FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

MARCH 20, 2012

JOHN LEY

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

 FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

 ________________________

 No. 11-11224 

Non-Argument Calendar

 ________________________

 D.C. Docket No. 5:09-cv-01545-IPJ

JERRY SIMS, 

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllPlaintiff-Appellant,

versus

JAMES LEONARD,

HUNTSVILLE, CITY OF, 

llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllDefendants-Appellees.

________________________

 Appeal from the United States District Court

 for the Northern District of Alabama

 ________________________

(March 20, 2012)
Before BARKETT, MARTIN and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Proceeding pro se, Jerry Sims appeals the grant of summary judgment on

both his 42 U.S.C. § 1983 action against Officer James Leonard for his alleged use

of excessive force, and his state law claims of assault and battery against Leonard

and the City of Huntsville, Alabama. Sims claims error in the granting summary 

judgment for the defendants; the closing of his case; and the denial, as moot, of his

post-judgment motion for summary judgment. After careful review, we reverse

and remand.

“This court reviews de novo the district court's grant of summary judgment

based on the defense of qualified immunity.” Holmes v. Kucynda, 321 F.3d 1069,

1077 (11th Cir. 2003). Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56, summary

judgment is appropriate where the moving party “shows that there is no genuine

dispute as to any material fact. . . .” Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(a). We accept the plaintiff’s

version of the facts and draw all justifiable inferences in his favor. 

Pourmoghani–Esfahani v. Gee, 625 F.3d 1313, 1315 (11th Cir. 2010) (per

curiam); see Cottrell v. Caldwell, 85 F.3d 1480, 1486 (11th Cir. 1996) (“[W]hat is

considered to be the ‘facts’ at the summary judgment stage may not turn out to be

the actual facts if the case goes to trial, but those are the facts at this stage of the

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proceeding for summary judgment purposes.”). 

A summary judgment motion can be opposed “by any of the kinds of

evidentiary materials listed in Rule 56(c), except the mere pleadings themselves,

and it is from this list that one would normally expect the nonmoving party to

make” the necessary showing. Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 324, 106 S.

Ct. 2548, 2553 (1986).1

Though the District Court quite rightly recognized the lack of any

“procedural tool for a default summary judgment,” we nevertheless conclude that

the judgment entered there amounted to a default. In deciding Sims’s § 1983

claim, the district court stated: “Because [Sims] has failed to respond to the

defendant’s motion for summary judgment, he necessarily has failed in his burden

to show that qualified immunity is not appropriate” (emphasis added). Similarly,

with respect to Sims’s assault and battery claim, the district court stated: “Because

[Sims] failed to respond to the defendants’ motions for summary judgment, this

claim necessarily fails,” (emphasis added). 

We recognize that the district court did evaluate Sims’s deposition. 

 See Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c)(1) (“A party asserting that a fact cannot be or is genuinely 1

disputed must support the assertion by: (A) citing to particular parts of materials in the record,

including depositions, documents, electronically stored information, affidavits or declarations,

stipulations (including those made for purposes of the motion only), admissions, interrogatory

answers, or other materials”). 

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However, this evaluation neglected to include some of Sims’s testimony which

must be credited because we are required to accept Sims’s “version of the facts

drawing all justifiable inferences in [his] favor.” Pourmoghani– Esfahani, 625

F.3d at 1315; see Brown v. City of Huntsville, Ala., 608 F.3d 724, 728, 738–40

(11th Cir. 2010) (reviewing the “[p]laintiff’s version of events,” and holding that

the district court erred in granting qualified immunity for a § 1983 excessive force

claim). The district court found that, since Sims testified that he did not see who

hit his leg, he could not establish the claim against Officer Leonard. Yet, in other

portions of his deposition, Sims testified that Officer Leonard hit his leg, and he

clarified that he knew this because Leonard was the only person close enough to

him to have done it. Sims stated: “the only spot where the hit came from was

where Officer Leonard was.” Though Sims might not have seen Leonard hit him,

we must nevertheless make the reasonable inference from Sims’s testimony that

Leonard hit Sims. 

In our view, to state that a party’s claim “necessarily” fails because that

party has “failed to respond” to a dispositive motion results in the imposition of a

default judgment. By entering judgment here, the district court imposed a

requirement that Sims establish a “legal fact,” that the defendants’ conduct

violated “clearly established” constitutional principles; but Sims needed only to

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show facts constituting a constitutional violation. See Elder v. Holloway, 510

U.S. 510, 516, 114 S. Ct. 1019, 1023 (1994) (“Whether an asserted federal right

was clearly established at a particular time, . . ., presents a question of law, not one

of ‘legal facts.’”). The court must then evaluate those facts to determine whether,

as a matter of law, the alleged conduct was “clearly established” as a constitutional

violation at the time it occurred. See Mitchell v. Forsyth, 472 U.S. 511, 528, 105

S. Ct. 2806, 2816 (1985) (“All [a court] need determine is a question of law:

whether the legal norms allegedly violated by the defendant were clearly

established at the time of the challenged actions . . .”); see also Elder, 510 U.S. at

516 (“A court engaging in review of a qualified immunity judgment should

therefore use its full knowledge of its own [and other relevant] precedents.”

(brackets in original)). 

As a result, the district court did not adequately credit the other evidence

presented by Sims, in particular his deposition testimony. The evidence put

forward by Sims contains facts that, when viewed in his favor, may establish

defendants’ violation of a clearly established constitutional right. 

We will afford the district court an opportunity to engage in this more

comprehensive analysis in the first instance, examining whether the evidence

shows that there remains a genuine issue of material fact and whether Sims’s claim

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survives the defendants’ assertion of qualified immunity. 

REVERSED AND REMANDED

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