NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

OF FLORIDA

SECOND DISTRICT

JOSE RAUL PLASENCIA, )

)

Appellant, )

)

v. ) Case No. 2D14-1638

)

STATE OF FLORIDA, )

)

Appellee. )

)

Opinion filed July 17, 2015.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for Lee 

County; Edward J. Volz, Jr., Judge.

Jose Raul Plasencia, pro se. 

Pamela Jo Bondi, Attorney General, 

Tallahassee, and John W. Klawikofsky, 

Assistant Attorney General, Tampa, for 

Appellee. 

WALLACE, Judge.

Jose Raul Plasencia appeals an order summarily denying as successive 

his motion to correct illegal sentence under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.800(a). 

The order under review also directed Mr. Plasencia to show cause why he should not 

be prohibited from filing any further pro se pleadings in the underlying case. Thereafter, 

the postconviction court entered an order denying Mr. Plasencia's motion for rehearing 
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and directing the clerk not to accept any additional pro se filings from Mr. Plasencia in 

his case. This court converted Mr. Plasencia's summary postconviction appeal to a 

plenary appeal because he also challenged the postconviction court's Spencer1 order 

prohibiting further pro se attacks on his conviction and sentence as a sanction for 

repeated and frivolous motions.

Because the trial court imposed an upward departure sentence of thirty 

years' prison on Mr. Plasencia, which exceeded the applicable, maximum guidelines 

sentence of 260 months, based on factual findings that were not made by a jury, Mr. 

Plasencia's sentence is subject to challenge under the principles outlined in Apprendi v. 

New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466 (2000), and Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 (2004). 

Accordingly, we reverse the postconviction court's orders and remand for the 

postconviction court to reconsider Mr. Plasencia's motion on the merits, including the 

performance of a harmless error analysis, and if appropriate, to resentence Mr. 

Plasencia within the guidelines. 

I. THE PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Following a jury trial, Mr. Plasencia was convicted of second-degree 

murder, a first-degree felony punishable by life. See § 782.04(2), Fla. Stat. (1995). The 

date of the offense was February 25, 1996. In accordance with Heggs v. State, 759 So. 

2d 620 (Fla. 2000), the trial court sentenced Mr. Plasencia under the 1994 Sentencing 

Guidelines, which provided a sentencing range of 156 months (13 years) to 260 months 

 

1State v. Spencer, 751 So. 2d 47 (Fla. 1999).
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(21.7 years).2 However, the trial court imposed a thirty-year prison sentence as an 

upward departure from the guidelines, finding that the murder was heinous, atrocious, 

or cruel; that the victim suffered extraordinary physical and emotional trauma; and that 

the victim's family suffered emotional trauma.3 Later, on Mr. Plasencia's motion to 

correct sentencing error that was filed by counsel, the postconviction court struck 

emotional trauma to the victim's family as a ground for the upward departure but 

sustained the thirty-year sentence.

On June 23, 2004, this court issued a per curiam affirmance of Mr. 

Plasencia's judgment and sentence. Plasencia v. State, 902 So. 2d 805 (Fla. 2d DCA 

2004) (table decision). The next day, the United States Supreme Court issued its 

decision in Blakely, which held "that the 'statutory maximum' for Apprendi purposes is 

the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts reflected in 

the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant." 542 U.S. at 303; see also Boardman v. 

State, 69 So. 3d 367, 369 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011) (noting same). Mr. Plasencia timely filed 

a motion for rehearing in his direct appeal in which he argued that he was entitled to 

relief from his upward departure sentence under Blakely. 

On September 9, 2004, this court issued an order noting that the State 

had filed a response to the motion stating that Mr. Plasencia's sentence under the 

 

2Mr. Plasencia was charged with the 1996 crime on August 5, 1999, and 

convicted on April 12, 2002, after the Heggs decision issued.

