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Filed 7/24/15 Turner v. CRST Van Expedited CA4/2

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication 

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115.

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION TWO

ANTHONY TURNER,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

CRST VAN EXPEDITED, INC.,

Defendant and Respondent.

E059915

(Super.Ct.No. CIVSD1109836)

O P I N I O N

APPEAL from the Superior Court of San Bernardino County. Brian S. 

McCarville, Judge. Affirmed.

Employment Lawyers Group, Karl Gerber and Ann Guleser for Plaintiff and 

Appellant.

Lewis Brisbois Bisgaard & Smith and Kevin M. Erwin for Defendant and 

Respondent.

Plaintiff and appellant Anthony Turner (Turner) appeals from the trial court’s 

order granting summary judgment to defendant and respondent CRST Van Expedited, 
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Inc. (CRST) on all six causes of action in Turner’s complaint. Turner alleged CRST 

terminated his employment because he refused to engage in activities that he believed 

violated the California Labor Code. Turner also alleges CRST violated Labor Code 

provisions dealing with employee health and safety. Finally, Turner alleges CRST failed 

to reimburse him for meal and lodging expenses. For the reasons discussed below, we 

affirm the judgment.

FACTS AND PROCEDURE

CRST operates a fleet of team-driven tractor trailers, assigning two drivers to one 

truck to maximize efficiency. The two drivers alternate between driving and resting in 

the truck’s sleeper cab. CRST hired Turner as a long-haul driver around April 7, 2011. 

Turner completed training around May 15, 2011. Turner was off work and on “home 

time” from May 16 to May 19, 2011. Turner began driving for CRST on May 20, 2011, 

with CRST’s Fontana terminal as his home terminal. CRST drivers make deliveries for 

four weeks without a day off and for every seven days they earn one day off, which they 

can use at the end of the four weeks as a four-day home time off.

Around June 7, 2011, Turner submitted a home time request asking for four days 

off beginning in the latter part of June. A few days later, Turner’s supervisor, Robby 

Storm (Storm), asked Turner to stay out on the road for two more weeks so Turner could 

synchronize his schedule with that of his new codriver so that they could take the same 

four days off. Turner reminded Storm of his request and told Storm he had made 

appointments and needed to be home. Around June 20, 2011, Turner reminded Storm of 
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his request, stated that he wanted his four days off after working 30 days, and asked to be 

routed to California for home time. Turner was routed back home. Toward the end of 

June 2011, Turner arranged to pick up certain deliveries earlier so that he could get home 

earlier, otherwise his trip would have lasted 40 days without a day off. Turner returned to 

the Fontana terminal on June 25, 2011, and began his home time. Turner left some 

personal belongings in the truck because he thought he would be driving the same truck 

again with his codriver beginning June 30, 2011.

Turner and Storm continued to communicate. Around June 27, 2011, Turner was 

told that CRST had sent his codriver out on another route. Pursuant to company policy, it 

was Turner’s responsibility to find another codriver before he could be assigned another 

route. In late June, Turner asked Storm to send him a list of codrivers. Storm told Turner 

that he immediately e-mailed him a list, but Turner contends he never received it. Storm 

may have had an incorrect or mistyped e-mail address for Turner. In early July, Turner 

went to the Fontana terminal to see if he could find a codriver. A driver can normally 

obtain a codriver within 24 hours after visiting a CRST terminal. Turner alleged he could 

not locate a codriver during his visit to the Fontana terminal. Turner found new 

employment with another trucking company and began working at that company on July 

21, 2011. No one from CRST told Turner that he was terminated, either verbally or in 

writing. Turner believed Storm purposely refused to assign him another codriver and 

route because Turner insisted on taking four days off after working for more than 30 

consecutive days for CRST without a break.
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On November 16, 2011, Turner filed a first amended complaint for damages 

alleging six causes of action: (1) violation of Labor Code section 1102.5;1(2) section 

2802 penalties; (3) wrongful termination in violation of public policy; (4) intentional 

infliction of emotional distress; (5) Labor Code violations regarding workplace safety; 

and (6) unsafe working conditions—section 2699 remedies. Turner alleged he was 

wrongfully terminated after he complained about safety issues at CRST.

