NUMBERS 13-13-00616-CR

COURT OF APPEALS

THIRTEENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

CORPUS CHRISTI - EDINBURG 

 

MICHAEL FITZGERALD REESE, Appellant,

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee.

 

On appeal from the 27th District Court

of Bell County, Texas.

 

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Chief Justice Valdez, and Justices Benavides and Perkes

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Perkes1

Appellant Michael Fitzgerald Reese appeals his conviction for the offense of 

murder, a first-degree felony. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.02(b) (West, Westlaw 

 

1 Pursuant to a docket-equalization order issued by the Supreme Court of Texas, the appeal has

been transferred to this Court from the Third Court of Appeals in Austin. See TEX. GOV'T CODE ANN. § 

73.001 (West, Westlaw through Ch. 46 2015 R.S.).
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through Ch. 46 2015 R.S.). Appellant pled guilty and the trial court assessed punishment 

at life imprisonment. By two issues, appellant argues: (1) the trial court erred in 

accepting appellant’s guilty plea because the evidence offered by the State in support of 

his plea was insufficient to comply with article 1.15 of the Code of Criminal Procedure; 

and (2) assuming arguendo that appellant’s punishment evidence could be used to satisfy 

article 1.15, the evidence established only that he was guilty of the lesser-included 

offense of manslaughter. See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 19.04. We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

Appellant was charged by indictment with “intentionally and knowingly caus[ing]

the death of an individual, namely, Justin Richardson, by shooting the said Justin 

Richardson with a firearm.” At trial, five witnesses testified before appellant entered a 

plea of guilty and signed a judicial confession. 

The following evidence was presented prior to appellant’s guilty plea. On April 1, 

2011, around 1 a.m., appellant’s former girlfriend and her friends went to Club Rosse. 

While there, appellant approached her and asked what she was doing at the club and 

“what’s going on?” She asked him to leave her alone and to stop calling her. She then

left the club with her friends and went to a Denny’s restaurant. Justin Richardson was 

among those present. Appellant arrived at Denny’s about ten minutes later, wearing a 

pink shirt and khakis. He demanded she go outside with him and talk. When the others 

at the table said that this was not the time and place for this conversation, appellant 

responded by using combative and vulgar language. 
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The manager and security guard then asked appellant and the three men standing 

near him to leave the restaurant and escorted them out. Richardson and appellant, 

along with the two other men, went outside. The manager, who knew appellant because 

he was a regular customer, pushed him outside and told him to leave. The manager 

testified to the following:

[PROSECUTOR:] Okay. What happened when you walked outside with 

Mike?

[MANAGER:] When I walked outside, I was trying to calm Mike down. 

I was like, "Mike, just leave, just leave it alone." The 

next thing I know, when I turned my head, I seen him 

pull out a gun. And after that I heard people shouting, 

"Mike, no. Mike, no. Stop, Mike." And I looked. The 

security guard was trying to push me back in. About 

that time I heard two gunshots.

[PROSECUTOR:] And did you see Mike shoot either one of the shots?

[MANAGER:] No, I just went blank. I don't remember anything after 

that.

[PROSECUTOR:] How close were you to him when he pulled out his gun?

[MANAGER:] It wasn't-- I wasn't that close, but I was close enough to 

notice that he had pulled out a gun.

[PROSECUTOR:] Do you see where he pulled his gun from?

[MANAGER:] I just-- his shorts.

Another customer at Denny’s testified that he thereafter witnessed “the guy with 

the pink shirt” running away with a gun. 

Before the trial concluded, appellant entered a six-page written plea agreement,

supported by a signed “Judicial Confession.” The Judicial Confession reads as follows:
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Upon my oath I swear my true name is Michael Fitzgerald Reese and I am 

30 years of age; I have read the indictment or information filed in this case 

and I committed each and every act alleged therein, except those acts 

waived by the State. All facts alleged in the indictment or information are 

true and correct. I am guilty of the instant offense as well as all lesser 

included offenses. All enhancements and habitual allegations set forth in 

the indictment or information are true and correct, except those waived by 

the State. All deadly weapon allegations are true and correct. All other 

affirmative findings to be made by the Court pursuant to this Written Plea 

Agreement are true and correct. I swear to the truth of all the foregoing and 

further, that all testimony I give in the case will be the truth, the whole truth 

and nothing but the truth, so help me God. 

