DA 14-0401

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF THE STATE OF MONTANA

2015 MT 203

IN THE MATTER OF:

E.A.L.,

 Respondent and Appellant.

APPEAL FROM: District Court of the Fourth Judicial District,

In and For the County of Missoula, Cause No. DI-14-51

Honorable John W. Larson, Presiding Judge

COUNSEL OF RECORD:

For Appellant:

Wade Zolynski, Chief Appellate Defender, James Reavis, Assistant

Appellate Defender; Helena, Montana

For Appellee:

Timothy C. Fox, Montana Attorney General, Pamela P. Collins,

Assistant Attorney General; Helena, Montana

Kirsten H. Pabst, Missoula County Attorney, Erica Grinde, Deputy

County Attorney; Missoula, Montana

Submitted on Briefs: June 17, 2015

 Decided: July 21, 2015

Filed:

__________________________________________

Clerk

July 22 2015

Case Number: DA 14-0401
2

Justice Michael E Wheat delivered the Opinion of the Court.

¶1 E.A.L. appeals from the order of the Montana Fourth Judicial District Court, 

Missoula County, committing him to the Montana State Hospital. We affirm.

ISSUES

¶2 We review the following issues:

1. Was the District Court’s finding that E.A.L. posed an imminent threat of harm 

to himself or others clearly erroneous?

2. Did the District Court err by basing findings of fact on statements made in the 

State’s petition for commitment?

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

¶3 E.A.L. has been diagnosed with schizophrenia and antisocial personality traits. By 

May 2014, he had been admitted to inpatient treatment for his mental illness on three 

separate occasions. On May 29, 2014, following allegations by E.A.L.’s mother that 

E.A.L. had not been taking his medications and that E.A.L. had threatened violent 

behavior, E.A.L. was evaluated by a mental health professional in Libby, Montana. The 

professional opined that E.A.L. posed an imminent risk of danger to himself and others, 

and the professional recommended detention at the St. Patrick Hospital Neurobehavioral 

Unit. A petition for commitment setting forth the preceding facts was filed on May 30, 

2014. On the same day, the District Court determined that probable cause existed to 

support the allegations, and it ordered detention and evaluation of E.A.L.

¶4 On June 4, 2014, the District Court held a hearing on the petition for commitment. 

E.A.L. was present and represented by counsel at the hearing. The only evidence 
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presented at the hearing was testimony from E.A.L. and testimony from G. Walker 

Smith, a licensed clinical professional counselor. Smith testified that he had evaluated 

E.A.L. on June 4, 2014, shortly before the hearing. He stated that it was his opinion that 

“E.A.L. is a danger to himself, others, and unable to care for himself.” Smith 

recommended, as a result, that E.A.L. be committed to the Montana State Hospital and 

involuntarily medicated if need be. When asked for the basis of his opinion, Smith stated 

that:

[D]uring his mental status examination, E.A.L. was unable to present any 

logical answer to any mental status question, period. . . .

[H]e’s talking about machetes and talking about, you know, a school that he 

is affiliated with in Libby that is making 15.7 million dollars a day, and 

these are his quotes, in some way related to molesting children, and thought 

insertion and being . . . in this trance where, you know, these things happen, 

that’s the nature of our conversation.

It was . . . bizarre. It was delusional. He was tangential. He was speaking 

in kind of a word salad at times and inserting words, singing nursery 

rhymes while answering questions with no . . . train of thought, logical 

transition, or explanation for his statements.

So he did, in my interview, talk about a machete, and he did make reference 

to peglegging somebody . . . and this is consistent with the record, that he 

was threatening to chop people with a machete in Libby. . . .

[M]y concern is that he’s made numerous threats in the community . . . and 

he believes that he’s ready to walk on the street today and that . . . he has

large offshore bank accounts with millions of dollars due to a . . . 

relationship with Google.

I mean it goes on and on. So there’s really no logic or coherence or safety 

in the situation.

Smith also stated that E.A.L. was not “treatment adherent.” E.A.L., on the other hand, 

testified that he took his medications, that the medications were beneficial to him, that he 
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did not like violence, that he did not wish to hurt anyone, and that he did not believe he 

needed to be committed.

