Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before 

any court except for the purpose of 

establishing the defense of res judicata, 

collateral estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT: ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE:

GILDA W. CAVINESS GREGORY F. ZOELLER

Caviness Law Office, LLC. Attorney General of Indiana

Rushville, Indiana

IN THE

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

TYLER E. BURTON, )

)

Appellant-Defendant, )

)

vs. ) No. 73A01-1205-CR-225

)

STATE OF INDIANA, )

)

Appellee-Plaintiff. )

APPEAL FROM THE SHELBY SUPERIOR COURT

The Honorable Jack A. Tandy, Judge 

Cause No. 73D01-1104-FB-3 

May 22, 2013

MEMORANDUM DECISION - NOT FOR PUBLICATION

PYLE, Judge
2

STATEMENT OF THE CASE

Tyler Burton (“Burton”) appeals his convictions of possession of 

methamphetamine within 1,000 feet of school property, a Class B felony;1 maintaining a 

common nuisance, a Class D felony;

2

and possession of paraphernalia, a Class A 

misdemeanor.3 

We affirm.

ISSUES

1. Whether the trial erred in admitting jail recordings into evidence.

2. Whether the enhancement of Burton’s possession of 

methamphetamine conviction to a Class B felony was improper 

under the circumstances of the case.

3. Whether the trial court erred in refusing to give Burton’s proposed 

final instruction pertaining to the lesser included offense of 

possession of methamphetamine as a Class D felony.

4. Whether the deputy prosecutor committed misconduct that put 

Burton in grave peril.

5. Whether the State presented sufficient evidence to support Burton’s 

convictions for possession of methamphetamine and possession of 

paraphernalia.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

 

1

Ind. Code § 35-48-4-6.1(b)(2))B).

2

I.C. § 35-48-4-13(b)(2).

3

I.C. § 35-48-4-8.3(b).
3

On April 14, 2011, a Shelbyville Kroger pharmacy technician informed Shelby

County Sheriff’s Detective Darren Chandler (“Detective Chandler”) that Burton and 

James Caldwell (“Caldwell”) had just left Kroger after both purchased 2.4 grams of 

pseudoephedrine. The same technician had previously informed Detective Chandler that 

Burton had purchased or had been blocked from purchasing Sudafed on a number of prior 

occasions. Burton had been blocked from purchasing Sudafed on numerous occasions 

because he had already purchased the statutory monthly limit for purchases of the 

product.4

Detective Chandler drove to a Shelbyville Walgreens to see whether Burton was 

attempting to purchase more pseudoephedrine. In the Walgreens parking lot, Detective 

Chandler spotted the car that Burton was driving and followed Caldwell into the store. 

Caldwell walked toward the pharmacy area but left without making a purchase. 

Detective Chandler again began following the car, which Burton drove to a Shelby 

County bowling alley. Burton entered the bowling alley and exited a short time later with 

a bag containing breadsticks. 

Burton then drove to Shelbyville High School, where he pulled into the driveway, 

briefly stopped, and then pulled onto a local road. Detective Chandler, who had parked 

his unmarked car in a driveway down the road, again began to follow Burton. Burton 

then drove to an area containing several businesses, including Especially Kidz, a 

 

4 At the time, I.C. § 35-48-4-14.7(d) provided that a person may not purchase drugs containing more than 

“three and six-tenths (3.6) grams of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, or both, on one (1) day, or more than 

nine (9) grams of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, or both, in a thirty (30) day period.” Effective July 1, 

2011, the thirty-day limit was lowered to “seven and two-tenths (7.2) grams.” See Ind. P.L. 221-2011. 
4

treatment center for mentally handicapped kids and adults. There, Burton parked the car 

and began to “move around a lot” and lean toward the passenger side of the car. (Tr. 

169). The car was not parked in a parking space. 