Appellant also signed a declaration within the same document that reads as follows:

My name is MICHAEL FITZGERALD REESE . . . I am presently 

incarcerated in the Bell County Jail in Belton, Bell County, Texas 76513. I 

declare under penalty of perjury that all of the foregoing is true and correct.

The trial court admonished appellant and discussed the indictment with appellant:

THE COURT: Sir, at this point in time you are charged with the firstdegree felony offense that on or about the 2nd day of 

April in 2011, here in Bell County, Texas, and before 

this indictment was presented, that you did then and 

there intentionally and knowingly cause the death of 

an individual, namely, Justin Richardson, by shooting 

the said Justin Richardson with a firearm. Did you 

understand that charge?

[APPELLANT]: Yes.

THE COURT: To that charge, sir, what is your plea, guilty or not 

guilty?

[APPELLANT]: Guilty.

. . .

THE COURT: Then is it true that you are pleading “guilty” solely 

because you are guilty and for no other reason?

[APPELLANT]: Yes.
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THE COURT: All right. I will accept your plea.

[PROSECTOR]: I would ask the Court to take judicial notice of 

[appellant’s] confession contained in the plea 

paperwork on page six, your Honor. 

[APPT. ATTY]: No objection. 

THE COURT: For the record, I am going to mark page six of the 

written plea agreement entitled “Judicial Confession” 

as State’s Exhibit No. 1 [sic] and admit it into evidence. 

 

The trial court admitted the Judicial Confession into evidence. The Court further 

admitted the following into evidence, without objection: (1) the medical examiner’s 

report; (2) the ballistics report; and (3) voluminous photographs from the crime scene, the 

victim, and appellant’s apartment and truck. After a short recess, the State re-offered all 

of the evidence from the guilt-innocence phase for the sentencing portion of the trial, 

which the trial court admitted without objection. 

Appellant subsequently testified to the following during the sentencing hearing:

[PROSECUTOR:] There are pictures and everything that has come into 

evidence. There is really not any issue. He was shot 

twice. If you didn't shoot him, who shot him the second 

time?

[APPELLANT:] If it serves me correctly, I only fired my weapon once.

[PROSECUTOR:] Okay. And when you shot him, you shot him in the 

back.

[APPELLANT:] Correct.

[PROSECUTOR:] Right? And you heard all the witnesses that testified. 

You're the only person they saw with a gun, right?

[APPELLANT:] Yes.
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[PROSECUTOR:] And Justin Richardson was walking away from you 

when you shot him. He had to be. You shot him in the 

back, right?

[APPELLANT:] Yes. 

. . . 

[PROSECUTOR:] Right? You had that gun where on your body? In your 

waist? In your pocket? Where did you have it?

[APPELLANT:] On my waist, sir.

[PROSECUTOR:] On your waist. And your shirt was covering it, right?

[APPELLANT:] Yes, sir.

[PROSECUTOR:] So when you pulled up your shirt-- You had to do that 

to get the gun, right?

[APPELLANT:] Yes, sir.

The trial court sentenced appellant to life in prison. This appeal followed.

II. SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE – ARTICLE 1.15

In his first issue, appellant contends the trial court erred in accepting his guilty plea 

because the evidence offered by the State in support of the plea was insufficient to comply 

with article 1.15 of the Code of Criminal Procedure.2 See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN.

art. 1.15 (West, Westlaw through Ch. 46 2015 R.S.). Additionally, appellant contends 

that, because his written confession was not sworn before a district clerk and his oral 

 

2 Although appellant did not object at trial, we note this issue is preserved for appellate review. 

Article 1.15 contains an absolute or systematic requirement that “in no event” shall a person be convicted 

without evidentiary support. Baggett v. State, 342 S.W.3d 172, 175 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2011, no pet.). 

