Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 32A01-1409-JP-386 | July 16, 2015 Page 1 of 15

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLANT

Deborah M. Agard

Law Office of Deborah M. Agard

Indianapolis, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Julie Andrews

Brian K. Zoeller

Maggie L. Sadler

Cohen & Malad, LLP

Indianapolis, Indiana

I N T H E

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

In re the Paternity of 

M.R.A. and L.R.C.:

M.A.,

Appellant-Petitioner,

v.

B.C.,

Appellee-Respondent,

July 16, 2015

Court of Appeals Case No.

32A01-1409-JP-386

Appeal from the Hendricks Circuit 

Court

The Honorable Jeffrey Boles, Judge

Cause No. 32C01-1209-JP-89

Robb, Judge.

Case Summary and Issues

[1] Michael Ayers (“Father”) appeals the trial court’s order regarding custody, 

parenting time, and child support for his two children, M.R.A. and L.R.A, with 

Brandy Caldwell (“Mother”). He raises two issues for our review: 1) whether 
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the trial court erred in vacating an agreed paternity order and establishing 

Father’s child support obligation and setting his arrearage, including 

reimbursement to Mother for child care costs; and 2) whether the trial court 

erred in ordering Father to pay Mother’s attorney’s fees. Concluding the trial 

court did not abuse its discretion in its determination regarding attorney’s fees, 

we affirm that part of the trial court’s order. However, concluding the trial 

court applied an incorrect legal standard to the determination of child support 

and that its judgment regarding child care expenses is unsupported by the 

evidence, we reverse and remand in part. 

Facts and Procedural History

[2] M.R.A. was born out-of-wedlock to Mother in 2006, and Father executed a 

paternity affidavit at that time. In 2007, Mother married Vu Ho, and L.R.A. 

was born during that marriage. After Mother and Ho were divorced in 2012, 

Father filed a petition to establish paternity of L.R.A. and to determine issues of 

custody, support, and parenting time with respect to both children. A 

subsequent DNA test confirmed that Father was the biological father of L.R.A. 

When the parties appeared on January 3, 2013 for a scheduled hearing on 

Father’s petition, Father’s attorney advised the court that an agreement had 

been reached: “The parties agree on the paternity of both of these children now 

and they agree on parenting time, custody, support, everything.” Transcript at 

5. Mother’s attorney agreed with that statement, noting only that there was a 

procedural issue regarding whether separate cause numbers were required for 
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each child. The parties testified to the terms of their agreement. Mother’s 

attorney then prepared for the court’s approval the following written agreement 

that was signed by both parties and their attorneys:

1. That the issue of the rights of Vu Ho, who is the presumed 

father of [L.R.A.] based on [Mother’s] marriage to him and subsequent 

birth of the child during the marriage, remain for resolution by the 

Court.

2. That the issue of whether this action ought to be dismissed 

as to one of the children and an additional cause number sought for 

that child, either by petition and payment of the filing fee or petition to 

waive such payment is reserved for the Court’s determination.

3. That in the event of dismissal of one of the children from 

this action and the filing of a petition respecting the paternity, support 

and/or custody of that child, such action shall be consolidated 

immediately within this cause and the agreement of the parties deals 

with paternity of [L.R.A.] and the custody, support and parenting time 

of both [M.R.A.] and [L.R.A.]

4. That [Father] is the father of [M.R.A.] born to [Mother] 

February 18, 2006 . . . and that paternity was established by the 

execution of an affidavit at the time of her birth.

5. That [Father] is the father of [L.R.A.] born to [Mother] 

August 29, 2008 . . . at a time when [Mother] was married to Vu Ho 

(and their marriage was subsequently dissolved August 7, 2012 . . .), 

and both parties are satisfied that the DNA testing they voluntarily 

underwent during the pendency of this matter established [Father’s] 

paternity probability at 99.99%.

6. That [L.R.A.’s] surname shall be changed to Ayers and her 

birth certificate shall be ordered amended to show [Father] . . . as the 

father.

7. That the parties shall share joint legal custody and joint 

physical custody of the children and shall divide parenting time upon 

the following schedule: On Mondays and Wednesdays the children 

shall always spend overnights with [M]other; on Tuesdays and 

Thursdays the children shall always spend overnights with [F]ather; 

and on weekends (that is, Friday, Saturday and Sunday overnights) the 
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parties shall alternate weekends with the children . . .; further provided 

that because [F]ather works at nights and sleeps days, while [M]other 

is unemployed, the children (subject to either of them being school age 

and at school most of the day) shall spend the daytimes with [M]other 

as day care for [F]ather unless a member of [F]ather’s household is 

home on any particular day and the children shall be in day care 

and/or pre-school when [M]other is not so available; and further 

provided that the parties may agree to change this schedule from time 

to time to serve the best interest of the children as they deem 

necessary.

