FOURTH DIVISION

BARNES, P. J.,

RAY and MCMILLIAN, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/

July 16, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A15A0146. GILLESPIE v. THE STATE

A15A0149. COLLINS v. THE STATE.

RAY, Judge.

Larry Daymond “Mon” Gillespie and Legregory Collins, along with other codefendants, were indicted for armed robbery, aggravated assault, and aggravated

battery. Following a jury trial, Gillespie was convicted on August 9, 2011, of armed

robbery and aggravated assault. He was acquitted of aggravated battery. Collins was

convicted of armed robbery, aggravated assault, and aggravated battery. Both men

moved for new trials , and the trial court granted those motions, in part, as to

sentencing issues. Collins and Gillespie now appeal from the partial denial of their

motions for new trial. 
InCase No. A15A0146, Gillespie contendsthat the trial court erred in allowing

the State to introduce evidence of the circumstances of his arrest, in denying his

motion for mistrial, and in admitting his booking photograph over objection. He also

arguesthat his constitutionalrights were violated because he was not present at bench

conferences during jury selection.In Case No. A15A0149, Collinsmirrors Gillespie’s

enumerations as to the admission of his booking photo and his absence from bench

conferences during voir dire. The two appeals are consolidated for our review. For

the reasonsthat follow, we vacate and remand asto Gillespie in Case No. A15A0146,

and we reverse and remand for a new trial as to Collins in Case No. A15A0149.

Viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s verdict, Jackson v. Virginia,

443 U. S. 307 (99 SCt 2781, 61 LE2d 560) (1979), the evidence shows that on

February 16, 2010, Athens-Clarke County police were called to the scene of an armed

robbery at an apartment where Bryan Baker and Damion Scott James lived. Several

friends of Baker’s and James’s also were there. A young woman named Heidi Elrod

called Baker to ask if he had any marijuana for sale because her friend, Nikki

Hancock, a co-defendant in the case, had contacted her trying to find some. Elrod had

previously been on a three-way call with Hancock and another co-defendant, Robert

Gresham, who said he also wanted to buy marijuana. She arranged a meet-up at

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Baker’s apartment. Gresham got a ride from his cousin, and they picked up Collins

and Gillespie along the way. Gresham testified that he told Collins that he was

planning to steal the marijuana, and Gresham obtained a pistol from another

individual. Gillespie had his own gun, which he later gave to Collins.

When they got to the apartment, Elrod, Gresham, and Collins went in and were

shown “about a pound and a half of reefer.” Gresham wanted four pounds, so Baker

retrieved additional marijuana in plastic bags. Gillespie then entered and sat down at

the table to negotiate price, although the plan was still on to steal the drugs. Gresham

testified that he and Collins then “pulled our guns out” and ordered the occupants of

the apartment onto the ground. Collins was holding Gillespie’s gun when the victims

were ordered to the ground. Collins struck Baker across the face with his gun,

injuring him. 

Gresham testified that he gave his gun to Gillespie, and one of the victims

testified that he and the other occupants of the apartment were then held at gunpoint

by a man with “twists” in his hair. Another victim testified that a tall black man with

“braids” grabbed his guitar and acted as if he would hit him with it. Mug shots of the

co-defendants show that only Gillespie had twists or braids in his hair; Collins and

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Gresham’s photos show close-cropped hair. The defendants took cash, marijuana, a

camera, and a handgun from the apartment. 

Surveillance video fromthe apartment parking lotshowed that the car in which

the defendants were riding both arrived at and left the apartment complex. Collins’

cousin, who drove the vehicle, testified that she dropped the defendants off so they

could “purchas[e]some weed” and waited in her vehicle for them. She later saw them

“running” to her vehicle. Collins, Gillespie, and Gresham all got in her car, and they

fled the scene. The robbers later divided up the marijuana. Neither Collins nor

Gillespie contests the sufficiency of the evidence. 

BothCollins and Gillespie argue that the trial court erred because theywere not

present at bench conferences during jury selection at which several potential jurors

were discussed and excused, and one potential juror was questioned and discussed. 

