NO. 04-15-00272-CV

IN THE FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS

KYU IM ROBINSON,

APPELLANT,

V.

JESS L. MAYFIELD, TRUSTEE, ET AL.,

APPELLEES.

ON APPEAL FROM THE 131ST JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

BEXAR COUNTY, TEXAS

HON. RENEE A. YANTA, PRESIDING JUDGE

TRIAL COURT CAUSE NO. 2013-CI-07766

APPELLANT’S BRIEF

JoAnn Storey

State Bar No. 19315300

JOANN STOREY, P.C.

1005 Heights Boulevard

Houston, Texas 77008

Telephone: 713/529-0048

Telecopier: 713/529-2498

storeyj@heightslaw.com

Counsel for appellant,

Kyu Im Robinson

ORAL ARGUMENT REQUESTED

ACCEPTED

04-15-00272-CV

FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS

SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS

7/21/2015 3:43:38 PM

KEITH HOTTLE

CLERK

 FILED IN 4th COURT OF APPEALS SAN ANTONIO, TEXAS 07/21/15 3:43:38 PM KEITH E. HOTTLE Clerk
IDENTITY OF PARTIES AND COUNSEL

Appellant: Kyu Im Robinson

Appellate counsel: JoAnn Storey

State Bar No. 19315300

JOANN STOREY, P.C.

1005 Heights Boulevard

Houston, Texas 77008

Telephone: 713/529-0048

Facsimile: 713/529-2498

Email: storeyj@heightslaw.com

Trial counsel: Steve Weakley

State Bar No. 20992300

LAW OFFICE OF STEVE WEAKLEY, P.C.

6338 North New Braunfels Avenue, No. 138

San Antonio, Texas 78209-3826

Telephone: 210/364-7406

Facsimile: 210/587-6537

Email: stevew@steaveweakleylawyer.com

JoAnn Storey

State Bar No. 19315300

JOANN STOREY, P.C.

1005 Heights Boulevard

Houston, Texas 77008

Telephone: 713/529-0048

Facsimile: 713/529-2498

Email: storeyj@heightslaw.com

Appellee: William P. Riddick, Individually and as Trustee

of the Wm P. Riddick ) 76 Trusts
Trial and appellate counsel: Gay Gueringer

State Bar No. 08571400

Katherine J. Walters

State Bar No. 00785174

RICHIE & GUERINGER, P.C.

112 East Pecan Street, Suite 1420

San Antonio, Texas 78205

Telephone: 210/220-1080

Facsimile: 210/220-1088

Email:ggueringer@rg-sanantonio.com

kwalters@rg-austin.com

Defendant in the trial court: Jess L. Mayfield

Trial counsel for defendant: Gay Gueringer

State Bar No. 08571400

Katherine J. Walters

State Bar No. 00785174

RICHIE & GUERINGER, P.C.

112 East Pecan Street, Suite 1420

San Antonio, Texas 78205

Telephone: 210/220-1080

Facsimile: 210/220-1088

Email:ggueringer@rg-sanantonio.com

kwalters@rg-austin.com

-iii-
TABLE OF CONTENTS

Identity of Parties and Counsel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ii

Index of Authorities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi

Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Issues Presented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv

Statement of Facts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The parties. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

The roadway in question. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

The parties’ controversy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

The trial court proceedings. ......................................6

Summary of the Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Standard of Review . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Argument . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

I. The judgment awarding Riddick

an easement by estoppel must be reversed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

A. No easement was created when 

Steves conveyed the Riddick property to Lifshutz. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

B. Alternatively, no easement by estoppel

was created at the time Lifshutz constructed his apartments. . . . . . . 15

-iv-
C. Any easement Steves purportedly created

may not be imposed against Robinson. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

1. There is no evidence Lifshutz’s successors

in interest continued to rely on any easement. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

2. There is no evidence Robinson had actual or constructive

notice of any purported easement on her property. . . . . . . . . 22

D. No easement was created when Riddick purchased his property. . . 28

E. No easement by estoppel was created

after Riddick purchased his property. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

1. No easement was created by whoever

owned the Robinson property before its sale to Atwell. . . . . 31

2. Atwell did not create any easement

during his ownership of the Robinson property. . . . . . . . . . . 31

3. No easement was created by Mr. or Mrs. Yi

during their ownership of the Robinson property. . . . . . . . . . 37

4. Robinson did not create any easement on the roadway. . . . . . 40

II. The judgment alternatively granting Riddick

an easement by prescription must be reversed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

A. Applicable law. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

B. Joint use of the roadway in this case

is fatal to a prescriptive easement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

C. There is no evidence of hostility. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

D. Conclusion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

III. Riddick is not entitled to recover attorney’s fees. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

-v-
Conclusion and Prayer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Certificate of Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Certificate of Compliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

-vi-
INDEX OF AUTHORITIES

Cases Page

Allen v. Allen,

280 S.W.3d 366 (Tex.App.)Amarillo 2008, pet. denied) . . . . . 12, 13, 27, 50

Anderson v. Tall Timbers Corporation,

378 S.W.2d 16 (Tex.1964) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Barfield v. Howard M. Smith Company of Amarillo,

426 S.W.2d 834 (Tex.1968) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

BMC Software Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand,

83 S.W.3d 789 (Tex.2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Brooks v. Jones,

578 S.W.2d 669 (Tex.1979) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 46, 47

Callan v. Walters,

190 S.W. 829 (Tex.Civ.App.)

Austin 1916, no writ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23, 32, 33, 37, 38, 40, 41

Catalina v. Blasdel,

881 S.W.2d 295 (Tex.1994) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

City of Keller v. Wilson,

168 S.W.3d 802 (Tex.2005) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10, 11, 17, 19, 32, 48

Croucher v. Croucher,

660 S.W.2d 55 (Tex.1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Drye v. Eagle Rock Ranch, Inc.,

364 S.W.2d 196 (Tex.1962) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12, 19

-vii-
Erwin v. Ferris,

No. 12-10-00273-CV, 2011 WL 2638812

(Tex.App.)Tyler 2011, pet. denied) (mem. op.) . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 35, 39, 43

Estate of Trevino v. Melton,

No. 04-07-00654-CV, 

2009 WL 891881 (Tex.App.)

San Antonio 2009, pet. denied) (mem. op.) . . . . . . . . . 12, 13, 25, 46, 49, 50

F. J. Harrison & Co. v. Boring & Kennard,

44 Tex. 255 (1875) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Ford Motor Co. v. Castillo,

414 S.W.3d 616 (Tex.2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Foreman v. Whitty,

392 S.W.3d 265 (Tex.App.)San Antonio 2012, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Gonzalez v. Ramirez,

___ S.W.3d ___, No. 14-0107, 2015 WL 2148028 (Tex.May 8, 2015) . . . 17

Grohman–Kahlig v. Kahlig,

No. 04–07–00468–CV, 2008 WL 5377704 

(Tex.App.)San Antonio 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (op. on rehg) . . . . . . . 54

Harrington v. Dawson-Conway Ranch, Ltd.,

372 S.W.3d 711 (Tex.App.)Eastland 2012, pet. denied) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Herring v. Bocquet,

933 S.W.2d 611 (Tex.App.)San Antonio 1996),

rev’d on other grounds, 972 S.W.2d 19 (Tex.1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Holden v. Weidenfeller,

929 S.W.2d 124 (Tex.App.)

San Antonio 1996, writ denied) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13, 20, 21, 22

-viii-
In re A.H.,

414 S.W.3d 802 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 2013, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Morris,

981 S.W.2d 667 (Tex.1998) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18, 32, 38, 41

Joske v. Irvine,

91 Tex. 574, 44 S.W. 1059 (1898) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Kachina Pipeline Co., Inc. v. Lillis,

___ S.W.3d ___, No. 13–0596,

2015 WL 3653272 (Tex.June 15, 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Kindred v. Con/Chem, Inc.,

650 S.W.2d 61 (Tex.1983) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Koenig v. First Am. Title Ins. Co. of Texas,

209 S.W.3d 870 (Tex.App.)Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.) . . . . . . . . 24

Lakeside Launches, Inc. v. Austin Yacht Club, Inc.,

750 S.W.2d 868 (Tex.App.)Austin 1988, pet. denied) . . . . . . 13, 21, 28, 30

Mack v. Landry,

22 S.W.3d 524 (Tex.App.)Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . 50

Martin v. Cockrell,

335 S.W.3d 229 (Tex.App.)Amarillo 2010, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . 32, 37, 41

Marcus Cable Assocs. v. Krohn,

90 S.W.3d 697 (Tex.2002) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24, 25

McGonagle v. Stewart Title Guar. Co.,

432 S.W.3d 535 (Tex.App.)Dallas 2014, pet. denied) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

O’Connor v. Gragg,

161 Tex. 273, 339 S.W.2d 878 (1960) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Othen v. Rosier,

-ix-
148 Tex. 485, 226 S.W.2d 622 (1950) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48, 49

Ramsey v. Champion,

No. 10-12-00394-CV, 2014 WL 1882758

(Tex.App.)Waco 2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.) . . . . . . . . 15, 33, 34, 39, 42

RDG Partnership v. Long,

350 S.W.3d 262 (Tex.App.)San Antonio 2011, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Roberson v. City of Austin,

157 S.W.3d 130 (Tex.App.)Austin 2005, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Sassman v. Collins,

115 S.W. 337 (Tex.Civ.App.1908, writ ref’d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 48

SAVA gumarska in kemijska industria d.d. v. Advanced Polymer Scis., Inc.,

128 S.W.3d 304, 324 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2004, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Schuhardt Consulting Profit Sharing Plan v. Double Knobs Mt. Ranch, Inc.,

426 S.W.3d 800, 808 (Tex.App.)San Antonio 2014, pet. denied) . . . . . . . 50

Scott v. Cannon,

959 S.W.2d 712 (Tex.App.)Austin 1998, no pet.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Smith v. Reid,

No. 04-13-00550-CV,

2015 WL 3895465 (Tex.App.)

San Antonio June 24, 2015, no pet. h.) (mem. op) . . . . 10, 11, 34, 39, 42, 53

Spence v. Fenchler,

107 Tex. 443 (1915) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

State v. Clear Channel Outdoor, Inc.,

No. 01–11–00197–CV, 2012 WL 4465338 (Tex.App.)

Houston [1st Dist.] 2012), rev’d on other grounds,

No. 13-0053, 2015 WL 1870306 (Tex.April 24, 2015) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Storms v. Tuck,

-x-
579 S.W.2d 447 (Tex.1979) ................................ passim

Texas W. Ry. Co. v. Wilson,

83 Tex. 153, 18 S.W. 325 (1892) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Total Clean, LLC v. Cox Smith Matthews Inc.,

330 S.W.3d 657 (Tex.App.)San Antonio 2010, pet. denied) . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Tran v. Macha,

213 S.W.3d 913 (Tex.2006) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47, 50, 51

Vrazel v. Skrabanek,

725 S.W.2d 709 (Tex.1987) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

Weber v. Chaney,

5 S.W.2d 213 (Tex.App.)San Antonio 1928, writ ref’d) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Werchan v. Lakewood Estates Ass’n,

No. 03-08-00417-CV,

2009 WL 2567937 (Tex.App.)Austin 2009, pet. denied) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Wilson v. McGuffin,

749 S.W.2d 606 (Tex.App.)

Corpus Christi 1988, writ denied) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33, 35, 38, 42

Rules

TEX.R.CIV.P. 329b(c) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Statutes

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 16.021(1) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 37.004(a) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. § 37.009 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

-xi-
Other authority

BASIC MANUAL OF TITLE INSURANCE,

Section IV, P-3 (eff. January 3, 2014) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

-xii-
NO. 04-15-00272-CV

IN THE FOURTH COURT OF APPEALS

SAN ANTONIO , TEXAS

KYU IM ROBINSON,

APPELLANTS,

V.