8. That each party shall in addition to the foregoing parenting 

schedule of regular times, be entitled to select a one week period each 

summer for an uninterrupted week for the children with that parent; 

that the holidays shall be as agreed upon and in the absence of 

agreement pursuant to the Indiana Parenting Time Guidelines with 

[F]ather treated as the non-custodial parent for the purposes of such 

guidelines only.

9. That there shall be a $0.00 support order against each of the 

parents and the parties are deviating from the Indiana Child Support 

Guidelines on account of the equal split parenting time, [M]other’s

current unemployment and the specific expenses [F]ather will be 

paying: [Father] shall pay all uninsured medical expenses incurred by 

the children (including reimbursement to [Mother] of any necessary 

such expense out of her pocket upon presentation of the receipt) and 

all educational expenses including any day care and/or pre-school.

* * *

11. That as a cash medical support order, the deviation reasons 

of paragraph 9 shall apply and [Father] shall provide health insurance 

for both children and shall pay all of the uninsured medical, dental and 

optical expenses for the children and [Mother] shall supply her 

Medicaid coverage for the children as secondary coverage for so long 

as she qualifies for the same.

12. That beginning for the tax year 2013 and subsequent years, 

[Father] shall be entitled to claim [M.R.A.] as his dependent for tax 

purposes and [Mother] shall be entitled to claim [L.R.A.] as her 

dependent for tax purposes.

13. That in the event any provision in this agreement shall be 

rejected by the Judge or subsequently determined to be invalid, all 
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provisions not affected thereby shall remain in force and effect; and it 

is the express intent of the parties that this agreement shall be honored 

by them prior to approval by the Court and without the necessity of 

approval by the Court, subject to the issues reserved for decision to the 

Court and both parties agree to cooperate with any such decisions as 

promptly as possible.

Appellant’s Appendix at 58-61. On January 16, 2013, the trial court signed an 

“Order Approving Agreement” that appeared at the end of the agreement in the 

following form:

Comes now the Court, having heard the testimony presented in 

open Court January 3, 2013, and having seen and examined the 

foregoing written agreement of the parties, and finds that the 

agreement should be approved and the Court will issue a separate 

decision with respect to the issues reserved to the Court.

ORDERED, that the foregoing agreement is hereby approved 

and made a part of this Order.

Id. at 61 (“2013 Order”).

[3] Both parties thereafter filed petitions for modification raising various issues

including custody and support. The trial court held a hearing on July 3, 2014, 

which began with the following status update:

The Court: What’s the status of this case then?

[Mother’s counsel]: The status of the case your Honor is that we are 

here today for a final hearing on a paternity matter. . . .

The Court: Is that your understanding of the case [Father’s counsel]?

[Father’s counsel]: Your Honor agreed part; we have an order from 

January two-thousand and thirteen that addressed custody and 

support. A modification was subsequently filed by [M]other in March 

of two-thousand thirteen. So we’re treating this as a modification from 

that point forward.

The Court: Very good . . . .
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Tr. at 19-20. On August 11, 2014, the trial court entered Findings of Fact and 

Conclusions of Law. Finding of Fact number 18 states, “After a conference in 

chambers, the Court determined that the agreement of January 16, 2013 was a 

provisional paternity agreement and the hearing for July 3, 2014 was a final 

hearing on the initial paternity matters.”1 Appellant’s App. at 23. The court 

then concluded that the parties’ shared legal and physical custody of the 

children would continue, applying the factors for an initial custody 

determination in Indiana Code section 31-14-13-2; ordered parenting time 

changed to a “2-2-3 schedule”;2 ordered Father to pay child support in the 

amount of $143 per week, retroactive to January 1, 2012, the date the parties 

stopped cohabitating, and set his arrearage at $17,645; ordered Father to pay 

$3,046.80 to Mother as reimbursement of work-related child care expenses 

dating back to January of 2012; and ordered Father to pay Mother’s attorney’s

fees of $19,000. 

