# Patent

## Title
Process for operating a compression ignition internal combustion engine in combination with a catalytic reformer

## Abstract

A process for operating a compression ignition internal combustion engine in combination with a catalytic partial oxidation reformer and, optionally, an exhaust gas aftertreater, wherein:

    (a) a mixture of a first fuel and air, wherein the first fuel comprises Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel, is introduced in the combustion chamber of the engine;
    (b) exhaust gas is discharged from the engine and optionally partly recirculated to the combustion chamber of the engine;
    (c) a second fuel and oxygen and/or steam are supplied to the catalytic partial oxidation reformer to produce synthesis gas, wherein the second fuel comprises Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel;
    (d) at least part of the synthesis gas is supplied to:
    (i) the exhaust gas aftertreater;
    (ii) the combustion chamber of the engine; or to both.

## Background
The present application claims priority on European Patent Application 03257553.2 filed Dec. 1, 2003.
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a process for operating a compression ignition internal combustion engine in combination with a catalytic partial oxidation reformer.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Requirements to car exhaust emissions will be more and more stringent. Therefore, aftertreatment systems for exhaust gases from internal combustion engines have been developed.
Spark ignition internal combustion engines can be operated at or close to stoichiometric fuel/air conditions. It is common to treat the exhaust gas of stoichiometric operated engines with a three-way conversion catalyst which promotes the oxidation of unburned hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide and the reduction of nitrogen oxides (NOX).
In order to reduce particulate emissions and to improve efficiency, compression ignition internal combustion engines are typically operated at lean fuel/air conditions. Lean exhaust gas cannot be treated with a three-way conversion catalyst, since the presence of oxygen prevents the reduction of NOX. Reducing the amount by which fuel injection timing is advanced from top dead centre can lead to a reduction in NOX emission, but to an increase in particulate emission. Increasing the fuel injection advance will have the opposite effect—hence there is frequently observed to be a “trade-off” between NOX and particulate emission.
In order to reduce NOX emissions of lean burn internal combustion engines, NOX reducing exhaust gas treatment systems have been developed. These NOX reducing systems typically comprise a NOX reducing catalyst.
In U.S. Pat. No. 5,412,946 for example, a NOX reducing catalyst comprising Pt on zeolite have been described. Such a catalyst promote the reduction of NOX to nitrogen in the presence of a reducing compound. It has been described in the art to use hydrocarbons, hydrogen or synthesis gas as reducing compound for this type NOX reducing catalyst.
NOX reducing systems that comprise both a deNOX catalyst and a NOX sorbent are also known in the art. For example from U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,874,057, 5,473,887 and WO 01/34950. During lean operation, NOX is absorbed from the exhaust gas; during richer operation, the sorbent is regenerated and the catalyst promotes reduction of NOX to nitrogen. It is disclosed that the exhaust gas can periodically be made richer (less oxygen) by adding fuel, hydrogen or synthesis gas to the lean exhaust gas.
An alternative method to reduce emissions of compression ignition internal combustion engines is by means of a process known in the art as fumigation. In a fumigation process, a gaseous fuel is mixed with the intake air of the engine prior to introducing the air/gaseous fuel mixture into the engine cylinder. Both diesel fuel and the air/gaseous fuel mixture are introduced into the engine. Known gaseous fuels for fumigation are for example natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), and hydrogen gas.
Another method for reducing emissions, especially NOX, in an internal combustion engine is by exhaust gas recirculation (EGR). NOX emissions are reduced with the increase of exhaust gas recirculation. A high level of recirculation, however, can result in poor combustion. Various ways have been reported in the art by which recirculated exhaust gas may be enriched. In L. K. S Teo et al. “Hydrogen and Biodiesel Mixtures as Fuels for the Compression Ignition Engine” Proceedings of the THIESEL 2002 Conference on Thermo- and Fluid-Dynamic Processes in Diesel Engines, Birmingham, for example, the addition of hydrogen to recirculated exhaust gas has been described.
In order to ensure future emission limit values, especially for lean burn compression ignition internal combustion engines, there is a need to further reduce emissions, in particular the emission of nitrogen oxides.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It has now been found that, for compression ignition internal combustion engines, emissions can be further reduced by using a fuel comprising a Fischer-Tropsch derived hydrocarbon stream as engine fuel in combination with the use of synthesis gas derived from a fuel comprising Fischer-Tropsch fuel for advanced aftertreatment of the exhaust gas and/or advanced operation of the combustion engine.
Accordingly, the present invention relates to a process for operating a compression ignition internal combustion engine in combination with a catalytic partial oxidation reformer wherein:

