[Cite as Montgomery v. Montgomery, 2015-Ohio-2976.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT 

UNION COUNTY 

 

HEATHER M. MONTGOMERY, 

 PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 14-14-22 

 v. 

JAMES P. MONTGOMERY, O P I N I O N 

 DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. 

 

Appeal from Union County Common Pleas Court 

Domestic Relations Division 

Trial Court No. 10-DR-0267 

Judgment Affirmed in Part, Reversed in Part and Cause Remanded 

Date of Decision: July 27, 2015 

 

APPEARANCES: 

 

Alison Boggs for Appellant 

 Jeffrey A. Merklin for Appellee 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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SHAW, J.

{¶1} Respondent-appellant James Montgomery (“James”) brings this 

appeal from the October 27, 2014, judgment of the Union County Common Pleas 

Court granting petitioner-appellee Heather Montgomery (“Heather”) child support 

for the parties’ three children in the amount of $900.38 per month.1

 

{¶2} The facts relevant to this appeal are as follows. James and Heather 

were married on September 21, 2001, and had three children together. On 

December 10, 2010, they filed a petition for dissolution. 

{¶3} On January 18, 2011, the trial court filed a judgment entry dissolving 

the parties’ marriage. (Doc. No. 19). Based on the parties’ agreement, the trial 

court ordered shared parenting wherein both parents were named residential 

parents of the parties’ three children. (Id.) Under the shared parenting plan, the 

children would stay primarily with Heather; however, James would exercise 

weekend and summer visitation according to local rules and he would also 

exercise visitation on Tuesday and Thursday evenings through the week. (Id.) 

{¶4} At the time of the dissolution decree, the parties listed Heather’s 

income as $160,000, and James’s income at $20,000. While the guideline child 

support documentation attached to the decree indicated that James would have 

been required to pay Heather $264.26 per month as long as she was providing the 

 

1

 This amount includes the 2% processing fee. 
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children’s health insurance,2

 the parties agreed, and the trial court ordered, that 

“neither parent is [o]rdered to pay child support to the other at this time.”3

 (Id.) In 

ordering no child support, the trial court reasoned that “[g]iven Husband’s 

necessity to relocate and to obtain suitable housing for the children, and pursuant 

to O.R.C. Section 3119.24, * * * payment of child support by either party would 

be unjust, inappropriate, and not in the best interest of the children.” (Id.) 

{¶5} On February 13, 2014, over three years later, Heather filed a postdecree motion to terminate the parties’ shared parenting plan and name her 

residential parent as she claimed that James was regularly missing his scheduled 

parenting time with the children and was not paying his share of expenses. (Doc. 

No. 23). She also requested an order for James to pay guideline child support 

regardless of whether the shared parenting plan was terminated. (Id.) In addition, 

Heather requested an order for James not to smoke around the children, and she 

requested an order for James to show cause why he should not be held in contempt 

for his failure to pay his share of expenses for the children as required under the 

dissolution decree. (Doc. No. 23). When she filed the motion, Heather claimed 

that James owed her $1,093 for his share of expenses he had not yet paid. (Id.) 

 

2

 This amount included the processing fee. 

3

 It is not clear from the record why James was designated as the obligor on the child support worksheet, 

we can speculate that it was because the children stayed primarily with the mother, but there is no 

indication as to why that was the case. 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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{¶6} On April 25, 2014, James filed a response to Heather’s motions, 

requesting that they be denied. (Doc. No. 37). In addition, James requested that 

Heather be ordered to pay child support to him. (Id.) 

{¶7} The case proceeded to a hearing before a magistrate on August 27, 

2014. At the hearing, Heather withdrew her contempt motion as James had made 

payments to her towards the children’s medical expenses and she proceeded to 

give testimony on the remaining issues. 

{¶8} Heather testified that she was a mortgage loan officer who earned 

money solely from commissions. (Aug. 27, 2014, Tr. at 11). Heather testified that 

at the time of the dissolution her income had been $160,000, as was stated in the 

dissolution documentation. (Id.) Heather testified that her income had declined 

each year since the dissolution, due in part to changed government regulations 

regarding mortgage loans. (Id. at 21). Heather testified, and provided her tax 

returns to support her testimony, that her adjusted gross income was $124,217 in 

2011, $114,558 in 2012, and $101,525 in 2013. (Id. at 23-25). 

{¶9} Heather testified that early in 2014, her income looked to decline even 

further with her employer, Fifth-Third, so she started looking at other employment 

opportunities. (Tr. at 22). Heather testified that she received a job offer from 

Concord Mortgage Group, the details of which were in writing and introduced as 

an exhibit. (Tr. at 22-26); (Pl.’s Ex. E). Heather testified that she ultimately 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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accepted the job with Concord, where she indicated she would earn twice the 

amount per loan that she had been earning from her previous employer. 

According to the offer sheet introduced into the record, and Heather’s testimony, 

the position at Concord provided her with a $10,000 bonus, and a $10,000 per 

month salary for the months of March and April. (Tr. at 27). The salary would 

transition then into commission-only pay after April, and any commissions earned 

by Heather during those months where she was paid the $10,000 salary would 

offset the salary paid to her. (Id. at 27). 