3Although the thirty-year sentence was an upward departure from the 

guidelines sentence, it was less than the maximum statutory sentence of life 

imprisonment. See § 782.04(2). Section 775.082(3)(b), Florida Statutes (1994), 

provides that the maximum sentence for a first-degree felony shall be "a term of 

imprisonment not exceeding 30 years or, when specifically provided by statute, by 

imprisonment for a term of years not exceeding life imprisonment."
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Florida Criminal Punishment Code was unaffected by Blakely. We pointed out that Mr. 

Plasencia had not, in fact, been sentenced under the Florida Criminal Punishment 

Code, which only applies to offenses committed after October 1, 1998. (As noted 

above, the date of Mr. Plasencia's offense was February 25, 1996.) Accordingly, we 

directed the State to file a further response to Mr. Plasencia's motion. The State filed an 

amended response, which, according to the State's brief in this proceeding, argued that 

the Blakely issue had not been properly raised in the motion for rehearing because it 

had not been raised in the initial brief and that the motion should be denied on the 

merits. We issued an order denying the motion for rehearing without discussion on 

February 18, 2005. To be frank, the current panel of this court is unable to determine 

whether the panel that was assigned to the direct appeal denied the motion for 

rehearing on procedural grounds or on the merits. 

The record reflects that Mr. Plasencia filed six postconviction motions 

following the imposition of his judgment and sentence. The first two were filed by Mr. 

Plasencia's attorney before or during the appeal of his judgment and sentence. In those 

motions, Mr. Plasencia sought credit for time that he had served in Mexico before his 

conviction and the elimination of two of the grounds relied upon to impose the upward 

departure sentence. The postconviction court denied the request for jail credit and, as 

previously noted, struck one of the grounds for imposition of the upward departure but 

upheld the thirty-year sentence.

Mr. Plasencia filed a pro se Motion for Postconviction Relief on June 7, 

2005, in which he argued that his sentence was illegal under Apprendi. Although Mr. 

Plasencia did not cite to Blakely in his motion, he argued that his maximum sentence 
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under Apprendi was the applicable sentencing guideline range and not the maximum 

sentence permitted for his offense under section 775.082, Florida Statutes (1994),

4 and 

that any fact that increased his sentence beyond the guideline range must be found by 

the jury.

The postconviction court treated this pro se motion as a rule 3.800(a)

motion to correct illegal sentence and denied relief because the motion addressed an 

issue that should have been raised on direct appeal and because the court concluded 

that Apprendi did not apply to Mr. Plasencia's sentence, which was below the statutory 

maximum. See Boardman, 69 So. 3d at 369 (observing that "the relevant inquiry in 

determining whether a sentence violates Apprendi is 'the statutory maximum applicable 

to the crime' and 'not the guidelines range applicable to the circumstances of a 

particular offense' " but noting that under Blakely, " 'the statutory maximum' for Apprendi

purposes is the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely on the basis of the facts 

reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant" (first quoting McCloud v. State, 

803 So. 2d 821, 827 (Fla. 5th DCA 2001); then quoting Blakely, 542 U.S. at 303)). On 

January 10, 2006, we dismissed as untimely Mr. Plasencia's appeal from the summary 

denial of his rule 3.800 motion. Plasencia v. State, 922 So. 2d 208 (Fla. 2d DCA 2006)

(table decision).

Mr. Plasencia filed another pro se motion to correct illegal sentence on 

February 16, 2006. Once again, he argued that the trial court had erroneously denied 

 

4Mr. Plasencia actually cited to the 2000 version of section 775.082, but 

the applicable statute would have been the 1994 version of the statute for his 1996 

offense. See Heggs, 759 So. 2d 620 (holding the 1995 amendments to the Florida 

Statutes under chapter 95-184, §§ 2-6, at 1678-98 to be unconstitutional as a result of a 

violation of the single subject rule).
- 6 -

him credit for time he served in Mexico. Although this motion may have been 

successive, the postconviction court denied the motion on the merits on August 29, 

2006. On May 16, 2007, this court issued a per curiam affirmance of the order denying 

Mr. Plasencia's rule 3.800 motion. Plasencia v. State, 956 So. 2d 1191 (Fla. 2d DCA 

2007) (table decision). 