Detective Chandler, who was dressed in a sweat shirt and jeans, approached the 

car, showed his badge to Burton, and asked if Burton would mind talking to him. Burton 

answered, “Sure, what’s up?” (Tr. 171). Detective Chandler asked Burton to step out of 

the car, which Burton did. He then asked Burton if he had a driver’s license, and Burton 

produced an Indiana identification card but no driver’s license. Detective Chandler 

determined that both Burton’s and Crawford’s driver’s licenses had been suspended.

Meanwhile, Burton’s girlfriend came out of Especially Kidz, told Detective 

Chandler that the car Burton was driving belonged to her, took the breadsticks, and 

returned to the building. Caldwell then got out of the front passenger side of the car and 

attempted to follow Burton’s girlfriend. Detective Chandler told Caldwell that he was 

not free to leave, and Caldwell walked back to the car and stood near the driver’s side 

mirror. Immediately thereafter, Detective Chandler walked around to the passenger side 

of the car and found a plastic baggie or “bindle” containing white powder lying on the 

ground. (Tr. 173). The powder was later field tested, and it tested positive for 

methamphetamine.

Detective Chandler then handcuffed Burton and Caldwell. He found foil in 

Caldwell’s possession which appeared to contain burnt residue of methamphetamine; 

however, the residue later tested negative for methamphetamine. Detective Chandler 
5

advised Caldwell of his Miranda rights, and Caldwell told him that he had smoked

methamphetamine that day.

Detective Mike Polston (“Detective Polston”) arrived at the scene and had his 

drug-sniffing dog perform an exterior sniff of the car. The dog “indicated” that there was 

an odor of drugs in the spot where the foil was dropped outside the car. The dog also 

indicated the odor of drugs inside the car, including the car’s front door on the driver’s 

side. After the dog’s indications, Detective Chandler obtained a search warrant for the 

car. 

During the search of the car, officers found a blue zippered pouch in the driver’s 

side door pocket. They opened the pouch and found a leather pouch containing digital 

scales and an empty baggie. The scales were sent to the Indiana State Police Lab, and the 

scales tested positive for methamphetamine. 

Officers also found two hollow pen tubes containing powder residue in the car, 

one between the console and the passenger seat and one in the center console near the 

parking brake. One of the pen tubes was sent to the Indiana State Police Lab, and the 

powder tested positive for methamphetamine. Detective Chandler was unable to identify 

which pen tube was submitted for testing. Baggies were also found in the center console, 

and pseudoephedrine was found between the console and the driver’s seat.

Officers looked under the passenger seat and found a silver pill container 

containing two “bindle” bags of white powder and one-half of a yellow pill. Detective 

Chandler submitted one of the bags and the yellow pill to the Indiana State Police Lab, 
6

which tested the items. The powder in the baggie tested positive for methamphetamine 

and the pill tested positive for hydrocodone.

Both Burton and Chandler were arrested, and Burton was charged with possession 

of methamphetamine within 1000 feet of school property and/or a youth program center,5

a Class B felony; possession of paraphernalia, a Class A misdemeanor; possession of a 

schedule I, II, or III controlled substance (the hydrocodone pill); and maintaining a 

common nuisance, a Class D felony. While he was waiting for the March 27-28, 2012 

trial, Burton was held in the Shelby County Jail. On March 22, 2012, Burton made a 

phone call from the jail to his mother, in which he told his mother that the police were 

going to test the scales “I had” then quickly changed his statement to indicate they were 

scales belonging to Caldwell. (Tr. 208; Trial Exhibit 26). After hearing the recording of 

this phone call, Detective Chandler listened to previous recordings. Detective Chandler

found an April 27, 2011 recording of a jail visitation conversation between Burton and 

his girlfriend in which Burton said that he had told Chandler to eat the baggie containing 

“the dope” and that he had taken a baggie contained a quarter gram of dope from his own 

pocket and “flipped it out.” (Tr. 212). 

At trial, the State used an aerial observation map to show that Burton was within 

1,000 feet of school property and/or a youth program center during each of his stops. 