{¶10} According to Heather’s testimony, and a hand-written note on the 

offer sheet, the $10,000 per month salary offer from Concord was extended 

beyond April for an additional three months. (Pl.’s Ex. E). Heather testified that 

at the time of the hearing she was no longer receiving the salary payments and was 

commission-only. (Tr. at 28). From her commission payments, Heather testified 

that she made approximately $6,800 in commissions in July, she expected she 

would make approximately $4,000 for August, and she believed she would receive 

approximately $6,000 for September based on closings she had set for the 

following month. (Id. at 28-29). Heather testified that she was paid “a month 

behind” so she would receive the money she made in July in August, the money 

she made in August in September, and the money she made in September in 

October. (Id. at 28). 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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{¶11} When Heather was specifically questioned by the magistrate as to 

what she expected to make in 2014, Heather testified that she was “hoping” to 

make between $70,000 and $80,000. The magistrate then asked, “[s]o $75,000 per 

year? And based on, what, your sense of the market?” (Tr. at 70). Heather 

replied, “the sense of what I’ve closed in the last six months there.” (Id.) 

{¶12} Related to her motion for termination of shared parenting, Heather 

testified that due to James’s out of state employment he had missed a significant 

number of days he was supposed to have the children, and that Heather often had 

little notice as to when those days would be. Heather documented the days she 

claimed James had missed with the children for the past year and an exhibit with 

those dates was introduced into the record.4

 (Pl.’s Ex. A). 

{¶13} Heather also testified that James had not been paying his share of 

expenses for the children. (Tr. at 38). However, she testified that since filing her 

post-decree motions, she had received payments from James toward those 

expenses, and that he only owed her $526.91. (Id. at 39). The unpaid expenses 

included money related to prescriptions for the children, school lunches, baseball 

fees, and visits to the doctor. (Id. at 40). 

 

4

 The dates listed by Heather that James missed with the children included the following days and weeks in 

2013, with the reasoning for missing in parenthesis: July 22-26 (out of town for work), August 26-30 

(work), September 9-13 (work), October 3 (sick, included text stating “not taking kids until further 

notice”), October 7-11 (work), October 22-25 (work), October 31-November 1 (work), November 4-8 

(work), November 18-22 (work). (Pl.’s Ex. A). The dates listed by Heather that James missed with the 

children included the following days and weeks in 2014: January 6-10 (work), February 19-23(work), 

March 3-7(work), March 31-April 4 (work), May 7-9 (work). (Id.) 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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{¶14} James then took the stand and testified. James testified that he was 

currently employed full-time by “Shear Companies,” which divided his time 

between two entities, both owned by Shear. (Tr. at 77). James testified that his 

income from this employment was $48,636 in 2013. (Tr. at 76); (Def.’s Ex. 2). 

James testified that at the time of the hearing he was currently getting paid by one 

Shear company at $680.17 per week, and from the other Shear company at 

$494.10, every other week. (Tr. at 77-78). 

{¶15} James testified that while he was currently employed full time, he 

had received a letter from his employer telling him that the employer had not 

received a government contract it was hoping to get, so James should start to seek 

other employment soon. (Tr. at 79). James testified he had received the letter 3 or 

4 months prior to the final hearing, and was still working full-time at that time. 

(Id.) 

{¶16} James also testified that he had missed some of his parenting days 

with his children, but he testified that he had only cancelled for work, or in the rare 

case, illness, and he gave Heather as much notice as he had himself. (Tr. at 87). 

James testified that he asked Heather if he could make up the missed time with the 

children and she did not allow him to do so. (Id. at 86). 

{¶17} On August 29, 2014, the magistrate issued a decision on the pending 

matters. In the decision, the magistrate recommended that the shared parenting 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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plan not be terminated, as there was not sufficient evidence to terminate the plan. 

(Doc. 53). In addition, the magistrate recommended that James pay child support 

in the amount of $900.38 per month, based upon his income being $48,214.00 and 

Heather’s expected income of $75,000. (Doc. No. 53). 

{¶18} On September 25, 2014, James filed objections to the magistrate’s 

decision. In his objections, James argued that the magistrate improperly set child 

support against him and that the magistrate improperly determined Heather’s 

income to be $75,000. (Doc. No. 59). James also argued that the magistrate 

should have found that Heather was voluntarily underemployed. (Id.) In addition, 

James argued that the magistrate erred in finding that there was a substantial 

change in circumstance in this case. (Id.) On October 6, 2014, Heather filed her 

response to James’s objections. (Doc. No. 61). 

{¶19} On October 15, 2014, the trial court filed an entry analyzing but 

ultimately overruling James’s objections to the magistrate’s decision. (Doc. No. 

62). 

{¶20} On October 27, 2014, the trial court filed a final judgment entry 

ordering James to pay Heather child support in the amount of $900.38 per month. 

