[Cite as In re M.R., 2019-Ohio-3601.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

SIXTH APPELLATE DISTRICT 

 LUCAS COUNTY 

In re May.R., Mak.R. Court of Appeals Nos. L-19-1030 

 L-19-1039 

 Trial Court No. JC 17265056 

 

 DECISION AND JUDGMENT

 Decided: September 6, 2019 

* * * * * 

 Laurel A. Kendall, for appellants. 

 Bradley W. King, for appellee. 

* * * * * 

OSOWIK, J. 

{¶ 1} This is a consolidated appeal from a judgment of the Lucas County Court of 

Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, which terminated the parental rights of appellantfather and appellant-mother to the subject minor children, May.R. and Mak.R., and 

granted permanent custody to appellee, Lucas County Children Services Board. For the 

reasons set forth below, this court affirms the judgment of the juvenile court. 
2.

{¶ 2} The following facts are relevant to this appeal. For clarity we note the 

record shows the same juvenile court case for May.R. and Mak.R. involved a third child 

of the appellant-mother with a different father, and neither the third child nor the third 

child’s father are parties to this appeal. Accordingly, we limit our discussion to the 

juvenile court case as it relates to May.R. and Mak.R. 

{¶ 3} On October 2, 2017, appellee filed a complaint in dependency and neglect, 

and a motion for shelter hearing, regarding May.R. and Mak.R. Since July 14, 2017, 

appellee was involved with appellants’ family when Sylvania Township police reported 

appellants, the parents of May.R. and Mak.R., for intoxication. The police reported 

finding the home dirty and unkempt. In the case of appellant-father, the police reported 

he admitted to smoking crack cocaine. The police also arrested appellant-father for an 

outstanding commitment order from a 2011 domestic violence charge. At the time of the 

complaint May.R. was two years old and Mak.R. was 10 months old. 

{¶ 4} Appellee offered services to both appellants, and they failed to follow those 

service recommendations. By September 18, 2017, appellant-father had continued his 

involvement in the criminal justice system, and appellant-mother admitted herself to 

Flower Hospital’s psychiatric unit. By October 1, 2017, both appellants were arrested on 

charges of domestic violence, and the paternal grandmother to the children refused to 

allow appellants to remain with her any longer. At the October 2, 2017 shelter care 

hearing, the juvenile court granted initial temporary custody of the children to appellee. 
3.

{¶ 5} At the subsequent shelter care hearing, the appellants stipulated to the 

allegations in appellee’s complaint, to appellee’s temporary custody of the children, and 

to their individual case plans for services. The juvenile court then adjudicated the 

children were neglected by clear and convincing evidence. The juvenile court further 

determined it is in the best interests of the children to grant temporary custody of the 

children to appellee effective November 14, 2017, with the goal of reunification as stated 

in appellee’s case plans for each appellant. The transcript of the November 14, 2017 

hearing is in the record, and the juvenile court’s judgment entry was entered in the record 

on December 12, 2017. 

{¶ 6} Following a period of discovery and pre-trial hearings, on April 20, 2018, 

appellant-father filed a motion for legal custody of the children because he “has done 

everything needed to be awarded legal custody of his children and there is no reasonable 

basis to delay reunification of the minor children and their Father.” 

{¶ 7} Then on August 10, 2018, pursuant to R.C. 2151.23, 2151.413, and 

2151.414 appellee moved for permanent custody of the children with the permanency 

plan being reunification and legal custody. In addition, pursuant to R.C. 2151.353, 

appellee moved for temporary custody of the children. Appellee alleged the children 

could not be placed with appellants within a reasonable time or should not be placed with 

appellants pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(1), (2), (4) and (14) and that permanent custody 

is in the children’s best interests pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(D). 
4.

{¶ 8} Appellants repeatedly failed to follow their case plan treatment services for 

domestic violence, substance abuse, mental health, and housing. Appellant-father 

attended only 7 out of 19 mental health appointments, refused to comply with random 

drug screens, and failed to complete domestic violence treatment. Appellant-mother 

sporadically attended and failed to complete her mental health treatment case plan, and 

stopped attending domestic violence treatment in May 2018. On June 6, 2018, appellantmother called police that appellant father was intoxicated and had an open warrant. On 

June 9, 2018, appellant-mother was arrested for domestic violence against appellant 

father. 

{¶ 9} The juvenile court held a hearing on October 1, 2018, on appellee’s motion 

for temporary custody of the children. The transcript of the hearing is not in the record, 

but the court’s October 9, 2018 judgment entry is. The juvenile court granted appellee’s 

motion with the permanency plan being reunification and legal custody, subject to the 

pending custody motions. 

