NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 12a0234n.06

No. 07-2089

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

EUGENE BROWN,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

KENNETH T. MCKEE, Warden,

Respondent-Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT

COURT FOR THE EASTERN

DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

O P I N I O N

Before: COLE and MERRITT, Circuit Judges, and VARLAN, District Judge.*

THOMAS A. VARLAN, District Judge. Petitioner Eugene Brown (“Petitioner”) was

convicted of first-degree felony murder and felony firearm. He was sentenced to life imprisonment

without parole for the first-degree felony murder conviction plus two years for the felony firearm

conviction. Petitioner appealed his convictions to the Michigan Court of Appeals, raising ineffective

assistance of counsel. He also filed a motion requesting that the Michigan Court of Appeals remand

his case to the trial court for development of a factual record and initial determination on his

ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim. After the Michigan Court of Appeals denied both requests,

Petitioner then unsuccessfully sought leave from the Michigan Supreme Court to appeal the

decisions of the Michigan Court of Appeals. 

The Honorable Thomas A. Varlan, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of *

Tennessee, sitting by designation.
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Eugene Brown v. Kenneth T. McKee, Warden

Petitioner subsequently filed a writ of habeas corpus in the district court pursuant to 28

U.S.C. § 2254, arguing that he was denied the constitutional rights to effective assistance of counsel

and due process. The district court denied relief on both grounds, but granted a certificate of

appealability with respect to the following: “Whether Petitioner’s Sixth Amendment right to

effective assistance of trial counsel was violated when his trial counsel failed to investigate and raise

the issue of competency to stand trial and the defense of insanity.” Petitioner then filed an appeal. 

For the reasons explained herein, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

I. BACKGROUND

Petitioner’s conviction arises from the robberyand fatal shooting of JeffreyBurda (“Burda”),

an ice cream delivery person, in Detroit, Michigan, on December 23, 1999. James Jett (“Jett”),

Lacoy Adrow (“Adrow”), and Petitioner were accused of having been involved in the crime. 

Petitioner was arrested on January 1, 2000, and charged with homicide felony murder and

felony firearm. Following his arrest, the 36th District Court referred him to the Third Circuit CourtCriminal Division Psychiatric Clinic for a competency evaluation. On March 2, 2000, Dr. Ronald

E. Kolito found Petitioner competent to stand trial, and at a hearing on May 3, 2000, according to

the 36th District Court docket sheet, Petitioner was found competent. A preliminary examination

was held in June 2000, and for purposes of the preliminary examination, Petitioner’s counsel

stipulated that Petitioner was competent to stand trial. 

On March 15, 2000, the 36th District Court issued an order for an expedited examination to

determine whether Petitioner was competent to waive his Miranda rights. On August 10, 2000, the

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Wayne County Circuit Court signed an order for appointment of an independent psychologist to

determine whether Petitioner was competent to waive his Miranda rights, but a review of the record

indicates that an independent examination was never obtained.

Petitioner’s first court-appointed attorney, Richard Glanda (“Glanda”), was permitted to

withdraw as counsel on January 30, 2001. The same day, Lawrence Williams (“Williams”) was

appointed to represent Petitioner, and continued representing Petitioner through his trial.

Prior to trial, Williams moved to suppress Petitioner’s confession on the grounds that

Petitioner had invoked his right to remain silent by requesting an attorney after being arrested and

that Petitioner was too intoxicated to knowingly and intelligentlywaive his Fifth Amendment rights,

as he was arrested on New Year’s Day and had ingested large quantities of alcohol and marijuana.

Accordingly, a hearing known as a Walker hearing was conducted. 1

The Michigan Court of Appeals, the last state court to rule on Petitioner’s claims,

summarized the facts adduced at the Walker hearing as follows:

A Walker hearing was also held to determine whether [Petitioner’s] confession

should be suppressed. From the context of the testimony, it is apparent that the

hearing did not raise the issue of competency, but rather examined whether

[Petitioner’s] waiver was knowingly and intelligently given.

Shandalyn Wilson was called as a witness at the Walker hearing. Wilson indicated

that [Petitioner] was the father of her child. On New Year’s Eve, 1999, she was with

[Petitioner] from approximately 8:00 p.m. until approximately 2:00 a.m. on New

Year’s Day, 2000. Wilson testified that during that time [Petitioner] was “high”;

Wilson observed [Petitioner] smoke two blunts, as well as drink half of a bottle of

A Walker hearing is a hearing held in Michigan state courts, outside the presence of the jury,

1

to determine whether a confession was voluntarily made. People v. Walker, 132 N.W.2d 87 (1965).

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tequila. The following afternoon Wilson went to [Petitioner’s] house, where she saw

him smoking more marijuana and drinking brandy.

Barbara Simon, an investigator with the Detroit police department, testified that she

interviewed [Petitioner] on January 1, 2000. Simon observed [Petitioner’s] physical

condition and stated that he appeared “fine, normal.” Simon saw nothing to make her

think [Petitioner] was under the influence of any sort of drug or alcohol.

[Petitioner’s] eyes were neither bloodshot nor glassy, and his speech was not slurred.

Simon added there was nothing to suggest any sort of physical injury.

In talking with [Petitioner], Simon learned he was nineteen years of age, and that he

was enrolled in the twelfth grade at Osborn High School. Simon had [Petitioner]

read his constitutional rights aloud to ensure he could read and write. [Petitioner]

indicated that he understood, initialed each right, and signed the form. [Petitioner]

did not indicate that he had any questions, and he did not ask for an attorney. Simon

took a statement from [Petitioner], which he read to ensure accuracy, and then he

signed the statement.