[4] Father now appeals the trial court’s treatment of the 2013 Order as a 

provisional order as well as the child support and attorney’s fees provisions in 

the August 2014 order.

 

1

It is unclear when this conference in chambers occurred, as neither the transcript of the hearing nor the 

appendix reflect any such conference before, during, or after the July 3 hearing.

2

Pursuant to the 2-2-3 schedule, Mother is to have custodial time every Monday and Tuesday overnight, 

Father is to have custodial time every Wednesday and Thursday overnight, and the parties are to alternate 

weekends including Sunday overnight. Id. at 27. Although this changed the order of the parties’ weekday 

overnights, the total time the children spent with each parent did not change.
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Discussion and Decision

I. Standard of Review

[5] The trial court made findings of fact and conclusions thereon pursuant to 

Indiana Trial Rule 52(A). “In reviewing findings made pursuant to Rule 52, we 

first determine whether the evidence supports the findings and then whether 

[the] findings support the judgment.” K.I. ex rel. J.I. v. J.H., 903 N.E.2d 453, 

457 (Ind. 2009). We “shall not set aside the findings or judgment unless clearly 

erroneous . . . .” T.R. 52(A). A judgment is clearly erroneous when there is no 

evidence supporting the findings, when the findings fail to support the 

judgment, or when the trial court “applies the wrong legal standard to properly 

found facts.” K.I., 903 N.E.2d at 457. 

[6] Although we give considerable deference to trial courts in family law matters, 

“to the extent a ruling is based on an error of law or is not supported by the 

evidence, it is reversible, and the trial court has no discretion to reach the wrong 

result.” MacLafferty v. MacLafferty, 829 N.E.2d 938, 941 (Ind. 2005).

II. Provisional v. Final Order

[7] Indiana Code section 31-14-10-1 provides that in a paternity action, “[u]pon 

finding that a man is the child’s biological father, the court shall, in the initial 

determination, conduct a hearing to determine the issues of support, custody, 

and parenting time.” However, the court may dispense with the hearing 

required by that section if “the mother and the alleged father execute and file 

with the court a verified written stipulation; or . . . the parties have filed a joint 
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petition resolving the issues of custody, child support, and parenting time.” 

Ind. Code § 31-14-10-3. This is similar to the provisions of Indiana Code 

section 31-15-2-17(a) which allows parties to a dissolution to agree in writing to 

provisions for the custody and support of their children. In either case, the trial 

court must approve the agreement, and in doing so, it is the duty of the trial 

court to determine if the agreement is in the best interests of the children. In re 

Paternity of T.G.T., 803 N.E.2d 1225, 1228 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied; 

Beaman v. Beaman, 844 N.E.2d 525, 532 (Ind. Ct. App. 2006).

[8] The trial court found that the agreement it approved in the 2013 Order was 

provisional and that the August 2014 order was a final order regarding custody, 

support, and parenting time. Provisional orders are temporary in nature and 

designed to maintain the status quo while issues are more fully developed. See

Mosley v. Mosley, 906 N.E.2d 928, 929-30 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). Notably, there 

is no authority in the paternity statutes for a provisional order, such as there is 

in the dissolution statutes. See Ind. Code § 31-15-4-8. Nonetheless, as the 

underlying principle behind both the paternity and the dissolution statutes is the 

best interests of the child, In re Paternity of K.J.L., 725 N.E.2d 155, 157 (Ind. Ct. 

App. 2000), as there is no prohibition on provisional orders in the paternity 

statutes, and in recognition of the realities of litigation, we see no particular 
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reason why a trial court could not make an appropriate provisional order in a 

paternity case.3

[9] That does not, however, mean that the 2013 Order was a provisional order. On 

the date originally set for a hearing on Father’s petition to establish paternity, 

the parties presented to the trial court an agreement regarding custody, child 

support, and parenting time. Father and Mother each testified to the court and 

affirmed their understanding of the relevant provisions. There is no indication 

in their testimony or in the written agreement itself that it was intended to be a 

provisional agreement subject to further consideration. The agreement 

acknowledges the daytime parenting time is subject to change when the 

children are in school/school age, which L.R.A. was not at the time; discusses 

summer and holiday parenting time; and apportions tax deductions for 2013 

“and subsequent years.” Appellant’s App. at 59-60. Although the parties did 

specifically reserve two issues for the trial court’s future determination, neither 

of those issues substantively impacted custody, support, or parenting time as 

between Father and Mother. 

