1

Filed 7/20/15

CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

FIRST APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION THREE

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

MERCEDES LOPES,

Defendant and Respondent.

 A142907

 (Sonoma County

 Super. Ct. No. SCR647251)

Does a juvenile adjudication qualify as a “prior violation . . . that was punished as 

a felony” so as to elevate a misdemeanor driving under the influence offense to a felony 

under Vehicle Code section 23550.5?

1

It does not. The trial court properly rejected the 

People’s attempt to elevate a drunk driving charge with a prior juvenile adjudication 

pursuant to section 23550.5, subdivision (a)(2), so we affirm. 

BACKGROUND

In 2006, when Mercedes Lopes was 17 years old, she entered a plea of no contest 

to felony driving under the influence with injury under section 23153, subdivision (a).2

Lopes was detained as a ward of the court and committed to a DUI Youth Program with a 

maximum time of confinement of 38 months. 

 

1Unless otherwise noted, further statutory citations are to the Vehicle Code.

2

Section 23153, subdivision (a) provides that “It is unlawful for a person, while 

under the influence of any alcoholic beverage to drive a vehicle and concurrently do any 

act forbidden by law, or neglect any duty imposed by law in driving the vehicle, which 

act or neglect proximately causes bodily injury to any person other than the driver.”

We take judicial notice of the contents of Lopes’ juvenile court file. (Evid. Code, 

§ 452, subd. (d).) 
2

In 2014, Lopes was charged with driving under the influence (§ 23152, subd. (a)) 

and driving with a blood alcohol content of 0.08 percent or more (§ 23152, subd. (b)). 

Both charges were alleged as felonies pursuant to section 23550.5 due to the prior 

juvenile adjudication. After waiving jury trial, Lopes admitted the 2006 adjudication but 

moved for acquittal on the section 23550.5 allegation. The court ruled that her juvenile 

adjudication could not be used to elevate the DUI to a felony and therefore granted the 

defense motion. Lopes then entered a plea of no contest to misdemeanor violations of 

section 23152, subdivisions (a) and (b). The People appeal from the court’s order 

striking the allegation of felony drunk driving due to the prior juvenile adjudication. 

DISCUSSION

The sole issue in this appeal is whether Lopes’ 2006 juvenile adjudication 

qualifies as a “prior violation of Section 23153 that was punished as a felony” within the 

meaning of section 23550.5, subdivision (a), and can therefore elevate her current DUI 

charges to felonies. We agree with the trial court’s conclusion that it does not.

At the time of Lopes’ plea, section 23550.5 provided in relevant part that: “(a) A 

person is guilty of a public offense, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison or 

confinement in a county jail for not more than one year and by a fine of not less than 

three hundred ninety dollars ($390) nor more than one thousand dollars ($1,000) if that 

person is convicted of a violation of Section 23152 or 23153, and the offense occurred 

within 10 years of any of the following: [¶] . . . [¶] (2) A prior violation of Section 23153 

that was punished as a felony. [¶] . . . [¶] (b) Each person who, having previously been 

convicted of a violation of subdivision (a) of Section 191.5 of the Penal Code, a felony 

violation of subdivision (b) of Section 191.5, or a violation of subdivision (a) of Section 

192.5 of the Penal Code, is subsequently convicted of a violation of Section 21352 or 

23153 is guilty of a public offense punishable by imprisonment in the state prison or 

confinement in a county jail for not more than one year and by a fine . . . .”

3

 

3

The statute was amended effective January 1, 2015 to substitute “separate” for 

“prior.” (Stats. 2014, c. 509, § 1.)
3

Welfare and Institutions Code section 203 provides that “[a]n order adjudging a 

minor to be a ward of the juvenile court shall not be deemed a conviction of a crime for 

any purpose, nor shall a proceeding in the juvenile court be deemed a criminal 

proceeding.” Implicitly acknowledging this principle, the People argue that the 

Legislature’s specification of a prior “violation” in section 23350.5, subdivision (a), 

rather than “conviction,” evidences its intent that juvenile adjudications, and not just

criminal convictions, may be used to elevate a current DUI offense to a felony. “Had the 

Legislature intended to require a conviction,” they contend, “it would have employed the 

term ‘conviction’ in subdivision (a) of section 23550.5 as, indeed, it did in subdivision 

(b) of section 23550.5” and various other enhancement provisions found in the Vehicle 

Code. 