JESS L. MAYFIELD, TRUSTEE, ET AL.,

APPELLEES.

TO THE HONORABLE COURT OF APPEALS:

Appellant, Kyu Im Robinson (Robinson or appellant), files this brief seeking

a reversal and rendition of the trial court’s judgment in favor of William P. Riddick,

Individually and as Trustee of the Wm P. Riddick ) 76 Trusts (Riddick or appellee).

GLOSSARY.

The “apartments” are the Regency House Apartments located on the “Riddick

Property” in the Bel Meade Addition, San Antonio, Texas. See FOF No. 1. The

apartments were constructed in the late 1950s or early 1960s by the then owner of the

Riddick property, B. (Bernard) Lee Lifshutz (Lifshutz). CT.EX.1(4RR) (Carter

Lifshutz deposition, p.10). The apartments include 25 head-in parking spaces used

by apartment tenants. 3RR36-37. Riddick owns the apartments. 3RR31-32.

-xiii-
The “concrete pad” is a slab Riddick constructed to support truck activity at the

main garbage dumpster used for refuse from the apartments. 3RR39-40. As depicted

at 01:53-01:56 of a video, DX32, the concrete pad extends into “the roadway.”

The “Riddick property” consists of Lot 3 in the Bel Meade Addition and is

owned by Riddick. DX9. Ownership of the Riddick property may be traced to

Lifshutz, who acquired it on October 9, 1959, by deed from Albert Steves, III

(Steves). DX3. The deed from Steves to Lifshutz does not contain any conveyance

of an easement over and across the “Robinson property.” Id. As shown in the plat

below, DX6, the Riddick property (highlighted in yellow) has frontage on three roads:

Burr Road, Raphail Drive, and Harry Wurzbach Road (formerly Military Highway). 

See also 2RR86.

-xiv-
The “roadway” is located on Robinson’s property; Robinson has fee-simple title

to the roadway. 2RR54. For about 50 years, the public, vendors and tenants of the

apartments and of the shopping center, and Riddick and Robinson and their

predecessors, have used the roadway. 2RR99, 102-03, 113, 170, 172; CT.EX.1(pp.14-

16, 24); 3RR20, 90. The roadway is the only access to the 25 head-in parking spaces. 

2RR168-69.

The “Robinson property,” which includes Lot 7 in the Bel Meade Addition, is

owned by Robinson. PX1; DX6; DX16. See also CR101(FOF No. 2). Robinson

acquired the property on June 15, 1997, by Warranty Deed from Yong Bok Yi and his

wife, Wha Seon Yi. PX1; DX16. The deed does not contain any exception for any

easement benefitting Riddick’s adjoining property. PX1; DX16. As shown in the plat

below, DX6, the Robinson property (highlighted in yellow), adjoins the Riddick

property:

-xv-
The “shopping center” located on the Robinson property includes Robinson’s

business (Kim’s Alterations), a barber shop, a martial arts center, and a restaurant

called the Recovery Room and Sports Bar. 2RR80, 99-100. Robinson owns the

shopping center. See CR101(FOF No.2).

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Nature of the Case: Robinson brought this suit against Riddick alleging

Riddick was trespassing on Robinson’s property and

that Riddick did not have an easement to use the

roadway on Robinson’s property. CR25(¶3). 

Robinson sought a temporary and permanent

injunction to prevent Riddick’s continued trespass. 

Id.¶4. Robinson further sought a declaratory

judgment that Riddick does not have an easement on

her property and for attorney’s fees. Id.¶¶5, 6.

Riddick counterclaimed, seeking a declaratory

judgment that he has an easement to use Robinson’s

property and for attorney’s fees. CR13, CR18.

Trial Court: Hon. Renee A. Yanta, judge presiding, 131st Judicial

District Court, BexarCounty, Texas.

Trial Court Disposition: The case was tried to the bench. The trial court

rendered judgment denying Robinson the relief she

sought. CR50; APPENDIX (TAB A). The judgment

awards Riddick an easement by estoppel or,

alternatively, an easement by prescription, on and

over the roadway on Robinson’s property. Id. The

judgment further awards Riddick attorney’s fees for

trial and conditional attorney’s fees for appeal. Id.

The trial court filed Amended Findings of Fact

(findings or FOF) and Conclusions of Law

(conclusions or COL). CR101; APPENDIX (TAB B).

ISSUES PRESENTED

-xvi-
1. The evidence is legally insufficient to support an easement by estoppel

on and over the roadway on Robinson’s property. See CR50; CR101(COL No. 6).

A. No easement by estoppel was created on October 9, 1959, when

Steves conveyed what is now known as the Riddick property to Lifshutz, because: (1)

there is no evidence Steves said or did anything to induce Lifshutz to purchase the

property; or (2) there is no evidence Lifshutz believed or relied on anything Steves

said or did. See CR101(COL No. 6).

B. No easement by estoppel was created when, after Lifshutz

purchased the property, he constructed, and completed construction of, the apartments

on his property. Any easement may only be created at the time of the grant of the

dominant estate by the owner of the servient estate. Alternatively: (1) there is no

evidence Steves represented by silence or acquiescence that Lifshutz had an easement;

or (2) there is no evidence Lifshutz believed or relied upon Steves’ alleged

representation. See CR101(FOF Nos. 16-19; COL No. 6).

C. Even if Steves created an easement by estoppel, the easement may

not be imposed against Robinson because: (1) there is no evidence each of Lifshutz’s

successors in interest continued to rely on an easement to use the roadway; and (2)

there is no evidence Robinson had actual or constructive notice of any easement. See

CR101(COL No. 6).

-xvii-
D. No easement by estoppel was created when Riddick purchased his

property on January 31, 1977, because: (1) there is no evidence of any representation

by the then owner of the Robinson property that Riddick had an easement on the

roadway; or (2) there is no evidence Riddick believed or relied on any such

representation in purchasing his property. See CR101(COL No. 6).

E. No easement by estoppel was created after Riddick purchased his

property because an easement may only be created at the time of the grant of the

dominant estate by the owner of the servient estate. Alternatively: (1) there is no

evidence of any representation by any of the following persons that Riddick had an

easement on the roadway; or (2) there is no evidence Riddick believed or relied on any

representation by these persons:

1. The owner of the Robinson property from January 31, 1977

to October 30, 1981;

2. William W. Atwell or by Atwell Properties, Ltd

(collectively, Atwell) (the owner of the Robinson property from October 30,1981 to

December 28, 1992), see CR101(FOF Nos. 35, 36);

-xviii-
3. Yong Bok Yi and his wife, Wha Seon Yi (owners of the

Robinson property from December 28, 1992 to June 15, 1997), see CR101(FOF Nos.

38, 39); or

4. Robinson, see CR101(FOF Nos. 47, 48, 52, 58, 59).

2. Conditional issue: The Court need address this issue only if it should

“determine there is legally or factually insufficient evidence of any representation

allowing Riddick to use the roadway the subject of this lawsuit under the theory of

easement by estoppel[.]” CR50(¶h). Thus, if the Court should reverse the trial court’s

judgment granting Riddick an easement by estoppel for any other reason, the Court

need not address this issue. Id. There is legally insufficient evidence to support an

easement by prescription on the roadway. See CR101(FOF Nos.62-63; COL No.7).

3. The judgment awarding Riddick his attorney’s fees must be reversed and

judgment rendered that Riddick take nothing because attorney’s fees are not

recoverable under the Texas Declaratory Judgments Act in easement cases. 

Alternatively, if the court reverses the declaratory judgment in Riddick’s favor, it may

render judgment that Riddick is not entitled to any attorney’s fees. Alternatively, the

parties’ claims for attorney’s fees should be remanded for a new trial.

-xix-
STATEMENT OF FACTS

Unless otherwise indicated, the facts stated are undisputed.

The parties.

Ms. Robinson was born in South Korea. 2RR80. When she came to the United

States in 1976, she was married to a gentleman named Robinson, who was employed

by the U. S. Army. Id. In 1991, Robinson moved to San Antonio. Id.

Robinson is a seamstress who owns her own business, Kim’s Alterations. Id.

She makes custom uniforms for the military, for which she has received awards. 

2RR88-89; PX8-7. Reserve and active-duty service members from Austin and

Houston come to Robinson for their uniforms. 2RR91.

In 1992, Robinson leased space from Mr. Bok Yi in the Bel Meade Center for

her tailor shop. 2RR81. In that space, Robinson also had a pick-up station for dry

cleaning. 2RR81-82. After Robinson acquired her own laundry and dry-cleaning

equipment, she leased additional space from Mr. Yi. 2RR82.

During Robinson’s tenancy, Mr. Yi approached Robinson with an offer for her

to purchase the property. 2RR84. Mr. Yi indicated to Robinson that he had difficulty

managing the property because he lived in Laredo and that he was impressed by

Robinson’s maintenance of her leased premises. Id. At the time, however, Robinson

was a single mother and feared she could not afford the purchase. Id. But, with her

brother’s help, Robinson purchased Lots 7 and 8 in the Bel Meade Addition from Mr.
Yi and his wife, Wha Seon Yi (collectively, the Yis), on June 15, 1997. 2RR85; PX1;

DX16.

Lot 7 of Robinson’s property adjoins Riddick’s property. 3RR17, 32; DX6,

DX9. Riddick is a lawyer and a self-described “real estate title man.” 3RR13, 18. As

a lawyer, Riddick qualifies as a realtor and broker. 3RR28. Based on his substantial

experience, Riddick was designated at trial as an expert in real-estate development. 

3RR22-23. Because Riddick examined titles and was familiar with them, he and his

brother started buying, and developing, single-family dwellings. 3RR15. When the

Vietnam war began winding down, there were houses for sale on almost every block

in San Antonio. 3RR16. Riddick acquired properties that were distressed or in poor

condition and his brother and cousin would fix them up. Id.

The roadway in question.

The roadway is located on Lot 7 of Robinson’s property. PX7. There is no

dispute Robinson has fee-simple title to the roadway. 2RR54. There also is no

dispute that the public, as well as the current and prior owners of the adjoining

properties, all used, and continue to use, the roadway. 2RR99, 102-03, 113, 170,172;

CT.EX.1(pp.14-16, 24); 3RR20, 90. 

Dr. Carter L. Lifshutz, Bernard Lifshutz’s son, testified by deposition at trial

to the earliest known use of the roadway. Dr. Lifshutz’s father built Regency House

-2-
Apartments. CT.EX.1(p.10). Dr. Lifshutz did not know when his father constructed

the apartments, but guessed it “could have been late ’50s, early ’60s.” Id. In 1960,

Dr. Lifshutz was five years of age. Id.p.9. Dr. Lifshutz’s first memory of the roadway

was after all the “hoopla” of the construction was over. Id.p.13. Dr. Lifshutz recalled

that, as a kid - - from ages six to nine - - he and his cousins and the neighborhood kids

would use the roadway to go to the convenience store located in the shopping center. 

Id.pp.13, 15.

Dr. Lifshutz testified that the roadway was used by both the apartments and by

the shopping center. Id.p.24. He saw cars and delivery trucks, as well as traffic from

the apartments, using the roadway. Id.pp.15-16, 26. He remembered seeing cars

using the roadway to go from Harry Wurzbach to Burr Road and from Burr Road to

Harry Wurzbach. Id.pp.25-26. The parking spaces were for the use of the apartment

tenants, who used the roadway to access that parking. Id.p.26. Dr. Lifshutz was never

told he was not supposed to use the roadway. Id.pp.23-24.

William H. Atwell was another witness who testified about the use of the

roadway. Mr. Atwell was a limited partner in Atwell Properties, Ltd., a partnership

that owned Lot 7. 2RR165; DX14. Atwell leased and managed that property for the

majority of the time between 1981 and 1992. 2RR167. Between 1981 and 1992, the

roadway was used by both the apartments and by the shopping center. 2RR168. 

-3-
The parties’ controversy.

