* On February 4, 2005, Alberto R. Gonzales became the United States

Attorney General. In accordance with Rule 43(c)(2) of the Federal Rules of Appellate Procedure, Mr. Gonzales is substituted fo r John Ashcroft as the Respondent in this action.

** This order and judgment is not binding precedent, e xcept under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and col lateral estoppel. The court generally disfavors the citation of orders and judg ments; nevertheless, an order and judgment may be cited under the terms and condi tions of 10th Cir. R. 36.3. 

## F I L E D United States Court of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### February 23, 2006
Elisabeth A. Shumaker Clerk of Court UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

NABIN BASNET

Petitioner,

v. ALBERTO R. GONZALES, *

Respondent. No. 03-9551 (A76-670-344) Petition for Review

ORDER AND JUDGMENT **

Before KELLY , SEYMOUR , and MURPHY , Circuit Judges.

After examining the briefs and appellate record, th is panel has determined unanimously that oral argument would not materiallyassist the determination of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). T he case is therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.-2-

Nabin Basnet petitions for review of the decision o f the Board of Immigration Appeals (Board) that denied his application for asylum, restriction on removal (formerly withholding of removal) under the Immigration and Nationality Act (INA), and protection under the Convention Agai nst Torture (CAT). We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1), and grantthe petition for review.
Background Basnet, born in January 1970, is a native and citiz en of Nepal. Admin. R. at 53. Until he left that country in August 1996, he lived in Kathmandu with his wife and parents. Id. at 54, 78. At the time the record before us was c ompiled in 1997-98, Nepal was a constitutional monarchy embroi led with internal conflict caused by the extreme poverty of the majority of it s citizens. In 1995, Basnet became disenchanted with corruptionin the government and began attending meetings of the Communist Partyof Nepal (Maoist) (“Maoists”) because he believed the Maoists were working for the people. Id. at 57-58, 73, 168. He formally joined them for abo ut six months beginning in late 1995 or early 1996. Compare id. at 57, 168, with id. at 73-74. But the Maoists declared a “People’s War” in February 1996, making clear that their goal was to overthrow the government by violence. E.g. , id. at 98, 102, 108, 110-112, 115, 119. Basnet said that the Maoists were not violent in the beginning, id. at 71, but they eventually tried to send him out of Kathmandu to kill people, id. at 58-59,-3-

69-70. He never committed any acts of violence, id. at 72, and, on May 10, 1996, told a local group leader, Shridar Lamsal, that he intended to withdraw from the group. Id. at 60-61, 64. Lamsal told Basnet that withdrawal was not an option and that if he did not follow their rules and regulations, he might be killed. Id. at 61, 168. Basnet said he believed this threat be cause the Maoists were in fact killing people. Id. at 61-62. After Basnet told Lamsal his intentions, he receive d more than twenty threatening telephone calls from Maoists–presumablybecause they feared he would become an informant to the government or others. Id. at 62-63, 168. He did not receive all of the messages personally; oth er family members answered some of the calls. Id. Nevertheless, the consistent message was: “You c an be killed. You cannot leave these things. You can be killed.” Id. at 63. Basnet remained at his parents’ home for a few days, and t hen moved in with a friend for about a month, where he stayed indoors all day to avoid detection. Id. at 63-64, 78. At the same time that the Maoists were threatening Basnet, the Nepalese police went to his parents’ house with a warrant to arrest him as a suspected Maoist. Id. at 65. Basnet was able to avoid arrest because an uncle who worked in the police department warned his parents ahead of time. Id. at 65-66. He feared the police because they had “disappeared” suspected Maoists. Id. at 67.-4-