{¶ 10} The dispositional hearing/trial on the pending permanent custody motions 

was held on January 11, 2019, and the juvenile court heard testimony from various 

witnesses and admitted evidence in the record. The transcript of the hearing is in the 

record. By judgment entry journalized on February 6, 2019, the juvenile court granted 

permanent custody to appellee for adoptive placement and made a number of findings 

relevant to this appeal. 
5.

{¶ 11} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a), the juvenile court found by clear and 

convincing evidence the children could not be returned to appellants within a reasonable 

period of time and that an award of permanent custody is in their best interests. 

{¶ 12} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(1), the juvenile court found by clear and 

convincing evidence that despite “reasonable case planning and diligent efforts by the 

agency to assist the parents to remedy the problems that initially caused the children to be 

placed outside the home, the parents have failed continuously and repeatedly to 

substantially remedy the conditions causing the children to be placed outside the home.” 

In the 14-month period since case plan services were ordered by the juvenile court, the 

appellants admitted they did not complete their case plans. Specifically, the juvenile 

court found “that even with domestic violence education course the parents have failed to 

remedy the conditions that led to the removal of the children.” 

{¶ 13} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(2), the juvenile court found by clear and 

convincing evidence that appellants’ chronic mental illness, emotional illness, or 

chemical dependency is so severe that they cannot provide an adequate permanent home 

for the children or within one year pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(2)(A) or 

2151.353(A)(4). Both appellants admitted to not completing their mental health care 

plans. In addition, both appellants “have demonstrated an inability to internalize how 

their mental health affects their ability to parent the children” and “failed to provide any 

reasonable explanation as to why their attendance in mental health treatment was so 
6.

sporadic.” Appellant-father also admitted to two arrests for driving under the influence 

and tested positive for cocaine while also refusing to provide regular drug screens. 

{¶ 14} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(4), the juvenile court found by clear and 

convincing evidence that appellants “have demonstrated a lack of commitment toward 

the children by failing to regularly support, visit, or communicate with the children when 

able to do so.” Appellant-father failed to consistently visit the children and was 

frequently late when he did. Appellant-mother was more consistent with her visitations, 

but she refused to consistently attend her mental health treatment and secure stable and 

appropriate housing. In the eight locations appellant-mother lived during the pendency of 

this case, she “would willfully leave shelters or would be kicked out * * * [and] was also 

evicted several times * * *.” The juvenile court found appellant mother “simply lacked 

the commitment to her services and failed to provide the safety and stability these 

children desperately need.” 

{¶ 15} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a), the juvenile court found by clear and 

convincing evidence the “testimony overwhelmingly shows that the children have been 

safe and stable in their placement with the caregivers.” The children are “thriving” in 

their placements without the parents after they “finally experienced some stability.” 

{¶ 16} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d), the juvenile court found by clear and 

convincing evidence: 

 Unfortunately, the parents have simply not demonstrated any ability 

whatsoever to provide an adequate home for the children. Though services 
7.

were put in place to address the issues leading to removal, the parents have 

admittedly not completed their case plan. No reasonable explanations were 

offered at trial for this lack of follow-through. Given the vulnerability of 

these children, the parents’ lack of commitment, and the need for a safe and 

stable home – the Court has no choice but to find that permanent custody is 

in the children’s best interest. 

{¶ 17} It is from the juvenile court’s February 6, 2019 judgment entry which 

appellants filed their separate appeals. 

{¶ 18} Appellant-father set forth two assignments of error: 

 I. The trial court abused its discretion by not extending the period of 

temporary custody to Lucas County Children Services Board when he had 

arguably completed his case plan services, had stable living arrangements at 

the time of trial, and was making progress with his mental health. 

 II. The state did not provide by clear and convincing evidence that 

father: (i) failed continuously and repeatedly to substantially remedy the 

conditions causing the children to be placed outside the family home 

pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(1); (ii) suffers from chronic mental illness or 

chemical dependency that is so severe that he is unable to parent his 

children pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(2); (iii) has demonstrated a lack of 

 
8.

commitment to the children pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(4); and (iv) the 

children cannot be placed with him within a reasonable time pursuant to 

R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a). 

{¶ 19} Appellant-mother set forth three assignments of error: 

 I. The trial court abused its discretion by not extending the period of 

temporary custody to Lucas County Children Services Board when mother 

had arguably made significant progress with her case plan services, had 

stable housing and employment, and was making progress with her mental 

health. 

