T hi s di s pos i t i on i s notappr opr i a t e f orpubl i c a t i on and i s notpr e c e de nt * e xc e pta s pr ovi de d by 9th C i r . R . 36- 3. 1 NOT F OR P UB L I CAT I ON UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS FOR T HE NI NTH CI RC UI T UN I T E D S T AT E S OF AME R I C A, P l ai nt i ff

- A pp el l ee , v. W ESLEY ED W A RD S, D e f

e n d a n t - A p p e lla n t. N o. 11- 30239 D . C . N o. 4: 11 -c r- 00 01 4-S E H -1 ME MOR AN DU M *

A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe D i s tr i c tof

M ont a na S a m E . H a ddon, D i s tr i c tJ udge , P r e s i di ng A r gue d a nd S ubm i tt e d J ul y 12, 2012 S e a tt l e , W a s hi ngt on B efo re: S C H R O E D E R , R E IN H A R D T , an d M . S M IT H , C i rcu i tJu d g es. W e s l e y D a vi d E dw a r ds ( E dw a r ds ) appe a l s hi s 54- m onth s e nt e nc e f or spee di ng and evadi ng arre st . In pu rs ui tof E dw ar ds, O ff i ce r M ark W i l fore ( W ilf o r e ) s u f f e r e d in ju r ie s w h e n h e c r a s h e d in to ac o w th a t s u d d e n ly ap p e a r e d in 

# FI LED JU L 24 2012 M OLLY C. DW Y ER, CLERK U . S. C O U R T OF APPE ALS2

f r o n t o f h is c ru is e r . E d w a r d s p le d g u ilty to C r im in a l E n d a n g e rm e n t u n d e rM o n t. C od e A nn . § 4 5-5-20 7 (“ A pers on w ho kn ow i ng l y e ng ages i n con du ctthatcr ea t es a s ub st ant i al ri sk of death o r s er i ou s bod i l y i nj ury. ”) , as si m i l at ed for f eder al l aw purpos e s unde r18 U . S . C . § 1152, a nd w a s s e nt e nc e d t o 54 m onths i n pr i s on a nd th r e e y e a r s o f

s u p e rv is e d r e le a s e . E d w a r d s a r g u e s th a t th e d is tr ic t ju d g e e rr e d in c a l c ul a t i ng hi s s e nt e nc e i n thr e e w a y s : c r os s - r e f e r e nc i ng f

r om the “ O bs truc t i ng a nd I m p e d in g O f

f ic e r s ” G u id e lin e u n d e rU .S .S .G . § 2 A 2 .4 to th e “A g g r a v a te d A s s au lt” G ui de l i ne unde r§ 2A 2. 2, appl y i ng the s pe c i f i c of f e ns e c ha r a c t e r i s t i c of

“ P e rm a ne ntorL i f

e - T hr e a t e ni ng B odi l y I nj ury ” unde r§ 2A 2. 2( b) , a nd e nha nc i ng hi s s e nt e nc e f

orc aus i ng ha rm t o a n “ O f f i c i a l V i c t i m ” unde r§ 3A 1. 2. T hi s c ourtw i l l “ r e vi e w the di s tr i c tc ourt ’ s i nt e rpr e t a t i on of the S e nt e nc i ng G u id e lin e s d e n o v o , th e d is tr ic t c o u rt’s ap p lic a tio n o f th e S e n te n c in g G u id e lin e s to the f a c t s of [ a ] c a s e f

orabus e of

di s c r e t i on, a nd the di s tr i c tc ourt ’ s f a c tua l f i ndi ngs for c l ear e rr or. ” U

n ite d S ta te s v . C a n tr e ll , 433 F . 3d 1269, 1279 ( 9th C i r . 2006) (a l t er at i on i n o ri gi nal ) ( i nt ernal qu ot at i on m arks and ci t at i on om i tt ed). “ W e r evi ew appl i c a t i ons of

