# Patent

## Title
Inbred maize line PHAPV

## Abstract

An inbred maize line, designated PHAPV, the seeds and plants of inbred maize line PHAPV, methods for producing a maize plant, either inbred or hybrid, produced by crossing the inbred maize line PHAPV with another maize plant, and seed and plants produced therefrom. The invention also relates to methods for producing a modified PHAPV maize plant that comprises in its genetic material one or more transgenes or backcross conversion genes and to the transgenic and backcross conversion maize plants produced by these methods. This invention also relates to methods for producing other inbred and hybrid maize lines derived from inbred maize line PHAPV and to the inbred and hybrid maize lines so produced.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/355,553, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,878,864, filed on Jan. 31, 2003, the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
This invention relates generally to the field of maize breeding, specifically relating to an inbred maize line designated PHAPV.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The goal of plant breeding is to combine, in a single variety or hybrid, various desirable traits. For field crops, these traits may include resistance to diseases and insects, tolerance to heat and drought, reducing the time to crop maturity, greater yield, and better agronomic quality. With mechanical harvesting of many crops, uniformity of plant characteristics such as germination and stand establishment, growth rate, maturity, and plant and ear height, is important. Traditional plant breeding is an important tool in developing new and improved commercial crops.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
According to the invention, there is provided a novel inbred maize line, designated PHAPV. This invention thus relates to the seeds of inbred maize line PHAPV, to the plants of inbred maize line PHAPV, to plant parts of inbred maize line PHAPV, to methods for producing a maize plant produced by crossing the inbred maize line PHAPV with another maize plant, including a plant that is part of a synthetic or natural population, and to methods for producing a maize plant containing in its genetic material one or more backcross conversion trait or transgene and to the backcross conversion maize plants and plant parts produced by those methods. This invention also relates to inbred maize lines and plant parts derived from inbred maize line PHAPV, to methods for producing other inbred maize lines derived from inbred maize line PHAPV and to the inbred maize lines and their parts derived by the use of those methods. This invention further relates to hybrid maize seeds, plants and plant parts produced by crossing the inbred line PHAPV or a backcross conversion of PHAPV with another maize line.
DEFINITIONS
Certain definitions used in the specification are provided below. Also in the examples that follow, a number of terms are used herein. In order to provide a clear and consistent understanding of the specification and claims, including the scope to be given such terms, the following definitions are provided. NOTE: ABS is in absolute terms and % MN is percent of the mean for the experiments in which the inbred or hybrid was grown. PCT designates that the trait is calculated as a percentage. % NOT designates the percentage of plants that did not exhibit a trait. For example, STKLDG % NOT is the percentage of plants in a plot that were not stalk lodged. These designators will follow the descriptors to denote how the values are to be interpreted.
ABTSTK=ARTIFICIAL BRITTLE STALK. A count of the number of “snapped” plants per plot following machine snapping. A snapped plant has its stalk completely snapped at a node between the base of the plant and the node above the ear. Expressed as percent of plants that did not snap.
ALLELE. Any of one or more alternative forms of a genetic sequence. Typically, in a diploid cell or organism, the two alleles of a given sequence occupy corresponding loci on a pair of homologous chromosomes.
ANT ROT=ANTHRACNOSE STALK ROT (Colletotrichum graminicola). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Anthracnose Stalk Rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
BACKCROSSING. Process in which a breeder crosses a progeny line back to one of the parental genotypes one or more times.
BARPLT=BARREN PLANTS. The percent of plants per plot that were not barren (lack ears).
BREEDING. The genetic manipulation of living organisms.
BREEDING CROSS. A cross to introduce new genetic material into a plant for the development of a new variety. For example, one could cross plant A with plant B, wherein plant B would be genetically different from plant A. After the breeding cross, the resulting F1 plants could then be selfed or sibbed for one, two, three or more times (F1, F2, F3, etc.) until a new inbred variety is developed. For clarification, such new inbred varieties would be within a pedigree distance of one breeding cross of plants A and B.
BRTSTK=BRITTLE STALKS. This is a measure of the stalk breakage near the time of pollination, and is an indication of whether a hybrid or inbred would snap or break near the time of flowering under severe winds. Data are presented as percentage of plants that did not snap.
CLDTST=COLD TEST. The percent of plants that germinate under cold test conditions.
CLN=CORN LETHAL NECROSIS. Synergistic interaction of maize chlorotic mottle virus (MCMV) in combination with either maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV-A or MDMV-B) or wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Corn Lethal Necrosis. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
COMRST=COMMON RUST (Puccinia sorghi). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Common Rust. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
D/D=DRYDOWN. This represents the relative rate at which a hybrid will reach acceptable harvest moisture compared to other hybrids on a 1 to 9 rating scale. A high score indicates a hybrid that dries relatively fast while a low score indicates a hybrid that dries slowly.
DIPERS=DIPLODIA EAR MOLD SCORES (Diplodia maydis and Diplodia macrospora). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Diplodia Ear Mold. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
DIPROT=DIPLODIA STALK ROT SCORE. Score of stalk rot severity due to Diplodia (Diplodia maydis). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant.
DRPEAR=DROPPED EARS. A measure of the number of dropped ears per plot and represents the percentage of plants that did not drop ears prior to harvest.
D/T=DROUGHT TOLERANCE. This represents a 1 to 9 rating for drought tolerance, and is based on data obtained under stress conditions. A high score indicates good drought tolerance and a low score indicates poor drought tolerance.
EARHT=EAR HEIGHT. The ear height is a measure from the ground to the highest placed developed ear node attachment and is measured in centimeters.
EARMLD=GENERAL EAR MOLD. Visual rating (1 to 9 score) where a “1” is very susceptible and a “9” is very resistant. This is based on overall rating for ear mold of mature ears without determining the specific mold organism, and may not be predictive for a specific ear mold.
EARSZ=EAR SIZE. A 1 to 9 visual rating of ear size. The higher the rating the larger the ear size.
EBTSTK=EARLY BRITTLE STALK. A count of the number of “snapped” plants per plot following severe winds when the corn plant is experiencing very rapid vegetative growth in the V5-V8 stage. Expressed as percent of plants that did not snap.
ECB1LF=EUROPEAN CORN BORER FIRST GENERATION LEAF FEEDING (Ostrinia nubilalis). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to preflowering leaf feeding by first generation European Corn Borer. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
ECB2IT=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GENERATION INCHES OF TUNNELING (Ostrinia nubilalis). Average inches of tunneling per plant in the stalk.
ECB2SC=EUROPEAN CORN BORER SECOND GENERATION (Ostrinia nubilalis). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating post flowering degree of stalk breakage and other evidence of feeding by European Corn Borer, Second Generation. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
ECBDPE=EUROPEAN CORN BORER DROPPED EARS (Ostrinia nubilalis). Dropped ears due to European Corn Borer. Percentage of plants that did not drop ears under second generation corn borer infestation.
EGRWTH=EARLY GROWTH. This is a measure of the relative height and size of a corn seedling at the 2-4 leaf stage of growth. This is a visual rating (1 to 9), with 1 being weak or slow growth, 5 being average growth and 9 being strong growth. Taller plants, wider leaves, more green mass and darker color constitute higher score.
ELITE INBRED. An inbred that contributed desirable qualities when used to produce commercial hybrids. An elite inbred may also be used in further breeding for the purpose of developing further improved varieties.
ERTLDG=EARLY ROOT LODGING. Early root lodging is the percentage of plants that do not root lodge prior to or around anthesis; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30° angle or greater would be counted as root lodged.
ERTLPN=EARLY ROOT LODGING. An estimate of the percentage of plants that do not root lodge prior to or around anthesis; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30° angle or greater would be considered as root lodged.
ERTLSC=EARLY ROOT LODGING SCORE. Score for severity of plants that lean from a vertical axis at an approximate 30 degree angle or greater which typically results from strong winds prior to or around flowering recorded within 2 weeks of a wind event. Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being no lodging.
ESTCNT=EARLY STAND COUNT. This is a measure of the stand establishment in the spring and represents the number of plants that emerge on per plot basis for the inbred or hybrid.
EYESPT=EYE SPOT (Kabatiella zeae or Aureobasidium zeae). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Eye Spot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
FUSERS=FUSARIUM EAR ROT SCORE (Fusarium moniliforme or Fusarium subglutinans). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Fusarium ear rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
GDU=GROWING DEGREE UNITS. Using the Barger Heat Unit Theory, which assumes that maize growth occurs in the temperature range 50° F.-86° F. and that temperatures outside this range slow down growth; the maximum daily heat unit accumulation is 36 and the minimum daily heat unit accumulation is 0. The seasonal accumulation of GDU is a major factor in determining maturity zones.
GDUSHD=GDU TO SHED. The number of growing degree units (GDUs) or heat units required for an inbred line or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plants shedding pollen and is measured from the time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method, where the heat units for a 24-hour period are:




  
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The highest maximum temperature used is 86° F. and the lowest minimum temperature used is 50° F. For each inbred or hybrid it takes a certain number of GDUs to reach various stages of plant development.
GDUSLK=GDU TO SILK. The number of growing degree units required for an inbred line or hybrid to have approximately 50 percent of the plants with silk emergence from time of planting. Growing degree units are calculated by the Barger Method as given in GDU SHD definition.
GENOTYPE. Refers to the genetic constitution of a cell or organism.
GIBERS=GIBBERELLA EAR ROT (PINK MOLD) (Gibberella zeae). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Gibberella Ear Rot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
GIBROT=GIBBERELLA STALK ROT SCORE. Score of stalk rot severity due to Gibberella (Gibberella zeae). Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being highly resistant.
GLFSPT=GRAY LEAF SPOT (Cercospora zeae-maydis). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Gray Leaf Spot. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
GOSWLT=GOSS' WILT (Corynebacterium nebraskense). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Goss' Wilt. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
GRNAPP=GRAIN APPEARANCE. This is a 1 to 9 rating for the general appearance of the shelled grain as it is harvested based on such factors as the color of harvested grain, any mold on the grain, and any cracked grain. High scores indicate good grain quality.
HCBLT=HELMINTHOSPORIUM CARBONUM LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium carbonum). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Helminthosporium infection. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
HD SMT=HEAD SMUT (Sphacelotheca reiliana). This score indicates the percentage of plants not infected.
HSKCVR=HUSK COVER. A 1 to 9 score based on performance relative to key checks, with a score of 1 indicating very short husks, tip of ear and kernels showing; 5 is intermediate coverage of the ear under most conditions, sometimes with thin husk; and a 9 has husks extending and closed beyond the tip of the ear. Scoring can best be done near physiological maturity stage or any time during dry down until harvested.
INC D/A=GROSS INCOME (DOLLARS PER ACRE). Relative income per acre assuming drying costs of two cents per point above 15.5 percent harvest moisture and current market price per bushel.
INCOME/ACRE. Income advantage of hybrid to be patented over other hybrid on per acre basis.
INC ADV=GROSS INCOME ADVANTAGE. GROSS INCOME advantage of variety #1 over variety #2.
KSZDCD=KERNEL SIZE DISCARD. The percent of discard seed; calculated as the sum of discarded tip kernels and extra large kernels.
LINKAGE. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles on the same chromosome tend to segregate together more often than expected by chance if their transmission was independent.
LINKAGE DISEQUILIBRIUM. Refers to a phenomenon wherein alleles tend to remain together in linkage groups when segregating from parents to offspring, with a greater frequency than expected from their individual frequencies.
L/POP=YIELD AT LOW DENSITY. Yield ability at relatively low plant densities on a 1 to 9 relative system with a higher number indicating the hybrid responds well to low plant densities for yield relative to other hybrids. A 1, 5, and 9 would represent very poor, average, and very good yield response, respectively, to low plant density.
LRTLDG=LATE ROOT LODGING. Late root lodging is the percentage of plants that do not root lodge after anthesis through harvest; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30° angle or greater would be counted as root lodged.
LRTLPN=LATE ROOT LODGING. Late root lodging is an estimate of the percentage of plants that do not root lodge after anthesis through harvest; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30° angle or greater would be considered as root lodged.
LRTLSC=LATE ROOT LODGING SCORE. Score for severity of plants that lean from a vertical axis at an approximate 30 degree angle or greater which typically results from strong winds after flowering. Recorded prior to harvest when a root-lodging event has occurred. This lodging results in plants that are leaned or “lodged” over at the base of the plant and do not straighten or “goose-neck”back to a vertical position. Expressed as a 1 to 9 score with 9 being no lodging.
MDMCPX=MAIZE DWARF MOSAIC COMPLEX (MDMV=Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus and MCDV=Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Maize Dwarf Mosaic Complex. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
MST=HARVEST MOISTURE. The moisture is the actual percentage moisture of the grain at harvest.
MSTADV=MOISTURE ADVANTAGE. The moisture advantage of variety #1 over variety #2 as calculated by: MOISTURE of variety #2-MOISTURE of variety #1=MOISTURE ADVANTAGE of variety #1.
NLFBLT=NORTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium turcicum or Exserohilum turcicum). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Northern Leaf Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
OILT=GRAIN OIL. Absolute value of oil content of the kernel as predicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry matter.
PEDIGREE DISTANCE. Relationship among generations based on their ancestral links as evidenced in pedigrees. May be measured by the distance of the pedigree from a given starting point in the ancestry.
PLANT. As used herein, the term “plant” includes reference to an immature or mature whole plant, including a plant that has been detasseled or from which seed or grain has been removed. Seed or embryo that will produce the plant is also considered to be the plant.
PLANT PARTS. As used herein, the term “plant parts” includes leaves, stems, roots, seed, grain, embryo, pollen, ovules, flowers, ears, cobs, husks, stalks, root tips, anthers, silk, tissue, cells and the like.
PLANT CELL. Plant cell, as used herein includes, plant cells whether isolated, in tissue culture or incorporated in a plant or plant part.
PLTHT=PLANT HEIGHT. This is a measure of the height of the plant from the ground to the tip of the tassel in centimeters.
POLSC=POLLEN SCORE. A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount of pollen shed. The higher the score the more pollen shed.
POLWT=POLLEN WEIGHT. This is calculated by dry weight of tassels collected as shedding commences minus dry weight from similar tassels harvested after shedding is complete.
POP K/A=PLANT POPULATIONS. Measured as 1000s per acre.
POP ADV=PLANT POPULATION ADVANTAGE. The plant population advantage of variety #1 over variety #2 as calculated by PLANT POPULATION of variety #2−PLANT POPULATION of variety #1=PLANT POPULATION ADVANTAGE of variety #1.
PRM=PREDICTED RELATIVE MATURITY. This trait, predicted relative maturity, is based on the harvest moisture of the grain. The relative maturity rating is based on a known set of checks and utilizes standard linear regression analyses and is also referred to as the Comparative Relative Maturity Rating System that is similar to the Minnesota Relative Maturity Rating System.
PRMSHD=A relative measure of the growing degree units (GDU) required to reach 50% pollen shed. Relative values are predicted values from the linear regression of observed GDU's on relative maturity of commercial checks.
PROT=GRAIN PROTEIN. Absolute value of protein content of the kernel as predicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry matter.
RTLDG=ROOT LODGING. Root lodging is the percentage of plants that do not root lodge; plants that lean from the vertical axis at an approximately 30° angle or greater would be counted as root lodged.
RTLADV=ROOT LODGING ADVANTAGE. The root lodging advantage of variety #1 over variety #2.
SCTGRN=SCATTER GRAIN. A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the amount of scatter grain (lack of pollination or kernel abortion) on the ear. The higher the score the less scatter grain.
SDGVGR=SEEDLING VIGOR. This is the visual rating (1 to 9) of the amount of vegetative growth after emergence at the seedling stage (approximately five leaves). A higher score indicates better vigor.
SEL IND=SELECTION INDEX. The selection index gives a single measure of the hybrid's worth based on information for up to five traits. A maize breeder may utilize his or her own set of traits for the selection index. One of the traits that is almost always included is yield. The selection index data presented in the tables represent the mean value averaged across testing stations.
SLFBLT=SOUTHERN LEAF BLIGHT (Helminthosporium maydis or Bipolaris maydis). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Southern Leaf Blight. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
SOURST=SOUTHERN RUST (Puccinia polysora). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Southern Rust. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
STAGRN=STAY GREEN. Stay green is the measure of plant health near the time of black layer formation (physiological maturity). A high score indicates better late-season plant health.
STDADV=STALK STANDING ADVANTAGE. The advantage of variety #1 over variety #2 for the trait STK CNT.
STKCNT=NUMBER OF PLANTS. This is the final stand or number of plants per plot.
STKLDG=STALK LODGING REGULAR. This is the percentage of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage) at regular harvest (when grain moisture is between about 20 and 30%) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break below the ear.
STKLDL=LATE STALK LODGING. This is the percentage of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage) at or around late season harvest (when grain moisture is between about 15 and 18%) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break below the ear.
STKLDS=STALK LODGING SCORE. A plant is considered as stalk lodged if the stalk is broken or crimped between the ear and the ground. This can be caused by any or a combination of the following: strong winds late in the season, disease pressure within the stalks, ECB damage or genetically weak stalks. This trait should be taken just prior to or at harvest. Expressed on a 1 to 9 scale with 9 being no lodging.
STLLPN=LATE STALK LODGING. This is the percent of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage or crimping) at or around late season harvest (when grain moisture is below 20%) as measure by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break or crimp below the ear.
STLPCN=STALK LODGING REGULAR. This is an estimate of the percentage of plants that did not stalk lodge (stalk breakage) at regular harvest (when grain moisture is between about 20 and 30%) as measured by either natural lodging or pushing the stalks and determining the percentage of plants that break below the ear.
STRT=GRAIN STARCH. Absolute value of starch content of the kernel as predicted by Near-Infrared Transmittance and expressed as a percent of dry matter.
STWWLT=Stewart's Wilt (Erwinia stewartii). A 1 to 9 visual rating indicating the resistance to Stewart's Wilt. A higher score indicates a higher resistance.
TASBLS=TASSEL BLAST. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to measure the degree of blasting (necrosis due to heat stress) of the tassel at the time of flowering. A 1 would indicate a very high level of blasting at time of flowering, while a 9 would have no tassel blasting.
TASSZ=TASSEL SIZE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate the relative size of the tassel. The higher the rating the larger the tassel.
TAS WT=TASSEL WEIGHT. This is the average weight of a tassel (grams) just prior to pollen shed.
TEXEAR=EAR TEXTURE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to indicate the relative hardness (smoothness of crown) of mature grain. A 1 would be very soft (extreme dent) while a 9 would be very hard (flinty or very smooth crown).
TILLER=TILLERS. A count of the number of tillers per plot that could possibly shed pollen was taken. Data are given as a percentage of tillers: number of tillers per plot divided by number of plants per plot.
TSTWT=TEST WEIGHT (UNADJUSTED). The measure of the weight of the grain in pounds for a given volume (bushel).
TSWADV=TEST WEIGHT ADVANTAGE. The test weight advantage of variety #1 over variety #2.
WIN M %=PERCENT MOISTURE WINS.
WIN Y %=PERCENT YIELD WINS.
YIELD BU/A=YIELD (BUSHELS/ACRE). Yield of the grain at harvest in bushels per acre adjusted to 15% moisture.
YLDADV=YIELD ADVANTAGE. The yield advantage of variety #1 over variety #2 as calculated by: YIELD of variety #1−YIELD variety #2=yield advantage of variety #1.
YLDSC=YIELD SCORE. A 1 to 9 visual rating was used to give a relative rating for yield based on plot ear piles. The higher the rating the greater visual yield appearance.
DEFINITIONS FOR AREA OF ADAPTABILITY
When referring to area of adaptability, such term is used to describe the location with the environmental conditions that would be well suited for this maize line. Area of adaptability is based on a number of factors, for example: days to maturity, insect resistance, disease resistance, and drought resistance. Area of adaptability does not indicate that the maize line will grow in every location within the area of adaptability or that it will not grow outside the area.
Central Corn Belt: Iowa, Illinois, Indiana
Drylands: non-irrigated areas of North Dakota, South Dakota, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado and Oklahoma
Eastern U.S.: Ohio, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, and West Virginia
North central U.S.: Minnesota and Wisconsin
Northeast: Michigan, New York, Vermont, and Ontario and Quebec Canada
Northwest U.S.: North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyoming, Washington, Oregon, Montana, Utah, and Idaho
South central U.S.: Missouri, Tennessee, Kentucky, Arkansas
Southeast U.S.: North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana
Southwest U.S.: Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona
Western U.S.: Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and California
Maritime Europe France, Germany, Belgium and Austria


DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION AND FURTHER EMBODIMENTS
All tables discussed in the Detailed Description of the Invention and Further Embodiments section can be found at the end of the section.
Morphological and Physiological Characteristics of PHAPV
Inbred maize line PHAPV is a yellow, dent-flint maize inbred that is best suited to be used as a female in the production of the first generation F1 maize hybrids. Inbred maize line PHAPV is best adapted to the Central Corn Belt, and can be used to produce hybrids with approximately 112 maturity based on the Comparative Relative Maturity Rating System for harvest moisture of grain. Inbred maize line PHAPV demonstrates excellent resistance to Gibberella Ear Rot and good resistance to Northern Corn Leaf Blight, Southern Corn Leaf Blight, and Stewarts Wilt as an inbred per se. In hybrid combination, inbred PHAPV demonstrates very good resistance to stalk lodging, good resistance to brittle stalk, and good Gray Leaf Spot resistance.
The inbred has shown uniformity and stability within the limits of environmental influence for all the traits as described in the Variety Description Information (Table 1, found at the end of the section). The inbred has been self-pollinated and ear-rowed a sufficient number of generations with careful attention paid to uniformity of plant type to ensure the homozygosity and phenotypic stability necessary for use in commercial hybrid seed production. The line has been increased both by hand and in isolated fields with continued observation for uniformity. No variant traits have been observed or are expected in PHAPV.
Inbred maize line PHAPV, being substantially homozygous, can be reproduced by planting seeds of the line, growing the resulting maize plants under self-pollinating or sib-pollinating conditions with adequate isolation, and harvesting the resulting seed using techniques familiar to the agricultural arts.
Genetic Marker Profile
To select and develop superior inbred parental lines for producing hybrids, it is necessary to identify and select genetically unique individuals that occur in a segregating population. The segregating population is the result of a combination of crossover events plus the independent assortment of specific combinations of alleles at many gene loci that results in specific and unique genotypes. The genetic variation among individual progeny of a breeding cross allows for the identification of rare and valuable new genotypes. Once identified, it is possible to utilize routine and predictable breeding methods to develop progeny that retain the rare and valuable new genotypes developed by the initial breeder.
Even if the entire genotypes of the parents of the breeding cross were characterized and a desired genotype known, only a few if any individuals having the desired genotype may be found in a large segregating F2 population. It would be very unlikely that a breeder of ordinary skill in the art would be able to recreate the same line twice from the very same original parents as the breeder is unable to direct how the genomes combine or how they will interact with the environmental conditions. This unpredictability results in the expenditure of large amounts of research resources in the development of a superior new maize inbred line. Once such a line is developed its value to society is substantial since it is important to advance the germplasm base as a whole in order to maintain or improve traits such as yield, disease resistance, pest resistance and plant performance in extreme weather conditions. Backcross trait conversions are routinely used to add or modify one or a few traits of such a line and this further enhances its value and usefulness to society.
Phenotypic traits exhibited by PHAPV can be used to characterize the genetic contribution of PHAPV to progeny lines developed through the use of PHAPV. Quantitative traits including, but not limited to, yield, maturity, stay green, root lodging, stalk lodging, and early growth are typically governed by multiple genes at multiple loci. PHAPV progeny plants that retain the same degree of phenotypic expression of these quantitative traits as PHAPV have received significant genotypic and phenotypic contribution from PHAPV. This characterization is enhanced when such quantitative trait is not exhibited in non-PHAPV breeding material used to developed the PHAPV progeny.
In addition to phenotypic observations, a plant can also be identified by its genotype. The genotype of a plant can be characterized through a genetic marker profile, which can identify plants of the same variety or a related variety or be used to determine or validate a pedigree. Genetic marker profiles can be obtained by techniques such as Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) which are also referred to as Microsatellites, and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs). For example, see Berry, Don, et al., “Assessing Probability of Ancestry Using Simple Sequence Repeat Profiles: Applications to Maize Hybrids and Inbreds”, Genetics, 2002, 161:813-824, which is incorporated by reference herein.
Particular markers used for these purposes are not limited to the set of markers disclosed herein, but are envisioned to include any type of marker and marker profile which provides a means of distinguishing varieties. In addition to being used for identification of Inbred Line PHAPV, a hybrid produced through the use of PHAPV, and the identification or verification of pedigree for progeny plants produced through the use of PHAPV, the genetic marker profile is also useful in further breeding and in developing backcross conversions.
Means of performing genetic marker profiles using SSR polymorphisms are well known in the art. SSRs are genetic markers based on polymorphisms in repeated nucleotide sequences, such as microsatellites. A marker system based on SSRs can be highly informative in linkage analysis relative to other marker systems in that multiple alleles may be present. Another advantage of this type of marker is that, through use of flanking primers, detection of SSRs can be achieved, for example, by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), thereby eliminating the need for labor-intensive Southern hybridization. The PCRTM detection is done by use of two oligonucleotide primers flanking the polymorphic segment of repetitive DNA. Repeated cycles of heat denaturation of the DNA followed by annealing of the primers to their complementary sequences at low temperatures, and extension of the annealed primers with DNA polymerase, comprise the major part of the methodology.
Following amplification, markers can be scored by gel electrophoresis of the amplification products. Scoring of marker genotype is based on the size of the amplified fragment as measured by molecular weight (MW) rounded to the nearest integer. While variation in the primer used or in laboratory procedures can affect the reported molecular weight, relative values should remain constant regardless of the specific primer or laboratory used. When comparing lines it is preferable if all SSR profiles are performed in the same lab. The SSR analyses reported herein were conducted in-house at Pioneer Hi-Bred. An SSR service is available to the public on a contractual basis by Paragen (formerly Celera AgGen) in Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Primers used for the SSRs reported herein are publicly available and may be found in the Maize GDB using the World Wide Web prefix followed by maizegdb.org (maintained by the USDA Agricultural Research Service), in Sharopova et al. (Plant Mol. Biol. 48(5-6):463-481), Lee et al (Plant Mol. Biol. 48(5-6); 453-461), or may be constructed from sequences if reported herein. Some marker information may be available from Paragen.
Map information is provided by bin number as reported in the Maize GDB. The bin number digits to the left of decimal point represent the chromosome on which such marker is located, and the digits to the right of the decimal represent the location on such chromosome. Any bin numbers reported in parenthesis represent other bin locations for such marker that have been reported in the literature or on the Maize GDB. A bin number.xx designation indicates that the bin location on that chromosome is not known. Map positions are also available on the Maize GDB for a variety of different mapping populations.
The SSR profile of Inbred PHAPV can be found in Table 2 found at the end of this section. The profile can be used to identify hybrids comprising PHAPV as a parent, since such hybrids will comprise two sets of allele, one set of which will be the same alleles as PHAPV. Because an inbred is essentially homozygous at all relevant loci, an inbred should, in almost all cases, have only one allele at each locus. In contrast, a genetic marker profile of a hybrid should be the sum of those parents, e.g., if one inbred parent had allele x at a particular locus, and the other inbred parent had allele y the hybrid is x.y (heterozygous) by inference. Subsequent generations of progeny produced by selection and breeding are expected to be of genotype x (homozygous), y (homozygous), or x.y (heterozygous) for that locus position. When the F1 plant is used to produce an inbred, the inbred should be either x or y for that allele.
Plants and plant parts substantially benefiting from the use of PHAPV in their development such as PHAPV comprising a backcross conversion, transgene, or genetic sterility factor, may be identified by having a molecular marker profile with a high percent identity to PHAPV.
The SSR profile of PHAPV also can be used to identify essentially derived varieties and other progeny lines developed from the use of PHAPV, as well as cells and other plant parts thereof. Progeny plants and plant parts produced using PHAPV may be identified by having a molecular marker profile of at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5% genetic contribution from inbred line PHAPV.
Unique SSR Profiles
While determining the SSR genetic marker profile of the inbreds described supra, several unique SSR profile loci sets were or may be identified through further analysis which did not appear in either parent of such inbred.
Such unique SSR profiles may arise during the breeding process from recombination or mutation. A combination of several unique alleles provides a means of identifying an inbred, a hybrid produced from such inbred, and progeny produced from such inbred. Such progeny may be further characterized as being within a pedigree distance of PHAPV, such as within 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 or less breeding crosses to a maize plant other than PHAPV or a plant that has PHAPV as a parent or other progenitor. Further unique molecular profiles may be identified with other molecular tools such as SNPs and RFLPs.
Each genetic marker profile represents a novel grouping of alleles unique to an inbred. Each of the unique SSR profiles that may be found are referred to as a “loci set”.
Comparing PHAPV to Other Inbreds
A breeder uses various methods to help determine which plants should be selected from the segregating populations and ultimately which inbred lines will be used to develop hybrids for commercialization. In addition to the knowledge of the germplasm and other skills the breeder uses, a part of the selection process is dependent on experimental design coupled with the use of statistical analysis. Experimental design and statistical analysis are used to help determine which plants, which family of plants, and finally which inbred lines and hybrid combinations are significantly better or different for one or more traits of interest. Experimental design methods are used to assess error so that differences between two inbred lines or two hybrid lines can be more accurately determined. Statistical analysis includes the calculation of mean values, determination of the statistical significance of the sources of variation, and the calculation of the appropriate variance components. Either a five or a one percent significance level is customarily used to determine whether a difference that occurs for a given trait is real or due to the environment or experimental error. One of ordinary skill in the art of plant breeding would know how to evaluate the traits of two plant varieties to determine if there is no significant difference between the two traits expressed by those varieties. For example, see Fehr, Walt, Principles of Cultivar Development, p. 261-286 (1987) which is incorporated herein by reference. Mean trait values may be used to determine whether trait differences are significant, and preferably the traits are measured on plants grown under the same environmental conditions.
In Tables 3A-3C, data from traits and characteristics of inbred maize line PHAPV per se are given and compared to other maize inbred lines.
Inbred by Tester comparisons are also used to evaluate two inbreds. Combined inbred by tester comparison results can be used to distinguish two inbred lines while also providing information about the combining ability of the inbreds used.
Table 4 compares PHAPV to inbred PH3RC, when each inbred is crossed to the same tester lines.
Methods of Introducing a New Gene or Trait into PHAPV
Field crops are bred through techniques that take advantage of the plant's method of pollination. A plant is self-pollinated if pollen from one flower is transferred to the same or another flower of the same plant. A plant is sib-pollinated when individuals within the same family or line are used for pollination. A plant is cross-pollinated if the pollen comes from a flower on a different plant from a different family or line. The terms “cross-pollination” and “out-cross” as used herein do not include self-pollination or sib-pollination.
Maize (zea mays L.), often referred to as corn in the United States, can be bred by both self-pollination and cross-pollination techniques. Maize has separate male and female flowers on the same plant, located on the tassel and the ear, respectively. Natural or open pollination occurs in maize when wind blows pollen from the tassels to the silks that protrude from the tops of the ears.
Plants that have been self-pollinated and selected for type for many generations become homozygous at almost all gene loci and produce a uniform population of true breeding progeny. A cross between two different homozygous lines produces a uniform population of hybrid plants that may be heterozygous for many gene loci. A cross of two plants; each heterozygous at a number of gene loci, will produce a population of hybrid plants that differ genetically and will not be uniform.
One possible method of introducing a new gene or trait into PHAPV is producing a backcross conversion of PHAPV. A backcross conversion occurs when DNA sequences are introduced through traditional (non-transformation) breeding techniques, such as backcrossing (Hallauer et al., 1988). DNA sequences, whether naturally occurring or transgenes, may be introduced using these traditional breeding techniques. A backcross conversion may produce a plant with a trait conversion in at least one or more crosses, including at least 2 crosses, at least 3 crosses, at least 4 crosses, and the like. Molecular marker assisted breeding or selection may be utilized to reduce the number of backcrosses necessary to achieve the backcross conversion. The term backcross conversion is also referred to in the art as a single locus conversion. Reference is made to US 2002/0062506A1 for a detailed discussion of single locus conversions and traits that may be incorporated into PHAPV through backcross conversion. Desired traits transferred through this process include, but are not limited to, waxy starch, grain color, nutritional enhancements, altered fatty acid profile, increased digestibility, low phytate, industrial enhancements, disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance and yield enhancements. The trait of interest is transferred from the donor parent to the recurrent parent, in this case, the maize plant disclosed herein. The backcross conversion may result from either the transfer of a dominant allele or a recessive allele. Selection of progeny containing the trait of interest is accomplished by direct selection for a trait associated with a dominant allele. Selection of progeny for a trait that is transferred via a recessive allele, such as the waxy starch characteristic, requires growing and selfing the first backcross generation to determine which plants carry the recessive alleles. Recessive traits may require additional progeny testing in successive backcross generations to determine the presence of the gene of interest. Along with selection for the trait of interest, progeny are selected for the phenotype of the recurrent parent. While occasionally additional polynucleotide sequences or genes are transferred along with the backcross conversion, this is an insubstantial change to the variety, and backcross conversion lines are easily developed without undue experimentation. Hallauer et al. (1998, page 472) states that “For single gene traits that are relatively easy to classify, the backcross method is effective and relatively easy to manage.” Poehlman et al. (1995, page 334) states that “A backcross-derived inbred line fits into the same hybrid combination as the recurrent parent inbred line and contributes the effect of the additional gene added through the backcross.”
The advent of new molecular biological techniques has allowed the isolation and characterization of genetic elements with specific functions, such as encoding specific protein products. Scientists in the field of plant biology developed a strong interest in engineering the genome of plants to contain and express foreign genetic elements, or additional, or modified versions of native or endogenous genetic elements in order to alter the traits of a plant in a specific manner. Any DNA sequences, whether from a different species or from the same species, that are inserted into the genome using transformation are referred to herein collectively as “transgenes”. A transformed plant may contain at least one transgene but could contain at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 and/or no more than 15, 14, 13, 12, 11, 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, or 2. Over the last fifteen to twenty years several methods for producing transgenic plants have been developed, and the present invention, in particular embodiments, also relates to transformed versions of the claimed inbred maize line PHAPV as well as hybrid combinations thereof.