    (a) a mixture of a first fuel and air, wherein the first fuel comprises Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel, is introduced in the combustion chamber of the engine;
    (b) exhaust gas is discharged from the engine and optionally partly recirculated to the combustion chamber of the engine;
    (c) a second fuel and oxygen and/or steam are supplied to the catalytic partial oxidation reformer to produce synthesis gas, wherein the second fuel comprises Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel; and
    (d) at least part of the synthesis gas is supplied to:
    
        (i) the exhaust gas aftertreater;
        (ii) the combustion chamber of the engine; or to both.
    
    





BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Different embodiments of the invention are described in detail and by way of example with reference to schematic FIGS. 1 to 4.
FIG. 1 shows a process according to an embodiment of the invention wherein synthesis gas is supplied to a NOX abatement system.
FIG. 2 shows a process according to an embodiment of the invention wherein synthesis gas is supplied to the combustion chamber of the engine.
FIG. 3 shows a process according to an embodiment of the invention wherein synthesis gas is supplied to the combustion chamber of the engine together with recirculated exhaust gas.
FIG. 4 shows a process according to an embodiment of the invention wherein synthesis gas is supplied to both a NOX abatement system and a solid oxide fuel cell.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
In the process according to the present invention, a compression ignition internal combustion engine is operated in combination with a catalytic partial oxidation reformer. Reference herein to a catalytic partial oxidation reformer is to a catalytic reaction zone for steam reforming, autothermal reforming or partial oxidation of a hydrocarbon fuel to form synthesis gas, i.e. a gas mixture containing hydrogen and carbon oxides. These reactions are described in more detail in the art, for example in Fuel Chemistry Division Reprints 2002, 47(2), 542.
The reformer produces synthesis gas that is used for operating the compression ignition internal combustion engine in such way that emissions are reduced.
Both the first fuel, i.e. the fuel for the engine, and the second fuel, i.e. the fuel for the reformer, comprise Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel. By “Fischer-Tropsch derived” is meant that the fuel is, or derives from, a synthesis product of a Fischer-Tropsch condensation process. The Fischer-Tropsch reaction converts carbon monoxide and hydrogen into longer chain, usually paraffinic, hydrocarbons:

n(CO+2H2)═(—CH2—)n+nH2O+heat,

in the presence of an appropriate catalyst and typically at elevated temperatures and/or pressures.