¶5 Following E.A.L.’s testimony, the District Court committed E.A.L. to the 

Montana State Hospital for 90 days. It issued a written order and findings of fact on June 

5, 2014. E.A.L. appeals from that order.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

¶6 We review a district court’s findings of fact for clear error. In re Mental Health of 

A.S.B., 2008 MT 82, ¶ 16, 342 Mont. 169, 180 P.3d 625. A finding of fact is clearly 

erroneous if it is not supported by substantial evidence, if the trial court misapprehended 

the effect of the evidence, or if this Court has a definite and firm conviction after 

reviewing the record that a mistake has been made. A.S.B., ¶ 16. When considering 

whether a finding is supported by substantial evidence, we view the evidence in the light 

most favorable to the party that prevailed before the District Court. A.S.B., ¶¶ 16-17.

DISCUSSION

¶7 1. Was the District Court’s finding that E.A.L. posed an imminent threat of harm 

to himself or others clearly erroneous?

¶8 E.A.L. argues that the District Court’s order was based on findings of fact that 

were clearly erroneous. Specifically, E.A.L. argues that there was not substantial 

evidence to support the District Court’s finding that “[b]ased on his mental state and 

recent behaviors, [E.A.L.] is a danger to others.” We disagree.

¶9 The circumstances in which and the process by which a person may be 

involuntarily committed are strictly controlled by statute. In re Mental Health of E.P.B., 
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2007 MT 224, ¶ 7, 339 Mont. 107, 168 P.3d 662. A district court may only order 

commitment after finding both that the respondent suffers from a mental disorder and that 

he or she satisfies at least one of four criteria. Sections 53-21-126(1) and -127(7), MCA. 

One such criterion is that “because of a mental disorder, there is an imminent threat of 

injury to the respondent or to others.” Section 53-21-126(1)(c), MCA. If this is the basis 

on which a district court orders commitment, imminent threat of injury must be proved 

by overt acts or omissions. Section 53-21-126(2), MCA.

¶10 In this case, the District Court decided that commitment was justified based on its 

finding that, because of his mental disorder, E.A.L. posed an imminent threat of injury to 

himself or others. This finding was not clearly erroneous. Instead, it was supported by 

substantial evidence.

¶11 Despite E.A.L.’s insistence otherwise, Smith’s testimony provided substantial 

evidence that supported the court’s findings. It was not insufficient, as E.A.L. argues, 

merely because it was contradicted by E.A.L.’s testimony or because there may have 

been some minor inconsistencies in Smith’s statements. Weighing competing evidence 

and assessing the credibility of a witness’s testimony is the province of the finder of fact. 

We will not disturb a district court’s assessment on appeal. M. R. Civ. P. 52(a)(6); 

In re B.O.T., 2015 MT 40, ¶ 23, 378 Mont. 198, 342 P.3d 981; In re J.A.B., 2015 MT 28, 

¶ 25, 378 Mont. 119, 342 P.3d 35. The District Court did not find that Smith’s testimony 

was incredible, and we see no reason to hold otherwise. Moreover, we cannot say, as 

E.A.L. seems to encourage us to do, that the testimony of one witness is insufficient to 

prove that commitment is justified. Indeed, the Legislature seems to have indicated that
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in commitment proceedings the testimony of a professional person that has evaluated the 

respondent may provide a sufficient basis for a district court to order commitment. 

See § 53-21-126(4), MCA (stating that a professional person’s testimony about whether a 

respondent requires commitment “is insufficient unless accompanied by evidence from 

the professional person or others” that any of the criteria listed in § 53-21-126(1), MCA, 

have been fulfilled) (emphasis added).

¶12 Regardless of the weight of Smith’s testimony, E.A.L. also argues that the District 

Court’s finding was clearly erroneous because the State failed to present evidence of 

“overt acts or omissions” proving an imminent threat of injury. This is incorrect. While 

E.A.L. is correct that evidence of overt acts is required to prove an imminent threat, there 

was evidence that E.A.L. made threats to harm others with a machete. This was 

sufficient evidence of overt actions for the District Court to find that E.A.L. posed an 

imminent threat of injury.

¶13 We addressed the statutory overt acts requirement of an imminent threat finding in 

In re D.D., 277 Mont. 164, 920 P.2d 973 (1996). This decision was statutorily overruled 

on other grounds, but we have continued to rely on it for guidance about what constitutes 

an overt act. A.S.B., ¶ 28 (relying on In re D.D. after the most recent amendments to 

§ 53-21-126, MCA); In re L.L.A., 2011 MT 285, ¶¶ 16-17, 362 Mont. 464, 267 P.3d 1 