Numerous methods for plant transformation have been developed, including biological and physical plant transformation protocols. See, for example, Miki et al., “Procedures for Introducing Foreign DNA into Plants” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick, B. R. and Thompson, J. E. Eds. (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 1993) pages 67-88 and Armstrong, “The First Decade of Maize Transformation: A Review and Future Perspective” (Maydica 44:101-109, 1999). In addition, expression vectors and in vitro culture methods for plant cell or tissue transformation and regeneration of plants are available. See, for example, Gruber et al., “Vectors for Plant Transformation” in Methods in Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Glick, B. R. and Thompson, J. E. Eds. (CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, 1993) pages 89-119.
The most prevalent types of plant transformation involve the construction of an expression vector. Such a vector comprises a DNA sequence that contains a gene under the control of or operatively linked to a regulatory element, for example a promoter. The vector may contain one or more genes and one or more regulatory elements.
A genetic trait which has been engineered into a particular maize plant using transformation techniques, could be moved into another line using traditional breeding techniques that are well known in the plant breeding arts. For example, a backcrossing approach is commonly used to move a transgene from a transformed maize plant to an elite inbred line, and the resulting progeny would then comprise the transgene(s). Also, if an inbred line was used for the transformation then the transgenic plants could be crossed to a different inbred in order to produce a transgenic hybrid maize plant. As used herein, “crossing” can refer to a simple X by Y cross, or the process of backcrossing, depending on the context.
Various genetic elements can be introduced into the plant genome using transformation. These elements include but are not limited to genes; coding sequences; inducible, constitutive, and tissue specific promoters; enhancing sequences; and signal and targeting sequences. See the traits, genes and transforming methods listed in U.S. Pat. No. 6,118,055, which are herein incorporated by reference.
With transgenic plants according to the present invention, a foreign protein can be produced in commercial quantities. Thus, techniques for the selection and propagation of transformed plants, which are well understood in the art, yield a plurality of transgenic plants which are harvested in a conventional manner, and a foreign protein then can be extracted from a tissue of interest or from total biomass. Protein extraction from plant biomass can be accomplished by known methods which are discussed, for example, by Heney and Orr, Anal. Biochem. 114:92-6 (1981). In one embodiment, the biomass of interest is seed.
A genetic map can be generated, primarily via conventional Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLP), Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) analysis, and Simple Sequence Repeats (SSR) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNP) which identifies the approximate chromosomal location of the integrated DNA molecule. For exemplary methodologies in this regard, see Glick and Thompson, METHODS IN PLANT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 269-284 (CRC Press, Boca Raton, 1993).
Wang et al. discuss “Large Scale Identification, Mapping and Genotyping of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms in the Human Genome”, Science, 280:1077-1082, 1998, and similar capabilities are becoming increasingly available for the corn genome. Map information concerning chromosomal location is useful for proprietary protection of a subject transgenic plant. If unauthorized propagation is undertaken and crosses made with other germplasm, the map of the integration region can be compared to similar maps for suspect plants, to determine if the latter have a common parentage with the subject plant. Map comparisons would involve hybridizations, RFLP, PCR, SSR and sequencing, all of which are conventional techniques. SNP's may also be used alone or in combination with other techniques.
Likewise, by means of the present invention, plants can be genetically engineered to express various phenotypes of agronomic interest. Through the transformation of maize the expression of genes can be modulated to enhance disease resistance, insect resistance, herbicide resistance, agronomic traits as well as grain quality traits. Transformation can also be used to insert DNA sequences which control or help control male-sterility. DNA sequences native to maize as well as non-native DNA sequences can be transformed into maize and used to modulate levels of native or non-native proteins. Anti-sense technology, various promoters, targeting sequences, enhancing sequences, and other DNA sequences can be inserted into the maize genome for the purpose of modulating the expression of proteins. Exemplary transgenes implicated in this regard include, but are not limited to, those categorized below.
1. Transgenes that Confer Resistance to Pests or Disease and that Encode:
(A) Plant disease resistance genes. Plant defenses are often activated by specific interaction between the product of a disease resistance gene (R) in the plant and the product of a corresponding avirulence (Avr) gene in the pathogen. A plant variety can be transformed with cloned resistance gene to engineer plants that are resistant to specific pathogen strains. See, for example Jones et al., Science 266:789 (1994) (cloning of the tomato Cf-9 gene for resistance to Cladosporium fulvum); Martin et al., Science 262:1432 (1993) (tomato Pto gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato encodes a protein kinase); Mindrinos et al., Cell 78:1089 (1994) (Arabidopsis RSP2 gene for resistance to Pseudomonas syringae). A plant resistant to a disease is one that is more resistant to a pathogen as compared to the wild type plant.
(B) A Bacillus thuringiensis protein, a derivative thereof or a synthetic polypeptide modeled thereon. See, for example, Geiser et al., Gene 48:109 (1986), who disclose the cloning and nucleotide sequence of a Bt δ-endotoxin gene. Moreover, DNA molecules encoding δ-endotoxin genes can be purchased from American Type Culture Collection (Rockville, Md.), for example, under ATCC Accession Nos. 40098, 67136, 31995 and 31998. Other examples of Bacillus thuringiensis transgenes being genetically engineered are given in the following patents and hereby are incorporated by reference for this purpose: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,188,960; 5,689,052; 5,880,275; and WO 97/40162.
(C) A lectin. See, for example, the disclosure by Van Damme et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 24:25 (1994), who disclose the nucleotide sequences of several Clivia miniata mannose-binding lectin genes.
(D) A vitamin-binding protein such as avidin. See PCT Application US93/06487 the contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference for this purpose. The application teaches the use of avidin and avidin homologues as larvicides against insect pests.
(E) An enzyme inhibitor, for example, a protease inhibitor or an amylase inhibitor. See, for example, Abe et al., J. Biol. Chem. 262:16793 (1987) (nucleotide sequence of rice cysteine proteinase inhibitor), Huub et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 21:985 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of cDNA encoding tobacco proteinase inhibitor I), and Sumitani et al., Biosci. Biotech. Biochem. 57:1243 (1993) (nucleotide sequence of Streptomyces nitrosporeus α-amylase inhibitor) and U.S. Pat. No. 5,494,813.
(F) An insect-specific hormone or pheromone such as an ecdysteroid and juvenile hormone, a variant thereof, a mimetic based thereon, or an antagonist or agonist thereof. See, for example, the disclosure by Hammock et al., Nature 344:458 (1990), of baculovirus expression of cloned juvenile hormone esterase, an inactivator of juvenile hormone.
(G) An insect-specific peptide or neuropeptide which, upon expression, disrupts the physiology of the affected pest. For example, see the disclosures of Regan, J. Biol. Chem. 269:9 (1994) (expression cloning yields DNA coding for insect diuretic hormone receptor), and Pratt et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm. 163:1243 (1989) (an allostatin is identified in Diploptera puntata). See also U.S. Pat. No. 5,266,317 to Tomalski et al., who disclose genes encoding insect-specific, paralytic neurotoxins.
(H) An insect-specific venom produced in nature by a snake, a wasp, etc. For example, see Pang et al., Gene 116:165 (1992), for disclosure of heterologous expression in plants of a gene coding for a scorpion insectotoxic peptide.
(I) An enzyme responsible for an hyperaccumulation of a monterpene, a sesquiterpene, a steroid, hydroxamic acid, a phenylpropanoid derivative or another non-protein molecule with insecticidal activity.
(J) An enzyme involved in the modification, including the post-translational modification, of a biologically active molecule; for example, a glycolytic enzyme, a proteolytic enzyme, a lipolytic enzyme, a nuclease, a cyclase, a transaminase, an esterase, a hydrolase, a phosphatase, a kinase, a phosphorylase, a polymerase, an elastase, a chitinase and a glucanase, whether natural or synthetic. See PCT Application WO 93/02197 in the name of Scott et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a callase gene. DNA molecules which contain chitinase-encoding sequences can be obtained, for example, from the ATCC under Accession Nos. 39637 and 67152. See also Kramer et al., Insect Biochem. Molec. Biol. 23:691 (1993), who teach the nucleotide sequence of a cDNA encoding tobacco hookworm chitinase, and Kawalleck et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 21:673 (1993), who provide the nucleotide sequence of the parsley ubi4-2 polyubiquitin gene.
(K) A molecule that stimulates signal transduction. For example, see the disclosure by Botella et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 24:757 (1994), of nucleotide sequences for mung bean calmodulin cDNA clones, and Griess et al., Plant Physiol. 104:1467 (1994), who provide the nucleotide sequence of a maize calmodulin cDNA clone.
(L) A hydrophobic moment peptide. See PCT Application WO95/16776 (disclosure of peptide derivatives of Tachyplesin which inhibit fungal plant pathogens) and PCT Application WO95/18855 (teaches synthetic antimicrobial peptides that confer disease resistance), the respective contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference for this purpose.
(M) A membrane permease, a channel former or a channel blocker. For example, see the disclosure by Jaynes et al., Plant Sci. 89:43 (1993), of heterologous expression of a cecropin-β lytic peptide analog to render transgenic tobacco plants resistant to Pseudomonas solanacearum. 
(N) A viral-invasive protein or a complex toxin derived therefrom. For example, the accumulation of viral coat proteins in transformed plant cells imparts resistance to viral infection and/or disease development effected by the virus from which the coat protein gene is derived, as well as by related viruses. See Beachy et al., Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 28:451 (1990). Coat protein-mediated resistance has been conferred upon transformed plants against alfalfa mosaic virus, cucumber mosaic virus, tobacco streak virus, potato virus X, potato virus Y, tobacco etch virus, tobacco rattle virus and tobacco mosaic virus. Id.
(O) An insect-specific antibody or an immunotoxin derived therefrom. Thus, an antibody targeted to a critical metabolic function in the insect gut would inactivate an affected enzyme, killing the insect. Cf. Taylor et al., Abstract #497, SEVENTH INT'L SYMPOSIUM ON MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS (Edinburgh, Scotland, 1994) (enzymatic inactivation in transgenic tobacco via production of single-chain antibody fragments).
(P) A virus-specific antibody. See, for example, Tavladoraki et al., Nature 366: 469 (1993), who show that transgenic plants expressing recombinant antibody genes are protected from virus attack.
(Q) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a pathogen or a parasite. Thus, fungal endo α-1,4-D-polygalacturonases facilitate fungal colonization and plant nutrient release by solubilizing plant cell wall homo-α-1,4-D-galacturonase. See Lamb et al., Bio/Technology 10: 1436 (1992). The cloning and characterization of a gene which encodes a bean endopolygalacturonase-inhibiting protein is described by Toubart et al., Plant J. 2:367 (1992).
(R) A developmental-arrestive protein produced in nature by a plant. For example, Logemann et al., Bio/Technology 10:305 (1992), have shown that transgenic plants expressing the barley ribosome-inactivating gene have an increased resistance to fungal disease.
(S) Genes involved in the Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) Response and/or the pathogenesis related genes. Briggs, S., Current Biology, 5(2) (1995).
(T) Antifungal genes (Cornelissen and Melchers, PI. Physiol. 101:709-712, (1993) and Parijs et al., Planta 183:258-264, (1991) and Bushnell et al., Can. J. of Plant Path. 20(2):137-149 (1998).
2. Transgenes that Confer Resistance to a Herbicide, for Example:
(A) A herbicide that inhibits the growing point or meristem, such as an imidazolinone or a sulfonylurea. Exemplary genes in this category code for mutant ALS and AHAS enzyme as described, for example, by Lee et al., EMBO J. 7:1241 (1988), and Miki et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 80:449 (1990), respectively. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,605,011; 5,013,659; 5,141,870; 5,767,361; 5,731,180; 5,304,732; 4,761,373; 5,331,107; 5,928,937; and 5,378,824; and international Publication No. WO 96/33270, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose.
(B) Glyphosate (resistance imparted by mutant 5-enolpyruvl-3-phosphikimate synthase (EPSP) and aroA genes, respectively) and other phosphono compounds such as glufosinate (phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (PAT) and Streptomyces hygroscopicus phosphinothricin acetyl transferase (bar) genes), and pyridinoxy or phenoxy proprionic acids and cycloshexones (ACCase inhibitor-encoding genes). See, for example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,940,835 to Shah et al., which discloses the nucleotide sequence of a form of EPSPS which can confer glyphosate resistance. U.S. Pat. No. 5,627,061 to Barry et al. also describes genes encoding EPSPS enzymes. See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,248,876 B1; 6,040,497; 5,804,425; 5,633,435; 5,145,783; 4,971,908; 5,312,910; 5,188,642; 4,940,835; 5,866,775; 6,225,114 B1; 6,130,366; 5,310,667; 4,535,060; 4,769,061; 5,633,448; 5,510,471; Re. 36,449; RE 37,287 E; and 5,491,288; and international Publication Nos. WO 97/04103; WO 97/04114; WO 00/66746; WO 01/66704; WO 00/66747 and WO 00/66748, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. Glyphosate resistance is also imparted to plants that express a gene that encodes a glyphosate oxido-reductase enzyme as described more fully in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,776,760 and 5,463,175, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. In addition glyphosate resistance can be imparted to plants by the over expression of genes encoding glyphosate N-acetyltransferase. See, for example, U.S. Application Ser. Nos. 60/244,385; 60/377,175 and 60/377,719. A DNA molecule encoding a mutant aroA gene can be obtained under ATCC Accession No. 39256, and the nucleotide sequence of the mutant gene is disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,769,061 to Comai. European Patent Application No. 0 333 033 to Kumada et al. and U.S. Pat. No. 4,975,374 to Goodman et al. disclose nucleotide sequences of glutamine synthetase genes which confer resistance to herbicides such as L-phosphinothricin. The nucleotide sequence of a phosphinothricin-acetyl-transferase gene is provided in European Patent Nos. 0 242 246 and 0 242 236 to Leemans et al. De Greef et al., Bio/Technology 7: 61 (1989), describe the production of transgenic plants that express chimeric bar genes coding for phosphinothricin acetyl transferase activity. See also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,969,213; 5,489,520; 5,550,318; 5,874,265; 5,919,675; 5,561,236; 5,648,477; 5,646,024; 6,177,616 B1; and 5,879,903, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. Exemplary of genes conferring resistance to phenoxy proprionic acids and cycloshexones, such as sethoxydim and haloxyfop, are the Acc1-S1, Acc1-S2 and Acc1-S3 genes described by Marshall et al., Theor. Appl. Genet. 83:435 (1992).
(C) A herbicide that inhibits photosynthesis, such as a triazine (psbA and gs+ genes) and a benzonitrile (nitrilase gene). Przibilla et al., Plant Cell 3:169 (1991), describe the transformation of Chlamydomonas with plasmids encoding mutant psbA genes. Nucleotide sequences for nitrilase genes are disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 4,810,648 to Stalker, and DNA molecules containing these genes are available under ATCC Accession Nos. 53435, 67441 and 67442. Cloning and expression of DNA coding for a glutathione S-transferase is described by Hayes et al., Biochem. J. 285:173 (1992).
(D) Acetohydroxy acid synthase, which has been found to make plants that express this enzyme resistant to multiple types of herbicides, has been introduced into a variety of plants (see, e.g., Hattori et al. (1995) Mol. Gen. Genet. 246:419). Other genes that confer tolerance to herbicides include: a gene encoding a chimeric protein of rat cytochrome P4507A1 and yeast NADPH-cytochrome P450 oxidoreductase (Shiota et al. (1994) Plant Physiol. 106:17), genes for glutathione reductase and superoxide dismutase (Aono et al. (1995) Plant Cell Physiol. 36:1687, and genes for various phosphotransferases (Datta et al. (1992) Plant Mol. Biol. 20:619).
(E) Protoporphyrinogen oxidase (protox) is necessary for the production of chlorophyll, which is necessary for all plant survival. The protox enzyme serves as the target for a variety of herbicidal compounds. These herbicides also inhibit growth of all the different species of plants present, causing their total destruction. The development of plants containing altered protox activity which are resistant to these herbicides are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,288,306 B1; 6,282,837 B1; and 5,767,373; and international Publication No. WO 01/12825, which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose.
3. Transgenes that Confer or Contribute to a Grain Trait, Such as:
(A) Modified fatty acid metabolism, for example, by transforming a plant with an antisense gene of stearoyl-ACP desaturase to increase stearic acid content of the plant. See Knultzon et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:2624 (1992).
(B) Decreased Phytate Content

