# Patent

## Title
Building additives based on purified hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar

## Abstract

The present invention relates to highly hydroxyalkylated, glyoxal crosslinked, purified hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar useful as additive in the building industry, and to a method for its preparation.

## Background
This application is a national stage application of PCT/EP03/02540, filed Mar. 12, 2003, which claims priority to foreign application IT VA2002A000024, filed Mar. 18, 2002.
The present invention is directed to a purified hydroxyalkyl guar useful as an additive for building products, i.e. as thickener and rheology modifier for water-based paints and varnishes, for dry blend of gypsum or cement for wall coverings, mortars, adhesives.
In more detail, the hydroxyalkyl guar of the invention is hydrophobically modified, highly hdroxyalkylated, crosslinked by means of a di-aldehyde and purified.
The invention further relates to a method for the preparation of said additives.
The additives of the invention exhibit the technological advantage to be water soluble only at alkaline pH and to provide, when dissolved in water, a very high viscosity, which cannot be obtained with similar products.
Furthermore, the stability of the viscosity is improved and the thickened solution is more resistant to thermal degradation.
Hydroxyalkyl guar derivatives are widely used in the most different industrial applications.
They are obtained by chemical reaction of the hydroxyl groups of the galactomannan polysaccharide, which is normally known as “guar gum” or “guar”, with alkylene oxides (ethylene, propylene, butylene or higher oxides), in the presence of an alkaline catalyst (such as sodium hydroxide). Further substitution can be introduced by reaction with epoxides or with long chain glycidyl ethers.
Guar gum is made by the thermo-mechanical treatment of the seeds of Cyamopsis Tetragonolobus (L.) Taub., a leguminosae cultivated in the semi-dry region of tropical countries, particularly in India and in Pakistan.
It is usually found in the form of “splits”, that are the endosperms of the seed deprived from the husk and from the inner proteinic part, the germ, or in the form of powder of different particle-size, which is obtained from the splits by milling.
The guar gum galactomannan consists of a main linear chain of polymannose bearing branches of galactose units in a molar ratio of about 2:1.
Each ring of the monosaccharide bears three free hydroxyl groups that are available for chemical reaction, two of them being in the “cis” position.
In FIG. 1, the main structure of galactomannans is reported; the mannose units are in the main chain and the galactose units are in the branches.
For guar gum, in particular, the value of the two coefficients x and y is 1. FIG. 1.:
Main Structure of the Galactomannans




The hydroxyalkyl guar derivatives are used in the most different industrial applications, such as, merely by way of example, in the preparation of printing pastes, in the silkscreen printing of textiles (cotton, wool, silk, etc.); in the formulation of water-based paints and varnishes; in the preparation of gypsum or cement based blends, wall coverings, adhesives for tiles; in the preparation of cleaning products or of cosmetics or personal care products, such as shampoos, hair conditioners, skin creams; in the paper industry; in oil drilling; in the preparation of explosives; in the preparation of water-based solutions for fire fighting.
In all these applications, the thickening property of the hydroxyalkyl guar derivatives and their characteristics of rheology modifiers for aqueous solutions are exploited.
Among the users, there still exists a substantial technological need for additives capable of imparting very high viscosity to their aqueous solution. The commercially available additives roughly belong to two categories: crude products, that is, products still containing the undesired by-products generated during their chemical preparation (glycols, polyglycols, inorganic salts) and products purified by means of crosslinking with boric acid or its salts.
The function of the crosslinking with boric acid is to induce the borate anion to form bridges between the chains of the polysaccharide, thus making the polysaccharide itself insoluble in water.
The borate bridges are stable at alkaline pH and in this condition the product can be purified from its by-products.
At acid pH, the borate linkages are broken, the product becomes soluble and can thus be used as a thickener.
The purified product, possessing a higher percentage of active substance than the crude product, clearly exhibits better thickening and rheological characteristics.
The limit of the method of purification by means of boric acid is that it is only applicable with products which are used at acid or nearly acid pH, in that, as it was said above, the products treated with borate are insoluble at pH greater than 7.
Many different crude hydroxyalkyl guar derivatives are commercially available, and by way of example we are reporting here below some of their trade names, chemical nature, typical Brookfield viscosity values at 2%, 20 rpm and 20° C.:

