# Patent

## Title
Cyclic redundancy check circuit for use with self-synchronous scramblers

## Abstract

The present invention provides a circuit for detecting and correcting errors in a bit stream. At least two logic gates receive inputs from a plurality of circuit elements. The plurality of circuit elements are coupled to receive and store a portion of a bit stream. At the end of a CRC error detection division operation, each circuit element corresponds to a bit in a bit error pattern syndrome and the logic gates determine if the contents of the circuit elements match specific bit error patterns. The circuit causes the state of at least one bit in the bit stream to change if the contents of the plurality of circuit elements match one of the specific bit patterns. The circuit is advantageous in that it may detect single bit errors, and double bit errors that may be caused by error duplication characteristic of a scrambler.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/147,880, filed on May 20, 2002 now abandoned, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.


FIELD OF INVENTION
This invention relates to the error detection and correction by a 16-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC-16) generation circuit.
BACKGROUND TO THE INVENTION
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) is an important aspect in the error-detecting capabilities of many protocols, such as the Ethernet local area network, protocol. CRC provides a number of bits (usually 16 or 32) generated from, and appended to the end of, a block of data to provide error detection. A message receiver generates a CRC from the block of data and compares it to the CRC appended to the received message. If the appended CRC matches the generated CRC, then there is a high probability that the received message has not been corrupted.
One standard 16-bit generator polynomial is represented by x16+x12+x5+1. The polynomial represents the binary number 10001000000100001—a one bit is in positions 16, 12, 5, and 0. The CRC is the remainder after binary (modulo 2) division of the message by the generator polynomial. For Ethernet CRC, the 32-bit generator polynomial is represented by x32+x26+x23+x22+x16+x12+x11+x10+x8+x7+x5+x4+x2+x+1. Typically, a 16-bit CRC generator polynomial is used with messages of less than 4 Kbytes. A 32-bit CRC generator is used for messages up to 64 kbytes in length.
The CRC is usually performed by the data link protocol and a calculated CRC is appended to the end of the data link layer frame. The CRC is calculated by performing a modulo 2 division of the data by a generator polynomial and recording the remainder after division.
Although this division may be performed in software, it is commonly performed using a shift register and exclusive or X-OR gates. The hardware solution for implementing a CRC is much simpler than a software approach. The CRC-16 is able to detect all single errors, all double errors, and all errors with bursts less than 16 bits in length. The previously-standardized CRC-16 generator polynomials can also detect all odd numbers of errors, at the expense of less detection capability for even numbers of errors.
On an aside, the CRC is the only field which is by convention sent most significant bit first. To further clarify, the first bit of the CRC-16 to be sent is the bit corresponding to position 16 in the CRC field, the most significant bit (MSB), and the last bit being the bit corresponding to position 0 in CRC field, the least significant bit (LSB).
As previously mentioned, CRC is pervasive throughout most data traffic. Recently, a protocol, known as the Generic Framing Procedure (GFP), utilizes a CRC-16 for error detection and correction in the frame header and payload. GFP also utilizes an X43+1 slef-synchronous scrambler, for receiver synchronization protection. The GFP protocol has recently been standardized by the International Telecommunications Union-Telecommunications (ITU-T) as Recommendation G.7041.
To date, GFP has been implemented as a generic mechanism to adapt traffic from higher-layer signals over a synchronous transport network. There are two types of GFP, the frame-mapped GFP and the transparent GFP. The frame-mapped GFP enables a signal frame to be received and mapped in its entirety into one or more GFP frames. The transparent GFP mapping involves decoding block-coded signal frames and then mapping the decoded signal frames into a fixed-length GFP frame, having only received a block-coded version of the signal frame.
Prior to transmitting a GFP frame, the payload portion of the GFP frame is normally scrambled. Frames are scrambled to protect a user from other malicious users who may try to cause loss of receiver synchronization at the physical layer. For the SONET/SDH protocol (Synchronous Optical Network/Synchronous Digital Hierarchy), self-synchronized scramblers are utilized to create more physical layer transitions to aid timing recovery at the receiver. The frame-synchronized scrambler was added to make it much more difficult for a malicious user to defeat the effects of the frame synchronous scrambler.
A frame-synchronized scrambler is one in which the transmitted data is exclusive-ORed bit-by-bit with the output of a pseudo-random sequence generator with the sequence generator being reset to a known state at the beginning of every frame. The frame-synchronized scramblers are very effective in increasing the transition density to an acceptable level for typical traffic. One drawback of a frame-synchronized scrambler is that it is a known, relatively short (27−1) pseudo-random sequence and it is possible for a malicious subscriber to attempt to mimic this pattern within the data he sends. The result is that if the subscriber data lines up with the SONET/SDH scrambler correctly, a long string can occur with no transitions, which in turn can cause the receiver to fail. The phenomenon was observed with early ATM and POS systems and was addressed from the outset with GFP. The solution used for each of these three protocols is a self-synchronous scrambler over the payload region of the cell/frame.
A self-synchronous scrambler is one in which the data is exclusive-ORed with a delayed version of itself on a bit-by-bit basis. The specific scrambler used for ATM, POS, and GFP exclusive-ORs the input data with scrambler output data after a 43 bit delay termed the scrambler polynomial. The descrambler reverses the process by multiplying the received signal by the same scrambler polynomial. The advantage to such a scrambler in this application is that it is very hard for a malicious user to duplicate due to its never having a known reset point. The value of the scrambler state is a function of the previous data rather than the position of the data within the SONET/SDH frame. The drawback to a self-synchronous scrambler is that any errors occurring on the transmission channel will be duplicated 43 bits later by the descrambler. As a result, an error check code over the data will have to deal with twice the bit error rate as that experienced by the transmission channel.
The duplicated bit error, hereinafter termed the “double bit error”, requires that the decoded CRC detect the double bit errors, as well as any single bit errors, without compromising the probability of detection. In view of aforementioned shortcomings of the self-synchronous scrambler, the present invention seeks to provide a circuit for detecting and correcting both single bit errors and double bit errors based on a plurality of conditions being met. The present invention further seeks to provide a probability of error detection that is equivalent to the probability of error detection had the double errors not been introduced by the descrambler.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a circuit for detecting and correcting errors in a bit stream. The circuit consist of a plurality of circuit elements, an least operation circuit means, and at least two logic gates. The logic gates receive inputs from the plurality of circuit elements. The plurality of circuit elements are coupled to receive and store a portion of a bit stream. The operation circuit elements perform bitwise operations on the contents of at least two of the circuit elements. The bitwise operations are dictated by a CRC polynomial and are used to perform the CRC error detection division operation. At the end of the division process for the data to be checked, each circuit element corresponds to a bit in a bit error pattern syndrome, the logic gates determine if the contents of the circuit elements match specific bit error patterns. The circuit causes the state of at least one bit in the bit stream to change if the contents of the plurality of circuit elements match one of the specific bit patterns.
The present invention is advantageous in that it may detect single bit errors, and double bits errors which may be caused by error duplication characteristic of a scrambler. The circuit utilizes a minimum of logic gates, two AND gates to provide the error detection and correction not known in the prior art.
In a first aspect, the present invention provides a circuit for detecting and correcting errors in a bit stream, the circuit including at least two logical gates that determine if at least one of a plurality of conditions is present, each one of said plurality of conditions indicating at least one error in said bit stream and activating at least one of the at least two logical gates to change the state of a specific bit in said bit stream.
In a second aspect, the present invention provides a circuit for detecting and correcting errors in a bit stream, said circuit comprising:

    
    
        a plurality of bit circuit elements coupled to receive and store said bit stream, each bit circuit element corresponding to a specific bit in a bit pattern;
        at least one operation circuit element for performing operations between contents of at least two of said bit circuit elements; and
        at least two logic gates for determining if contents of said bit circuit elements match specific bit patterns at least one of said at least two logic gate receiving inputs from said bit circuit elements;
        wherein an output of said circuit causes a state of at least one bit in said bit stream to change if contents of said bit circuit elements match at least one of said plurality of specific bit patterns; and
        wherein said bit patterns correspond to errors that have occurred in the transmitted data.
    
    


In a third aspect, the present invention provides a circuit for detecting errors in a bit stream, the circuit comprising:

    
    
        operation means for performing bitwise operations between at least a portion of said bit stream and a bit pattern derived from said bit stream; and
        detection means for detecting if a bitwise operation between at least a portion of said bit stream and said bit pattern derived from said bit stream produces a result indicating at least one error in said bit stream;
        wherein said operation means implements a bitwise operation corresponding to

B(x)=Rem(D(x)/G(x))
        
            where D(x) is said at least a first portion of said bit stream;
            
                G(x) is said bit pattern derived from said bit stream; and
                B(x) is a remainder of a division operation between D(x) and G(x);
            
            
        
        
        such that said detection means detects when B(x) does not equal 0.
    
    





BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will now be described with reference to the drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates a known self-synchronous scrambler and descrambler;
FIG. 2 illustrates a known x43+1 self-synchronous scrambler;
FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of a first circuit for detecting and correcting single and double bit errors according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic representation of a second circuit for detecting and correcting single and double bit errors according to the present invention; and
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a circuit for an 8-bit wide parallel implementation according to the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 illustrates both a xn+1 self-synchronous scrambler 10 and descrambler 20 as discussed in the background to the invention. As previously explained, the xn+1 scrambler 10 receives data in the form of a bit stream at the input 30. The data is exclusive-ORed 40 with a delayed version of itself. The delayed bits are illustrated as bit circuit elements, D1, D2, . . . Dn. The scrambled data is output at 50 by the exclusive-OR operation after an n-bit delay. The scrambler operation is expressed as an xn+1 polynomial.
In FIG. 1, the xn+1 descrambler 20 performs the reverse operation from the scrambler 20. The descrambler 20 multiplies the received data at the input 60 by the same scrambler polynomial. The descrambler outputs the descrambled data 70 serially after the first set of n bits have been received.
FIG. 2 illustrates a x43+1 self-sychronous scrambler 100 of the prior art. As shown in the xn+1 descrambler of FIG. 1, the x43+1 self-sychronous scrambler 100 multiplies the received input bit stream by the scrambler polynomial, x43+1. The drawback of the self-sychronous scrambler, in general, is that any errors occurring on the transmission channel will be duplicated n bits later in the bit stream. In the case of the x43+1 self-sychronous scrambler, any errors are duplicated 43 bits later by the descrambler 100. A single-bit error is illustrated in a possible output bit stream 120, whereas a double-bit error is shown in another possible output bit stream 130. While the descrambler 100 does duplicate any bit errors, a double bit error may not be output within the same data block, or data frame, of descrambled bits. In other words, the first error may be in a preceding data block while the double error is part of the next data block. Furthermore, while it is possible to have double bit errors within a common data block, it is further possible to have triple errors due to bit error placement within the data block. To clarify, in a given data block there may be an error and a duplicate error and in addition, another bit error may occur due to boundary cases. Boundary cases involve triple bit errors from a preceding or successive block, where bit errors from a preceding block are extend across frames into a preceding/successive block. These triple errors, while random, are detectable by the CRC-16.
Accordingly, the present invention provides a circuit for implementing a CRC-16 polynomial for triple bit error detection with improved single bit error and double bit error detection after descrambling.
FIG. 3 illustrates a circuit 200 for detecting and correcting single and double bit errors according to a first embodiment of the present invention. The first embodiment is intended for an initial proposed transparent GFP superblock CRC-16. The circuit 200 consists of a plurality of bit circuit elements D1, D2, D3, D4, D5, D6, D7, D8, D9, D10, D11, D12, D13, D14, D15, D16, two logic AND gates 210, 220, an OR gate 230, and a plurality of input bit stream circuit elements D1, D2, . . . , D493, D494, . . . , D536, as shown in FIG. 3. The bit circuit elements may be implemented as bit registers, or other circuit elements such as flip-flops or transistors. The CRC polynomial implemented in the circuit 200 is G(x)=x16+x15+x14+x12+x10+x8+x7+x4+x3+x+1.
According to the circuit 200 of FIG. 3, the input stream is a GFP superblock, essentially a 536 bit block, which is input into circuit elements D1 through D536. On a bit-by-bit basis, the D1 through D16 bit circuit elements receive input from the input stream. The circuit elements are coupled to operation circuit elements 240A, 240B, . . . , 240H, 240I, which provide bitwise operations dictated by the G(x). The first AND gate 210 receives inputs from bits resulting from bitwise operations between specific selected bits. If the bits at the first AND gate 210 inputs match a predetermined bit pattern then the AND gate 210 is activated. Similarly, the second AND gate 220 receives inputs from bits resulting from bitwise operations between selected bits, specific to the second AND gate 220. If the bits at the second AND gate 220 inputs match a predetermined bit pattern then the AND gate 220 is activated. The OR gate 230 receives an input from both first AND gate 210 and the second gate 220. The OR gate is activated by a predetermined output from either or both AND gates 210 and 220. Upon activation, the OR gate 230 changes a specific bit in the bit stream. In this case, the OR gate 230 would invert the first bit, stored in the D536 circuit element, to correct the single error. If a positive output is derived from the second AND gate 220, then a double error has been detected and the bit located 43 bits behind at D493 is inverted.
The circuit operation may be expressed as the following equation:

B(x)=Rem(D(x)/G(x)

    
    
        where D(x) is said at least a portion of the 536 bit block;
        G(x) is a bit pattern derived from the bit stream according to the polynomial;
        B(x) is a remainder of a division operation between D(x) and G(x); and
        Rem is the remainder from the modulo division of D(x) by G(x);

such that the circuit detects when B(x) does not equal 0.

    
    


The operation may be designed as a nested IF/THEN loop

    
    
        If Rem (D(x)/G(x))=a double bit error pattern then flip bit 1 AND flip the bit which is n bits behind bit 1
        If Rem (D(x)/G(x))=a single bit error pattern then flip bit 1.
        where n is derived from the scrambler polynomial, Xn+1.
    
    


According to an embodiment of the present invention, n may be 43 if the X43+1 scrambler polynomial is utilized in conjunction with the circuitry of the present invention.
In FIG. 3, the CRC-16 polynomial G(x) dictate the bitwise operation over the 536 bit GFP superblock. According to limitations of the CRC-16 error detection, the best possible error detection capability of the CRC-16 polynomial is triple error detection. With triple error detection capability, single error correction is also possible. In order to preserve the triple error detecting capability, the CRC-16 generator polynomial must have no common factors with the payload scrambler polynomial. The x43+1 payload scrambler polynomial factors into:

x43+1=(x+1)(x14+x11+x10+x9+x8+x7+x6+x5+x4+x3+1)(x14+x12+x10+x7+x4+x2+1)(x14+x13+x11+x7+x3+x+1)

All of the known standard CRC-16 generator polynomials, have x+1 as a factor, and would therefore suffer degraded performance due to duplicate errors. In order to also provide double error detecting capability the CRC generator polynomial must have a factor that is a primitive polynomial with a degree of at least 10. To further provide a triple bit error detection, a CRC-16 generator polynomial with triple error detection capability was utilized. According to the present invention, it was determined that various CRC-16 generator polynomials met both the double error detection and the no common scrambler factors criteria. The CRC polynomial G(x) of FIG. 3, and that of FIG. 4, are examples of CRC polynomials which met the above criteria.
As explained in the background, each single transmission error will result in either one or two superblock errors in the descrambled data. Due to the feedback tap on the x43+1 descrambler, a second error is always created exactly 43 bit after the bit affected by the transmission bit error. If both of these errors fall within the data of the same superblock, then the CRC-16 must cope with two errors. It is possible, however, for the two errors to occur around a superblock boundary where one of the errors appears in each superblock. Errors occurring at boundaries is discussed in detail in a technical paper T1X1.5/2001-094, “Impact of x43+1 Scrambler on the Error Detection Capabilities of Ethernet CRC,” standards contribution from Norival Figueira, Nortel Networks, March 2001, which incorporated herein by reference. A more rigorous theoretical analysis is to be found in “Analysis of the Interaction Between CRC Error Detecting Polynomials and Self-Synchronous Payload Scramblers”, Steven S. Gorshe, PhD Dissertation, Oregon State University, USA, 2002.
In general, single error correction is possible with a linear cyclic code as long as each possible error pattern leads to a unique syndrome at the decoder. For a CRC, the syndrome created by the bit error pattern is the remainder calculated in the division of the data block by the CRC generator polynomial. A remainder other than zero indicates the presence of an error. In order to preserve the capability of correcting single transmission errors, the syndromes (remainders) must be unique for each possible single error and 43-bit-spaced double error pattern. The unique syndromes allow the decoder to know the original error pattern, which is what makes the correction possible. For each of the CRC-16 polynomials that met the above triple error detecting criteria, bit error patterns were calculated for each possible single error and 43-bit-spaced double errors.
The following are the single-bit error patterns and double-bit error patterns which met the following criteria.
According to FIG. 3, single-bit error patterns and double-bit error patterns are detected by the first and second AND gates to determine whether single-bit errors and double-bit errors have occurred.
The single-bit error patterns (Syndrome A) and the double bit patterns (Syndrome B) are as follows:
Syndrome A