The fuel may be obtained directly from the Fischer-Tropsch reaction, or indirectly for instance by fractionation of a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product or from a hydrotreated Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product. Hydrotreatment can involve hydrocracking to adjust the boiling range (see, e.g. GB-B-2077289 and EP-A-0147873) and/or hydroisomerisation which can improve cold flow properties by increasing the proportion of branched paraffins. EP-A-0583836 describes a two-step hydrotreatment process in which a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product is firstly subjected to hydroconversion under conditions such that it undergoes substantially no isomerisation or hydrocracking (this hydrogenates the olefinic and oxygen-containing components), and then at least part of the resultant product is hydroconverted under conditions such that hydrocracking and isomerisation occur to yield a substantially paraffinic hydrocarbon fuel. The desired fuel fraction(s) may subsequently be isolated for instance by distillation.
Other post-synthesis treatments, such as polymerisation, alkylation, distillation, cracking-decarboxylation, isomerisation and hydroreforming, may be employed to modify the properties of Fischer-Tropsch condensation products, as described for instance in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,125,566 and 4,478,955.
Preferably, the same fuel is used for the engine and for the reformer, i.e. the first fuel and the second fuel are the same. This has the advantage that only one fuel storage tank is needed to provide fuel to both the engine and the reformer.
The use of Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel in a compression ignition internal combustion engine has several advantages. These fuels are highly paraffinic and thus have a high cetane number. Also, these fuels have a low sulphur content, thereby reducing the risk of sulphur poisoning of any catalytic system. Moreover, these fuels are inherently clean and thus result in lower emissions of particles (soot), NOX, hydrocarbons and carbon monoxide. Reference is made in this respect to R. H. Clark et al. “The Environmental Benefits of Shell GTL Diesel”, Proceedings of the 4th Int. Fuels Colloquium, 15-16 Jan. 2003, Tech. Akad. Esslingen, Germany.
It is known, for example from WO 99/19249, that Fischer-Tropsch derived fuels are very suitable fuels for catalytic reformers. An advantage of Fischer-Tropsch derived fuels over conventional internal combustion fuels in reformers is its cleanliness (no sulphur and reduced soot formation).
In order to benefit from these properties, both the first fuel and the second fuel comprise preferably at least 10% (v/v) of Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel, more preferably at least 50% (v/v), even more preferably at least 80% (v/v), still more preferably consist of Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel. It will be appreciated that the first fuel as such has to be suitable for compression ignition internal combustion engines. Thus, the first fuel has to meet the requirements for fuels for such engines, such as cetane number, flash point, total aromatics content, total sulphur content, as well as the specifications relating to the distillation curve and to the cold flow properties of the fuel. Therefore, the part of the first fuel that is not a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel is preferably a diesel base fuel, such as petroleum derived gasoil, optionally in combination with oxygenates such as alcohols or fatty acid methyl esters and conventional diesel fuel additives. It has been found that less additives are needed in a fuel for a compression ignition internal combustion engine, if part of the fuel is a Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel. This implies that if the first and the second fuel are the same, the reformer is also fed with a fuel that has less additives as compared to a conventional diesel fuel. This is advantageous since some diesel additives could negatively affect the catalyst stability.
The Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel is preferably a gasoil, i.e. the fraction that is boiling in the gasoil boiling range.
In the process according to the invention, the engine exhaust emissions are further reduced by using synthesis gas for advanced aftertreatment and/or advanced engine operation. Such further reductions may be achieved by supplying synthesis gas to an exhaust gas aftertreater, for example a NOX abatement system, and/or to the combustion chamber of the engine.
The synthesis gas is produced in a catalytic partial oxidation reformer. The reaction that takes place in the reformer may be steam reforming, partial oxidation, autothermal reforming or a combination thereof. Suitable catalysts and reaction conditions for such reformers are known in the art. The fuel is reacted with water (steam reforming), oxygen (partial oxidation) or both (autothermal reforming or partial oxidation). Preferably, the reaction is partial oxidation or autothermal reforming, since no external heat source is needed to maintain these reactions.
Air will typically be used as oxygen source for the reformer. Alternatively, exhaust gas from the engine may be used as source for oxygen and/or steam. If exhaust gas is used as steam source for the reformer, the exhaust gas may be introduced as such in the reformer or water may be condensed out of the exhaust gas before being introduced in the reformer.
In one aspect of the invention, exhaust gas of the engine (i.e. the part of the exhaust gas that is not recirculated to the combustion chamber of the engine and not fed to the reformer) is supplied to a NOX abatement system. At least part of the synthesis gas produced is also supplied to the NOX abatement system.
The NOX abatement system preferably comprises a NOX trap, which trap comprises a NOX reducing catalyst and a NOX sorbent. Such NOX traps are known in the art, for example from WO 01/34950 and U.S. Pat. No. 5,473,887. A typical example of a suitable NOX trap is the combination of platinum on an alumina support as catalyst and barium oxide as sorbent. In one embodiment of the invention, the NOX abatement system comprises a single NOX trap. The NOX trap is continuously supplied with exhaust gas and intermittently supplied with synthesis gas. During the period that only exhaust gas is supplied to the NOX trap, NOX is absorbed on the sorbent, for example as Ba(NO3)2 if the trap comprises a BaO sorbent. During the period that exhaust gas and synthesis gas are supplied to the NOX trap, the trap is regenerated and the catalyst promotes reduction of NOX to nitrogen.