f a c tt o l a w i n one of

tw o w a y s : i f

the di s tr i c tc ourt ’ s appl i c a t i on of fa ctt o l aw ‘ re qu i re s an i nq ui rythati s e ss ent i al l y f ac tual , ’ w e r evi ew i tas i f i tw er e a f ac tual fi nd i ng ; i f the di stri ctcourt ’ s app l i ca t i on of fa ctt o l aw re qu i re s r ef er ence t o ‘ the val ues thatani m at e l egal pri nci pl es , ’ w e r evi ew i tas i f i tw er e al egal3

fi nd i ng . ” U

ni te d State s v . Hi nk

s on , 58 5 F . 3d 12 47 , 12 59 (9th C i r. 20 09 ) ( en banc) ( quot i ng U

ni ted Stat es v. McC on ney , 72 8 F . 2d 11 95 , 12 02 (9th C i r. 19 84 )) . E dw ar ds’ s c l ai m s are re vi ew ed de no vo because he c hal l enges di stri ctcourt d e te rm in a tio n s th a t e ith e rin te rp r e t th e G u id e lin e s o rap p ly th e G u id e lin e s to f a c ts i n a m an n er th atan i m at es l eg al p ri n ci p l es. W e have j uri sdi ct i on un der 28 U . S . C . § 1 29 1, and w e hol d thatthe di stri ct c ourtdi d note rri n c r os s - r e f e r e nc i ng the of

f e ns e f orG ui de l i ne purpos e s f r om O bs truc t i ng a nd I m pe di ng O f f i c e r s t o A ggr a va t e d A s s aul t . T he di s tr i c tc ourtdi d, how e ve r , e rri n appl y i ng the P e rm a ne ntorL i f e - T hr e a t e ni ng B odi l y I nj ury a nd O f f i c i a l V i c t i m e nha nc e m e nt s . W e the r e f or e r e ve r s e a nd r e m a nd f orr e s e nt e nc i ng. A l l pa rt i e s a gr e e tha tthe s e nt e nc i ng c a l c ul a t i on m us tbe gi n w i th O bs truc t i ng o r Im p ed i n g O ffi cers, U . S . S . G . § 2 A 2 . 4 , b ecau se i ti s th e G u i d el i n e m o st a na l ogous t o C r i m i na l E nda nge rm e nti n c a s e s i n w hi c h apol i c e of f i c e ri s i nvol ve d. T he O bs truc t i ng orI m pe di ng O f f i c e r s G ui de l i ne pos i t s tha ti n s uc h c a s e s the di stri ctj ud ge m ustappl y acr oss- re fe re nce t o A gg ra vat ed A ss aul ti f “ the cond uct c o n s titu te d a g g r a v a te d a s s au lt.” § 2 A 2 .4 ( c ) . A g g r a v a te d a s s au lt o c c u r s if th e v ic tim suff er s “ se ri ou s bod i l y i nj ury” and the defendant ’ s c on du ct“ i nv ol ve[s ] ” s uch ha rm . § 2A 2. 2 c m t . n. 1. T he unc ont e s t e d f a c t s – W i l f

or e ’ s ove rni ght hos pi t a l i z a t i on, hi s s ur ge ry t o r e m ove gl a s s f r om hi s a rm , a nd hi s e i ghts e s s i ons of4

phy s i c a l the r apy – de m ons tr a t e tha the s uf f e r e d “ s e r i ous bodi l y i nj ury , ” unde rthe br oa d de f

i ni t i on s e tf

orth i n § 1B 1. 1 c m t . n. 1( L ) . A s t o “ i nvol ve d, ” the gove rnm e nt c o n c e d e d a t o r a l a r g u m e n t th a t a g g r a v a te d a s s au lt w o u ld n o t ap p ly if ap r iv a te ci t i zen h ad si m p l y b een p u rsu i n g E d w ard s an d su ffered an i d en t i cal i n j u ry. H o w e v e r , b e c au s e th e d is tr ic t ju d g e f o u n d th a t W ilf

o r e w a s “d o in g h is jo b ” in p u r s u in g E d w a r d s f

o rs p e e d in g , W ilf

o r e ’s h a rm o c c u rr e d in h is o f f ic ia l c ap a c ity a n d w a s th e r e s u lt o f