During the last 25 years, Robinson’s business has grown. 2RR90. Robinson

needs more space for her dry cleaning business and wants to move the operation out

of her tailor shop because the steam damages the roof. 2RR97. She plans to improve

the exterior of the building, replace the roof and the signage, and add more parking

spaces. 2RR96-97. She has drawn up final plans depicting the changes she intends

to make. 2RR95, 97-98; PX2. The sports bar restaurant also intends to increase the

size of the wooden structure located near the roadway that the bar’s customers use as

a smoking area. 2RR99-100; PX8-19.

When Robinson’s contemplated improvements are constructed, it will be

necessary to install a temporary fence around the perimeter of Robinson’s property. 

2RR97, 117. On December 6, 2012, Robinson’s husband pulled a fence permit and

notified Riddick about the proposed installation of the fence. 2RR113, 139; PX5. At

that time, Robinson’s lawyer (Ramon) notified Riddick’s lawyer (Bishop) of

Robinson’s intention to begin construction of the fence. DX22. In that letter, Ramon

referred to the use of the roadway by both parties and by their tenants, suppliers,

vendors, and the public. Id. Ramon offered to allow Riddick’s tenants to use the

roadway to access their parking spaces in exchange for a monthly payment of

$3,500.00. Id.; 2RR140.

-4-
Ramon’s letter to Bishop followed several others Ramon had written to Riddick

on Robinson’s behalf. On April 19, 2007, Ramon notified Riddick that the use of the

roadway to access the apartments was without Robinson’s permission and constituted

a trespass. PX3. Ramon indicated Robinson was willing to negotiate to allow

Riddick to lawfully use the roadway. Id. On July 12, 2007, Ramon sent a similar

letter to the apartments’ manager and, again, indicated that Robinson was willing to

negotiate to allow the apartment tenants to lawfully use the roadway. PX4. On

October 16, 2007, Ramon proposed an easement agreement with the apartments in

exchange for a monthly payment of $1,000.00. DX21. Despite the letters, Riddick

and the apartment tenants continued to use the roadway uninterrupted without

changing what they had done previously. 2RR137; 3RR53. This lawsuit resulted. 

2RR113.

In her lawsuit, Robinson alleged that, despite notice to Riddick, his attorneys,

and his property manager, the apartment tenants continued to use Robinson’s property

without her permission. CR25(¶3). Robinson sought a temporary and permanent

injunction to prevent Riddick’s continued trespass. Id.¶4. Robinson further sought

a declaratory judgment that Riddick does not have an easement on Robinson’s

property and for attorney’s fees. Id.¶¶5, 6. 

Riddick counterclaimed, asserting that the apartments’ tenants, vendors, and

service providers, as well as the public, have used the roadway since construction of

-5-
the apartments. CR30(¶17). Riddick sought a declaratory judgment that he has the

following easements: (1) implied easement based on prior use; (2) implied easement

by estoppel; and (3) easement by prescription. Id.¶¶23-28. Riddick also sought to

enjoin Robinson from taking any actions that would prevent the use of the roadway

by Riddick and other persons accessing the apartments. Id.¶38. Riddick further

sought sanctions against Robinson on the ground that Robinson’s claims had no basis

in law or in fact. Id.¶¶31-32.

The trial court proceedings.

The case was tried to the bench. The trial court’s judgment denies Robinson’s

claims for injunctive and declaratory relief, for trespass, and for attorney’s fees. 

CR50(¶¶a-d). The judgment denies Riddick’s claim for easement by prior use or

necessity and his claim for sanctions, but granted Riddick an easement by estoppel on

the roadway, together with attorney’s fees, post-judgment interest, and costs. Id.¶¶f,

g, i-m. The judgment alternatively awards Riddick an easement by prescription on the

roadway “[s]hould a reviewing court determine there is legally or factually insufficient

evidence of any representation allowing Riddick to use the roadway” under an

easement by estoppel. Id.¶h. The court determined the easement is coextensive with

the legal description of a utility easement Albert Steves granted to the City of San

Antonio in 1960. Id.¶g. See also DX4.

-6-
The court filed Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. CR63. Both parties

timely filed requests for additional and/or amended findings and conclusions. CR72,

95. The trial court thereafter filed Amended Findings of Fact and Conclusions of

Law. CR101. In response to Riddick’s request, the court changed the legal

description in the utility easement from “thirty-five” to “thirty” in FOF No. 20 and

COL Nos. 6 and 7. CR95(¶1); CR101. In response to both parties’ requests, the court

amended FOF Nos. 34 and 36 to refer to “Atwell” instead of “they” and “their.” 

CR72(¶19); CR98(¶3); CR101. Aside from those changes, the trial court did not

amend or otherwise add to its findings or conclusions in response to the parties’

requests. Robinson renewed her request for additional and amended findings and

conclusions in her Second Request for Additional and Amended Findings of Fact and

Conclusions of Law. CR110. The trial court did not make any other additional or

amended findings or conclusions.

Robinson timely perfected her appeal from the trial court’s judgment. CR133.

SUMMARY OF THE ARGUMENT

Mr. Riddick is a lawyer with a wealth of expertise as a “real estate title man.” 

He was designated as an expert on real-estate development at trial. Despite his

educational background and expertise, Mr. Riddick made a mistake he surely regrets. 

He purchased an apartment complex relying on his own mistaken belief that access

to the apartments’ head-in parking spaces was via a public roadway. 

-7-
By the time Riddick and Robinson were embroiled in this litigation, Riddick

likely was shocked to learn he had to prove something other than decades of public

use of the roadway to be entitled to continue to use the roadway. But, that is all the

record reflects. There is no evidence of any representation, by words or conduct, of

an easement to use the roadway. Instead, Riddick based his case on the concept that,

if there is a duty, a party can, by his or her silence or acquiescence, represent that

another has an easement to use his or her property. Yet, Riddick never established

that Robinson or her predecessors had a duty to tell Riddick he did not have an

easement to use the roadway or, for that reason, he should not make any

improvements on his property. There are a host of reasons neither Robinson or her

predecessors owed Riddick a duty, not the least of which is that there was no

vendor/vendee relationship between Riddick and Robinson and her predecessors.

Aside from Riddick’s failure to establish duty, there is no evidence Riddick

believed he had an easement to use the roadway. Instead, Riddick believed he could

use the roadway because it was “a city street and it was being used as a city street.” 

And, Riddick’s own testimony is contrary to the notion that he relied on any silence

or acquiescence by Robinson or her predecessors. Riddick maintained the roadway

because of “damage caused by inclement weather and heavy truck use.” He

constructed the concrete pad underneath the main dumpster because, like the public,

-8-
he had “unfettered use” of the roadway and, also, to “eliminate the need for constant

repair” of damage to the asphalt caused by Waste Management trucks.

The magnitude of Riddick’s mistaken belief that he could use the roadway is

reflected in his lament that the inability to continue to use the roadway would be

“devastating to the value” of the apartment complex and “[y]ou couldn’t operate it as

an apartment complex.” But, the law does not allow Riddick to transform his mistake

into an easement by estoppel on Robinson’s land because of sympathy for his

situation. The doctrine of easement by estoppel is a creature of equity. It seeks to

prevent injustice and to protect innocent parties from fraud. Because the record does

not support an easement by estoppel, the trial court’s judgment should be reversed.

The judgment alternatively declaring Riddick has an easement by prescription

likewise has no support in the record. It is undisputed that the public, Riddick and his

predecessors, and Robinson and her predecessors, have jointly used the roadway since

about 1960. Under a century of Texas Supreme Court precedent, joint use is not

exclusive and will not be considered adverse. There further is no evidence that

Riddick’s use of the roadway was hostile because, by Riddick’s own admission, he

never excluded Robinson or anyone else from using the roadway.

Lastly, Riddick is not entitled to recover his attorney’s fees under the Texas

Declaratory Judgments Act. Recovery of attorney’s fees in easement cases under the

TDJA is limited to those instances involving the construction of a written agreement. 

-9-
Alternatively, if the Court reverses the trial court’s declaratory judgment in Riddick’s

favor, then the judgment awarding Riddick his attorney’s fees should be reversed and

judgment rendered that Riddick take nothing. In the further alternative, the parties’

claims for attorney’s fees should be remanded to the trial court.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

In an appeal from a judgment rendered after a bench trial, the trial court’s

findings of fact have the same weight as a jury’s verdict, and the Court reviews the

legal and factual sufficiency of the evidence used to support them, just as it would

review a jury’s findings. Catalina v. Blasdel, 881 S.W.2d 295, 297 (Tex.1994); Smith

v. Reid, No. 04-13-00550-CV, 2015 WL 3895465, at *4 (Tex.App.)San Antonio June

24, 2015, no pet. h.) (mem. op). In conducting a legal sufficiency review, the Court

considers all of the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and indulges

every reasonable inference that would support it. City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d

802, 822 (Tex.2005); Smith, 2015 WL 3895465, at *4. In determining whether legally

sufficient evidence supports the finding under review, the Court must consider

evidence favorable to the finding if a reasonable fact finder could consider it, and

disregard evidence contrary to the finding unless a reasonable factfinder could not

disregard it. City of Keller, 802 S.W.3d at 827; Smith, 2015 WL 3895465, at *4.

When a party attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on which it did

not have the burden of proof, it must demonstrate that there is no evidence to support

-10-
the adverse finding. Croucher v. Croucher, 660 S.W.2d 55, 58 (Tex.1983); Smith,

2015 WL 3895465, at *4. The Court will sustain a legal-sufficiency or “no evidence”

challenge if the record shows one of the following: (1) a complete absence of evidence

of a vital fact, (2) rules of law or evidence bar the court from giving weight to the only

evidence offered to prove a vital fact, (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is

no more than a scintilla, or (4) the evidence establishes conclusively the opposite of

the vital fact. City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 810; Smith, 2015 WL 3895465, at *4.

The Court reviews a trial court’s conclusions of law de novo. BMC Software

Belgium, N.V. v. Marchand, 83 S.W.3d 789, 794 (Tex.2002); Smith, 2015 WL

3895465, at *4. Although a trial court’s conclusions of law may not be challenged for

factual sufficiency, the Court may review the legal conclusions drawn from the facts

to determine whether the conclusions are correct. BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 794;

Smith, 2015 WL 3895465, at *4. If the Court determines that a conclusion of law is

erroneous, but the trial court nevertheless rendered the proper judgment, the error does

not require reversal. BMC Software, 83 S.W.3d at 794; Smith, 2015 WL 3895465, at

*4.

-11-
ARGUMENT

I. The judgment awarding Riddick an easement by estoppel must be

reversed.

Generally, the grant of an easement must be made in writing and cannot be

created by a parol agreement. Anderson v. Tall Timbers Corporation, 378 S.W.2d

16, 23 (Tex.1964). The equitable doctrine of easement by estoppel is an exception

to the writing requirement. Storms v. Tuck, 579 S.W.2d 447, 451 (Tex.1979). Being

a creature of equity, it seeks to prevent injustice and to protect innocent parties from

fraud. Id. The grant of an easement by estoppel depends on the unique facts of each

case. Estate of Trevino v. Melton, No. 04-07-00654-CV, 2009 WL 891881, at *7

(Tex.App.)San Antonio 2009, pet. denied) (mem. op.). 

Application of the doctrine is “rare and nebulous” in circumstances other than

those described by the Texas Supreme Court: (1) a dedication of a street, alley or

square; (2) an owner selling land with reference to a map or plat; and (3) a seller of

land who allows its purchaser to expend money on an alleged servient estate. Storms,

579 S.W.2d at 451; Drye v. Eagle Rock Ranch, Inc., 364 S.W.2d 196, 209 (Tex.1962). 

The gravity of a judicial means of acquiring an interest in the land of another solely

by parol requires equitable estoppel to be strictly applied. Allen v. Allen, 280 S.W.3d

366, 381 (Tex.App.)Amarillo 2008, pet. denied). Thus, an estoppel should be certain,

precise and clear. Id.