Therefore, failure to object does not forfeit or waive a claim of error. Id.; see also McClain v. State, 730 

S.W.2d 739, 742 (Tex. Crim. App. 1987).
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guilty plea was not taken under oath, the requirements for a judicial confession were not 

met. Appellant further argues he did not plead true to the facts alleged in the indictment. 

A. Standard of Review and Applicable Law

When a defendant chooses to plead guilty, the standard of review set out in 

Jackson v. Virginia for sufficiency of the evidence is inapplicable. Ex Parte Martin, 747 

S.W.2d 789, 792–93 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988). Texas Code of Criminal Procedure article 

1.15 governs sufficiency of the evidence when pleading guilty in a noncapital felony case. 

TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 1.15. The evidence is considered sufficient under 

article 1.15 when it embraces every element of the offense. See Stone v. State, 919 

S.W.2d 424, 427 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996); Chindaphone v. State, 241 S.W.3d 217, 219 

(Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2007, pet ref’d). “A conviction rendered without sufficient 

evidence to support a guilty plea constitutes a trial error.” Menefee v. State, 287 S.W.3d 

9, 14 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009).

Article 1.15 states:

No person can be convicted of a felony except upon the verdict of a jury 

duly rendered and recorded, unless the defendant, upon entering a plea, 

has in open court in person waived his right of trial by jury in writing in 

accordance with Articles 1.13 and 1.14; provided, however, that it shall be 

necessary for the state to introduce evidence into the record showing the 

guilt of the defendant and said evidence shall be accepted by the court as 

the basis for its judgment and in no event shall a person charged be 

convicted upon his plea without sufficient evidence to support the same.

TEX. CODE CRIM. PRO. ANN. art. 1.15. Article 1.15 is “an additional procedural safeguard 

required by the State of Texas but not by federal constitutional law.” Ex parte Williams, 

703 S.W.2d 674, 682 (Tex. Crim. App. 1986). 
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Evidence in support of a guilty plea can take one of four forms: (1) defendant’s 

consent to proffer the evidence in testimonial or documentary form; (2) defendant’s 

consent to an oral or written stipulation of what the evidence against him would be, without 

necessarily admitting to its veracity of accuracy; (3) defendant entering a sworn written 

statement; or (4) defendant testifying under oath in open court, specifically admitting his 

culpability or at least acknowledging generally that the allegations against him are in fact 

true and correct. Menefee, 287 S.W.3d at 13. “A deficiency in one form of proof . . . 

may be compensated for by other competent evidence in the record.” Id. “Evidence 

adduced at a sentencing hearing may also suffice to substantiate a guilty plea.” Jones 

v. State, 373 S.W.3d 790, 793 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2012, no pet.) (citing 

Menefee, 287 S.W.3d at 18–19).

B. Discussion

The State argues that appellant’s written judicial confession taken along with the 

evidence admitted during the trial was sufficient to support the trial court’s judgment. We 

agree with the State that the evidence was sufficient to support appellant’s plea of guilty 

to murder.

A judicial confession standing alone is sufficient to sustain a conviction on a guilty 

plea and to satisfy the requirements of article 1.15. Dinnery v. State, 592 S.W.2d 343, 

353 (Tex. Crim. App. 1979) (op. on reh’g); Breaux v. State, 16 S.W.3d 854, 857 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.). A judicial confession that simply admits the 

acts as alleged in the indictment without detailing them is sufficient evidence of guilt. 

Adam v. State, 490 S.W.2d 189, 190 (Tex. Crim. App. 1973). However, a deficiency of 
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one form of proof, such as a judicial confession, can be compensated for by other 

competent evidence in the record. Menefee, 287 S.W.3d at 14. For example, a judicial 

confession that appellant committed an offense as charged and an in-court affirmation of 

that judicial confession together constitute compliance with the requirements of article 

1.15. Potts v. State, 571 S.W.2d 180, 182 (Tex. Crim. App. [Panel Op.] 1978). While a 

sworn confession is one form of evidence that may support a guilty plea, we note that

article 1.15 contains no requirement that a judicial confession be sworn. See TEX. CODE 

CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 1.15; Jones v. State, 857 S.W.2d 108, 110 (Tex. App.—Corpus 

Christi 1993, no pet.); see also Walker v. State, No. 03-03-00018-CR, 2003 WL 

21554285, at *1 (Tex. App.—Austin July 11, 2003, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for 

publication). 