 

5 A “youth program center” is a building, structure, or property that “on a regular basis provides 

recreational, vocational, academic, social, or other programs or services for persons less than eighteen 

(18) years of age.” I.C. § 35-31.5-2-357.
7

There is no evidentiary dispute that he was within 1,000 feet of one of these entities when 

he stopped his car near Extremely Kidz.

A jury found Burton guilty of possession of methamphetamine, possession of 

paraphernalia, and maintaining a common nuisance and not guilty of possession of a 

schedule I, II, or III controlled substance. The trial court sentenced Burton to an 

aggregate term of ten (10) years with six (6) years executed at the Indiana Department of 

Correction and four (4) years suspended to probation. Burton now appeals.

DISCUSSION AND DECISION

We note that the State has not filed an appellee’s brief. The obligation of 

controverting arguments presented by the appellant properly remains with the State. 

Mateyko v. State, 901 N.E.2d 554, 557 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied. Thus, when 

the appellee does not submit a brief, the appellant may prevail by making a prima facie 

case of error, i.e. an error at first sight or appearance. Id. We are nevertheless obligated 

to correctly apply the law to the facts of the record to determine whether reversal is 

required. Id. 

1. Admission of Jail Recordings

Burton contends that the trial court erred in denying his objection to references to 

the jail recordings and his subsequent objections to the admission of the recordings. 

Burton maintains that the State, which discovered the recordings on or about Friday, 

March 23, 2012, did not give him notice of the recordings until March 26, 2012, the day 

before trial. Burton argues that the State violated the trial court’s discovery order.
8

The trial court “has broad discretion in dealing with discovery violations and may 

be reversed only for an abuse of that discretion involving clear error and resulting 

prejudice.” Berry v. State, 715 N.E.2d 864, 866 (Ind. 1999). Generally, the proper 

remedy for a discovery violation is a continuance. Id. Exclusion of evidence is an 

extreme remedy and is to be used only if the State’s actions were deliberate and the 

conduct prevented a fair trial. Id.

Here, the record does not indicate that the State engaged in deliberate acts 

designed to prevent a fair trial. In fact, the record reveals that the State discovered the 

recorded telephone conversations within a week of Burton’s trial. In addition, Burton 

does not argue, and the record on appeal does not show, that Burton requested a 

continuance to review the recordings and to prepare a defense thereto. Under these facts 

and circumstances, we cannot say that the trial court abused its discretion in denying 

Burton’s trial objections.

2. Enhancement of Possession of Methamphetamine Conviction

Burton contends that his offense was improperly enhanced from a D felony to a B 

felony on the basis that he possessed methamphetamine within 1000 feet of school 

property and/or a youth program center. See I.C. § 35-48-4-6.1(b)(2)(B). He cites 

Indiana Code § 35-48-4-16(c), which states that it is a defense for a person charged with 

possessing methamphetamine within 1000 feet of school property or a youth program 

center that the person was there “at the request or suggestion of a law enforcement officer 

or an agent of a law enforcement officer.”
9

Under the statute, the defendant has “‘the burden of placing the issue in question 

where the State’s evidence has not done so.’” Harrison v. State, 901 N.E.2d 635, 642 

(Ind. 2008) (quoting Adkins v. State, 887 N.E.2d 934, 938 (Ind. 2008)), trans. denied.

6

 

Once the issue is in question, the State has the burden of rebutting the statutory defense. 

Id. Here, there is no evidence that Detective Burton requested or suggested that Burton 

stop his vehicle within 1000 feet of school property and/or a youth treatment center. 

Indeed, Detective Burton did not talk with Burton until after Burton had stopped his 

vehicle near Extremely Kidz. 

Indiana Code § 35-48-4-16(c) does not provide a defense under the facts and 

circumstances of this case, and the State was not required to rebut a non-existent defense. 