(stating that In re D.D. was legislatively overruled insofar as the decision addressed the 

subsequently amended “detailed statement of the facts” requirement of 

§ 53-21-127(8)(a), MCA). In In re D.D. we stated that “[e]vidence of actual violence or 

physical harm is not required to satisfy the provision ‘imminent threat of injury’. . . . 
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While the danger must be fairly immediate, an overt act need not be a completed act; an 

attempt or threat, or even a failure to act, may suffice.” 277 Mont. at 168, 920 P.2d at 

975. Analogizing a case in which this Court decided that a woman’s statement to a 

mental health professional about her plan to buy a gun and shoot her neighbor was an 

“overt act,” we determined that D.D.’s statements to the professional person that 

evaluated him also qualified as overt acts. D.D., 277 Mont. at 168, 920 P.2d at 975 

(citing In re Mental Health of E.M., 265 Mont. 211, 213, 875 P.2d 355, 356 (1994)). 

Specifically, we found that D.D.’s delusional statements to the professional person about 

someone that was breaking into his apartment, about his belief that this person “should be 

treated like a rabid dog,” and about his desire to harm this person were overt acts. D.D., 

277 Mont. at 168-69, 920 P.2d at 975.

¶14 Similarly, Smith testified in this case that E.A.L. had told him that he believed 

people at a particular school in his community were molesting children and that he 

wished to harm them with a machete. Smith also testified that throughout his disjointed 

conversation with E.A.L., E.A.L. perseverated about the machete. As in In re D.D., such 

statements, when viewed in a light most favorable to the State, were overt acts, and they 

provided substantial evidence for the District Court to find that E.A.L. posed an imminent 

threat of injury to himself or others.

¶15 For the foregoing reasons, we decide that the District Court’s finding that E.A.L. 

posed an imminent threat of injury was not clearly erroneous.
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¶16 2. Did the District Court err by basing findings of fact on statements made in the 

State’s petition for commitment?

¶17 E.A.L. argues that the District Court made several findings of fact based solely on 

allegations made in the State’s petition for commitment. He contends that these 

allegations were unsupported by testimony or by other evidence admitted at the hearing, 

and he argues that the District Court’s order should be reversed as a result.

¶18 However, assuming arguendo that the District Court made such an error, it was 

harmless. Even if we were to exclude the findings of fact that E.A.L. claims were only 

supported by the petition and were unsupported by evidence from the hearing, all of 

Smith’s testimony that was discussed above would still have been admitted before the 

District Court. As discussed above, this testimony provided substantial evidence for the 

District Court’s finding that E.A.L. posed an imminent threat of injury. That finding was 

not clearly erroneous, regardless of whether the District Court considered the facts recited 

in the State’s petition. As this finding provided a sufficient basis for the District Court to 

order commitment, any reliance by the District Court on the facts stated in the petition 

was harmless. See A.S.B., ¶¶ 34-36 (deciding that it was harmless error for a district 

court to incorporate the professional person’s written report, which was not admitted at 

the commitment hearing, into its order, because other properly admitted evidence 

independently provided substantial evidence to support its finding of an imminent threat).

CONCLUSION

¶19 The District Court found that E.A.L. posed an imminent threat of injury to himself 

or to others because of his mental disorder. This finding was not clearly erroneous. Even 
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without considering evidence that E.A.L. claims the District Court improperly relied 

upon, the finding was supported by substantial evidence. Coupled with the District 

Court’s uncontested finding that E.A.L. suffered from a mental disorder, this finding 

provided a sufficient basis for the District Court to commit E.A.L. We affirm.

/S/ MICHAEL E WHEAT

We Concur: 

/S/ MIKE McGRATH

/S/ JAMES JEREMIAH SHEA

/S/ PATRICIA COTTER

Justice Laurie McKinnon, dissenting.

¶20 I respectfully dissent.

¶21 Section 53-21-126, MCA, contemplates the satisfaction of two requirements prior 

to the involuntary commitment of an individual. The first requirement is a finding that 

the person suffers from a mental disorder as defined in § 53-21-102(9), MCA. The 

second requirement directs the court to consider four circumstances relevant to 

determining whether, as a result of an individual’s mental disorder, commitment is 

necessary. Relevant here is § 53-21-126(1)(c), MCA: “whether, because of a mental 

disorder, there is an imminent threat of injury to the respondent or to others because of 

the respondent’s acts or omissions . . . .” 

¶22 The statute mandates that “the respondent’s mental disorder must be proved to a 

reasonable medical certainty,” and “[i]mminent threat of . . . injury to others must be 
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proved by overt acts or omissions, sufficiently recent in time as to be material and 

relevant as to the respondent’s present condition.” Section 53-21-126(2), MCA. The 

rules of evidence apply in an involuntary commitment proceeding, and “any matter 

otherwise inadmissible, such as hearsay matter, is not admissible merely because it is 

contained in the [professional person’s] report.” Section 53-21-126(3), MCA. Moreover, 

any physical fact must be proven beyond a reasonable doubt, and all other matters must 

be proven by clear and convincing evidence. Section 53-21-126(2), MCA.