[Petitioner] testified that he was arrested on January 1, 2000. On New Year’s Eve,

[Petitioner] was at his mother’s house drinking tequila and brandy. [Petitioner]

estimated that he consumed a fifth of tequila, and a portion of a pint of brandy. In

addition, [Petitioner] had approximately five “blunts” or marijuana cigars. That

evening he drove to his house to sleep; when he woke up the following morning, he

resumed drinking the remainder of the brandy, as well as smoking “blunts.” A “short

time” later, [Petitioner] was arrested and taken to police headquarters. [Petitioner]

testified that he asked for an attorney when he was arrested, as well as when he

arrived at police headquarters. On cross-examination, [Petitioner] acknowledged a

constitutional rights form bearing his initials. Moreover, [Petitioner] noted that he

had been arrested a year prior for carrying a concealed weapon. When [Petitioner]

was arrested for that offense, he was advised of his rights, and he waived his right to

counsel.

James Fisher, an investigator with the Detroit police department testified that he did

not smell alcohol on [Petitioner’s] breath. Clifford Jordan, also of the Detroit police

department, testified that he assisted in arresting [Petitioner] and that [Petitioner]

never requested an attorney. Terrell Shaw, of the Detroit police department,

corroborated that [Petitioner] never asked for an attorney. Moreover, Shaw did not

smell marijuana or alcohol when he arrested [Petitioner].

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After hearing the arguments of the parties, the trial court ruled that [Petitioner’s]

statements to the police were admissible. The trial court found that [Petitioner] did

not ask for an attorney, and that he was not intoxicated. The trial court believed that

[Petitioner] would not have been able to function had he consumed as much as he

indicated. Accordingly, the trial court determined that [Petitioner’s] confession was

“knowingly, freely and voluntarily given.”

People v. Brown, No. 239466, 2003 WL 22681550, at *4–5 (Mich. Ct. App. Nov. 13, 2003)

(unpublished). 

Petitioner was tried with Jett, and the trial spanned nine days. Adrow, on the other hand, pled

guilty to a reduced charge of second-degree murder.

During the trial, Petitioner’s statement was read into the record by Officer Barbara Simon

(“Officer Simon”). In his statement, Petitioner told Officer Simon that he, Jett, and Adrow got

together early December 23, 1999, that he was driving the van, which was stolen, and that they

spotted the ice cream truck. He also stated that Jett and Adrow got out of the van and went over to

the victim. Adrow hit the victim, who started to run, and then Jett shot the victim. Jett and Adrow

then returned to the van, and Petitioner drove off, but Petitioner later jumped out of the van. 

Petitioner furthertold Officer Simon that the robberywas Jett’s idea and that the murder weapon was

a .38 caliber handgun, which belonged to Petitioner. Upon inquiry of Officer Simon about the gun,

Petitioner said he “left [the gun] at the house, the weed house,” which was on Wilfred, “because the

gun was hot” and Jett had just shot someone with it. (R. 26-4 at 25). He denied being threatened

or promised anything to make a statement or answer any question, and when asked whether the

statement he had given was true, he replied, “Yes, I’m sorry that the man got shot. Things just got

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out of hand. [Jett] should not have shot the man.” (Id. at 26). Petitioner had an opportunity to

review the statement, and signed his name throughout the statement.

Adrow also testified at trial. He testified that he had a conversation with Petitioner and Jett

about committing a robbery. He further testified that Petitioner provided the weapon, a .38 caliber

handgun, which was black and short, and that a stolen van was driven by Petitioner to a Detroit gas

station where Burda was spotted. Adrow testified that Jett got out of the van first and began robbing

Burda. Adrow then got out of the van and struck Burda. As Burda attempted to escape, Jett shot and

killed him. Adrow also testified that Jett shot at several other individuals in the area, hitting and

injuring one of them. Jett and Adrow then returned to the van, which Petitioner drove away. Adrow

further testified that Jett gave the gun back to Petitioner, and the three went to “[t]he weed spot,”

which was “[t]he house on Wilfred.” (R. 27-3 at 15).

Several other individuals testified as well. Aaron Gilmore testified that he heard shots, ran,

and then was shot in the back of his shoulder. He further testified that he later saw the victim lying

on the ground and that the man who pointed a gun at him had on a ski mask. Rayvnne Gilmore then

testified to witnessing the shooting and hearing the van or a vehicle speed off, but he could not

identify the driver of the van. Anthony Billings testified that he saw two men in ski masks,

appearing to rob the victim. After the victim collapsed, he stated that the two men headed toward

the van parked nearby. He also saw a man sitting behind the driver’s seat of the van, but he could

not see anything about his appearance. After the two men entered the van, it quickly sped off. He

further testified that the gun used was a revolver, which was black and big. Edward Thomas, who

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was with Anthony Billings on the day in question, testified that he heard someone say “give me the

m-f-ing money” in a demanding way and a person reply that he did not have any money, that he

heard shots, and that he saw a man with a mask shooting at him and AnthonyBillings, who was shot. 

(R. 25-2 at 11). Edward Thomas testified as well, and stated that he saw another man with a mask

on. Darlene Dorsette testified, and she described how her van had been stolen just prior to the

incident. In addition, various officers and investigators, as well as the doctor who performed the

autopsy on Burda, testified. One such officer was Officer Craig Stewart, who testified that he went

to the hospital and was given a nine millimeter slug from the complainant.

Petitioner’s defense was that therewas no credible evidence to establish Petitioner knowingly

took part in the robbery and murder. Counsel attacked Adrow’s testimony in his opening and closing

arguments as well as through cross-examination by arguing that Adrow was testifying against

Petitioner solely because he had been offered to plead guilty to a reduced charge of second-degree

murder. He exposed that Adrow had made two contradictory statements to the police, that neither

statement mentioned Petitioner being involved in the shooting, and that even if Adrow was to be

believed, there was no evidence that Petitioner knew Jett was going to shoot and kill the victim.