    0000000000000001
    0000000000000010
    0000000000000100
    0000000000001000
    0000000000010000
    0000000000100000
    0000000001000000
    0000000010000000
    0000000100000000
    0000001000000000
    0000010000000000
    0000100000000000
    0001000000000000
    0010000000000000
    0100000000000000
    1000000000000000
    1001010000011111
    1011110000100001
    1110110001011101
    0100110010100101
    1001100101001010
    1010011010001011
    1101100100001001
    0010011000001101
    0100110000011010
    1001100000110100
    1010010001110111
    1101110011110001
    0010110111111101
    0101101111111010
    1011011111110100
    1111101111110111
    0110001111110001
    1100011111100010
    0001101111011011
    0011011110110110
    1101111011011000
    0010100110101111
    0101001101011110
    1010011010111100
    1101100101100111
    0010011011010001
    0100011011010001
    0100110110100010
    1001101101000100
    1010001010010111
    1101000100010001
    0011011001111101
    0110110011111010
    1101100111110100
    0010011111110111
    1100001101010001
    0001001010111101
    0010010101111010
    0100101011110100
    1001010111101000
    1011111111001111
    1110101110000001
    0100001100011101
    1000011000111010
    1001100001101011
    1010010011001001
    1101110110001101
    0010111100000101
    0101111000001010
    1011110000010100
    1110110000110111
    0100110001110001
    1001100011100010
    1010010111011011
    1101111110101001
    0101011010011010
    1010110100110100
    1100111001110111
    0000100011110001
    0001000111100010
    0010001111000100
    0100011110001000
    1000111100010000
    1000010100011111
    1000000001100001
    1001010011011101
    1011110110100101
    1110111101010101
    0100101010110101
    1011111011001011
    1110100110001001
    0100011100001101
    1000111000011010
    1000100000101011
    1000010001001001
    1001110010001101
    1010110100000101
    1100111000010101
    0000100000110101
    0001000001101010
    0010000011010100
    0100000110101000
    1001001010111111
    1011000101100001
    1111011011011101
    0111100110100101
    0111100110100101
    1111001101001010
    0111001010001011
    1110010100010110
    0101111000110011
    1011110001100110
    1110110011010011
    0100110110111001
    1001101101110010
    1010001011111011
    1101000111101001
    0110111110011010
    1101111100110100
    0010101001110111
    0101010011101110
    1010100111011100
    1100011110100111
    0101010011101110
    1010100111011100
    1100011110100111
    0001101101010001
    0011011010100010
    0010000100001111
    0100001000011110
    1000010000111100
    1001110001100111
    1010110011010001
    1100110110111101
    0000111101100101
    0001111011001010
    0011110110010100
    0111101100101000
    1111011001010000
    0111100010111111
    1111000101111110
    0111011011100011
    1110110111000110
    0100111110010011
    1001111100100110
    1010101001010011
    1100000010111001
    0001010101101101
    0101010110110100
    1010101101101000
    1100001011001111
    0001000110000001
    0010000110000010
    0100011000000100
    1000110000001000
    1000110000001111
    1000110000000001
    1000110000011101
    1000110000100101
    1000110001010101
    1000110010110101
    1000110101110101
    1000111011110101
    1000100111110101
    1000011111110101
    1001101111110101
    1010001111110101
    1101001111110101
    0011001111110101
    0110111111101010
    1100111111010100
    0000101110110111
    0001011101101110
    0010111011011100
    0101110110111000
    1011101101110000
    1110001011111111
    1010001111000010
    1101001110011011
    0011001100101001
    0110011001010010
    1100110010100100
    0000110101010111
    0001101010101110
    0011010101011100
    0110101010111000
    1101010101110000
    0011111011111111
    0111110111111110
    1111101111111100
    0110001111000111
    0101100001011110
    1011000010111100
    1111010101100111
    0111111011010001
    1111110110100010
    0110111101011011
    1101111010110110
    0010100101110011
    0101001011100110
    1101111110000111
    0010101100010001
    0101011000100010
    1010110001000100
    1100110010010111
    0000110100110001
    0001101001100010
    0011010011000100
    0110100110001000
    1101001100010000
    0011001000111111
    0110010001111110
    1100100011111100
    0000010111100111
    0000101111001110
    0001011110011100
    0010111100111000
    0101111001110000
    1011110011100000
    1110110111011111
    0100111110100001
    1001111101000010
    1010101010011011
    1100000100101001
    0001011001001101
    0010110010011010
    0101100100110100
    1011001001101000
    1111000011001111
    1110101100000010
    0100001000011011
    1000010000110110
    1001110001110011
    1010110011111001
    1100110111101101
    0000111111000101
    0001111110001010
    0011111100010100
    0111111000101000
    1111110001010000
    0110110010111111
    1101100101111110
    0010011011100011
    0100110111000110
    1001101110001100
    1010001100000111
    1101001000010001
    0011000000111101
    0110000001111010
    1100000011110100
    0001010111110111
    0010101111101110
    0101011111011100
    1010111110111000
    1100101101101111
    0000001011000001
    0000010110000010
    0000101100000100
