FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P E A LS E LE V EN T HC IRC U IT JULY 30, 2007 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 06- 14075 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D . C . D o c k e tN o . 0 5 - 0 0 5 8 0 - C R - S L B - P WG U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s L U S H O N A N T O I N E W I L L I A M S , a .k .a . D o n ta e H a tc h e ll, D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f o rth e N o r th e rn D i s tr i c to f A l ab a ma

_________________________ ( Ju l y 30, 2007) B efo re A N D E R S O N , D U B IN A an d B A R K E T T , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M:2

A p p e lla n t L u s h o n A n to in e W illia m s , w h o w a s c o n v ic te d f o rp o s s e s s io n w ith i nt e ntt o di s tr i but e m a r i

j ua na , i n vi ol a t i on of

21 U . S . C . § 841( a ) ( 1) , appe a l s the d is tr ic t c o u r t’s d e n ia l o f h is m o tio n to s u p p r e s s th e m a r iju a n a s e iz e d f r o m h is tr a c t o rtr a i l e ra f

t e ra s e a r c h b y a p o l i c e d o g d u r i n g a tr a f f i c s t o p . W i l l i a ms c o n c e d e s th a t th e p o lic e o f f ic e rw h o d e ta in e d h im o n th e h ig h w a y h a d p r o b ab le cause t o st op hi m i ni t i al l y f or a tra ff i c vi ol at i on . W i l l i am s a rgues, ho w ever , that the pol i c e of

f i c e rl a c ke d r e a s onabl e s us pi c i on t o de t a i n hi m f orf ur the rque s t i oni ng beyond thatre l at ed t o the tra ff i c vi ol at i on and thatthe det ent i on m atured i nt o an u n la w f u l c u s to d ia l a rr e s t. T he pol i c e of

f i c e rt e s t i f

i e d a tthe he a r i ng on W i l l i a m s ’ s m ot i on tha tthr ough a s er i es of qu es t i on s he not ed, am on g o ther thi ng s, thatW i l l i am s di d n otbehave as truc ke r s nor m a l l y do w he n pul l e d ove r , di d notha ve va l i d r e gi s tr a t i on pape r s f or hi s tr a c t ortr a i l e r , ha d a 24- hourorm or e l a y ove ri n a n a r e a know n a s a drug corr i do r, and b ehaved od dl y w hen answ er i ng w hether he w as tra nspo rt i ng i l l egal pe opl e ors ubs t a nc e s . B a s e d on the s e f a c t or s , the pol i c e of

f i c e rbe c a m e s us pi c i ous tha tW i l l i a m s m a y notha ve ha d a uthor i ty t o dr i ve the tr a c t ortr a i l e rorm a y be tr a ns por t i ng s om e thi ng i l l e ga l , s uc h tha the s um m one d a pol i c e dog. A f t e rthe pol i c e dog a l e r t e d ne a rthe c ab of the tr a c t ortr a i l e r , the pol i c e of f i c e rf ound appr oxi m a t e l y 200 pounds of m a r i j ua na i n the s l e e pe rbe r th of the c ab. T he3

t es t i m on y a tthi s hea ri ng al so re veal ed thatthe ent i re det ent i on l as t ed approx i m at el y 37 m i nu t es , 13 m i nu t es of w hi ch w as spentw ai t i ng for the po l i ce o f f ic e r ’s p a r tn e rto tr a n s p o r t th e p o lic e d o g to th e s ite o f th e s to p . In re vi ew i ng the di stri ctcourt ’ s deni al of a m ot i on t o sup pres s, w e r evi ew th e d i stri ctco u rt ’ s fi n d i n g s o f factfo r cl ear erro r an d ap p l i cat i o n o f l aw t o th o se fact s de no vo . U

n ite d S ta te s v . A c o s ta , 363 F . 3d 1141, 1144 ( 11th C i r . 2004) . T he F o u r th A m e n d m e n t g u a r a n te e s “[ t]h e r ig h t o f th e p e o p le to b e s e c u r e in th e ir pers on s, ho uses , papers , and eff ec t s, agai nstun re as on abl e s ea rc hes a nd se i zure s. ” W hren v. U

ni t ed Stat es , 517 U . S . 806, 809- 810, 116 S . C t . 1769, 1772, 135 L . E d. 2d 89 ( 1996) . T he S upr e m e C our tha s he l d tha te ve n a br i e f a nd l i m i t e d de t e nt i on by the pol i c e of

a n i ndi vi dua l i n hi s c a rc ons t i tut e s a “ s e i z ur e ” w i thi n the m e a ni ng of the F our th A m e ndm e nt ’ s pr ohi bi t i on a ga i ns tunr e a s onabl e s e a r c he s a nd s e iz u r e s . I