While the February 2006 motion to correct illegal sentence was pending, 

Mr. Plasencia filed a pro se Motion for Postconviction Relief with Incorporated 

Memorandum of Law on July 19, 2006, arguing, in part, that his trial counsel was 

ineffective for failing to argue at his sentencing hearing that his upward departure 

sentence was illegal under Apprendi. In the context of this claim, he argued that under 

the holding in Blakely, the relevant statutory maximum sentence under Apprendi is the 

maximum that the judge may impose without any additional findings. He also argued in 

a separate claim that the trial court committed fundamental error by imposing a 

sentence beyond the statutory maximum based on facts that were not determined by 

the jury. 

The postconviction court summarily denied relief on the claim of ineffective 

assistance of counsel under Apprendi, stating that "for purposes of determining a 

constitutional violation under Apprendi, the relevant statutory maximum is found in 

[section] 775.082. See Arrowood v. State, 843 So. 2d 940 (Fla. 1st DCA 2003)." The 

postconviction court found that Mr. Plasencia had not been sentenced beyond the 

statutory maximum and so Apprendi did not apply. Thus counsel could not be deemed 

ineffective for failing to raise a meritless argument. The postconviction court also 

summarily denied relief on Mr. Plasencia's claim that the trial court committed 
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fundamental error by imposing an upward departure sentence in violation of Apprendi, 

concluding that there was no Apprendi violation. Following entry of a final order denying 

relief, we issued a per curiam affirmance of the order on April 7, 2010. Plasencia v. 

State, 32 So. 3d 631 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010) (table decision). 

Mr. Plasencia filed another pro se Motion to Correct Illegal Sentence on 

November 8, 2007. For the third time, Mr. Plasencia sought credit for the time he 

served in Mexico. The postconviction court denied this motion as successive on 

December 11, 2007, and cautioned Mr. Plasencia as follows:

Defendant is warned that if he persists in raising additional 

successive claims, he may be sanctioned by the Court. 

Such sanctions may include an order from this Court barring 

him from filing additional collateral attacks on his conviction 

sentence without obtaining the co-signature and 

endorsement by a person licensed to practice law in this 

state.

II. THE CURRENT MOTION

On January 27, 2014, Mr. Plasencia filed his Motion to Correct Illegal 

Sentence, which was his fourth pro se postconviction motion and the motion that is the 

subject of the order before us for review. In this motion, Mr. Plasencia argued that his 

upward departure sentence of thirty years' prison, which exceeds his maximum 

guideline sentence of 260 months, was based upon factual findings not found by the 

jury and thus is illegal under Apprendi and Blakely.

5

 Mr. Plasencia seeks resentencing 

within the guidelines range.

III. THE POSTCONVICTION COURT'S RULING

 

5Mr. Plasencia's claim is cognizable in a motion to correct illegal sentence 

under Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.800(a). Plott v. State, 148 So. 3d 90, 95 

(Fla. 2014).
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In its order, the postconviction court observed that even though Mr.

Plasencia's appeal from the order denying his 2005 motion for postconviction relief 

(treated as a rule 3.800(a) motion) was dismissed as untimely, this court addressed Mr. 

Plasencia's arguments about his upward departure sentence in his appeal from the 

denial of his 2006 pro se motion for postconviction relief.

6

 See Plasencia, 32 So. 3d 

631. The postconviction court ruled that Mr. Plasencia's current motion was successive 

and failed to demonstrate any entitlement to relief; the court denied the motion as

procedurally barred.

In addition, the postconviction court concluded that Mr. Plasencia's motion 

constituted an abuse of process. The postconviction court stated, "The current motion 

is frivolous and successive, as the arguments are without merit as a matter of law. As 

the majority of Defendant's other pro se motions have been either successive, untimely, 

or frivolous, the Court finds that Defendant has, and continues to, abuse the legal 

process." The postconviction court directed Mr. Plasencia to show cause why he 

should not be prohibited from filing any further pro se pleadings with the court by filing a 

pleading within thirty days of its order explaining why he was not abusing the legal 

process.