It istrue that “the constitutionalright to be present does not extend to situations

where the defendant’s presence would be useless” – for example, during bench

conferences dealing with logistical or procedural matters or questions of law about

which a defendant presumably has no knowledge. (Citation and punctuation omitted.)

Heywood v. State, 292 Ga. 771, 774 (3) (743 SE2d 12) (2013). However, our

Supreme Court has unequivocally held that a defendant is entitled to be present

4
during discussions that involve “whether to replace prospective jurors.” Id. at 774-

775 (3), citing Zamora v. State, 291 Ga. 512, 518 (7) (b) (731 SE2d 658) (2012)

(holding that the defendant “clearly had a constitutional right to be present during the

proceedings at which one of the jurors trying his case was removed”) (citation

omitted); and Sammons v. State, 279 Ga. 386, 387 (2) (612 SE2d 785) (2005)

(“Proceedings at which the jury composition isselected or changed are a criticalstage

at which the defendant is entitled to be present”) (footnote omitted).

“Although counsel may waive a defendant’s presence, in order for the waiver

of counsel to be binding on the defendant, it must be made in his presence or by his

express authority, or be subsequently acquiesced in by him.” (Footnote and

punctuation omitted.) Id. In this context, a defendant’s presence means that he can

“see and hear” the proceedings. Zamora, supra at 518 (7) (b). Any denial of the right

to be present under the Georgia Constitution is not subject to harmless error review

on appeal and is presumed prejudicial. Peterson v. State, 284 Ga. 275, 279 (663 SE2d

164) (2008).

For reasons of convenience, we will address Case No. A15A149 first, andCase

No. A15A0146 second.

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Case No. A15A0149

(1) (a) Collins. At the motion for new trial hearing, Collins’s counsel testified

that his client was not present during the bench conferences; he did not believe that

he told his client that there was a right to be present; that while “in a general sense”

Collins’s counsel wasfamiliar with cases discussing a defendant’s right to be present

during jury selection, he had never thought about or researched whether his client had

a right to be present and could not recall ever advising a client of the right to be

present during bench conferences for jury selection. He also did not recall telling

Collins what occurred at the bench conferences. 

Collins testified that although he was in the courtroom, he could not hear what

wassaid and that hislawyer did not tell him about hisrightsin this context or tell him

what was discussed. Collins’s counsel testified that he attempted to speak in a voice

that could not be heard by others in the courtroom during the bench conferences, and

counsel for the State twice mentioned that the lawyers were whispering during the

conferences. 

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The State argues, inter alia, that Collins had no knowledge that would have

assisted his trial counsel during the bench conferences,

1

and the trial court’s order on

motion for new trial determined that

[T]he [c]ourt does not find that the Defendant himself or through

counsel sought to participate, and does not find that counsel failed to

inform the Defendant after the bench conferences what had transpired.

The [c]ourt also does not find that, had the Defendant participated, he

would have had any knowledge, thoughts or input that could have

assisted his counsel or his case. Because there is no evidence of any

meaningful relationship between the Defendant’s presence or absence

at these bench conferences, which focused on essentially legal

argument, and the Defendant’s opportunityto defend againstthe charges

against him, the [c]ourt concludes that the motion fails on this ground. 

As an initial matter, the above-referenced determination indicates that the trial

court disbelieved either Collins or his trial counsel or both. While credibility

determinations are, without question, for the trial court, see Finch v. State, 287 Ga.

App. 319, 321 (1) (b) (651 SE2d 478) (2007), even in the face of such disbelief there

must be some evidence supporting the trial court’s views. Russell v. State, 236 Ga.

1 At the hearing on motion for new trial, Collins’s counsel testified that he

could not recall whether his client had any “personal knowledge” that he would have

sought to elicit which could have been helpful during voir dire. 

7
App. 645, 650 (2) (512 SE2d 913) (1999) (trial court’s findings of fact must be

affirmed unless clearly erroneous); Gravitt v. State, 301 Ga. App. 131, 133 (1) (687

SE2d 150) (2009) (clearly erroneous test is the same as any evidence test). The

burden rests upon the State to supply evidence of waiver. McKinney v. State, 251 Ga.