    
    
        (1) Introduction of a phytase-encoding gene would enhance breakdown of phytate, adding more free phosphate to the transformed plant. For example, see Van Hartingsveldt et al., Gene 127:87 (1993), for a disclosure of the nucleotide sequence of an Aspergillus niger phytase gene.
        (2) A gene could be introduced that reduces phytate content. In maize, this, for example, could be accomplished, by cloning and then re-introducing DNA associated with the single allele which is responsible for maize mutants characterized by low levels of phytic acid. See Raboy et al., Maydica 35:383 (1990).
    
    


(C) Modified carbohydrate composition effected, for example, by transforming plants with a gene coding for an enzyme that alters the branching pattern of starch. See Shiroza et al., J. Bacteriol. 170:810 (1988) (nucleotide sequence of Streptococcus mutans fructosyltransferase gene), Steinmetz et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 200: 220 (1985) (nucleotide sequence of Bacillus subtilis levansucrase gene), Pen et al., Bio/Technology 10:292 (1992) (production of transgenic plants that express Bacillus licheniformis α-amylase), Elliot et al., Plant Molec. Biol. 21:515 (1993) (nucleotide sequences of tomato invertase genes), Søgaard et al., J. Biol. Chem. 268:22480 (1993) (site-directed mutagenesis of barley α-amylase gene), and Fisher et al., Plant Physiol. 102:1045 (1993) (maize endosperm starch branching enzyme II).
(D) Elevated oleic acid via FAD-2 gene modification and/or decreased linolenic acid via FAD-3 gene modification (see U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,063,947; 6,323,392; and WO 93/11245).
4. Genes that Control Male-Sterility:
(A) Introduction of a deacetylase gene under the control of a tapetum-specific promoter and with the application of the chemical N-Ac-PPT (WO 01/29237).
(B) Introduction of various stamen-specific promoters (WO 92/13956, WO 92/13957).
(C) Introduction of the barnase and the barstar gene (Paul et al. Plant Mol. Biol. 19:611-622, 1992).
PHAPV Inbreds that are Male Sterile
Hybrid seed production requires elimination or inactivation of pollen produced by the female inbred parent. Incomplete removal or inactivation of the pollen provides the potential for self-pollination. A reliable method of controlling male fertility in plants offers the opportunity for improved plant breeding. This is especially true for development of maize hybrids, which relies upon some sort of male sterility system. It should be understood that PHAPV can be produced in a male-sterile form. There are several ways in which a maize plant can be manipulated so that it is male sterile. These include use of manual or mechanical emasculation (or detasseling), use of one or more genetic factors that confer male sterility, including cytoplasmic genetic and/or nuclear genetic male sterility, use of gametocides and the like. A male sterile inbred designated PHAPV may include one or more genetic factors, which result in cytoplasmic genetic and/or nuclear genetic male sterility. Such embodiments are also within the scope of the present claims. The term manipulated to be male sterile refers to the use of any available techniques to produce a male sterile version of maize line PHAPV. The male sterility may be either partial or complete male sterility.
Hybrid maize seed is often produced by a male sterility system incorporating manual or mechanical detasseling. Alternate strips of two maize inbreds are planted in a field, and the pollen-bearing tassels are removed from one of the inbreds (female). Provided that there is sufficient isolation from sources of foreign maize pollen, the ears of the detasseled inbred will be fertilized only from the other inbred (male), and the resulting seed is therefore hybrid and will form hybrid plants.
The laborious detasseling process can be avoided by using cytoplasmic male-sterile (CMS) inbreds. Plants of a CMS inbred are male sterile as a result of factors resulting from the cytoplasmic, as opposed to the nuclear, genome. Thus, this characteristic is inherited exclusively through the female parent in maize plants, since only the female provides cytoplasm to the fertilized seed. CMS plants are fertilized with pollen from another inbred that is not male-sterile. Pollen from the second inbred may or may not contribute genes that make the hybrid plants male-fertile, and either option may be preferred depending on the intended use of the hybrid. The same hybrid seed, a portion produced from detasseled fertile maize and a portion produced using the CMS system, can be blended to insure that adequate pollen loads are available for fertilization when the hybrid plants are grown.
There are several methods of conferring genetic male sterility available, such as multiple mutant genes at separate locations within the genome that confer male sterility, as disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,654,465 and 4,727,219 to Brar et al. and chromosomal translocations as described by Patterson in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,861,709 and 3,710,511. In addition to these methods, Albertsen et al., of Pioneer Hi-Bred, U.S. Pat. No. 5,432,068, have developed a system of nuclear male sterility which includes: identifying a gene which is critical to male fertility; silencing this native gene which is critical to male fertility; removing the native promoter from the essential male fertility gene and replacing it with an inducible promoter; inserting this genetically engineered gene back into the plant; and thus creating a plant that is male sterile because the inducible promoter is not “on” resulting in the male fertility gene not being transcribed. Fertility is restored by inducing, or turning “on”, the promoter, which in turn allows the gene that confers male fertility to be transcribed.
These, and the other methods of conferring genetic male sterility in the art, each possess their own benefits and drawbacks. Some other methods use a variety of approaches such as delivering into the plant a gene encoding a cytotoxic substance associated with a male tissue specific promoter or an antisense system in which a gene critical to fertility is identified and an antisense to that gene is inserted in the plant (see: Fabinjanski, et al. EPO 89/3010153.8 Publication No. 329,308 and PCT Application PCT/CA90/00037 published as WO 90/08828).
Another system for controlling male sterility makes use of gametocides. Gametocides are not a genetic system, but rather a topical application of chemicals. These chemicals affect cells that are critical to male fertility. The application of these chemicals affects fertility in the plants only for the growing season in which the gametocide is applied (see Carlson, Glenn R., U.S. Pat. No. 4,936,904). Application of the gametocide, timing of the application and genotype specificity often limit the usefulness of the approach and it is not appropriate in all situations.
Incomplete control over male fertility may result in self-pollinated seed being unintentionally harvested and packaged with hybrid seed. The male parent is grown next to the female parent in the field, so there is the very low probability that the male selfed seed could be unintentionally harvested and packaged with the hybrid seed. Once the seed from the hybrid bag is planted, it is possible to identify and select these self-pollinated plants. These self-pollinated plants will be genetically equivalent to one of the inbred lines used to produce the hybrid. Though the possibility of inbreds being included hybrid seed bags exists, the occurrence is very low because much care is taken to avoid such inclusions. It is worth noting that hybrid seed is sold to growers for the production of grain or forage and not for breeding or seed production.
These self-pollinated plants can be identified and selected by one skilled in the art due to their decreased vigor when compared to the hybrid. Inbreds are identified by their less vigorous appearance for vegetative and/or reproductive characteristics, including shorter plant height, small ear size, ear and kernel shape, cob color, or other characteristics.
Identification of these self-pollinated lines can also be accomplished through molecular marker analyses. See, “The Identification of Female Selfs in Hybrid Maize: A Comparison Using Electrophoresis and Morphology”, Smith, J. S. C. and Wych, R. D., Seed Science and Technology 14, pp. 1-8 (1995), the disclosure of which is expressly incorporated herein by reference. Through these technologies, the homozygosity of the self pollinated line can be verified by analyzing allelic composition at various loci along the genome. Those methods allow for rapid identification of the invention disclosed herein. See also, “Identification of Atypical Plants in Hybrid Maize Seed by Postcontrol and Electrophoresis” Sarca, V. et al., Probleme de Genetica Teoritica si Aplicata Vol. 20 (1) p. 29-42.
Development of Maize Hybrids Using PHAPV
A single cross maize hybrid results from the cross of two inbred lines, each of which has a genotype that complements the genotype of the other. The hybrid progeny of the first generation is designated F1. In the development of commercial hybrids in a maize plant breeding program, only the F1 hybrid plants are sought. F1 hybrids are more vigorous than their inbred parents. This hybrid vigor, or heterosis, can be manifested in many polygenic traits, including increased vegetative growth and increased yield.
PHAPV may be used to produce hybrid maize seed. One such embodiment is the method of crossing inbred maize line PHAPV with another maize plant, such as a different maize inbred line, to form a first generation F1 hybrid plant. The first generation F1 hybrid plant produced by this method is also an embodiment of the invention. This first generation F1 plant will comprise an essentially complete set of the alleles of inbred line PHAPV. One of ordinary skill in the art can utilize either breeder books or molecular methods to identify a particular F1 hybrid plant produced using inbred line PHAPV, and any such individual plant is also encompassed by this invention. These embodiments also cover use of these methods with transgenic, male sterile and/or backcross conversions of inbred line PHAPV.
The development of a maize hybrid in a maize plant breeding program involves three steps: (1) the selection of plants from various germplasm pools for initial breeding crosses; (2) the selfing of the selected plants from the breeding crosses for several generations to produce a series of inbred lines, which, although different from each other, breed true and are highly uniform; and (3) crossing the selected inbred lines with different inbred lines to produce the hybrids. During the inbreeding process in maize, the vigor of the lines decreases. Vigor is restored when two different inbred lines are crossed to produce the hybrid. An important consequence of the homozygosity and homogeneity of the inbred lines is that the hybrid between a defined pair of inbreds will always be the same. Once the inbreds that give a superior hybrid have been identified, the hybrid seed can be reproduced indefinitely as long as the homogeneity of the inbred parents is maintained.
PHAPV may be used to produce a single cross hybrid, a three-way hybrid or a double cross hybrid. A single cross hybrid is produced when two inbred lines are crossed to produce the F1 progeny. A double cross hybrid is produced from four inbred lines crossed in pairs (A×B and C×D) and then the two F1 hybrids are crossed again (A×B)×(C×D). A three-way cross hybrid is produced from three inbred lines where two of the inbred lines are crossed (A×B) and then the resulting F1 hybrid is crossed with the third inbred (A×B)×C. Much of the hybrid vigor and uniformity exhibited by F1 hybrids is lost in the next generation (F2). Consequently, seed produced from hybrids is not used for planting stock.
Inbred by Tester Comparisons
Combining ability of a line, as well as the performance of the line per se, is a factor in the selection of improved maize inbreds. Combining ability refers to a line's contribution as a parent when crossed with other lines to form hybrids. The hybrids formed for the purpose of selecting superior lines are designated as test crosses. One way of measuring combining ability is by using values based in part on the overall mean of a number of test crosses. This mean may be adjusted to remove environmental effects and it is adjusted for known genetic relationships among the lines.
Combining Ability Data
A general combining ability report for inbred PHAPV is provided in Table 5. Table 5 shows overall mean values of traits from numerous F1 lines produced by crosses between inbred PHAPV and other maize lines. Table 5 demonstrates that inbred PHAPV shows good general combining ability for hybrid production.
A general combining ability report for inbred PHAPV is provided in Table 5A. Table 5A shows mean values of traits from numerous individual F1 lines produced by crosses between inbred PHAPV and other maize lines.
Hybrid Comparisons
The results in Table 6 compare a hybrid for which inbred PHAPV is a parent and a second hybrid.
Using PHAPV to Develop Other Maize Inbreds
Inbred maize lines are typically developed for use in the production of hybrid maize lines. However, PHAPV could also be used to derive new maize inbred lines. Inbred maize lines preferably should be highly homogeneous, substantially homozygous and reproducible to be useful as parents of commercial hybrids. Plant breeding techniques known in the art and used in a maize plant breeding program include, but are not limited to, recurrent selection, mass selection, bulk selection, mass selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, open pollination breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, making double haploids, and transformation. Often combinations of these techniques are used. The development of maize hybrids in a maize plant breeding program requires, in general, the development of homozygous inbred lines, the crossing of these lines, and the evaluation of the crosses. There are many analytical methods available to evaluate the result of a cross. The oldest and most traditional method of analysis is the observation of phenotypic traits. Alternatively, the genotype of a plant can be examined.
Using PHAPV in a Breeding Program
This invention is directed to methods for producing a maize plant by crossing a first parent maize plant with a second parent maize plant wherein either the first or second parent maize plant is an inbred maize plant of the line PHAPV. Thus, any such methods using the inbred maize line PHAPV are part of this invention: selfing, sibbing, backcrosses, mass selection, bulk selection, hybrid production, crosses to populations, and the like. All plants produced using inbred maize line PHAPV as a parent are within the scope of this invention, including plants essentially derived from inbred maize line PHAPV, as such term is defined in 7 U.S.C. § 2104(a)(3) of the Plant Variety Protection Act, which definition is hereby incorporated by reference. This also includes progeny plants and parts thereof with at least one ancestor that is PHAPV, and more specifically, where the pedigree of the progeny includes 1, 2, 3, 4, and/or 5 or less breeding crosses to a maize plant other than PHAPV or a plant that has PHAPV as a parent or other progenitor. All breeders of ordinary skill in the art maintain pedigree records of their breeding programs. These pedigree records contain a detailed description of the breeding process, including a listing of all parental lines used in the breeding process and information on how such line was used. Thus, a breeder would know if PHAPV were used in the development of a progeny line, and would also know how many crosses to a line other than PHAPV or line with PHAPV as a parent or other progenitor were made in the development of any progeny line. The inbred maize line may also be used in crosses with other, different, maize inbreds to produce first generation (F1) maize hybrid seeds and plants with superior characteristics.
Pedigree Breeding
Pedigree breeding starts with the crossing of two genotypes, such as PHAPV and one other elite inbred line having one or more desirable characteristics that is lacking or which complements PHAPV. If the two original parents do not provide all the desired characteristics, other sources can be included in the breeding population. In the pedigree method, superior plants are selfed and selected in successive filial generations. In the succeeding filial generations the heterozygous condition gives way to homogeneous lines as a result of self-pollination and selection. Typically in the pedigree method of breeding, five or more successive filial generations of selfing and selection is practiced: F1→F2; F2→F3; F3→F4; F4→F5, etc. After a sufficient amount of inbreeding, successive filial generations will serve to increase seed of the developed inbred. Preferably, an inbred line comprises homozygous alleles at about 95% or more of its loci.
Backcrossing
In addition to being used to create a backcross conversion, backcrossing can also be used to modify PHAPV and a hybrid that is made using the modified PHAPV. As discussed previously, backcrossing can be used to transfer a specific desirable trait from one line, the donor parent, to an inbred called the recurrent parent which has overall good agronomic characteristics yet lacks that desirable trait. This transfer of the desirable trait into an inbred with overall good agronomic characteristics can be accomplished by first crossing a recurrent parent and a donor parent (non-recurrent parent). The progeny of this cross is then mated back to the recurrent parent followed by selection in the resultant progeny for the desired trait to be transferred from the non-recurrent parent as well as selection for the characteristics of the recurrent parent. Typically after four or more backcross generations with selection for the desired trait and the characteristics of the recurrent parent, the progeny will contain essentially all genes of the recurrent parent except for the genes controlling the desired trait. However, the number of backcross generations can be less if molecular markers are used during selection or elite germplasm is used as the donor parent. The last backcross generation is then selfed to give pure breeding progeny for the gene(s) being transferred. In addition to the above described use, backcrossing can be used in conjunction with pedigree breeding to develop new inbred lines. For example, an F1 can be created that is backcrossed to one of its parent lines to create a BC1, BC2, BC3, etc. Progeny are selfed and selected so that the newly developed inbred has many of the attributes of the recurrent parent and some of the desired attributes of the non-recurrent parent. This approach leverages the value and strengths of the recurrent parent for use in new hybrids and breeding, and has very significant value for a breeder.
Recurrent Selection and Mass Selection
Recurrent selection is a method used in a plant breeding program to improve a population of plants. PHAPV can be used in a recurrent selection program to improve the population. The method entails individual plants cross pollinating with each other to form progeny which are then grown. The superior progeny are then selected by any number of methods, which include individual plant, half-sib progeny, full-sib progeny, selfed progeny and topcrossing. The selected progeny are cross pollinated with each other to form progeny for another population. This population is planted and again superior plants are selected to cross pollinate with each other. Recurrent selection is a cyclical process and therefore can be repeated as many times as desired. The objective of recurrent selection is to improve the traits of a population. The improved population can then be used as a source of breeding material to obtain inbred lines to be used in hybrids or used as parents for a synthetic cultivar. A synthetic cultivar is the resultant progeny formed by the intercrossing of several selected inbreds. Mass selection is a useful technique when used in conjunction with molecular marker enhanced selection. In mass selection seeds from individuals are selected based on phenotype. These selected seeds are then bulked and used to grow the next generation. Similarly, bulk selection requires growing a population of plants in a bulk plot, allowing the plants to self-pollinate, harvesting the seed in bulk and then using a sample of the seed harvested in bulk to plant the next generation. Also, instead of directed pollination, open pollination could be used as part of the breeding program.