(Doc. No. 65). The trial court also denied mother’s motion to terminate shared 

parenting. (Id.) 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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{¶21} It is from this judgment that James appeals, asserting the following 

assignments of error for our review. 

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 1 

THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION WHEN IT 

SET CHILD SUPPORT AGAINST MR. MONTGOMERY 

INSTEAD OF SETTING IT AGAINST MRS. 

MONTGOMERY. 

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 2 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FAILED TO 

FOLLOW THE STATUTORY REQUIREMENTS OF ORC 

3119.05 FOR INCOME VERIFICATION BEFORE SETTING 

CHILD SUPPORT. 

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 3 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT DID NOT APPLY 

ORC 3119.07 TO THE FACTS IN THIS CASE, AS CHILD 

SUPPORT SHOULD NOT HAVE BEEN SET. 

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 4 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT FOUND THERE 

WAS A SUBSTANTIAL CHANGE IN CIRCUMSTNACES TO 

WARRANT THE CALCULATION OF CHILD SUPPORT. 

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR 5 

THE TRIAL COURT ERRED WHEN IT DID NOT IMPUTE 

INCOME TO MRS. MONTGOMERY WHEN SHE WAS 

VOLUNTARILY UNDEREMPLOYED.

{¶22} We elect to address some of the assignments of error together and 

out of the order in which they were raised. 

Fourth Assignment of Error

{¶23} In James’s fourth assignment of error, he argues that the trial court 

erred in finding that a substantial change in circumstances occurred. Specifically, 
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he contends that Heather created her “change in circumstances” by refusing to 

allow James to make up the parenting time he missed with the children, and that 

the parties had originally contemplated James’s increased income, making his 

substantially increased income not an uncontemplated change in circumstances. 

{¶24} Since trial courts are vested with broad discretion in deciding 

whether to modify a child support order, Brose v. Copeland, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 

13-13-08, 2013-Ohio-3399, ¶ 11, we review a trial court’s ruling on a child 

support modification request for an abuse of discretion. Pauly v. Pauly, 80 Ohio 

St.3d 386, 390 (1997). A trial court abuses its discretion when its decision is 

contrary to law, unreasonable, not supported by the evidence, or grossly unsound. 

Brose at ¶ 11, citing State v. Boles, 2d Dist. Montgomery No. 23037, 2010–Ohio–

278, ¶ 17–18. In applying the abuse of discretion standard, a reviewing court may 

not simply substitute its own judgment for that of the trial court. Blakemore v. 

Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983). 

{¶25} R.C. 3119.79 controls the modification of child support orders and 

provides, in pertinent part, as follows: 

(A) If an obligor or obligee under a child support order 

requests that the court modify the amount of support required 

to be paid pursuant to the child support order, the court shall 

recalculate the amount of support that would be required to be 

paid under the child support order in accordance with the 

schedule and the applicable worksheet through the line 

establishing the actual annual obligation. If that amount as 

recalculated is more than ten per cent greater than or more than 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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ten per cent less than the amount of child support required to be 

paid pursuant to the existing child support order, the deviation 

from the recalculated amount that would be required to be paid 

under the schedule and the applicable worksheet shall be 

considered by the court as a change of circumstance substantial 

enough to require a modification of the child support amount. 

* * * 

(C) If the court determines that the amount of child support 

required to be paid under the child support order should be 

changed due to a substantial change of circumstances that was 

not contemplated at the time of the issuance of the original child 

support order or the last modification of the child support order, 

the court shall modify the amount of child support required to 

be paid under the child support order to comply with the 

schedule and the applicable worksheet through the line 

establishing the actual annual obligation, unless the court 

determines that the amount calculated pursuant to the basic 

child support schedule and pursuant to the applicable worksheet 

would be unjust or inappropriate and would not be in the best 

interest of the child and enters in the journal the figure, 

determination, and findings specified in section 3119.22 of the 

Revised Code. 

{¶26} We have previously found that where the original child support order 

resulted from the parties’ voluntary agreement, R.C. 3119.79(A) must be read in 

conjunction with R.C. 3119.79(C) to appropriately determine whether a 

modification of the order is proper. Adams v. Adams, 3d Dist. Union No. 14-13-

01, 2013-Ohio-2947, at ¶ 16. 

{¶27} This assignment focuses on the substantial change of circumstances 

requirement under R.C. 3119.79(C). A trial court granting a modification of child 

support “must find both (1) a change of circumstances, and (2) that such change in 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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circumstance ‘was not contemplated at the time of the issuance of the child 

support order.’ ” Bonner v. Bonner, 3d Dist. Union No. 14–05–26, 2005–Ohio–

6173, ¶ 11, quoting R.C. 3119.79(C). “[A] substantial change of circumstances 

typically exists where the minor child’s needs or the allocation of parenting time 

has changed.” Adams at ¶ 17, citing Melick v. Melick, 9th Dist. Summit No. 

26488, 2013–Ohio–1418, ¶ 14–17 (additional citations omitted). 