App. 896, 902 (5) (555 SE2d 468) (2001). The State indicates in its appellate brief

that Collins waived his right to be present. However, Collins’s trial counsel testified

that he did not believe he told Collins – or had ever told any client – of a right to be

present. Collins’s trial counsel stated that he did not recall telling Collins what took

place during the bench conferences. Such statements do not suffice as evidence to

satisfy the State’s burden. Rather, they show nothing more than counsel’s inability

to recall what happened, which amounts to an absence of evidence. No action or

statement by Collins himself showed a waiver of his rights. Given that the trial court

did not immediately excuse the juror (apparently because it did not want to influence

other jurors who might attempt to evade service by also claiming hardship), we fail

to see how Collins could have acquiesced in a decision he did not even know was

taking place.

Further, as noted above, where a bench conference deals with legal argument

about which a defendant has no knowledge, his right to be present is not violated if

8
he is absent from such conferences. Heywood, supra. However, contrary to the trial

court’s determination, the record clearly shows that at least one of the bench

conferences at issue did not consist of merely legal argument of which Collins would

have had no knowledge. Juror Solomon testified at voir dire that if required to serve,

he would suffer financial hardship, his lights would be cut off, and he would be very

distracted. The trial court made the discretionary decision to excuse himfromservice

for hardship reasons. OCGA § 15-12-1.1; accord Dorillas v. State, 224 Ga. App. 336,

337 (1) (b) (480 SE2d 351) (1997). See also OCGA §§ 15-12-163, 15-12-164

(challenges for cause). In this instance, we cannot say that Collins would have been

unable to offer his counsel a meaningful opinion asto whether Juror Solomon should

be excused. Nor does counsel’sfailure to recall whether Collins’s opinion would have

been useful alter this determination. Collins’s conviction must be reversed, and he is

entitled to a new trial.

(b) Collins also arguesthat the trial court erred in allowing the admission of his

booking photograph, over his objection, because it improperly placed his character

at issue. He argues, inter alia, that there was no testimony as to the date on which the

booking photograph was taken. 

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“It is well settled that mere admission into evidence of a ‘mug shot’ of the

defendant does not indicate that the defendant was guilty of any previous crime and

does not place his character in issue. Neither does reference to such a photograph

impermissibly place a defendant’s character in issue.” (Footnotes omitted.) Clark v.

State, 285 Ga. App. 182, 184-185 (3) (645 SE2d 671) (2007).

When the State sought to admit the booking photographs of Collins and the

other defendants, the prosecutor explained outside the presence of the jury that, inter

alia, the purpose was to show how the defendants appeared “on the date they were

booked into evidence in the Clarke County jail records. . . . It is for purposes of

identification as to how they appeared close in time to the robbery as we can.” 

We disagree with Collins’s contentions that the photograph is prejudicial

because it is undated and could indicate a prior arrest. Where, as here, “the jury could

notfigure outfrom[the]testimony whether the photograph wasrelated to this offense

or a previous arrest[,] . . . the booking photograph in no way suggested that [Collins]

was guilty of any previous crimes, [and] the trial court did not abuse its discretion in

admitting it.” (Footnote omitted.) Clark, supra at 185 (3).2 See also Mobley v. State,

2 See generally Keller v. State, 231 Ga. App. 546, 548 (4) (499 SE2d 713)

(1998) (“The cases we have found requiring reversal involve clear indications of

arrests before the charged offenses occurred, and usually contain more definite

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198 Ga. App. 497, 499 (4) (402 SE2d 100) (1991) (where jury had no way to discern

that a mug shot was made during a prior arrest, photo was admissible). Compare

Roundtree v. State, 181 Ga. App. 594, 594 (353 SE2d 88) (1987) (photo not

admissible where caption revealed that photo wastaken on a date prior to the offense

in question, thereby indicating a previous arrest of the accused and putting his

character in issue). 

The State points us to no evidence in the record, nor do we find any, indicating

that there was testimony that Collins’s appearance had changed between the time the

photograph was taken and the time of the crime.3 However, because the photograph

was undated, “the photograph’s admission did not suggest that [Collins] was guilty

of any previous crime or otherwise inflame the jury.” (Citation and punctuation

omitted.) Hunter v. State, 273 Ga. App. 52, 53 (1) (614 SE2d 179) (2005). Because,

for the reasons outlined in Division (1) (a), we are reversing Collins’s conviction and

references to other crimes”) (citation omitted). 