    0010110000010000
    0101100000100000
    1011000001000000
    1111010010011111
    0111110100100001
    1111101001000010
    0110000010011011
    1100000100110110
    0001011001110011
    0010110011100110
    0101100111001100
    1011001110011000
    1111001100101111
    0111001001000001
    1110010010000010
    0101110100011011
    1011101000110110
    1110000001110011
    0101010011111001
    1010100111110010
    1100011111111011
    0001101111101001
    0011011111010010
    0110111110100100
    1101111101001000
    0010101010001111
    0101010100011110
    1010101000111100
    1100000001100111
    0010100110100010
    0101001101000100
    1010011010001000
    1101100100001111
    0010011000000001
    0100110000000010
    1001100000000100
    1010010000010111
    1101110000110001
    0010110001111101
    0101100011111010
    1011000111110100
    1111011111110111
    0111101111110001
    1111011111100010
    0111101111011011
    1111011110110110
    0111101101110011
    1111001110100110
    0111001101010011
    1110011010100110
    0101100101010011
    1011001010100110
    1111000101010011
    0111011010111001
    1110110101110010
    0100111011111011
    1010111111110011
    1100101111111001
    0000001111101101
    0000011111011010
    0000111110110100
    0001111101101000
    0011111011010000
    0111110110100000
    1111101101000000
    0110001010011111
    1100010100111110
    0001111001100011
    0011110011000110
    0111100110001100
    1111001100011000
    0111001000101111
    1110010001011110
    0101110010100011
    1011100101000110
    1110011010010011
    0101100100111001
    1011001001110010
    1111000011111011
    0110101111101001
    1110101111010010
    0100001110111011
    1000011101110110
    1001101011110011
    1010000111111001
    0011101111000101
    0111011110001010
    1110111100010100
    0100101000110111
    1001010001101110
    1011110011000011
    1110110110011001
    0100111100101101
    1001111001011010
    1010100010101011
    1100010101001001
    0001111010001101
    0011110100011010
    0111101000110100
    1111010001101000
    0111110011001111
    1111100110011110
    0110011100100011
    1100111001000110
    0000100010010011
    0001000100100110
    0010001001001100
    0100010010011000
    1000100100110000
    1000011001111111
    1001100011100001
    1010010111011101
    1101111110100101
    0010101101010101
    1010110101010100
    1100111010110111
    0000100101110001
    0001001011100010
    0010010111000100
    0100101110001000
    1001011100010000
    1011101000111111
    1110000001100001
    0101010011011101
    1010100110111010
    1100011101101011
    0001101011001001
    0011010110010010
    0110101100100100
    1101011001001000
    0011100010001111
    0111000100011110
    1110001000111100
    0101000001100111
    1010000011001110
    1101010110000011
    0011111100011001
    0111111000110010
    1111110001100100
    0110110011010111
    1101100110101110
    0010011101000011
    0100111010000110
    1010111000000111
    1100100000010001
    0000010000111101
    0000100001111010
    0001000011110100
    0010000111101000
    0100001111010000
    1000011110100000
    1001101101011111
    1010001010100001
    1101000101011101
    0011011010100101
    0110110101001010
    1101101010010100
    0010000100110111
    0100001001101110
    1000010011011100
    1001110110100111
    1010111101010001
    1100101010111101
    0000001011001010
    0000010110010100
    0000101100101000
    0001011001010000
    0010110010100000
    0101100101000000
    1011001010000000
    1111000100011111
    1110110001000010
    0100110010011011
    1001100100110110
    1010011001110011
    1101100011111001
    0010010111101101
    0100101111011010
    1001011110110100
    1011101101110111
    1110001011110001
    0101000111111101
    1010001111111010
    1101001111101011
    0011001111001001
    0110011110010010
    1100111100100100
    0000101001010111
    0001010010101110
    0010100101011100
    0101001010111000
    1010010101110000
    1101111011111111
    0010100111100001
    0101001111000010
    1010011110000100
    1101101100010111
    0010001000110001
    0100010001100010
    1000100011000100
    1001111100110001
    1010101001111101
    1100000011100101
    0001010111010101
    0010101110101010
    0101011101010100
    1010111010101000
    1100100101001111
    0000011010000001
    0000110100000010
    0001101000000100
    0011010000001000
    0110100000010000
    1101000000100000
    0011010001011111
    0110100010111110
    1101000101111100
    0011011011100111
    0110110111001110
    1101101110011100
    0010001100100111
    0100011001001110
    1000110010011100
    1000110100100111
    1000111001010001
    1000100010111101
    1000010101100101
    1001111011010101
    1010100110110101
    0001101011110101
    0011010111101010
    0110101111010100
    1101011110101000
    0011101101001111
    0111011010011110
    0100111001100111
    1001110011001110
    1010110110000011
    1100111100011001
    0000101000101101
    0001010001011010
    0010100010110100
    0101000101101000
    1010001011010000
    1101000110111111
    0011011101100001
    0110111011000010
    1101110110000100
    0010111100010111
    0101111000101110
    1011110001011100
    1110110010100111
    0100110101010001
    1001101010100010