¶23 The only evidence that may be relied upon to substantiate a court’s order of 

commitment is evidence presented during the respondent’s trial. In re Mental Health of 

C.R.C., 2004 MT 389, ¶¶ 18-19, 325 Mont. 133, 104 P.3d 1065. It is therefore 

self-evident, and E.A.L. is correct in arguing, that allegations in the petition for 

commitment that are unsupported by evidence at trial may not be the basis for 

commitment. Here, the evidence presented at trial came from one witness: Walker 

Smith, a certified professional person. Mr. Smith opined that E.A.L. suffered from 

paranoid schizophrenia and poly substance abuse or dependence. His opinion, however, 

was not to a “reasonable medical certainty.”1 The only evidence presented during the 

trial of an “overt act” supporting a finding that E.A.L. presented an imminent threat of 

injury to others was the following testimony from Mr. Smith:

So he did, in my interview, talk about a machete, and he did make

reference to peglegging somebody which I assume means, you know, and 

this is consistent with the record, that he was threatening to chop people 

with a machete in Libby.

 

1 Although this error has not been raised on appeal, it nevertheless demonstrates overall the 

insufficient manner in which the proceedings were prosecuted.
11

So, you know, my—my concern is that he’s made numerous threats 

in the community leading to an emergency detention that has brought him 

hundreds of miles here to be stabilized on the unit . . . .

During Smith’s cross-examination, however, it became unclear as to who brought up the 

machetes—Smith or E.A.L.—and whether, by making those references, E.A.L. was only 

responding to the allegations in the petition. The record is thus far from clear as to 

whether Smith was testifying that during the evaluation, E.A.L. responded to the 

allegations contained in the petition, or that E.A.L. actually made threats during the 

evaluation. A fair reading of the entire trial transcript is that Smith brought up the 

machetes, and E.A.L. explained that he “didn’t want a machete to peg leg people.” 

¶24 In order to substantiate a conclusion that the respondent poses an imminent threat 

of injury to others, the State was required to prove, through admissible evidence, an 

“overt act.” Section 53-21-126(2), MCA. While we have recognized that a threat to kill 

may constitute an overt act, not every threat can be considered an overt act. Matter of 

Goedart, 180 Mont. 484, 487, 591 P.2d 222, 224 (1979). There must be “proof beyond a 

reasonable doubt that there is a present indication of probable physical injury likely to 

occur at any moment or in the immediate future . . . .” In re Mental Health of E.M., 265 

Mont. 211, 213, 875 P.2d 355, 356-57 (1994) (quoting In re F.B., 189 Mont. 229, 233, 

615 P.2d 867, 869-70 (1980)). While evidence of actual violence or physical harm is not 

required to satisfy the “imminent threat of injury” provision, In re F.B., 189 Mont. at 235, 

615 P.2d at 870 imminent threat of injury to others must be evidenced by overt acts 

sufficiently recent as to be material and relevant to the person’s present condition. 

Section 53-21-126(2), MCA. 
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¶25 Here, there was no competent evidence that E.A.L. made threats to hurt people 

with a machete. Hearsay allegations from E.A.L.’s mother contained within the State’s 

petition were not supported by evidence at trial, and are insufficient to establish beyond a 

reasonable doubt that E.A.L. even made the threat. At best, Smith’s testimony 

established that he was relying on information contained in records and reports that 

E.A.L. had made verbal threats in the community. Evidence “otherwise inadmissible, 

such as hearsay matter, is not admissible merely because it is contained in the report,” or 

testified to in the opinion of the professional person, and “testimony [of the professional 

person] is insufficient unless accompanied by evidence” that the respondent poses an 

imminent threat of injury to others “because of the respondent’s acts . . . .” Section 

53-21-126(3)-(4), MCA. There was no evidence that E.A.L. had a machete or intended 

to acquire one, and testimony about threats allegedly made by E.A.L. was inconsistent 

and lacked specificity as to time, source, victim, or place. No witness presented had 

personal knowledge of the threat, which would have provided credible evidence from 

which an overt act could be found beyond a reasonable doubt.