Mutation Breeding
Mutation breeding is one of many methods that could be used to introduce new traits into PHAPV. Mutations that occur spontaneously or are artificially induced can be useful sources of variability for a plant breeder. The goal of artificial mutagenesis is to increase the rate of mutation for a desired characteristic. Mutation rates can be increased by many different means including temperature, long-term seed storage, tissue culture conditions, radiation; such as X-rays, Gamma rays (e.g. cobalt 60 or cesium 137), neutrons, (product of nuclear fission by uranium 235 in an atomic reactor), Beta radiation (emitted from radioisotopes such as phosphorus 32 or carbon 14), or ultraviolet radiation (preferably from 2500 to 2900 nm), or chemical mutagens (such as base analogues (5-bromo-uracil), related compounds (8-ethoxy caffeine), antibiotics (streptonigrin), alkylating agents (sulfur mustards, nitrogen mustards, epoxides, ethylenamines, sulfates, sulfonates, sulfones, lactones), azide, hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, or acridines. Once a desired trait is observed through mutagenesis the trait may then be incorporated into existing germplasm by traditional breeding techniques. Details of mutation breeding can be found in “Principals of Cultivar Development” Fehr, 1993 Macmillan Publishing Company the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.
Breeding with Molecular Markers
Molecular markers, which includes markers identified through the use of techniques such as Isozyme Electrophoresis, Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphisms (RFLPs), Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNAs (RAPDs), Arbitrarily Primed Polymerase Chain Reaction (AP-PCR), DNA Amplification Fingerprinting (DAF), Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions (SCARs), Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphisms (AFLPs), Simple Sequence Repeats (SSRs) and Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs), may be used in plant breeding methods utilizing PHAPV.
Isozyme Electrophoresis and RFLPs as discussed in Lee, M., “Inbred Lines of Maize and Their Molecular Markers,” The Maize Handbook, (Springer-Verlag, New York, Inc. 1994, at 423-432) incorporated herein by reference for this purpose, have been widely used to determine genetic composition. Isozyme Electrophoresis has a relatively low number of available markers and a low number of allelic variants among maize inbreds. RFLPs allow more discrimination because they have a higher degree of allelic variation in maize and a larger number of markers can be found. Both of these methods have been eclipsed by SSRs as discussed in Smith et al., “An evaluation of the utility of SSR loci as molecular markers in maize (Zea mays L.): comparisons with data from RFLPs and pedigree”, Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1997) vol. 95 at 163-173 and by Pejic et al., “Comparative analysis of genetic similarity among maize inbreds detected by RFLPs, RAPDs, SSRs, and AFLPs,” Theoretical and Applied Genetics (1998) at 1248-1255 incorporated herein by reference. SSR technology is more efficient and practical to use than RFLPs; more marker loci can be routinely used and more alleles per marker locus can be found using SSRs in comparison to RFLPs. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms may also be used to identify the unique genetic composition of the invention and progeny lines retaining that unique genetic composition. Various molecular marker techniques may be used in combination to enhance overall resolution.
Maize DNA molecular marker linkage maps have been rapidly constructed and widely implemented in genetic studies. One such study is described in Boppenmaier, et al., “Comparisons among strains of inbreds for RFLPs”, Maize Genetics Cooperative Newsletter, 65:1991, pg. 90, is incorporated herein by reference.
One use of molecular markers is Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) mapping. QTL mapping is the use of markers, which are known to be closely linked to alleles that have measurable effects on a quantitative trait. Selection in the breeding process is based upon the accumulation of markers linked to the positive effecting alleles and/or the elimination of the markers linked to the negative effecting alleles from the plant's genome.
Molecular markers can also be used during the breeding process for the selection of qualitative traits. For example, markers closely linked to alleles or markers containing sequences within the actual alleles of interest can be used to select plants that contain the alleles of interest during a backcrossing breeding program. The markers can also be used to select for the genome of the recurrent parent and against the genome of the donor parent. Using this procedure can minimize the amount of genome from the donor parent that remains in the selected plants. It can also be used to reduce the number of crosses back to the recurrent parent needed in a backcrossing program. The use of molecular markers in the selection process is often called genetic marker enhanced selection.
Production of Double Haploids
The production of double haploids can also be used for the development of inbreds in the breeding program. An F1 hybrid for which PHAPV is a parent can be used to produce double haploid plants. Double haploids are produced by the doubling of a set of chromosomes (1N) from a heterozygous plant to produce a completely homozygous individual. For example, see Wan et al., “Efficient Production of Doubled Haploid Plants Through Colchicine Treatment of Anther-Derived Maize Callus”, Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 77:889-892, 1989. This can be advantageous because the process omits the generations of selfing needed to obtain a homozygous plant from a heterozygous source.
Use of PHAPV in Tissue Culture
This invention is also directed to the use of PHAPV in tissue culture. As used herein, the term “tissue culture” includes plant protoplasts, plant cell tissue culture, cultured microspores, plant calli, plant clumps, and the like. As used herein, phrases such as “growing the seed” or “grown from the seed” include embryo rescue, isolation of cells from seed for use in tissue culture, as well as traditional growing methods.
Duncan, Williams, Zehr, and Widholm, Planta (1985) 165:322-332 reflects that 97% of the plants cultured that produced callus were capable of plant regeneration. Subsequent experiments with both inbreds and hybrids produced 91% regenerable callus that produced plants. In a further study in 1988, Songstad, Duncan & Widholm in Plant Cell Reports (1988), 7:262-265 reports several media additions that enhance regenerability of callus of two inbred lines. Other published reports also indicated that “nontraditional” tissues are capable of producing somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration. K. P. Rao, et al., Maize Genetics Cooperation Newsletter, 60:64-65 (1986), refers to somatic embryogenesis from glume callus cultures and B. V. Conger, et al., Plant Cell Reports, 6:345-347 (1987) indicates somatic embryogenesis from the tissue cultures of maize leaf segments. Thus, it is clear from the literature that the state of the art is such that these methods of obtaining plants are, and were, “conventional” in the sense that they are routinely used and have a very high rate of success.
Tissue culture of maize, including tassel/anther culture, is described in U.S. 2002/0062506A1 and European Patent Application, Publication No. 160,390, each of which are incorporated herein by reference for this purpose. Maize tissue culture procedures are also described in Green and Rhodes, “Plant Regeneration in Tissue Culture of Maize,” Maize for Biological Research (Plant Molecular Biology Association, Charlottesville, Va. 1982, at 367-372) and in Duncan, et al., “The Production of Callus Capable of Plant Regeneration from Immature Embryos of Numerous Zea Mays Genotypes,” 165 Planta 322-332 (1985). Thus, another aspect of this invention is to provide cells which upon growth and differentiation produce maize plants having the genotype and/or physiological and morphological characteristics of inbred line PHAPV.
Progeny of the breeding methods described herein may be characterized in any number of ways, such as by traits retained in the progeny, pedigree and/or molecular markers. Using the breeding methods described herein, one can develop individual plants, plant cells, and populations of plants that retain at least 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%, 93%, 94%, 95%, 96%, 97%, 98%, 99% or 99.5% genetic contribution from inbred line PHAPV. In pedigree analysis the percentage genetic contribution may not be actually known, but on average 50% of the starting germplasm would be expected to be passed to the progeny line after one cross to another line, 25% after another cross to a different line, and so on. With backcrossing, the expected contribution of PHAPV after 2, 3, 4 and 5 doses (or 1, 2, 3 and 4 backcrosses) would be 75%, 87.5%, 93.75% and 96.875% respectively. Actual genetic contribution may be much higher than the genetic contribution expected by pedigree, especially if molecular markers are used in selection. Molecular markers could also be used to confirm and/or determine the pedigree of the progeny line.
Specific methods and products produced using inbred line PHAPV in plant breeding are discussed in the following sections. The methods outlined are described in detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding. However, it will be obvious that certain changes and modifications may be practiced within the scope of the invention.
One method for producing a line derived from inbred line PHAPV is as follows. One of ordinary skill in the art would produce or obtain a seed from the cross between inbred line PHAPV and another variety of maize, such as an elite inbred variety. The F1 seed derived from this cross would be grown to form a homogeneous population. The F1 seed would contain essentially all of the alleles from variety PHAPV and essentially all of the alleles from the other maize variety. The F1 nuclear genome would be made-up of 50% variety PHAPV and 50% of the other elite variety. The F1 seed would be grown and allowed to self, thereby forming F2 seed. On average the F2 seed would have derived 50% of its alleles from variety PHAPV and 50% from the other maize variety, but many individual plants from the population would have a greater percentage of their alleles derived from PHAPV (Wang J. and R. Bernardo, 2000, Crop Sci. 40:659-665 and Bernardo, R. and A. L. Kahler, 2001, Theor. Appl. Genet. 102:986-992). The molecular markers of PHAPV could be used to select and retain those lines with high similarity to PHAPV. The F2 seed would be grown and selection of plants would be made based on visual observation, markers and/or measurement of traits. The traits used for selection may be any PHAPV trait described in this specification, including the inbred per se maize PHAPV traits described herein under the detailed description of inbred PHAPV. Such traits may also be the good general or specific combining ability of PHAPV, including its ability to produce hybrids with the approximate maturity and/or hybrid combination traits described herein in under the detailed description of inbred PHAPV. The PHAPV progeny plants that exhibit one or more of the desired PHAPV traits, such as those listed herein, would be selected and each plant would be harvested separately. This F3 seed from each plant would be grown in individual rows and allowed to self. Then selected rows or plants from the rows would be harvested individually. The selections would again be based on visual observation, markers and/or measurements for desirable traits of the plants, such as one or more of the desirable PHAPV traits listed herein. The process of growing and selection would be repeated any number of times until a PHAPV progeny inbred plant is obtained. The PHAPV progeny inbred plant would contain desirable traits derived from inbred plant PHAPV, some of which may not have been expressed by the other maize variety to which inbred line PHAPV was crossed and some of which may have been expressed by both maize varieties but now would be at a level equal to or greater than the level expressed in inbred variety PHAPV. However, in each case the resulting progeny line would benefit from the efforts of the inventor(s), and would not have existed but for the inventor(s) work in creating PHAPV. The PHAPV progeny inbred plants would have, on average, 50% of their nuclear genes derived from inbred line PHAPV, but many individual plants from the population would have a greater percentage of their alleles derived from PHAPV. This breeding cycle, of crossing and selfing, and optional selection, may be repeated to produce another population of PHAPV progeny maize plants with, on average, 25% of their nuclear genes derived from inbred line PHAPV, but, again, many individual plants from the population would have a greater percentage of their alleles derived from PHAPV. Another embodiment of the invention is a PHAPV progeny plant that has received the desirable PHAPV traits listed herein through the use of PHAPV, which traits were not exhibited by other plants used in the breeding process.
The previous example can be modified in numerous ways, for instance selection may or may not occur at every selfing generation, selection may occur before or after the actual self-pollination process occurs, or individual selections may be made by harvesting individual ears, plants, rows or plots at any point during the breeding process described. In addition, double haploid breeding methods may be used at any step in the process. The population of plants produced at each and any cycle of breeding is also an embodiment of the invention, and on average each such population would predictably consist of plants containing approximately 50% of its genes from inbred line PHAPV in the first breeding cycle, 25% of its genes from inbred line PHAPV in the second breeding cycle, 12.5% of its genes from inbred line PHAPV in the third breeding cycle and so on. However, in each case the use of PHAPV provides a substantial benefit. The linkage groups of PHAPV would be retained in the progeny lines, and since current estimates of the maize genome size is about 50,000-80,000 genes (Xiaowu, Gai et al., Nucleic Acids Research, 2000, Vol. 28, No. 1, 94-96), in addition to non-coding DNA that impacts gene expression, it provides a significant advantage to use PHAPV as starting material to produce a line that retains desired genetics or traits of PHAPV.
Another embodiment of this invention is the method of obtaining a substantially homozygous PHAPV progeny plant by obtaining a seed from the cross of PHAPV and another maize plant and applying double haploid methods to the F1 seed or F1 plant or to any successive filial generation. Such methods decrease the number of generations required to produce an inbred with similar genetics or characteristics to PHAPV. See Bernardo, R. and Kahler, A. L., Theor. Appl. Genet. 102:986-992, 2001.
The utility of inbred maize line PHAPV also extends to crosses with other species. Commonly, suitable species will be of the family Graminaceae, and especially of the genera Zea, Tripsacum, Coix, Schlerachne, Polytoca, Chionachne, and Trilobachne, of the tribe Maydeae. Potentially suitable for crosses with PHAPV may be the various varieties of grain sorghum, Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.
As is readily apparent to one skilled in the art, the foregoing are only some of the various ways by which the inbred can be obtained by those looking to use the germplasm. Other means are available, and the above examples are illustrative only.
INDUSTRIAL APPLICABILITY
Maize is used as human food, livestock feed, and as raw material in industry. The food uses of maize, in addition to human consumption of maize kernels, include both products of dry- and wet-milling industries. The principal products of maize dry milling are grits, meal and flour. The maize wet-milling industry can provide maize starch, maize syrups, and dextrose for food use. Maize oil is recovered from maize germ, which is a by-product of both dry- and wet-milling industries.
Maize, including both grain and non-grain portions of the plant, is also used extensively as livestock feed, primarily for beef cattle, dairy cattle, hogs, and poultry.
Industrial uses of maize include production of ethanol, maize starch in the wet-milling industry and maize flour in the dry-milling industry. The industrial applications of maize starch and flour are based on functional properties, such as viscosity, film formation, adhesive properties, and ability to suspend particles. The maize starch and flour have application in the paper and textile industries. Other industrial uses include applications in adhesives, building materials, foundry binders, laundry starches, explosives, oil-well muds, and other mining applications.
Plant parts other than the grain of maize are also used in industry: for example, stalks and husks are made into paper and wallboard and cobs are used for fuel and to make charcoal.
The seed of inbred maize line PHAPV, the plant produced from the inbred seed, the hybrid maize plant produced from the crossing of the inbred, hybrid seed, and various parts of the hybrid maize plant and transgenic versions of the foregoing, can be utilized for human food, livestock feed, and as a raw material in industry.
DEPOSITS
Applicant has made a deposit of at least 2500 seeds of Inbred Maize Line PHAPV with the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), Manassas, Va. 20110 USA, ATCC Deposit No. PTA-4880. The seeds deposited with the ATCC on Dec. 26, 2002 were taken from the deposit maintained by Pioneer Hi-Bred International, Inc., 7250 NW 62nd Avenue, Johnston, Iowa 50131-0552 since prior to the filing date of this application. Access to this deposit will be available during the pendency of the application to the Commissioner of Patents and Trademarks and persons determined by the Commissioner to be entitled thereto upon request. Upon allowance of any claims in the application, the Applicant will make the deposit available to the public pursuant to 37 C.F.R. § 1.808. This deposit of the Inbred Maize Line PHAPV will be maintained in the ATCC depository, which is a public depository, for a period of 30 years, or 5 years after the most recent request, or for the enforceable life of the patent, whichever is longer, and will be replaced if it becomes nonviable during that period. Additionally, Applicant has satisfied all the requirements of 37 C.F.R. §§ 1.801-1.809, including providing an indication of the viability of the sample upon deposit. Applicant has no authority to waive any restrictions imposed by law on the transfer of biological material or its transportation in commerce. Applicant does not waive any infringement of his rights granted under this patent or under the Plant Variety Protection Act (7 USC 2321 et seq). U.S. Plant Variety Protection of Inbred Maize line PHAPV has been issued under PVP No. 200300225.