Counsel also elicited testimony from the various eyewitnesses that they could not identifyPetitioner.

In addition, Petitioner’s counsel elicited testimonyfrom Officer Simon that Petitioner did not

initial the part of the constitutional rights form that stated he had not been threatened by the police.

Counsel also challenged Officer Simon’s testimonybyobtaining admissions from OfficerSimon that

Petitioner’s statement had not been videotaped or audiotaped or written by Petitioner in his own

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handwriting. Officer Simon acknowledged that there were no witnesses to corroborate Petitioner’s

confession and that, although Petitioner admitted to driving the van, she did not ask Petitioner if he

was the getaway driver or a lookout. Officer Simon also conceded that she never asked Petitioner

whetherthe robberywas pre-planned. Petitioner’s counsel moved for a directed verdict on the count

of felony murder, which was denied. 

The jury returned a verdict of guilty as to both charges against Petitioner. He was sentenced

to life in prison without parole for the first-degree-murder charge and a consecutive two years’

imprisonment for the felony-firearm charge.

Petitioner thereafter filed a direct appeal with the Michigan Court of Appeals, raising the

following issue:

Was Defendant denied his state and federal constitutional rights to the effective

assistance of trial counsel where counsel failed to investigate and raise the issue of

competencyto stand trial and to waive his Miranda rights and the defense of insanity,

both at the Walker hearing and at trial, and presented no defense at trial, no

witnesses, no evidence of any kind, including no evidence of defendant’s psychiatric

hospitalizations and treatment, mental illness and significant mental retardation,

which would not only support a defense of insanity or lack of competency, but would

also cast grave doubt upon the statement he allegedly made to the police, and even

told the defendant not to testify?

(R. 33, Pet’r’s App. Br. at 3). Petitioner’s conviction, however, was affirmed. Brown, 2003 WL

22681550.

Petitioner also filed a motion to remand pursuant to Mich. Ct. R. 7.211, commonly known

as a Ginther motion, with the Michigan Court of Appeals. Petitioner sought an order remanding 2

See People v. Ginther, 212 N.W.2d 922 (Mich. 1973). 2

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his case to the trial court for hearing, development of a factual record, and initial decision on his

claim for ineffective assistance of counsel. The Michigan Court of Appeals denied the motion to

remand “for failure to persuade the Court of the need to remand at this time.” (R. 2-2 Ex. 2).

Petitioner then sought leave from the Michigan Supreme Court to appeal the decisions of the

Michigan Court of Appeals affirming his conviction and denying his motion to remand. People v.

Brown, 470 Mich. 873 (2004). The request was denied, although two justices indicated they would

have remanded the case for an evidentiary hearing on Petitioner’s claim of ineffective assistance of

trial counsel. Id.

Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, Petitioner subsequently filed a petition for writ of habeas

corpus, raising two claims: denial of the constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel and

the constitutional right to due process of law. The district court denied habeas relief on both

grounds. 

Petitioner then filed notice of appeal and a motion for certificate of appealability. Petitioner

sought a certificate of appealability with respect to his ineffective-assistance-of-counsel claim and

his due-process claim, but the district court granted a certificate of appealability only with respect

to the following: “Whether Petitioner’s Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of trial

counsel was violated when his trial counsel failed to investigate and raise the issue of competency

to stand trial and the defense of insanity.” (R. 45).

Upon request by Petitioner, this Court denied Petitioner a certificate of appealability on the

due process issue, finding the district court correctly held that there is no federal constitutional right

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to appeal a state-court conviction. (Order Den. Appl. for Partial Certificate of Appealability, Mar.

18, 2008). Further, this Court noted violations of state law and procedure that do not infringe upon

specific constitutional protections are not cognizable in a federal habeas corpus action. (Id.). This

Court also denied Petitioner’s motion to reconsider the Court’s order denying Petitioner a certificate

of appealability. (Order Den. Mot. To Recons., June 23, 2008).

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

This Court reviews de novo the legal conclusions for a district court’s dismissal of a habeas

petition. Davis v. Coyle, 475 F.3d 761, 766 (6th Cir. 2007). The factual findings underlying the

district court’s analysis, on the other hand, will not be set aside unless those findings are clearly

erroneous. Id.

Because Petitioner filed his petition for a writ of habeas corpus after the effective date of the

Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act (“AEDPA”), that statute governs this Court’s review

of the case. A writ of habeas corpus may not be granted under AEDPA for any claim that was

adjudicated on the merits in state court unless the adjudication of that claim: 

(1) resulted in a decision that was contrary to, or involved an unreasonable

application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the Supreme Court

of the United States; or 

(2) resulted in a decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the

facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding. 

28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1)–(2). For the purposes of AEDPA, this Court reviews the last state-court

decision on the merits, which in this case is the decision of the Michigan Court of Appeals. Dyer

v. Bowlen, 465 F.3d 280, 284 (6th Cir. 2006) (citation omitted). The Supreme Court has recognized

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that “AEDPA imposes a ‘highly deferential standard for evaluating state-court rulings,’ and

‘demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the doubt.’” Renico v. Lett, — U.S. —,

130 S. Ct. 1855, 1862 (2010) (footnote and citations omitted).

Under the “contrary to” clause of § 2254(d)(1), a federal court may grant the writ only if the

state court arrived at a conclusion opposite to that reached by the Supreme Court on a question of

law, or if the state court decided a case differently than the Supreme Court has on a set of materially

indistinguishable facts. Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362, 412–13 (2000). “If the state-court

decision identifies the correct governing legal principle in existence at the time, [however,] a federal

court must assess whetherthe decision unreasonably applies that principle” under the “unreasonable

application” clause of § 2254(d)(1). Cullen v. Pinholster, — U.S. —, 131 S. Ct. 1388, 1399 (2011)

(citation and internal quotation marks omitted). 

