United States Court of Appeals 

For the Seventh Circuit

Chicago, Illinois 60604

Submitted July 22, 2015*

Decided July 24, 2015

Before

RICHARD A. POSNER, Circuit Judge

FRANK H. EASTERBROOK, Circuit Judge

DIANE S. SYKES, Circuit Judge

No. 14‐3667

MIKE RUSSELL,

Plaintiff‐Appellant,

v.

TIMOTHY BUKOWSKI and

KENT SMITH,

Defendants‐Appellees.

Appeal from the   

United States District Court for the

Central District of Illinois.

No. 13‐CV‐2005‐DGB

David G. Bernthal,

Magistrate Judge.

O R D E R

Mike Russell, a pretrial detainee in Illinois, sued corrections officials under

42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that they failed to protect him from attack by a fellow inmate.

A magistrate judge, trying the case by consent, ruled that the defendants were not

liable. Because the credibility findings and discretionary rulings are proper, we affirm.   

                                                 

* After examining the briefs and the record, we have concluded that oral

argument is unnecessary. Thus, the appeal is submitted on the briefs and the record.

See FED. R. APP. P. 34(a)(2)(C).

NONPRECEDENTIAL DISPOSITION

To be cited only in accordance with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1
No. 14‐3667    Page 2

This case concerns a fight between Russell and another inmate at the Kankakee

County Detention Center. The Center was Russell’s third pretrial location because,

fearing gang members, he had twice requested protective custody and received new

housing. A disciplinary committee ruled that Russell started the fight and disciplined

him with segregation. Russell then sued Sheriff Timothy Bukowski and Lieutenant Kent

Smith, asserting that they violated the Fourteenth Amendment by failing to protect him

from an inmate’s assault. See Brown v. Budz, 398 F.3d 904, 910 (7th Cir. 2005).   

Russell wanted assistance with his case. Initially a jailhouse lawyer helped

Russell, but when the jailhouse lawyer was transferred, Russell asked the court to

recruit counsel for him because he could not understand the defendants’ documents.

The court denied the request because Russell had not first attempted to find counsel on

his own as required by Pruitt v. Motte, 503 F.3d 647, 654–55 (7th Cir. 2007) (en banc).

Russell twice renewed his request, elaborating that he needed counsel because he was

illiterate, had only a middle‐school education, and was unable to research in the law

library. The court again denied the requests because, despite its reminder, Russell still

had not attempted to find counsel on his own. It added that Russell’s asserted illiteracy

“has not impeded his efforts to obtain assistance in order to file various pleadings in his

case.”

At a bench trial, Russell presented his version of the fight. He testified that as he

was watching television in the dayroom on December 8, 2012, he argued with another

inmate named Rello over sports. Rello became aggressive, profane, and threatening.

Fearing for his life, Russell pushed the emergency intercom and asked for protective

custody. Lieutenant Smith answered the call, but according to Russell, Smith refused to

help him, warning him that he had “better learn how to fight son.” Russell then turned

around, saw Rello poised to attack, and then blacked out, later awakening in a pool of

his own blood. Officer Avalon Brown escorted Russell to the medical unit, which

transferred him to a hospital for stitches and staples.   

Demarius Bridges, a fellow inmate, also testified about the fight. He said that he

heard Russell plead, “don’t kill me,” but conceded that he did not see the fight because

he was on the telephone.   

Russell also attempted to present evidence that the defendants had destroyed a

video recording of the fight. He asked Officer Michael Downey to testify about the

day‐to‐day operations of the jail and its video cameras. (Downey testified in lieu of

Bukowski, who was recovering from surgery.) Downey explained that the common

areas of the jail were equipped with cameras that recorded events on a periodic basis,
No. 14‐3667    Page 3

but there was no recording of Russell’s attack. Moreover, all video recordings, Downey

added, are retained for only 30 days, at which point the storage medium is reused.

Downey also stated that an officer in the command center cannot point a camera to a

specific location when an inmate presses the emergency‐call button. Russell asked

Downey whether the detention center was “covering up” for Smith by “taping over”

the video recording of the fight. The court interrupted, pointing out that no testimony

suggested that the fight had ever been recorded. Downey then confirmed that he had

never seen any video of the December 8 fight, and he knew of no one at the jail who had

directed an officer to destroy any recording from December 8.   

