IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 22-0701

Filed June 7, 2023

STATE OF IOWA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

vs.

YARRELL ARTO FISHER JR.,

Defendant-Appellant.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Polk County, Jeanie K. Vaudt, Judge.

The defendant challenges his convictions for third-degree burglary and 

second-degree criminal mischief and the sentences imposed in two cases. 

CONDITIONALLY AFFIRMED AND REMANDED.

Debra S. De Jong, Orange City, for appellant.

Brenna Bird, Attorney General, and Bridget A. Chambers, Assistant 

Attorney General, for appellee.

Considered by Greer, P.J., Schumacher, J., and Potterfield, S.J.*

*Senior judge assigned by order pursuant to Iowa Code section 602.9206 

(2023).
2

POTTERFIELD, Senior Judge.

In FECR353225, a jury found Yarrell Fisher Jr. guilty of third-degree 

burglary (count I), second-degree criminal mischief (count II), and third-degree 

harassment (count III). Fisher challenges his convictions on counts I and II, 

arguing the State presented insufficient evidence to support the convictions and 

the greater weight of credible evidence supports acquittal. Fisher was sentenced 

in FECR353225 and a second case, FECR352573,

1 at a combined sentencing 

hearing; he challenges some of those sentences, claiming the district court abused 

its discretion in denying his request for probation and imposing incarceration. He 

also argues the court failed to state adequate reasons on the record for ordering 

him to serve the sentences in FECR353225 consecutive to the sentences imposed 

in FECR352573.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

The State alleged that Fisher broke into the home of his friend, Sandra, and 

caused significant damage to her personal property and the property of her 

landlord. In FECR353225, Fisher was charged with burglary in the third degree, 

criminal mischief in the second degree, and harassment in the first degree. He 

pled not guilty, and the case proceeded to a multiple-day jury trial in February 2022.

At trial, Sandra testified that she and Fisher had been friends for several 

years. Sometimes they spent time together at her home—a unit in a duplex—

which she rented from the property owner. Sandra and Fisher hung out at her 

home on Saturday, October 9, before going downtown and spending time with 

1

In FECR352573, Fisher pled guilty to third-degree criminal mischief, first-degree 

harassment, and fourth-degree criminal mischief. 
3

separate friend groups later that night. Fisher picked Sandra up from a friend’s 

home on Sunday morning and drove her back to her house. They spent a few 

more hours in the home—until Sandra’s mother called to ask if Sandra was coming 

over for her birthday party. Although she did not want to, Sandra took Fisher with 

her to her parents’ home for the birthday party; they were there only a short time 

before Fisher wanted to leave. Sandra drove him back to her house, where he 

was supposed to have a ride waiting to pick him up. When his ride did not

immediately show, Sandra left Fisher outside her home and went back to her 

birthday party. Sandra stopped by her home Sunday night and again Monday 

morning; Fisher was not there and nothing was amiss. Then, later on Monday, 

while at her parents’ home, Sandra received a message from Fisher; it said, “Bitch 

I’m going to get you evicted.” Before she was able to take a screen shot, Fisher 

unsent the message. He sent a second message that said, “Bitch ima kill you.” 

Sandra took a screenshot of this message, which also included a notification line 

above it stating, “Yarrell unsent a message”; the screenshot was admitted as 

evidence at trial. The messages from Fisher prompted Sandra to return to her 

home, and she arrived within ten or fifteen minutes. She found her home in 

disarray, with ceiling fan blades and cupboards doors ripped off, internal doors 

destroyed, and a running bathtub that was nearly overflowing. The door was 

ripped off the microwave and the refrigerator had been pulled from its place, with 

the water line damaged. Sandra also found some of her clothes in the living room 

with bleach poured on them and the carpet, her television cracked, and damage 

to her furniture. She testified the value of her damaged property was $5000.
4

Jeffrey, who was staying in the second duplex unit on October 11, testified 

he was downstairs playing video games when he heard “loud thumping and 

banging, like stuff was being thrown around or dropped.” He went upstairs, saw 

no one was in his unit, and then went outside to smoke. While he was standing 

on the front porch, he saw Fisher exit Sandra’s home. When asked, Fisher said 

he had been causing the banging noises. Then Fisher left, walking down the 

street. According to Jeffrey, Sandra showed up just a short time later. 