    Esacol OR 18 (Lamberti SpA), HPG, MS about 0.8:
    viscosity 8000-11000 mPas;
    Esacol HM 22 (Lamberti SpA), hydrophobically modified HPG, MS 1.3:
    viscosity 16000-19000 mPas;
    Indalca AC 40 (Cesalpinia Chemicals SpA), HEG, MS 0.2-0.25:
    viscosity 4000-5000 mPas;
    Polycol WP 10 (Polygal), HPG, MS about 0.6:
    viscosity 9900-12100 mPAS;
    Polycol WP 15 (Polygal), HPG, MS about 0.6:
    viscosity 11000-13000 mPas;
    Agocel I 115D (Agochemical), HPG, MS about 1.1:
    viscosity 3500-4000 mPas.


In the present text with the acronyms HPG, HEG and MS we mean, respectively, hydroxypropyl guar, hydroxyethyl guar and molar substitution (moles of alkyl groups/moles of monosaccharidic unit).
One of the industrial fields wherein very high thickening properties are needed is the field of water-based paints and varnishes; paints and varnishes are usually formulated at pH higher than 8 and in this range it is not possible to use additives purified by means of boric acid.
Another very interesting field is the field of dry-mixed compounds based on hydraulic binders, wherein the water retaining thickener should be capable to impart both adhesion and workability and should be an effective thickener even if the pH, in the aqueous mixture which is prepared before application, is highly alkaline.
The attempt to use a purification process by, first, crosslinking with glyoxal, which is stable at neutral or acid pH and can be removed at alkaline pH, and, then, applying a washing step, was unsuccessful, as the crosslinking with glyoxal is difficult to control.
As a matter of fact, crosslinking is obtained through the formation of acetalic and hemiacetalic linkages between the carboxyls of the aldehydic groups and the hydroxyls of the galactose and mannose units.
The equilibria of the various species, unlinked, hemiacetalic and acetalic, are very rapid, complex and are governed by different factors such as the temperature, their relative concentration, the pH, as it is described, by way of example, in Recl. Trav. Chim. Pays-Bas 109, 419-424 (1990).
A typical problem arises from the fact that if the amount of glyoxal is low (lower than 2%) the product does not maintain its insolubility for the time that is necessary for an industrial washing step.
By increasing, even little, the amount of glyoxal, (to about 4%), the obtained product, perhaps because of intermolecular rearrangements taking place during the washing step leading to very stable acetalic linkages, becomes totally or almost totally insoluble, even. at the pH of use which is higher then 8.
In the state of the art, after having attempted to purify the hydroxyalkyl guar by means of glyoxal crosslinking and subsequent washing, it is preferred to use directly the crude crosslinked product without washing it, as it is described by way of example in U.S. Pat. No. 5,082,579 or in U.S. Pat. No. 4,028,127.
In a co-pending patent application of ours high viscosity purified hydroxyalky guar are described useful for the building industry.
It has now been found that it is possible to obtain a purified hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar useful as additive for building products, by operating as it is here below described:

    a) a hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar, having a molar substitution between 0.4 and 2.0 and containing hydrophobic groups comprising a C10-C32 alkyl chain, is treated in the solid form with an amount of glyoxal of from 2 to 3% by weight, in the form of an aqueous solution at a pH<6, at ambient temperature;
    b) when this treatment is ended, the thus obtained product is washed with water at pH<6 from 30 to 90 minutes, and then dried and milled.


