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Physical Measurement LaboratoryTime and Frequency Division

## Time Realization and Distribution Group

-  Radio Station WWVB  Expand or Collapse    -  Help with WWVB Radio Controlled Clocks 
  -  History of WWVB 
  -  WWVB Photo Gallery 
  -  QSL Gallery for NIST Radio Stations 
  -  WWVB Station Library 
  -  WWVB Station Outages  Expand or Collapse      -  2023 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2022 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2021 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2020 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2019 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2018 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2017 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2016 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2015 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2014 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2013 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2012 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2011 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2010 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2009 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2008 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2007 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2006 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2005 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2004 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
    -  2003 WWVB Broadcast Outages 
  -  WWVB Antenna Configuration and Power  Expand or Collapse      -  WWVB 2023 Antenna Configuration and Power Outages 
    -  WWVB 2022 Antenna Configuration and Power Outages 
    -  WWVB 2021 Antenna Configuration and Power Outages 
    -  WWVB 2020 Antenna Configuration and Power Outages 
    -  WWVB 2019 Antenna Configuration and Power Outages 
    -  WWVB 2018 Antenna Configuration and Power Outages 
    -  WWVB 2017 Antenna Configuration and Power Outages 
  -  WWVB Time Code Format 

# Radio Station WWVB

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NIST radio station WWVB is located near Fort Collins, Colorado.

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### Station Information

NIST radio station WWVB is located on the same site as NIST HF radio station WWV near Fort Collins, Colorado. The WWVB broadcasts are used by millions of people throughout North America to synchronize consumer electronic products like wall clocks, clock radios and wristwatches. In addition, WWVB may be used in other consumer timekeeping applications, such as appliances, cameras, and irrigation controllers, as well as in high level applications such as accurate time synchronization.

### Signal Description

WWVB continuously broadcasts digital time codes on a 60 kHz carrier that may serve as a stable frequency reference traceable to the national standard at NIST. The time codes are synchronized with the 60 kHz carrier and are broadcast continuously in two different formats at a rate of 1 bit per second using pulse width modulation (PWM) as well as phase modulation (PM).

In the first of the two formats, based on PWM, which has been in use for several decades, the carrier power is reduced by 17 dB at the start of each second and restored to full power 0.2 s later for a binary "0", 0.5 s later for a binary "1", or 0.8 s later to convey a position marker. The pulse-width modulated time code contains the year, day of year, hour, minute, UT1 time correction and flags that indicate the status of Daylight Saving Time, leap years, and leap seconds, as listed in the legacy WWVB time code format description and detailed in NIST Special Publication 432 (NIST Time and Frequency Services).

Since October 29, 2012, NIST Radio Station WWVB has been broadcasting a phase modulated (PM) time code that has been added to the legacy AM/pulse-width-modulation signal. This enhancement to the broadcast provides significantly improved performance in new products that are designed to receive it. Existing radio-controlled clocks and watches are not affected by this enhancement and continue to work as before.

In the PM format, binary-phase-shift-keying (BPSK) modulation is used, wherein the carrier's phase is unaffected when conveying a "0" and is inverted (i.e. 180-degree shifted) when conveying "1". This time code, also operating at a rate of 1 bit/sec, is delayed by 0.1 s with respect to the first time code described above, such that 180-degree transitions in the carrier phase can only occur 0.1 s after the 17 dB power reduction that is created by the pulse-width-modulation. The phase-modulated information may take several different forms, with the basic one having a frame duration of one minute, as in the legacy AM/PWM broadcast. The data content, physical properties and scheduling features of this BPSK time code may be found here:

Enhanced WWVB Broadcast Format (revised 2013-11-06)

Note: disciplined oscillator products that track and lock to the 60 kHz WWVB carrier and were designed to work as frequency standards, will not work with the PM signal and have become obsolete. Radio-controlled clocks that are based on synchronous AM demodulation (lock to the carrier), such as the Spectracom NetClock and receivers manufactured by True Time during the 1970s and 1980s, have also become obsolete.

### Antenna and Transmitters

WWVB uses two identical antennas that were originally constructed in 1962, and refurbished in 1999. The north antenna was originally built for the WWVL 20 kHz broadcast (discontinued in 1972), and the south antenna was built for the WWVB 60 kHz broadcast. The antennas are spaced 857 m apart. Each antenna is a top loaded monopole consisting of four 122-m towers arranged in a diamond shape. A system of cables, often called a capacitance hat or top hat, is suspended between the four towers. This top hat is electrically isolated from the towers, and is electrically connected to a downlead suspended from the center of the top hat. The downlead serves as the radiating element.

