# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 8- 15 74

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Ph il ip Pet ro ne , on be ha lf o f th em se lv es an d a ll th os e si m il arl y si tu at ed ; St ewart Fi sh er, o n b eh al f of

th em se lv es an d a ll th os e si m il arl y si tu at ed ; J as bi r Si ng h, o n be ha lf o f th em se lv es an d a ll th os e si m il arl y si tu at ed ; Br ia n P an kz , on be ha lf o f th em se lv es an d a ll th os e si m il arl y si tu at ed ; J as on Dewayne Gun n; Ahm ad Abd in as ir; Adam

F. Akh al u; Lato sh ia Deni se And ers on ; Der ekC. Ang le ro ; Al an Bl an e Art hu r; C hr is to ph er Ay al a; Tim ot hy McCab e Bai le y ; Cs ab a G. Baraba s; Hen ry Bare nt in e; Jo se ph E. Bark er; Dieg o B arra za; Ric ha rdCla ir B as h; Terry Lee Bat ko ; El iz ab et h B au m ga rte l; Jer em y Alfre d B en ne tt ; Gary

M. Bern st in e; Sta cy Ly nn Blu eb ird ; Ra fare l K. Bo adu; Dam ie n M arcu s B oyer; Ch ris ti na Brad le y ; El ia s Brat ch er; Ju st in Bri st ol ; Kar l M at th ew Em ers on ; Sc ot t A. Larro w; St ev e N. Neel y ; Ton y a Mc Don al d; Mi ch eal Ant ho ny Broo ks ; Ni ch ol as Bro wn; Oli vi a Bryant ; Lawren ce F. Bu nk ows ki ; Dav id Bu rg es s; Ste ve n Dal e Bu rg es s; Ju st in Bu rkho ld er; Ri ch ardCal ve rt; Jo hn ny Carte r; B ret t Ca rty; Jo el Cas ta ne da -Do m in gu ez; Lawren ce Ed wardCeci l; Iss ac Ho us to n C ha se ; Paul Cle av er; Tho m as Ric ky Co ke r; Ke nya Dy on e Co ll in s; Mi ch ael Ray Co m bs ; Ken ne th Ray Co ok ; Vi ct or Ch av arri a; Kenn et h B . Clo ud ; Ri ch ardCo pl ey ; Ho wardCo rle y , Jr.; Jef frey G. Cri ss m an ; J imm

y Carl Cri swe ll ; Th om as Cro ss ; Fr an ci sc o C ru z; James Mi ch ael Cu ll it y ; Kab ikDaam ; Wils on M. Dag ay e; Davi d Dav il a; Mi ch ael Sco tt Davi s; Je rm ey Leon ardDawso n; Perry A. Deek e; Davi d An dr ew Deli si ; Lo ui s J am es Diet ry ; J oh n M ic ha el Dos s; Ste ve n Du bi ns ky; Lui s Du ran Sal di va r; C arl Ebe rh ard t; Harco ur t P. Ed ge co m be ; Do ug la s Al le n El bo n; Terry Lee Elk in s; Pau l Terry Ell io tt , Jr.; MarkC. Eure ; Se th Feza tt e; Ro sc oe W . For m an ; An th on y Fran k; Nath an ie l An th on y

Fraz ie r, Jr .; Ern es t G. Fu lp , Jr.; Pet er Liyay i Gai ta no ; J os e Garci a-Go nz al ez; Jo Ann a Han co ckGedd in gs ; Cl ai r Hen ry Gil m or e, Jr .; Fre d Glas s, II I; J oh n C hr is to ph er Gl ov er; Jea n M ari e Gog ol in ; St ev en Sco tt Goo dm an ; Tam aro R. Grah am ; Eri c Fra nk li n Gre en ; Au gu st W il li am Grow; Gary

Eug en e Gud e; Debr a Pau la Gug le ; Fa rd rel J. Gu ic e; Sh au n P hi ll ip Gut hr ie ; Ra nd y Halc om b; Kath le en M. Hall m ark ; D’Andre LeM are Han dy; Jo hn Ro be rt Ha rd in ; Ro be rt Wil li am