 II. The state did not provide by clear and convincing evidence that 

mother: (i) failed continuously and repeatedly to substantially remedy the 

conditions causing the children to be placed outside the family home 

pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(1); (ii) suffers from chronic mental illness or 

chemical dependency that is so severe that she is unable to parent her 

children pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(2); (iii) has demonstrated a lack of 

commitment to the children pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(4); and (iv) the 

children cannot be placed with her within a reasonable time pursuant to 

R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a). 

 III. The agency/GAL recommendation that mother leave father in 

order to improve her chances of reunification is plain error as against public 

policy. 
9.

I. Continuance 

{¶ 20} Both appellants argue in their first assignments of error the juvenile court 

should have granted extensions to the period of temporary custody by appellee. We will 

address these assignments of error together. 

{¶ 21} In support of his first assignment of error, appellant-father argues the 

juvenile court should have granted a temporary custody time extension for up to six 

months pursuant to R.C. 2151.415(D)(1). He argues he either “arguably completed” or 

made “substantial progress” towards completing his case plan services for mental health, 

housing and domestic violence. He further argues “he believed he could achieve within 

six months from the trial date” completion of his case plan services, including finding 

suitable housing and grief counseling “in order to demonstrate his ability to maintain his 

sobriety.” 

{¶ 22} In support of her first assignment of error, appellant-mother argues the 

juvenile court should also have granted a temporary custody time extension for up to six 

months pursuant to R.C. 2151.415(D)(1). Appellant-mother argues she made “substantial 

progress” in her case plan services for mental health, domestic violence, and housing, 

given her employment and transportation options. She further argues “an extension of 

time to finalize stable housing in her own name is in the best interests of the children.” 

{¶ 23} Appellee responded the trial court did not err. Appellee argued appellants 

provided no support for a second six-month extension “when they were unable to 

[complete their case plan services] in the previous 15 months leading up to the permanent 
10. 

custody hearing.” Appellee argued that while appellants pointed to recent deaths in the 

family as disrupting their case plans, the juvenile court correctly pointed to each 

appellant’s need to comply with their case plan services existed before the deaths in the 

family. 

{¶ 24} Despite appellants’ arguments, we reviewed the record and do not find that 

either appellant orally requested appellee extend temporary custody of the children at the 

January 11, 2019 dispositional hearing/trial in this matter. In addition, R.C. 

2151.415(D)(1) concerns appellee, not appellants, requesting to extend appellee’s 

temporary custody of the children. Appellee did not make a second request at the 

dispositional hearing. 

{¶ 25} Rather, the record shows appellants each made oral requests for 

continuances at the start of the dispositional hearing. We review the grant or denial of a 

continuance for an abuse of discretion. In re Edward M., 6th Dist. Lucas Nos. 

L-04-1282, L-04-1304, 2005-Ohio-3354, ¶ 21, citing State v. Unger, 67 Ohio St.2d 65, 

67, 423 N.E.2d 1078 (1981). Abuse of discretion “‘connotes more than an error of law or 

judgment; it implies that the court’s attitude is unreasonable, arbitrary or 

unconscionable.’” Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219, 450 N.E.2d 1140 

(1983), quoting State v. Adams, 62 Ohio St.2d 151, 157, 404 N.E.2d 144 (1980). 

{¶ 26} The transcript of the January 11, 2019 dispositional hearing indicates 

appellant-father knowingly decided to represent himself pro se at the hearing. Despite 

deep concerns expressed on the record, the juvenile court accepted his decision and 
11. 

learned he had prepared for the hearing with notes on his cell phone. When appellantfather asked for a continuance “to bring people into court,” the juvenile court denied the 

motion: “No, I am not going to continue this case. This is something that you could have 

raised with me before today. But I’m not going to continue the case now that we’re all 

here for trial. * * * That’s not in your children’s best interests.” Appellant-father replied, 

“Okay. I understand that.” 

{¶ 27} The dispositional hearing transcript indicates appellant-mother also 

requested a continuance at the start because she did not meet with her attorney prior to 

the hearing. Appellant-mother finally contacted her attorney the day before the hearing, 

“So we haven’t had adequate time to actually subpoena witnesses to go forward to trial.” 