TABLE 1





VARIETY DESCRIPTION INFORMATION


PHAPV

















 1. TYPE: (Describe intermediate types in
Sta.
Sam.












comments section)
Avg.
Dev
Size



1 = Sweet, 2 = Dent, 3 = Flint, 4 = Flour,
2



5 = Pop and 6 = Ornamental.



Comments: Dent-Flint










 2. MATURITY: DAYS HEAT UNITS
Days
H. Units













From emergence to 50% of plants in silk
58
1,484




From emergence to 50% of plants in pollen
57
1,447



From 10% to 90% pollen shed
 3
  75



From 50% Silk to harvest at 25% moisture







 3. PLANT:












Plant Height (to tassel tip) (cm)
232.3
16.79
15



Ear Height (to base of top ear node) (cm)
67.5
12.90
15



Length of Top Ear Internode (cm)
13.5
1.73
15



Average Number of Tillers per Plant
0.0
0.02
3



Average Number of Ears per Stalk
1.0
0.03
3



Anthocyanin of Brace Roots: 1 = Absent,
4



2 = Faint, 3 = Moderate, 4 = Dark







 4. LEAF:












Width of Ear Node Leaf (cm)
9.6
1.55
15



Length of Ear Node Leaf (cm)
72.4
4.17
15



Number of Leaves above Top Ear
7.1
0.59
15



Leaf Angle: (measure from 2nd leaf above
23.5
5.50
15



ear at anthesis to stalk above leaf) (Degrees)








*
Leaf color: Dark Green Munsell code: 7.5GY36











Leaf Sheath Pubescence: 1 = none to
3




9 = like peach fuzz







 5. TASSEL:












Number of Primary Lateral Branches
1.4
0.83
15



Branch Angle from Central Spike
21.5
13.50
15



Tassel Length (from top leaf collar to
57.9
3.47
15



tassel tip) (cm):



Pollen Shed: 0 = male sterile, 9 = heavy shed
2


*
Anther Color: Pink Munsell code: 2.5YR66


*
Glume Color: Pink Munsell code: 7.5RP48


*
Bar Glumes (glume bands): 1 = absent,
1



2 = present



Peduncle Length (from top leaf to basal
28.5
2.42
15



branches) (cm):







 6a. EAR (Unhusked ear)










*
Silk color: Light Green Munsell c. 2.5GY86





(3 days after silk emergence)








*
Fresh husk color: Light Green Munsell c. 5GY66



(25 days after 50% silking)


*
Dry husk color: Buff Munsell c. 2.5Y92



(65 days after 50% silking)











Ear position at dry husk stage: 1 = upright,
2




2 = horizontal, 3 = pendant



Husk tightness: (1 = very loose, 9 = very tight)
6



Husk extension (at harvest): 1 = short (ears
2



exposed), 2 = medium (<8 cm), 3 = long



(8-10 cm), 4 = v. long (>10 cm)







 6b. EAR (Husked ear data)












Ear length (cm):
14.7
2.35
15



Ear diameter at mid-point (mm)
45.3
3.15
15



Ear weight (gm):
121.3
42.35
15



Number of Kernel Rows:
16.8
1.26
15



Kernel Rows: 1 = indistinct, 2 = distinct
2



Row alignment: 1 = straight, 2 = slightly
2



curved, 3 = spiral



Shank Length (cm):
14.0
7.44
15



Ear Taper: 1 = slight cylind., 2 = average,
2



3 = extreme conic.







 7. KERNEL (Dried):












Kernel Length (mm):
11.5
1.13
15



Kernel Width (mm):
7.8
0.41
15



Kernel Thickness (mm):
4.1
0.26
15



Round Kernels (shape grade) (%)
33.4
7.07
3



Aleurone Color pattern: 1 = homozygous,
1



2 = segregating








*
Aleurone Color: Yellow Munsell c.: 1.25Y714


*
Hard Endo. color: Yellow Munsell c.: 10YR714












Endosperm Type:
3





1 = sweet (su1), 2 = extra sweet (sh2),



3 = normal starch, 4 = high amylose starch,



5 = waxy starch, 6 = high protein,



7 = high lysine, 8 = super sweet (se),



9 = high oil, 10 = other



Weight per 100 kernels (unsized sample) (gm):
25.7
5.86
3







 8. COB:











*
Cob Diameter at mid-point (mm):
25.7
1.22
15


*
Cob Color: Red Munsell c.: 10R48







10. DISEASE RESISTANCE:









(Rate from 1 = most-susceptable to 9 = most-resistant. Leave



blank if not tested, leave race or strain options blank if polygenic.)







A. LEAF BLIGHTS, WILTS, AND LOCAL INFECTION DISEASES









Anthracnose Leaf Blight (Colletotrichum graminicola)



Common Rust (Puccinia sorghi)



Common Smut (Ustilago maydis)



Eyespot (Kabatiella zeae)



Gross's Wilt (Clavibacter michiganense spp. nebraskense)



Gray Leaf Spot (Cercospora zeae-maydis)



Helminthosporium Leaf Spot (Bipolaris zeicola) Race:


7
Northern Leaf Blight (Exserohilum turcicum) Race:


6
Southern Leaf Blight (Bipolaris maydis) Race:



Southern Rust (Puccinia polysora)


6
Stewart's Wilt (Erwinia stewartii)



Other (Specify):         







B. SYSTEMIC DISEASES









Corn Lethal Necrosis (MCMV and MDMV)



Head Smut (Sphacelotheca reiliana)



Maize Chlorotic Dwarf Virus (MDV)



Maize Chlorotic Mottle Virus (MCMV)



Maize Dwarf Mosaic Virus (MDMV)



Sorghum Downy Mildew of Corn (Peronosclerospora sorghi)



Other (Specify):         







C. STALK ROTS








4
Anthracnose Stalk Rot (Colletotrichum graminicola)



Diploidia Stalk Rot (Stenocarpella maydis)



Fusarium Stalk Rot (Fusarium moniliforme)



Gibberella Stalk Rot (Gibberella zeae)



Other (Specify):         







D. EAR AND KERNEL ROTS









Aspergillus Ear and Kernel Rot (Aspergillus flavus)



Diplodia Ear Rot (Stenocarpella maydis)


5
Fusarium Ear and Kernel Rot (Fusarium moniliforme)


9
Gibberella Ear Rot (Gibberella zeae)



Other (Specify):         







11. INSECT RESISTANCE:









(Rate from 1 = most-suscept. to 9 = most-resist.,



leave blank if not tested.)



Corn Worm (Helicoverpa zea)



Leaf Feeding



Silk Feeding



Ear Damage



Corn Leaf Aphid (Rophalosiphum maydis)



Corn Sap Beetle (Capophilus dimidiatus)



European Corn Borer (Ostrinia nubilalis)



1st. Generation (Typically whorl leaf feeding)



2nd. Generation (Typically leaf sheath-collar feeding)



Stalk Tunneling



cm tunneled/plant



Fall armyworm (Spodoptera fruqiperda)



Leaf Feeding



Silk Feeding



mg larval wt.



Maize Weevil (Sitophilus zeamaize)



Northern Rootworm (Diabrotica barberi)



Southern Rootworm (Diabrotica undecimpunctata)



Southwestern Corn Borer (Diatreaea grandiosella)



Leaf Feeding



Stalk Tunneling



cm tunneled/plant



Two-spotted Spider Mite (Tetranychus utricae)



Western Rootworm (Diabrotica virgifrea virgifrera)



Other (Specify):         







12. AGRONOMIC TRAITS:








5
Staygreen (at 65 days after anthesis; rate from 1-worst to 9-excellent)



% Dropped Ears (at 65 days after anthesis)



% Pre-anthesis Brittle Snapping



% Pre-anthesis Root Lodging



% Post-anthesis Root Lodging (at 65 days after anthesis)



% Post-anthesis Stalk Lodging








4,972.0
Kg/ha Yield of inbred per se (at 12-13% grain moisture)





* Munsell Glossy Book of Color, a standard color reference Kollmorgen Inst. Corp. New Windsor NY.













TABLE 2







SSR PROFILE OF PHAPV











Locus
Bin #
PHAPV mwt















bnlg1014
 1.01
126



phi427913
 1.01
131



phi056
 1.01
252



bnlg1627
 1.02
205



bnlg1429
 1.02
207



bnlg1083
 1.02
225



bnlg1953
 1.02
252



bnlg439
 1.03
238



phi109275
 1.03
136



bnlg1484
 1.03
138



phi339017
 1.03
148



bnlg1203
 1.03
309



bnlg2238
 1.04
207



bnlg2086
 1.04
221



bnlg1886
 1.05
150



bnlg1832
 1.05
236



bnlg1615
 1.06
240



bnlg1057
 1.06
277



bnlg1556
 1.07
207



phi423298
 1.08
135



phi323065
 1.08
331



phi002
 1.08
76



phi335539
 1.08
91



bnlg1331
 1.09
124



phi011
 1.09
230



bnlg1720
 1.09(1.10)
240



phi308707
 1.10
134



phi265454
 1.11
228



phi402893
 2.00
221



phi96100
 2.01
297



bnlg1017
 2.02
178



bnlg2277
 2.02
298



phi109642
 2.03
152



bnlg1064
 2.03
194



phi083
 2.04
134



bnlg1018
 2.04
137



bnlg1909
 2.05
306



bnlg1396
 2.06
139



bnlg1831
 2.06
197



bnlg1138
 2.06
225



phi251315
 2.07
127



phi127
 2.08
112



phi328189
 2.08
118



phi427434
 2.08
123



phi090
 2.08
141



bnlg1141
 2.08
156



bnlg1940
 2.08
217



phi435417
 2.08
220



bnlg2237
 2.08
254



bnlg1520
 2.09
289



bnlg1690
 2.XX
114



phi453121
 3.00
225



phi104127
 3.01
165



phi404206
 3.01
302



bnlg1144
 3.02
118



bnlg1647
 3.02
140



phi374118
 3.02
230



bnlg1523
 3.03
268



bnlg1113
 3.04
123



bnlg1452
 3.04
128



phi029
 3.04
161



bnlg1019
 3.04
182



bnlg1035
 3.05
106



phi053
 3.05
174



phi073
 3.05
184



phi102228
 3.06
131



bnlg1951
 3.06
134



bnlg2241
 3.06
172



bnlg1160
 3.06
223



phi072
 4.00(4.01)
144



phi295450
 4.01
199



phi213984
 4.01
286



bnlg1162
 4.03
129



phi308090
 4.04
223



phi096
 4.04
238



phi079
 4.05
180



phi438301
 4.05
214



bnlg1755
 4.05
217



bnlg1265
 4.05
226



bnlg1937
 4.05(4.06)
230



bnlg2244
 4.08
204



phi093
 4.08
291



phi076
 4.11
173



phi396160
 5.02
300



phi109188
 5.03
164



bnlg653
 5.04
154



bnlg1208
 5.04
121



phi331888
 5.04
133



phi330507
 5.04
144



bnlg1892
 5.04
151



phi333597
 5.05
219



phi085
 5.06
255



bnlg1711
 5.07
179



bnlg1118
 5.07
86



phi159819
 6.00(6.08)
126



phi423796
 6.01
131



phi389203
 6.03
307



phi452693
 6.04
126



bnlg1174
 6.05
222



phi445613
 6.05
99



phi299852
 6.07
120



bnlg1759
 6.07
128



phi364545
 6.07
134



bnlg1740
 6.07
234



phi070
 6.07
85



phi338882
 6.XX
172



phi034
 7.02
122



bnlg2271
 7.03
223



phi328175
 7.04
101



phi051
 7.05
142



phi069
 7.05
196



phi116
 7.06
172



phi420701
 8.00
291



bnlg1194
 8.02
178



phi100175
 8.03
149



bnlg2082
 8.03
174



phi115
 8.03
292



phi121
 8.03
97



bnlg2046
 8.04
327



bnlg1176
 8.05
221



bnlg1152
 8.06
151



bnlg1065
 8.07
230



bnlg1056
 8.08
113



phi015
 8.08
82



phi233376
 8.09
155



bnlg2122
 9.01
240



phi033
 9.01
252



bnlg1159
 9.04
151



bnlg1012
 9.04
164



phi032
 9.04
234



phi236654
 9.05
120



phi108411
 9.05
129



phi448880
 9.06(9.07)
187



bnlg619
 9.07
238



bnlg1375
 9.07
168



bnlg1129
 9.08
303



phi041
10.00
212



phi059
10.02
156



phi96342
10.02
253



bnlg1655
10.03
129



bnlg1079
10.03
173



phi050
10.03
86



phi301654
10.04
132



phi062
10.04
161



phi323152
10.05
144



bnlg1074
10.05
186



bnlg1185
10.07
154



bnlg1450
10.07
180

















TABLE 3A





PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON REPORT


Variety #1: PHAPV


Variety #2: PH42B























YIELD
YIELD
MST
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
TILLER
GDUSHD



BU/A 56#
BU/A 56#
PCT
SCORE
COUNT
PCT
GDU


Stat
ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
84.0
72.9
19.9
6.0
27.4
0.9
148.0


Mean2
48.5
42.7
13.4
7.0
28.6
0.8
146.2


Locs
8
8
8
5
7
5
32


Reps
14
14
15
5
7
5
32


Diff
35.5
30.2
−6.5
−1.0
−1.1
−0.1
1.8


Prob
0.010
0.007
0.005
0.189
0.330
0.971
0.015


















GDUSLK
POLWT
POLWT
TASSZ
PLTHT
EARHT
STAGRN



GDU
VALUE
VALUE
SCORE
CM
CM
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
151.7
62.0
49.5
2.0
234.1
69.9
5.9


Mean2
149.8
26.4
21.6
1.2
233.1
66.0
5.4


Locs
32
2
2
24
22
2
10


Reps
32
4
4
24
22
2
10


Diff
1.9
35.7
27.9
0.9
1.0
3.8
0.5


Prob
0.030
0.212
0.161
0.000
0.691
0.742
0.413


















SCTGRN
EARSZ
TEXEAR
EARMLD
BARPLT
GLFSPT
NLFBLT



SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
% NOT
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
7.4
5.0
4.8
6.5
89.8
4.4
8.0


