NOTICE: NOT FOR OFFICIAL PUBLICATION.

UNDER ARIZONA RULE OF THE SUPREME COURT 111(c), THIS DECISION IS NOT PRECEDENTIAL

AND MAY BE CITED ONLY AS AUTHORIZED BY RULE.

IN THE

ARIZONA COURT OF APPEALS

DIVISION ONE

JUSTIN DWAYNE HILL, Plaintiff/Appellant, 

v.

FRANK W. MOSKOWITZ, Defendant/Appellee. 

No. 1 CA-CV 21-0371 

Appeal from the Superior Court in Maricopa County

No. CV2020-003878 

The Honorable Margaret R. Mahoney, Judge

AFFIRMED

APPEARANCES

Justin Dwayne Hill, Tucson

Plaintiff/Appellant 

Arizona Attorney General’s Office, Phoenix

By Kimberly D. Chamberlain

Counsel for Defendant/Appellee

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Vice Chief Judge David B. Gass delivered the decision of the court, in which 

Presiding Judge Paul J. McMurdie and Judge Angela K. Paton joined.

FILED 3-8-2022
HILL v. MOSKOWITZ

Decision of the Court

2

G A S S, Vice Chief Judge:

¶1 Justin Dwayne Hill appeals the dismissal of his complaint 

against Judge Frank W. Moskowitz. Because the superior court properly 

applied judicial immunity, we affirm. 

¶2 Judge Moskowitz presided over Hill’s criminal jury trial. 

During the trial, Hill told his attorney he had chest pains. Hill’s attorney 

then told the judge but did not ask to continue the trial. The judge said 

unless Hill could not proceed, the trial would go on. A short while later, 

Hill collapsed. The judge adjourned the trial so Hill could receive medical 

care. 

¶3 Hill sued the judge for negligence, intentional emotional 

distress, and constitutional violations. The judge moved to dismiss, arguing 

judicial immunity and Hill’s failure to comply with the notice-of-claim

statute. The superior court granted the motion under judicial immunity and 

did not reach the notice-of-claim issue. Hill timely appealed. This court has 

jurisdiction under article VI, section 9, of the Arizona Constitution, and 

A.R.S. §§ 12-120.21.A.1 and 12-2101.A.1.

¶4 The judge argues the court properly dismissed Hill’s case 

because judicial immunity protected the judge’s ruling to proceed with the 

trial, a judicial act. We agree. 

¶5 This court reviews de novo the dismissal of a complaint under 

Arizona Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). Coleman v. City of Mesa, 230 Ariz. 

352, 355, ¶ 7 (2012). This court assumes the truth of well-pleaded factual 

allegations and may look at any referenced exhibits of public records. Id. at 

356, ¶ 9. This court upholds a dismissal only if Hill is not “entitled to relief 

under any interpretation of the facts.” Fid. Sec. Life Ins. Co. v. Ariz. Dep’t of 

Ins., 191 Ariz. 222, 224, ¶ 4 (1998).

¶6 Judicial immunity protects judges from civil suits for their 

judicial acts. Acevedo v. Pima Cnty. Adult Prob. Dep’t, 142 Ariz. 319, 321 

(1984). Judicial immunity ensures judges “exercise their functions with 

independence and without fear of consequences.” Id. Plaintiffs can 

overcome judicial immunity if the judge does not act within the judge’s

judicial power or acts outside the judge’s jurisdiction. Mireles v. Waco, 502 

U.S. 9, 11–12 (1991) (citations omitted); see also Acevedo, 142 Ariz. at 322. 

¶7 Without citing any authority, Hill argues judicial immunity 

does not control because the judge made a medical, not a judicial, decision.

Judges, however, make these decisions during trials because they are 
HILL v. MOSKOWITZ

Decision of the Court

3

charged with ensuring the orderly conduct of proceedings. See In re 

Alexander, 232 Ariz. 1, 11, ¶ 42 (2013) (citation omitted). Here, the judge’s 

decision to recess or not fell squarely within his judicial authority. 

¶8 Hill mentions a jurisdictional issue. He does not develop this 

argument, so we do not address it. See MacMillan v. Schwartz, 226 Ariz. 584, 

591, ¶ 33 (App. 2011).

¶9 We affirm.