Appellant-mother used a Wi-Fi phone where her attorney could not reach her. Her 

attorney stated, “She never actually told me [she could not meet], Your Honor. She just 

would never set a date.” The juvenile court denied the motion: 

 No, the continuance * * * is going to be denied. Look, this pretrial 

was set – this was October 16th. This case has been going on since October 

of 2017. It’s almost a year and-a-half old, and there is no reason that 

between October and now if your phone didn’t work for three months that 

you couldn’t have written [your attorney] a letter or something if you 

really, really wanted to get in touch with him. So, no, I’m not granting a 

continuance. Whether I grant permanent custody or not, either way, these 
12. 

children need some stability and permanency, and I’m not going to drag it 

out for them anymore, no. 

{¶ 28} The transcript also shows that during appellant-father’s direct examination 

by his standby attorney and during appellant-mother’s direct examination by her attorney, 

each gave new reasons for a continuance in order to make more progress on their 

individual case plans. However, neither renewed their motions for a continuance after 

the court’s denial. In addition, neither the caseworker nor the guardian ad litem for the 

children recommended a continuance because appellants failed to make the progress with 

their case plans they claimed to have made. 

{¶ 29} Even if we deem the appellants had renewed their motions for a 

continuance, the juvenile court denied them with the findings to support the decision on 

permanent custody: 

 I mean, Dad, I’m very concerned about your current alcohol use 

and/or cocaine use. This started with using crack cocaine way back and 

alcohol, I read. I don’t understand why you, at a time when you need to 

prove that you’re doing well, that you would not drop, provide drops when 

you were requested by the caseworker. And when you did, you tested 

positive just a month and-a-half ago for cocaine. I’m so glad that you’re in 

grief counseling. You clearly do need that. My heart goes to you with all 

of your losses, because at least two of them were very tragic. And I can’t 

ignore the fact, though, that your mental health issues began prior to the 
13. 

loss of these people who were close to you. And I’m guessing that the 

issues have been exacerbated, meaning gotten worse because of these 

deaths. You did miss a lot of meetings with your doctor at Zepf. And you 

indicated that * * * some you just forgot a lot of times, but you did miss 

some. And my understanding from the exhibit that you provided * * * I’m 

not sure [the 20-minute medical appointment doctor is] really in a position 

to say that you * * * would be able to have custody of your children and be 

safe with them. And he didn’t say that. He said he didn’t have any reason 

to think you would not be able to be around them. Those are different 

things. 

 The housing is still not stable. I know you’re looking for a place. 

Mom doesn’t get along with your mom. That’s what I heard today. * * * 

 Mom, you just don’t go to mental health treatment. And when you 

talk about getting your treatment by being on the phone with your therapist, 

that’s not treatment. And I really struggle with so many of the excuses and, 

frankly, lies that have come across from you today. When you say you 

can’t get to treatment, you have a family car but you have to pick between 

treatment and visits. That makes no sense. * * * You have been doing 

visits all along, all along. * * * [E]arly on when we started, you can’t call 

your attorney but you’re able to call your therapist on a regular basis from 

either work or home? So that wasn’t truthful. You haven’t been in touch 
14. 

with your attorney to help him prepare for this case. You blame CSB that 

they didn’t get you all into marriage counseling sooner so now we’re doing 

that on our own. Well, why didn’t you do that on your own a long time ago 

for the sake of your children? There’s a lot of things that you both could 

have and should have done to prove that you really are making a difference 

in your lives for your children. But at the critical time, particularly since 

August when this motion for permanent custody was filed and you knew, 

boy, this is my last chance, I better do it, you didn’t. So I am not satisfied 

that another three or six months would make any difference after a year 

and-a-half. 

{¶ 30} Despite appellants urging us to find they have substantially completed their 

individual case plans, the record indicates otherwise because they had only recently 

reengaged in services prior to the dispositional hearing. This court has consistently held 

that the juvenile court is not required to prolong the custody proceedings for a parent to 

begin to cooperate in the case planning process. In re A.A., 6th Dist. Lucas No. 

L-17-1162, 2017-Ohio-8705, ¶ 37. 

{¶ 31} We reviewed the entire record and do not find the juvenile court abused its 

discretion when it separately denied appellant-father and appellant-mother their oral 

requests to continue the dispositional hearing at the start of the hearing. We do not find 

the juvenile court’s attitude was unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable when it 

refused to delay the dispositional hearing any further. 
15. 

{¶ 32} Appellant-father’s first assignment of error and appellant-mother’s first 

assignment of error are not well-taken. 

II. Permanent Custody Determination 

{¶ 33} Both appellants argue in their second assignments of error the juvenile 

court’s decision on the permanent custody of the children was against the manifest 

weight of the evidence. We will address these assignments of error together. 

