U.S. flag
        An official website of the United States government
          Here’s how you know

      Official websites use .gov
                A
                .gov
                website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.
          Secure .gov websites use HTTPS
                A lock
                  (
                  
                  )
                   or
                  https://
                   means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.Search
                Menu
    
                      Información en Español
                      Search NINDSSearch NINDS
            

            Main navigation
  

        
              Health Information
                                     Toggle Health Information Dropdown
                                Disorders
                Clinical Trials
                Patient & Caregiver Education
                Public Education
                Support Resources
                Funding
                                     Toggle Funding Dropdown
                                Find Funding Opportunities
                About Funding
                Preparing Your Application
                After You Submit
                Determining Your Funding Likelihood
                Manage Your Award
                NINDS Small Business Program
                Training & Career Development
                Current Research
                                     Toggle Current Research Dropdown
                                Coronavirus and NINDS
                Focus on Disorders
                Focus on Tools & Topics
                Research Funded by NINDS
                Research at NINDS
                Scientific Resources
                Trans-Agency Activities
                News & Events
                                     Toggle News & Events Dropdown
                                Events
                News
                Director's Messages
                About NINDS
                                     Toggle About NINDS Dropdown
                                Who We Are
                What We Do
                Job Opportunities 
 Home
                                News & Events
                        News
SHARE: Studies find that microbiome changes may be a signature for ME/CFS
Release Date
              Wednesday, February 8, 2023

            *NIH-funded studies link altered gut microbes to debilitating chronic disease*


  Image
              3D illustration of human gut bacteria.
Researchers have found differences in the gut microbiomes of people with myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) compared to healthy controls. Findings from two studies, published in *Cell Host & Microbe*and funded by the National Institutes of Health add to growing evidence that connects disruptions in the gut microbiome, the complete collection of bacteria, viruses, and fungi that live in our gastrointestinal system, to ME/CFS.

“The microbiome has emerged as a potential contributor to ME/CFS. These findings provide unique insights into the role the microbiome plays in the disease and suggest that certain differences in gut microbes could serve as biomarkers for ME/CFS,” said Vicky Whittemore, Ph.D., program director at NIH’s National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS).

ME/CFS is a serious, chronic, and debilitating disease characterized by a range of symptoms, including fatigue, post-exertional malaise, sleep disturbance, cognitive difficulties, pain, and gastrointestinal issues. The causesof the disease are unknown and there are no treatments.

In one study, senior author Brent L. Williams, Ph.D., assistant professor, W. Ian Lipkin, M.D., John Snow Professor of Epidemiology and director of the Center for Infection and Immunity at the Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, in New York City, and their collaborators analyzedthe genetic makeup of gut bacteria in fecal samples collected from a geographically diverse cohort of 106 people with ME/CFS and 91 healthy controls. The results revealed key differences in microbiome diversity, quantity, metabolic pathways, and interactions between species of gut bacteria.

Dr. Williams and his colleagues found that people with ME/CFS had abnormally low levels of several bacterial species compared to healthy controls, including *Faecalibacterium prausnitzii (F. prausnitzii)* and *Eubacterium rectale*. These health-promoting bacteria produce a short chain fatty acid called butyrate, a bacterial metabolite, or by-product, that plays an important role in maintaining gut health. An acetate-producing bacterium was also reduced in samples obtained from people with ME/CFS.

More detailed metabolomic analyses confirmed that a reduction in these bacteria was associated with reduced butyrate production in ME/CFS. Butyrate is the primary energy source for cells that line the gut, providing up to 70% of their energy requirements, support for the gut immune system, and protection against diseases of the digestive tract. Butyrate, tryptophan, and other metabolites detected in the blood are important for regulating immune, metabolic, and endocrine functions.

While species of butyrate-producing bacteria decreased, there were increased levels of nine other species in ME/CFS, including *Enterocloster bolteae*and*Ruminococcus gnavus*, which are associated with autoimmune diseases and inflammatory bowel disease, respectively.

Dr. Williams’ group also reported that an abundance of *F. prausnitzii* was inversely associated with fatigue severity in ME/CFS, suggesting a possible link between gut bacteria and disease symptoms. More research is needed to determine if differences in the gut microbiome are a consequence or cause of symptoms.

The findings indicate that imbalances in these 12 species of bacteria could be used as biomarkers for ME/CFS classification, potentially providing consistent, measurable targets to improve diagnosis.

The gut microbiome is an ecosystem with complex interactions between bacteria, where microbes can exchange or compete for nutrients, metabolites, or other molecular signals. Researchers found notable differences in the network of species interactions in people with ME/CFS—including unique interactions between *F. prausnitzii* and other species. This indicates that there is an extensive rewiring of bacterial networks in ME/CFS.

