IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

STATE OF WASHINGTON,

Respondent,

v.

FRANK JOSEPH NELSON,

Appellant.

DIVISION ONE

No. 71852-5-1

UNPUBLISHED OPINION ^

FILED: July 20, 2015 e>

Dwyer, J. —Frank Nelson appeals from the judgment entered on a jury's

verdict finding him guilty oftrafficking in stolen property in the second degree.

Nelson contends that the statutorydefinition of "traffic" creates alternative means

of committing the offense of trafficking in stolen property. Thus, he asserts, the

State must adduce sufficient evidence on each of the alternative means in order

to sustain the conviction. He further asserts that the State failed to do so.

Nelson also contends that the trial court erred, violating his Fifth Amendment

rights, by allowing into evidence his answers to certain pre-Miranda1-warning

questions—posed by police officers—regarding his true identity. We reject

Nelson's contentions, concluding both that the statutory definition of "traffic" does

1Miranda v. Arizona. 384 U.S. 436, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966).
No. 71852-5-1/2

not create alternative means of committing the offense at issue and that Nelson's

Fifth Amendment rights were not violated. Consequently, we affirm.2

I

On January 22, 2014, Cam Ta reported that his blue-green and silverwhite Sedona Giant mountain bike had been stolen from outside of a grocery

store in Mill Creek. On January 31, Ta discovered a listing on Craigslist for a

Sedona Giant mountain bike with a description matching that of his stolen

bicycle. He informed the police. Everett Police Officer Maryjane Hacker

instructed Ta to call the telephone number provided on the listing, agree to

purchase the bicycle, and set up a buy. Ta called the provided telephone

number using his cell phone and agreed to purchase the bicycle from the

speaker—later identified as Nelson—for $120 at the Texaco gas station on 128th

Street, just outside of Everett, approximately 30 minutes after their conversation.

Ta arrived at the Texaco station in his vehicle, identified his bicycle, and called

Officer Hacker to relay the information. Hacker then arrived and made contact

with Nelson who was standing near the bicycle and talking on his cell phone.

Hacker then initiated the following conversation with Nelson:

Hacker: Is this your bike?

Nelson: No.

Hacker: Do you know whose bike this is?

Nelson: I think it might be someone inside the store.

Hacker: Are you sure this isn't your bike? Are you sure you're not

here to sell it?

Nelson: No, no, no, not me.

2 Nelson also submits a pro se statement of additional grounds pursuant to RAP 10.10.

He does not raise any new issues and, as such, does not establish an entitlement to appellate

relief.
No. 71852-5-1/3

Nelson then started walking away from Hacker, at which point

Officer Albright—one of the two officers Hacker had enlisted for back up—

started to approach Hacker and Nelson. Ta then "came barreling into the

parking lot, ... got out of his car and shouted That's my bike. That's my

bike. We got you. You're under arrest.'" Nelson responded by saying,

"No, no," and backing further away. Ta stated "that he was just on the

phone with him [Nelson]." Nelson then started to remove the battery from

his cell phone. OfficersAlbright and Hacker grabbed Nelson's hands, took

the cell phone, placed Nelson's hands in handcuffs, and sat him on

Hacker's patrol car's bumper. Hacker had Ta dial the seller's telephone

number. The cell phone that Hacker had just taken from Nelson rang, and

itwas Ta's telephone number on the screen. Hacker confirmed that the

bicycle was the one that Ta had reported stolen, returned it to Ta, and

arrested Nelson for trafficking in stolen property.

Priorto advising Nelson of his Miranda rights, Hacker asked Nelson

who he was. Nelson said that his name was Joseph Thomas Higgins, and

provided a date of birth. Hacker was unable to verify the provided name

as authenticthrough a records check. Hacker then "cautioned [Nelson]

about lying about who he was and told him that he would be committing a

separate crime of making false or misleading statements to a public

servant if he continued to try to deceive me [Hacker] about who he was."

