emphasis in original) (citing DX628-1; 

DX572-2-7; 3/24/14 TR 1273 (Martinez)). Meridian, however, “had a duty to provide 

substantiation for its payment requests,” and the USACE “had a right to withhold final payment.” 

Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 78–79 (citing JX2-93 (48 C.F.R. § 52.232-5); JX2-94 (48 C.F.R. § 52.232-

5(e)). In that regard, there remain two unresolved issues: (1) the “substantial overpayment for 

work that was not completed or that was incorrectly reported as completed in prior pay estimates”

(Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 79 (citing 3/24/14 TR 1275–77 (Martinez); JX144-2, 3; DX727-1-3)); and 

(2) the “significant reconciliation” required for unit priced quantity items (Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 79 

(citing 3/17/14 Weather Narr. at 41)); Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 80 (citing Wilner, 24 F.3d at 1401 

(holding that a witness’s testimony was insufficient to support the court’s award to the plaintiff, 

because the witness did not testify “as to supporting facts”); Boeing N. Am., Inc. v. Roche, 298 

F.3d 1274, 1280 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (explaining the differences between contractors cost allocability 

and allowability); 3/24/14 TR 1281–82, 1425 (Martinez); DX572-2–7; 3/17/14 Weathers Narr. at 

42–43).53

 

53 The Government also contends that the evidence demonstrates that Meridian’s failure to 

substantiate its payment demands. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 80 (Meridian “provided only its own 

spreadsheet chart to support its claim, and no underlying supporting evidence.”) (citing PX226, at 

MER-0006258; JX3-7; JX58-5; PX394). In fact, since May 13, 2009, Meridian “has refused to 

meet with the Army Corps to reconcile final work percentages, final quantities and negotiate final 

payment.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 81 (citing 3/24/14 TR 1284 (Martinez); DX485-1; DX563-1; 

DX16-34; JX2-93).
59

In fact, the USACE overpaid Meridian for the “unilateral suspension of work, interim 

protection, and channel fill modification line items.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 81; see also JX58-5 

(Meridian acknowledged overpayment of $418,114); 3/17/14 Weathers Narr. at 52 (calculating 

overpayment of $326,642.32). Therefore, the USACE properly withheld $746,577.23, “pursuant 

to its rights of retainage and offset because of remaining overpayments that could not be clawed 

back and issues relating to quantity overruns.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 81. 

As to differing site conditions, “there were no differing site conditions that would provide 

a basis for a breach of contract claim.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 83. In fact, Meridian’srecords indicate 

that R16 was a settlement of a differing site condition and was “generally suitable and appropriate 

for the conditions encountered.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 83 (citing JX79-362; JX194-25). If Meridian 

is claiming breach of an implied warranty based on the pipe classification, it cannot claim “sewer 

costs predating discovery of the wrong pipe classification,” because “these costs arise from soil 

conditions and Meridian’s own installation problems.” Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 83 (citing JX66-3; 

DX358-2). 

As to the AMEC results, the USACE was permitted to inspect Meridian’s work but was 

not obligated to share the inspection results. Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 84 (citing JX2-121–22). In any 

event, AMEC’s conclusions were “consistent with the cited testimony” and included “numerous 

problems . . . , including Meridian’s admitted failure to adequately dewater the trenches and the 

deflection of the sheetpile wall . . . due to [Plaintiff]’s failure to adequately shore its trenches.” 

Gov’t 9/18/14 Br. at 84 (citing JX194-26, 45–46). 

3. The Court’s Resolution.

The covenant of good faith and fair dealing “imposes obligations on both contracting 

parties that include the duty not to interfere with the other party’s performance and not to act so as 

to destroy the reasonable expectations of the other party regarding the fruits of the contract.” 

Centex Corp. v. United States, 395 F.3d 1283, 1304 (Fed. Cir. 2005). Both the “duty not to hinder 

and the duty to cooperate are aspects of the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing.” Precision 

Pine & Timber, 596 F.3d at 820 n.1. “What is promised or disclaimed in a contract helps define 

what constitutes ‘lack of diligence and interference with or failure to cooperate in the other party’s 

performance.’” Metcalf, 742 F.3d at 991 (quoting Malone v. United States, 849 F.3d 1441, 1445 

(Fed. Cir. 1988)). 