E d w a r d s ’s c o n d u c t. See U ni te d State s v . G ar c i a- C am ac ho , 12 2 F . 3d 12 65 , 12 67 -68 (9th C i r. 19 97 ). B ec ause the el em ent s of a gg ra vat ed a s s au lt a r e m e t, th e c r o s s - r e f e r e n c e to A g g r a v a te d A s s au lt, § 2 A 2 .2 , w a s c o rr e c t. W i thi n the A ggr a va t e d A s s aul tG ui de l i ne , the di s tr i c tc ourte rr e d i n f i ndi ng thatW i l fore ’ s i nj uri es w er e s uffi ci entt o app l y the spec i fi c off ense char ac t er i st i c, P e rm a n e n t o rL if

e - T h r e a te n in g B o d ily I n ju ry . U .S .S .G . § 2 A 2 .2 ( b ) ( 3 ) . F o rth is s pe c i f i c of f e ns e c ha r a c t e r i s t i c , the vi c t i m m us tha ve s uf f e r e d the “ l os s or subst ant i al i m pai rm entof the funct i on of a bod i l y m em ber, organ, or m ent al facu l ty th ati s l i k el y t o b e p erm an en t. . . . ” § 1 B 1 . 1 cm t . n . 1 (J). W i l fo re’ s 3 % l o ss o f f u n c tio n in h is n e c ka n d s h o u ld e rf o rw o rk e r ’s c o m p e n s a tio n p u rp o s e s , is i nd i sput abl y nota s ub st ant i al i m pai rm entof the funct i on of a bod i l y m em ber. R a the rtha n appl y i ng the 7- poi nti nc r e a s e f orP e rm a ne ntorL i f

e - T hr e a t e ni ng5

B odi l y I nj ury , the di s tr i c tc ourtw a s r e qui r e d t o appl y the 5- poi nti nc r e a s e f or S eri o u s B o d i l y In

j u ry. T h e d is tr ic t c o u rt a ls o e rr e d in ap p ly in g th e O f f ic ia l V ic tim e n h a n c e m e n t. U .S .S .G . § 3 A 1 .2 ( c ) ( 1 ) . N o te 4 to th e e n h a n c e m e n t s a y s “S u b s e c tio n ( c ) ap p lie s in ci rc um st ance s t ant am ou ntt o agg ra vat ed as saul tagai nsta l aw enforce m entoffi ce r, c o m m itte d in th e c o u r s e o f , o rin th e im m e d ia te f

lig h t f o llo w in g , a n o th er o

f f en se .” § 3 A 1. 2 cm t . n. 4 (em ph as i s a dd ed). E dw ar ds com m i tt ed on l y one offe nse: cr i m i nal e n d a n g e rm e n t. B e c au s e ap o lic e o f f ic e rw a s in v o lv e d a n d s u f f e r e d s e r io u s b o d ily i nj ury, un der the S ent enci ng G ui del i nes, thi s off ense i s t ant am ou ntt o agg ra vat ed a s s aul t . T he r e f

or e , E dw a r ds di d notc om m i ta ggr a va t e d a s s aul ti n the c our s e of another off

ense ; he com m i tt ed the as saul ti n the course of on l y one offe nse. “ H er e th e r e w a s n o o th e ro f

f e n s e , s o th e in c r e a s e [ i.e ., th e o f f ic ia l v ic tim e n h a n c e m e n t] cann otappl y. ” U

ni te d State s v . J

e nni ngs , 99 1 F . 2d 72 5, 73 4 (11 th C i r. 19 93 ). A c c or di ngl y , w e hol d tha tthe O f f i c i a l V i c t i m e nha nc e m e ntof 6 poi nt s c a nnotbe appl i ed t o E dw ar ds i n thi s c as e. F or the abov e r ea sons, E dw ar ds’ s s ent enci ng ca l cul at i on m ayno tbe base d o n a n o f f e n s e le v e l h ig h e rth a n 1 6 . B e c au s e E d w a r d s ’s c r im in a l h is to ry p u ts h im in ca t egory I , hi s s ent ence (a ss um i ng no departures ) i s i n the 21 -27 m on th range, ra ther than the 51 -63 m on th range.6

R EVER SED a nd R EM A N D ED f orr e s e nt e nc i ng.