Mean2
4.1
4.5
5.8
3.0
93.3
5.1
6.5


Locs
8
2
4
2
13
6
1


Reps
8
2
4
2
13
7
2


Diff
3.3
0.5
−1.0
3.5
−3.5
−0.7
1.5


Prob
0.001
0.500
0.252
0.090
0.169
0.328






















HD





SLFBLT
FUSERS
GIBERS
COMRST
SMT
ERTLDG
ERTLPN



SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
7.0
8.0
9.0
4.3
100.0
12.0
91.0


Mean2
4.0
1.0
9.0
3.2
100.0
100.0
99.0


Locs
1
1
1
3
1
1
1


Reps
1
1
1
4
2
1
1


Diff
3.0
7.0
0.0
1.2
0.0
−88.0
−8.0


Prob



0.020
















TABLE 3B





PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON REPORT


Variety #1: PHAPV


Variety #2: PH3RC


























YIELD
YIELD
MST
TSTWT
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
TILLER
GDUSHD
GDUSLK
POLWT



BU/A 56#
BU/A 56#
PCT
LB/BU
SCORE
COUNT
PCT
GDU
GDU
VALUE


Stat
ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
79.2
91.5
19.1
56.0
6.0
23.4
3.8
145.7
149.7
62.0


Mean2
96.8
111.8
20.4
56.9
5.7
23.6
1.4
149.5
152.5
61.7


Locs
42
42
47
12
26
25
18
63
63
2


Reps
48
48
54
12
26
38
18
63
63
4


Diff
−17.6
−20.3
1.4
−0.9
0.3
−0.2
−2.4
−3.8
−2.9
0.4


Prob
0.001
0.001
0.000
0.133
0.244
0.735
0.233
0.000
0.000
0.941






POLWT
TASBLS
TASSZ
PLTHT
EARHT
STAGRN
STKLDG
BRTSTK
SCTGRN
EARSZ



VALUE
SCORE
SCORE
CM
CM
SCORE
% NOT
% NOT
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
49.5
9.0
2.1
233.4
71.8
5.3
98.1
100.0
7.7
5.0


Mean2
48.9
9.0
4.1
244.0
67.9
6.0
93.5
100.0
6.9
5.8


Locs
2
3
54
49
4
17
1
2
13
4


Reps
4
3
54
49
4
17
1
2
13
4


Diff
0.6
0.0
−2.1
−10.7
3.8
−0.7
4.6
0.0
0.8
−0.8


Prob
0.883
1.000
0.000
0.000
0.565
0.035

1.000
0.127
0.215






TEXEAR
EARMLD
BARPLT
GLFSPT
NLFBLT
SLFBLT
STWWLT
ANTROT
MDMCPX
FUSERS



SCORE
SCORE
% NOT
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
4.8
5.0
88.1
3.8
6.9
5.5
6.0
4.5
1.5
4.7


Mean2
6.3
6.3
96.9
4.3
5.1
6.2
5.0
4.1
3.0
4.3


Locs
4
6
38
13
5
3
1
4
2
12


Reps
4
6
39
19
10
5
1
7
4
16


Diff
−1.5
−1.3
−8.8
−0.5
1.8
−0.7
1.0
0.4
−1.5
0.4


Prob
0.058
0.297
0.003
0.047
0.025
0.184

0.058
0.205
0.602












HD



DIPERS
COMRST
SOURST
CLDTST
CLDTST
KSZDCD
SMT
ERTLDG
ERTLPN
LRTLPN



SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
PCT
PCT
PCT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
2.5
3.5
2.0
72.1
82.3
4.3
95.5
12.0
81.3
90.0


Mean2
1.8
5.0
3.0
89.2
102.1
3.6
100.0
100.0
99.7
100.0


Locs
2
4
1
21
21
21
2
1
3
1


Reps
4
5
1
21
21
21
4
1
3
1


Diff
0.8
−1.5
−1.0
−17.1
−19.8
0.6
−4.5
−88.0
−18.3
−10.0


Prob
0.500
0.182

0.005
0.005
0.245
0.500

0.233
















TABLE 3C





PAIRED INBRED COMPARISON REPORT


Variety #1: PHAPV


Variety #2: PH5WB


























YIELD
YIELD
MST
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
TILLER
GDUSHD
GDUSLK
POLWT
POLWT



BU/A 56#
BU/A 56#
PCT
SCORE
COUNT
PCT
GDU
GDU
VALUE
VALUE


Stat
ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
% MN





Mean1
77.0
70.6
17.6
6.3
22.5
5.2
144.3
147.7
62.0
49.5


Mean2
99.4
90.1
16.2
6.7
22.8
1.6
138.2
139.2
38.1
29.3


Locs
4
4
7
17
18
13
40
40
2
2


Reps
7
7
10
17
18
13
40
40
4
4


Diff
−22.4
−19.5
−1.4
−0.4
−0.3
−3.7
6.1
8.5
23.9
20.2


Prob
0.146
0.156
0.098
0.186
0.721
0.242
0.000
0.000
0.259
0.298





















TASBLS
TASSZ
PLTHT
EARHT
STAGRN
SCTGRN
EARSZ
TEXEAR
EARMLD
BARPLT



SCORE
SCORE
CM
CM
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
% NOT


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
9.0
2.0
233.6
69.9
5.9
7.3
5.0
4.8
4.8
94.1


Mean2
9.0
1.3
238.6
67.3
3.4
5.7
5.0
4.5
5.5
97.9


Locs
3
32
30
2
10
12
2
4
6
20


Reps
3
32
30
2
10
12
2
4
6
20


Diff
0.0
0.8
−5.0
2.5
2.5
1.7
0.0
0.3
−0.7
−3.8


Prob
1.000
0.000
0.036
0.874
0.000
0.012
1.000
0.718
0.555
0.093






















GLFSPT
FUSERS
GIBERS
COMRST
CLDTST
CLDTST
KSZDCD
ERTLDG
ERTLPN




SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
PCT
PCT
PCT
% NOT
% NOT



Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS







Mean1
4.7
4.8
9.0
3.0
63.8
71.7
3.8
12.0
91.0



Mean2
3.0
5.8
9.0
4.0
89.0
100.5
2.8
95.5
97.0



Locs
3
5
1
2
4
4
4
1
1



Reps
3
5
1
2
4
4
4
1
1



Diff
1.7
−1.0
0.0
−1.0
−25.3
−28.8
1.0
−83.5
−6.0



Prob
0.130
0.460

0.500
0.074
0.076
0.252

















TABLE 4





Average Inbred By Tester Performance Comparing PHAPV To PH3RC Crossed


To The Same Inbred Testers And Grown In The Same Experiments.
























YIELD
MST
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
GDUSHD
GDUSLK
PLTHT
EARHT


—
BU/A 56#
PCT
SCORE
COUNT
GDU
GDU
CM
CM





Reps
116
117
6
11
30
20
28
28


Locs
116
117
6
11
30
20
28
28


PHAPV
179.2
22.1
5.3
57.2
140.3
143.2
319.9
129.9


PH3RC
185.4
22.9
5.8
57.7
142.3
145.0
326.4
134.7


Diff
6.2
0.7
0.5
0.5
2.0
1.9
6.5
4.8


Pr > T
0.008
0.000
0.203
0.731
0.009
0.011
0.003
0.014







TSTWT
GLFSPT
NLFBLT
SLFBLT
ANTROT
FUSERS
GIBERS



STAGRN
LB/BU
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE


—
SCORE
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Reps
29
83
9
4
1
3
4
1


Locs
29
83
9
4
1
3
4
1


PHAPV
5.1
56.1
5.8
6.5
4.5
3.7
5.1
8.0


PH3RC
5.1
56.2
5.4
5.0
5.0
3.7
5.9
8.0


Diff
0.0
0.2
0.3
1.5
0.5
0.0
0.8
0.0


Pr > T
0.961
0.391
0.347
0.069

1.000
0.215




















DIPERS
ECB1LF
ECB2SC
GIBROT
BRTSTK
EBTSTK
ABTSTK




SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT



—
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS







Reps
2
1
1
11
2
22
1



Locs
2
1
1
11
2
22
1



PHAPV
4.0
2.0
3.3
6.1
3.5
80.7
4.0



PH3RC
3.3
4.0
3.3
6.3
3.3
75.1
4.5



Diff
0.8
2.0
0.0
0.2
0.3
5.7
0.5



Pr > T
0.500


0.341
0.795
0.031







*Pr > T values are valid only for comparisons with Locs >= 10













TABLE 5





General Combining Ability


Report for Inbred PHAPV



















YIELD bu/a 56# ABS
Mean
180.2



YIELD bu/a 56# ABS
Locs
219



YIELD bu/a 56# ABS
Reps
1066



YIELD bu/a 56# ABS
Years
3



MST pct ABS
Mean
22.5



MST pct ABS
Locs
219



MST pct ABS
Reps
1070



MST pct ABS
Years
3



EGRWTH score ABS
Mean
5.5



EGRWTH score ABS
Locs
12



EGRWTH score ABS
Reps
47



EGRWTH score ABS
Years
3



ESTCNT count ABS
Mean
51.6



ESTCNT count ABS
Locs
17



ESTCNT count ABS
Reps
73



ESTCNT count ABS
Years
2



GDUSHD GDU ABS
Mean
140.5



GDUSHD GDU ABS
Locs
56



GDUSHD GDU ABS
Reps
366



GDUSHD GDU ABS
Years
3



GDUSLK GDU ABS
Mean
142.5



GDUSLK GDU ABS
Locs
37



GDUSLK GDU ABS
Reps
202



GDUSLK GDU ABS
Years
3



PLTHT cm ABS
Mean
308



PLTHT cm ABS
Locs
60



PLTHT cm ABS
Reps
288



PLTHT cm ABS
Years
3



EARHT cm ABS
Mean
127.1



EARHT cm ABS
Locs
60



EARHT cm ABS
Reps
288



EARHT cm ABS
Years
3



STAGRN score ABS
Mean
5.6



STAGRN score ABS
Locs
64



STAGRN score ABS
Reps
313



STAGRN score ABS
Years
3



TSTWT lb/bu ABS
Mean
55.7



TSTWT lb/bu ABS
Locs
190



TSTWT lb/bu ABS
Reps
913



TSTWT lb/bu ABS
Years
3



GLFSPT score ABS
Mean
5.7



GLFSPT score ABS
Locs
17



GLFSPT score ABS
Reps
73



GLFSPT score ABS
Years
2



NLFBLT score ABS
Mean
5.9



NLFBLT score ABS
Locs
5



NLFBLT score ABS
Reps
30



NLFBLT score ABS
Years
2



SLFBLT score ABS
Mean
4.8



SLFBLT score ABS
Locs
2



SLFBLT score ABS
Reps
12



SLFBLT score ABS
Years
2



ANTROT score ABS
Mean
4.4



ANTROT score ABS
Locs
9



ANTROT score ABS
Reps
47



ANTROT score ABS
Years
3



FUSERS score ABS
Mean
4.4



FUSERS score ABS
Locs
6



FUSERS score ABS
Reps
24



FUSERS score ABS
Years
2



DIPERS score ABS
Mean
5.1



DIPERS score ABS
Locs
4



DIPERS score ABS
Reps
16



DIPERS score ABS
Years
2



SOURST score ABS
Mean
2



SOURST score ABS
Locs
1



SOURST score ABS
Reps
1



SOURST score ABS
Years
1



ECB1LF score ABS
Mean
6.1



ECB1LF score ABS
Locs
4



ECB1LF score ABS
Reps
25



ECB1LF score ABS
Years
1



ECB2SC score ABS
Mean
7.1



ECB2SC score ABS
Locs
16



ECB2SC score ABS
Reps
82



ECB2SC score ABS
Years
2



GIBROT score ABS
Mean
4.6



GIBROT score ABS
Locs
5



GIBROT score ABS
Reps
29



GIBROT score ABS
Years
1



BRTSTK % NOT ABS
Mean
100



BRTSTK % NOT ABS
Locs
1



BRTSTK % NOT ABS
Reps
2



BRTSTK % NOT ABS
Years
1



STLLPN % NOT ABS
Mean
78.2



STLLPN % NOT ABS
Locs
45



STLLPN % NOT ABS
Reps
355



STLLPN % NOT ABS
Years
3



DIPROT score ABS
Mean
6.6



DIPROT score ABS
Locs
1



DIPROT score ABS
Reps
10



DIPROT score ABS
Years
1



ABTSTK % NOT ABS
Mean
57.1



ABTSTK % NOT ABS
Locs
9



ABTSTK % NOT ABS
Reps
69



ABTSTK % NOT ABS
Years
2



ERTLPN % NOT ABS
Mean
65.2



ERTLPN % NOT ABS
Locs
20



ERTLPN % NOT ABS
Reps
130



ERTLPN % NOT ABS
Years
2



LRTLPN % NOT ABS
Mean
77.1



LRTLPN % NOT ABS
Locs
35



LRTLPN % NOT ABS
Reps
192



LRTLPN % NOT ABS
Years
2

















TABLE 5A





Combining Ability Report for Inbred PHAPV


F1 data for Inbred Line PHAPV when crossed to various tester lines

























YIELD
YIELD
YIELD









bu/a 56#
bu/a 56#
bu/a 56#
MST pct
MST pct
MST pct
EGRWTH
EGRWTH
EGRWTH



ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS


Tester
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





61667C
180.9
16
16
22
16
16


76037A
184.6
17
17
20.8
17
17


51428E
189.5
17
17
23.1
17
17
6
1
1


51572B
172.6
16
16
23.1
16
16
6
1
1


53349E
187.2
167
254
22.5
167
254
4.7
8
10


213906J
187
8
24
26.7
8
24


213906K
173.6
8
23
27
8
23


213907B
177.1
8
23
26.7
8
23


56798F
157.3
16
16
16.6
17
17
7
2
2


76019E
181
18
18
21.3
18
18


76044K
170.9
17
17
24.9
17
17
5.3
3
3


76045D
159.9
17
17
23.6
17
17
5.3
3
3


208573E
177
16
18
20.8
16
18


210713F
189.9
16
16
23
16
16


212022K
177.4
18
18
21.3
18
18


61667B
169.2
16
16
22
16
16
6
1
1


75227F
177.4
16
16
24.3
16
16


50219K
162.2
16
16
18.8
18
18
6
2
2


50220J
187.4
16
16
21
16
16
7
1
1


56791E
177.2
15
18
21.3
16
19


56806H
177.1
17
17
18.3
17
17
6.5
2
2


58728E
184.6
17
17
23
17
17
6
1
1


58735B
177.8
16
16
23.3
16
16


61649A
185.6
16
16
21.3
16
16
7
1
1


61649D
168.3
16
16
22.4
16
16
6
1
1


73324C
150
18
18
25
18
18


76043H
174.6
15
17
22.7
15
17


208573F
164.6
14
16
20.3
14
16


208573G
178
16
21
21.3
16
21


209397K
165.5
14
16
20.3
14
16


212023J
168.4
18
18
23.9
18
18


209936J
185.6
17
17
22.5
17
17






ESTCNT
ESTCNT
ESTCNT
GDUSHD
GDUSHD
GDUSHD
GDUSLK
GDUSLK
GDUSLK



count ABS
count ABS
count ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS
GDU ABS


