FOURTH DIVISION

BARNES, P. J.,

RAY and MCMILLIAN, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/

July 14, 2015

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A15A0566. VIDAL v. LEAVELL.

RAY, Judge.

Ashley Leavell filed a complaint against Officer Jose Vidal, Southern

Restaurant Management, Inc. d/b/a International House of Pancakes, and Buckhead

IHOP, Inc., alleging that Officer Vidal, an off-duty officer hired to provide security

at an IHOP restaurant, used excessive force when arresting her. Officer Vidal filed

this direct appeal pursuant to the collateral order doctrine

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seeking review of the trial

1 Official immunity, like sovereign immunity, “is an entitlement not to stand

trial rather than a mere defense to liability.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.)

Taylor v. Campbell, 320 Ga. App. 362, 363, n. 3 (739 SE2d 801) (2013). Our

appellate courts have

held that an order denying such an immunity claim is appealable under

the collateral order doctrine because the order conclusively determines

the disputed question, resolves an important issue completely separate
court’s denial of his motion for summary judgment filed on official immunity

grounds. For the following reasons, we reverse the denial of his summary judgment

motion.

Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material

fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. On appeal

from the denial or grant of summary judgment, the appellate court is to

conduct a de novo review of the evidence to determine whether there

exists a genuine issue of material fact, and whether the undisputed facts,

viewed in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party, warrant

judgment as a matter of law.

(Punctuation and footnotes omitted.) Taylor, supra at 362.

The record shows that in the early morning hours of April 23, 2011, Leavell

and a friend went to the Buckhead IHOP after having drinks at a bar. After being

seated, Leavell noticed Officer Vidal approach a nearby booth and begin to speak to

a group of young women seated there. Leavellstated in her affidavit that “I could not

from the merits of the action, and is effectively unreviewable on appeal

from a final judgment.

 (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Id. Leavell’s motion to dismiss on the grounds

that this appeal did not fall under the collateral order doctrine is denied. See City of

Atlanta v. Shavers, 326 Ga. App. 95, 97 (2) (a) (756 SE2d 204) (2014). 

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hear what was being said, but I saw the officer force himself into their booth and

begin pushing two of the women into the wall with the full weight of his body as the

women screamed hysterically.” Officer Vidal was engaged in an attempt to arrest the

IHOP patrons in the booth. Leavell testified that she began to video the scene with

her cell phone because she believed the officer was acting too aggressively. Officer

Vidal instructed the women in the booth, and all those around him, to stop touching

him. After another officer arrived and appeared to be engaged in stopping the officer

from his interactions with the women, Leavell testified that she grabbed Officer

Vidal’sshoulder “to get his attention so he would see that [she] was videoing him[,]”

and Officer Vidal slapped her in the face. Video footage of the incident reveals that

Leavell then violently swung at the officer several times before another officer

grabbed her arm.

2 As the other officer was holding her arm, Officer Vidal punched

Leavell on the side of the head. Officer Vidal then “threw [Leavell] to the floor,

dragged [her] to the front entrance, and handcuffed” her. Leavell was placed under

arrest for obstruction and assault. An ambulance was called, and Leavell was

2 Although Leavell and Vidal’s recitations of the events differ to a degree as

to the characterization of Leavell’s first instance of touching the officer and her

subsequent swings at him, this Court must rely upon facts as depicted by the

videotape. See Scott v. Harris, 550 U. S. 372, 378-381 (III) (A) (127 SCt 1769, 167

LE2d 686) (2007). 

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evaluated at the hospital. After the incident, Leavell learned that other IHOP

customers had videoed the incident and uploaded the videos to YouTube.com. 

Leavell filed suit against Officer Vidal for, inter alia, battery, negligence and

unconstitutional arrest using excessive force. Officer Vidal filed a motion for

summary judgment alleging that the claims against him were barred by the doctrine

of official immunity. Without making any findings of fact or conclusions of law, the

trial court denied the motion. 

Officer Vidal contends that no question of material fact exists as to whether

his actions against Leavell were done with malice or with an intent to injure her and,

thus, the trial court erred in denying his summary judgment motion on the grounds

of official immunity. We agree.

The doctrine of official immunity, also known as qualified immunity,

offers public officers and employeeslimited protection fromsuit in their

personal capacity. Qualified immunity protectsindividual public agents

from personal liability for discretionary actions taken within the scope

of their official authority, and done without wilfulness, malice, or

corruption. Under Georgia law, a public officer or employee may be

personally liable only for ministerial acts negligently performed or acts

performed with malice or an intent to injure. The rationale for this

immunity is to preserve the public employee’s independence of action

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without fear of lawsuits and to prevent a review of his or her judgment

in hindsight.

(Citations omitted; emphasis supplied.) Williams v. Pauley, 331 Ga. App. 129, 130

(768 SE2d 546) (2015). Leavell does not dispute that Officer Vidal was engaged in

a discretionary act when arresting her, butshe arguesthat he acted with actual malice

in striking her and forcibly arresting her. See Valades v. Uslu, 301 Ga. App. 885, 890

(2) (689 SE2d 338) (2009). (2) (“arresting a person for conduct occurring in an

officer’s presence is a discretionary act that will not give rise to personal liability

unless the officer acted with actual malice or actual intent to cause injury”)

(punctuation and footnote omitted).