With the help of another uncle, Basnet quickly obta ined a passport and visa and left Nepal on August 12, 1996. Id. at 67, 68, 168. He believes that either the Maoists or the Nepalese government, or both, will p ersecute him if he is returned to Nepal. Id. at 69. Basnet legally entered the United States as a stude nt on August 13, 1996. He maintained a full course load but when he ran ou t of money, he took a summer job without authorization, and was charged on June 17, 1997, with being removable for that reason. He then applied for asy lum, restriction on removal, and protection under the CAT. He said he did not apply for such protection earlier because he felt safe being in the United States as a student. Id. at 68. In addition to his testimony before the immigrationcourt, Basnet submitted his passport and pages from two editions of a weekl y Nepali-language newspaper that included articles commenting on his involvement with the Maoists. Id. at 66-67, 95, 96, 155-56, 159-60. The first articl e, dated May 14, 1996, bears the headline: “ Warrant issued against Maoist Activists ,” and states that the Maoists were now active in the Kathmandu valley and that wa rrants had been issued for the arrest of several members of the group, including Basnet. Id. at 158. The second article, dated June 9, 1996, is titled: “ Alienation in Maoist Movement ,” and states that some Maoist activists, including Ba snet, were leaving the party-5-

because of its violence and terrorism, that they ha d been threatened by the Maoists, and that Basnet had gone into hiding. Id. at 154.
The Agency’s Decisions To determine whether the newspapers and passport ha d been altered, the documents were submitted to the State Department’s forensic document laboratory for examination. Id. at 94. The lab issued a brief report, stating that Basnet’s passport conformed to its samples on file, but the lab had no examples to which it could compare Basnet’s newspapers. Id. at 88. As a result, the lab reached no conclusion about whether Basnet’s newspapers were genuine. Id. It noted, however, that although they were not printed on standard newsprint, there was no evidence of trim lines or photograph substitution. Id. The immigration judge (IJ) found that Basnet was no t credible and denied all relief except voluntary departure. On appeal, the Board, acting through an individual member, issued a short decision under 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(e)(5) that affirmed the IJ’s decision. Admin. R. at 2-4. The Board reversed the IJ’s adverse credibility determination, but it still rejected Ba snet’s evidence of threatening phone calls, ostensibly due to lack of sufficient d etail because he could not identify the callers; rejected as vague Basnet’s te stimony that the government tried to arrest him; and rejected his newspaper art icles as unauthenticated, citing 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(a) and In re S-M-J , 21 I. & N. Dec. 722 (BIA 1997). Admin.-6-

R. at 2-3. The Board expressly declined to reject the newspaper articles due to not being printed on standard newsprint or because they aggrandized Basnet’s position, id. ; instead, it relied on a general statement in an a dvisory opinion from the State Department that documents from Nepal are frequently fabricated, id. at 3, 87. Moreover, the Board did not specifically address the death threat that Basnet received in person from the local Maoist lea der, Shridar Lamsal, but nevertheless concluded that Basnet had not establis hed “a plausible and coherent account of the basis of his fear.” Id. at 2.
Issues on Appeal Basnet argues that: (1) he demonstrated his eligib ility for asylum by establishing through clear, detailed, and consistent testimony that there is a reasonable possibility that he will face the harshe st sanction from either the Maoists or the government if he returns to Nepal; ( 2) the Board erroneously decided that his evidence was insufficient to meet his burden of proof without referring to substantial testimony or documentationto support its conclusions; and (3) the IJ and the Board gave dispositive weight to a fundamentally flawed advisory opinion as to the authenticity of his docu mentary evidence and failed to take investigatory steps which could establish the authenticity of his evidence, improperly concluding that he was required to prese nt additional evidence to meet his burden of proof.-7-

Based on our review of the record in light of the c ontrolling law, we conclude that Basnet’s arguments directed at the de nial of asylum have merit. Because Basnet makes no specific request for relief related to his applications for withholding of removal or protection under the CAT, however, we do not address those claims. Although we lack the authority to gr ant asylum, as Basnet requests, we do have the authority to remand the case for further proceedings consistent with this order and judgment. INS v. Orlando Ventura , 537 U.S. 12, 16 (2002).