Under the “unreasonable application” clause, a federal court may grant the writ only if the

state court identified the correct governing legal principle from the Supreme Court’s decisions but

unreasonably applied that principle to the facts of the petitioner’s case. Williams, 529 U.S. at 413. 

When assessing unreasonableness, “a federal habeas court maynot issue the writ simplybecause that

court concludes in its independent judgment that the relevant state-court decision applied clearly

established federal law erroneously or incorrectly.” Id. at 411. Rather, the application must be

“objectively unreasonable.” Id. at 409. 

In determining whether a state-court decision is contrary to or an unreasonable application

of clearly established Supreme Court precedent, a federal court may look only to the holdings of the

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Supreme Court’s decisions “as of the time of the relevant state-court decision.” Lockyer v. Andrade,

538 U.S. 63, 71 (2003) (citation and internal quotation mark omitted); see also Greene v. Fisher, —

U.S. —, 132 S. Ct. 38, 44–45 (2011) (holding that clearly established federal law as determined by

the Supreme Court under AEDPA is the law at the time of the state-court adjudication on the merits,

not at the time the conviction becomes final). The reviewing court, however, may look to decisions

of lower courts of appeals “to the extent [they] have already reviewed and interpreted the relevant

Supreme Court case law to determine whether a legal principle or right had been clearly established

by the Supreme Court.” Landrum v. Mitchell, 625 F.3d 905, 914 (6th Cir. 2010) (alteration in

original and citation and internal quotation mark omitted). 

“A state court’s determination that a claim lacks merit precludes federal habeas reliefso long

as ‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ on the correctness of the state court’s decision.” Harrington

v. Richter, — U.S. —, 131 S. Ct. 770, 786 (2011) (citation omitted). Further, “[e]valuating whether

a rule application was unreasonable requires considering the rule’s specificity. The more general the

rule, the more leeway courts have in reaching outcomes in case-by-case determinations.” Id.

(citation omitted). 

In addition, factual findings of the state court are presumed correct unless the petitioner

presents clear and convincing evidence to the contrary. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1). “[A] decision

adjudicated on the merits in a state court and based upon a factual determination will not be

overturned on factual grounds unless objectively unreasonable in light of the evidence presented in

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the state-court proceeding.” Ayers v. Hudson, 623 F.3d 301, 308 (6th Cir. 2010) (brackets omitted)

(quoting Miller-El v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 340 (2003)).

Finally, the Supreme Court has recently clarified “that review under § 2254(d)(1) is limited

to the record that was before the state court that adjudicated the claim on the merits.” Pinholster,

— U.S. at —, 131 S. Ct. at 1398.

III. DISCUSSION

A. Proper Scope of the Issues 

Petitioner sought a certificate of appealability with respect to the two claims raised in his

habeas petition: denial of the constitutional right to effective assistance of counsel and denial of the

constitutional right to due process of law. The district court granted a certificate of appealability

with respect to the following issue only: “Whether Petitioner’s Sixth Amendment right to effective

assistance of trial counsel was violated when his trial counsel failed to investigate and raise the issue

of competency to stand trial and the defense of insanity.” (R. 45).

Petitioner argues that, although the district court granted a certificate of appealability with

respect to Petitioner’s first claim and “reformulated” it, encompassed within that reformulation is

Petitioner’s argument that “trial counsel was ineffective because he presented no defense at trial, no

witnesses, no evidence of any kind, and, further, even told the defendant not to testify.” (Appellant

Br. 2 n.2, 7). Petitioner also argues he should be permitted to raise his constitutional due process

issue.

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The Sixth Circuit has “repeatedly recognized” that “when AEDPA applies, ‘a court of

appeals will address only the issues which are specified in the certificate of appealability.’” Searcy

v. Carter, 246 F.3d 515, 518 (6th Cir. 2001) (quoting Lyons v. Ohio Adult Parole Auth., 105 F.3d

1063, 1074 (6th Cir. 1997), overruled in part by Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320 (1997)); see also

28 U.S.C. § 2253(c); Chavis-Tucker v. Hudson, 348 F. App’x 125, 132 n.6 (6th Cir. 2009) (“A

certificate of appealability only vests jurisdiction in the appellate court to consider issues specified

in the certificate.” (citations omitted)); Valentine v. Francis, 270 F.3d 1032, 1035 (6th Cir. 2001)

(limiting review of the dismissal of a habeas petition as time-barred to the particular claim certified

for appealability). Despite the district court’s recognition that Petitioner’s first claim included

several points, including, for example, that trial counsel was ineffective for failing to present any

defense whatsoever, the district court’s order expressly limits the issue subject to appeal to

“ineffective assistance of trial counsel for failure to investigate and raise the issue of competency to

stand trial and the defense of insanity.” (R. 45). The district court’s order further provides that it

“does not find the remaining issues raised in the petition debatable among jurists of reason.” (Id.). 

