[Cite as Zinsmeister v. Ohm, 2022-Ohio-4787.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

Thomas Zinsmeister, :

Plaintiff-Appellant, :

No. 21AP-684

v. : (C.P.C. No. 19CV-6970)

Stephen Ohm et al., : (REGULAR CALENDAR)

Defendants-Appellees. :

D E C I S I O N

Rendered on December 30, 2022

On brief: Thomas Zinsmeister, pro se.

On brief: Kevin W. Popham. Argued: Kevin W. Popham.

APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

MENTEL, J.

{¶ 1} Plaintiff-appellant, Thomas Zinsmeister, appeals from the decision of the 

Franklin County Court of Common pleas granting the motion of defendant-appellee, 

Stephen Ohm, to enforce the settlement agreement between the parties. Because Mr. 

Zinsmeister provides no basis for avoiding the agreement, we will affirm the trial court's 

ruling.

I. Factual and Procedural History

{¶ 2} Mr. Zinsmeister filed a complaint alleging a negligence claim against 

Mr. Ohm on August 27, 2019. He alleged that Mr. Ohm was driving a vehicle that struck 

him while riding a bike in a roundabout in New Albany, Ohio, causing injury. (Aug. 27, 

2019 Compl. at ¶ 1-7.) The parties proceeded to mediation. On March 26, 2021, Mr. 

Zinsmeister and his attorney each replied to an email from the mediator and confirmed 

their acceptance of the proposed settlement terms. (Ex. A to Aug. 9, 2021 Mot. to Enforce 
No. 21AP-684 2

Settlement Agreement.) Mr. Zinsmeister subsequently executed a "Full and Final Release 

of all Claims" arising out of the collision. (Ex. B to Aug. 9, 2021 Mot. to Enforce Settlement 

Agreement.)

{¶ 3} On August 9, 2021, Mr. Ohm filed a motion to enforce the settlement 

agreement. Mr. Ohm stated that Mr. Zinsmeister refused to sign a dismissal of all claims 

and that he "disagrees with and seeks to void the settlement." (Aug. 9, 2021 Mot. to Enforce 

Settlement Agreement at 2.)

{¶ 4} Mr. Zinsmeister's counsel then filed a motion to withdraw as counsel, which 

the court granted. (Sept. 2, 2021 Order.) Mr. Zinsmeister filed several affidavits stating 

that he had been "disoriented and confused" during his deposition, and that he had been 

"railroaded into signing a settlement agreement" after the mediation. (Nov. 2, 2021 Aff.)

He criticized the quality of his attorney's representation during the mediation and claimed 

that the doctor performing a defense-ordered mental examination had exacerbated his 

concussion symptoms and manipulated test results. Id.

{¶ 5} The trial court granted Mr. Ohm's motion to enforce the settlement 

agreement. It noted that "the existence and terms of a settlement agreement are not in 

dispute." (Nov. 19, 2021 Decision & Entry at 1.) Notwithstanding Mr. Zinsmeister's 

assertions that "events prior to the signing of the settlement agreement caused him mental 

distress and he was unable to fully appreciate the terms of the agreement," the trial court 

found that the agreement was enforceable. Id. It noted that Mr. Zinsmeister "was 

represented by counsel and had an opportunity to review and consider the terms of the

settlement agreement before signing, there was no evidence of "fraud, misrepresentation 

or duress," and that "dissatisfaction with the settlement amount is not grounds to void the 

settlement." Id. at 2.

{¶ 6} Mr. Zinsmeister appealed and asserts the following assignments of error:

[I.] The appellate court [sic] erred and abused its discretion on 

[sic] defining when the dollar value of the settlement amount 

became enforceable. Counter to claims in the court's findings 

of the August 9, 2021 Motion to Enforce Settlement, the 

appellant did not have the opportunity to discuss terms with 

counsel to fully appreciate the terms of the agreement before 

sending the email.
No. 21AP-684 3

[II.] The appellate court [sic] erred and abused its discretion by 

failing to consider the cognitive state of the appellant at the 

time of mediation, sending the email confirmation and signing 

the agreement. The appellant's mental state also negatively 

impacted his cognitive abilities while participating in the daylong deposition and defense sponsored neuropsychological 

testing.

[III.] The appellate court erred and abused its discretion by 

failing to recognize the impact of the purposeful disruptive 

efforts by the doctor administering the neuropsychological 

testing sponsored for the defense. At the beginning of the 

neuropsychological testing on March 27, 2021, the doctor 

stated that an independent University of Cincinnati 

neuropsychological testing results [sic] were inadmissible to 

the court as determined by Nationwide. The doctor went on 

[to] state "this setback is devastating to your [appellant's] 

case.["]

(Appellant's Brief at 4-5.)

{¶ 7} As an initial matter, we note that none of Mr. Zinsmeister's assignments of 

error contain the required "reference to the place in the record where each error is 

reflected," as required by App.R. 16(A)(3). Instead, each one contains arguments that 

should instead be presented in the argument section of his brief. See App.R. 16(A)(7)

(stating that an appellate brief shall include "[a]n argument containing the contentions of 

the appellant with respect to each assignment of error presented for review and the reasons 

in support of the contentions, with citations to the authorities, statutes, and parts of the 

record on which appellant relies.") We will construe the assignments of error as one that 

asserts that the trial court erred by granting the motion to enforce the settlement 

agreement. See, e.g., Benchmark Bank v. Kimberly Office Park, LLC, 10th Dist. No. 15AP770, 2016-Ohio-8338, ¶ 12 (construing "issues as assignments of error" where appellant 

failed to properly assert error).