Tester
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





61667C



139.4
8
8
139
3
3


76037A



140.1
8
8
140.3
3
3


51428E



142.2
6
6
147.3
3
3


51572B



134.1
7
7
136
2
2


53349E
50.3
10
20
139.6
49
82
141.6
29
50


213906J
48.8
2
4
135
7
11
139.5
6
8


213906K
49.5
2
4
135.5
7
11
140.5
6
8


213907B
49.8
2
4
135
7
11
139.8
6
8


56798F



143
6
6
142.5
2
2


76019E



141.8
5
5
144
4
4


76044K
59
1
1
140.1
6
7
141.5
2
2


76045D
51
1
1
143.2
6
7
142.5
2
2


208573E



136.2
5
5
134.3
3
3


210713F



137.8
8
8
135
3
3


212022K



139.9
5
5
141.3
4
4


61667B



139.4
7
7
136
2
2


75227F



139.1
8
8
140
3
3


50219K



145.5
6
6
146.5
2
2


50220J



139.4
7
7
141.5
2
2


56791E



145.4
5
5
144.3
3
3


56806H



146.3
6
6
146.5
2
2


58728E



139.5
6
6
148.3
3
3


58735B



144.2
8
8
140
3
3


61649A



137.6
7
7
139
2
2


61649D



138.3
6
6
148.3
3
3


73324C



145.4
5
5
150.3
3
3


76043H



147.6
5
5
147.7
3
3


208573F



145.8
5
5
145.3
3
3


208573G



136.8
3
4
136
1
2


209397K



145.6
5
5
143.3
3
3


212023J



145.7
5
5
147.4
4
4


209936J



146.6
5
5
150
3
3






PLTHT cm
PLTHT cm
PLTHT cm
EARHT
EARHT
EARHT
STAGRN
STAGRN
STAGRN



ABS
ABS
ABS
cm ABS
cm ABS
cm ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS


Tester
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





61667C
313.9
5
5
115.3
5
5
6.1
8
8


76037A
323.1
5
5
127
5
5
5.8
8
8


51428E
301.2
5
5
125
5
5
5.7
3
3


51572B
271.1
7
7
110.3
7
7
6.3
8
8


53349E
303.6
46
64
127.2
46
64
5.9
47
75


213906J
313.7
4
4
146.1
4
4
7.3
1
3


213906K
308
4
4
134.6
4
4
7.3
1
3


213907B
309.9
4
4
137.8
4
4
6.7
1
3


56798F
310.8
8
8
125.7
8
8
2.4
5
5


76019E
325.1
3
3
135.5
3
3
7
3
3


76044K
308.6
4
4
128.9
4
4
5.9
10
10


76045D
289.6
4
4
120
4
4
5.7
10
10


208573E
288.5
5
5
109.7
5
5
5.3
4
4


210713F
289.6
5
5
122.4
5
5
6.3
7
7


212022K
317.5
3
3
124.5
3
3
6
3
3


61667B
309.2
7
7
130.3
7
7
6.3
8
8


75227F
317.5
5
5
124.5
5
5
6.9
7
7


50219K
311.5
8
8
132.1
8
8
4
5
5


50220J
300.1
7
7
124.1
7
7
6
8
8


56791E
315.5
5
5
131.1
5
5
4.8
4
4


56806H
318.8
8
8
135.6
8
8
4
5
5


58728E
308.4
5
5
117.9
5
5
5.7
3
3


58735B
302.8
5
5
125
5
5
5.9
7
7


61649A
300.4
7
7
120.8
7
7
6.1
8
8


61649D
299.7
5
5
115.3
5
5
3
3
3


73324C
345.4
3
3
139.7
3
3
8.3
3
3


76043H
318
5
5
130
5
5
6
4
4


208573F
312.4
5
5
125
5
5
4.8
4
4


208573G
270.5
3
4
97.2
3
4
5.5
2
2


209397K
320
5
5
127.5
5
5
3.5
4
4


212023J
332.7
3
3
139.7
3
3
8
3
3


209936J
332.7
3
3
142.2
3
3
6.3
3
3






TSTWT
TSTWT
TSTWT
GLFSPT
GLFSPT
GLFSPT
ANTROT
ANTROT
ANTROT



lb/bu ABS
lb/bu ABS
lb/bu ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS


Tester
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





61667C
55.5
14
14
5.5
2
2


76037A
55.6
15
15
4
2
2


51428E
56.2
14
14


51572B
56
12
12
8
1
1


53349E
55.6
138
214
5.7
16
26
5.1
9
24


213906J
53.6
6
18


213906K
53.6
6
17


213907B
54.8
6
18


56798F
55.7
14
14



3
1
1


76019E
55.6
16
16
6.5
2
2


76044K
55.1
14
14
6.5
2
2


76045D
55.2
14
14
5
2
2


208573E
56.1
15
17


210713F
54.2
14
14
4.5
2
2


212022K
54.4
16
16
5
2
2


61667B
56.7
13
13
7
1
1


75227F
54.2
14
14
6
2
2


50219K
57.2
14
14



4
1
1


50220J
58.9
13
13
7
1
1


56791E
55.8
16
19


56806H
57.2
13
13



4.5
2
2


58728E
56.4
15
15


58735B
54.9
14
14
4.5
2
2


61649A
58.5
13
13
7
1
1


61649D
55.7
14
14


73324C
55
15
15
6
2
2


76043H
57
15
17


208573F
56.8
14
16


208573G
56
15
20


209397K
56.7
15
17


212023J
56.1
16
16
5.5
2
2


209936J
55.5
15
15
5.5
2
2












STLLPN
STLLPN
STLLPN



ECB2SC
ECB2SC
ECB2SC
GIBROT
GIBROT
GIBROT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT



score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
score ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS


Tester
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps





61667C
9
1
1



91.8
3
5


76037A
9
1
1



86.8
3
4


51428E
8
2
2



70.2
6
6


51572B
7.7
3
3



72.7
7
7


53349E
5.8
16
27
4.7
5
11
78.7
35
80


213906J






79.6
6
8


213906K






70.9
6
8


213907B






86.8
6
8


56798F






63.2
6
6


76019E
9
1
1



94.5
3
4


76044K
7
1
1
9
1
1
86.9
7
10


76045D
6
1
1
5
1
1
86.1
7
10


208573E






71.7
5
6


210713F
9
1
1



90.2
3
5


212022K
9
1
1



90
3
4


61667B
7.7
3
3



85.4
7
7


75227F
9
1
1



82
3
5


50219K






51.5
6
6


50220J
8.3
3
3



67.7
7
7


56791E






55
5
6


56806H






76.2
6
6


58728E
8
2
2



76.4
6
6


58735B
9
1
1



89.8
3
5


61649A
8.3
3
3



83.3
7
7


61649D
8
2
2



68.1
6
6


73324C
9
1
1



88.5
2
2


76043H






100
5
5


208573F






58.3
5
6


208573G






75.3
5
7


209397K






71.7
5
6


212023J
9
1
1



81
3
4


209936J
9
1
1



65
3
4



















ERTLPN
ERTLPN
ERTLPN
LRTLPN
LRTLPN
LRTLPN




% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT




ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS



Tester
Mean
Locs
Reps
Mean
Locs
Reps







61667C
73.3
3
3
98.4
7
8



76037A
73.3
3
3
89.4
7
8



51428E
100
1
1
63.3
3
3



51572B
40
1
1
100
2
2



53349E
71.1
15
29
73.4
25
41



213906J
76.3
4
8
63.3
1
3



213906K
75
4
8
83.3
1
3



213907B
67.5
4
8
90
1
2



56798F



76019E
56.7
3
3
90
3
3



76044K
55
3
4
90
2
2



76045D
60
3
4
76
4
4



208573E



76.7
3
3



210713F
96.7
3
3
95.7
6
7



212022K
60
3
3
76.7
3
3



61667B
50
1
1
100
2
2



75227F
26.7
3
3
93
7
8



50219K



50220J
10
1
1
75
2
2



56791E



72.5
3
4



56806H



58728E
80
1
1
65
3
3



58735B
73.3
3
3
89.9
7
8



61649A
60
1
1
100
2
2



61649D
90
1
1
56.7
3
3



73324C
20
3
3
63.3
3
3



76043H
20
1
1
67.5
3
4



208573F



72.5
3
4



208573G
100
1
1
65
3
4



209397K
10
1
1
75
3
4



212023J
63.3
3
3
73.3
3
3



209936J
50
3
3
70
3
3

















TABLE 6





INBREDS IN HYBRID COMBINATION REPORT


Variety #1: HYBRID CONTAINING PHAPV - Variety #2: 35Y65
























YIELD
YIELD
MST
EGRWTH
ESTCNT
GDUSHD
GDUSLK
STKCNT



BU/A 56#
BU/A 56#
PCT
SCORE
COUNT
GDU
GDU
COUNT


Stat
ABS
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN





Mean1
183.7
101.4
104.8
83.0
97.2
101.4
101.3
100.5


Mean2
179.5
98.3
93.3
101.7
104.3
97.1
96.0
101.2


Locs
62
62
62
8
5
16
14
107


Reps
66
66
66
8
8
19
17
155


Diff
4.2
3.1
−11.5
−18.8
−7.1
4.4
5.3
−0.7


Prob
0.196
0.104
0.000
0.063
0.317
0.000
0.000
0.222






PLTHT
EARHT
STAGRN
STKLDG
ABTSTK
TSTWT
GLFSPT
NLFBLT



CM
CM
SCORE
% NOT
% NOT
LB/BU
SCORE
SCORE


Stat
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
% MN
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
100.6
101.0
138.5
98.7
101.3
55.9
6.0
6.8


Mean2
93.2
93.8
74.9
109.9
107.2
57.0
4.0
4.3


Locs
15
15
23
1
3
39
4
7


Reps
17
17
23
1
18
43
4
11


Diff
7.4
7.1
63.6
−11.3
−5.9
−1.1
2.0
2.5


Prob
0.001
0.018
0.000

0.742
0.000
0.016
0.002






SLFBLT
GOSWLT
ANTROT
FUSERS
GIBERS
DIPERS
ECBDPE
ECB1LF



SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
% NOT
SCORE


Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS





Mean1
5.0
8.0
5.0
4.5
7.5
7.0
93.9
5.0


Mean2
4.5
7.0
3.7
5.4
4.5
4.5
99.0
5.3


Locs
1
1
3
4
1
1
3
1


Reps
2
2
6
7
2
2
4
3


Diff
0.5
1.0
1.3
−0.9
3.0
2.5
−5.1
−0.3


Prob


0.547
0.006


0.037
























HD






ECB2SC
HSKCVR
GIBROT
DIPROT
SMT
ERTLPN
LRTLPN




SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
SCORE
% NOT
% NOT
% NOT



Stat
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS
ABS







Mean1
6.2
5.1
4.6
7.5
98.7
75.1
78.0



Mean2
5.9
5.6
3.3
4.5
97.4
68.3
90.0



Locs
6
7
4
1
4
6
10



Reps
8
7
7
2
6
7
12



Diff
0.3
−0.4
1.4
3.0
1.4
6.8
−12.0



Prob
0.645
0.482
0.439

0.436
0.457
0.126










All publications, patents and patent applications mentioned in the specification are indicative of the level of those skilled in the art to which this invention pertains. All such publications, patents and patent applications are incorporated by reference herein for the purpose cited to the same extent as if each was specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein.
The foregoing invention has been described in detail by way of illustration and example for purposes of clarity and understanding. However, it is obvious that certain changes and modifications such as backcross conversions and mutations, somoclonal variants, variant individuals selected from large populations of the plants of the instant inbred and the like may be practiced within the scope of the invention, as limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A seed comprising at least one set of the chromosomes of maize inbred line PHAPV, representative seed of said line having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-4880.

2. A maize plant produced by growing the seed of claim 1.

3. A maize plant part of the maize plant of claim 2.

4. An F1 hybrid maize seed produced by crossing a plant of maize inbred line designated PHAPV, representative seed of said line having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-4880, with a different maize plant and harvesting the resultant F1 hybrid maize seed, wherein said F1 hybrid maize seed comprises two sets of chromosomes and one set of the chromosomes is the same as maize inbred line PHAPV.

5. A maize plant produced by growing the F1 hybrid maize seed of claim 4.

6. A maize plant part of the maize plant of claim 5.

7. An F1 hybrid maize seed comprising an inbred maize plant cell of inbred maize line PHAPV, representative seed of said line having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-4880.

8. A maize plant produced by growing the F1 hybrid maize seed of claim 7.

9. The F1 hybrid maize seed of claim 7 wherein the inbred maize plant cell comprises two sets of chromosomes of maize inbred line PHAPV.

10. A maize plant produced by growing the F1 hybrid maize seed of claim 9.

11. A process of introducing a desired trait into maize inbred line PHAPV comprising:
(a) crossing PHAPV plants grown from PHAPV seed, representative seed of which has been deposited under ATCC Accession No: PTA-4880, with plants of another maize line that comprise a desired trait to produce F1 progeny plants, wherein the desired trait is selected from the group consisting of waxy starch, male sterility, herbicide resistance, insect resistance, bacterial disease resistance, fungal disease resistance, and viral disease resistance;
(b) selecting F1 progeny plants that have the desired trait to produce selected F1 progeny plants;
(c) crossing the selected progeny plants with the PHAPV plants to produce backcross progeny plants;
(d) selecting for backcross progeny plants that have the desired trait and the alleles of inbred line PHAPV at the SSR loci listed in Table 2 to produce selected backcross progeny plants; and
(e) repeating steps (c) and (d) to produce backcross progeny plants that comprise the desired trait and comprise at least 95% of the alleles of inbred line PHAPV at the SSR loci listed in Table 2.

12. A plant produced by the process of claim 11, wherein the plant comprises at least 95% of the alleles of inbred line PHAPV at the SSR loci listed in Table 2.

13. A maize plant having all the physiological and morphological characteristics of inbred line PHAPV, wherein a sample of the seed of inbred line PHAPV was deposited under ATCC Accession Number PTA-4880.

14. A process of producing maize seed, comprising crossing a first parent maize plant with a second parent maize plant, wherein one or both of the first or the second parent maize plants is the plant of claim 13, wherein seed is allowed to form.

15. The maize seed produced by the process of claim 14.

16. The maize seed of claim 15, wherein the maize seed is hybrid seed.

17. A hybrid maize plant, or its parts, produced by growing said hybrid seed of claim 16.

18. The maize plant of claim 13, further comprising an SSR profile in accordance with the profile shown in Table 2.

19. A cell of the maize plant of claim 13.

20. The cell of claim 19, wherein said cell is further defined as having an SSR profile in accordance with the profile shown in Table 2.

21. A seed comprising the cell of claim 19.

22. The maize plant of claim 13, further defined as having a genome comprising a single gene conversion.

23. The maize plant of claim 22, wherein the single gene was stably inserted into the maize genome by transformation.

24. The maize plant of claim 22, wherein the gene is selected from the group consisting of a dominant allele and a recessive allele.

25. The maize plant of claim 22, wherein the gene confers a trait selected from the group consisting of herbicide tolerance; insect resistance; resistance to bacterial, fungal, nematode or viral disease; waxy starch; male sterility and restoration of male fertility.

26. The maize plant of claim 13, wherein said plant is further defined as comprising a gene conferring male sterility.

27. The maize plant of claim 13, wherein said plant is further defined as comprising a transgene conferring a trait selected from the group consisting of male sterility, herbicide resistance, insect resistance and disease resistance.

28. A method of producing a maize plant, the method comprising the steps of:
(a) growing a progeny plant produced by crossing the plant of claim 13 with a second maize plant;
(b) crossing the progeny plant with itself or a different plant to produce a seed of a progeny plant of a subsequent generation;
(c) growing a progeny plant of a subsequent generation from said seed and crossing the progeny plant of a subsequent generation with itself or a different plant; and
(d) repeating steps (b) and (c) for an additional 0-5 generations to produce a maize plant.

29. The method of claim 28 wherein the produced maize plant is an inbred maize plant.

30. The method of claim 29, further comprising the step of crossing the inbred maize plant with a second, distinct inbred maize plant to produce an F1 hybrid maize plant.

31. A method for developing a second maize plant in a maize plant breeding program comprising applying plant breeding techniques to a first maize plant, or parts thereof, wherein said first maize plant is the maize plant of claim 13, and wherein application of said techniques results in development of said second maize plant.

32. The method for developing a maize plant in a maize plant breeding program of claim 31 wherein plant breeding techniques are selected from the group consisting of recurrent selection, backcrossing, pedigree breeding, restriction fragment length polymorphism enhanced selection, genetic marker enhanced selection, and transformation.

33. A method of plant breeding comprising the steps of:
(a) obtaining a molecular marker profile of maize inbred line PHAPV, representative seed of said line having been deposited under ATCC Accession No. PTA-4880;
(b) obtaining an F1 hybrid seed for which the maize plant of claim 13 is a parent;
(c) crossing a plant grown from the F1 hybrid seed with a different maize plant; and
(d) selecting progeny that possess said molecular marker profile of PHAPV.