Mr. Plasencia responded on March 3, 2014, with a Motion for 

Rehearing/Notice of Compliance with Order to Show Cause Issued February 11, 2014, 

in which he reargued the merits of his Apprendi claim, asserted that the State had 

 

6As previously noted, Mr. Plasencia also raised his argument about his 

upward departure sentence under Blakely on his motion for rehearing on his direct 

appeal from his judgment and sentence; however, it is unclear whether we denied 

rehearing on procedural grounds or on the merits. See Plasencia v. State, 902 So. 2d 

805 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004) (table decision).
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admitted that Apprendi applied, and suggested that the postconviction court had 

incorrectly denied relief on his prior motion for postconviction relief asserting this claim. 

On March 13, 2014, the postconviction court entered an order denying the motion for 

rehearing and directing the clerk not to accept further pro se filings from Mr. Plasencia 

"that concern his conviction or sentence in Case No. 99-CF-002383." This appeal 

followed.

IV. MR. PLASENCIA'S APPELLATE ARGUMENTS

In this appeal, Mr. Plasencia argues that the postconviction court's prior 

order denying his Apprendi claim on the merits was wrong and that his upward 

departure sentence is illegal under Apprendi and Blakely. He asserts that he should not 

be precluded from raising this issue again when the postconviction court's decision 

resulted from a misapplication of the law and the denial of relief would result in a 

manifest injustice. He further argues that the postconviction court erred in precluding 

him from filing further pro se pleadings in the underlying matter.

V. DISCUSSION

A. The Issue of Collateral Estoppel

As noted by the Florida Supreme Court, the phrase "at any time" in rule 

3.800(a) permits defendants to file successive motions under the rule. State v. 

McBride, 848 So. 2d 287, 290 (Fla. 2003). However, the doctrine of collateral estoppel 

bars a defendant from relitigating the same issue in a successive rule 3.800 motion. Id.

at 290-91. Thus "[a] defendant is collaterally estopped from bringing a successive rule 

3.800(a) claim only where it has been raised previously and decided on the merits." 

Blackwell v. State, 65 So. 3d 1211, 1212 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011).
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Here, Mr. Plasencia raised his Apprendi claim in his June 7, 2005, motion 

for postconviction relief under rule 3.850, which the postconviction court treated as a 

motion to correct illegal sentence under rule 3.800(a) and denied on the merits. 

Although the postconviction court found that Apprendi did not apply to Mr. Plasencia's 

sentence, it is not clear whether it considered the impact of Blakely on his claim. 

Because this court dismissed as untimely Mr. Plasencia's appeal of the order denying 

relief, we did not consider the merits of his claim.

In his July 19, 2006, pro se motion for postconviction relief, Mr. Plasencia 

argued that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to raise Apprendi at his 

sentencing hearing. Although Mr. Plasencia argued that the holding of Blakely applied 

to determine the maximum sentence for Apprendi purposes, Blakely was not decided 

until after Mr. Plasencia's sentencing hearing. The postconviction court did not discuss 

Blakely in its order, but counsel could not be deemed ineffective for failing to argue a 

case that had not yet been decided. The postconviction court concluded that because 

Apprendi did not apply to Mr. Plasencia's upward departure sentence, his counsel could 

not be deemed ineffective for failing to raise an Apprendi argument. This court affirmed 

the denial of that claim on appeal. Mr. Plasencia also argued that the imposition of the 

departure sentence in violation of Apprendi constituted fundamental error. But the 

postconviction court found that Mr. Plasencia's sentence did not violate Apprendi, and 

this court affirmed the denial of relief under that argument. 

As previously noted, Mr. Plasencia argued in the motion for rehearing filed 

in his direct appeal that the imposition of his departure sentence violated Apprendi and 

Blakely. In response, the State argued both that the issue was procedurally barred and 
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without merit; it is unclear whether this court reached the merits of Mr. Plasencia's 

argument based on the very recent Blakely decision.