Nelson said that he understood, was not lying, and that his name would be

in a California database. Hacker found a match for the name in California,
No. 71852-5-1/4

but the physical description associated with the name did not match

Nelson's physical appearance and Nelson could not confirm the California

address associated with the name.

Hacker then advised Nelson of his Miranda rights and proceeded to

ask Nelson about the bicycle. Nelson responded that he had bought it a

week ago from "Joe" for $100, but was now selling it because he needed

money. Nelson, however, would not, or could not, provide a last name or

a telephone number for "Joe."

Nelson was charged by information with trafficking in stolen property in the

second degree. Ajury returned a guilty verdict. Nelson was sentenced to 55

months of incarceration and ordered to pay various amounts of fines and

assessments. He now appeals.

II

Nelson contends that insufficient evidence was adduced at trial to sustain

a conviction for trafficking in stolen property in the second degree. This is so, he

asserts, because the statutory definition of "traffic" creates two alternative means

ofcommitting the offense. Hence, he urges, given that the jury was not required

to unanimously agree as to which means was proved, the State needed to

adduce sufficient evidence to prove both alternative means, and itdid not. We

disagree.

In Washington, a criminal defendant is entitled to a unanimous jury verdict.

Wash. Const, art. I, § 21: State v. Stephens, 93Wn.2d 186, 190, 607 P.2d 304

(1980) (citing State v. Badda. 63Wn.2d 176, 385 P.2d 859 (1963)).
No. 71852-5-1/5

This right may also include the right to a unanimous jury

determination as to the means by which the defendant committed

the crime when the defendant is charged with (and the jury is

instructed on) an alternative means crime. In reviewing this type of

challenge, courts apply the rule that when there is sufficient

evidence to support each of the alternative means of committing

the crime, express jury unanimity as to which means is not

required. If, however, there is insufficient evidence to support any

means, a particularized expression of jury unanimity is required.

State v. Owens. 180 Wn.2d 90, 95, 323 P.3d 1030 (2014):3 accord State v.

Ortega-Martinez, 124 Wn.2d 702, 707-08, 881 P.2d 231 (1994); In re Pers.

Restraint of Jeffries. 110 Wn.2d 326, 336-37, 752 P.2d 1338 (1988); State v.

Whitney. 108 Wn.2d 506, 507, 739 P.2d 1150 (1987); State v. Arndt, 87 Wn.2d.

374, 377, 553 P.2d 1328 (1976).

However, as we have previously stated, "The Washington Supreme Court

has rejected the application of this doctrine [sufficient evidence on each

alternative means] to 'means within means.'" State v. Al-Hamdani. 109 Wn. App.

599, 604, 36 P.3d 1103 (2001) (citing Jeffries, 110 Wn.2d 326). "[T]he

alternative means doctrine does not apply to mere definitional instructions; a

statutory definition does not create a 'means within a means.'" Owens, 180

Wn.2d at 96 (citing State v. Smith, 159 Wn.2d 778, 787, 154 P.3d 873 (2007));

accord. State v. Linehan, 147 Wn.2d 638, 646, 56 P.3d 542 (2002).

Further, the court in Owens held that RCW 9A.82.050(1) sets forth two

alternative means of trafficking in stolen property in the first degree:

3Washington law differsfrom federal law in this regard. In federal prosecutions, "jury

unanimity is notrequired as to the means by which a defendantcommits a crime, regardlessof

whether there is sufficient evidence to support each of the alternative means." Owens, 180

Wn.2d at 95 n.2.
No. 71852-5-1/6

(a) A person who knowingly initiates, organizes, plans, finances,

directs, manages, or supervises the theft of property for sale to

others, or

(b) who knowingly traffics in stolen property

See 180 Wn.2d at 99-100. By interpreting "traffics in stolen property" as setting

forth a single alternative means, the court in Owens implicitly repudiated the

notion that the definition of "traffic" creates yet additional alternative means.

The statute defining trafficking in stolen property in the second degree

provides that: "A person who recklessly traffics in stolen property is guilty of

trafficking in stolen property in the second degree." RCW 9A.82.055. This

provision sets forth only one means of committing the offense.