The defense witnesses contradicted Russell’s version of the fight. First,

Lieutenant Smith testified that although on December 8 he was in the command center,

he did not receive any emergency‐intercom calls about Russell’s attack. He learned of

the fight only when Brown brought Russell to the medical unit, adjacent to the

command center. Second, Rico Hargrove, another inmate, testified that Russell started

the fight by stabbing a different inmate, Kendrion Lomack, with a metal object. Russell

made a hearsay objection to this testimony, which the court overruled because

Hargrove was testifying about personal observations. Third, Officer Brown testified that

he found Russell bleeding after the fight and that he took him to the medical unit before

locking down the unit and finding the other participants.   

The court ruled in favor of Bukowski and Smith, giving four reasons. First,

Russell did not establish that Bukowski played any role in failing to protect Russell

from an attack. Second, because the jail’s disciplinary committee found that Russell had

instigated the fight, his claim was barred by Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477 (1994).

Third, the court found that even on Russell’s version of the events, he never told Smith

why or from whom he needed protective custody, and because the attack started

immediately after Russell says that he asked for protective custody, Smith had no

chance to intervene. Fourth, Smith’s testimony was more credible than Russell’s, and it

was corroborated by Hargrove’s.   

On appeal Russell challenges the Heck bar and three other rulings. We can ignore

the argument about Heck because Russell loses on the merits anyway. He argues first

that because he cannot read, the district court abused its discretion in not recruiting him

counsel. But before a district court is required to consider recruiting counsel to assist a

litigant in a civil case, the litigant must make a reasonable attempt to secure counsel for

himself. See Pruitt, 503 F.3d at 654–55. The district court reasonably found that Russell   
No. 14‐3667    Page 4

did not do so. His illiteracy, the court noted, did not prevent him from asking others to

assist him in filing papers with the court. Likewise, it did not prevent him from asking

someone to help him contact a lawyer.   

Second, Russell argues that the district court should have ruled against the

defendants because they knowingly destroyed a video recording of Russell pushing the

emergency button to warn Smith of the impending attack. But nothing in the record

suggests that the event was recorded, let alone that a recording was destroyed to hide

evidence. See United States v. Andreas, 216 F.3d 645, 659–60 (7th Cir. 2000) (rejecting

similar contention when no credible evidence suggested that evidence was destroyed).

Downey testified that there was no video recording of this incident and that, in any

case, video storage is regularly wiped clean for reuse after 30 days. In light of this

uncontradicted testimony, nothing supports Russell’s contention of the bad‐faith

destruction of evidence of the fight. See Norman‐Nunnery v. Madison Area Technical Coll.,

625 F.3d 422, 428–29 (7th Cir. 2010); Trask‐Morton v. Motel 6 Operating L.P., 534 F.3d 672,

681 (7th Cir. 2008).   

Third, Russell contends that the evidence does not support the verdict. He argues

that the court should have excluded as hearsay the testimony of Hargrove, the inmate

who said that Russell started the fight and stabbed Lomack. And in any case, he adds,

since Hargrove is friends with Lomack, Hargrove was less credible than Bridges, the

inmate who stated that Russell begged his attackers, “don’t kill me.”   

The evidentiary ruling and verdict were proper. Hargrove’s testimony was not

hearsay because Hargrove testified about what he saw—Russell stabbing Lomack with

a metal object—and personal observations are not hearsay. See FED. R. EVID. 801;

United States v. Haynie, 179 F.3d 1048, 1051 (7th Cir. 1999); see also United States v.

Vosburgh, 602 F.3d 512, 539 n.27 (3d Cir. 2010); City of Tuscaloosa v. Harcros Chems., Inc.,

158 F.3d 548, 560–61 (11th Cir. 1998). The court was also entitled to decide which

witnesses were more credible. See Spurgin‐Dienst v. United States, 359 F.3d 451, 453 (7th

Cir. 2004); see also United States v. French, 291 F.3d 945, 951 (7th Cir. 2002). We will not

disturb those credibility determinations unless the district court “has credited patently

improbable testimony or its credibility assessments conflict with its other factual

findings.” Gicla v. United States, 572 F.3d 407, 414 (7th Cir. 2009). That is not the case

here. The court permissibly reasoned that because Bridges did not see the altercation,

Hargrove, who did see it, was more believable. In addition, because Smith gave credible

testimony that Russell made no intercom call warning him of an attack, the court   
No. 14‐3667    Page 5

properly ruled that the defendants did not unreasonably fail to protect him from a

specific, known risk of serious harm. See Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 837 (1994);

Tidwell v. Hicks, No. 14‐2365, 2015 WL 3937549, at *3 (7th Cir. June 26, 2015).   

             

            AFFIRMED.