Discussion To obtain asylum, Basnet must first prove that he i s a “refugee” as defined in 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A), and then persuade the Attorney General to exercise his discretion to grant asylum. See Yuk v. Ashcroft , 355 F.3d 1222, 1232-33 (10th Cir. 2004). A “refugee” is a person who is outside [his] country of . . . nation ality . . . who is unable or unwilling to return to, and is unable or unwilling to avail himself . . . of the protection of, that country be cause of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion. 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(42)(A) (emphasis added). To sat isfy the “well-founded fear” standard, Basnet need only show that persecution is “a reasonable possibility”; “a 10% chance of being shot, tortured, or otherwise persecuted” is enough to show a well-founded fear of persecution under § 1101(a)(42)(A). INS v.-8-

Cardoza-Fonseca , 480 U.S. 421, 440 (1987) (quotation omitted); see also Nazaraghaie v. INS , 102 F.3d 460, 462 (10th Cir. 1996). Basnet does not need to show that he “may be singled out for persecution to establish that he has an objectively well-founded fear of persecution; he may do so by demonstrating his membership in a group determined by ‘race, religion , nationality . . . or political opinion’ or ‘a particular social group’ subject to ‘a pattern or practice of persecution.’” Wiransane v. Ashcroft , 366 F.3d 889, 893 (10th Cir. 2004) (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(b)(2)(iii)(A)). “In oth er words, an applicant is permitted to show that a person in his position, as opposed to himself specifically, could be subject to persecution.” Id. (quotation omitted). The crux of Basnet’s appeal is the Board’s credibil ity determinations. Although the Board stated that it found Basnet credible, it found not credible his testimony of more than twenty telephone calls by Ma oists threatening his life, the attempt to arrest him by the Nepalese police, and t he two newspaper articles. In light of the background information in the recor d, the evidence the Board found not credible is crucial to Basnet’s asy lum claim. The State Department’s Country Report for 1997 states that in cidents related to the “People’s War” had already occurred in more than on e-third of the country’s districts, id. at 118, that Maoist insurgents had committed abuse s such as torture, killings, bombings, and mutilation, id. at 118-120, and that government forces had-9-

committed abuses such as unjustified killings, torture, arbitrary arrest and detention, overcrowding of prisons, and long delays in bringing prisoners to trial, id. It also states that the Maoists “have most often targeted political leaders, local elites, and suspected informers .” Id. at 120 (emphasis added). Newspaper articles as recent as July 1998 also report these s orts of abuses on both sides of the “People’s War.” See id. at 98-107. An Amnesty International report from July 1998 states that the Nepalese police engaged i n “murder, torture, ‘disappearances’ and the arbitrary detention of sus pected members of the Communist Party of Nepal (CPN) (Maoist),” id. at 108; and that both sides had resorted to killing people they considered to be their enemies, id. “[A]n applicant’s testimony, ‘if credible . . . may be sufficient to sustain [his] burden of proof without corroboration.’” Wiransane , 366 F.3d at 897 (quoting 8 C.F.R. § 208.13(a)). Credibility determ inations are factual findings, and are therefore “subject to the substantial evidence test.” Elzour v. Ashcroft , 378 F.3d 1143, 1150 (10th Cir. 2004). Therefore, the Board’s adverse credibility determinations must be “substantially reasonable,” Sviridov v. Ashcroft , 358 F.3d 722, 727 (10th Cir. 2004) (quotation omitted), and the Board “must give ‘specific, cogent reasons’ for disbelieving [the alien’s] testimony,” Elzour , 378 F.3d at 1150 (quoting Sviridov , 358 F.3d at 727). “An IJ’s adverse credibility d etermination may appropriately be based upon such factors as inc onsistencies in the witness’-10-

testimony, lack of sufficient detail, or implausibility,” id. at 1152, but “[a]dverse credibility determinations based on speculation or conjecture are reversible,” Wiransane , 366 F.3d at 898. In addition, this court is boun d by the reasons given by the agency, and may not affirm on other grounds. Mickeviciute v. INS , 327 F.3d 1159, 1162-63 (10th Cir. 2003). Our review inthis case is therefore limited to the Board’s conclusion that Basnet had not estab lished “a plausible and coherent account of the basis of his fear,” Admin. R. at 2. See Elzour , 378 F.3d at 1150-51. If the agency “decides a case on a gro und believed by an appellate court to be wrong, the case has to be remanded to the agency.” Id. at 1150 (quotation omitted); accord Mickeviciute , 327 F.3d at 1165-66. The same standard for credibility determinations ap plies to documentary evidence. See Zahedi v. INS , 222 F.3d 1157, 1165 (9th Cir. 2000). “With respe ct to documentary evidence then, when rejecting the va lidity of a document admitted into evidence, [the Board] must provide a specific, cogent reason for rejecting it, and this reason must bear a legitimate nexus to that rejection.” Id. In addition, the mere failure to authenticate a document does no t constitute a sufficient foundation for an adverse credibility finding in th e absence of evidence undermining the reliability of the document. See Wang v. INS , 352 F.3d 1250, 1254 (9th Cir. 2003).-11-