North antenna coordinates: 40° 40' 51.3" N, 105° 03' 00.0" W

South antenna coordinates: 40° 40' 28.3" N, 105° 02' 39.5" W

Ideally, an efficient antenna system requires a radiating element that is at least one-quarter wavelength long. At 60 kHz, this becomes difficult. The wavelength is 5000 m, so a one-quarter wavelength antenna would be 1250 m tall, or about 10 times the height of the WWVB antenna towers. As a compromise, some of the missing length was added horizontally to the top hats of this vertical dipole, and the downlead of each antenna is terminated at its own helix house under the top hats. Each helix house contains a large inductor to cancel the capacitance of the short antenna and a variometer (variable inductor) to tune the antenna system. Energy is fed from the transmitters to the helix houses using underground cables housed in two concrete trenches. Each trench is about 435 m long.

A computer is used to automatically tune the antennas during icy and/or windy conditions. This automatic tuning provides a dynamic match between the transmitter and the antenna system. The computer looks for a phase difference between voltage and current at the transmitter. If one is detected, an error signal is sent to a 3-phase motor in the helix house that rotates the rotor inside the variometer. This retunes the antenna and restores the match between the antenna and transmitter.

There are three transmitters at the WWVB site. Two are in constant operation and one serves as a standby transmitter that is activated if one of the primary transmitters fail. Each transmitter consists of two identical power amplifiers which are combined to produce the greatly amplified signal sent to the antenna. One transmitter delivering an amplified time code signal into the north antenna system, and one transmitter feeds the south antenna system. The time code is fed to a console where it passes through a control system and then is delivered to the transmitters.

Using two transmitters and two antennas allows the station to be more efficient. As mentioned earlier, the WWVB antennas are physically much smaller than one quarter wavelength. As the length of a vertical radiator becomes shorter compared to wavelength, the efficiency of the antenna goes down. In other words, it requires more and more transmitter power to increase the effective radiated power. The north antenna system at WWVB has an efficiency of about 56.3%, and the south antenna has an efficiency of about 54%. However, the combined efficiency of the two antennas is about 68.8%. As a result, each transmitter has to produce a forward power of about 51 kW to produce an effective radiated power of 70 kW.

### Performance

The frequency uncertainty of the WWVB signal as transmitted is less than 1 part in 1012. If the path delay is removed, WWVB can provide UTC with an uncertainty of about 100 microseconds. The variations in path delay are minor compared to those of WWV and WWVH. When proper receiving and averaging techniques are used, the uncertainty of the received signal should be nearly as small as the uncertainty of the transmitted signal.

Other Information about WWVB ...

WWVB Radio Controlled Clocks: Recommended Practices for Manufacturers and ConsumersA 64-page booklet containing recommended practices for WWVB radio controlled clock manufacturers, plus tips for consumers attempting to troubleshoot reception problems.

NIST Time and Frequency Services (NIST Special Publication 432)A detailed 80 page overview of NIST time and frequency services and how to use them. Chapter 2 is all about WWVB.

WWVB Time Signal Broadcast: An Enhanced Broadcast Format and Multi-Mode ReceiverA description of the new enhanced BPSK-based WWVB broadcast and its benefits over the legacy AM/PWM-Based broadcast Format

New Improved System For WWVB BroadcastA more in-depth explanation of WWVB PWM-Based Broadcast Format

We Help Move Time Through The AirA Radio World commentary: Managers of WWVB explore options to improve the service further, by John Lowe

WWVB: A Half Century of Delivering Accurate Frequency and Time By Radio50th Anniversary of broadcasting from WWVB and its history

How Accurate is a Radio Controlled Clock?A discussion of WWVB radio controlled clock accuracy from the *Horological Journal*, March 2010.

Frequently Asked QuestionsAnswers to frequently asked questions about the NIST Radio Stations

Manufacturers of Time and Frequency ReceiversLinks to manufacturers of WWVB and other time and frequency receivers

Questions? Send mail to: nist.radio [at] boulder.nist.gov (nist[dot]radio[at]boulder[dot]nist[dot]gov)

Time and frequency

## Contacts

                -      NIST Radio    nist.radio@boulder.nist.gov   

-  Help with WWVB Radio Controlled Clocks **›** 

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