Also, this Court previously denied Petitioner’s request for a certificate of appealability with respect

to the due-process claim and subsequently denied Petitioner’s motion for reconsideration of that

decision. Accordingly, with respect to Petitioner’s ineffective of assistance claim, the Court

considers only those issues set forth in the certificate of appealability; that is, whether Petitioner’s

Sixth Amendment right to effective assistance of counsel was violated when his trial counsel failed

to investigate and raise the issue of competency to stand trial and the defense of insanity. Likewise,

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the Court finds that Petitioner’s due-process claim is not properly before it as the claim is not

specified in the certificate of appealability, and this Court declined to issue a certificate of

appealability for this claim.3

B. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel 

The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which is applicable to the States

through the Fourteenth Amendment, provides that “[i]n all criminal prosecutions, the accused shall

enjoy the right . . . to have the Assistance of Counsel for his defence.” U.S. Const. Amend. VI;

Gideon v. Wainwright, 372 U.S. 335, 342–43 (1963). “A right to the assistance of someone with a

law degree does not by itself suffice.” Couch v. Booker, 632 F.3d 241, 245 (6th Cir. 2011). Rather,

“[o]nly a right to ‘effective assistance of counsel’ serves the guarantee.” Id. (quoting McMann v.

Richardson, 397 U.S. 759, 771 n.14 (1970)). To establish a claim for ineffective assistance of

counsel, a defendant must demonstrate that “counsel’s representation fell below an objective

standard of reasonableness,” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688 (1984), and that “there is

a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding

would have been different,” id. at 694. “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to

undermine confidence in the outcome.” Id. It requires a “substantial, not just conceivable,”

likelihood of a different outcome. Richter, — U.S. at —, 131 S. Ct. at 792 (citation omitted).

Petitioner argues he is entitled to a hearing on his ineffective assistance claim because he 3

has exercised due diligence. The evidentiary hearing issue, however, is merely a reiteration of the

due-process claim.

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With respect to determining whether counsel’s representation fell below an objective

standard ofreasonableness, counsel’s performance is viewed “under prevailing professional norms.” 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. “The reasonableness of counsel’s actions must be judged on the facts

of the petitioner’s case, viewed as of the time of counsel’s conduct, recognizing that counsel ‘is

strongly presumed to have rendered adequate assistance and made all significant decisions in the

exercise of reasonable professional judgment.’” Smith v. Lafler, 175 F. App’x 1, 4 (6th Cir. 2006)

(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690). Moreover, in reviewing ineffective assistance of counsel

claims, a court must begin with the premise that “under the circumstances, the challenged action [s]

might be considered sound trial strategy.” Pinholster, — U.S. at —, 131 S. Ct. at 1404 (alteration

in original) (quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689); see also Yarborough v. Gentry, 540 U.S. 1, 8

(2003) (“[T]here is a strong presumption that [counsel took certain actions] for tactical reasons rather

than through sheer neglect.” (citation omitted)). Put another way, it is the challenger’s burden to

demonstrate “that counsel made errors so serious that counsel was not functioning as the ‘counsel’

guaranteed the defendant by the Sixth Amendment.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687.

“Establishing that a state court’s application of Strickland was unreasonable under § 2254(d)

is all the more difficult,” as “[t]he standards created by Strickland and § 2254(d) are both ‘highly

deferential.’” Richter, — U.S. at —, 131 S. Ct. at 788 (citations omitted). “[W]hen the two apply

in tandem, review is ‘doubly’” deferential. Id. (citation omitted). Moreover, the Strickland standard

is a general standard, “so the range of reasonable applications is substantial.” Id. (citation omitted);

see also Knowles v. Mirzayance, 556 U.S. 111, —, 129 S. Ct. 1411, 1420 (2009) (“[B]ecause the

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Strickland standard is a general standard, a state court has even more latitude to reasonably

determine that a defendant has not satisfied that standard.” (citation omitted)). “Federal habeas

courts must guard against the danger of equating unreasonableness under Strickland with

unreasonableness under § 2254(d).” Richter, — U.S. at —, 131 S. Ct. at 788. “When § 2254(d)

applies, the question is not whether counsel’s actions were reasonable[, but] . . . . whether there is

any reasonable argument that counsel satisfied Strickland’s deferential standard.” Id. 

In denying Petitioner’s claim for ineffective assistance of counsel, the Michigan Court of

Appeals determined trial counsel’s actions were strategic. In relevant part, the court stated:

[Petitioner] first argues that his trial counsel failed to look at the court file after being

substituted as counsel. [Petitioner] contends that his counsel failed to investigate and

pursue a claim not only of lack of competency to stand trial and lack of competency

to waive his Miranda rights, but of legal insanity. We find, however, that these

assertions are not supported by the record. There is nothing apparent from the trial

court file to suggest that [Petitioner’s] counsel failed to inspect the court file. As for

[Petitioner’s] contention that his trial counsel failed to assert that [Petitioner] lacked

the competency to waive his Miranda rights, the trial court file reveals that

[Petitioner’s] counsel did pursue such a psychological examination. The examiner

concluded that [Petitioner] was competent to waive his Miranda rights.

Based on our review of the record, we believe [Petitioner’s] argument that his

counsel was ineffective for failing to raise the issue of [Petitioner’s] mental state fails

because we conclude that his counsel’s actions were actually strategic. The decision

whetherto present an insanity defense can be an issue of strategy. The record reflects

that after the determination that [Petitioner’s] counsel argued that his client was

intoxicated at the time of his confession . . . . [Petitioner] testified that he consumed

a considerable amount of alcohol and several marijuana cigarettes on the day of his

arrest and confession. [Petitioner’s] counsel apparently concluded that intoxication

was a better means to exclude the confession than [Petitioner’s] state of mind,

especially in light of the psychological report determining [Petitioner] was

competent. Although we recognize that the legal standards for competency to stand

trial are different from the standards to waive Miranda rights, [Petitioner’s] trial

counsel apparently determined that if he could not show that [Petitioner] lacked the

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state of mind to waive his Miranda rights, he may not be able to have [Petitioner]

deemed incompetent to stand trial, and that an insanity defense was likely

unprovable.

