Filed 7/21/15 C.C. v. M.R. CA4/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

C.C.,

Respondent,

v.

M.R.,

Appellant.

 D066645

 (Super. Ct. No. DN133101)

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, Kelly C. 

Dowlan, Commissioner. Affirmed.

William J. Brown III for Appellant.

No appearance for Respondent.

M.R. (Father) appeals an order denying his application to modify a custody order 

involving his child, Enrique. Father argues it was an abuse of discretion to deny the 

request for modification because the court did not consider the best interests of Enrique 

when it denied Father's application, and also argues the court applied improper criteria or 

made incorrect legal assumptions when it denied his application.
2

I

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND1

In 2008, a court ordered that Father and C.C. (Mother) have joint legal custody of 

their child, Enrique, and provided Father with a visitation schedule. The court also 

ordered that neither parent move the residence of Enrique out of San Diego County

absent permission or a court order. However, in 2010, Mother moved to Mexico and 

took Enrique with her in violation of that order, and in 2011 Father obtained a Protective 

Custody Order ordering return of Enrique to San Diego County through the San Diego 

County District Attorney's Child Abduction Unit.

Father also apparently commenced a proceeding in Mexico under the Hague 

Convention on the Civil Aspects of International Child Abduction (the Hague 

Convention)2 seeking an order to return Enrique to the United States, but the court in 

 

1 Father has filed a request for judicial notice asking that we judicially notice nine 

items, the first six of which are pleadings filed in the underlying superior court action and 

the last three of which are partial transcripts of testimony from a federal court action. 

Although we grant Father's request for judicial notice of items one through six as 

pleadings filed in the present matter (Evid. Code, § 452, subd. (d)), we deny his request 

for judicial notice of items seven through nine (the partial trial transcripts) because Father 

cites nothing permitting us to judicially notice the truth of the testimony contained in 

those transcripts, and the law is to the contrary. (See, e.g., Bach v. McNelis (1989) 207 

Cal.App.3d 852, 864-865.) Accordingly, our factual recitation must disregard the 

purported "facts" contained in those transcripts.

2 See the Hague Convention, text and legal analysis, 51 Fed. Reg. 10494 (Mar. 26, 

1986); 22 USCA § 9001 et seq.
3

Mexico ruled against Father.3 While his appeal of that ruling was still pending in 

Mexico, Father filed the instant request seeking to modify the prior custody order and to 

obtain a new order granting him sole legal and physical custody of Enrique. The court 

denied the request, and instead confirmed all existing orders would remain in effect. 

When Father sought ex parte reconsideration of that ruling, the court denied the request, 

stating "Hague involved matter on appeal. Court questions jurisdiction." Father appeals 

the denial of his application for modification of the custody order, arguing it was an 

abuse of discretion to deny the request for modification.

II

ANALYSIS

A. Applicable Legal Standards

Custody Determinations

In a custody determination, the trial court has wide discretion to choose a 

parenting plan that is in the best interests of the child (In re Marriage of Burgess (1996) 

13 Cal.4th 25, 32), and examines all the circumstances bearing on the best interests of the 

child. (Burchard v. Garay (1986) 42 Cal.3d 531, 534.) The standard of appellate review 

of custody and visitation orders is the deferential abuse of discretion test, and we are 

required to uphold the ruling if it is correct on any basis, regardless of the basis actually 

invoked. (In re Marriage of Fajota (2014) 230 Cal.App.4th 1487, 1497.)

 

3 Father has not asked that we take judicial notice of the ruling in the Mexico 

proceeding. However, Father's declaration filed below concedes the court in Mexico 

conducted a lengthy trial and ruled against Father after determining Enrique had lived in 

Mexico for three years and was "old enough to decide where he wanted to live." 
4

Appellate Review

"[T]he cardinal rule of appellate review [is] that a judgment or order of the trial 

court is presumed correct and prejudicial error must be affirmatively shown." (Foust v. 

San Jose Construction Co., Inc. (2011) 198 Cal.App.4th 181, 187.) Accordingly, "[i]n 

the absence of a contrary showing in the record, all presumptions in favor of the trial 

court's action will be made by the appellate court. '[I]f any matters could have been 

presented to the court below which would have authorized the order complained of, it 

will be presumed that such matters were presented.' " (Bennett v. McCall (1993) 19 

Cal.App.4th 122, 127.) " 'A necessary corollary to this rule is that if the record is 

inadequate for meaningful review, the appellant defaults and the decision of the trial 

court should be affirmed.' " (Gee v. American Realty & Construction, Inc. (2002) 99 

Cal.App.4th 1412, 1416.) "Consequently, [appellant] has the burden of providing an 

adequate record. [Citation.] Failure to provide an adequate record on an issue requires 

that the issue be resolved against [appellant]." (Hernandez v. California Hospital 

Medical Center (2000) 78 Cal.App.4th 498, 502.)

Because "[a] ruling by a trial court is presumed correct" (Winograd v. American 

Broadcasting Co. (1998) 68 Cal.App.4th 624, 631), "[t]he burden of demonstrating error 

rests on the appellant." (Id. at p. 632.) That burden includes the obligation to present 

argument and pertinent legal authorities demonstrating error: " 'Appellate briefs must 

provide argument and legal authority for the positions taken. "When an appellant fails to 

raise a point, or asserts it but fails to support it with reasoned argument and citations to 

authority, we treat the point as waived." ' [Quoting Nelson v. Avondale Homeowners 
5

Assn. (2009) 172 Cal.App.4th 857, 862.] 'We are not bound to develop appellants'

arguments for them. [Citation.] The absence of cogent legal argument or citation to 

authority allows this court to treat the contention[s] as waived.' [Quoting In re Marriage 

of Falcone & Fyke (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 814, 830.]" (Cahill v. San Diego Gas & 

Electric Co. (2011) 194 Cal.App.4th 939, 956.) An appellant is not relieved of these 

burdens merely because, as here, the respondent has not filed a brief. (Kriegler v. Eichler 

Homes, Inc. (1969) 269 Cal.App.2d 224, 226-227.)