{¶ 34} Appellant-father argues for his second assignment of error the juvenile 

court erred by finding clear and convincing evidence to support its permanent custody 

decision. He argues appellee never required him to attend parenting classes, so his ability 

to parent the children is not an area of concern. He further argues any lapses in his 

mental health and substance abuse treatment plans are mitigated by the type of work he 

did (demolishing crack houses) and by the deaths of his family members within the past 

year. 

{¶ 35} Appellant-mother also argues for her second assignment of error the 

juvenile court erred by finding clear and convincing evidence. She argues appellee never 

required her to attend parenting classes, and any lapses in her mental health and domestic 

violence treatment plans are mitigated by her full-time work with only one vehicle shared 

by three drivers. 

{¶ 36} In response to both arguments, appellee argues the record contains clear 

and convincing evidence to support the juvenile court’s permanent custody award of the 

children to appellee as being in their best interests. 
16. 

{¶ 37} We review the juvenile court’s determination of permanent custody under a 

manifest weight of the evidence standard. In re D.R., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-17-1240, 

2018-Ohio-522, ¶ 37. We “must weigh the evidence and all reasonable inferences, 

consider the credibility of the witnesses, and determine whether the trier of fact clearly 

lost its way in resolving evidentiary conflicts so as to create such a manifest miscarriage 

of justice that the decision must be reversed.” Id. We are mindful the juvenile court was 

the trier of fact and was “in the best position to weigh evidence and evaluate testimony.” 

Id.

{¶ 38} “In order to terminate parental rights and award permanent custody of a 

child to a public services agency under R.C. 2151.414, the juvenile court must find, by 

clear and convincing evidence, two things: (1) that one of the enumerated factors in R.C. 

2151.414(B)(1)(a)-(e) apply, and (2) that permanent custody is in the best interests of the 

child.” In re C.J., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-17-1095, 2017-Ohio-8612, ¶ 14, citing R.C. 

2151.414(B)(1). 

{¶ 39} “Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of proof which is 

more than a mere ‘preponderance of the evidence,’ but not to the extent of such certainty 

as is required ‘beyond a reasonable doubt’ in criminal cases, and which will produce in 

the mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts sought to be 

established.” Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 471, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph 

three of the syllabus. A judgment on permanent custody supported in the record by some 
17. 

competent, credible evidence by which the court could have formed a firm belief as to all 

the essential elements will not be reversed on appeal as being against the manifest 

weight of the evidence. In re Denzel M., 6th Dist. Lucas No. L-03-1337, 2004-Ohio3982, ¶ 8. This standard applies to cases decided under either R.C. 2151.353(A)(4) or 

2151.414(B)(1)(d). In re Tiffany Y., 6th Dist. Sandusky No. S-03-004, 2003-Ohio-6203, 

¶ 12. 

A. R.C. 2151.414(B)(1) Factors 

{¶ 40} For the first prong, the record shows the juvenile court determined by clear 

and convincing evidence the children could not be returned to appellants within a 

reasonable period of time and that an award of permanent custody is in their best interests 

pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a). As stated in R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a): 

 Except as provided in [R.C. 2151.414(B)(2)], the court may grant 

permanent custody of a child to a movant if the court determines at the 

hearing held pursuant to [R.C. 2151.414(A)], by clear and convincing 

evidence, that it is in the best interest of the child to grant permanent 

custody of the child to the agency that filed the motion for permanent 

custody and that any of the following apply: (a) the child is not abandoned 

or orphaned, has not been in the temporary custody of one or more public 

children services agencies * * * for twelve or more months of a consecutive 

twenty-two-month period, or has not been in the temporary custody of one 

or more public children services agencies * * * for twelve or more months 
18. 

of a consecutive twenty-two-month period * * *, and the child cannot be 

placed with either of the child’s parents within a reasonable time or should 

not be placed with the child’s parents. 

{¶ 41} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E), in determining whether a child cannot be 

placed with either parent within a reasonable period of time or should not be placed with 

the parents, the juvenile court “shall consider all relevant evidence” by clear and 

convincing evidence, including whether one or more of the factors described in R.C. 

2151.414(E)(1)-(16) exists. Although the juvenile court found many R.C. 2151.414(E) 

factors to support its holding, it needed to only find one. In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73, 

2007-Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, ¶ 50. 