Sandra called the local police when she saw the state of her home. A crime 

scene investigator, Krystal Warren, processed the scene for latent prints. She 

testified she noticed the refrigerator had been pulled from its place and thought the 

surface may yield prints; she was able to pull a partial palm print from the back of 

the refrigerator. Later, she analyzed the palm print in comparison to the known 

prints of both Sandra and Fisher. According to Warren, the palm print matched 

Fisher’s.

The owner of Sandra’s home testified at trial; he stated he got a quote from 

a builder that it would cost $15,900 “just to get [the home] back to what it was prior 

to being vandalized.” 

Fisher elected not to testify. And he did not put forth any evidence before 

resting his case. After deliberating, the jury found Fisher guilty as charged. 

After trial, Fisher filed a combined “motion for new trial and motion in arrest 

of judgment.” He claimed the jury’s guilty verdicts on third-degree burglary and 

second-degree criminal mischief were contrary to the weight of the evidence. The 

district court took up the motions at the sentencing hearing. After each party made 

argument, the court ruled from the bench, stating:
5

As to motion I regarding counts I and II, when viewing the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict on these counts, 

the jury’s verdict was not contrary to the weight of the evidence on 

count I as charged, burglary in the third degree. 

The jury’s guilty verdict was not contrary to the weight of the 

evidence on Count II as charged, criminal mischief in the second 

degree. Both motions should be denied, and I’m denying both 

motions.

The district court entered a written order with the same statements. 

Having denied Fisher’s post-trial motions, the court proceeded to sentence 

Fisher in both FECR353225 and FECR352573. Fisher asked the court for 

deferred judgments on all of his convictions. Alternatively, he asked the court to 

impose suspended prison sentences with probation. The State asked the court to 

impose a total of five years in FECR353225 and a total of five years in 

FECR352573, with the sentences in the two cases running consecutive to each 

other for a total of ten years of incarceration. In FECR353225, the court sentenced 

Fisher to five years on each of the “D” felonies—third-degree burglary and seconddegree criminal mischief—and ordered Fisher to serve those concurrently, for a 

total of five years. In FECR352573, the court sentenced Fisher to two years for 

third-degree criminal mischief, two years for first-degree harassment, and one year 

for fourth-degree criminal mischief. The court ordered him to serve those three 

sentences consecutively, for a total of five years in FECR352573. Additionally, 

Fisher was required serve the five-year term for each case consecutively, for a 

total of ten years overall. 

Fisher appeals. 
6

II. Discussion.

A. Sufficiency of the Evidence.

Fisher challenges the sufficiency of the evidence supporting two of his

convictions. “In determining whether there was substantial evidence, we view the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the State.” State v. Abbas, 561 N.W.2d 72, 

74 (Iowa 1997). “Substantial evidence means such evidence as could convince a 

rational trier of fact the defendant is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. “In 

determining if there was substantial evidence, we consider all of the evidence in 

the record, not just the evidence supporting a finding of guilt.” Id. 

1. Third-Degree Burglary.

For Fisher to be properly convicted of third-degree burglary, the State had 

to prove:

1. On or about October 11, 2021, [Fisher] entered the 

residence of Sandra . . . .

2. The residence of Sandra . . . was an occupied structure as 

defined in Instruction No. 20.

3. [Fisher] did not have permission or authority to enter the 

residence of Sandra . . . .

4. The residence of Sandra . . . was not open to the public.

5. [Fisher] did so with the specific intent to commit the crime 

of criminal mischief when the cost of repairing or replacing the 

property is more than $1500.