In another embodiment of the invention, the NOX abatement systems comprises two NOX traps as described hereinbefore. The two traps are operated in a so-called swing mode. One trap is supplied with exhaust gas and absorbs NOX (absorption mode) and the other trap is supplied with synthesis gas and desorps NOX that is reduced to nitrogen (regeneration mode) and vice versa. Each trap is thus alternately supplied with exhaust gas and synthesis gas. An advantage of this swing mode operation as compared to the above-described operation of a single trap is that the regeneration is performed in the absence of oxygen, resulting in a more efficient regeneration.
A specific advantage of the use of Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel in both the engine and the reformer is that the fuel contains no sulphur and thus, the exhaust gas and the synthesis gas will contain less sulphur oxides. Sulphur oxides can strongly adsorb on a NOX trap and thus have a negative effect on the performance of such trap.
In still another embodiment, the NOX abatement system, comprises a NOX reducing catalyst without a NOX sorbent. Such NOX abatement systems are known in the art. Typically, such systems comprises a platinum supported on a zeolite. Exhaust gas and synthesis gas are simultaneously supplied to the catalyst. The catalyst promotes the reduction of NOX to nitrogen; the synthesis gas acts as reducing agent.
In a second aspect of the invention, at least part of the synthesis gas is supplied to the combustion chamber of the engine. In one embodiment (fumigation), synthesis gas is supplied to the combustion chamber by mixing it with the intake air prior to introducing the air to the combustion chamber. In an alternative embodiment (enriched EGR), synthesis gas is added to recirculated exhaust gas and together they are supplied to the combustion chamber.
In the fumigation embodiment, it may be necessary to ensure that the synthesis gas concentration in the intake air stream is below the flammability limit. Further, it will be appreciated that one should take care that the overall fuel-to-air ratio is optimised—wherein fuel is defined as first fuel plus synthesis gas supplied to the combustion chamber. Preferably, the amount of synthesis gas supplied to the combustion chamber of the engine is such that the volumetric ratio of synthesis gas-to-first fuel that is supplied to the combustion chamber is at most 25%, more preferably at most 20%.
If synthesis gas and recirculated exhaust gas are together supplied to the combustion chamber (enriched EGR), the volumetric ratio of ‘combined synthesis gas plus exhaust gas’ to ‘first fuel’ supplied to the combustion chamber is preferably at most 25%. The combined synthesis gas plus exhaust gas is usually admitted to the combustion chamber through a special valve.
The introduction of part of the synthesis gas into the combustion chamber (fumigation or enriched EGR)) may be combined with synthesis gas assisted aftertreatment, such as the above-described synthesis gas assisted NOX abatement.
In the process according to the invention, at least part of the synthesis gas produced is used for advanced aftertreatment or advanced engine operation. Additionally, part of the synthesis gas may be supplied to a fuel cell for electricity generation. In this way, it is possible to provide a vehicle with on-board electricity generation. The thus-obtained electricity may for example be applied for auxiliary power. e.g. for air conditioning, or for advanced valve control. The fuel cell is preferably a solid oxide fuel cell.
The invention is now illustrated by means of schematic drawings 1 to 4. Means for flow control, heat exchangers and other means for process control are not shown.
In FIG. 1 is shown a process for operating a compression ignition internal combustion engine 1 in combination with a catalytic partial oxidation reformer 2 and a NOX abatement system 3, wherein synthesis gas is supplied to NOX abatement system 3. Fuel (Fischer-Tropsch derived gasoil) from fuel storage tank 4 and air are supplied to engine 1 via lines 5 and 6, respectively. The fuel is vaporised and vaporised fuel and air are mixed before being combusted in the combustion chamber (not shown) of engine 1. Exhaust gas is discharged from the engine via line 7. Catalytic partial oxidation reformer 2 comprises a catalyst bed for partial oxidation. Fuel from storage tank 4 and air are supplied to reformer 2 via lines 8 and 9, respectively. Synthesis gas is produced and discharged from reformer 2 via line 10. NOX abatement system 3 comprises two NOX traps 11, 12. NOX trap 11 is supplied with the exhaust gas from line 7 via line 13 and valve 14. NOX trap 12 is supplied with the synthesis gas from line 10 via line 15 and valve 16. When the amount of NOX absorbed on NOX trap 11 has exceeded a certain limit, trap 11 is regenerated by supplying synthesis gas to it via line 17 and valve 18. During regeneration of NOXtrap 11, NOX trap 12 is supplied with exhaust gas via line 19 and valve 20 for NOX absorption. Treated exhaust gas is discharged from NOX abatement system 3 via line 21.
In FIG. 2 is shown a process for operating a compression ignition internal combustion engine 1 in combination with a catalytic partial oxidation reformer 2, wherein synthesis gas is supplied to the combustion chamber of engine 1. The synthesis gas that is discharged from reformer 2 via line 10 is added to the intake air of engine 1.
In FIG. 3 is shown a process for operating a compression ignition internal combustion engine 1 in combination with a catalytic partial oxidation reformer 2, wherein synthesis gas and recirculated exhaust gas are together supplied to the combustion chamber of engine 1. A part of the exhaust gas discharged from engine 1 via line 7 is recirculated to the combustion chamber of engine 1 via line 22. The synthesis gas that is discharged from reformer 2 via line 10 is added to the recirculated exhaust gas in line 22.
In FIG. 4 is shown a process for operating a compression ignition internal combustion engine 1 in combination with a catalytic partial oxidation reformer 2 and a NOX abatement system 3, wherein part of the synthesis gas is supplied to NOX abatement system 3 and part of the synthesis gas is supplied to solid oxide fuel cell 23. In this embodiment, only part of the synthesis gas discharged from reformer 2 via line 10 is supplied to NOX abatement system 3 via line 24. The remainder of the synthesis gas is led to the anode 25 of fuel cell 23 via line 26. Air is led to the cathode 27 of fuel cell 23 via line 28. The anode and cathode reactions of the fuel cell are allowed to take place and electricity is generated and fuel cell off-gas is discharged from the fuel cell via line 29.