{¶28} In this case, the magistrate conducted a lengthy analysis of change of 

circumstances, which was quoted at length by the trial court in its entry overruling 

James’s objections on the matter. The trial court quoted the following excerpt of 

the magistrate’s analysis. 

The current child support order as set forth in the Plan for 

Shared Parenting obligates neither party to pay monthly child 

support. The court takes judicial notice of the findings of fact 

that at the time of the dissolution, Father was unemployed and 

that there was no basis to impute any income to father. [FN 

omitted]. Father reaffirmed his unemployment during his 

testimony on the current motion. Nonetheless, the child support 

worksheet attached to the Decree resulted in a notional child 

support obligation to Father of $259.00 per month plus 

processing fee based upon income of Father in the amount of 

$20,000.00 per year and of $160,000.00 per year for Mother. 

* * * [T]he Separation Agreement, Plan for Shared Parenting, 

and Decree of Dissolution are ambiguous in that the worksheet 

and recitation of Father’s income are inconsistent and the only 

reason set forth therein for no child support being ordered is the 

need for father to relocate to obtain suitable housing and a 

general reference to the factors set forth in R.C. 3119.24. The 

court takes judicial notice that during the hearing on the 

Petition for Dissolution on January 14, 2011, in response to 
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questioning from the bench, Father testified that he was making 

$20,000.00 per year as indicated on the worksheet and that 

deviation was in the best interest of the children in order to 

allow Father to maintain a comparable standard of living for the 

children while the children were in his care. 

[A]lthough the Decree of Dissolution and Plan for Shared 

Parenting clearly anticipate Father obtaining employment in the 

then future, there is no specific provision for the effect on child 

support of that event. Further, the parties agreed to share 

school, activity and unreimbursed medical expenses equally. 

Based on the totality of the circumstances, the court construes 

that agreement to be one to provide in kind support for the 

children which in part justified the order of no child support 

order. 

[A]lthough the Wife’s income at the time of the last order was 

$160,000.00 per year, more or less, the evidence is clear that her 

income has declined in each succeeding year. * * * 

* * * 

[S]ince the time the last child support order was entered, there 

have been significant and substantial changes in circumstances 

not contemplated by the parties at the time the last order was 

entered. Specifically, the evidence shows that Mother’s income 

has declined in the years following the dissolution and 

independent of Mother’s change in employment: $122,884.00 in 

[2011]; 112,790.00 in 2012; and $99,718.00 in 2013.5

 There is no 

evidence that the 38% decline in Mother’s income between 2010 

and 2014 was anticipated or voluntary on the part of Mother. 

This substantial change in circumstances is separate and apart 

from whether Father’s income from employment was 

anticipated at the time of the dissolution. 

(Doc. 62). 

 

5

 These figures quoted appear to be Heather’s wages, salaries and tips from her W-2s, rather than her 

adjusted gross income, which was what Heather testified to having made in those years at the hearing. See

(Pl.’s Exs. B, C, D). 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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{¶29} After the trial court recited the magistrate’s findings, it added its own 

analysis regarding change of circumstances, which reads as follows. 

In addition to the foregoing, Father’s income has more than 

doubled since the last order of setting support as in-kind only. 

As argued by Mother, Father now travels out of state on an as 

needed basis and is unavailable to exercise parenting time as set 

forth in the Plan for Shared Parenting. Based upon the totality 

of the circumstances, the court FINDS that there has been [a] 

significant change in circumstances since the last order of 

support was entered. 

(Doc. 62). 

{¶30} Upon our own review of the record and the trial court’s ruling, and 

given our deferential standard to the trial court’s finding, we can find no abuse of 

discretion. There were several changed circumstances from the original divorce 

decree that contributed to the substantial change in circumstances finding. First, 

Heather’s income dropped dramatically, notwithstanding what the proper 

valuation should be for her 2014 income and her income going forward (which is 

discussed in the next assignment of error), her income had fallen from $160,000 in 

2011 to roughly $100,000 in 2013. Thus Heather’s income dramatically shifted, 

which was not contemplated by the parties. 

{¶31} Second, James’s income also increased substantially. His income 

went from what was stated as $20,000 at the time of the dissolution to over 

$48,000 at the time of the final hearing. Although James argues that his increased 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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income was contemplated by the parties, it is not clear that it was actually 

contemplated, or that if it was, it was contemplated to this degree. 

{¶32} Next, James’s employment was regularly taking him out of state so 

he could not always exercise his parenting time with the children. Heather 

documented a significant number of days that James missed, and claimed that the 

additional days created a greater burden on her. James did testify that he asked 

Heather if he could make up the days he missed, and she declined to allow him to 

do that. Nevertheless, Heather also introduced evidence into the record that James 

had not been paying his share of the children’s expenses as he had agreed. 

{¶33} On the basis of the record before us we cannot find that the trial court 

abused its discretion in finding that a substantial change of circumstances occurred 

here where both parents’ income had altered substantially and James was unable to 

exercise a significant amount of his parenting time. Accordingly, James’s fourth 

assignment of error is overruled. 