“In addition to differences in individual species in ME/CFS, focusing a lens on community interaction dynamics may add greater specificity to the broad definition of dysbiosis, distinguishing between other diseases in which the gut microbiome becomes imbalanced,” said Dr. Williams. “This is also important for generating new testable hypotheses about the underlying mechanisms and mediators of dysbiosis in ME/CFS and may eventually inform strategies to correct these imbalances.”

A balanced microbiome is also essential for a variety of neural systems, especially immune regulation and coupling between energy metabolism and blood supply in the brain, as well as the function of the nerves that supply the gut.

In another study at the Jackson Laboratory in Farmington, Connecticut,Julia Oh, Ph.D., associate professor, and Derya Unutmaz, M.D., professor, teamed up with other ME/CFS experts to study microbiome abnormalities in different phases of ME/CFS. Dr. Oh’s team collected and analyzed clinical data, fecal samples, and blood samples from 149 people with ME/CFS who had been diagnosed within the previous four years (74 short-term) or who had been diagnosed more than 10 years ago (75 long-term) and 79 healthy controls.

The results showed that the short-term group had less microbial diversity, while the long-term group established a stable, but individualized gut microbiome similar to healthy controls. Dr. Oh and her colleagues found lower levels of several butyrate-producing species, including *F. prausnitzii*, especially in the short-term participants. There was also a reduction in species associated with tryptophan metabolism in all ME/CFS participants compared to controls.

Dr. Oh’s group also collected detailed clinical and lifestyle data from participants. By combining these data with genetic and metabolome data, the team developed a way to accurately classify and differentiate ME/CFS from healthy controls. Using this approach, they found that individuals with long-term ME/CFS had a more balanced microbiome but showed more severe clinical symptoms and progressive metabolic irregularities compared to the other groups.

Both studies identify potential biomarkers for ME/CFS, which may inform diagnostic tests and disease classification. Understanding the connection between disturbances in the gut microbiome and ME/CFS may also guide the development of new therapeutics.

Additional research is required to learn more about the pathophysiological implications of butyrate and other metabolite deficiencies in ME/CFS. Future studies will determine how gut microbe disturbances contribute to symptoms, including changes during disease progression.

The studies were funded in part by the NIH’sME/CFS Collaborative Research Network, a consortium supported by multiple institutes and centers at NIH, consisting of three collaborative research centers and a data management coordinating center.The research network was established in 2017 to help advance research on ME/CFS.

The research was supported by NINDS grant U54NS105539, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases grants U54AI138370 and R56AI120724, and anonymous donors through the Crowdfunding Microbe Discovery Project.

**Articles:**

Guo, et al. Deficient butyrate-producing capacity in the gut microbiome is associated with bacterial network disturbances and fatigue symptoms in ME/CFS. *Cell Host & Microbe*, February 8, 2023. DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2023.01.004.

Xiong, et al. Multi-‘omics of host-microbiome interactions in short- and long-term Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS). *Cell Host & Microbe*, February 8, 2023. DOI:10.1016/j.chom.2023.01.001.

**For more information:**

Perspectives on ME/CFS - Julia Oh, Ph.D.

Trans-NIH Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome Working Group

Myalgic Encephalomyelitis/Chronic Fatigue Syndrome (ME/CFS) Research Network

National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS)

**NINDS******is the nation’s leading funder of research on the brain and nervous system. The mission of NINDS is to seek fundamental knowledge about the brain and nervous system and to use that knowledge to reduce the burden of neurological disease.

**About the National Institutes of Health (NIH):**NIH, the nation's medical research agency, includes 27 Institutes and Centers and is a component of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. NIH is the primary federal agency conducting and supporting basic, clinical, and translational medical research, and is investigating the causes, treatments, and cures for both common and rare diseases. For more information about NIH and its programs, visitthe NIH webpage. News & Events
  
    

    Events
    
            News
                                                              
                    
                                      Highlights and Announcements
    
            Press Releases
    
            Grantees in the NewsDirector's Messages
                                                              
                    
                                      Featured Director's Message
    
            All Director's Messages

Did you find the content you were looking for?
  Yes, I did find the content I was looking for



No, I did not find the content I was looking forPlease rate how easy it was to navigate the NINDS website
  Very easy to navigate



Easy to navigate



Neutral



Difficult to navigate



Very difficult to navigateThank you for letting us know! Any other feedback?Submit

This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policyand Terms of Serviceapply.
 Contact Us
  

        
              Contact NINDS
                Visitor Information
        Related Sites
  

        
              Site Map
                National Institutes of Health
                Department of Health & Human Services
                USA.gov
        Policies
  

        
              Accessibility
                Freedom of Information Act
                Linking Policy
                Privacy Statement
                Vulnerability Disclosure Policy
Follow NINDS On Social Media
          
          National Institutes of Health (NIH)
          9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, MD, 20892