Syndrome B

    0100110110100011
    1010001010010011
    1101000100111001
    0011011001101101
    0110110011011010
    1101100110110100
    0010011101110111
    0100111011101110
    1001110111011100
    1010111110100111
    1100101101010001
    0000001010111101
    0000010101111010
    0000101011110100
    0001010111101000
    0010101111010000
    0101011110100000
    1010111101000000
    1100101010011111
    0000000100100001
    0000001001000010
    0000010010000100
    0000010010001000
    0001001000010000
    0010010000100000
    0100100001000000
    1001000010000000
    1011010100011111
    1111111000100001
    0110100001011101
    0011010101101011
    0110101011010110
    1101010110101100
    0011111101000111
    0111111010001110
    1111110100011100
    0110111000100111
    1101110001001110
    0010110010000011
    0101100100000110
    1011001000001100
    1111000000000111
    0111010000010001
    1110100000100010
    0100010001011011
    1000100010110110
    1000010101110011
    1001111011111001
    1010100111101101
    1100011111000101
    0001101110010101
    0011011100101010
    0110111001010100
    1101110010101000
    0010110101001111
    0101101010011110
    1011010100111100
    1111111001100111
    0110100011010001
    0011011101011011
    0110111010110110
    1101110101101100
    0010111011000111
    0101110110001110
    1011101100011100
    1110001000100111
    0101000001010001
    1010000101000010
    1101010101011011
    0011111010101001
    0111110101010010
    1111101010100100
    0110000101010111
    1100001010101110
    0001000101000011
    0010001010000110
    0100010100001100
    1000101000011000
    1000000000101111
    1001010001000001
    1011110010011101
    1110110100100101
    0100111001010101
    1001110010101010
    1010110101001011
    1100111010001001
    0000100100001101
    0001001000011010
    0100100001101000
    1001000011010000
    1011010110111111
    1111111101100001
    0110101011011101
    1101010110111010
    0011111101101011
    0111111011010110
    1111110110101100
    0110111101000111
    1101111010001110
    0010100100000011
    0101001000000110
    1010010000001100
    1101110000000111
    0010110000010001
    0101100000100010
    1011000001000100
    1111010010010111
    0111110100110001
    1111101001100010
    0110000011011011
    1100000110110110
    0001011101110011
    0010111011100110
    0101110111001100
    1011101110011000
    1110001100101111
    0101001001000001
    1101110100011011
    0010111000101001
    0101110001010010
    1011100010100100
    1110010101010111
    0101111010110001
    1011110101100010
    1110111011011011
    0100100110101001
    1001001101010010
    1011001010111011
    1111000101101001
    0111011011001101
    1110110110011010
    0100111100101011
    1001111001010110
    1010100010110011
    1100010101111001
    0001111011101101
    0011110111011010
    0111101110110100
    1111011101101000
    0111101011001111
    1111010110011110
    0111111100100011
    1111111001000110
    0110100010010011
    1101000100100110
    0011011001010011
    1101100101001100
    0010011010000111
    0100110100001110
    1001101000011100
    1010000000100111
    1101010001010001
    0011110010111101
    0111100101111010
    1111001011110100
    0111000111110111
    1110001111101110
    0101001111000011
    1010011110000110
    1101101100010011
    0010001000111001
    0100010001110010
    1000100011100100
    1000010111010111
    1001111110110001
    1010101101111101
    1100001011100101
    0001000111010101
    0010001110101010
    0100011101010100
    1000111010101000
    1000100101001111
    1000011010000001
    1001100100011101
    1010011000100101
    0010010010110101
    0100100101101010
    1001001011010100
    1011000110110111
    1111011101110001
    0111101011111101
    1111010111111010
    0111111111101011
    1111111111010110
    0110101110110011
    1101011101100110
    0011101011010011
    0111010110100110
    1110101101001100
    0100001010000111
    1000010100001110
    1001111000000011
    1010100000011001
    1100010000101101
    0011100010001010
    0111000100010100
    1110001000101000
    0101000001001111
    1010000010011110
    1101010100100011
    0011111001011001
    0111110010110010
    1111100101100100
    1100110110101110
    0000111101000011
    0001111010000110
    0011110100001100
    0111101000011000
    1111010000110000
    0111110001111111
    1111100011111110
    0110010111100011
    1100101111000110
    0000001110010011
    0000011100100110
    0000111001001100
    0001110010011000
    0011100100110000
    0111001001100000
    1110010011000000
    0101110110011111
    1011101100111110
    1110001001100011
    0101000011011001
    1010000110110010
    1101011101111011
    0011101011101001
    0111010111010010
    1110101110100100
    0100001101010111
    1000011010101110
    1001100101000011
    1101100100101101
    0010011001000101
    0100110010001010
    1001100100010100
    1010011000110111
    1101100001110001
    0010010011111101
    0100100111111010
    1001001111110100
    1011001111110111
    1111001111110001
    0111001111111101
    1110011111111010
    0101101111101011
    1011011111010110
    1111101110110011
    0110001101111001
    1100011011110010
    0001100111111011
    0011001111110110
    0110011111101100
    1100111111011000
    0000101110101111
    0001011101011110
    0010111010111100
    0101110101111000
    1011101011110000
    1110000111111111
    0101011111100001
    1100101110011011
    0000001100101001
    0000011001010010
    0000110010100100
    0001100101001000
    0011001010010000
    0110010100100000
    1100101001000000
    0000000010011111
    0000000100111110
    0000001001111100
    0000010011111000
    0000100111110000
    0001001111100000
    0010011111000000
    0100111110000000
    1001111100000000
    1010101000011111
    1100000000100001
    0001010001011101
    0010100010111010
    0101000101110100
    1010001011101000
    1010001011101000
    1101000111001111
    0011011110000001
    0110111100000010
    1101111000000100
    0010100000010111
    0101000000101110
    1101010010100111
    0011110101010001
    0111101010100010
    1111010101000100
    0111111010010111
    1111110100101110
    0110111001000011
    1101110010000110
    0010110100010011
    0101101000100110
    1011010001001100
    1111110010000111
    0110110100010001
    1101101000100010
    0010000001011011
    0100000010110110
    1000000101101100
    1001011011000111
    1011100110010001
    1110011100111101
    0101101001100101
    1011010011001010
    1111110110001011
    0110111100001001
    1101111000010010
    0010100000111011
    0101000001110110
    1010000011101100
    1101010111000111
    0111111100100010
    1111111001000100
    0110100010010111
    1101000100101110
    0011011001000011
    0110110010000110
    1101100100001100
    0010011000000111
    0100110000001110
    1001100000011100
    1010010000100111
    1101110001010001
    0010110010111101
    0101100101111010
    1011001011110100
    1111000111110111
    0111011111110001
    1110111111100010
    0100101111011011
    1001011110110110
    1011101101110011
    1110001011111001
    0101000111101101
    1010001111011010
    1101001110101011
    0011001101001001
    0110011010010010
    1100110100100100
    0000111001010111
    0011100101011100
    0111001010111000
    1110010101110000
    0101111011111111
    1011110111111110
    1110111111100011
    0100101111011001
    1001011110110010
    1011101101111011
    1110001011101001
    0101000111001101
    1010001110011010
    1101001100101011
    0011001001001001
    0110010010010010
    1100100100100100
    0000011001010111
    0000110010101110
    0001100101011100
    0011001010111000
    0110010101110000
    1100101011100000
    0000000111011111
    0000001110111110
    0000011101111100
    0000111011111000
    0001110111110000
    0001110111110000
    0011101111100000
    0111011111000000
    0100101100011111
    1001011000111110
    1011100001100011
    1110010011011001
    0101110110101101
    1011101101011010
    1110001010101011
    0101000101001001
    1010001010010010
    1101000100111011
    0011011001101001
    0110110011010010
    1101100110100100
    0010011101010111
    0100111010101110
    1001110101011100
    1010111010100111
    1100100101010001
    0000011010111101
    0000110101111010
    0001101011110100
    0011010111101000
    0110101111010000
    1101011110100000
    0011101101011111
    0111011010111110
    1110110101111100
    0100111011100111
    1001110111001110
    1100101100011001
    0000001000101101
    0000010001011010
    0000100010110100
    0001000101101000
    0010001011010000
    0100010110100000
    1000101101000000
    1000001010011111
    1001000100100001
    1011011001011101
    1111100010100101
    0110010101010101
    1100101010101010
    0000000101001011
    0000001010010110
    0000010100101100
    0000101001011000
    0001010010110000
    0010100101100000
    0101001011000000
    1010010110000000
    1101111100011111
    0010101000100001
    0101010001000010
    1010100010000100
    1100010100010111
    0001111000110001
    0011110001100010
    1111000110001000
    0111011100001111
    1110111000011110
    0100100000100011
    1001000001000110
    1011010010010011
    1111110100111001
    0110111001101101
    1101110011011010
    0010110110101011
    0101101101010110
    1011011010101100
    1111100101000111
    0110011010010001
    1100110100100010
    0000111001011011
    0001110010110110
    0011100101101100
    0111001011011000
    1110010110110000
    0101111101111111
    1011111011111110
    1110100111100011
    0100011111011001
    1000111110110010
    1000101101111011
    1000001011101001
    1001000111001101
    1011011110000101
    0110001000110101
    1100010001101010
    0001110011001011
    0011100110010110
    0111001100101100
    1110011001011000
    0101100010101111
    1011000101011110
    1111011010100011
    0111100101011001
    1111001010110010