-12-
There are three elements to an easement by estoppel: (1) a representation

communicated, either by word or action, to the promisee; (2) the communication was

believed; and (3) the promisee relied on the communication. Storms, 579 S.W.2d at

451-52; Estate of Trevino, 2009 WL 891881, at *7. The elements necessary to the

creation of easement by estoppel apply at the time the communication creating the

alleged easement is made. Holden v. Weidenfeller, 929 S.W.2d 124, 131

(Tex.App.)San Antonio 1996, writ denied).

A. No easement was created when Steves conveyed the Riddick

property to Lifshutz.

To create an easement by estoppel, something must be said or done by the

owner of the servient estate at the time of the grant of the dominant estate that induces

the acceptance of the grant. Lakeside Launches, Inc. v. Austin Yacht Club, Inc., 750

S.W.2d 868, 872 (Tex.App.)Austin 1988, pet. denied); Allen, 280 S.W.3d at 381;

Erwin v. Ferris, No. 12-10-00273-CV, 2011 WL 2638812, at *7 (Tex.App.)Tyler

2011, pet. denied) (mem. op.). The tract of land on which the easement is imposed is

the servient estate; the tract of land benefitted by the easement is the dominant estate. 

Estate of Trevino, 2009 WL 891881, at *2. 

In this case, the dominant estate is the Riddick property. The grant of that

property by the owner of the servient estate occurred on October 9, 1959, when Steves

sold the property to Lifshutz. DX3. Both of those gentlemen are deceased. 2RR45;

-13-
CT.EX.1(p.8); DX11. Because neither of them testified at trial, and no one testified

on their behalf, there is no evidence Steves said or did anything that induced Lifshutz

to accept the conveyance.1/

 And, while Lifshutz’s son testified by deposition at trial,

he did not work in his father’s development business and he had no specific

knowledge of any agreements his father may have made with any of the landowners

around the apartments. CT.EX.1(Lifshutz Depo. p.24).

“The burden of proving an estoppel and the essential elements thereof is on the

party asserting it and the failure to prove any one or more of the elements is fatal.” 

Barfield v. Howard M. Smith Company of Amarillo, 426 S.W.2d 834, 838 (Tex.1968). 

Here, Riddick adduced no evidence that, at the time of Steves’ grant of the Riddick

property to Lifshutz, Steves said or did something to induce Lifshutz’s acceptance of

the grant. Accordingly, there is no evidence to support the trial court’s determination

that Riddick established an easement by estoppel on and through Robinson’s property. 

See CR101(COL6). For this reason alone, this Court should sustain Issue No. 1,

reverse the judgment, and render judgment declaring that Riddick does not have an

easement by estoppel.

1/

 The deed conveying the property reflects that Steves, individually, conveyed the property. 

DX3. Accordingly, the conduct of Steves, individually - - as opposed to as the authorized

representative of the owner, see CR101(FOF No.14) - - is at issue in determining whether an

easement by estoppel was created at the time of Steves’ conveyance of the property to Lifshutz.

-14-
B. Alternatively, no easement by estoppel was created at the time

Lifshutz constructed his apartments.

Even if an easement may be created at some time other than at the time of the

servient owner’s conveyance of the dominant estate, no easement was created when

Lifshutz thereafter constructed the apartments on his property. It was Riddick’s

theory at trial that, when Lifshutz built the apartments with their head-in parking

spaces, Steves should have said to Lifshutz, “hold everything. What the heck are you

doing because there’s only one way in and one way out and that’s through my

roadway[.]” 3RR154-55. Riddick’s theory is based on the concept that, if there is a

duty to speak, a party by his or her silence or acquiescence represents that another has

an easement to use his or her property. Riddick’s theory has no support in the

evidence or in the law.

Estoppel by silence arises “where a person is under a duty to another to speak,

but refrains from doing so and thereby leads the other to act in reliance on a mistaken

understanding of the facts.” Storms, 579 S.W.2d at 452. There is no duty to speak

“until the silent party is himself aware of the facts,” or where the party asserting the

easement has equal access to the facts, such as ownership of the property over which

the easement is claimed. Id. at 452 & n.5; Ramsey v. Champion, No. 10-12-00394-

CV, 2014 WL 1882758, at *4 (Tex.App.)Waco 2014, pet. denied) (mem. op.).

-15-
Riddick’s theory crumbles in this case because there is no evidence the roadway

existed when Lifshutz was constructing the apartments. Rather, Lifshutz’s son

provided the only evidence of the date of the inception of the roadway.2/

 The son’s

first memory of the roadway was after all the “hoopla” of the construction of the

apartments was over. CT.EX.1(p.13).3/

 The existence of the roadway after

construction of the apartments is no evidence the roadway existed before or during

construction or that Steves was aware of any roadway during Lifshutz’s construction

of the apartments. The Court should hold that there is no evidence Steves knew of any

roadway while Lifshutz was constructing his apartments and, therefore, did not owe

Lifshutz any duty.

Without evidence of a roadway in existence while Lifshutz was constructing his

apartments, it is immaterial that drawings of the apartments purportedly showed “an

absolute expectation that the roadway was going to be used for head-in parking.” See

2RR45. Even regardless of their immateriality, the drawings are no evidence Steves

owed any duty to Lifshutz to tell him to “hold everything.”

As Riddick’s attorney candidly admitted, it is unknown who designed the

drawings:

2/

 The Exhibit Index of the Reporter’s Record refers to photos dated 1/16/54. VOL.4, p.7. 

The Court will note from inspection of the original exhibits filed on July 7, 2015, that the photos

themselves bear no date. DX26A, DX26B, DX27.

3/

 Accordingly, there is no evidence supporting the trial court’s finding that the roadway was

constructed sometime before January 1954. See CR101(FOF No.6).

-16-
We don’t know who actually designed those drawings. Everybody is

dead. Mr. Bernard Lifshutz is dead. Mr. Albert Steves is dead . . ..

2RR45.

Undaunted by this lack of evidence, the lawyer speculated that “one of the

possibilities” was that Steves designed the drawings before selling the property to

Lifshutz. Id. The “other possibility” was that maybe Lifshutz designed the drawings. 

Id. Neither possibility is evidence of who designed the drawings. Cf. Gonzalez v.

Ramirez, ___ S.W.3d ___, No. 14-0107, 2015 WL 2148028, at *6 (Tex.May 8, 2015)

(“the possibility of control is not evidence of a right of control actually retained or

exercised.”).

Nor may either possibility be inferred. “When the circumstances are equally

consistent with either of two facts, neither fact may be inferred.” City of Keller, 168

S.W.3d at 813. Riddick’s suggestion that it is possible Steves designed the drawings

before selling the property to Lifshutz is mere surmise or suspicion and is, therefore,

no evidence. See Foreman v. Whitty, 392 S.W.3d 265, 274 (Tex.App.)San Antonio

2012, no pet.).

There further is no evidence when the drawings were prepared or when Lifshutz

began construction of the apartments. The drawings reflect only that they were

revised on November 3, 1959, 3RR59, which was after Lifshutz purchased the

-17-
property.4/

 And, Lifshutz’s son could not recall the date the apartments were

constructed, but guessed it “could have been late ’50s, early ’60s.” CT.EX.1(p.10).

Under this record, Steves had no duty to tell Lifshutz to “hold everything.” In

the absence of duty, the trial court’s finding that Steves’ silence and acquiescence

constituted a representation that Lifshutz had an easement to use Steves’ property,

CR101(FOF No.17), does not, as a matter of law, give rise to an easement by estoppel. 

Cf., Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Morris, 981 S.W.2d 667, 675 (Tex.1998) (in the absence of

a duty to disclose, a failure to disclose does not constitute fraud).5/

 This Court should

sustain Issue No. 1, reverse the trial court’s judgment, and render judgment declaring

that Riddick does not have an easement by estoppel on the roadway.

Even if Steves had a duty to speak, there is no evidence Lifshutz believed or

relied on Steves’ silence or acquiescence in constructing, or in completing the

construction of, the apartments. Because it is equally plausible that Lifshutz, himself,

4/

 Accordingly, there is no evidence supporting the trial court’s finding that the drawings

were made prior to September 1959 and prior to Steves’ conveyance of the property to Lifshutz. 

See CR101(FOF No.10).

5/

 Because there is no evidence of any roadway existing when Lifshutz built his apartments,

or of Steves’ knowledge of the drawings, the following findings are immaterial: (1) the drawings

designed an apartment complex in a manner that required the apartments and tenants to use the

roadway; (2) the drawings reflect a design of the apartments that required the use of the roadway

to access the head-in parking; (3) the apartments were designed with other characteristics requiring

the use of the roadway for access; (4) Lifshutz constructed the apartments with the head-in parking

essentially as designed; and (5) as shown on the drawings, it was necessary to use Steves’ property

to access the head-in parking. See CR101(FOF Nos.11-15); Spence v. Fenchler, 107 Tex. 443, 459

(1915) (findings of fact are immaterial where they were not responsive to any material issue in the

case).

-18-
designed the drawings, he could not have believed the drawings constituted a

representation by Steves that he (Lifshutz) had an easement over Steves’ property to

access the head-in parking, nor could he have relied on the drawings as a

representation by Steves of any easement to use the roadway to access the head-in

parking. This undisputed evidence establishes the opposite of the trial court’s

findings. See CR101(FOF Nos.18, 19); see City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 816 (there

is “no evidence” when there is “conclusive evidence to the contrary”).

Finally, it is significant that Lifshutz built the apartments on his own property. 

Easement by estoppel typically arises when “the seller allows the purchaser to expend

money on the servient tract, as for example a drainage ditch across the grantor’s land,

or a house or other structure which encroaches on the land of the servient estate.” 

Drye, 264 S.W.2d at 210. See also Storms, 579 S.W.2d at 453 n.7 (no estoppel to

deny existence of alleged easement where owner of servient estate “mere[ly]

acquiesce[s] in the making of improvements to the dominant estate”).

Although the Court in Drye observed that estoppel cases are not limited to

situations involving expenditure on the servient estate, “this group does form a large

part of the cases affixing easements appurtenant by estoppel.” Drye, 264 S.W.2d at

210. And, while this Court has upheld an easement by estoppel where the expenditure

was made on the dominant estate, the Court was not presented with the issue of

whether the doctrine may be extended to these instances. See Holden v. Weidenfeller,

-19-
929 S.W.2d at 132. This Court should hold that there is no easement by estoppel

because Lifshutz constructed the apartments on his own property.

In conclusion, the evidence Riddick offered to prove easement by estoppel

during Lifshutz’s construction of the apartments is so weak it does “no more than

create a mere surmise or suspicion of its existence . . . and, in legal effect, is no

evidence. See Kindred v. Con/Chem, Inc., 650 S.W.2d 61, 63 (Tex.1983). The

following caution from the Texas Supreme Court is especially fitting: 

“The broad and wise policy of the law, formed in and descending to us

through the crucibles of time, does not permit the citizen to be deprived

of his property . . . upon mere surmise or suspicion[.]” 

Joske v. Irvine, 91 Tex. 574, 583, 44 S.W. 1059, 1063 (1898). The Court should

sustain Issue No. 1, reverse the trial court’s judgment, and render judgment declaring

that Riddick does not have an easement by estoppel.

C. Any easement Steves purportedly created may not be imposed

against Robinson.

As discussed above, this Court should hold Steves did not create any easement

when he sold the property to Lifshutz or, alternatively, when Lifshutz built his

apartments. But, even if Steves induced Lifshutz to buy the Riddick property, or

Steves owed a duty to tell Lifshutz to “hold everything” during Lifshutz’s construction

of his apartments, the easement may not be imposed against Robinson. There are only

two instances where, once created, an easement by estoppel is binding on successors

-20-
in title: (1) if reliance upon the existence of the easement continues, Holden, 929

S.W.2d at 131; or (2) the subsequent purchaser has actual or constructive notice of the

easement claimed. Lakeside Launches, 750 S.W.2d at 873. In this case, there is no

evidence of either requirement necessary to impose an easement against Robinson.