[10] There is also no indication in the trial court’s approval of the agreement that its 

approval was provisional only or that it contemplated any future action with 

regard to the issues of custody, support, or parenting time. No future hearing 

 

3

In re Paternity of C.J.A., 3 N.E.3d 1020, 1030 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) squarely addressed this very issue and 

determined that issuing a provisional order in a paternity action was appropriate and consistent with a trial 

court’s statutory authority. This decision was vacated, however, when the Indiana Supreme Court granted 

transfer and dismissed the appeal. In re Paternity of C.J.A., 12 N.E.3d 876 (Ind. 2014).
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was set, and the chronological case summary describes the case as “disposed” 

as of January 16, 2013. Appellant’s App. at 5. If no disputes had arisen 

between the parties about these issues, there is no indication that the trial court 

would have taken these issues up again. Moreover, when disputes thereafter 

did arise, the parties filed petitions for modification of the 2013 Order, rather 

than requesting a final hearing. Further, Father’s counsel noted at the outset of 

the July 3, 2014 hearing that they believed it was a modification hearing, and he 

questioned Father as to changes in circumstances since the 2013 Order. The 

trial court may now think that approving the agreement was improvident,4 but 

that does not change the essential nature of the 2013 Order: it was an order 

approving a full and final agreement between the parties as to custody, support, 

and parenting time.

III. Child Support

[11] When the trial court determined that the 2013 Order was a provisional order, it 

then decided the issues of custody, support, and parenting time as if for the first 

time, rather than as if they were being modified. Father challenges only the 

trial court’s order as to child support. An initial support order in a paternity 

 

4 The trial court’s primary concern in retrospect seemed to be the provision of the agreement that no child 

support be paid by or to either party. However, the parties’ agreement to deviate from any amount the Child 

Support Guidelines would have imposed was explained as due to the parties’ shared physical custody of the 

children and the expenses Father agreed to pay. Moreover, we note that Mother resided with her parents and 

had no living expenses of her own. Under the circumstances, we cannot agree with the trial court that the 

parties’ agreement was “void as a matter of law” because it “bargain[ed] away a child’s right to be properly 

supported by both parents,” Appellant’s App. at 28, as there was a clearly stated basis supporting the 

agreement.
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action may include the period dating from the birth of the child, Ind. Code § 31-

14-11-5(a), and may order “either or both parents to pay any reasonable amount 

for child support,” Ind. Code § 31-14-11-2. A modification of support may only 

be made “upon a showing of changed circumstances so substantial and 

continuing as to make the terms [of the child support order] unreasonable” or 

where a party has been ordered to pay an amount that differs by more than 

twenty percent from the child support guideline amount if the existing order 

was issued at least twelve months prior to the petition for modification. Ind. 

Code § 31-16-8-1; see also Ind. Code § 31-14-11-2.3 (“A child support order 

issued under [the paternity support] chapter is subject to the provisions in IC 31-

16-6 through IC 31-16-13.”). In addition, the trial court has the discretion to 

make a modification relate back only to the date a petition to modify was filed 

or any date thereafter. Hatmaker v. Hatmaker, 998 N.E.2d 758, 763 (Ind. Ct. 

App. 2013). The issue of child support had been initially determined by the 

2013 Order, and any change thereafter needed to be considered under the 

modification standard. The trial court therefore committed an error of law in in 

its August 2014 order by applying the initial determination standard and 

ordering Father to pay child support dating back to the physical separation of 

the parties. The trial court should have applied the modification standard to the 

issue of child support and could relate such modification back only to the date 

Mother filed her petition to modify. 

[12] As the trial court’s child support order is based on the erroneous finding that it 

was considering all issues anew, we reverse the trial court’s August 2014 order 
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as to child support issues and remand for further proceedings under the 

appropriate standard. We note that the trial court is not required to hold a new 

hearing unless either party requests it or the trial court determines in its 

discretion that one is necessary.

IV. Child Care Expenses

[13] The trial court also found that Mother had incurred work-related child care 

expenses from the time she and Father separated in January 2012 until March 

2014 and ordered Father to reimburse Mother for amounts she spent in excess 

of her proportional share. Paragraph 1 of Child Support Guideline 3E provides 

in part:

Child care costs incurred due to employment or job search of both 

parent(s) should be added to the basic obligation. It includes the 

separate cost of a sitter, day care, or like care of a child or children 

while the parent works or actively seeks employment. Such child care 

costs must be reasonable and should not exceed the level required to 

provide quality care for the children. 