II. Standard of Review

{¶ 8} When reviewing a trial court's decision on a motion to enforce a settlement

agreement, "because the issue is a question of contract law, Ohio appellate courts must 

determine whether the trial court's order is based on an erroneous standard or a 

misconstruction of the law." Continental W. Condominium Unit Owners Assn. v. Howard 

E. Ferguson, 74 Ohio St.3d 501, 502 (1996). Thus, we must determine "whether the trial 
No. 21AP-684 4

court erred as a matter of law in dismissing the motion to enforce the settlement 

agreement." Ferguson at 502. In addition, if there is an evidentiary issue in dispute, "[i]t 

is within the sound discretion of the trial court to enforce a settlement agreement and this 

court has no authority to set aside the judgment of the trial court where the record contains 

some competent, credible evidence to support its decision regarding the settlement." 

Associated Estates Realty Corp. v. Roselle, 10th Dist. No. 98AP-1133, 1999 Ohio App. 

LEXIS 2831, at *9 (June 22, 1999).

III. Analysis

{¶ 9} "It is axiomatic that a settlement agreement is a contract designed to 

terminate a claim by preventing or ending litigation and that such agreements are valid and 

enforceable by either party." Id. "The result of a valid settlement agreement is a contract 

between parties, requiring a meeting of the minds as well as an offer and an acceptance 

thereof." Rulli v. Fan Co., 79 Ohio St.3d 374 (1997), citing Noroski v. Fallet, 2 Ohio St.3d 

77 (1982).

{¶ 10} In the argument section of Mr. Zinsmeister's brief, he appears to concede that 

he entered into an enforceable contract, stating: "The email confirmation immediately 

following mediation [was sent] before the opportunity to discuss terms of the agreement 

with [his] lawyer is a contract." (Emphasis added.) (Appellant's Brief at 15.) 

Mr. Zinsmeister may not repudiate the contract he entered into. "It is clear that when 

parties agree to settlement, this agreement cannot be subsequently repudiated by either 

party, and that a trial court has the authority to sign a journal entry reflecting the settlement 

agreement reached between the parties and to enforce that settlement." Commercial & 

Indus. Maintenance Co. v. Cincinnati Ins. Co., 10th Dist. No. 91AP-471, 1991 Ohio App. 

LEXIS 4190, at *8 (Sept. 5, 1991), citing Spercel v. Sterling Industries, Inc., 31 Ohio St.2d 

36, 39 (1972). Furthermore, "a settlement agreement or stipulation voluntarily entered into 

cannot be repudiated by either party and will be summarily enforced by the court." Spercel 

at 39.

{¶ 11} Mr. Zinsmeister also argues that the settlement should not be enforced 

because he "did not have the opportunity to discuss the remaining terms of the agreement" 

with his attorney before agreeing to its terms. (Appellant's Brief at 16.) However, "neither 
No. 21AP-684 5

a change of heart nor poor legal advice is a ground to set aside a settlement agreement." 

Walther v. Walther, 102 Ohio App.3d 378, 383 (1st Dist.1995). 

{¶ 12} The record is clear that the parties entered into a contract. The mediator 

emailed Mr. Zinsmeister and his attorney on March 26, 2021, stating: "We have settled this 

case to day at mediation in the amount of [REDACTED]. Plaintiff to pay all liens. 

Defendant to pay court costs. Please acknowledge acceptance of these terms. Money to be 

paid in 30 days." (Sic.) (Ex. A to Aug. 9, 2021 Mot. to Enforce Settlement Agreement.) 

Mr. Zinsmeister and his attorney each replied from their individual email accounts with the 

words "I agree," followed by their names, within minutes. Id. The acceptance was clear 

and unambiguous. The trial court did not err by ruling that the parties had entered into an 

enforceable settlement agreement. This exchange also contradicts Mr. Zinsmeister's 

assertion that he "did not have the opportunity to discuss the remaining terms" with 

counsel to fully appreciate the terms of the agreement before sending the email. 

(Appellant's Brief at 16.) It is evident that the opportunity was there and that the material 

terms had been communicated to Mr. Zinsmeister and his attorney before acceptance.

{¶ 13} The trial court also properly rejected Mr. Zinsmeister's attempts to claim the 

settlement agreement was void because of duress or coercion. "To avoid a contract on the 

basis of duress, a party must prove coercion by the other party to the contract. It is not 

enough to show that one assented merely because of difficult circumstances that are not the 

fault of the other party." Blodgett v. Blodgett, 49 Ohio St.3d 243, 246 (1990). 

Mr. Zinsmeister fails to cite to any portion of the record that provides evidentiary support 

for his claim of duress. Even if we accept his claims at face value, and the assertions of his 

affidavit and his briefing, his accusations are all directed at the doctor who examined him, 

and "are not the fault of the other party." Blodgett at 246. Furthermore, his claim that 

Mr. Ohm's attorney "continued to badger [him] to sign the agreement without the 

opportunity to review the terms of the settlement" is inconsistent with his email to the 

mediator accepting the terms of the settlement. He had the opportunity but chose to reply 

within minutes to the mediator's email.

{¶ 14} For the foregoing reasons, the trial court did not err when granting the 

motion to enforce the settlement agreement. Accordingly, Mr. Zinsmeister's assignments 
No. 21AP-684 6

of error are overruled and the judgment of the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas is 

affirmed.

Judgment affirmed.

DORRIAN and McGRATH, JJ., concur.

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