1. There is no evidence Lifshutz’s successors in interest

continued to rely on any easement.

Lifshutz’s successors in interest are as follows:

1. Skylark Investment Company (Skylark), by conveyance from B. Lee

Lifshutz on January 3, 1966, DX5;

2. Walter G. Lagerguist, Jr. (Lagerguist), by conveyance from Skylark

Investment Company on January 29, 1971, DX7; and

3. Riddick, who acquired his title from Lagerguist on January 31, 1977. 

DX9.

No representative from Skylark testified at trial, nor did Lagerguist testify, and

no one testified on their behalf. Riddick did not testify to any communications with

Skylark or Lagerquist. Consequently, there is no evidence Skylark or Lagerguist

relied on the existence of any easement Steves purportedly created. Further, Riddick

never testified he relied on any easement Steves granted to Lifshutz. On the contrary,

and as discussed in greater detail below, Riddick himself admitted he purchased his

property because it appeared to him the roadway was “a city street and it was being

-21-
used as a city street.” 3RR20. This Court should hold that, because there is no

evidence of continued reliance by each of Lifshutz’s successors on any easement

Steves may have created, any such easement may not be imposed against Robinson. 

See Holden, 929 S.W.2d at 131.

2. There is no evidence Robinson had actual or constructive

notice of any purported easement on her property.

When Robinson walked the property with her seller, Yong Bok Yi (Yi), nothing

she saw put her on notice that Riddick had an easement on the roadway to access the

head-in parking. Instead, all she noticed was that “everybody” was using the

roadway. 2RR99. By that she meant the “apartment people” used the roadway to

access the parking spaces, other people drove through, and her restaurant/sports bar

tenant used the roadway to access the back door to its establishment. Id. Indeed, all

of the testimony at trial established, without any contradiction, that the public, Riddick

and his predecessors, and Robinson and her predecessors, jointly used the roadway

on Robinson’s property. 2RR99, 102-03, 113, 170, 172; CT.EX.1(pp.14-16, 24);

3RR20, 90. 

The evidence conclusively establishes the contrary of notice because, when

property is also used by owner of the property, the law presumes the use is by

permission. Callan v. Walters, 190 S.W. 829, 831-32 (Tex.Civ.App.)Austin 1916,

no writ) (“use of a way over the land of another when the owner is also using the same

-22-
is not such adverse possession as will serve as notice of a claim of right, for the reason

that the same is not inconsistent with a license from the owner.”). And, because the

law presumes the use is by permission, Robinson’s testimony that she did not give

Riddick express or implied permission, 2RR119, is immaterial.

It was Riddick’s position at trial that two title commitments showed Robinson

“was on notice that there was other use to her property and she could have secured

title insurance, which would have cleared up ahead of time any issue that there might

have been.” 2RR130. Riddick based his argument on the “rights-of-parties-inpossession” provisions in the title commitments. DX17, DX18. Riddick’s contention

demonstrates a fundamental misunderstanding of title insurance and of the meaning

of “rights of parties in possession” in title commitments.

Title insurance would not have put Robinson on notice of any purported

easement on her property. A title insurance policy is a contract of indemnity that

imposes a duty on the insurance company to indemnify the insured against losses

caused by defects in title. McGonagle v. Stewart Title Guar. Co., 432 S.W.3d 535,

540 (Tex.App.)Dallas 2014, pet. denied). An easement, on the other hand, is a nonpossessory interest in land. Marcus Cable Assocs. v. Krohn, 90 S.W.3d 697, 700

(Tex.2002). Importantly, there is no dispute in this case that Robinson had title to the

roadway. 2RR54.

-23-
Similarly, the “rights-of-parties-in-possession” exception in the title

commitments did not put Robinson on notice of an easement on her property. That

exception relates to claims such as adverse possession. Koenig v. First Am. Title Ins.

Co. of Texas, 209 S.W.3d 870, 874 (Tex.App.)Houston [14th Dist.] 2006, no pet.); see

also BASIC MANUAL OF TITLE INSURANCE, Section IV, P-3 (eff. January 3, 2014)

(“[T]he term “Rights of Parties in Possession” shall mean one or more persons who

are themselves actually physically occupying the property or a portion thereof under

a claim of right adverse to the record owner of the property . . ..”).6/

For a party to be in possession of the property, the possession must be open,

visible, unequivocal, exclusive, hostile, and actual rather than constructive. Koenig,

209 S.W.3d at 875. In this case, Riddick’s “possession” of the roadway was not

exclusive because, under a century of supreme court precedent, the roadway is used

jointly by the public, by Riddick, and by Robinson. See Brooks v. Jones, 578 S.W.2d

669, 673 (Tex.1979) (when landowner and claimant of an easement both use the same

way, use by the claimant is not exclusive of the owner’s use). Nor was Riddick’s

possession hostile because, as Riddick himself conceded, he never attempted to

exclude all other persons from using the roadway. 3RR88; see Estate of Trevino,

2009 WL 891881, at *4 (for possession to be hostile, the easement claimant must

exclude, or attempt to exclude, all other persons, including the true owner, from using

6/

 Available at http://www.tdi.texas.gov/title/titlem4a.html.

-24-
the property). Finally, the notion that Riddick was in “possession” of the roadway is

inconsistent with Riddick’s claim throughout this case that he had an easement. As

explained above, an easement is a non-possessory interest in property. Marcus Cable

Assocs. v. Krohn, 90 S.W.3d at 700.7/

Riddick also cross examined Robinson about her deposition testimony. 

Robinson said she did not remember testifying during her deposition that Mr. Yi

pointed to the roadway, told her it was an easement, that it was “commercial,” and she

could not “do anything with it.” 2RR149. To impeach Robinson, Riddick’s counsel

asked the following question:

“[D]idn’t you tell me at that deposition that [Yi] explained to you this is

an easement, this one, on this side. This is commercial. He say I cannot

do anything. He explained to me this one is an easement. People go

through this way. Do you remember that testimony?”

2RR153. In response, Robinson’s clarified what she meant in her deposition:

Easement is other side, opposite side I’m talking. It’s not apartment side,

you know, the other side - - other side, either behind the line, the

building, like the shop, the other side. We have two side. So [Yi] tell

me about it at the other side, yes, the easement. You cannot do anything

about it. I’m talking about the opposite side.”

Id. This testimony does not support the trial court’s finding that Robinson knew the

roadway “had a commercial use and such use could not be changed.” See

CR101(FOF No.42).

7/

 Because Riddick was not in “possession” of the roadway as a matter of law, the trial court’s

finding to the contrary is not supported by the evidence. See CR101(FOF No.46).

-25-
Counsel also questioned Robinson concerning an exhibit discussed during her

deposition:

Q. And that’s when you were telling me that this was private land?

A. Yes.

Q. And that Mr. Bok Yi said this one is commercial and you can’t do

anything on it; is that right?

A. I don’t remember he say you cannot do anything on it. All he say

is that this is private land. You buying this piece of land.

2RR156; DX24. This testimony similarly does not support the trial court’s finding

that Robinson knew the roadway “had a commercial use and such use could not be

changed.” See CR101(FOF No.42).

On redirect, Robinson explained that she and Yi communicated in Korean and

that, during her deposition, she testified to her translation of their discussion. 

2RR158. Robinson said she initially testified in her deposition that Yi used the

Korean term “cain,” which Robinson translated to mean “private easement.” Id. She

clarified later in her deposition that Yi used the term “cainta,” which Robinson

translated to mean “private land.” 2RR159. That meant to Robinson that Yi was

telling her he had complete ownership. Id. This testimony is consistent with

Robinson’s explanation on cross examination at trial that, during her deposition, she

confused the terms “easement” and “private land,” and used them interchangeably. 

2RR151.

-26-
Riddick further may take no comfort in Robinson’s admission that, before

purchasing the property, she did not ask Yi whether he had any “arrangements” with

the apartments to use the roadway to access the parking. 2RR119. It is unknown

from the record whether “arrangements” meant that Yi gave the apartments

permission to use the roadway, whether Yi allowed the apartments to use the roadway

because he wanted to be a good neighbor, or whether it meant that Yi gave the

apartments an easement.

In sum, Robinson did not, as a matter of law, have notice of any easement on

her property. Further, Riddick adduced no evidence Robinson had notice of any

easement by virtue of her discussion with Mr. Yi. The gravity of a judicial means of

acquiring an interest in a person’s land, requires an estoppel to be certain, precise and

clear. Allen, 280 S.W.3d at 381. But, as Riddick’s own lawyer conceded, “the

questions and answers weren’t quite in sync” during Robinson’s trial and deposition

testimony. 2RR151-52. That is no excuse for failing to prove that Robinson had

notice of an easement on her land. Consequently, even if Steves induced Lifshutz to

buy the Riddick property, or induced Lifshutz to construct the apartments, the

easement may not be imposed against Robinson. The Court should sustain Issue No.

1, reverse the judgment, and render judgment declaring that Riddick does not have an

easement by estoppel on the roadway.

D. No easement was created when Riddick purchased his property.

-27-
When Riddick purchased his property on January 31, 1977, the Robinson

property was owned either by Steves or by Katharine Muir Steves, also known as

Katherine Muir Steves, Individually and as Independent Executrix of the Estate of

Albert Steves, III. DX9, DX11. Riddick testified he was the point person on the

decision to acquire the apartments. 3RR16. Yet, he never testified he had any

discussion with either Steves or with Steves’ independent executrix. Consequently,

there is no evidence that, at the time Riddick purchased his property, either of those

persons induced Riddick’s acceptance of the grant. See Lakeside Launches, Inc., 750

S.W.2d at 872.

There further is no evidence that Riddick believed he had an easement on the

roadway, or that he relied on any easement, in purchasing the property. As an expert

in real-estate development, Riddick considers “location, location, location” when

deciding whether to purchase real estate. 3RR24. With respect to Riddick’s purchase

of this property, he was primarily interested in knowing the occupancy rate. 3RR18. 

“Being a real estate title man,” Riddick wanted to see if there was adequate parking,

plumbing, and electrical - - “the whole business of apartments.” Id. To determine

parking was adequate, Riddick counted parking spaces. 3RR19. 

Riddick’s lawyer also asked Riddick how he determined there was access to the

head-in parking and to provide his “understanding” about his “right” to use the

roadway for that purpose. 3RR20. Riddick’s answer reveals he relied solely on his

-28-
own observations, as opposed to something another person said or did or did not say

or do:

The public had access. The tenants had access.

* * *

I had no hint as to a problem. It was open. It has curb cuts at either end,

concrete entrances like it was a city street and it was being used as a city

street and I wasn’t aware of a problem.

Id. Riddick explained the significance of the curb cuts: they may be installed only

with city permission. 3RR34. Riddick also pointed to a red line painted down part

of the roadway, indicating no parking was allowed so that the roadway would be free

for use by fire emergency trucks. 3RR37-39. All of this testimony demonstrates that

Riddick was led to believe, by his own mistaken assumption, that the roadway was a

public street.

Finally, Riddick testified he contacted his seller (Lagerguist, DX9). 3RR16. 

Yet, he never testified to any discussion with Lagerguist regarding the use of the

roadway - - whether, for example, Lagerguist used the roadway by permission of the

owner of the shopping center, or whether the owner of the shopping center allowed

Lagerguist to use the roadway as a good neighbor. There is no indication Lagerguist

is deceased; therefore, if Lagerguist had told Riddick he (Lagerguist) had been given

an easement to use the roadway, Riddick presumably would have called him as a

witness. And, while Riddick said he relied on a mortgagee’s title issued to

-29-
Lagerguist’s lender that contained “no exception to any of the incidents of

[Lagerguist’s] ownership,” 3RR20, any limitation on title to property is no evidence

that there was no easement.