Basnet argues, first, that the Board erroneously re jected his testimony about the threatening telephone calls because he could no t identify the callers, relying on an expectation that “has no basis in either the record or simple common sense.” Aplt. Br. at 22. We agree. The Board’s r easoning, while specific, is not cogent because nothing in the record or common sens e shows that Basnet should have been able to identify people threatening his l ife over the telephone or that they identified themselves. The Board’s rejection of his testimony about the threatening calls is not supported by substantial e vidence. Basnet argues, second, that the Board’s rejection o f his testimony about the attempted arrest on the basis that it was “vague” f ailed to acknowledge that Basnet was not at his parents’ home at the time andnever claimed to have seen the arrest warrant. Aplt. Br. at 22; Admin. R. at 3. We again agree. The Board’s one-line explanation on this point was itself vague because it rejected Basnet’s testimony about the attempted arrest without provid ing any specific reason why the testimony was not credible. See Admin. R. at 3. Because the Board’s explanation was not specific and cogent, it was err or. Basnet argues, third, that the Board erroneously re jected the Nepali-language newspaper articles showing that he was threatened by the Maoists and was also sought by the Nepalese governm ent based on a “bald assertion” in an advisory opinion from the State De partment that documents-12-

from Nepal are frequently fabricated. Aplt. Br. at 24-25; see Admin. R. at 87. We agree. The advisory opinion states expressly th at it is not based on any information about Basnet individually, and fails to explain what documents are fabricated, what kind of fabrication occurs, what types of claims fabricated evidence is employed in, or the source of the State Department’s opinion. See Admin. R. at 87. Moreover, the advisory opinion mi sstates that the document was an arrest warrant, instead of a newspaper article about an arrest warrant. See id. For all of these reasons, we do not consider the ad visory opinion to constitute substantial evidence to support the Board’s rejecti on of Basnet’s newspapers. In addition, the forensic document laboratory’s rep ort gave no indication of fabrication, see id. at 88; the Board declined the State Department’s o ffer to send the newspapers to the American Embassy in Kathmandu for authentication, see id. at 87; and neither of the Board’s cited authorities , 8 C.F.R. § 1208.13(a) and
In re S-M-J , discusses the authentication of documents. Basne t corroborated his claim by submitting pages from two newspapers, and he authenticated them by stating that he saw them while he was still in Nepal, see Admin. R. at 66. We note that these exhibits are not merely articles ex cerpted from newspapers; they are pages from two newspapers, which include articles mentioning Basnet. See id. at 155-56, 159-60. The exhibits include the frontpages of the newspapers, which show dates of May 14, 1996, and June 9, 1996– showing that both papers-13-

were issued before Basnet left Nepal. See id. at 153-160. Indeed, it appears that Basnet had the articles translated into English at a law office on June 25, 1996, before he left Nepal. See id. at 153, 157. In addition, the translator’s certification and translation of the articles aboutBasnet includes such facts as the name of the newspaper, the volume and register numb ers, and the editor’s name and phone number. See id. at 153-54, 157-58. The Board did not comment on these indicia of authenticity, and did not provide any reason to doubt that the newspapers are what they purport to be. The Board’ s explanation for rejecting the newspapers is therefore not supported by substantial evidence. See Wang , 352 F.3d at 1254. Basnet argues, finally, that the Board’s conclusion s that he failed to show that he was a Maoist or Maoist deserter and has bee n singled out for persecution are conclusory and unsupported by the record. Aplt . Br. at 29. In light of our conclusion that the Board erroneously rejected impo rtant portions of Basnet’s evidence, we remand for additional proceedings with out deciding whether he has met his burden to prove refugee status. We conclud e only that the Board’s adverse credibility determinations are not supporte d by substantial evidence.
See Elzour , 378 F.3d at 1154. The petition for review is granted, and the case is remanded for additional proceedings.-14- Entered for the Court

Paul J. Kelly, Jr. Circuit Judge