3. Refusal of Proposed Instruction

Burton contends that the trial court abused its discretion in refusing a proposed 

instruction that described Class D felony possession of methamphetamine as a lesser 

included offense. Burton cites Wright v. State, 658 N.E.2d 563, 566-67 (Ind. 1995) for a 

three-part test regarding whether a trial court should have instructed a jury on a lesserincluded offense of the offense charged. Under Wright, the trial court asks the following 

questions: (1) whether the lesser included offense is inherently included in the crime 

charged; if not (2) whether the lesser included offense is factually included in the crime 

 

6

In Harrison, the Court specifically addressed subsection (b) of the statute, which provides a defense 

when a defendant is “briefly” in, on, or within 1,000 feet of school property or a youth program center. 

We see no distinction between subsection (b) and (c) of the statute that would change the burden of proof. 
10

charged; and, if either, (3) whether there is a serious evidentiary dispute whereby the jury 

could conclude that the lesser included offense was committed but not the greater. Id. 

Here, the following colloquy occurred:

[Defense]: We have one proposed jury instruction Your Honor.

The Court: Okay.

[Defense]: Giving him a copy.

[State]: you gave me (inaudible)

The Court: okay. And why do you want to give this one?

[Defense]: It just is a lesser included. He’s not charged with a D felony. 

I think that would be appropriate for them to decide that he 

could potentially be guilty of the D felony, possession of 

methamphetamine.

The Court: Mm-hmm (affirmative). I guess my thought would be that’s 

covered by Court five, where we explain that . . . the D felony 

can be enhanced to a B felony within 1000 feet.

[Defense]: Okay.

The Court: Okay. I’ll refuse the Defendant’s proposed instruction.

(Tr. 293).7

Although Burton has not graced us with a copy of his proposed instruction, it is 

clear that Court Final Instruction No. 5 defines the lesser-included offense of possession 

of methamphetamine as a Class D felony. The instruction states the following:

 

7 Defense counsel acquiesced to Court Final Instruction No. 5’s inclusion of the content of the proposed 

instruction. Accordingly, he has waived the issue on appeal. See Shelby v. State, 2013 WL 1755492 (Ind. 

Ct. App.). We will, however, consider the merits of the issue.
11

The defendant has been charged in Count 1 with possession of 

methamphetamine.

The crime of possession of methamphetamine is defined by statute as 

follows:

The offense is a Class B felony if the person in possession of the 

methamphetamine possesses less than three grams of pure or adulterated 

methamphetamine in, on, or within one thousand (1,000) feet of school 

property or a youth program center.

To convict the defendant, the State must have proved each of the following:

1. The Defendant;

2. knowingly and intentionally

3. possessed

4. methamphetamine, pure or adulterated

OR that he knowingly or intentionally aided, caused or induced James 

Caldwell to do the same.

If the State has not proved each of these elements beyond a reasonable 

doubt, you should find the defendant not guilty of possession of 

methamphetamine.

If the State has proved each of these elements beyond a reasonable doubt, 

you should find the defendant guilty of possession of methamphetamine, a 

Class D felony.

If the State has proved beyond a reasonable doubt that the offense occurred 

in, on, or within 1,000 feet of a youth program center or school property, 

you should find the defendant guilty of possession of methamphetamine, a 

Class B felony.

(App. 72). In final argument, counsel alluded to the possibility of a Class D conviction. 

Furthermore, the jury verdict form allowed the jury to choose guilt or innocence of both 

offenses.
12

Clearly, the record indicates that the definition of Class D felony possession of 

methamphetamine was covered by Court Final Instruction No. 5 and that the jury had the 

opportunity to choose whether Burton was guilty of that felony instead of the Class B 

felony. The trial court did not abuse its discretion in refusing to give Burton’s proposed 

instruction.

4. Prosecutorial Misconduct

During rebuttal closing argument, the deputy prosecutor commented that 

Shelbyville is a town “where it’s hard to go much of anywhere without being within 

1,000 feet [of school property and/or a youth treatment center].” (Tr. 317). Burton 

objected on the basis that “there’s no evidence regarding any of those.” Id. An 

unrecorded side bar conference was held, and the trial court denied the objection.