There is no evidence that, when Riddick purchased his property, there was any

representation by words, conduct or silence that Riddick had an easement on the

roadway, nor is there any evidence Riddick believed or relied on any such

representation. See CR101(COL No.6). The Court should sustain Issue No. 1, reverse

the judgment, and render judgment declaring that Riddick does not have an easement

by estoppel on the roadway.

E. No easement by estoppel was created after Riddick purchased his

property.

The absence of evidence that any easement by estoppel was created when

Steves sold the Riddick property to Lifshutz, or when Riddick purchased his property,

ends the inquiry. See Lakeside Launches, Inc., 750 S.W.2d at 872. In any event, no

easement was created after Riddick purchased his property.

1. No easement was created by whoever owned the Robinson

property before its sale to Atwell.

The Robinson property was owned by either Steves or by his independent

executrix until its sale to Atwell on October 30, 1981. DX11. But, as discussed

above, Riddick never testified to any conversation with Steves or with the independent

executrix. As a consequence, there is no evidence any easement was created by

-30-
Steves or by his independent executrix between Riddick’s purchase of his property on

January 31, 1977 and when Atwell purchased the Robinson property on October 30,

1981.

2. Atwell did not create any easement during his ownership of

the Robinson property.

Atwell owned the Robinson property from October 30, 1981, to December 28,

1992. DX11, DX14. There are a host of reasons Atwell did not create an easement

during the time he and Riddick were neighbors.

Atwell never represented to Riddick that Riddick had an easement. Riddick

admitted he never had any discussion with Atwell about the use of the roadway. 

3RR53. In the absence of any representation of an easement communicated to

Riddick, there is no easement by estoppel. See Storms, 579 S.W.2d at 451-52.

The parties’ joint use of the roadway was presumed to be with Atwell’s

permission. Atwell testified “we both used the roadway for the benefits of both of our

properties.” 2RR170. That testimony establishes, as a matter of law, that Riddick’s

use of the roadway was permissive as opposed to an easement to use the roadway. See

Callan v. Walters, 190 S.W. at 831-32. Use of the roadway by permission does not

support an easement by estoppel. See Martin v. Cockrell, 335 S.W.3d 229, 238–41

(Tex.App.)Amarillo 2010, no pet.) (“gentlemen’s agreement” or “friendly

neighbourly permission” to use land does not support easement by estoppel). This law

-31-
establishes the contrary of the trial court’s finding that Atwell believed and treated the

roadway as if Riddick had “an easement to use the Roadway.” See CR101(FOF

No.34). See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 816 (there is “no evidence” when there is

“conclusive evidence to the contrary”).

Atwell’s silence or acquiescence did not constitute a representation that Riddick

had an easement because Atwell did not owe Riddick a duty. The trial court found

Atwell “did not halt or preclude” Riddick from using the roadway and that Atwell

represented Riddick had an easement by permitting “open and obvious, frequent, and

routine use” of the roadway. CR101(FOF Nos.35, 36). However, in the absence of

duty, these findings do not, as a matter of law, give rise to an easement by estoppel. 

Cf., Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Morris, 981 S.W.2d at 674 (in the absence of duty to

disclose, failure to disclose does not constitute fraud). Any one of the following

reasons will support a holding that Atwell did not owe Riddick any duty.

! There is no evidence Atwell “himself [was] aware” that there was no

easement on his property. See Storms, 579 S.W.2d at 452 & n.5.

! There is no evidence Riddick gave Atwell notice his (Riddick’s) use was

adverse to Atwell. See Callan v. Walters, 190 S.W. 831-32 (to operate as notice to the

silent party, the use of the alleged easement must be adverse, thereby giving notice of

a claim of right, as opposed to a license to use the property). Based on the undisputed

-32-
evidence of joint use of the roadway, the law presumes Atwell gave Riddick a license

- - as opposed to an easement - - to use the roadway. See id.

! There is no evidence that: (a) Riddick was without knowledge, or the means

of acquiring knowledge, of the facts alleged to have been misrepresented by Atwell,

see Wilson v. McGuffin, 749 S.W.2d 606, 611 (Tex.App.)Corpus Christi 1988, writ

denied); Ramsey v. Champion, 2014 WL 1882758, at *5; or (b) Riddick used due

diligence to ascertain the truth of the matters upon which he relied in supposedly

acting to his detriment. See Ramsey, 2014 WL 1882758, at *5.

Riddick is a lawyer, a self-described “real estate title man,” and an expert on

real-estate development. 3RR13, 19, 23. As a title examiner who examined

thousands of titles in his career, 3RR14, Riddick knew the importance of that research:

to “guarantee that the purchaser was obtaining good title and it met his requirements.” 

3RR15. He also knew, at the time of his purchase, that “you could call any mortgagee

and they would open up their books . . . to determine the viability of [the] purchase.” 

3RR16. Despite this expertise and experience, there is no evidence Riddick

researched the title to his property. If he had, he would have learned his property line

ends approximately at the roof line of the head-in parking structures. 3RR36. Instead,

as he conceded at trial, he “came to know that” at some other time. Id.

In addition to his expertise, Riddick was on notice from the Warranty Deed to

his property that the conveyance was “subject to restrictions recorded in Volume

-33-
2165, Page 471, and Volume 2179, Page 279, Bexar County Deed Records[.]” DX9. 

There is no evidence Riddick investigated the nature of those restrictions. Further, the

documentary evidence reflects that the plats to both Riddick’s and Robinson’s

properties were prepared from actual surveys and that the surveyor certified the plats

were true and correct. DX2, DX6. Those plats show Steves acknowledged he

dedicated to the public all “streets, alleys, parks, water courses, drains, easements and

public places” depicted on the surveys. DX2, DX6. Again, there is no evidence

Riddick made any inquiry into the information contained in the surveys. 

! As the foregoing evidence establishes, Riddick had equal access to the facts,

such as ownership of the property over which the easement is claimed. Storms, 579

S.W.2d at 452 & n.5; Ramsey v. Champion, 2014 WL 1882758, at *4.

! There was no vendor/vendee relationship between Atwell and Riddick. In

the absences of such a relationship, “[a]n easement by estoppel may not be predicated

upon silence and passive acquiescence alone.” Smith v. Reid, 2015 WL 3895465, at

*7; see also Scott v. Cannon, 959 S.W.2d 712, 721 (Tex.App.)Austin 1998, no pet.)

(in absence of vendor/vendee relationship between the parties, passive acquiescence

“for no matter how long a period does not estop [the servient-estate owner] from

denying the [dominant-estate owner’s] claim of an easement by estoppel.”); Wilson

v. McGuffin, 749 S.W.2d at 610 (no duty to speak in non-vendor/vendee relationships

in the absence of fraud).

-34-
There is no evidence Riddick believed, or relied upon, Atwell’s alleged

representation. Riddick never testified he believed he had an easement to use the

roadway because of Atwell’s alleged representation. In the absence of evidence that

an alleged representation is believed, there is no easement by estoppel. See Storms,

579 S.W.2d at 452. There further is no evidence that Riddick relied to his detriment

because of Atwell’s purported silence or acquiescence. See id. (reliance is an element

of easement by estoppel). Although the trial court found Riddick relied on Atwell’s

alleged representation by “continuing to use” the roadway, CR101(FOF No.36), use

alone does not create an easement by estoppel. Erwin v. Ferris, 2011 WL 2638812,

at *7.

To prove reliance, Riddick was required to show he “expended moneys which

will be lost and valueless if the right to enjoy such easement is revoked.” F. J.

Harrison & Co. v. Boring & Kennard, 44 Tex. 255, 268 (1875). In this case, there is

no evidence that, in reliance on Atwell’s alleged silence or acquiescence, Riddick

expended any moneys that will be lost and valueless. See CR101(FOF No.36)

(referring to maintaining the roadway and “other things” Riddick supposedly did in

reliance on Atwell’s “representation.”).

-35-
The main trash dumpster, which is partially located on the roadway, was in that

location before Atwell and Riddick became neighbors. 3RR52.8/

 Further, Riddick did

not construct the concrete pad that supports truck activity at that dumpster during the

time he and Atwell were neighbors. 3RR39-40. And, although Riddick made repairs

and continued to maintain the roadway during the time he and Atwell were neighbors,

Riddick did not testify he did that work in reliance on Atwell’s alleged silence or

acquiescence. Instead, by his own admission, Riddick did that work because of

“damage caused by inclement weather and heavy truck use.” 3RR55.

In conclusion, no evidence supports the trial court’s findings that Atwell

represented that Riddick had an easement to use the roadway, that Riddick believed

any such representation, or that Riddick relied upon any such representation. See

CR101(FOF Nos.35, 36; COL No.6). The Court should sustain Issue No. 1, reverse

the trial court’s judgment, and render judgment declaring that Riddick does not have

an easement by estoppel on the roadway.

8/

 Accordingly, there is no evidence to support the trial court’s finding that Riddick “placed

the main trash dumpster” in its location. See CR101(FOF No. 32).

-36-
3. No easement was created by Mr. or Mrs. Yi during their

ownership of the Robinson property.

Atwell sold the Robinson property to Yong Bok Yi and his wife, Wha Seon Yi

(the Yis), on December 28, 1992. DX15. Mr. and Mrs. Yi were Riddick’s neighbors

from that date until they sold the property to Robinson on June 15, 1997. PX1;DX16. 

Just as with Atwell, there is no evidence Mr. or Mrs. Yi created an easement over the

roadway on their property. 

The Yis never represented to Riddick that he had an easement. Neither Mr. or

Mrs. Yi testified at trial, no one testified on their behalf, and Riddick did not testify

he ever communicated with the couple. In the absence of any representation of an

easement communicated to Riddick, there is no easement by estoppel. See Storms,

579 S.W.2d at 452.

Use of the roadway was presumed to be with the Yis’ permission. During the

time Robinson leased the property from the Yis, both Riddick and the Yis jointly used

the roadway. 2RR118. That testimony establishes, as a matter of law, that Riddick’s

use of the roadway was permissive as opposed to an easement to use the roadway. See

Callan v. Walters, 190 S.W. at 831-32. Use of the roadway by permission does not

support an easement by estoppel. See Martin v. Cockrell, 335 S.W.3d at 238–41.

The Yis’ silence or acquiescence did not constitute a representation that Riddick

had an easement because the Yis did not owe Riddick a duty. As with Atwell, the trial

-37-
court found the Yis “did not halt or preclude” Riddick from using the roadway and

that the Yis represented that Riddick had an easement by permitting “open and

obvious, frequent, and routine use” of the roadway. CR101(FOF Nos.38, 39). 

However, in the absence of duty, these findings do not, as a matter of law, give rise

to an easement by estoppel. Cf., Ins. Co. of N. Am. v. Morris, 981 S.W.2d at 674 (in

the absence of duty to disclose, failure to disclose does not constitute fraud). Any one

of the following reasons will support a holding that the Yis did not owe Riddick any

duty.

! There is no evidence the couple was aware that Riddick did not have an

easement to the roadway. See Storms, 579 S.W.2d at 452 & n.5.

! There is no evidence Riddick gave the couple notice his use was adverse. See

Callan v. Walters, 190 S.W. at 831-32. Because it is undisputed the roadway is jointly

used by the public, Riddick, and Robinson, 2RR99, 102-03, 113, 170, 172; 3RR20,

90, the law presumes the couple gave Riddick a license - - as opposed to an easement -

- to use the roadway. See id.

! As discussed in paragraph II(E)(2) of the Argument above, there is no

evidence Riddick was without the knowledge, or the means of acquiring it, of the facts

Riddick claims the couple misrepresented. See Wilson v. McGuffin, 749 S.W.2d at

611.

-38-
! As discussed in paragraph II(E)(2) of the Argument above, there is no

evidence Riddick used due diligence to ascertain the truth of the matters upon which

he purportedly relied in acting to his detriment, see Ramsey, 2014 WL 1882758, at *5.