Fisher challenges the evidence to support three of the elements. He argues the 

State failed to prove (1) he was the one who entered Sandra’s home and caused 

the damage; (2) he did not have permission or authority to enter the home; and 

(3) that he entered with the intent to commit more than $1500 in damages. See 

State v. Williams, 674 N.W.2d 69, 71 (Iowa 2004) (“At trial, the State must prove 

every element of the crime charged beyond a reasonable doubt.”).
7

Identity of perpetrator. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable 

to the verdict, we have little trouble finding substantial evidence to support the 

jury’s conclusion that Fisher was the perpetrator. Sandra testified he sent her a 

message stating that he was going to get her evicted. She returned home within 

approximately fifteen minutes to find her property and the property of her landlord 

damaged. Not long before Sandra returned to her home, Jeffrey heard loud 

banging come from the home and, shortly thereafter, saw Fisher leaving Sandra’s 

home. Fisher told him that he was responsible for the noises. 

Permission or authority to enter. Sandra’s landlord testified that Fisher 

was not named on the rental lease—only Sandra and her husband were included. 

And Sandra testified that Fisher “did not have any right to come back to [her] house 

or be at [her] house without [her] there.” According to her, Fisher was not staying 

with her, did not have a key, and did not have any items that he left in her home. 

Because Fisher did not have “any possessory or occupancy interest in [Sandra’s 

home] at the time” of this incident, State v. Hangedorn, 679 N.W.2d 666, 670 (Iowa 

2004), he did not have the authority to enter without Sandra’s permission, which 

she did not give. The State proved this element.

Specific intent. Fisher claims there was insufficient evidence to support a 

finding he entered Sandra’s home with the intent to cause more than $1500 in 

damages. But, as we have repeatedly stated, “[p]roof of specific intent is ‘seldom 

susceptible to proof by direct evidence.’” State v. Ernst, 954 N.W.2d 50, 57 (Iowa 

2021) (citation omitted). And “[w]here the evidence shows that a defendant 

deliberately takes action resulting in damage, a reasonable jury can ‘logically infer 

that [the defendant] intended the natural consequences of that action.’” State v. 
8

Hofer, No. 19-0823, 2020 WL 3264398, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. June 17, 2020) 

(quoting State v. Chang, 587 N.W.2d 459, 461 (Iowa 1998)). Here, Fisher told 

Sandra he was going to get her evicted and then, almost immediately after, was 

seen leaving her home, where immense damage had been done. Plus, the scope 

of the damage—ripped off cupboard doors and ceiling fan blades, destroyed 

appliances, a plugged tub left running, bleach poured on clothing and the carpet, 

and more—and that it occurred throughout the unit supported the conclusion that 

it was done intentionally. 

Substantial evidence supports Fisher’s conviction for third-degree burglary.

2. Second-Degree Criminal Mischief. 

For Fisher to be properly convicted of second-degree criminal mischief, the 

State had to prove:

1. On or about October 11, 2021, [Fisher] damaged and/or 

destroyed property belonging to Sandra . . . and/or [Sandra’s 

landlord].

2. [Fisher] acted with the specific intent to damage and/or 

destroy the property.

3. When [Fisher] damaged and/or destroyed the property, 

Defendant did not have the right to do so.

As with the burglary conviction, Fisher challenges whether substantial evidence 

supports the conclusion he was the one who caused the damage in Sandra’s home 

and whether the evidence shows he did so with specific intent. For the same 

reasons we already stated, we conclude it does. 

Substantial evidence supports Fisher’s conviction for second-degree 

criminal mischief.
9

B. Weight of the Evidence.

Fisher challenges the weight of the evidence supporting his convictions for 

third-degree burglary and second-degree criminal mischief. He points out what he 

believes are credibility issues for some of the State’s witnesses and suggests we 

should not credit their testimony. 