On December 15, 2011, CRST filed its answer, in which it asserted a general 

denial and all appropriate affirmative defenses.

On May 2, 2013, CRST filed a motion for summary judgment/adjudication 

seeking dismissal of each of Turner’s six causes of action.

Turner filed his opposition on July 3, 2013. 

CRST filed its reply on July 12, 2013.

The court heard argument on the motion on August 19, 2013, and granted 

summary judgment on each of the six causes of action.

This appeal followed.

DISCUSSION

Standard of Review

Summary judgment is properly granted if the “affidavits, declarations, admissions, 

answers to interrogatories, depositions, and matters of which judicial notice shall or may 

 

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 All further statutory references are to the Labor Code unless otherwise 

indicated. 
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be taken” in support of and in opposition to the motion “show that there is no triable issue 

as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of 

law.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subds. (b)(1), (c).)

“On review of a summary judgment in favor of the defendant, we review the 

record de novo to determine whether the defendant has conclusively negated a necessary 

element of the plaintiff’s case or demonstrated that under no hypothesis is there a 

material issue of fact that requires the process of trial. [Citation.]” (Ann M. v. Pacific 

Plaza Shopping Center (1993) 6 Cal.4th 666, 673-674, disapproved on other grounds in 

Reid v. Google, Inc. (2010) 50 Cal.4th 512.) “There is a triable issue of material fact if, 

and only if, the evidence would allow a reasonable trier of fact to find the underlying fact 

in favor of the party opposing the motion in accordance with the applicable standard of 

proof.” (Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 Cal.4th 826, 850, fn. omitted.)

“A defendant moving for summary judgment must prove the action has no merit. 

He does this by showing one or more elements of plaintiff’s cause of action cannot be 

established or that he has a complete defense to the cause of action. At this point, 

plaintiff then bears the burden of showing a triable issue of material fact exists as to that 

cause of action or defense.” (Towns v. Davidson (2007) 147 Cal.App.4th 461, 466.)

A. First Cause of Action—Section 1102.5, Subdivision (c)—Retaliation

Section 1102.5, subdivision (c), provides: “An employer may not retaliate against 

an employee for refusing to participate in an activity that would result in a violation of 

state or federal statute, or a violation or noncompliance with a state or federal rule or 
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regulation.” Turner alleged in his complaint that CRST terminated his employment in 

retaliation because he refused to work more than 30 consecutive days and complained

about being forced to work for more than 30 consecutive days.

The undisputed facts indicate that CRST did not terminate Turner from his 

employment with CRST, either actually or constructively. No one at CRST ever told 

Turner that he was being terminated. Turner effectively resigned no later than July 21, 

2011, when he began a job with another trucking company. Therefore, Turner did not 

establish a cause of action for retaliation.

B. Second Cause of Action—Section 2802—Reimbursement for Meals and Lodging

Section 2802, subdivision (a), requires an employer to reimburse an employee “for 

all necessary expenditures or losses incurred by the employee in direct consequence of 

the discharge of his or her duties . . . .” Turner alleged in his complaint that he was 

entitled to reimbursement for “lodging for each night that he was forced to sleep in the 

truck and was not allowed to stay at a hotel.” Turner also alleged he was entitled to 

reimbursement for meal costs “since he was forced to work 30 consecutive days without 

a hotel room and without being reimbursed for meals.” In his appellate brief, Turner

cites to section 2802’s general statement set forth above, but does not fulfill his burden on 

appeal to establish error by, for example, citing to any law based on section 2802

requiring a trucking company to reimburse its drivers for meals while on the road. The 

California labor regulation which Turner repeatedly cites in his complaint to support his 

request for reimbursement—California Code of Regulations, title 8, section 13703—is 
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not a current, valid regulation. The trial court, in its order granting summary judgment,

pointed out that this regulation “is not the law. It is only a proposal.” Therefore, Turner 

did not establish a cause of action for reimbursement of meal and lodging expenses.

C. Third Cause of Action—Wrongful Termination in Violation of Public Policy

The elements of wrongful termination in violation of public policy are: (1) an 

employer-employee relationship; (2) a termination or other adverse employment action; 

(3) the termination violated a public policy; and (4) the termination caused the plaintiff’s 

damages. (Holmes v. General Dynamics Corp. (1993) 17 Cal.App.4th 1418, 1426, fn. 8.) 