Second Assignment of Error

{¶34} In James’s second assignment of error, he argues that the trial court 

failed to follow the statutory requirements of R.C. 3119.05 for income verification 

of Heather before setting child support against James. Specifically, James argues 

that Heather’s income was not supported by sufficient documentation as required 

by R.C. 3119.05(A). 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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{¶35} As in the previous assignment of error, we review this issue under 

the abuse of discretion standard. Brose v. Copeland, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-13-

08, 2013-Ohio-3399, ¶ 11. 

{¶36} When determining a parties’ income for child support purposes, R.C. 

3119.05(A) controls what needs to be supplied to establish income. It reads, 

(A) The parents’ current and past income and personal 

earnings shall be verified by electronic means or with suitable 

documents, including, but not limited to, paystubs, employer 

statements, receipts and expense vouchers related to selfgenerated income, tax returns, and all supporting 

documentation and schedules for the tax returns. 

R.C. 3119.05(A). 

{¶37} This Court and other Ohio Appellate Courts have held that parties 

must exactly adhere to R.C. 3119.05(A) when documenting income. See Brose, 

supra, at ¶ 16; Reynolds-Cornett v. Reynolds, 12th Dist. Butler No. CA2013-09-

175 2014-Ohio-2893, ¶ 20, citing Benjelloun v. Benjelloun, 12th Dist. Butler No. 

CA2012-01-004, 2012-Ohio-5353, ¶ 12 (“ ‘[A] parent must exactly adhere to [the 

documentation] requirement and prove their current income by presenting those 

documents listed in R.C. 3119.05(A).’ ”). “ ‘Failure to obtain the necessary 

financial information renders the court’s order arbitrary and therefore an abuse of 

discretion.’ ” Basham v. Basham, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-2-37, 2002-Ohio-4694, ¶ 

6, quoting Aiello v. Aiello, Seneca App. No. 13-96-12 at *2 (Sept. 11, 1996). 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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{¶38} In this case, the dissolution had indicated that Heather made 

$160,000 per year in 2010. At the final hearing, Heather presented her tax records 

for the years following the dissolution, which indicated that her adjusted gross 

income was $124,217 in 2011, $114,558 in 2012, and $101,525 in 2013. (Pl.’s 

Exs. B, C, D). As the final hearing was held in August of 2014, her gross income 

for that year was not yet known, so Heather attempted through her testimony and 

some documentation to establish that her income in 2014 was going to be even 

lower than it was in 2013. 

{¶39} At the hearing, Heather indicated that due to her declining income as 

a loan officer with Fifth-Third, she sought other employment early in 2014. 

Heather testified that she received an offer from Concord Mortgage Group to be a 

loan officer. Heather introduced the written offer sheet she received from 

Concord into evidence, which contained the following language. 

Your initial compensation package will be as follows: 

 $10,000 bonus to be paid on February 28, 2014. 

 $10,000 salary to be paid in March and April, 2014. 

 Any commission earned in March will go towards offsetting 

the $10,000 salary. If commissions exceed $10,000 for March, 

those monies will be paid to you. 

 Any commission earned in April will be paid to you in May. 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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 If for some reason you terminate your employment with 

Concord Mortgage Group within the first year, the $30,000, as 

described previously, will be paid back. 

 You will also have a one year non-solicitation of any 

Concord/NOIC employees by either directly soliciting them or 

assisting in the solicitation. 

(Pl.’s Ex. E). 

{¶40} On the bottom right of the offer sheet, Heather had, herself, 

handwritten a note which said, “This was then drawn out @ 10,000/month an 

additional 3 months due to 5/3 offered [sic] me to stay [and] a guarantee of 6 

months.” (Pl.’s Ex. E). Heather explained at the final hearing that when FifthThird learned she was considering leaving, Fifth-Third made her an offer to stay. 

Heather testified that Concord then offered to increase the number of months she 

would receive a guaranteed salary of $10,000 for an additional three months, as 

indicated in her note. There is nothing in the record other than Heather’s own 

hand-written note and her testimony to verify her claims regarding the additional 

months. Regardless, attached to the Concord offer sheet was a “Loan Officer 

Compensation Agreement,” stating that once the initial salaried period ended, 

Heather would ultimately be paid only by commission. 

{¶41} Heather produced documents that verified some of her income for 

2014. She introduced into the record “Earnings history” statements from 

February, March, and April 2014, detailing that the $10,000 initial payments 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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Concord had stated in the offer sheet would be paid had actually been paid to her. 

(Pl.’s Ex. E). However, Heather introduced absolutely no documentation for May, 

June, or July of 2014 establishing any income received by Heather, whether 

through Concord extending the months she would receive salary or otherwise. 

{¶42} As to her income for the rest of the year outside of the months listed 

in the offer sheet, Heather gave testimony as to what she believed she would 

receive for the months of August, September, and October, based on her 

commissions for July, August, and September. Heather testified that she was paid 

“a month behind” so her commissions for July, August, and September were paid 

the following month. Heather testified that she would receive approximately 

$6,800 in August for July commissions, and approximately $4,000 in September 

for August commissions.6

 (Tr. at 29). Heather testified that at the time of the 

hearing, she had closings planned in September that would earn her commissions 

of approximately $6,000 for that month, paid in October. (Id.) 