d. T here fore , a tra ff

i c s t op m ustbe re as on abl e. T he S up re m e C ou rthas e x p la in e d th a t, “[ a ]s a g e n e r a l m a tte r , th e d e c is io n to s to p a n a u to m o b ile is r e a s onabl e w he r e the pol i c e ha ve pr obabl e c a us e t o be l i e ve tha ta tr a f f i c vi ol a t i on has occ urre d. ” I

d. a t810. E ve n i n the abs e nc e of

pr obabl e c a us e , how e ve r , a tr a f f i c s t op m a y be r e a s o n ab le if

th e p o lic e o f

f ic e rh a s a “r e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n ” th a t th e p e r s o n in q u e s tio n is o rw a s in v o lv e d in c r im in a l a c tiv ity , p u r s u a n t to th e p r in c ip le s s e t f o r th4

i n T e r r y v . O h io , 3 9 2 U .S . 1 , 8 8 S . C t. 1 8 6 8 , 2 0 L . E d . 2 d 8 8 9 ( 1 9 6 8 ) . U ni t ed S ta te s v . T

a p ia , 91 2 F . 2d 13 67 , 13 70 (11th C i r. 19 90 ). W hen a po l i ce offi ce r has such a r ea sonabl e s uspi ci on , he i s j ust i fi ed i n l engtheni ng a tra ff i c s t op for f

urther q u e s tio n in g b e y o n d th a t r e la te d to th e in itia l s to p . U n ite d S ta te s v . P r u itt , 174 F . 3d 1215, 1220 ( 11th C i r . 1999) . P ur s ua ntt o the pr i nc i pl e s s e tf or th i n T erry , w hether a pol i c e of

f i c e rha d a r e a s onabl e s us pi c i on i s de t e r m i ne d ba s e d on the t ot a l i ty of th e c ir c u m s ta n c e s . T

a p ia , 91 2 F . 2d at13 70 . A l so, w hi l e the po l i ce offi ce r’ s l evel of s us pi c i on ne e d notbe s uppor t e d by pr oof of w r ongdoi ng by a pr e ponde r a nc e of the e vi de nc e ora f

a i rpr obabi l i ty tha te vi de nc e of a c r i m e w i l l be f

ound, i tm us tbe

“ m ore than an i ncho at e hun ch. ” I d. (quo t at i on om i tt ed). A cc ordi ng l y, the po l i ce offi ce r m ust“ be abl e t o p oi ntt o speci fi c a nd art i cul abl e f ac t s w hi ch, t aken t og ether w ith r a tio n a l in f

e r e n c e s f r o m th o s e f

a c ts ,” w a rr a n t th e in tru s io n . I d. ( quot a t i on a nd c ita tio n o m itte d ) . A l th o u g h a reaso n ab l e su sp i ci o n th atcri m i n al act i v i ty i s afo o tcan j u st i fy a prol on ged tra ff

i c s t op , the S up re m e C ou rthas hel d thata r ea sonabl e s ei zure ca n m a tur e i nt o a n unr e a s onabl e a rr e s tw he r e i t s s c ope i s not“ s tr i c t l y t i e d t o a nd j ust i fi ed by the ci rc um st ance s w hi ch re nd er ed i t s i ni t i at i on perm i ss i bl e. ” T erry , 39 2 U . S . at18 -19, 88 S . C t . at18 78 (quo t at i on om i tt ed). T o d et erm i ne w hether a st op beca m e a n arr es t , w e app l y f ou r non -e xcl usi ve fa ct ors: (1) the l aw5

e nf or c e m e ntpurpos e s s e r ve d by the de t e nt i on, ( 2) the di l i ge nc e w i th w hi c h the pol i c e pur s ue d the i nve s t i ga t i on, ( 3) the s c ope a nd i ntrus i ve ne s s of the de t e nt i on, a n d ( 4 ) th e d u r a tio n o f

th e d e te n tio n . A c o s ta , 3 6 3 F .3 d a t 1 1 4 5 - 4 6 . In an al yzi n g th e fi rstfact o r, th e p u rp o ses serv ed b y th e d et en t i o n , “ th e m o st i m po rt antconsi dera t i on i s w hether the po l i ce det ai ned the defendantt o p ursue a m e thod of

i nve s t i ga t i on tha tw a s l i ke l y t o c onf i r m ordi s pe l the i rs us pi c i ons qu i ckl y, and w i th a m i ni m um of i nt er fe re nce. ” I d. a t1146 ( quot a t i on a nd c i t a t i on om i tt e d) . U nde rthe s e c ond f a c t or , the pol i c e ’ s di l i ge nc e , w e a s k w he the rthe m e th o d s th e p o lic e o f

f ic e ru s e d w e r e c a rr ie d o u t w ith o u t u n n e c e s s a ry d e la y . I d. W e ha ve he l d tha tthe pol i c e a c t e d di l i ge nt l y w he r e “ [ e ] a c h i nve s t i ga t ory a c t[ by the po l i ce ] l og i ca l l y l ed t o the nextac tw hi ch w as do ne w i tho utdel ay . ” I d. R e ga r di ng the thi r d f