! As discussed in paragraph II(E)(2) above, the evidence establishes that

Riddick had equal access to the facts, such as ownership of the property over which

the easement is claimed. See Storms, 579 S.W.2d at 452 & n.5; Ramsey v. Champion,

2014 WL 1882758, at *4.

! There is no evidence of a vendor/vendee relationship between the couple and

Riddick, see Smith v. Reid, 2015 WL 3895465, at *7.

There is no evidence Riddick believed, or relied upon, the Yis’ alleged

representation. Riddick never testified he believed he had an easement to use the

roadway because of the Yis’ alleged representation. In the absence of evidence that

an alleged representation is believed, there is no easement by estoppel. See Storms,

579 S.W.2d at 452. Further, as discussed in paragraph II(E)(2) of the Argument

above, there is no evidence Riddick relied to his detriment because of the Yis’

purported representation. See id. (reliance is an element of easement by estoppel). 

And, while the trial court found Riddick relied on the Yis’ alleged representation by

“continuing to use” the roadway, CR101(FOF No.39), use alone does not create an

easement by estoppel. Erwin v. Ferris, 2011 WL 2638812, at *7.

-39-
In conclusion, no evidence supports the trial court’s findings that the Yis

represented that Riddick had an easement to use the roadway, that Riddick believed

any such representation, or that Riddick relied on any such representation. See

CR101(FOF Nos.38, 39; COL No.6). The Court should sustain Issue No. 1, reverse

the trial court’s judgment, and render judgment declaring that Riddick does not have

an easement by estoppel on the roadway.

4. Robinson did not create any easement on the roadway.

Robinson purchased the property from Mr. and Mrs. Yi on June 15, 1997. PX1;

DX16. As with Atwell and the Yis, Robinson did not create any easement on the

roadway.

Robinson never represented to Riddick that he had an easement. Riddick

conceded he never had any oral communication with Robinson about the roadway

between the two properties. 3RR87. In the absence of any representation of an

easement communicated to Riddick, there is no easement by estoppel. See Storms,

579 S.W.2d at 452.

The parties’ joint use of the roadway was presumed to be with Robinson’s

permission. It is undisputed the public, Riddick and Robinson use the roadway. 

2RR99, 102-03, 113, 170, 172; 3RR20, 90. That testimony establishes, as a matter

of law, that Riddick’s use of the roadway was permissive as opposed to an easement

to use the roadway. See Callan v. Walters, 190 S.W. at 831-32. Use of the roadway

-40-
by permission does not support an easement by estoppel. See Martin v. Cockrell, 335

S.W.3d at 238–41.

Robinson’s silence or acquiescence did not constitute a representation that

Riddick had an easement because Robinson did not owe Riddick a duty. The trial

court found that Robinson represented Riddick had an easement by acquiescing to,

and by permitting, “open and obvious, frequent, and routine use” of the roadway. 

CR101(FOF Nos.47, 52, 58). However, in the absence of duty, these findings do

not, as a matter of law, give rise to an easement by estoppel. Cf., Ins. Co. of N. Am.

v. Morris, 981 S.W.2d at 674 (in the absence of duty to disclose, failure to disclose

does not constitute fraud). Any one of the following reasons will support a holding

that Robinson did not owe Riddick any duty.

! There is no evidence Robinson was aware Riddick did not have an easement

on the roadway. See Storms, 579 S.W.2d at 452 & n.5.

! As discussed in paragraph II(E)(2) of the Argument above, there is no

evidence Riddick gave Robinson notice his use was adverse. See Callan v. Walters,

190 S.W.2d at 832. Because it is undisputed the roadway is jointly used by the public,

Riddick, and Robinson, 2RR99, 102-03, 113, 170, 172; 3RR20, 90, the law presumes

Robinson gave Riddick a license - - as opposed to an easement - - to use the roadway. 

See id.

-41-
! As discussed in paragraph II(E)(2) of the Argument above, there is no

evidence Riddick was without the knowledge, or the means of acquiring it, of the facts

Riddick claims Robinson misrepresented. See Wilson v. McGuffin, 749 S.W.2d at

611.

! As discussed in paragraph II(E)(2) of the Argument above, there is no

evidence Riddick used due diligence to ascertain the truth of the matters upon which

he purportedly relied in acting to his detriment. See Ramsey, 2014 WL 1882758, at

*5.

! As discussed in paragraph II(E)(2) above, the evidence establishes Riddick

had equal access to the facts, such as ownership of the property over which the

easement is claimed. See Storms, 579 S.W.2d at 452 & n.5; Ramsey v. Champion,

2014 WL 1882758, at *4.

! There is no evidence Robinson acted fraudulently. See Wilson v. McGuffin,

749 S.W.2d at 610 (no duty to speak in non-vendor/vendee relationships in the

absence of fraud). Riddick admitted that, other than Robinson’s letter notifying him

that he was trespassing on Robinson’s property, Robinson never made any false or

fraudulent statements to him regarding the roadway. 3RR87.

! There is no evidence of a vendor/vendee relationship between Robinson and

Riddick, see Smith v. Reid, 2015 WL 3895465, at *7.

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There is no evidence Riddick believed, or relied upon, Robinson’s alleged

representation. Riddick never testified he believed he had an easement to use the

roadway because of Robinson’s alleged representation. In the absence of evidence

that an alleged representation is believed, there is no easement by estoppel. See

Storms, 579 S.W.2d at 452. Just as with its findings of Riddick’s reliance on Atwell’s

and the Yis’ alleged representations, the trial court found Riddick relied on

Robinson’s alleged representations by “continuing to use the roadway.” CR101(FOF

Nos.47, 52, 58). As explained above, use alone does not create an easement by

estoppel. Erwin v. Ferris, 2011 WL 2638812, at *7.

The trial court also found that Riddick relied by: (1) maintaining the roadway;

(2) placing the trash dumpster on part of the roadway; (3) constructing the concrete

pad; (4) improving and maintaining the head-in parking and the attached storage

spaces; (5) using the roadway for compliance with City Code requirements; and (6)

“other things” that were unspecified. CR101(FOF Nos.47, 48, 52, 58, 59). As

explained below, there is no evidence Riddick relied on any representations Robinson

allegedly made in doing the things the court found.

(1) Maintaining the roadway: By his own admission, Riddick did that work

because of “damage caused by inclement weather and heavy truck use.” 3RR55.

(2) Placing the dumpster on part of the roadway: The main trash dumpster

was in its location partially on the roadway when Riddick purchased the property. 

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3RR52. As for the recycle dumpster, Riddick admitted it was “required by the City

of San Antonio.” 3RR52.

(3) Constructing the concrete pad: By his own admission, Riddick installed

the concrete pad because he believed the roadway was public and, thus, he had

unfettered use of the roadway. 3RR41. He also conceded that because “we were the

ones entering onto the asphalt at the location of the dumpster . . . it was incumbent on

us to fix it[.]” 3RR41-42. As Riddick explained, the Waste Management trucks

regularly cause damage to everything. 3RR73. Therefore, it was necessary to build

the concrete pad to prevent damage caused by Waste Management trucks approaching

the dumpster, hitting the brakes, and emptying the dumpster, and its construction

eliminated the need for constant repair of the asphalt. 3RR75. Before the

construction of the pad, the damage to the asphalt “got so bad we had to repair it . . .

whenever it was in disrepair.” 3RR76. And, because the ground would get soft

during inclement weather, the pad eliminated the need for constant repair. 3RR75.

(4) Improving and maintaining the head-in parking and the attached

storage spaces: By his own admission, Riddick removed most of the storage units

because, “for whatever reason, [he] determined it was appropriate to [the] viability of

his apartment complex.” 3RR47. With respect to the head-in parking, Riddick did

not testify he improved it or that he maintained it.

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(5) Using the roadway for compliance with City Code requirements: This

finding on its face reveals Riddick used the roadway - - not because of any reliance

on Robinson’s alleged representation that he had an easement - - but to comply with

City Code requirements.

(6) Other things. There is no evidence that, aside from the things the trial

court specified in its findings, Riddick did any “other things” in reliance on any

representation by Robinson that Riddick had an easement on the roadway.

Lastly, Riddick’s testimony that, without an easement to use the roadway to

access the 25 head-in parking spaces, it would “be devastating to the value” of the

apartments and he would not be able to operate the apartment complex, 3RR26, is

immaterial. Moreover, this testimony ignores Robinson’s offer to allow Riddick use

of the roadway on her property in return for payment for that use. DX19-22.

In conclusion, no evidence supports the trial court’s findings that Robinson

represented that Riddick had an easement to use the roadway, that Riddick believed

any such representation, or that Riddick relied on any such representation. See

CR101(FOF Nos.47, 48, 52, 58, 59; COL No.6). The Court should sustain Issue No.

1, reverse the trial court’s judgment, and render judgment declaring Riddick does not

have an easement by estoppel.

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II. The judgment alternatively granting Riddick an easement by prescription

must be reversed.

The trial court’s judgment alternatively grants Riddick an easement by

prescription on the roadway in the event this Court should “determine there is legally

or factually insufficient evidence of any representation allowing Riddick to use the

roadway the subject of this lawsuit under the theory of easement by estoppel[.]” 

CR50(¶h). Accordingly, if the Court determines that the judgment granting Riddick

an easement by estoppel must be reversed for any other reason, then the Court need

not address Robinson’s Issue No. 2. If the Court reaches this issue, there is no

evidence to support an easement by prescription.

A. Applicable law.

To establish an easement by prescription, the claimant must show that his use

of another’s land was open, notorious, continuous, exclusive, and adverse for a period

of ten years. Brooks v. Jones, 578 S.W.2d at 673; Estate of Trevino, 2009 WL

891881, at *3. The party claiming an easement by prescription has the burden to

prove all the requisite elements, and the failure to establish any one element will

defeat the claim. Texas W. Ry. Co. v. Wilson, 83 Tex. 153, 156, 18 S.W. 325, 326

(1892); Estate of Trevino, 2009 WL 891881, at *3. 

For more than a century, the rule in Texas has been that “when a landowner and

the claimant of an easement both use the same way, the use by the claimant is not

-46-
exclusive of the owner’s use and therefore will not be considered adverse.” Brooks,

578 S.W.2d at 673. The rule originated in the case of Sassman v. Collins, where the

court held that “[t]he use of a way in common with others or the general public is not

sufficient to create a prescriptive right to such way[.]” 115 S.W. 337, 339

(Tex.Civ.App.1908, writ ref’d).9/

The rule has been followed without exception by the Texas Supreme Court and

by this Court. See, e.g., Brooks, 578 S.W.2d at 674 (holding there was no evidence

of exclusiveness of use where both the landowner and the claimant used the road in

furtherance of his own purposes); Vrazel v. Skrabanek, 725 S.W.2d 709, 711

(Tex.1987) (exclusivity not met when landowner and claimant both used the road);

RDG Partnership v. Long, 350 S.W.3d 262, 275 (Tex.App.)San Antonio 2011, no

pet.) (“both the Texas Supreme Court and this court continue to cite joint use as a

basis for rejecting a claim of easement by prescription.”). Most recently, the Texas

Supreme Court applied the century-old rule in an adverse possession case. See Tran

v. Macha, 213 S.W.3d 913, 914-15 (Tex.2006) (holding that, because the driveway

in question was jointly used by the adjoining landowners, such use “was not

inconsistent with or hostile to” the property owner’s rights of ownership).

9/

 Because Sassman is a “writ refused” opinion decided after 1892, it has the same

precedential value of a Texas Supreme Court opinion. State v. Clear Channel Outdoor, Inc., No.

01–11–00197–CV, 2012 WL 4465338, at *4 n. 3 (Tex.App.)Houston [1st Dist.] 2012), rev’d on

other grounds, No. 13-0053, 2015 WL 1870306 (Tex.April 24, 2015) (citing The Greenbook: Texas

Rules of Form app. E (Texas Law Review Ass’n ed., 12th ed.2010).