{¶43} In addition to the money Heather testified she expected to earn from 

Concord for commissions, Heather also testified that prior to starting at Concord, 

she “was only making, you know, $3,000 in January and February” at Fifth-Third 

from her commissions. (Tr. at 33). There was no documentation entered into 

evidence to support these commission figures either from Concord or Fifth-Third. 

 

6

 Heather perhaps later contradicts this $4,000 figure by quoting the figure as $4,800. (Tr. at 70). 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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{¶44} In its decision on the matter, the magistrate ultimately estimated 

Heather’s income to be $75,000. The magistrate based this number upon the 

following direct questioning of Heather at the final hearing. 

THE COURT: What is your reasonable expectation on what 

your income is going to be, reliably, in the foreseeable years for 

2014, 2015? 

[HEATHER]: Reliable income, I’m hoping to be 70 to $80,000. 

I’m hoping. 

THE COURT: I’m asking for expecting. 

A: Expecting. I’m expecting that. Yes. 

THE COURT: So $75,000 per year? And based on, what, your 

sense of the market? 

A: Well, the sense of what I’ve closed in the last six months 

there. As long as I close, I mean, it was 69—or 6,800 last month, 

it’s 4,8007

 this month. So I’m – and what I’ve closed previous 

months, I’m expecting, you know. 

THE COURT: All right. Thank you. * * * 

(Tr. at 69-70). 

{¶45} Based on this questioning, and the little documentation presented, the 

magistrate estimated Heather’s income to be $75,000. In settling on $75,000 for 

Heather’s income, the magistrate conducted the following analysis in its decision. 

Although the Wife’s income at the time of the last order was 

$160,000.00 per year, more or less, the evidence is clear that her 

income has declined in each succeeding year. Wife testified that 

 

7

 Heather had testified earlier in the hearing that she was going to receive $4,000 in commission for the 

month of August. 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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during March, 2014, she left her previous commission-only job 

with Fifth/Third Bank for a new commission-only position with 

a mortgage company and that she estimates her current income 

to be now $75,000.00 per year based upon her experience and 

projections. Mother testified that she anticipated an 

opportunity to double her rate of commission in her new 

position and that she felt her earnings were in a long decline at 

Fifth/Third Bank. Father argues that Mother is now voluntarily 

underemployed. 

(Doc. No. 53). 

{¶46} James filed an objection to the magistrate’s decision on this issue, 

stating that the magistrate’s decision was not based on documentary evidence as 

was required under R.C. 3119.05(A). The trial court overruled this objection, 

reasoning as follows. 

With respect to Mother’s income, the evidence is more complex 

* * *[.] Mother testified that during February, 2014, she left her 

previous commission-only job with Fifth/Third Bank for a new 

commission-only position with a mortgage company and she 

estimated her current income to be now $75,000.00 per year 

based upon her experience and projection of sale commissions 

for the foreseeable future. In support of this testimony, Mother 

presented evidence of her income since the time of the last order 

of support in the form of her tax returns and supporting 

documents for 2011, 2012, 2013; and her letter of engagement 

from her employer with records of income and earnings during 

February, March, and April, 2014. Because her current income 

is based upon commission and is now not directly supported by 

tax returns and pay stubs, some analysis in determining 

Mother’s income is required. The question is whether or not the 

documentary evidence is sufficient for a reliable analysis to be 

conducted thereby verifying the income as required by R.C. 

3119.05(A). 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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 The court agrees with Father that the documentary 

evidence in this case is not as direct, certain and clear as one 

might reasonably prefer; however, the issue is whether the 

documentary evidence is sufficient to establish Mother’s income 

by the greater weight of the evidence, not by the standards of 

clear and convincing or beyond a reasonable doubt. [Emphasis 

sic]. The court FINDS that the Magistrate’s recommendation is 

a rationally based inference drawn from the circumstantial 

evidence of Mother’s income set forth in the documents offered 

into evidence. 

(Emphasis sic). (Doc. No. 62). 

{¶47} The trial court’s entry makes clear that the court was slightly 

concerned with the lack of documentary evidence supporting Heather’s income. 

The court found, however, given the low standard of proof that the magistrate’s 

recommendation was rationally based upon the circumstantial evidence of 

Heather’s income. 

{¶48} While we do not deny that the trial court did the best it could with 

what was before it, the trial court based its ruling on a magistrate’s decision that 

was simply not supported by the type of documentation contemplated in R.C. 

3119.05(A). Heather provided documentation for only three months out of the 

year, none of which contained earnings that were commission based from which 

the court could accurately or properly extrapolate her expected income. There was 

absolutely no documentation introduced regarding the commission earnings 

Heather testified to, leaving the trial court to extrapolate her income entirely based 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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upon Heather’s testimony. The statute and the case law interpreting it require 

more than testimony to satisfy the burden of proof. 