Generally, we review a district court’s ruling on a motion for “new trial 

asserting a verdict is contrary to the weight of the evidence for an abuse of 

discretion.” State v. Ary, 877 N.W.2d 686, 706 (Iowa 2016). Our review “does not 

extend to ‘the underlying question of whether the verdict is contrary to the weight 

of the evidence.’” Id. at 707 (citation omitted). This makes sense because deciding 

a motion for new trial based on the weight of the evidence requires consideration 

of “whether more ‘credible evidence’ supports the verdict rendered than supports 

the alternative verdict.” Id. at 706 (citation omitted). It is up to the district court, 

who sat through trial, to determine the credibility of the various witnesses. Id. In 

reaching its decision regarding the weight of the evidence, the district court is not 

to view the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict. See State v. Ellis, 

578 N.W.2d 655, 657 (Iowa 1998) (“[A] trial court must consider both inculpatory 

and exculpatory evidence in deciding motions for new trial.); see also State v. 

Reeves, 670 N.W.2d 199, 209 (Iowa 2003) (“[W]e conclude the district court 

properly applied the weight-of-the-evidence standard in considering the motion for 

new trial . . . . [T]he court carefully weighed the evidence, determined credibility, 

and gave sufficient reasons for its decision that the verdict was contrary to the 

weight of the evidence.”). 
10

In Fisher’s case, the district court made no credibility findings and declared 

it was viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdicts. This is the 

wrong standard. So, we conditionally affirm Fisher’s convictions for third-degree 

burglary and second-degree criminal mischief in FECR353225.2 See, e.g., State 

v. Curtis, No. 04-1878, 2005 WL 1398337, at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. June 15, 2005). 

We reverse the district court’s ruling on the motion for new trial and remand for the 

court to apply the correct standard.3 See Ary, 877 N.W.2d at 707 (reversing the 

district court ruling on the motion for new trial and remanding the case to the district 

court to apply the correct standard in considering the motion). 

C. Sentencing. 

Fisher challenges his sentences in FECR353225 and FECR352573; he 

argues the district court abused its discretion in denying his request for probation 

and imposing incarceration and that the court failed to state adequate reasons on 

the record for the sentences imposed, including ordering him to serve the 

sentences in FECR353225 consecutive to the sentences imposed in 

FECR352573.4

At one point during the sentencing, the court stated the following:

The Court determines that this sentence will provide 

maximum opportunity for Defendant’s rehabilitation and protection of 

the community from further offenses.

2 We do not disturb Fisher’s other convictions; they were not at issue in his motion 

for new trial or on appeal. 

3

If the court denies Fisher’s motion for new trial, then his convictions stand 

affirmed. If, however, the court grants Fisher’s motion for new trial, then his 

convictions shall be vacated and a new trial shall be granted. 

4 Fisher pled guilty to the crimes in FECR352573. But as the State recognizes, 

because Fisher is challenging his sentences, which were neither mandatory nor 

agreed upon, he has good cause for this appeal. See State v. Damme, 944 

N.W.2d 98, 100 (Iowa 2020); see also Iowa Code § 814.6(1)(a)(3) (2021). 
11

Pursuant to Iowa Code section 907.5, the Court has 

considered the following factors: Defendant’s age; Defendant’s prior 

record of convictions and deferments of judgment, if any; 

Defendant’s employment circumstances; Defendant’s family

circumstances; Defendant’s mental health and substance abuse 

history and treatment options available in the community and in the 

correctional system; and the nature of the offenses committed.