¶26 Our decision today is inconsistent with prior cases in which we have evaluated the 

sufficiency of evidence of an overt act justifying a determination of imminent threat of 

injury. In In re C.R.C., ¶ 23, we concluded that C.R.C’s statement that “if she had a gun 

she had shot somebody” contained no threat of injury to a particular person, and the 

record did not reflect that C.R.C. had access to a gun. Even though C.R.C. had been in a 

fight with another person, gunshots were heard, and the witness hearing the threat 

testified at trial, this Court found that the district court’s findings of imminent threat of 
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injury were not supported by substantial evidence. In In re C.R.C., ¶ 37. In In re D.D., 

277 Mont. 164, 920 P.2d 973 (1996), the professional person testified at D.D.’s 

commitment hearing that D.D. was a danger to himself because he was constantly 

paranoid and afraid that someone was going to attack him. The professional person 

opined that D.D. could very easily attack someone out of fear of being attacked himself 

and due to his inability to control his paranoia. During an interview, D.D. told the 

professional person that a person D.D. perceived as a threat “should be treated like a 

rabid dog.” We concluded that the record contained sufficient evidence, including D.D.’s 

statements, to establish that D.D. experienced paranoia and that there was an imminent 

threat he would injure others if he mistakenly believed he was being attacked. In In re 

Mental Health of E.M., 265 Mont. 211, 213, 875 P.2d 355, 356 (1994), E.M. told mental 

health professionals that she was going to buy a gun and then shoot her neighbor and 

herself. We concluded that E.M.’s repeated threats to kill her neighbor and herself, 

combined with her stated intent to obtain a gun and a professional person’s opinion that 

the threats constituted a “very clear danger” satisfied the “overt acts” requirement. In re 

E.M., 265 Mont. at 214, 875 P.2d at 357. 

¶27 We addressed the matter of defining an “imminent threat” in Matter of Goedert, 

180 Mont. at 486, 591 P.2d at 224, where Goedert had publicly threatened to kill a 

woman whom he had previously accused of involvement in the killing of his brother. He 

repeated the threats to a police officer after being arrested in connection with the incident. 

In Matter of R.F., 2013 MT 59, 369 Mont. 236, 296 P.3d 1189, we found that the record 

supported the district court’s finding that R.F. was a threat to others where R.F. created a 
14

disturbance in the grocery store because he believed he was being assaulted and accused 

store patrons of being methamphetamine addicts. R.F. tried to hide from snipers and 

believed they were trying to kill him, taking cover in the back seat of the patrol car. R.F. 

also threatened emergency room staff and had a paranoid belief that strangers were part 

of a methamphetamine conspiracy trying to kill him. In Matter of F.B., the respondent 

caused several disturbances at the Northern Hotel. He was loud and abusive and 

throwing food. Police officers arrived and knocked on his door requesting to talk to him. 

He refused admission to the officers. Testimony indicated that F.B. yelled at the officers, 

and when they entered the room, they observed F.B. with a baseball bat over his 

shoulder. F.B. testified that he knew they were coming and, therefore, “armed” himself. 

We concluded F.B. posed an imminent threat of injury to others. These cases evidence 

circumstances that sharply contrast with those presented here. 

¶28 At most, the testimony of Smith established his opinion that E.A.L. presented an 

imminent threat of injury to others. However, the testimony of a professional person on 

the ultimate issue of commitment is insufficient unless supported by additional evidence 

that the respondent poses an imminent threat of injury to others because of his or her acts. 

Section 53-21-126(4), MCA. Evidence of an overt act is required to establish that the 

respondent poses an imminent threat of injury to others. Section 53-21-126(2), MCA. 

No testimony was presented at trial which established beyond a reasonable doubt that 

E.A.L. even made a threat of injury. E.A.L.’s mother, who presumably heard the threats, 

did not testify at trial; it is unclear if E.A.L. repeated the threats to Smith during his 

evaluation; and no other witness testified as to the threats. The record at trial does not 
15

establish when the threats were made, to whom they were made, the circumstances 

surrounding the threats, or that they were sufficiently recent in time as to be material or 

relevant to E.A.L.’s present condition.

¶29 It is our obligation to enforce rigorous application of statutory mandates in order 

to protect the rights of those sought to be committed. Section 53-21-126, MCA, states 

specifically that evidence of a professional person’s opinion is insufficient unless 

accompanied by evidence of an overt act indicating an imminent threat of injury. The 

State has failed to present sufficient testimony satisfying this mandate. More is required 

than the professional person’s opinion that commitment is necessary. 

¶30 I would reverse the judgment of the District Court. 

/S/ LAURIE McKINNON