When the judicial confession states, “I have read the indictment or information filed 

in this case and I committed each and every act alleged therein,” the judicial confession 

standing alone is sufficient to support a guilty plea. Chindaphone, 241 S.W.3d at 220. 

In Cindaphone, the defendant pleaded guilty to the offense of sexual assault. Id. at 218. 

The Second Court of Appeals affirmed the judgment of the trial court because his judicial 

confession indicated he read the indictment and had committed each and every act 

alleged therein. Id. at 220. The operative language of the judicial confession in 

Chindaphone is nearly identical to the language used in appellant’s judicial confession. 

See id. Therefore, we conclude that appellant’s judicial confession is sufficient evidence 

to satisfy article 1.15 because he states that he read the indictment filed in the case and 
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“committed each and every act alleged therein” and that “all facts alleged in the indictment 

or information are true and correct.” See Potts, 571 S.W.2d at 181.

Even if we were to conclude that appellant’s judicial confession was deficient, there 

is other competent evidence in the record to compensate for the deficiency, including the 

guilt/innocence phase evidence (which was re-offered and admitted at the sentencing 

hearing) and the sentencing phase evidence. See Menefee, 287 S.W.3d at 14. 

Appellant was seen pulling a gun from his shorts, while bystanders yelled, "Mike, no. 

Mike, no. Stop, Mike." After witnesses heard shots fired, appellant was seen running 

from the scene with a gun. Further, during the sentencing hearing, appellant admitted 

to pulling his gun out from his waistband, pointing it at Justin Richardson, pulling the 

trigger, and shooting him in the back. See Jones, 373 S.W.3d at 793 (“Evidence 

adduced at a sentencing hearing may also suffice to substantiate a guilty plea.”). We 

conclude that the evidence, when viewed together with the judicial confession, sufficiently 

embraces every element of the offense. 

We next address appellant’s contention that he was not placed under oath before 

entering his guilty plea. Article 27.13 of the Texas Code of Criminal Procedure provides 

that “[a] plea of ‘guilty’ or a plea of ‘nolo contendere’ in a felony case must be made in 

open court by the defendant in person.” TEX. CODE CRIM. PRO. ANN. art. 27.13. But 

article 27.13 does not require the plea be made under oath, or even an oral plea. See 

Costilla v. State, 146 S.W.3d 213, 216 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004) (concluding that plea made 

on behalf of defendant by his attorney satisfied article 27.13); Neal v. State, 400 S.W.2d 

550, 551 (Tex. Crim. App. 1966) (“There is no statutory requirement that the plea be in 
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writing and under oath.”); see also Smith v. State, No. 03-99-00821-CR, 2000 WL 

329362, at *1 (Tex. App.—Austin Mar. 30, 2000, pet ref’d) (mem. op., not designated for 

publication) (“It is not necessary that a defendant be sworn before entering his plea.”); 

Maldonado v. State, No. B14-93-00176-CR, 1994 WL 286391, at *3 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[14th Dist.] June 30, 1994, no pet.) (mem. op., not designated for publication) (“[W]e find 

no merit in appellant's contention that the trial court erred in accepting his plea of guilty 

from an unsworn interpreter.”) Where, as here, the record demonstrates a defendant’s 

voluntary desire to plead guilty, the defendant is present, and the plea is entered in open 

court by the defendant, article 27.13 is satisfied. See Costilla, 146 S.W.3d at 216. We

overrule appellant’s first point of error. 

Because we conclude there is sufficient evidence to support appellant’s plea of 

guilty for murder, we need not address the claim that the evidence was sufficient only for 

a conviction of manslaughter.

IV. CONCLUSION

We affirm the trial court’s judgment.

GREGORY T. PERKES

Justice

Do not publish.

TEX. R. APP. P. 47.2(b).

Delivered and filed the

16th day of July, 2015.