a c t or , the s c ope a nd i ntrus i ve ne s s of the de t e nt i on, w e ha ve h e l d a s t o p i s n o tn e c e s s a r i l y tr a n s f o r m e d i n t o a n a rr e s tb e c a u s e a n o f f i c e rd r a ws hi s w e apon, ha ndc uf

f s a s us pe c t , or de r s a s us pe c tt o l i e f a c e dow n on the gr ound, o rs e c u r e s a s u s p e c t in th e b a c k o f a p a tr o l c a r . I

d. a t 1 1 4 7 . F in a lly , w ith r e s p e c t to the f our th f a c t or , the dur a t i on of

the s t op, “ [ t ] he r e i s no r i gi d t i m e l i m i t a t i on or bri gh tl i ne rul e r egar di ng the perm i ss i bl e durat i on of a T erry st op . ” I

d. I n U ni t ed Stat e s v . H

ar dy , 85 5 F . 2d 75 3, 76 1 (11 th C i r. 19 88 ), w e e xp re ss ed som e “ un ea se ” a ta tr a f f i c s t op l a s t i ng 50 m i nut e s , butf ound tha ttha tl e ngth a l one w a s i ns uf f i c i e nt6

t o i nva l i da t e the s t op. M or e ve r , i n U n ite d S ta te s v . G il , 2 0 4 F .3 d 1 3 4 7 , 1 3 5 0 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 0 ) , w e h e ld th a t a 7 5 - m in u te s to p w a s r e a s o n ab le . T he t ot al i ty of the ci rc um st ance s i n the pres entca se sugg es t s thatthe po l i ce o ffi cer h ad a reaso n ab l e su sp i ci o n th atW i l l i am s w as en g ag ed i n cri m i n al act i v i ty, s uc h tha the w a s j us t i f

i e d i n l e ngthe ni ng the tr a f f i c s t op t o a s k W i l l i a m s que s t i ons b e y o n d th o s e h a v in g to d o w ith th e tr a f f ic v io la tio n . See P r u itt , 174 F . 3d a t1220; T a p ia , 9 1 2 F .2 d a t 1 3 7 0 . A t th e s u p p r e s s io n h e a r in g , th e p o lic e o f f ic e rw a s ab le to po i ntt o speci fi c a nd art i cul abl e f ac t ors w hi ch, t aken t og ether w i th h i s r at i on al in f e r e n c e s , f

o r m e d h is r e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n . See T a p ia , 9 1 2 F .2 d a t 1 3 7 0 . L i kew i se , the evi dence s ug gest s thatthe st op di d n otm ature i nt o a cust od i al a rr e s t. See T

erry , 39 2 U . S . at18 -19, 88 S . C t . at18 78 . T he det ent i on w as j ust i fi ed by l e gi t i m a t e purpos e s , i n tha tthe pol i c e of f i c e ri m m e di a t e l y be c a m e s us pi c i ous w he n W i l l i a m s di d notbe ha ve a s truc ke r s nor m a l l y do w he n pul l e d ove r , a nd the o f f ic e ra tte m p te d to c o n f

ir m o rd is p e l h is s u s p ic io n q u ic k ly . See A c o s ta , 363 F . 2d a t1146- 47. L i ke w i s e , the pol i c e of f i c e rc onduc t e d e a c h s t e p i n hi s i nve s t i ga t i on w i tho utun nece ss ary del ay , as ea ch of hi s quest i on s “ l og i ca l l y l ed t o the nextac t w h i ch w as d o n e w i th o u td el ay. ” A l so , th e p o l i ce o ffi cer d i d n o th i n g sav e ask W illia m s q u e s tio n s . I

d. F i na l l y , the pol i c e of f i c e r ’ s de t e nt i on of

W i l l i a m s w a s of a s hor t e rl e ngth tha n thos e pr e vi ous l y appr ove d by us a nd the l e ngth of the s t op7

w as j ust i fi ed by the need t o tra nspo rtthe do g t o the si t e of W i l l i am s’ s tra ct or tra i l er o n th e h ig h w a y . See H

ar dy , 8 5 5 F .2 d a t 7 6 1 ; G il , 2 0 4 F .3 d a t 1 3 5 0 . A c c o r d in g ly , b e c a u s e th e p o lic e o f f ic e rh a d a r e a s o n ab le s u s p ic io n to p r o l o n g th e i n i t i a l s t o p a n d b e c a u s e th e s t o p d i d n o tr i s e t o th e l e v e l o f a n a rr e s t , we co n cl u d e th atth e d i stri ctco u rtd i d n o terr i n d en yi n g th e m o t i o n t o su p p ress. T h u s, w e a f f i r m the di s tr i c tc our t ’ s or de rde ny i ng W i l l i a m s ’ s m ot i on t o s uppr e s s a nd W i l l i a m s ’ s c onvi c t i on. AF F I RME D.