## Claims

1. A process for operating a compression ignition internal combustion engine in combination with a catalytic partial oxidation reformer and a NOX abatement system as an exhaust gas aftertreater, wherein:
(a) a mixture of a first fuel and air, wherein the first fuel comprises Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel, is introduced in the combustion chamber of the engine;
(b) exhaust gas is discharged from the engine;
(c) a second fuel and oxygen and/or steam are supplied to the catalytic partial oxidation reformer to produce synthesis gas, wherein the second fuel comprises Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel; and
(d) the non-recirculated part of the exhaust gas and at least part of the synthesis gas is supplied to the combustion chamber of the engine.

2. The process according to claim 1, wherein the first fuel and the second fuel are the same fuel.

3. The process according to claim 1, wherein the first fuel and the second fuel comprise at least 10% (v/v) Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel.

4. The process according to claim 1, wherein the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel is a gasoil.

5. The process according to claim 1, wherein part of the synthesis gas is supplied to the NOX abatement system.

6. The process according to claim 5, wherein the NOX abatement system comprises a NOX trap comprising a NOX reducing catalyst and a NOX sorbent.

7. The process according to claim 6, wherein a part of the exhaust gas is continuously supplied to the NOX trap and the synthesis gas is intermittently supplied to the NOX trap.

8. The process according to claim 6, wherein the NOX abatement system comprises two NOX traps and wherein each trap is alternately supplied with a part of the exhaust gas and the synthesis gas such that one trap is supplied with the exhaust gas and the other trap with the synthesis gas.

9. The process according to claim 5, wherein the NOX abatement system comprises a NOX reducing catalyst without a NOX sorbent and a part of the exhaust gas and a part of the synthesis gas are simultaneously and continuously supplied to the NOX reducing catalyst.

10. The process according to claim 1, wherein the amount of synthesis gas supplied to the combustion chamber of the engine is such that the volumetric ratio of ‘synthesis gas’-to-‘first fuel’ supplied to the combustion chamber is at most 25%.