We disagree. Preliminarily, we note that People v. Snook (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1210, 

1216–1219, construing related Vehicle Code provisions, suggests the Legislature’s use of 

the term “violation” rather than “conviction” was a byproduct of its efforts to prevent 

repeat drunk driving offenders from escaping enhanced punishment by manipulating the 

timing of their convictions for separate offenses. People v. Camarillo (2000) 84 

Cal.App.4th 1386, on the other hand, indicates the etiology of the phrase “violation . . . 

that was punished as a felony” has more to do with the discretion of sentencing courts to 

identify “wobbler” offenses as either felonies or misdemeanors. (Id. at pp. 1392–1393.)

Either way, nothing we have found in the statutory language, legislative history or case 

law indicates that the Legislature intended the phrase to encompass juvenile 

adjudications. As Lopes observes, in the relatively rare instances where the Legislature 

wants to include juvenile adjudications in provisions that may elevate the penalty for new 

offenses, it knows how. (See, e.g., § 13105 [juvenile adjudications can be used as a basis 

for suspension or revocation of driving privileges]; Pen. Code §§ 667, subd. (d)(3) and 

1170.12, subd. (b)(3) [three strikes law].) Where, as here, the statutory language is 

obscure and the People’s interpretation is, at best, no more reasonable than any other, the 

rule of lenity counsels against their proposed construction. (See, e.g., People v. Avery

(2002) 27 Cal.4th 49, 58) 
4

Moreover, even if we were to assume that the term “prior violation” might

encompass juvenile adjudications, which we do not, Lopes’ juvenile adjudication does 

not qualify because it was not “punished as a felony.” Except for capital offenses, 

felonies are punished by imprisonment in state prison or county jail pursuant to Penal 

Code sections 17, 18 and 1170, subdivision (h). Here, Lopes was detained as a ward of 

the court and committed to a DUI Youth Program as punishment for her juvenile offense. 

That, patently, was not felony punishment. 

The People nonetheless argue Lopes’ juvenile adjudication was “punished as a 

felony” because the juvenile court identified it as a felony for purposes of Welfare and 

Institutions Code section 702. We disagree. Section 702 requires that when a minor is 

found to have committed a wobbler, i.e. an offense that would, in the case of an adult, be 

punishable alternatively as a felony or a misdemeanor, “the court shall declare the offense 

to be a misdemeanor or felony.” But it must do so in order to identify the minor’s 

maximum term of confinement, and to ensure that the juvenile court is aware of and 

exercises its discretion to fully consider available sentencing options. (In re Manzy W., 

(1997) 14 Cal.4th 1199, 1205–1207; see also In re Dennis C. (1980) 104 Cal.App.3d 16, 

23.) Nothing of this requirement suggests that a prior juvenile adjudication was actually 

“punished as a felony” because the court declared it a felony for purposes of 702.

In short, the People’s interpretation of section 23550.5 is unsupported by its

language and legislative history, particularly in view of our tradition of differentiating 

between juvenile adjudications and criminal convictions. We conclude the trial court 

correctly found Lopes’ juvenile adjudication was not a “violation . . . punished as a 

felony” within the meaning of section 23550.5, subdivision (a).

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed.
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_________________________

Siggins, J.

We concur:

_________________________

McGuiness, P. J.

_________________________

Pollak, J.

People v. Lopes, A142907
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Trial Court: Sonoma County Superior Court

Trial Judge: Robert M. LaForge

Counsel: 

Jill R. Ravitch, District Attorney, William S. Mount, Deputy District Attorney for 

Plaintiff and Appellant, Sonoma County.

Marylou Hillberg, First District Appellate Project for Defendant and Respondent, 

Mercedes Lopes.