To prove that Officer Vidal acted with actual malice or an intent to injure,

Leavell mustshow more than the officer’sill will towards her. Rather, Leavell “must

show that [Officer Vidal] acted with the deliberate intent to commit a wrongful act

or with the deliberate intent to harm her.” (Citations omitted.) Anderson v. Cobb, 258

Ga. App. 159, 160 (2) (573 SE2d 417) (2002) Georgia Courts have distinguished this

actual malice from “implied malice, which . . . had been defined to mean conduct

exhibiting a reckless disregard for human life.” (Punctuation and footnote omitted.)

Phillips v. Hanse, 281 Ga. 133, 135 (2) (637 SE2d 11) (2006). 

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Selvy v. Morrison, 292 Ga. App. 702 (665 SE2d 401) (2008), is instructive in

determining what constitutes malice in the context of an arrest for the purposes of

qualified immunity. In Selvy, the plaintiff alleged that she was brutally treated when

she was arrested for disorderly conduct. The plaintiff alleged that police officers had

come to her house to arrest her fiancé. After they had done so, she used profanity

when demanding that they leave her house and locked the door behind them. The

officers, also using profanity, decided to arrest her as well and threatened to break

down her door if she refused to open it. When she opened the door, the officers

grabbed her arm, twisted it behind her back and slammed her face into the wall. An

officer kicked her legs out from under her, and in the process, kicked her ten-year-old

son in the mouth. Id. at 702-704. 

In affirming the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to the officers, this

Court rejected Selvy’s claim that the officers acted with actual malice. We held that

[i]n the context of official immunity, actual malice requires a deliberate

intention to do wrong and denotes express malice or malice in fact.

Actual malice does not include implied malice, or the reckless disregard

for the rights and safety of others. A deliberate intention to do wrong

such as to constitute the actual malice necessary to overcome official

immunity must be in the intent to cause the harm suffered by the

plaintiffs. Likewise, the phrase “actual intent to cause injury” has been

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defined in a tort context to mean an actual intent to cause harm to the

plaintiff, not merely an intent to do the act purportedly resulting in the

claimed injury. This definition of intent contains aspects of malice,

perhaps a wicked or evil motive. 

(Punctuation and footnotes omitted.) Id. at 704-705. We concluded that “[e]vidence

demonstrating frustration, irritation, and possibly even anger is not sufficient to

penetrate official immunity, nor is proof of ill will, unless the ill will is combined

with the intent to do something wrongful or illegal.” (Punctuation and footnotes

omitted.) Id. at 706. Although the officers “may have shown poor judgment . . . and

reckless disregard for the rights and safety of others[,]” id. at 705, there was no

evidence of actual malice when officers were at the plaintiff’s home to effectuate a

valid arrest warrant for her fiancé, there was evidence to support her arrest for

disorderly conduct, and because “the right to make an arrest necessarily carries with

it the right to use some degree of physical coercion[.]” (Punctuation and footnotes

omitted.) Id. at 706.

Similarly, in Tittle v. Corso, 256 Ga. App. 859, 860-862, 862-863 (1) (569

SE2d 873) (2002) (whole court), this Court held that an officer’s threats, use of

profanity, and act of slamming a motorist against his vehicle were insufficient to

establish actual malice. In Valades, supra, this Court held that an officer did not

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exhibit actual malice when he, after arguing with plaintiffs during a traffic stop,

pulled one plaintiff’s hair, lifted her up while handcuffed so as to cause soreness in

her shoulder and pointed a weapon at her neck, or when the officer asked the other

plaintiff if he wanted to die and kicked him in the knee because the officer’s actions

showed an effort to restrain an uncertain situation rather than a deliberate intent to

commit a wrongful act. Id. at 886-887, 892 (2).

“Police officers are often forced to make split-second judgments – in

circumstances that are tense, uncertain, and rapidly evolving – about the amount of

force that is necessary in a particular situation.” (Punctuation and footnote omitted.)

Valades, supra at 891-892 (2). Accord Tittle, supra at 863 (1) (“The right to make an

arrest or investigatory stop necessarily carries with it the right to use some degree of

physical coercion or threat thereof to effect it”) (punctuation and footnote omitted).

Although we do not condone the officer’s actions in this case, we do not find that the

evidence creates a jury question concerning whether Officer Vidal exhibited actual

malice towards Leavell. Leavell does not dispute that Officer Vidal was engaged in

an attempt to arrest an IHOP patron who refused to leave the premises when Leavell

came over to videotape the scene. Officer Vidal testified that Leavell’s arrest was

based on simple assault and obstruction because she was “grabbing on” him while he

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was attempting to arrest another IHOP patron and because she swung at him several

times. “[O]ur task is not to decide, with the benefit of hindsight, what [Officer Vidal]

should have done. We are concerned only with whether [his] behavior showed a

deliberate intention to commit a wrongful act.” (Punctuation and footnote omitted.)

Selvy, supra at 707. Because there was no evidence to support a finding of actual

malice, the trial court erred in concluding that Officer Vidal was not entitled to

official immunity and in denying Officer Vidal’s motion for summary judgment.

Judgment reversed. Barnes, P. J., and McMillian, J., concur.

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