Brown, 2003 WL 22681550, at *7. Petitioner now argues that the Michigan Court of Appeals erred

in finding trial counsel’s actions were strategic because trial counsel’s strategy was predicated on

inadequate preparation or failure to make a reasonable investigation. More particularly, Petitioner

argues his trial counsel’s performance could not have been strategic because he failed to seek an

independent psychiatric evaluation, failed to speak to Petitioner’s family, failed to secure records

relating to Petitioner’s competency, and did not know that a competency evaluation and report was

conducted and issued.

1. The State Court’s Determination that Trial Counsel’s Performance was

Strategic was not an Unreasonable Application of Clearly Established

Federal Law

Petitioner argues that material contained in Dr. Kolito’s report would have triggered an

investigation into the defendant’s mental history. Petitioner specifically points to the following

matters contained in that report:

(a) Defendant had a history of psychiatric hospitalizations and outpatient

treatment, including Northeast Guidance Center, Eastwood Clinic,

Detroit Receiving Hospital, Havenwyck Hospital, Kingswood

Hospital, Children’s Center, Butzel Family Center, and Special

Education assessments in Detroit.

(b) He had a history of hallucinations, anxiety and depression.

(c) He was afraid to sign any more authorizations.

(d) He had attempted suicide three times.

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(e) The test results, which the examiner did not feel were valid, showed

functioning in the mildly mentally retarded range. 

(f) Defendant claimed that he did not understand the functions of most

court officials, did not know what his lawyer was supposed to do, and

did not know the function of the judge, jury or what plea bargaining

was.

(g) Defendant claimed he was illiterate and could not read the

questionnaires, denied knowledge of the meaning of very commonly

used words, said he did not know his phone number, where he was

born, his height, weight and other common facts.

(h) Defendant stated that he did not know what the statement was he

signed, that he could not read it and was tricked into signing and into

initialing his rights.

(Appellant Br. 12–13). Petitioner also submits trial counsel was not even aware that a competency

evaluation had been conducted, nor a report issued. Thus, without knowing about any competency

exam or report, Petitioner claims trial counsel’s actions in not pursuing the issue of competency to

stand trial and the defense of insanity could not have been strategic. Further, Petitioner argues

counsel’s performance could not have been strategic because counsel failed to secure records of

Petitioner’s psychiatric hospitalization and treatment records, to secure school records indicating

Petitioner’s alleged mental retardation, to obtain an independent psychiatric evaluation, and to

interview Petitioner’s family members. With regard to the latter, he points to his habeas counsel’s

affidavit, which provides that Petitioner’s aunt attempted to speak with Petitioner’s trial counsel

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about Petitioner’s background, psychiatric problems, mental illness, and psychiatric hospitalizations,

but Petitioner’s trial counsel would not speak with her.4

In Strickland, the Supreme Court outlined the parameters of what it described as “counsel’s

duty to investigate”:

[S]trategic choices made after thorough investigation of law and facts relevant to

plausible options are virtually unchallengeable; and strategic choices made after less

than complete investigation are reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable

professional judgments support the limitations on investigation. In other words,

counsel has a duty to make reasonable investigations or to make a reasonable

decision that makes particular investigations unnecessary.

466 U.S. at 690–91 (emphasis added). “Under this standard, counsel is required to conduct

investigation at least to the extent necessary to determine that no further investigation is necessary. 

It does not allow counsel to fail to conduct any investigation at all.” Storey v. Vasbinder, 657 F.3d

The district court appropriately summarized the affidavit as follows: 4

Petitioner’s current habeas counsel, Samuel Posner, who also represented Petitioner

on his state appeal, has provided the Court with an affidavit, in which he claims that

he spoke with Petitioner’s trial counsel, Mr. Williams. According to this affidavit,

Mr. Williams told Mr. Posner “that he was not aware that there had been a

competency hearing and competency evaluation before the preliminary examination

in the 36th District Court, was unaware of any competency report and had neverseen

it, and that he was unaware that [Petitioner] had had any history of psychiatric

problems, mental illnesses, or psychiatric hospitalizations.” Mr. Posner also claims

that Petitioner informed him that he wanted to testify at trial, but that Mr. “Williams

told him not to testify and to say that he did not want to testify if asked by the court.”

Finally, Mr. Posner claims that Petitioner’s family told him that theywished to speak

with Mr. Williams about Petitioner’s history of mental illnesses and psychiatric

hospitalizations, but claimed that Mr. Williams would not speak with them.

Brown v. McKee, No. 05-72156, 2007 WL 2050350, at *9 (E.D. Mich. July 17, 2007).

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372, 390 (6th Cir. 2011) (Clay, J., dissenting)(citing Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 362 (2000)). This

Court has recently stated this principle in the following way:

To make a reasoned judgment about whether evidence is worth presenting, one must

know what it says. While the point of the Sixth Amendment is not to allow Mondaymorning quarterbacking of defense counsel’s strategic decisions, a lawyer cannot

make a protected strategic decision without investigating the potential bases for it.

Couch, 632 F.3d at 246 (citing Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690–91).