Preferably, the hydroxyalkyl guar useful for the realization of the present invention is selected in the group consisting of hydroxypropyl guar, hydroxyethyl guar and hydroxybutyl guar containing an average of from 10−4 to 2×10−2 of hydrophobic groups per monosaccharidic unit, the molar ratio between the hydrophobic groups and the hydroxyalkyl groups being between 1:35 and 1:40000. These products are commercialized by Lamberti SpA under the generic trade name Esacol.
In the preferred forms of realization of the present invention, the amount of glyoxal to be added is comprised between 2.2 and 2.8% by weight. According to a fundamental aspect of the invention the washing of step b) permits to remove at least 90% of the by-products, that were originally present in an amount up to 25% by weight.
The thus obtained product is not soluble at pH<7 and quickly and completely dissolvable when the pH is risen to values higher than 8.
According to a fundamental aspect of the present invention, the purified hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar useful as additive for building products is characterized by the fact that it contains from 0.3 to 1.5%, and preferably from 0.5 to 0.8%, by weight of glyoxal, that it is soluble at pH>8, that its molar substitution (MS) is between 0.4 and 2.0, preferably between 0.7 and 1.5, and that it exhibits a Brookfield viscosity at 20° C., 20 rpm and 2% by weight higher than 20000 mpas.
As it was previously indicated above while describing the process, particularly preferred are the hydroxyalkyl guar derivatives wherein the hydroxyalkyl group is hydroxypropyl, hydroxyethyl, hydroxybutyl and containing an average of from 10−4 to 2×10−2 of hydrophobic groups comprising a C10-C32 alkyl chain per monosaccharidic unit, the molar ratio between the hydrophobic groups and the hydroxyalkyl groups being between 1:35 and 1:40000.
Furthermore, and surprisingly, the value of the viscosity of the aqueous solutions containing the purified hydroxyalkyl guar of the invention is higher than the one expected on the basis of the increase of active substance due to the purification process.
Another relevant aspect of the present invention is that the viscosity of the aqueous solutions of the purified hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar of the invention is increased by a thermal or alkaline treatment.
The capability of imparting high viscosity to aqueous solutions, even under thermal stress, constitutes a characteristic aspect of the additives of the invention that make them particularly suited to the use in formulations for the building industry.
These characteristics allow to reduce the amount of additive in the formulations and to improve the reproducibility of such formulations together with their storage limits.


EXAMPLE 1
10 Kg of Esacol HM 22 (hydrophobically modified hydroxypropyl guar commercialized by Lamberti SpA) having a content of water of 8.1% by weight, are stirred in a 50 liters reactor with a mixture of 3.5 Kg of isopropanol, 1.5 Kg of water and 0.2 Kg of acetic acid 80%, for 45 minutes. The pH is then measured and its value is about 5.
The atmosphere is made inert by washing with vacuum/nitrogen cycles.
A 40% by weight aqueous solution of glyoxal is then added, in order to obtain a total percentage of glyoxal of 2.2% by weight based on the amount of hydroxypropyl guar; the temperature is then risen to 40° C. and the mixture is stirred for about 1 hour at a temperature of between 40° C. and 50° C. 133 g of the thus obtained reaction mixture (2.2% glyoxalated hydrophobically modified crude HPG) are dispersed in 360 g of acidulous water (at pH about 5), left under stirring for 30 minutes and then vacuum filtered (0.4-0.5 atm). The filtered product is then washed by adding 240 g of acidulous water directly on it and applying vacuum.
The product (2.2% glyoxalated hydrophobically modified purified HPG) is dried on a fluid bed dryer with warm air until the content of water is about 3% by weight and then milled; its content of ashes is determined and it is equal to 1.17% by weight. The content of linked glyoxal is determined by reaction with 2-hydrazono-2,3-dihydro-3-methylbenzothiazole chloridrate, according to the method described in “Kunststoffe im Lebensmittelverkehr” Ed. Carl Hetmanns Verlag KG, 1999, pag. 228-231 and it is equal to 0.51% by weight.
EXAMPLE 2
The Brookfield viscosities, at 20° C. and 20 rpm, of 2% aqueous solution of the product prepared as described in Example 1 were measured. The concentration value of the solutions was obtained by dosing the crude products taking into account their active content. To obtain the reported alkaline pH values 1% aq. NaOH was added to the solutions. The viscosities are reported in the following Table 1.











TABLE 1








Viscosity



Product
Time (h)
pH
(mPas)
Note



















Esacol HM 22
2
6.5
16200
soluble


2,2% glyoxalated
2
4-5
—
insoluble


hydrophobically


modified purified


HPG


2,2% glyoxalated
2
9
27400
soluble


hydrophobically


modified purified


HPG


2,2% glyoxalated
24
9
29000
soluble


hydrophobically


modified purified


HPG









purified HPG and 2% by weight of Esacol HM 22, a sample of both solutions is kept for 4 days at 70° C.