In view of the foregoing, the State argues that Mr. Plasencia's claim of an 

illegal sentence in his current motion is barred by the doctrine of collateral estoppel 

because he has previously raised the argument that his upward departure sentence is 

illegal under Apprendi and Blakely in the postconviction court and in this court. 

However, upon our examination of the tortured history of Mr. Plasencia's various 

motions and court orders outlined above, we are not convinced that either the 

postconviction court or this court has ever fully addressed the merits of Mr. Plasencia's 

argument about the impact of Apprendi and Blakely on his upward departure sentence. 

For this reason, we cannot conclude that Mr. Plasencia's claim of an illegal sentence is 

barred by collateral estoppel. Cf. Shultz v. State, 136 So. 3d 1232, 1234 (Fla. 2d DCA 

2014) (noting in a postconviction proceeding that the procedural history of the case was 

such as to raise a doubt about whether the doctrine of law of the case applied).

B. The Issue of Manifest Injustice

Even if we could determine that the Blakely issue has been previously 

raised and fully litigated, the doctrine of collateral estoppel would not bar Mr. Plasencia's 

claim if its application would work a manifest injustice. See McBride, 848 So. 2d at 291-

92. In that regard, the Fourth District has applied Apprendi and Blakely to find that the 

imposition of a sentence in excess of the sentencing guidelines range on the ground 

that the offense was heinous violates a defendant's rights under the Sixth Amendment 

in the absence of a jury finding of that fact or an admission by the defendant. Maglio v. 

State, 918 So. 2d 369, 376 (Fla. 4th DCA 2005); see also Donohue v. State, 925 So. 2d 
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1163, 1165 (Fla. 4th DCA 2006) (discussing Maglio). We believe the same holds true 

for the imposition of a departure sentence on the ground that the victim suffered 

extraordinary physical and emotional trauma. Accordingly, under the holding in Blakely, 

the trial court improperly imposed a sentence in excess of Mr. Plasencia's guideline 

sentence based upon its findings that the murder was heinous, atrocious, or cruel and 

that the victim suffered extraordinary physical and emotional trauma in the absence of 

jury findings about those facts or Mr. Plasencia's admission to those facts.

We further conclude that the holding in Blakely "that the 'statutory 

maximum' for Apprendi purposes is the maximum sentence a judge may impose solely 

on the basis of the facts reflected in the jury verdict or admitted by the defendant," 542 

U.S. at 303, applies to Mr. Plasencia's case. This is so because Mr. Plasencia's appeal 

from his judgment and sentence was in the "pipeline" when Blakely was decided. See

Behl v. State, 898 So. 2d 217, 222 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005); see also Barthel v. State, 882 

So. 2d 1054, 1055 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004) (holding that where an appeal was in the 

"pipeline" when new controlling law was decided, the appellant was "entitled to the 

benefit of the controlling law . . . in effect at the time of appeal"). Mr. Plasencia's appeal 

was in the "pipeline" because the time had not expired for him to file a motion for 

rehearing and this court's mandate had not yet issued. See Barthel, 882 So. 2d at 

1054-55 (observing that the appeal was in the "pipeline" when our original opinion had 

issued but new controlling law became final before our mandate issued); Reed v. State, 

565 So. 2d 708, 709 (Fla. 5th DCA 1990) ("A 'pipeline case' is one in which a conviction 

is not final by trial or appeal at the time a controlling decision is issued by the supreme 

court. The appellate process is not completed until a mandate is issued." (citation 
- 13 -

omitted)). Thus the propriety of Mr. Plasencia's sentence must be considered in light of 

the teaching of Blakely. Cf. Burrows v. State, 890 So. 2d 286, 287 (Fla. 2d DCA 2004) 

(holding that Blakely does not apply retroactively to sentences on collateral review that 

became final before Blakely issued).