Petitioner submits, as he submitted to the Michigan Court of Appeals, that his second trial

counsel did not know that a competency evaluation was conducted, nor a report issued. Indeed, the

record reflects that it was Petitioner’s original trial counsel, Glanda, who initiated the competency

evaluation and who stipulated competency for purposes of the preliminary examination. Thus, it is

plausible that Petitioner’s second trial counsel, Williams, would not have known about the

evaluation and report. Further, it seems as though, had Williams reviewed the file, including the

competency report, it would have suggested to him that Petitioner may have had some history of

mental illness and would have prompted an investigation to determine whether he should raise the

issue of competency to stand trial or the defense of insanity. For example, the report provided that

Petitioner had a history of psychiatric hospitalizations and outpatient treatment and that test results

showed functioning in the mildly mentally retarded range. Even more, Petitioner submits that his

aunt attempted to speak to Williams about his family and mental history, but that Williams would

not speak with her. In light of all of this, it appears Williams’s actions may have fallen below an

objective standard of reasonableness. Accord Couch, 632 F.3d at 246 (“It is particularly

unreasonable to fail to track down readily available and likely useful evidence that a client himself

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asks his counsel to obtain.” (citation omitted)); Lafler, 175 F. App’x at 4–5 (finding counsel’s failure

to investigate complainant’s daughter’s stay at a psychiatric facility was not based upon a reasonable

professional judgment because he never attempted to ascertain the contents of a related report);

Profitt v. Waldron, 831 F.2d 1245, 1248–50 (5th Cir. 1987) (finding trial counsel ineffective for,

among other reasons, failing to investigate the reasons the defendant was in a mental institution).

In rejecting Petitioner’s argument that his trial counsel was ineffective for failing to

investigate and pursue the claims of lack of competency to stand trial and legal insanity, however,

the Michigan Court of Appeals found “nothing apparent from the trial court file to suggest that

[Petitioner’s] counsel failed to inspect the court file.” Brown, 2003 WL 22681550, at *7. The

Michigan Court of Appeals then went on to determine that trial counsel satisfied Strickland’s

standard because he “apparently concluded that intoxication was a better means to exclude the

confession than [Petitioner’s] state of mind, . . . in light of the psychological report determining

[Petitioner] was competent,” and that “if he could not show that [Petitioner] lacked the state of mind

to waive his Miranda rights, he may not be able to have [Petitioner] deemed incompetent to stand

trial, and that an insanity defense was likely unprovable.” Id. 

AEDPA, in conjunction with Strickland, requires this Court to give double deference to the

findings of the Michigan Court of Appeals, and the Court must determine whether the state court’s

application of Strickland was unreasonable, not whether defense counsel’s performance fell below

the Strickland standard. Richter, — U.S. at —, 131 S. Ct. at 785, 788. As there is nothing in the

record that suggests Williams failed to inspect the file, aside from the hearsay statements in

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Petitioner’s habeas counsel’s affidavit, the decision of the Michigan Court of Appeals is not

unreasonable.

In sum, although it appears trial counsel’s performance may have been deficient for failing

to conduct a reasonable investigation into Petitioner’s mental state and whether to raise competency

to stand trial and an insanity defense, the Michigan Court of Appeals’s application of Strickland was

not unreasonable, and at best, fairminded jurists could disagree on the correctness of the state court’s

decision. Thus, Petitioner is not entitled to habeas relief. Richter, — U.S. at —, 131 S. Ct. at 786

(“[E]ven a strong case for relief does not mean the state court’s contrary conclusion was

unreasonable.” (citation omitted)); see also id. (“A state court’s determination that a claim lacks

merit precludes federal habeas reliefso long as ‘fairminded jurists could disagree’ on the correctness

of the state court’s decision.” (citation omitted)).

2. Petitioner was Not Prejudiced

Even assuming trial counsel’s performance was deficient and that the Michigan Court of

Appeals’s application of Strickland was unreasonable, Petitioner was not prejudiced. The Michigan

Court of Appeals did not address this prong of the Strickland test, see Brown, 2003 WL 22681550,

at *7; hence, the Court must review this prong de novo, see Wiggins v. Smith, 539 U.S. 510, 534

(2003) (holding that the Supreme Court’s review was “not circumscribed by a state court conclusion

with respect to prejudice, as neither of the state courts below reached this prong of the Strickland

analysis”).

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Under this prong, “[t]he defendant must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but

for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 694. “A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine

confidence in the outcome.” Id. It requires a “substantial,” not just “conceivable,” likelihood of a

different outcome. Richter, — U.S. at —, 131 S. Ct. at 792.

Petitioner argues the deficiencies of his trial counsel severely prejudiced him because there

is a great probability that he would have been acquitted had his trial counsel known about his

psychiatric history, mental illness, and retardation, had properly investigated all facts and defenses

related thereto, had sought an independent psychiatric evaluation, and raised the insanity defense.

He submits that, at the minimum, there would have been doubt cast on the reliability of Petitioner’s

statement to the police and the jury may either not have believed its veracity or accorded it so little

weight that Petitioner would have been acquitted. 

Petitioner submitted to the Michigan Court of Appeals the affidavit of Dr. Miller, which

indicates that Dr. Miller reviewed various psychiatric and psychological records of Petitioner and

the report of Dr. Kolito. Dr. Miller, however, did not personally interview Petitioner. Dr. Miller 5

The district court appropriately summarized the affidavit as follows: 5

After Petitioner’s conviction and sentence, Dr. Steven Miller reviewed various

psychiatric and psychological records of Petitioner, as well as the report prepared by

Dr. Kolito, which had found Petitioner competent to stand trial. Dr. Miller did not

personally interview Petitioner. In his affidavit, Dr. Miller indicated that after

reviewingPetitioner’s prior psychiatric records, he was unable to “surmise,speculate,

and/or conclude” the following about Petitioner’s “possible neurological status,

psychological adjustment and mental status at the time of his alleged crimes and prior

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was able to “surmise, speculate and/or conclude the following about [Petitioner’s] possible

neurological status, psychological adjustment and mental status at the time of his alleged crimes and

prior to and during his trial, and his overall developmental and cognitive functioning capacities”: that