3 As we discuss in division 2(b) of this opinion, however, there is testimony

that co-defendant Gillespie’s appearance had changed; thus, the admission of Collins

and Gillespie’s booking photos at trial was relevant to allow the jury to identify the

perpetrators of the robbery and distinguish between them based upon the witnesses’

physical description of them at the time of the crime.

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affording him a new trial, any error in the admission of the photograph was harmless.

See id.

Case No. A15A0146

2. (a) Gillespie. Gillespie wasrepresented at trial by counsel. At the motion for

new trial hearing, Gillespie’s counsel testified that he was “very aware” that his

clients have a right to participate in bench conferences, and while he did not recall

discussing that right with Gillespie or asking that Gillespie be given headphones so

he could listen, Gillespie’s counsel testified that he “typically would tell my client

that they have a right to come up[.]” He also did not recall telling Gillespie what

happened during bench conferences, but testified that “if I didn’t I would be

extremely surprised because, I mean, obviously . . . I would tell him just as a matter

of course what’s going on.” 

Gillespie testified that his counsel never told him his rights as to bench

conferences, that he never signed anything waiving his rights, and that he never told

his lawyer he did not want to approach the bench. He said if he had known he could

go up to the bench, he would have. He also testified both that he did not remember

his attorney telling himwhat happened during bench conferences and that his attorney

did not tell him what happened. 

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First, as discussed in Division (1) (a), not all of the jurors were excused for

legal reasons. As a result, contrary to the State’s argument, we cannot say that

Gillespie would have had no knowledge or ability to assist his counsel in determining

whether to argue that Juror Solomon should be excused or retained.

The basis of our analysis, however, turns on a different aspect of the trial

court’s determination in its order on the motion for new trial. The trial court found 

insufficient credible evidence to support that trial counsel failed to

informthe Defendant of hisright to be present during bench conferences

and failed to inform the Defendant of the bench conference discussions

about jurors and jury selection immediately after discussions ended. . .

In this case, even had trial counsel not informed the Defendant, the

Court finds and concludes that there is no evidence that, had the

Defendant participated, he would have had any knowledge, thoughts, or

input that could have assisted his counsel or his case.” 

Because the trial court’s order appears to describe only what Gillespie has failed to

show, we are unable to discern with certainty whether the trial court is casting the

burden of proving waiver on Gillespie or on the State. While Gillespie bears the

burden of showing that he was denied the right to be present at bench conferences,

see Gosnell v. State, 247 Ga. App. 508, 508-509 (1) (544 SE2d 477) (2001), the State

bears the burden of showing that Gillespie waived that right. McKinney,supra at 902

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(5). Because the trial court’s order is unclear, we must vacate Gillespie’s conviction

and remand the case for the trial judge to reconsider whether the State has met its

burden to show waiver.

(b) Gillespie next contends that the trial court erred in admitting his booking

photograph, over his objection, because it improperly placed his character at issue.

We disagree.

“It is well settled that mere admission into evidence of a ‘mug shot’ of the

defendant does not indicate that the defendant was guilty of any previous crime and

does not place his character in issue. Neither does reference to such a photograph

impermissibly place a defendant’s character in issue.” (Footnotes omitted.) Clark,

supra at 184-185 (3).

Here, witnesses testified that the perpetrators were black males, and several of

the witnesses testified that two of the perpetrators were large and similar in height,

and that one had “dreads” or “braids” or “twists” in his hair. A third perpetrator was

a smaller or shorter black man. At trial, when the State sought to admit booking

photographs of Gillespie and the other two defendants, the prosecutor explained to

the court, outside the presence of the jury, that the purpose was to show how they

appeared

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on the date they were booked into evidence in the Clarke County jail

records. . . . It is for purposes of identification as to how they appeared

as close in time to the robbery as we can. . . . Moreover, as the testimony

has been, Mr. Gillespie had dreads back then. He does not have dreads

in court now, but at the time of his arrest, the photo depicts dreads. 