{¶ 42} Pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(1), the juvenile court found by clear and 

convincing evidence that despite case plan services for over 14 months specifically 

targeting appellants’ joint issues of mental health and domestic violence, and, in the case 

of appellant-father, substance abuse, to remedy the problems that initially caused May.R. 

and Mak.R. to be placed outside the home, the parents failed continuously and repeatedly 

to substantially remedy those conditions and failed to demonstrate “any insight as to the 

issues that led to the removal of the children.” R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) states: 

 In determining at a hearing held pursuant to [R.C. 2151.414(A)] 

* * * whether a child cannot be placed with either parent within a 

reasonable period of time or should not be placed with the parents, the court 

shall consider all relevant evidence. If the court determines, by clear and 
19. 

convincing evidence, * * * that one or more of the following exist as to 

each of the child’s parents, the court shall enter a finding that the child 

cannot be placed with either parent within a reasonable time or should not 

be placed with either parent: (1) following the placement of the child 

outside of the child’s home and notwithstanding reasonable case planning 

and diligent efforts by the agency to assist the parents to remedy the 

problems that initially caused the child to be placed outside the home, the 

parents failed continuously and repeatedly to substantially remedy the 

conditions causing the child to be placed outside the child’s home. In 

determining whether the parents have substantially remedied those 

conditions, the court shall consider parental utilization of medical, 

psychiatric, psychological, and other social and rehabilitative services and 

material resources that were made available to the parents for the purpose 

of changing parental conduct to allow them to resume and maintain 

parental duties. 

{¶ 43} It is undisputed the record shows each appellant stipulated to the juvenile 

court’s November 14, 2017 determination May.R. and Mak.R. were neglected. It is also 

undisputed the record shows each appellant stipulated to the juvenile court’s orders 

removing the children from appellants’ home and granting temporary custody to appellee. 

It is also undisputed the record shows each appellant stipulated to the juvenile court’s 

 
20. 

orders approving appellee’s individualized case plans with the goal of reunification. 

R.C. 2151.412(E). Appellants were bound by the terms of the case plans. R.C. 

2151.412(F)(1). 

{¶ 44} At the dispositional hearing the appellants admitted they did not complete 

their case plans while asserting their subject beliefs that they had substantially completed 

them. Those subjective beliefs were not corroborated by any other evidence in the 

record. See R.C. 2151.412(F)(2). The record showed appellant-father’s relapses for 

substance abuse offenses, domestic violence and mental health issues, and of appellantmother’s relapses for domestic violence and mental health. Appellant-father was arrested 

for DUI on November 26, 2017; appellant-mother called the police on him for domestic 

violence on June 6, 2018; he tested positive for cocaine on November 19, 2018; and then 

he was arrested for DUI again on November 24, 2018. With respect to appellant-mother, 

although she testified she substantially completed her mental health treatment, she missed 

about half of her weekly appointments, according to the caseworker. It is undisputed that 

appellant-mother completed her domestic violence treatment services. However, the 

record showed she relapsed on domestic violence three times during the course of this 

case, according to the caseworker: “Based on the behaviors and the contact that I’ve had 

with [appellant-mother], it does not seem that she has an understanding of how domestic 

violence has impacted her and that she minimizes what has happened.” 

{¶ 45} Both appellants had erratic, unstable housing situations, and during the 

course of the 14-month case, eight residences were identified in the record. Sometimes 
21. 

appellants lived together, but often they did not. At the time of the hearing, they were 

again living together at his mother’s residence to the surprise of both the caseworker and 

the guardian ad litem. The caseworker testified, “Also, it is of a concern that if the 

parents are living with [appellant-father’s] mother, that is where the children were 

removed from and had incidents. There’s been multiple occurrences that [appellantmother] has informed me of not getting along with [her mother-in-law].” 

{¶ 46} Although the juvenile court’s finding pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(1) 

satisfied the requirements of R.C. 2151.414(B)(1)(a), the court made further findings in 

the record by clear and convincing evidence pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(E)(2) and (4). 

We will not disturb those findings. We find there was some competent, credible evidence 

by which the juvenile court could form a firm belief as to the first prong of a permanent 

custody determination. 

B. Best Interests of the Children 

{¶ 47} For the second prong, the juvenile court must consider “all relevant factors, 

including, but not limited to” the five enumerated factors described in R.C. 