“there are very strong indications that [Petitioner] suffers from what is legally defined as a ‘mental

illness,’” and that Petitioner, “quite possibly, suffers from ‘Mental Retardation’ as this term is

defined by law” (R. 2 Ex. 3A ¶¶ 3–5). In addition, Dr. Miller found that Petitioner’s “mental

functioning at the time of the alleged commission of these offenses may have rendered him unable

to appreciate the nature of the wrongfulness of his conduct and/or resulted in his lack of capacity to

conform his behavior to the requirements of the law.” (Id. ¶ 4; see also id. ¶ 5).

a. Insanity Defense

Under Michigan law, legal insanity is determined with respect to the moment where the

defendant “commit[s] the acts constituting the offense.” Mich. Comp. Laws § 768.21a. The defense

of insanity “requir[es] proof that, as a result of mental illness or being mentally retarded as defined

to and during his trial, and his overall developmental cognitive functioning capacities

(i.e., basis intelligence, attention and mental focus, memory, judgment, decision

making abilities, affective stability, behavior control capacity, learning capacity,

reality testing, and over-all social and emotional adjustment).” Dr. Miller concluded

“that there are very strong indications that [Petitioner] suffers from what is legally

defined as ‘mental illness,’” that Petitioner “quite possibly, suffers form ‘Mental

Retardation’ as this term is defined by law,” and that Petitioner’s mental functioning

“may have rendered him unable to appreciate the nature and wrongfulness of his

conduct and/or resulted in his lack of capacity to conform his behavior to the

requirements of the law.”

Brown v. McKee, 2007 WL 2050350, at *8 (alteration in original and citations omitted).

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in the mental health code, the defendant lacked ‘substantial capacity either to appreciate the nature

and quality of the wrongfulness of his or her conduct or conform his or her conduct to the

requirements of the law.’” People v. Carpenter, 627 N.W.2d 276, 280 (Mich. 2001) (citation

omitted). “The defendant has the burden of proving the defense of insanity by a preponderance of

the evidence.” Mich. Comp. Laws § 768.21a(3).

To warrant habeas relief, Petitioner must “show that he had a substantial defense, and that

failure to present that defense rendered the trial fundamentally unfair or unreliable.” Walker v.

McQuiggan, 656 F.3d 311, 321 (6th Cir. 2011) (citations and footnote omitted). Dr. Miller’s

conclusions regardingPetitioner’s mental functioning at the time ofthe offenses are not unequivocal,

see Fisher v. Smith, 126 F. App’x 275, 282 (6th Cir. 2005) (finding the equivocal testimony of the

same doctor regarding the petitioner’s alleged insanity “insufficient to establish a reasonable

probability that, but for trial counsel’s deficient performance, the outcome of the trial might have

been different”), and indeed, he did not personally review Petitioner. Moreover, Petitioner’s

statement to the police that he “was sorry the man got shot” indicates that Petitioner could appreciate

the wrongfulness of his conduct. This statement alone could have undermined any claim of legal

insanity. In sum, although it is conceivable that there may have been a different result had trial

counsel investigated and raised the insanity defense, Petitioner has not demonstrated that there was

a substantial likelihood of a different outcome had he done so.

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b. Competency to Stand Trial

Under Michigan law, a defendant is presumed competent to stand trial and “shall be

determined incompetent to stand trial only if he is incapable because of his mental condition of

understanding the nature and object of the proceedings against him or of assisting in his defense in

a rational manner.” Mich. Comp. Laws § 330.2020(1). A defendant “is not prejudiced by counsel’s

failure to seek a competency evaluation, absent an actual basis to support a claim of incompetency

at the time of the proceeding.” Bair v. Phillips, 106 F. Supp. 2d 934, 941 (E.D. Mich. 2000)

(citations omitted). 

Petitioner has offered no evidence that he was acting abnormally during the pre-trial or trial

proceedings. See Bair, 106 F. Supp. 2d at 942. Moreover, a review of the transcript from the Walker

hearing reveals that Petitioner testified rationally and clearly regarding the circumstances

surrounding the taking of his statement to the police. Further, Dr. Kolito found Petitioner competent

to stand trial, and his conclusion was based upon his interview of Petitioner and numerous

psychological tests performed on Petitioner. Although he noted Petitioner was “malingering” at

times, he also noted that Petitioner’s physical movements were well coordinated, that he spoke easily

and fluently, that his thought patterns were coherent and his responses direct and to the point, that

his attention and concentration were undisturbed, and that he was properly oriented as to time, place,

and persons, and in his relation to reality. He noted Petitioner could discuss his statement, and that

he understood his legal situation, issues, and procedures. Thus, at the time of the proceeding, there

was no actual basis to support a claim of incompetency. See, e.g., Bainter v Trickey, 932 F.2d 713,

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716 (8th Cir. 1991) (finding habeas petitioner unable to establish prejudice as a result of his trial

counsel’s failure to raise competency before the state court because petitioner’s trial testimony was

“lucid[,] . . . minutely detailed . . . and responsive” (alteration in original)). Petitioner, therefore, was

not prejudiced by counsel’s failure to investigate and raise competency to stand trial. 

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons explained herein, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.

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MERRITT, Circuit Judge, concurring. I concur in the court’s opinion because Article III

judges have so little room left for judgment now under the AEDPA standard which a unanimous

Supreme Court has recently described as allowing habeas only “as a guard against extreme

malfunctions in the state criminal justice systems and not as a means of error correction.” Greene

v. Fisher, 132 S. Ct. 38, 43 (2011) (internal quotation marks omitted). Thus, the fact that the

petitioner did not receive effective counsel must also rise to the level of an “extreme malfunction”

of the system of criminal justice. I assume that this now means not only a constitutional error but

also an unconscionable result. The case does not rise to that level.

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COLE, Circuit Judge. Concurs in both the opinion of the court and in the separate

concurrence.

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