A detective who was onsite when Gillespie was arrested was asked to identify

Gillespie in the courtroom. The detective did so, describing the outfit Gillespie was

wearing. The State then asked, “Does he appear to be the same today as he was when

you saw him back on [the arrest date of] February 24th?” To which the detective

replied, ‘No. . . . On that day he had longer hair. His hair was in twists or braids

style.” 

The photograph was relevant because it was admitted to identify Gillespie,

based on the witness testimony as outlined above, and to show how his appearance

had changed since his arrest as evidenced by the officer’s testimony. “A

determination by the jury of whether or not [Gillespie] met this description thus was

crucial to the [S]state’s proof. The photograph was admissible for that purpose.”

(Citation omitted.) Duckworth v. State, 246 Ga. 631, 635 (6) (272 SE2d 332) (1980)

(where witnesses testified as to defendant’s appearance, admission of “mugshot”

taken at time of arrest was admissible). 

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Gillespie contends that the photograph was prejudicial because no testimony

indicated whether it was taken at the arrest in the instant case or a prior arrest. The

photograph in the record before us is undated. As noted above in Division (1) (b),

where, as here, the jury would not know from the testimony whether the photograph

was from the instant offense or a prior offense, and the photograph did not indicate

that Gillespie was guilty of any prior crimes, there was no abuse of discretion in its

admission. Clark, supra at 185 (3). See also Mobley, supra. Compare Roundtree,

supra.

(c) Gillespie argues that the trial court erred in allowing the State to introduce

evidence of the circumstances of his arrest, specifically, that marijuana was located

near his person when he was arrested. He contends that the marijuana was not

connected to the crimes at issue and that the arrest was too remote in time to be

sufficiently related to the offenses charged. 

The crimes at issue occurred on February 16, 2010. Gillespie was arrested eight

or nine days later, on February 24 or 25, 2010,4 when he was found hiding in a water

heater closet at a different location from the scene of the crime. Police found 58.5

4 The record contains conflicting information as to Gillespie’s date of arrest.

Police involved in the arrest testified that it occurred on February 24, 2010, but the

arrest/booking report and affidavit for arrest are dated February 25, 2010. 

16
grams of marijuana in the closet where he had been hiding. In admitting the marijuana

into evidence, over objection, the trial court found that the discovery of the marijuana

was relevant to the crimes. We agree.

In general, the circumstances connected with a defendant’s arrest are

admissible, even if such circumstances incidentally place the defendant’s character

in issue. Benford v. State, 272 Ga. 348, 350 (3), n. 2 (528 SE2d 795) (2000). The

evidence still must be shown to be relevant, and circumstances connected with a

defendant’s arrest are not automatically relevant. Id. at 350 (3). 

Rather, such evidence is subject to the same standard of relevancy and

materiality applicable to other evidence. Thus, the admission or

exclusion of this evidence lies within the sound discretion of the trial

court, whose decision will not be disturbed on appeal absent a clear

abuse of discretion.

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. 

As Gillespie points out in his appellate brief, he was charged with theft of

money, not marijuana. However, in a case where the defendant was on trial for rape

and aggravated sodomy, this Court held that evidence of his possession of a

misdemeanor amount of marijuana at the time of his arrest was admissible. Burdette

v. State, 197 Ga. App. 881, 881 (3) (399 SE2d 745) (1990). “The mere fact that the

17
evidence may have incidentally implicated defendant in the commission of an

unrelated crime does not render the evidence inadmissible.” (Citation omitted.) Id. 

Here, while the marijuana was notfound on Gillespie’s person, butrather in the

small closet where he was hiding, the marijuana bore a logical relation to his arrest

in that the crimes at issue arose out of a plan to steal marijuana by first pretending to

want to buy it from an unwitting seller. Hanes v. State, 294 Ga. 521, 522 (1) and 524

(3) (755 SE2d 151) (2014) (ammunition and pistol similar to murder weapon that

were “found within [defendant’s] reach” at time of arrest were admissible); Roker v.