2151.414(D)(1)(a)-(e). In re C.F., 113 Ohio St.3d 73, 2007-Ohio-1104, 862 N.E.2d 816, 

at ¶ 52. “The statute is written broadly to allow a free-ranging inquiry by the juvenile 

court judge. All relevant best interests factors are to be considered to allow the judge to 

make a fully informed decision before terminating parental rights, privileges and 

responsibilities.” In re Tiffany Y., 6th Dist. Sandusky No. S-03-004, 2003-Ohio-6203, at 

¶ 13-14. The juvenile court’s discretion in determining the best interests of May.R. and 
22. 

Mak.R. with an order of permanent custody is accorded the utmost respect due to the 

nature of the proceeding and the impact on the lives of the parties concerned. In re D.R., 

6th Dist. Lucas No. L-17-1240, 2018-Ohio-522, at ¶ 37. 

{¶ 48} The record shows the juvenile court determined the best interests of May.R. 

and Mak.R. after considering R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a) and (d), which state: 

 In determining the best interest of a child at a hearing held pursuant 

to [R.C. 2151.414(A)] or for the purposes of [R.C. 2151.353(A)(4) or (5)] 

or [R.C. 2151.415(C)], the court shall consider all relevant factors, 

including, but not limited to, the following: 

 (a) The interaction and interrelationship of a child with the child’s 

parents, siblings, relatives, foster caregivers and out-of-home providers, and 

any other person who may significantly affect the child. 

 * * * 

 (d) The child’s need for a legally secure permanent placement and 

whether that type of placement can be achieved without a grant of 

permanent custody to the agency. 

{¶ 49} The juvenile court found, pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a), by clear and 

convincing evidence May.R. and Mak.R. thrive in their foster caregiver placements 

because they “finally experienced some stability. These are young children who have 

spent a significant portion of their lives in substitute care.” The record shows the 

children had been removed from appellant’s home for at least 466 days. 
23. 

{¶ 50} The record shows appellant-mother testified it was in the children’s best 

interests for her to have permanent custody, and appellant-father testified it was in the 

children’s best interests for him to have permanent custody. Each argued they loved the 

children and would never hurt them. In addition, the caseworker and the guardian ad 

litem each testified it was in the children’s best interests for permanent custody to be 

awarded to appellee. These witnesses testified that since appellants were unable to 

follow their individualized case plans and manage their lives, appellants could not also 

meet the needs of the two small children, who would be entirely dependent on appellants. 

{¶ 51} Although the juvenile court’s finding under R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(a) 

satisfied the requirements of R.C. 2151.414(D)(1), the court made further findings in the 

record by clear and convincing evidence pursuant to R.C. 2151.414(D)(1)(d). We will 

not disturb those findings. We find there was some competent, credible evidence by 

which the juvenile court could form a firm belief as to the second prong of a permanent 

custody determination. 

{¶ 52} We do not find the juvenile court clearly lost its way to create such a 

manifest miscarriage of justice as to require reversal of the judgment regarding the 

permanent custody of May.R. and Mak.R. 

{¶ 53} Appellant-father’s second assignment of error and appellant-mother’s 

second assignment of error are not well-taken. 

 
24. 

III. Plain Error 

{¶ 54} In support of her third assignment of error, appellant-mother argues the 

juvenile court committed plain error by relying on testimonial evidence suggesting 

appellant-mother divorce appellant-father for reunification purposes. Appellant-mother 

argued testimony by the caseworkers and the guardian ad litem indicated appellantmother’s “indecisiveness about staying with father.” Appellant-mother argued “she 

clearly received the message that if she would leave father, she would improve her 

chances of reunification with the children.” Appellant-mother concluded that such 

suggestion of divorce “as a solution to * * * neglect * * * cases” is contrary to the public 

policy to sustain marriages. 

{¶ 55} In response, appellee argues the juvenile court did not commit plain error. 

Appellee argues both appellants raised with the guardian ad litem and the caseworker 

their separate concerns about the other spouse. Appellant-mother said appellant-father 

was “not good for her and that [she] should not be with him,” and appellant-father 

discussed leaving appellant-mother because of her mental health issues. The guardian 

ad litem testified “each parent should independently work on their case plan services, 

rather than focusing on marital qualms” because “reunification with their children had 

urgency and a distinct timeline.” Appellee argues no evidence in the record mentions 

divorce. 

{¶ 56} We review appellant-mother’s claim of plain error with utmost caution. 

Goldfuss v. Davidson, 79 Ohio St.3d 116, 121, 679 N.E.2d 1099 (1997). 
25. 

 In appeals of civil cases, the plain error doctrine is not favored and 

may be applied only in the extremely rare case involving exceptional 

circumstances where error, to which no objection was made at the trial 

court, seriously affects the basic fairness, integrity, or public reputation of 

the judicial process, thereby challenging the legitimacy of the underlying 

judicial process itself. 