The due process clauses ofthe federal and state constitutions, U.S.

Const, amend. XIV; Wash. Const, art. I, § 3, require that the State prove each

element of a crime beyond a reasonable doubt. Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530

U.S. 466, 476-77, 120 S. Ct. 2348, 147 L. Ed. 2d 435 (2000). "[T]he critical

inquiry on review of the sufficiency of the evidence to support a criminal

conviction must be ... to determine whether the record evidence could

reasonably support a finding of guilt beyond a reasonable doubt." Jackson v.

Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318, 99 S. Ct. 2781, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). "[T]he

relevant question is whether, after viewing the evidence in the light most

favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier offact could havefound the

essential elements ofthe crime beyond a reasonable doubt." Jackson, 443 U.S.

at 319.

Aclaim ofevidentiary insufficiency admits the truth ofthe State's evidence

and all reasonable inferencesfrom that evidence. State v. Kintz, 169 Wn.2d 537,
No. 71852-5-1/7

551, 238 P.3d 470 (2010); State v. Salinas. 119 Wn.2d 192, 201, 829 P.2d 1068

(1992). Circumstantial evidence and direct evidence can be equally reliable.

State v. Delmarter, 94 Wn.2d 634, 638, 618 P.2d 99 (1980). We defer to the jury

on questions of conflicting testimony, credibility of witnesses, and the

persuasiveness of the evidence. State v. Killingsworth, 166Wn. App. 283, 287,

269P.3d 1064(2012).

To authorize the jury's verdict the State needed to adduce sufficient

evidence that Nelson "trafficked in stolen property." Jury Instruction 5. The jury

was instructed that "[t]o 'traffic' means to sell, transfer, distribute, dispense, or

otherwise dispose of stolen property of another person, or to buy, receive,

possess, or obtain stolen property, with intent to sell, transfer, distribute,

dispense, or otherwise dispose ofthe property to another person." Jury

Instruction 6.

Nelson had possession ofTa's stolen bike, and he intended to sell that

bike, as evidenced through his Craigslist ad and subsequent planned sale to Ta.

As to whether the bike was, in fact, stolen, the jury was convinced that it was and

we defer tothe jury on questions ofconflicting testimony, credibility ofwitnesses,

and the persuasiveness of the evidence. Killingsworth, 166 Wn. App. at 287.

Viewed in the light most favorable tothe State, sufficient evidence was adduced

that Nelson "trafficked in stolen property."

Ill

Nelson contends that Officer Hacker's repeated questioning as to his real

name violated his Fifth Amendment rights. This is so, he asserts, because the

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No. 71852-5-1/8

questioning was not performed during the booking process but, rather, during a

field investigation. Further, Hacker advised Nelson that, in addition to trafficking

in stolen property, he could be arrested for making false statements. Thus,

Nelson avers that Hacker should have known that questioning Nelson about his

real name would have led to an incriminating answer. We disagree.

To determine if police engaged in "interrogation" for Miranda purposes,

"we defer to the trial court's findings of fact but review its legal conclusions from

those findings de novo." In re Pers. Restraint of Cross, 180 Wn.2d 664, 681, 327

P.3d 660 (2014) (citing United States v. Poole, 794 F.2d 462, 465 (9th Cir.1986)).

The Fifth Amendment's protection against self-incrimination includes the

right to be informed of one's rights before a custodial interrogation takes place.

Miranda v. Arizona, 384 U.S. 436, 444, 86 S. Ct. 1602, 16 L. Ed. 2d 694 (1966);

State v. Lavaris, 99 Wn.2d 851, 856-57, 664 P.2d 1234 (1983). Statements

obtained in response to a custodial interrogation are inadmissible if not preceded

by proper warnings. Miranda, 384 U.S. at 444; Lavaris, 99 Wn.2d at 856-57.