State, 262 Ga. 220, 221 (1), n. 2 and 222 (6) (416 SE2d 281) (1992) (in shooting

crime involving an unidentified .45 caliber pistol and a Glock 9mm pistol, evidence

that an automatic weapon, not identified by the Court as one involved in the crime,

was found near closet where defendant was hiding was admissible as a circumstance

of arrest). Further, there was testimony that “a pound” of marijuana was stolen and

divided between the robbers, including Gillespie. Marijuana played a role in the

events leading to the crimes, and the evidence in the instant case was relevant.

Benford, supra (finding no error in admission of testimony that crack cocaine was

found in defendant’s possession at time of arrest where crack cocaine played a role

in the events leading up to a murder and where the jury could draw a reasonable

18
inference that defendant’s motive in murdering the victim was to obtain the victim’s

drugs or money to purchase the drugs from others).

Further, the lapse of eight or nine days between the crime and Gillespie’s arrest

with the marijuana nearby does not render the incident so remote in time that

admissibility is barred. Manuel v. State, 315 Ga. App. 632, 633 (1) (727 SE2d 246)

(2012) (gun which was not used in the crime and was in defendant’s possession

during arrest 19 days after shooting was not too remote in time to be admissible);

Nealy v. State, 246 Ga. App. 752, 752-753 (1) (542 SE2d 521) (2000) (admission of

bulletproof vest worn by defendant at time of arrest, where crime involved a shootout

26 days earlier, not too remote in time).

Finally, even if the trial court’s action could be deemed erroneous, any error

was harmless given the overwhelming evidence of Gillespie’s guilt. Benford, supra

at 350 (3).

(d) Gillespie contends that the trial court erred in denying his motion for a

mistrial after the State introduced a videotaped statement in which Gresham, a codefendant who pled guilty, told a police officer that Gillespie sold “weed.” The trial

court denied the motion for mistrial, but gave a limiting instruction to the jury. 

19
During the taped interview, Gresham told the police officer that he was setting

up a ride to go get marijuana. Gillespie, who is also known as “Mon,” was with him.

“Mon, he sell weed, too. Usually Mon have weed,” Gresham told the officer,

explaining that when he asked Gillespie, “Do you want some more weed?” Gillespie

“was like, ‘Yeah, I need to get me some, too.’” At trial, Gillespie’s counsel agreed

that the portion of the videotape in which Gresham states that Gillespie said he also

wanted marijuana was admissible, but took issue with the statement that his client

sold marijuana.

Under OCGA § 24-2-2, which was in effect at the time of Gillespie’s trial,

5

“[t]he general character of the parties and especially their conduct in other

transactions are irrelevant matter unless the nature of the action involves such

character and renders necessary or proper the investigation of such conduct.” The

admission or exclusion of such evidence is within the trial court’s sound discretion,

which we will not disturb absent clear abuse. Benford, supra at 350 (3). 

Our Supreme Court has determined that even if motive is not essential to

proving the crimes charged, “the State is entitled to present evidence to establish that

5

 OCGA § 24-2-2 was repealed by Laws 2011, Act 52, § 2, effective January

1, 2013, when Georgia’s new evidence code went into effect.

20
there was a motive, and evidence that [Gillespie at times sold or possessed drugs] is

relevant to prove that he had a motive for committing the crimes and is not rendered

inadmissible by the fact that it incidentally puts his character in issue.” (Citations

omitted.) Thornton v. State, 292 Ga. 87, 88-89 (3) (734 SE2d 393) (2012). Here,

evidence that Gillespie used and sold marijuana was properly admitted, “given the

role that drugs . . . played in the events leading up to the crimes and the reasonable

inference that the jury could have drawn from the evidence that [Gillespie’s] motive

in [robbing] the victims was to obtain . . . drugs or [their] money[.]” Bryant v. State,

288 Ga. 876, 889 (10) (a) (708 SE2d 362) (2011) (evidence that defendant used and

dealt drugs properly admitted to show his motive to murder victimsin order to obtain

drugs or money for a drug transaction). We find no error.

Judgment vacated and case remanded in Case No. A15A0146, and judgment

reversed and case remanded in Case No. A15A0149. McMillian, J., concurs. Barnes,

P. J., concurs in judgment only.

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