11. The process according to claims 1, wherein the amount of synthesis gas supplied to the combustion chamber and the amount of exhaust gas recirculated to the combustion chamber is such that the volumetric ratio of ‘combined synthesis gas plus exhaust gas’ to ‘first fuel’ supplied to the combustion chamber is at most 25%.

12. The process according to claim 1, wherein part of the synthesis gas is supplied to a fuel cell to generate electricity.

13. The process according to claim 1, wherein the first fuel and the second fuel comprise at least 50% (v/v) Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel.

14. The process according to claim 1, wherein the first fuel and the second fuel comprise at least 80% (v/v) Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel.

15. The process according to claim 1, wherein the amount of synthesis gas supplied to the combustion chamber of the engine is such that the volumetric ratio of ‘synthesis gas’-to-‘first fuel’ supplied to the combustion chamber is at most 20%.

16. A process for operating a compression ignition internal combustion engine in combination with a catalytic partial oxidation reformer and a NOX abatement system as an exhaust gas aftertreater, wherein:
(a) a mixture of a first fuel and air, wherein the first fuel comprises Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel, is introduced in the combustion chamber of the engine;
(b) exhaust gas is discharged from the engine and partly recirculated to the combustion chamber of the engine;
(c) a second fuel and oxygen and/or steam are supplied to the catalytic partial oxidation reformer to produce synthesis gas, wherein the second fuel comprises Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel; and
(d) the non-recirculated part of the exhaust gas and at least part of the synthesis gas is supplied to the NOX abatement system and at least part of the synthesis gas is supplied to the combustion chamber of the engine.

17. The process according to claim 16, wherein the first fuel and the second fuel are the same fuel.

18. The process according to claim 16, wherein the first fuel and the second fuel comprise at least 10% (v/v) Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel.

19. The process according to claim 16, wherein the Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel is a gasoil.

20. The process according to claim 16, wherein the NOX abatement system comprises a NOX trap comprising a NOX reducing catalyst and a NOX sorbent.

21. The process according to claim 16, wherein a part of the exhaust gas is continuously supplied to the NOX trap and the synthesis gas is intermittently supplied to the NOX trap.

22. The process according to claim 16, wherein the NOX abatement system comprises two NOX traps and wherein each trap is alternately supplied with a part of the exhaust gas and the synthesis gas such that one trap is supplied with the exhaust gas and the other trap with the synthesis gas.

23. The process according to claim 16, wherein the NOX abatement system comprises a NOX reducing catalyst without a NOX sorbent and a part of the exhaust gas and the synthesis gas are simultaneously and continuously supplied to the NOX reducing catalyst.

24. The process according to claim 16, wherein the amount of synthesis gas supplied to the combustion chamber of the engine is such that the volumetric ratio of ‘synthesis gas’-to-‘first fuel’ supplied to the combustion chamber is at most 25%.

25. The process according to claim 24, wherein the amount of synthesis gas supplied to the combustion chamber and the amount of exhaust gas recirculated to the combustion chamber is such that the volumetric ratio of ‘combined synthesis gas plus exhaust gas’ to ‘first fuel’ supplied to the combustion chamber is at most 25%.

26. The process according to claim 16, wherein part of the synthesis gas is supplied to a fuel cell to generate electricity.

27. The process according to claim 1, wherein part of the synthesis gas is supplied to a fuel cell to generate electricity.

28. The process according to claim 16, wherein the first fuel and the second fuel comprise at least 50% (v/v) Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel.

29. The process according to claim 16, wherein the first fuel and the second fuel comprise at least 80% (v/v) Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel.

30. The process according to claim 16, wherein the amount of synthesis gas supplied to the combustion chamber of the engine is such that the volumetric ratio of ‘synthesis gas’-to-'first fuel' supplied to the combustion chamber is at most 20%.

31. The process according to claim 17, wherein the first fuel and the second fuel comprise at least 50% (v/v) Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel.

32. The process according to claim 17, wherein the first fuel and the second fuel comprise at least 80% (v/v) Fischer-Tropsch derived fuel.

33. The process according to claim 17, wherein the amount of synthesis gas supplied to the combustion chamber of the engine is such that the volumetric ratio of ‘synthesis gas’-to-'first fuel' supplied to the combustion chamber is at most 20%.