These warnings include the person's "right to remain silent, that any statement

he does make may be used as evidence against him, and that he has a right to

the presence ofan attorney, either retained or appointed." Miranda, 384 U.S. at

444. However, not all custodial statements are a product of interrogation. Rhode

Island v. Innis, 446 U.S. 291, 299, 100 S. Ct. 1682, 64 L. Ed. 2d 297 (1980). For

a statement to fall within Miranda's purview, it must be made in response to

interrogation. Innis, 446 U.S. at 299. "'[interrogation' under Miranda refers not

only to express questioning, but also to anywords or actions on the part ofthe

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No. 71852-5-1/9

police (other than those normally attendant to arrest and custody) that the police

should know are reasonably likely to elicit an incriminating response from the

suspect." Innis, 446 U.S. at 301. This exception for words or actions on the part

of the police that are "normally attendant to arrest and custody," Innis, 466 U.S.

at 301, is known as the routine booking procedure exception. United States v.

Mata-Abundiz, 717 F.2d 1277, 1280 (9th Cir. 1983).

Application of the routine booking procedure exception to the Miranda rule

does not depend upon the nature of the procedure during which the question is

asked but, rather, it depends upon the nature of the question. State v. Sargent,

111 Wn.2d 641, 651, 762 P.2d 1127 (1988). A police request for "routine

information necessary for basic identification purposes is not interrogation under

Miranda, even ifthe information turns out to be incriminating." United States v.

McLaughlin. 777 F.2d 388, 391 (8th Cir. 1985): accord State v. Walton, 64 Wn.

App. 410, 414, 824 P.2d 533 (1992). abrogated on other grounds by In re Cross,

180 Wn.2d 664. "Only ifthe government agent should reasonably be aware that

the information sought... is directly relevant to the substantive offense charged,

will the questioning be subject to scrutiny." McLaughlin, 777 F.2d at 391-92.

The contested questioning herein concerned Nelson's true name, which is

indisputably "routine information necessary for basic identification." McLaughlin,

777 F.2d at 391. Thus, it falls under the booking exception, as the nature of the

question is one requesting routine information, despite the fact that the

questioning was performed in the field. Further, the substantive offense charged
No. 71852-5-1/10

was trafficking in stolen property, to which Nelson's identity is not directly

relevant. As such, the questioning about his name is not a ground for reversal.

Nelson relies on Timbers v. Commonwealth, 28 Va. App. 187, 199, 503

S.E.2d 233 (1998), to contend that because Hacker advised him that itwas a

crime to make false statements, and subsequently arrested him for making false

statements,4 Hacker's questions were necessarily part of a criminal investigation.

Thus, Nelson maintains that the questions fell outside of the booking exception

as they were designed to obtain incriminating information. However, the Virginia

Court of Appeals clarified Timbers in its later decision inWatts v.

Commonwealth, 38 Va. App. 206, 562 S.E.2d 699 (2002). In Watts, the Virginia

Court ofAppeals stated that "[the officer's] inquiries to Timbers [about her name]

constituted [an] interrogation in violation of Miranda because the officer was

clearly investigating a prior criminal act [the signing of an official document with a

false name] and intended to elicit an incriminating response from Timbers."

Watts, 38 Va. App. at 220.

Here, the prior criminal act being investigated was that oftrafficking in

stolen property. The warning ofthe potential for criminal charges for making

false statements was contemporaneous with the false statements and tangential

to the substantive offense of trafficking in stolen property. It is a stretch to

imagine that when a law enforcement officer isinvestigating a separate crime, is

4 In herpolice report, Officer Hacker statesthat she arrested Nelson for trafficking in

stolen property and, later, arrested him again for making false statements toa police officer.

Obviously, this is not correct. Nelson wasarrested once. There was, as a factual matter, no

"rearrest."

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No. 71852-5-1/11

trying to obtain an individual's name, and advises the individual that it is a crime

to make false statements, that the officer may no longer inquire into the person's

name without first announcing the Miranda rights. Such is not the law.

Affirmed. c—•

We concur:

JjP^^o^V.JUs

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