B. Analysis

Applying these applicable standards, Father has not affirmatively demonstrated the 

order declining to modify the existing custody order was erroneous. First, Father has not 

provided any reporter's transcript of the proceedings, and therefore cannot demonstrate 

what evidence was actually admitted at the hearing, much less that the evidence 

affirmatively demonstrates maintaining the existing custody order exceeded the bounds 

of reason. When an appellant challenges a ruling and alleges, as Father does here, that 

the ruling must be reversed for an abuse of discretion, the absence of an adequate record 

of the evidence submitted below is fatal to the argument on appeal. (See Wagner v. 

Wagner (2008) 162 Cal.App.4th 249, 259 [challenge alleging ruling was abuse of 

discretion "has been thwarted by [appellant's] failure to provide us with a transcript of the 

hearing on the motion . . . . The absence of a record concerning what actually occurred at 

the hearing precludes a determination that the court abused its discretion."]; accord, Vo v. 

Las Virgenes Municipal Water Dist. (2000) 79 Cal.App.4th 440, 448 ["The absence of a 

record concerning what actually occurred at the trial precludes a determination that the 
6

trial court abused its discretion."]; Nelson v. Anderson (1999) 72 Cal.App.4th 111, 136-

137.) "As the party challenging a discretionary ruling, [Father] had an affirmative 

obligation to provide an adequate record so that we could assess whether the court abused 

its discretion. [Citations.] Accordingly, [Father] has forfeited this argument on appeal." 

(Wagner v. Wagner, at p. 259.)

Even assuming Father had presented an adequate record of the proceedings below,

he has not affirmatively shown the ruling was erroneous. It appears at least one ground 

relied on by the trial court for declining to disturb the existing custody and visitation 

orders was the ruling in the Mexico proceedings under the Hague Convention, and the 

pending appeal of that ruling, which required the trial court to abstain from granting the 

requested relief. Because we presume correct a ruling by a trial court, placing on Father 

the burden of demonstrating error (Winograd v. American Broadcasting Co., supra, 68 

Cal.App.4th at pp. 631-632), Father must present argument and pertinent legal 

authorities demonstrating this conclusion to be erroneous. (Cahill v. San Diego Gas & 

Elec. Co., supra, 194 Cal.App.4th at p. 956.) Father's brief is entirely silent on his 

apparent claim that a California court, when faced with knowledge that there are pending 

Hague Convention proceedings not yet completed in another country, may nevertheless 

enter orders altering existing custody orders. Because appellate briefs must provide 

argument and legal authority for the positions taken, an appellant's failure either to raise a 

point or to support an essential argument with reasoned argument and citations to 

authority permits this court to treat the argument as waived. (Ibid.) Father has cited no 

authority showing the trial court below was empowered to enter an order altering existing 
7

custody orders despite the pending Hague Convention proceedings in Mexico, and we 

therefore may treat the argument as waived.

Moreover, we are aware of no authority that, after a foreign court (operating under 

the Hague Convention's provisions for children abducted in violation of a California joint 

custody order) concludes the child need not be returned to California, a California court 

may simply disregard that ruling. To the contrary, the law appears to be that the ruling of 

the Mexican court operating under the Hague Convention must be accorded 

"considerable deference," under the doctrine of comity. (Diorinou v. Mezitis (2d Cir. 

2001) 237 F.3d 133, 142; see Miller v. Miller (4th Cir. 2001) 240 F.3d 392, 400

[" 'comity is at the heart of the Hague Convention' "].) The absence of a record here 

precludes Father from showing that he demonstrated below any basis sufficient for the 

trial court to withhold comity in this case. That is particularly so because it was Father

who initiated the proceedings under the Hague Convention and now refuses to be bound 

by that result, and the record before us does not show the jurisdiction of the Mexican 

court was invalid, or that the specific procedures outlined by the Hague Convention were 

not followed with respect to his application, or that the apparent ground for the Mexican 

court ruling exceeded the limitations of the Hague Convention.4 Although Father may 

 

4 The court in Mexico apparently ruled against Father because Enrique had lived in 

Mexico for three years and was "old enough to decide where he wanted to live." (See fn. 

3, ante.) Both of those considerations are apparently proper grounds for determining the 

child should not be returned under the Hague Convention. (See Wojcik v. Wojcik (E.D. 

Mich. 1997) 959 F.Supp. 413, 420-421 [where more than one year had elapsed since 

abduction and children well settled in new country, court may properly refuse return, 

citing Hague Convention, article 12]; Gaudin v. Remis (9th Cir. 2005) 415 F.3d 1028, 
8

believe his rights were somehow violated by the Mexican court order, something more 

than the adverse ruling itself must be shown before a California court may disregard a 

foreign order otherwise validly rendered under the Hague Convention. (See Diorinou v. 

Mezitis, supra, 237 F.3d at p. 146.)

DISPOSITION

The order is affirmed. Father shall bear his own costs on appeal.

McDONALD, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

O'ROURKE, J.

AARON, J.

 

1037 [court "may properly refuse to order the return of the children . . . if it 'finds that the 

child[ren] object[ ] to being returned and ha[ve] attained an age and degree of maturity at 

which it is appropriate to take account of [their] views,' " citing Hague Convention, 

article 13, section 2]; accord, Escobar v. Flores (2010) 183 Cal.App.4th 737, 747-748.)