As discussed above, CRST did not either directly or constructively terminate Turner; 

rather, he effectively resigned by taking a new job approximately one week after failing 

to obtain a new codriver during his visit to the CRST terminal in Fontana. Therefore, 

Turner did not establish a cause of action for wrongful termination in violation of public 

policy.

D. Fourth Cause of Action—Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress

The elements of intentional infliction of emotional distress are: “(1) the defendant 

engaged in extreme and outrageous conduct with the intention of causing, or reckless 

disregard of the probability of causing, severe emotional distress to the plaintiff; (2) the 

plaintiff actually suffered severe or extreme emotional distress; and (3) the outrageous 

conduct was the actual and proximate cause of the emotional distress.” (Ross v. Creel 

Printing & Publishing Co. (2002) 100 Cal.App.4th 736, 744-745.) In his complaint, 

Turner alleged CRST engaged in outrageous conduct both by firing him and by exposing 
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him to the dangerous environment in the truck, which included driving and sleeping in a 

confined space without proper ventilation and without shower or bathroom facilities, and 

driving in excess of 30 days in a row. As discussed above, CRST did not fire Turner. 

Regarding the conditions in which Turner worked while codriving the CRST truck, to the 

extent that they may have exceeded the conditions that an employee would be expected to 

encounter in a long-haul trucking job, CRST is correct that any recovery for emotional 

injury as a result of his working conditions would have to be obtained exclusively under 

California’s worker’s compensation law. (§ 3602.) In any case, the trial court was 

correct that, even accepting Turner’s description of these conditions as accurate,2they 

just did not rise to the level of “extreme” or “outrageous” as is required to sustain a cause 

of action for intentional infliction of emotional distress.

E. Fifth Cause of Action—Labor Code Violations Regarding Workplace Safety

In his complaint, Turner alleged CRST failed to provide him with a safe and 

healthful place of employment, safe practices and procedures, and maintained and 

required him to work in an unhealthful place of employment, pursuant to sections 6400 to 

6404. The facts upon which he based these allegations were, again, the working 

conditions on the truck and being made to work in excess of 30 days in a row. We agree 

with the trial court that these facts—driving and sleeping in a confined space without 

ventilation other than from the air surrounding the truck and without shower or bathroom 

 

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 The trial court sustained CRST’s objections to statements made in Turner’s 

declaration regarding it not being “safe to move in the truck while it was in motion” and 

regarding the air supply in the sleeping area being “unhealthy.”
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facilities, and driving in excess of 30 days in a row—as alleged by defendant, do not 

demonstrate that there was an unsafe or unhealthy workplace or any defects in the truck 

that made it unhealthy or unsafe.

As part of this cause of action, Turner also alleged violations of sections 6310 

(retaliating against an employee for complaining to the Division of Occupational Safety 

and Health or to his employer about a health and safety violation) and 6311 (discharging 

an employee for refusing to do work that would violate the health and safety rules). 

Regarding section 6310, Turner first complained to state labor and safety agencies about 

conditions at CRST on July 27, 2011, which was after he stopped working for CRST and

after CRST could possibly retaliate for this complaint. In addition, for the reasons stated 

above, we conclude that CRST did not terminate Turner. Regarding section 6311, again, 

CRST did not terminate Turner.

F. Sixth Cause of Action—Unsafe Working Conditions

The sixth cause of action realleged the unsafe working conditions previously 

described and points to section 2699, subdivisions (f) and (g), which allows Turner to 

recover compensation and attorney fees for those conditions. For the reasons discussed 

above, the trial court correctly dismissed this cause of action because Turner’s general 

descriptions of typical long-haul truck driving conditions do not raise a material question 

of fact that he was subjected to unsafe working conditions.

DISPOSITION

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.
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NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

CUNNISON

J.

We concur:

HOLLENHORST

Acting P. J.

McKINSTER

J.

 



 Retired judge of the Riverside Superior Court assigned by the Chief Justice pursuant to 

article VI, section 6 of the California Constitution.