-47-
The reasoning behind the rule is simple. When the property is used by the

public or by the owner of the property, the easement claimant’s use is presumed to be

with the owner’s permission. Othen v. Rosier, 148 Tex. 485, 492, 226 S.W.2d 622,

627 (1950); see also Sassman, 115 S.W. at 340 (“[T]he use of the way by others is

presumed to be with the consent of the owner, and not adverse.”); O’Connor v. Gragg,

161 Tex. 273, 339 S.W.2d 878, 881 (1960) (permissive use of a way over land of

another contemporaneously with owner’s use of same way is not adverse); Weber v.

Chaney, 5 S.W.2d 213, 214 (Tex.App.)San Antonio 1928, writ ref’d) (use of roadway

by public and owner of servient estate and his family, employees, and tenants was

permissive and amounted to no adverse claim against the property owner).10/

B. Joint use of the roadway in this case is fatal to a prescriptive

easement.

In this case, it is undisputed that the public, Riddick and his predecessors, and

Robinson and her predecessors have jointly used the roadway since about 1960. 

2RR99, 102-03, 113, 170, 172; CT.EX.1(pp.14-16, 24); 3RR20, 90. This evidence

conclusively establishes that Riddick’s use is not exclusive of Robinson’s use and,

therefore, Riddick’s use is not adverse. See City of Keller, 168 S.W.3d at 816 (there

is “no evidence” when there is “conclusive evidence to the contrary”). “A legal

10/

 In its findings, the trial court assumed that Riddick, the apartments, and the tenants “did

not have implicit permission to use the Roadway.” CR101(62-63). Because that assumption is

contrary to the law, it is not supported by any evidence.

-48-
sufficiency challenge will be sustained when the record confirms ... the evidence

conclusively establishes the opposite of the vital fact.” Ford Motor Co. v. Castillo,

414 S.W.3d 616, 620 (Tex.2014).

Because there is no evidence of the elements of exclusivity and adversity, the

trial court erred in finding to the contrary. See CR101(FOF Nos. 62-63; COL No. 7). 

Should the Court reach Issue No. 2, the issue should be sustained and the judgment

alternatively granting Riddick a prescriptive easement should be reversed.

C. There is no evidence of hostility.

In addition to the foregoing reasons to reverse the judgment alternatively

declaring that Riddick has an easement by prescription, the judgment also may be

reversed because there is no evidence Riddick’s use of the roadway was hostile.

An easement claimant must prove the use is hostile and adverse. Othen, 148

Tex. at 492, 226 S.W.2d at 626; Estate of Trevino, 2009 WL 891881, at *3. The terms

“adverse” and “hostile” have long had specific legal meanings with reference to a

claim of taking of rights in another’s land by prescription or by adverse possession. 

Harrington v. Dawson-Conway Ranch, Ltd., 372 S.W.3d 711, 719

(Tex.App.)Eastland 2012, pet. denied). The adversity element requires a claimant to

assert a “claim of right” in the land in question for the requisite period. Werchan v.

Lakewood Estates Ass’n, No. 03-08-00417-CV, 2009 WL 2567937, at *5

(Tex.App.)Austin 2009, pet. denied).

-49-
To satisfy the requirement of an independent act of hostility, the easement

claimant must exclude, or attempt to exclude, all other persons, including the true

property owner, from using the property. Estate of Trevino, 2009 WL 891881, at *4; 

McClung v. Ayers, 352 S.W.3d 723, 728 (Tex.App.)Texarkana 2011, no pet.); Allen

v. Allen, 280 S.W.3d at 377-78; Mack v. Landry, 22 S.W.3d 524, 532

(Tex.App.)Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.). By statute, this is the same rule as in

adverse-possession cases. Under the Civil Practice and Remedies Code, adverse

possession requires “an actual and visible appropriation of real property, commenced

and continued under a claim of right that is inconsistent with and is hostile to the

claim of another person.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE § 16.021(1).

Just as in prescriptive-easement cases, the statute requires that “there must be

an intention to claim property as one’s own to the exclusion of all others[.]” Tran,

213 S.W.3d at 915; see also Schuhardt Consulting Profit Sharing Plan v. Double

Knobs Mt. Ranch, Inc., 426 S.W.3d 800, 808 (Tex.App.)San Antonio 2014, pet.

denied) (to satisfy hostility element, claimant must intend to claim the property as

one’s own to the exclusion of all others). The court in Tran applied the century-old

rule that joint use fails the exclusivity test and held that there was no adverse

possession of the driveway in question based, in part, on the lack of any evidence that

the neighbor claiming adverse possession of the driveway ever intended to exclude the

owner. 213 S.W.3d at 915.

-50-
In this case, there is no evidence that Riddick excluded, or attempted to exclude,

all other persons from using Robinson’s property. Rather, as Riddick himself

conceded, he never excluded anyone from using the roadway, nor has he ever tried to

change the use of the roadway by those who wanted to use it. 3RR88. And, Atwell’s

testimony that he considered the apartment tenant’s use of the roadway to be a “right,”

2RR170, is conclusory and no evidence. Statements without any evidentiary

foundation are purely speculative and conclusory. Total Clean, LLC v. Cox Smith

Matthews Inc., 330 S.W.3d 657, 667 (Tex.App.)San Antonio 2010, pet. denied). 

Conclusory testimony, even if uncontradicted, does not constitute legally sufficient

evidence. In re A.H., 414 S.W.3d 802, 807 (Tex.App.–San Antonio 2013, no pet.). 

D. Conclusion.

In conclusion, no evidence supports the trial court’s findings that Riddick had

an easement by prescription. See CR101(FOF Nos.62, 63). Accordingly, if the Court

reaches Issue No. 2, it should sustain the issue, reverse the trial court’s judgment

alternatively granting Riddick an easement by prescription, and render judgment

declaring that Riddick does not have an easement by prescription on the roadway on

Robinson’s property.

III. Riddick is not entitled to recover attorney’s fees.

-51-
Riddick sought recovery of his attorney’s fees under the Texas Declaratory

Judgments Act (TDJA). CR30(¶39, 40).11/

 The trial court’s judgment awards Riddick

attorney’s fees for trial and conditional fees for appeal. CR50(¶¶j, l). The judgment,

together with the trial court’s findings and conclusions, reflect that Riddick recovered

attorney’s fees under the TDJA. Id.; CR101(¶¶9, 11-12). However, even if this Court

were to affirm the trial court’s judgment awarding Riddick an easement by estoppel,

or, alternatively, an easement by prescription, Riddick is not entitled to recover

attorney’s fees as a matter of law.

The TDJA permits parties to obtain judicial declarations of their rights, status,

and legal relations under a statute, under contracts and other written agreements, or

when the sole issue concerning title to real property is the determination of the proper

boundary line between adjoining properties. TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM.CODE ANN. §

37.004(a). In any proceeding under the Act, “the court may award costs and

reasonable and necessary attorney’s fees as are equitable and just.” Id. § 37.009. This

case involves a purported common-law easement that does not fall within any of the

bases for recovery of attorney’s fees under the TDJA.

Recovery of attorney’s fees in easement cases under the TDJA is limited to

those instances involving the construction of a written agreement. See, e.g., Smith v.

11/

 Riddick also sought attorney’s fees “due to Robinson’s frivolous filing.” CR30(¶4). The

trial court’s judgment denied Riddick this relief, CR50(¶i), and Riddick has not appealed the

judgment.

-52-
Reid, 2015 WL 3895465, at *10 (recovery of attorney’s fees under TDJA is proper

where trial court found attorney’s fees were based on breach of express covenant);

Herring v. Bocquet, 933 S.W.2d 611, 612 (Tex.App.)San Antonio 1996) (affirming

judgment awarding attorney’s fees under the TDJA where legal interpretation and

construction of deed granting easement was at issue), rev’d on other grounds, 972

S.W.2d 19 (Tex.1998); Roberson v. City of Austin, 157 S.W.3d 130, 133

(Tex.App.)Austin 2005, no pet.) (TDJA available to determine validity of an

easement agreement).

In this case, Robinson timely filed a Motion to Modify, Correct, or Reform

Judgment asserting that Riddick is not entitled to recover attorney’s fees under the

TDJA. CR56(¶7). The motion was overruled by operation of law. See TEX.R.CIV.P.

329b(c). If the Court affirms the trial court’s judgment, the Court should nonetheless

sustain Issue No. 3, reverse the trial court’s judgment awarding Riddick trial and

conditional appellate attorney’s fees, and render judgment that Riddick take nothing

on his claim for attorney’s fees.

Alternatively, if the Court reverses the trial court’s declaratory judgment in

Riddick’s favor, then the Court may also reverse Riddick’s recovery of attorney’s fees

and render judgment that Riddick take nothing. After a declaratory judgment is

reversed on appeal, an award of attorney's fees may no longer be equitable and just. 

SAVA gumarska in kemijska industria d.d. v. Advanced Polymer Scis., Inc., 128

-53-
S.W.3d 304, 324 (Tex.App.–Dallas 2004, no pet.). When an appellate court reverses

a declaratory judgment, it may reverse an attorney’s fee award, but it is not required

to do so. Kachina Pipeline Co., Inc. v. Lillis, ___ S.W.3d ___, No. 13–0596, 2015

WL 3653272, at *___ (Tex.June 15, 2015).

Finally, in the further alternative, if the Court reverses the declaratory judgment

in Riddick’s favor, the parties’ claims for attorney’s fees should be remanded to the

trial court. See Grohman–Kahlig v. Kahlig, No. 04–07–00468–CV, 2008 WL

5377704, at *1 (Tex.App.)San Antonio 2008, no pet.) (mem. op.) (op. on rehg).

CONCLUSION AND PRAYER

For the reasons stated, the Court should reverse the trial court’s judgment

granting Riddick an easement by estoppel and render judgment declaring that Riddick

has no easement by estoppel. The trial court’s judgment alternatively granting

Riddick an easement by prescription should be reversed and judgment rendered that

Riddick take nothing. The trial court’s judgment granting Riddick his attorney’s fees

should be reversed and judgment rendered that Riddick take nothing, or, alternatively,

the parties’ attorney’s fees should be remanded for a new trial.

-54-
Respectfully submitted,

JOANN STOREY, P.C.

BY: /s/ JoAnn Storey

JoAnn Storey

State Bar No. 19315300

1005 Heights Boulevard

Houston, Texas 77008

Telephone: 713/529-0048

Facsimile: 713/529-2498

Email: storeyj@heightslaw.com

Counsel on appeal for appellant,

Kyu Im Robinson

CERTIFICATE OF COMPLIANCE

Relying on the word count function in the word processing software used to

produce this document, I certify that the number of words in this Appellants’ Brief is

13,553, excluding the following: captions, identity of parties and counsel, table of

contents, index of authorities, statement of the case, statement of issues presented,

signature, proof of service, certificate of compliance, and appendix

This brief complies with the typeface requirements of TRAP 9.4(e) because it

uses a conventional typeface no smaller than 14-point (WordPerfect X4 14-point

Times New Roman).

/s/ JoAnn Storey

JoAnn Storey

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE

On July 21, 2015, I sent a true and correct copy of the foregoing Appellant’s 

Brief via ProDoc® electronic filing to the following:

-55-
Gay Gueringer

Katherine J. Walters

RICHIE & GUERINGER, P.C.

112 E. Pecan St., Suite 1420

San Antonio, Texas 78205

Counsel for appellee, William P. Riddick,

Individually and as Trustee of the

Wm P. Riddick ) 76 Trust

/s/ JoAnn Storey

JoAnn Storey

-56-
APPENDIX

Final Judgment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab A

Amended Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tab B

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TAB A
50
51
52
53
TAB B
101
102
103
104
105
106
107
108
109