Id., at syllabus. The party asserting plain error has the burden of proving the error 

affected the outcome of the proceeding, i.e., that appellee would not have been granted 

permanent custody of the children but for the error. State v. Morgan, 153 Ohio St.3d 

196, 2017-Ohio-7565, 103 N.E.3d 784, ¶ 52. 

{¶ 57} In support of this assignment of error, appellant-mother points to her direct 

examination regarding her housing situation during the pendency of this case. She 

testified, “I was told if I went to the shelter and tried to get housing on my own, that I 

would get a six-month extension, and someone would put in for a six-month extension. 

They’ve been trying to get me and my husband to leave each other since day one, telling 

us it’s a race to the finish line.” She then described her departures from her various 

housing situations as being motivated either by irritation at strict rules in shelters, 

evictions by landlords or transportation difficulties, not because of pressures to divorce 

her husband. 
26. 

{¶ 58} The caseworker testified, “I’ve consistently told her I am not going to tell 

her to leave him or to stay, that is up to her.” According to the caseworker, appellantmother and appellant-father separately raised the issue of their problematic marriage: 

 From the beginning of this case, I can remember the first few visits 

[appellant-mother] mentioned not being able to say things in front of him. 

But moving forward it has been consistent up and down of whether she was 

going to stay with him or that she was going to leave. On the other end of 

that, [appellant-father] has also mentioned that, you know, him being alone 

might be best or that, you know, he has concerning (sic.) behaviors for 

[appellant-mother] as well. * * * He has stated to me, I believe it was in 

December, that he * * * and I quote him saying, “lost in the sauce” for 

[appellant-mother]. And that’s when he mentioned that perhaps it’s better 

for him to be alone at that time. And he also mentioned that there’s been an 

incident of her accusing him of cheating and sniffing his crotch at that time. 

So I think it’s been a constant up and down with them as well as the 

housing situation. It’s never been clear if [appellant-mother] is with 

[appellant-father] or if she is not with [him]. 

{¶ 59} The guardian ad litem testified that appellant-mother “has said I can’t be 

with my husband, he’s not good for me, and then she goes back to him. There’s been at 

least two police phone calls regarding domestic violence involving mom either as a 

victim or as a perpetrator of it. * * * [T]o me, the issues that caused this case to be 
27. 

brought into the court still exist today.” The guardian ad litem further testified, “With 

mom I’ve had many conversations with her about how I don’t believe that dad is good for 

her mental health because he spirals, she spirals. But she has chosen to stay with him, 

which is her choice, and that is fine but I do not see the progress being made that I think 

she can make on her own.” 

{¶ 60} Contrary to appellant-mother’s claims, we do not find any witnesses 

advocated appellant-mother divorce appellant-father as a means of reunification of the 

children. Both the caseworker and the guardian ad litem lauded appellants’ efforts to 

engage a marriage counselor, but no appointment was scheduled at the time of the 

hearing. In addition, the trial court’s judgment entry made no finding of fact in reliance 

on any inference of appellant-mother divorcing appellant-father. 

{¶ 61} We reviewed the entire record and do not find appellant-mother met her 

burden demonstrating plain error existed in this case making this the exceptional 

circumstance. We do not find the juvenile court’s decision granting permanent custody 

of May.R. and Mak.R. to appellee was in reliance on the appellants divorcing each other. 

{¶ 62} Appellant-mother’s third assignment of error is not well-taken. 

{¶ 63} On consideration whereof, we find the judgment of the juvenile court 

terminating appellants’ parental rights and granting permanent custody of May.R. and 

Mak.R. to appellee was supported by clear and convincing evidence. The judgment of 

 
28. 

the Lucas County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, is affirmed. Appellants are 

ordered to pay the costs of this appeal pursuant to App.R. 24. 

Judgment affirmed. 

A certified copy of this entry shall constitute the mandate pursuant to App.R. 27. 

See also 6th Dist.Loc.App.R. 4. 

Thomas J. Osowik, J. _______________________________ 

JUDGE 

Christine E. Mayle, P.J. 

 _______________________________ 

Gene A. Zmuda, J. JUDGE 

CONCUR. 

_______________________________ 

JUDGE 

This decision is subject to further editing by the Supreme Court of 

Ohio’s Reporter of Decisions. Parties interested in viewing the final reported 

version are advised to visit the Ohio Supreme Court’s web site at: 

http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/ROD/docs/.