The above explanation of the present invention, as embodied in circuit 200 of FIG. 3, has assumed that positive logic is utilized. Positive bit logic was applied in detecting and correcting errors based on the outputs derived from both bitwise operations and bit logic operations. For example, a binary output of 1 at an AND gate indicates an error. However, if negative logic is utilized in the circuit 200, a binary output of 0 at the AND gate 210 would indicate an error as well.
FIG. 4 illustrates a circuit 300 for detecting and correcting single and double bit errors according to a second embodiment of the present invention. The second embodiment is intended for a final version transparent GFP superblock CRC-16. The circuit 300 differs from that of FIG. 3, in that bitwise operations are dictated by a different G(x) polynomial. The CRC polynomial implemented in this circuit 300 is G(x)=x16+x15+x14+x12+x10+x4+x3+x2+x+1.
It should be mentioned that while the circuits of FIGS. 3 and 4 detect double bit errors generated by a descrambler, the circuits of the present invention detect single bit, double bit, and triple bit errors derived from any number of other sources. The 536 bit block need not be derived from a descrambler, such as is used on a GFP CRC-16. The circuit of the present invention may derive a 536-bit superblock, prior to processing by the circuit of the present invention. Furthermore, the art that the present invention may be embodied in other circuitry. For example, additional AND gates may be utilized to perform error detection in both circuits 200 and 300 of FIGS. 3 and 4.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram of a circuit 400 for an 8-bit wide parallel implementation according to a third embodiment of the present invention. As compared to the serial bit implementation of FIGS. 3 and 4, the error detection logic 410 outputs an 8-bit wide output to the OR gate 420. In an 8-bit wide parallel implementation, errors are detected for an 8-bit wide block. The single and double errors are corrected in the same manner as in the implementation of FIG. 4 with the advantage that operating on 8-bit data blocks allows the circuit to operate at 1⁄8 the data path clock speed of a serial implementation such as in FIGS. 3 and 4. The data path clock speed reduction is a significant advantage for high-speed data transmission.
In FIG. 5, the process implemented by the circuit 400 is similar to that of FIGS. 3 and 4. The parallel CRC-16 generator consists of a bit circuit elements which are coupled to sequentially receive and store a sequential 16 bits derived from an 8-bit wide input stream 450. The generator 440 performs bitwise operations on the 16 stored in the bit circuit elements. The bitwise operation, again, is dictated by the CRC polynomial selected. Upon completion of the bitwise operations, the generator 440 outputs the generated 16 bits to the bit pattern generation logic 410. If the single error output 450 indicates a single bit error, then the OR gate 420 enables the errorred bit within the last 8 bits in the bit circuit element D67 to be corrected. If the double error output 450 indicates a 43-bit spaced double error, then the exclusive-OR logic gates 470A, 47B enable the bit error which is 43 bits behind the first bit to be corrected. The bits of the errored byte to be corrected are stored in two bit circuit element, D61 and D62. The first 3 bits, of the errorred byte, are stored in the D61 bit stream circuit element. The last 5 bits are stored in the bit stream circuit element D62.
Based on the circuit implementation shown in FIGS. 3, 4, and 5, the present invention is not limited to a single CRC polynomial. Rather, the present invention provides single error and double error detection and correction capabilities for both serial and parallel bit streams, in which a number of CRC polynomials may be utilized. The above bit error patterns are not exclusive to the GFP protocol. Any protocol which utilizes a fixed-length block may utilize the specific bit patterns to detect errors in portions of the block bit stream.