The commentary to Guideline 3E provides that work-related child care 

expenses are “an income-producing expense of the parent.” 

[14] The evidence does not support a finding that the child care expenses Mother 

incurred were reasonable or work-related. Mother submitted as an exhibit a 

summary of daycare/preschool costs accompanied by some receipts which 

show that from January 2012 to July 2012, the parties split the $4,500 cost of 

daycare. From February 2012 to May 2013, Mother paid $1,739 to the YMCA 

for M.R.A. and from February 2013 to April 2013, she paid $1,376 to ABC123 
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daycare for L.R.A. From August 2013 to March 2014, Father paid $5,805 in 

preschool costs. Mother testified that during the period the children were at 

ABC123 and the YMCA, she was taking classes and either not working at all or 

working approximately four hours per week. Also during that period, Father 

had indicated he was available to have the children with him. 

[15] This evidence does not support a finding that the child care expenses Mother 

paid to ABC123 or the YMCA were reasonable—as Father’s availability to care 

for the children obviated the need for child care expenses to be incurred at all—

and further does not support a finding that the expenses were work-related or 

income-producing—as Mother was either not working during that time or was 

working minimally and she failed to connect the child care expenses to her 

hours of employment. We therefore conclude the trial court’s judgment in this 

regard is clearly erroneous.

IV. Attorney’s Fees

[16] Indiana Code section 31-14-18-2 provides:

(a) The court may order a party to pay:

(1) a reasonable amount for the cost to the other party of 

maintaining an action under this article; and 

(2) a reasonable amount for attorney’s fees, including amounts 

for legal services provided and costs incurred, before the 

commencement of the proceedings or after entry of judgment.

In making such an award, “the trial court must consider the resources of the 

parties, their economic condition, the ability of the parties to engage in gainful 

employment and to earn adequate income, and such factors that bear on the 
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reasonableness of the award.” A.G.R. ex rel. Conflenti v. Huff, 815 N.E.2d 120, 

127 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004), trans. denied. The trial court may also consider any 

misconduct by one party that causes the other party to directly incur additional 

fees. Id. “When one party is in a superior position to pay fees over the other 

party, an award of attorney fees is proper.” Id. at 127-28. We review a trial 

court’s award of attorney’s fees for an abuse of discretion. Id. at 127.

[17] At Mother’s request, the trial court ordered Father to pay her attorney’s fees in 

the amount of $19,000. In support of this order, the trial court made the 

following findings:

140. At the time of the hearing, Father was employed with FedEx, 

earning approximately sixty thousand dollars ($60,000.00) per year.

141. That, at the time of the hearing, Mother had been minimally 

employed while attending Ivy Tech College. Mother’s actual income 

averages around eight thousand ($8,000.00) a year.

142. Father is in a better position to pay the fees which have been 

incurred and should be responsible for paying Mother’s fees for the 

following reasons:

a. He earns more income or has the potential to earn more 

income than Mother;

b. He has reduced living expenses since he resides with his 

Wife;

c. Father’s behavior throughout this more than two year 

protracted litigation has caused Mother to incur substantially more 

fees including Mother defending two CPS calls and defending Father’s 

pending contempt charges until the day of hearing and defending 

Father’s request for sole custody; and 

d. His petition to modify custody has been denied.
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Appellant’s App. at 56. Although we question the trial court’s finding 

regarding Father’s “reduced living expenses” given the evidence that Mother 

resides with her parents and has no living expenses, Father undeniably makes 

substantially more than Mother (both her actual income and her imputed 

income5). In addition, our resolution of this appeal moots at least part of the 

child support arrearage the trial court reduced to judgment against Father. For 

both of these reasons, Father is in a superior position to pay fees, and we cannot 

say the trial court abused its discretion in ordering him to do so.

Conclusion

[18] The trial court’s order for child support is reversed, and this cause remanded to 

the trial court for further consideration of Mother’s petition for modification of 

child support consistent with this opinion. The trial court’s entry of judgment 

against Father for reimbursement of child care expenses is also reversed, but the 

trial court’s entry of judgment against Father for Mother’s attorney’s fees is 

affirmed.

[19] Reversed in part, affirmed in part, and remanded.

May, J., and Mathias, J., concur.

 

5

In calculating child support, the trial court imputed income to Mother at the minimum wage, $290.00 per 

week, or approximately $15,000 per year.