The United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has defined the parameters of 

the implied duty of food faith and fair dealing as follows:

[T]he implied duty of good faith and fair dealing cannot expand a party’s 

contractual duties beyond those in the express contract or create duties inconsistent 

with the contract’s provisions. Although in one sense any “implied” duty 

“expands” the “express” duties, our formulation means simply that an act will not 

be found to violate the duty (which is implicit in the contract) if such a finding 

would be at odds with the terms of the original bargain, whether by altering the 

contract’s discernible allocation of risks and benefits or by conflicting with a 

contract provision. The implied duty of good faith and fair dealing is limited by 

the original bargain: it prevents a party’s acts or omissions that, though not 
60

proscribed the contract expressly, are inconsistent with the contract’s purpose and 

deprive the other party of the contemplated value.

Metcalf, 742 F.3d at 991.

The implied duty of good faith and fair dealing “depends on the parties’ bargain in the 

particular contract at issue.” Id. at 994. But, “a breach of the implied duty of good faith and fair 

dealing does not require a violation of an express provision in the contract.” Id. (emphasis in 

original).

As previously discussed, the court has determined that the USACE did not breach the 

Contract based on the alleged non-payment, differing site conditions, or design specifications. 

And, Meridian has not demonstrated that the USACE otherwise violated a duty not “proscribed by 

the [C]ontract expressly.” Id. at 991. Instead, Meridian makes conclusory statements based on 

the same arguments made in support of its breach of contract claims. See Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 78–

85. Therefore, finding that the USACE breached the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing 

here would “expand [the USACE]’s contractual duties beyond those in the express contract or 

create duties inconsistent with the [C]ontract’s provisions.” Id.; see also Century Exploration New 

Orleans, LLC v. United States, 745 F.3d 1168, 1179 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (“[Plaintiffs] cannot rely on 

the implied covenant of good faith and fair dealing to change the text of their contractual 

obligations.”); Metcalf, 742 F.3d at 991 (“[T]he implied duty of good faith and fair dealing cannot 

expand a party’s contractual duties beyond those in the express contract or create duties 

inconsistent with the contract’s provisions. . . . The implied duty of good faith and fair dealing is 

limited by the original bargain: it prevents a party’s acts or omissions that, though not proscribed 

by the contract expressly, are inconsistent with the contract’s purpose and deprive the other party 

of the contemplated value.”).

As to the AMEC Report, Meridian contends that the USACE withheld and misrepresented 

the study’s results. Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 83–84. But, the AMEC Report was readily available when 

it was published on June 5, 2009, less than six months after it was commissioned and three months 

after AMEC’s scope of work was finalized. JX52-2, 5. Although Meridian contends that it did 

not see the video included in the AMEC report until trial, despite a prior Freedom of Information 

Act request (Pl. 7/18/14 Br. at 28 (citing 3/27/14 TR at 2235–36 (Sutton)), this does not evidence

that the USACE acted inconsistently with the purpose of the Contract. Of course Meridian is 

correct that the AMEC report also stated that there were many contributing factors responsible for 

the bowing of the pipe. JX52-29–36. But, the AMEC Report concluded that the grouting at least 

“conceivabl[y] . . . contributed to or exacerbated lateral movements,” and the text was available to 

Meridian. Under different circumstances the court might exclude the video from the record, but 

Meridian did not ask for such a ruling at trial, and in any event, the USACE’s failure to produce 

the video before trial was not “inconsistent with the contract’s purpose” and did not “deprive 

[Meridian] of the contemplated value.” Metcalf, 742 F.3d at 991. 

For these reasons, the court has determined that the USACE did not violate the duty of 

good faith and fair dealing. 
61

IV. CONCLUSION.

For the reasons described herein, the court has determined that the USACE did not breach 

the September 21, 2007 Contract, as alleged in Counts 1–6 and 10–13 of the May 19, 2014 Second

Amended Complaint, or the implied duty of good faith and fair dealing, as alleged in Count 14 of 

the May 19, 2014 Second Amended Complaint. But, Meridian is ordered to provide the 

Government with all relevant payment request materials within thirty days and to meet with the 

Government to discuss payment. If settlement is not reached, the Government is ordered to show 

cause within sixty days of receiving Meridian’s payment request materials why the court should 

not find a breach of contract for the unpaid work Meridian has performed, as alleged in Counts 7–

9 of the May 19, 2014 Second Amended Complaint.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

s/ Susan G. Braden 

SUSAN G. BRADEN,

Judge.