The viscosity of the two solutions is measured at 20° C. and 20 rpm before (V0) and after (V4) this thermal treatment. The values of percentage of resistance, calculated as (V4/V0)×100 are reported in Table 2.












TABLE 2








Vo
V4
% Resistance



Product
(mPas)
(mPas)
(V4/Vo) × 100





















2,2% glyoxalated
28000
31400
112



hydrophobically



modified purified HPG



Esacol HM 22
17000
15600
92

## Claims

1. A hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar, useful as an additive for building products, characterized by the facts: that it contains from 0.3 to 1.5% by weight of glyoxal; that it is not soluble at pH<7 and quickly and completely soluble at pH>8; that its molar substitution is between 0.4 and 2.0; and that it exhibits a Brookfield viscosity at alkaline pH at 20° C., 20 rpm, and 2% by weight, of higher than 20,000 mPa.

2. The hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar of claim 1, characterized by the fact that its molar substitution is between 0.7 and 1.5.

3. The hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar of claim 1, characterized by the fact that it contains from 0.5 to 0.8% by weight of glyoxal.

4. The hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar of claim 2, characterized by the fact that it contains from 0.5 to 0.8% by weight of glyoxal.

5. The hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar of claim 1, wherein the hydroxyalkyl group is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl, hydroxyethyl, and hydroxybutyl.

6. The hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar of claim 2, wherein the hydroxyalkyl group is selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl, hydroxyethyl, and hydroxybutyl.

7. The hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar of claim 5, wherein the hydrophobic groups contain a C10-C32 alkyl chain.

8. The hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar of claim 6, wherein the hydrophobic groups contain a C10-C32 alkyl chain.

9. The hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar of claim 7 wherein the hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar contains an average of from 1×10−4 to 2×10−2 hydrophobic groups pre monosaccharidic unit, and the molar ratio between the hydrophobic groups and the hydroxyalkyl groups is between 1:35 and 1:40000.

10. The hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar of claim 8 wherein the hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar contains an average of from 1×10−4 to 2×10−2 hydrophobic groups pre monosaccharidic unit, and the molar ratio between the hydrophobic groups and the hydroxyalkyl groups is between 1:35 and 1:40000.

11. A process for the preparation of purified hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar useful as additive for building products, comprising:
a) treating at ambient temperature a solid and hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar having a molar substitution of between 0.4 and 2.0 and containing hydrophobic groups comprising a C10-C32 alkyl chain; with an amount of glyoxal of from 2 to 3% by weight in the in the form of an aqueous solution and a pH<6; and
b) washing the product of step a) with water at pH<6 for from 30 to 90 minutes, and then drying and milling it.

12. The process of claim 11, wherein the hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar has a molar substitution of between 0.7 and 1.5.

13. The process of claim 11, wherein the hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar is to selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl guar, hydroxyethyl I guar and hydroxybutyl guar, and the hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar contains an average of from 1×10−4 to 2×10−2 hydrophobic groups per monosaccharidic monosaccharidic unit, and the molar ratio between the hydrophobic groups and the hydroxyalkyl groups is between 1:35 and 1:40000.

14. The process of claim 12, wherein the hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar is to selected from the group consisting of hydroxypropyl guar, hydroxyethyl I guar and hydroxybutyl] guar, and the hydrophobically modified hydroxyalkyl guar contains an average of from 1×10−4 to 2×10−2 hydrophobic groups per monosaccharidic unit, and the molar ratio between the hydrophobic groups and the hydroxyalkyl groups is between 1:35 and 1:40000.

15. The process of claim 11, wherein the amount of glyoxal is between 2.2 and 2.8% by weight.

16. The process of claim 12, wherein the amount of glyoxal is between 2.2 and 2.8% by weight.

17. The process of claim 11, wherein the aqueous washing of step b) eliminates at least 90% of the original impurities.

18. The process of claim 12, wherein the aqueous washing of step b) eliminates at least 90% of the original impurities.