Burton contends that the deputy prosecutor’s statements constitute prosecutorial 

misconduct that placed him in a position of grave peril to which he should not have been 

subjected. (Burton’s Br. 13). The trial court is in the best position to assess the 

circumstances of an error and its probable impact on the jury, so we review the denial of 

an objection thereto only for an abuse of discretion. Lucio v. State, 907 N.E.2d 1008, 

1010 (Ind. 2009). Grave peril is determined by considering the probable persuasive 

effect of the misconduct on the jury’s decision. Reynolds v. State, 797 N.E.2d 864, 868 

(Ind. Ct. App. 2003). 

The State presented undisputed evidence that Burton possessed methamphetamine 

within 1,000 feet of Shelbyville High School and within just a few feet of a youth 
13

program center (which itself was within 1000 feet of the high school). We see no 

possibility that the deputy prosecutor’s statements put Burton in grave peril.

5. Sufficiency of the Evidence

Burton contends that the State failed to present sufficient evidence to support his 

convictions of possession of methamphetamine and possession of paraphernalia. Indiana 

Code § 35-48-4-6.1 provides that “a person who, without a valid prescription or order of 

a practitioner acting in the course of the practitioner’s professional practice, knowingly or 

intentionally possesses methamphetamine (pure or adulterated)” commits Class D felony 

possession of methamphetamine. The offense is a Class B felony if the person in 

possession of the methamphetamine possesses less than three (3) grams of pure or 

adulterated methamphetamine “in, on, or within one thousand (1,000) feet of: (i) school 

property; (ii) a public park; (iii) a family housing complex; or (iv) a youth program center 

. . . .” I.C. § 35-48-4-6.1(b)(2)(B). Indiana Code § 35-48-4-13(b)(2) provides that a 

person commits Class A misdemeanor possession of paraphernalia if the person 

knowingly or intentionally possesses a raw material, an instrument, a device, or other 

object “that the person intends to use for: (1) introducing into the person’s body a 

controlled substance; (2) testing the strength, effectiveness, or purity of a controlled 

substance; or (3) enhancing the effect of a controlled substance . . . .” 

The element of possession may be proved by actual or constructive possession, 

and constructive possession occurs when the defendant has the intent and capability to 

maintain dominion and control over the item. Atwood v. State, 905 N.E.2d 479, 484-85 
14

(Ind. Ct. App. 2009), trans. denied. When possession of the premises is non-exclusive, 

the inference that a defendant had knowledge of the presence of the contraband and was 

capable of controlling it is not permitted absent additional circumstances indicating such 

knowledge and control. Id. Among the circumstances that will support such an inference 

are (1) incriminating statements by the defendant; (2) attempted flight or furtive gestures; 

(3) a drug manufacturing setting; (4) proximity of the defendant to the contraband; (5) 

contraband in plain view; and/or (6) location of the defendant of the contraband in close 

proximity to items owned by the defendant. Id.

Here, the State presented a recording in which Burton admitted that he avoided 

discovery of methamphetamine located in his pocket when he “flipped” the 

methamphetamine. (Tr. 212). Police found scales covered with methamphetamine 

residue in the door pocket next to the front car seat in which Burton was sitting and an 

ink pen shell used for smoking methamphetamine in the car’s console. The State also 

presented a recording in which Burton admitted that the scales were something he “had” 

before the search. 

The State’s evidence is sufficient to show that Burton actually possessed 

methamphetamine shortly before the search and that he avoided detection by evasive 

action. The State’s evidence is also sufficient to show that Burton constructively 

possessed both methamphetamine and paraphernalia that was in close proximity to where 

he was sitting. Furthermore, the recordings are sufficient to allow the jury to infer that 

Burton knew of the presence of contraband in the car. 
15

Affirmed. 

ROBB, C.J., and MAY, J., concur.