## Claims

1. A circuit for detecting and correcting errors in a bit stream, said circuit comprising:
a. a plurality of bit circuit elements coupled to receive and store said bit stream, each bit circuit element corresponding to a specific bit in a bit pattern;
b. at least one operation circuit element for performing operations between contents of at least two of said bit circuit elements; and
c. at least two logic gates for determining if said contents of said bit circuit elements match specific bit patterns, at least one of said at least two logic gate receiving inputs from said bit circuit elements;
wherein an output of said circuit causes a state of at least one bit in said bit stream to change if contents of said bit circuit elements match at least one of said plurality of specific bit patterns, and said bit patterns correspond to errors that have occurred in said transmitted data, and wherein at least one of said at least two logic gates detects bit patterns corresponding to errors that have been duplicated by a self-synchronous descrambler operating on said bit stream prior to said circuit; and
wherein said plurality of bit circuit elements are cascaded such that each bit circuit element receives an input from a source chosen from a group consisting of:
a. an immediately preceding bit circuit element,
b. an output of an operation circuit element that performs a bitwise operation on contents of at least two of said bit circuit elements,
c. and said bit stream.

2. A circuit for detecting and correcting errors in a bit stream, said circuit comprising:
a. a plurality of bit circuit elements coupled to receive and store said bit stream, each bit circuit element corresponding to a specific bit in a bit pattern;
b. at least one operation circuit element for performing operations between contents of at least two of said bit circuit elements; and
c. at least two logic gates for determining if said contents of said bit circuit elements match specific bit patterns, at least one of said at least two logic gates receiving inputs from said bit circuit elements;
wherein an output of said circuit causes a state of at least one bit in said bit stream to change if contents of said bit circuit elements match at least one of said plurality of specific bit patterns, and said bit patterns correspond to errors that have occurred in said transmitted data, and wherein said plurality of specific bit patterns includes Syndrome A and Syndrome B, and
wherein said plurality of bit circuit elements are cascaded such that each bit circuit element receives an input from a source chosen from a group consisting of:
a. an immediately preceding bit circuit element,
b. an output of an operation circuit element that performs a bitwise operation on contents of at least two of said bit circuit elements,
c. and said bit stream.

3. The circuit as claimed in claim 1, wherein said plurality of specific bit patterns includes Syndrome A and Syndrome B.

4. The circuit as claimed in claim 2, wherein Syndrome A corresponds to errors that have been duplicated by a self-synchronous descrambler stage.

5. The circuit as claimed in claim 3, wherein Syndrome A corresponds to errors that have been duplicated by a self-synchronous descrambler stage.

6. The circuit as claimed in claim 2, wherein Syndrome B corresponds to errors that have not been duplicated by a self-synchronous descrambler stage.

7. The circuit as claimed in claim 3, wherein Syndrome B corresponds to errors that have not been duplicated by a self-synchronous descrambler stage.

8. A circuit for detecting errors in a bit stream, said circuit comprising:
operation means for performing bitwise operations between at least a portion of said bit stream and a bit pattern derived from said bit stream; and
detection means for detecting if a bitwise operation between at least a portion of said bit stream and said bit pattern derived from said bit stream produces a result indicating at least one error in said bit stream;
wherein said operation means implements a bitwise operation corresponding to


B(x)=Rem(D(x)/G(x))


 where D(x) is said at least a first portion of said bit stream;
 G(x) is a generator polynomial for the purposes of detecting errors; and B(x) is a remainder of a division operation between D(x) and G(x);
such that said detection means detects when B(x) does not equal a pre-determined constant value such as 0, and wherein said circuit is adapted to detect and correct errors in said bit stream which has passed through a self-synchronous descrambler, and
wherein said operation means comprises a plurality of bit circuit elements that are cascaded such that each bit circuit element receives an input from a source chosen from a group consisting of:
a. an immediately preceding bit circuit element,
b. an output of an operation circuit element that performs a bitwise operation on contents of at least two of said bit circuit elements,
c. and said bit stream.

9. The circuit as claimed in claim 8 wherein said bit stream is processed in a serial manner.

10. The circuit as claimed in claim 8 wherein said bit stream is processed in a parallel manner.