Fisher argues this statement “cannot be enough. If this is sufficient, it would mean 

the only requirement of the court is to basically read Iowa Code section 907.5 into 

the record.” And he’s not wrong. Our courts “have rejected a boilerplate-language 

approach that does not show why a particular sentence was imposed in a particular 

case.” State v. Thacker, 862 N.W.2d 402, 408 (Iowa 2015); accord id. at 410 

(“[S]uch boilerplate language, standing alone, is insufficient to satisfy Iowa Rule of 

Criminal Procedure 2.23(3)(d).”). But here, the court said more. After the parties’

arguments but before pronouncing the sentences, the court stated:

The Court has considered the factors and circumstances 

surrounding the offenses charged as well as the jury’s verdict in the 

case that went to trial. The Court considered the statements and 

recommendations of counsel for Plaintiff and counsel for Mr. Fisher. 

This is a contested resolution.

I also considered Mr. Fisher’s statement to the Court, which 

the Court finds sincere, and he was given the opportunity to speak in 

mitigation of sentence, as I just indicated. The only remaining matter, 

therefore, for the Court at this time is sentencing in Case Nos. FECR 

353225 and FECR 352573.

“While the sentencing court could have delivered a more personalized rationale, 

its statements rose above the dreaded boilerplate.” State v. Landis, No. 17-1369, 

2018 WL 6720036, at *4 (Iowa Ct. App. Dec. 19, 2018). And we do not require the 

court “to acknowledge each mitigating factor urged by the defendant, and just 

because the court did not mention a factor that does not mean the factor was not 
12

considered.” State v. Haler, No. 20-1349, 2021 WL 2708947,at *2 (Iowa Ct. App. 

June 30, 2021) (citing State v. Boltz, 542 N.W.2d 9, 11 (Iowa Ct. App. 1995)). 

While Fisher complains the court did not consider or place enough weight 

on certain factors—such as his age of twenty-four, his mental-health and 

substance-abuse needs, and the recommendation of the presentence 

investigation preparer that he receive suspended sentences with probation if he

would attend inpatient treatment—he really takes issue with the fact that the court 

chose to sentence him to terms of incarceration. Disagreeing with the court’s 

ultimate sentencing decision is not enough to establish an abuse of discretion. See 

State v. Stanley, 344 N.W.2d 564, 567 (Iowa 1983) (“An abuse of discretion will 

not be found unless the defendant shows that such discretion was exercised on 

grounds or for reasons clearly untenable or to an extent clearly unreasonable.”); 

see also Damme, 944 N.W.2d at 105–06 (“A sentencing court’s decision to impose 

a specific sentence that falls within the statutory limits ‘is cloaked with a strong 

presumption in its favor . . . .’” (citation omitted)). 

Finally, Fisher maintains the court failed to provide adequate reasons on 

the record for ordering consecutive sentences. See State v. Hill, 878 N.W.2d 269, 

273 (Iowa 2016) (imposing the requirement of Iowa Rule of Criminal 

Procedure 2.23(3)(d) to state on the record reasons for imposing a particular 

sentence to the decision to impose consecutive sentences). Here, the district court 

stated, “The sentences which are consecutive are consecutive based upon the 

separate and serious nature of the offenses.” This explanation is terse and 

succinct, but it does not preclude our review of the district court’s exercise of 

judgment. See State v. Victor, 310 N.W.2d 201, 205 (Iowa 1981) (concluding the 
13

sentencing court met the requirement to provide reasons for the sentence imposed 

when “[t]he brevity of the court’s statement of reasons” did not prevent “review of 

the sentencing discretion” because it was “clear from the trial court’s statement 

exactly what motivated and prompted the sentence”). So we find no error.

We find no reversible error or abuse of discretion involved in the sentencing 

of Fisher.

III. Conclusion.

Substantial evidence supports Fisher’s challenged convictions. However, 

because the district court applied the wrong standard on his motion for new trial, 

we conditionally affirm Fisher’s convictions and remand for the court to consider 

the motion for new trial, using the correct standard. If the court grants the motion, 

then Fisher shall receive a new trial. If the court denies the motion, Fisher’s 

convictions are affirmed. Assuming his convictions stand, we find no reversible 

error or abuse of discretion in the sentencing of Fisher. 

CONDITIONALLY AFFIRMED AND REMANDED.