{¶49} Nevertheless, even assuming that Heather had documents to support 

her testimony, the magistrate and trial court thus would have had information that 

Heather made (according to her testimony) approximately $3,000 in January, 

$3,000 in February, $10,000 for March, April, May, June, and July, $4,000 for 

August (or $4,800 if Heather’s second figure is used), $6,800 in September, 

approximately $6,000 in October, and a $10,000 bonus that was paid to Heather in 

February by Concord for joining Concord. Adding these numbers together, we get 

a total of $82,800 that Heather would have earned through October of 2014. That 

still leaves Heather with more time to earn money in 2014, which would have 

greatly exceeded the $75,000 expected income attributed to her. 

{¶50} While the magistrate and the trial court seem to presume that this 

$75,000 figure might be a rational extrapolation for what Heather could expect to 

make in the future based on her oral testimony of her commissions, there is 

absolutely no documentation to support Heather’s testimony regarding her 

commissions and that is simply not satisfactory pursuant to R.C. 3119.05(A) to 

create such an extrapolation. 

{¶51} Our determination that this documentation is insufficient is 

consistent with this Court’s and other Courts’ precedents on this issue. In Basham 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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v. Basham, 3d Dist. Allen No. 1-2-37, 2002-Ohio-4694, we reversed a trial court’s 

determination of gross income where insufficient documentation was presented to 

support a trial court’s income determination. Basham at ¶¶ 7-8. In Brose v. 

Copeland, 3d Dist. Seneca No. 13-13-08, 2013-Ohio-3399, we affirmed a trial 

court’s finding that testimony could not substitute for a lack of documentary 

evidence under R.C. 3119.05(A). See Brose at ¶¶ 15-17. Similar to this Court’s 

precedent, the Twelfth District held in Ornelas v. Ornelas, 12th Dist. Warren No 

CA2011-08-094, 2012-Ohio-4106, ¶ 25, that, “Allowing a party in a divorce 

proceeding to reduce his gross income level, and therefore his child support 

obligation, by testimony alone, without proper verification as required under R.C. 

3119.05(A), is an abuse of the trial court's discretion.” 

{¶52} It could be that Heather now actually makes less than the $75,000 per 

year she was credited with, or it could be that she makes more. Regardless, we 

cannot find that the $75,000 figure used by the magistrate and the trial court was 

supported by documented evidence of the kind required by R.C. 3119.05(A) and 

the caselaw interpreting it. Therefore we have no choice but to sustain James’s 

second assignment of error. 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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Fifth Assignment of Error

{¶53} In his fifth assignment of error, James argues that Heather was 

voluntarily underemployed and thus the trial court failed to impute income to her 

for purposes of the court’s child support calculation 

{¶54} At the outset of our review, we would note that “a drop in income 

due to a voluntary choice ‘does not necessarily demonstrate voluntary 

underemployment.’ ” Aldo v. Angle, 2d Dist. Clark No. 09-CA-103, 2010-Ohio2008, ¶ 35, quoting Woloch v. Foster, 98 Ohio App.3d 806, 811 (2d Dist.1994). 

“The test is not only whether the change was voluntary, but also whether it was 

made with due regard to the obligor’s income-producing abilities and her or his 

duty to provide for the continuing needs of the child or children concerned.” 

Woloch at 811. Whether a parent is voluntarily underemployed is a determination 

within the trial court's discretion and will not be disturbed absent an abuse of 

discretion. Thaher v. Hamed, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 09AP-970, 2010-Ohio-5257, 

¶ 5, citing Banchefsky v. Banchefsky, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 09AP-1011, 2010-

Ohio-4267, ¶ 8, citing Rock v. Cabral, 67 Ohio St.3d 108 (1993). 

{¶55} Revised Code 3119.01(C)(11) provides the following criteria for 

courts to use in determining whether a party is voluntarily underemployed. 

(11) “Potential income” means both of the following for a parent 

who the court pursuant to a court support order, or a child 

support enforcement agency pursuant to an administrative child 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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support order, determines is voluntarily unemployed or 

voluntarily underemployed: 

(a) Imputed income that the court or agency determines the 

parent would have earned if fully employed as determined from 

the following criteria: 

(i) The parent’s prior employment experience; 

(ii) The parent's education; 

(iii) The parent’s physical and mental disabilities, if any; 

(iv) The availability of employment in the geographic area in 

which the parent resides; 

(v) The prevailing wage and salary levels in the geographic 

area in which the parent resides; 

(vi) The parent’s special skills and training; 

(vii) Whether there is evidence that the parent has the ability to 

earn the imputed income; 

(viii) The age and special needs of the child for whom child 

support is being calculated under this section; 

(ix) The parent’s increased earning capacity because of 

experience; 

(x) The parent’s decreased earning capacity because of a felony 

conviction; 

(xi) Any other relevant factor. 