Although Mr. Plasencia's thirty-year sentence is less than the statutory 

maximum sentence of life, the upward departure sentence imposed without regard to 

the requirements of Apprendi and Blakely had the effect of increasing Mr. Plasencia's 

sentence by about nine years. This court has previously held that the failure to award 

267 additional days' jail credit on a ten-year sentence would result in a manifest 

injustice. See Barnes v. State, 74 So. 3d 1135, 1136 (Fla. 2d DCA 2011). It follows 

that to the extent that the imposition of the upward departure sentence on Mr. Plasencia 

is improper under Blakely, the addition of nine extra years to Mr. Plasencia's sentence 

constitutes a manifest injustice. Such a manifest injustice would preclude application of 

the doctrine of collateral estoppel to bar Mr. Plasencia's claim.7

C. The Issue of Harmless Error

Surprisingly, neither of the parties addresses the impact of the harmless 

error rule on Mr. Plasencia's claim of an illegal sentence. However, an Apprendi/Blakely

error is subject to a harmless error analysis. See Galindez v. State, 955 So. 2d 517,

521-23 (Fla. 2007); Knight v. State, 6 So. 3d 733, 735 (Fla. 2d DCA 2009). Thus, Mr. 

 

7This court has frequently applied the manifest injustice rule to correct an 

illegal sentence where it appeared that the claim was successive. See, e.g., Haager v. 

State, 36 So. 3d 883, 884 (Fla. 2d DCA 2010); Bronk v. State, 25 So. 3d 701, 702-03 

(Fla. 2d DCA 2010); Brinson v. State, 995 So. 2d 1047, 1049 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008); 

Stephens v. State, 974 So. 2d 455, 457 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008); Cillo v. State, 913 So. 2d 

1233, 1233 (Fla. 2d DCA 2005).
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Plasencia will not be entitled to relief if a review of the record demonstrates that the 

Apprendi/Blakely violation was harmless. We express no opinion on this issue, which 

the postconviction court has not yet addressed. In any event, our record, which does 

not include the trial transcript, is insufficient to permit a harmless error analysis. Cf.

Morrow v. State, 104 So. 3d 1226, 1226 (Fla. 1st DCA 2012) (noting that the appellate 

court was not able to review the postconviction court's determination that an Apprendi/ 

Blakely violation was harmless where the record did not include the entire trial 

transcript).

We are aware that the Eleventh Circuit has recently affirmed the denial of 

Mr. Plasencia's federal habeas corpus petition. Plasencia v. Secretary, Fla. Dep't of 

Corrections, No. 13-13006, 2015 WL 1446830 (11th Cir. Apr. 1, 2015). In its opinion, 

the Eleventh Circuit held, in pertinent part, that "a reasonable court could conclude [that] 

any Blakely error [in Mr. Plasencia's case] was harmless." Id. at *5. Nevertheless, the 

postconviction court on remand must undertake an independent consideration of the 

harmless error issue. See Flagg v. State, 74 So. 3d 138, 140 n.2 (Fla. 1st DCA 2011) 

(citing State v. Dwyer, 332 So. 2d 333, 335 (Fla. 1976)). 

VI. CONCLUSION

To summarize, we are unable to conclude that Mr. Plasencia's claim is 

barred by the doctrine of collateral estoppel. Even if Mr. Plasencia's Apprendi/Blakely

claim has been fully litigated, we hold that an improper, upward departure sentence 

adding an additional nine years to Mr. Plasencia's sentence constitutes a manifest 

injustice, which would preclude application of collateral estoppel to bar Mr. Plasencia's 

claim. Accordingly, we reverse the order denying Mr. Plasencia's claim and remand for 
- 15 -

further proceedings consistent with this opinion. On remand, the postconviction court 

shall reconsider Mr. Plasencia's claim on the merits, including the performance of a 

harmless error analysis. If appropriate, the postconviction court shall resentence Mr. 

Plasencia within the guidelines. We also reverse the order that precludes Mr. Plasencia 

from filing further pro se pleadings in the underlying matter.

Reversed and remanded for further proceedings consistent with this 

opinion.

CRENSHAW and LUCAS, JJ., Concur.