{¶56} In this case, James argues essentially that since Heather took a job 

that is ultimately making her less money than she was making at her previous job, 

she is voluntarily underemployed. The magistrate considered James’s argument 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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that Heather was voluntarily underemployed and determined that the court “must 

respect the reasonable choice of [Heather] to change jobs including the risk of 

short term consequences to the children. There is nothing in the record to 

undermine the testimony of Mother that her income was declining and that she 

reasonably believed she would increase her income by changing jobs.” (Doc. No. 

53). When James objected to this determination by the magistrate, the trial court 

overruled the objection, agreeing with the magistrate that the only evidence in the 

record was that Heather reasonably believed she would increase her income by 

changing jobs. 

{¶57} Our own review of the record supports the trial court’s decision. 

Heather testified at the hearing that she took her new position with Concord 

because of her rapidly declining income with Fifth-Third. She testified that she 

would earn “twice as much per loan,” presumably meaning commission 

percentage. (Tr. at 62). Thus Heather testified that she expected to be able to earn 

more money at Concord. While perhaps that is turning out not to be the case, it is 

not difficult to see why Heather would have taken a position at Concord when she 

would be earning “twice as much per loan,” and she would also be receiving a 

$10,000 bonus in addition to at least two months at a $10,000 salary. At the time 

Heather testified she was looking for a new position she indicated she was only 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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making $3,000 a month in commissions from Fifth-Third, so a $10,000 bonus with 

two months of a $10,000 salary would appear attractive. 

{¶58} Therefore, on the basis of the record before us, we cannot find that 

Heather’s decision was unreasonable, thus we cannot find that the trial court 

abused its discretion in declining to find Heather voluntarily underemployed. 

Accordingly, James’s fifth assignment of error is overruled. 

First and Third Assignments of Error

{¶59} In his first assignment of error, James argues that the trial court erred 

in assigning the child support obligation to him rather than to Heather. 

Specifically, he argues that since the parties were both residential parents there 

was no presumption as to which parent would pay support, and since Heather 

made more money than James (regardless of how her income was calculated), 

James was the more appropriate parent to receive child support. In James’s third 

assignment of error, he argues that since the parties were under a shared parenting 

plan, child support should not have been set against him as a residential parent.8

{¶60} Notably James cites no case law to support either of these two 

assignments of error. Regardless, we do not find James’s assertions persuasive. A 

shared parenting plan where both parents are residential parents does not prevent a 

 

8

 We would note that this did not stop James from asking the court to award him child support even though 

he wanted the Shared Parenting Plan to remain in place. 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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trial court from awarding child support to a party. See Bonvillian v. Clark, 3d 

Dist. Mercer No. 10-13-20, 2014-Ohio-2003, ¶ 13. 

{¶61} In any event, testimony indicated that the children stayed with 

Heather the majority of the time, and even when James was supposed to exercise 

parenting time he occasionally (or regularly) missed some of that time, often on 

short notice (notwithstanding his valid excuses). While James may simply have 

been unable to exercise that parenting time with his children, or to provide more 

notice to Heather when he would be unavailable to exercise that parenting time, it 

does not alter the fact that it left Heather carrying more of a burden than she 

already was. 

{¶62} Moreover, the record indicated that James was not regularly paying 

his share of the children’s expenses. Adding these circumstances to the fact that 

Heather’s income has declined precipitously and James’s income rose 

substantially, we cannot find that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding 

Heather child support rather than James, or that it was improper for the trial court 

to award child support against a residential parent. Therefore, James’s first and 

third assignments of error are overruled. 

{¶63} For the foregoing reasons James’s first, third, fourth, and fifth 

assignments of error are overruled, and his second assignment of error is 

sustained. The judgment of the Union County Common Pleas Court is thus 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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affirmed in part and reversed in part and this cause is remanded to the trial court 

for further proceedings consistent with this opinion. 

Judgment Affirmed in Part, 

Reversed in Part and 

Cause Remanded 

WILLAMOWSKI, J., concurs. 

/jlr 

ROGERS, P.J. concurring separately. 

{¶64} I concur with the opinion of the majority as far as it goes. However, 

the Appellant had also argued that in computing Heather’s income the trial court 

should have relied on income averaging since she could not provide proper 

documentation of her current income. I would further note that any calculation of 

her 2014 income would necessarily be based on pure speculation since the year 

was not complete at the time of the hearing. Therefore, I would find the 

appellant’s suggestion of averaging Heather’s prior years of income to be the only 

proper method of fairly determining a figure to apply to support calculations. See 

Ostmann v. Ostmann, 168 Ohio App.3d 59, 2006-Ohio-3617, ¶ 53 (9th Dist.) 

(“Because in November 2003, [Appellant] had not yet filed his personal tax return, 

the trial court was required by statute to review the tax returns from 2000, 2001, 

and 2002.”). 
Case No. 14-14-22 

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{¶65} I would further suggest that had we been considering an obligor’s 

income for purposes of determining whether support should be lowered, we would 

have refused to speculate as to future income and either required proper 

documentation of income or income averaging. See id. I see no reason to depart 

from that approach in this situation.