Herrm an n; Gail Mari e Hes s; Ann et te Fay Hol de r; C ha rle s R oy Hon ach er; Mi ch ael Hos sl er; Ro be rt Ed wardHowes ; Br et t Al le n Hu ck st ep ; Byron Huf fin ; Lo m an Hut ch in gs ; Del an do s J ack so n; Mo rri s J aco bs , Jr.; Dani el Jef fers on ;Ci era Li ll ia n J en ki ns ; Darrel l Way ne Jo hn so n; Davi d Al le n J on es ; M ic ha el T. Jo ne s; W il li e Lee J on es , Sr.; M ic ha el A. Karpo us ka s; Beh zadKazem is eres ht ; Gary W ardKenn erl y ; Kri st op he r Kib by; Ro na ld L. Kilp atric k; Nath an Ph il li p Koe hl er; Mi ch ael Kov acs i; Tim ot hy Mich ael Ky se r; M art haL. Lant z; Alo nz a Dav idLee; Guer th o Lem or in ; Darran LaVan Lewis ; J os hu a Bro ok e Lip ha m ; Ru ss el l E. Lou rwo od ; Pa ul Lowe; Sta cey Marie Lowe; Kry st el Luca s; Kevi n L. Mae hr er; Jo na th an Mi ch ael Mag nu so n; James Man cu so ; J eremy L. Man es s; Tho m as C. Marc hi on e; W il li am Clyde M ark s; Davi d J aco b M arrs ; No rrek McC art y ; M at th ew Ja y

McDan ie l; Davi d An dr ew McDe vi tt ; Sa m ue l Ra y McM il li an ; Do ug Ant ho ny McSwai n; Jac k Dea n M ic ha el ; St ev en Ric ha rd Mi ls te ad ; Ro be rt J oh n M on ro e; Carl Mo nt go m ery; Gary C. Mo nt go m ery; Debr a A. Moo re; Mi ch ael W . Mo or e; Cle ll Mo rg an , II; J oh n An th on y Mo rri s; Mi ch ael W ayne Mu rray; Lore ne Mu sabe ll i; Nath anJo el Nade ll ; Sa le h M . Nass er; Ch ad Mi ch ael Newso m e; Aaro n J erm ai n Ni xo n; Lui s S. Og an do Co lo n; Pet er B. Oh ; Mar cu s Os car Orr ; Ch ris to ph er Ot to ; Do na ld W ad e Owen s; Ch arl es D. Pagl ic co , Jr .; J am es G. Paig e, Jr .; Ma tt he w Perei ra; Mi ch ael And rew Per tl e; W il li am James Pet ty, Jr .; J arro d S co tt Pit ts ; J os ep h P us at eri ; No el Ram ire z; Ste ve n M . Ram se y ; Jo hn Man so n R ay ; Hea th Dani el Ream s; Jas pe r U. Reav es ; J oh n R ed di ck ; Ben jam in Ren o; Osca r Reyes; Bran do n R ic ha rd ; Gre go ry Sco ttVian Ris do n; Cl aren ce Ro bi ns on ; Ra y o Emm ii to Ro bi ns on ; Ba rn ey Ro bs on ; Br an do n R ol da n; W il li am Tho m as Ro op ; Cu rti s Ry al s; Nick il as Sam s; Fran kl in L. Schm id t, III ; Barb ara An n S co by; Jo se ph Fran kl in Sco tt ; Ro be rt A. Sco tt , III; Vern on B. Seab orn, J r.; M ic ha el A. Sede rqui st ; Ph il li p Wayne Sen ecal ; Gu il le rm o Serr an o- Lop ez; Pab lo A. Serran o- Lop ez; Ch arl es Sh ack el fo rd ; Kat he rin e P. Sh oe m ak er; Howar d Art hu r Si ng er; Harp al Sin gh ; Den ni s Dea n S m it h; Ky le Ant ho ny Sm it h; Ran dy Shan e Sm it h; Tim ot hy Leon ard o S m it h; Qui tz Sn id er; Ri ch ardAdam

So lo m on ; Ro m an Ste lt er; W in st on Ste wart ; Sh awn Mi ch ael Sto ne ; Deri ckLy

nn Su ll in s; James Ju li an Alan Su rren cy ; Ti m Swad le y ; Geo rg e A. Tapi a; Sh an no n Lei gh Terry ; No ul ie ng Thi sa na ko ne ; Dan Vil ayth on g; ErickTho m pk in s; Bren no n Th om

ps on ; St ep he n Lo y d Ti ll ers on ; Dav idWrig htTil lm an ; Kev in Tol l; Ri ch ardF. Torri si ; J effr ey S. Tors ru d; Greg ory

D. Trent ; J os e Val en ti ne ; Lu an ne San to ro Vog ht ; Way

ne W oo dr ow Wait e; Davi d C . W al dr on ; M ari saSab rin da W al ke r; R ob ertW al la ce; Lanc e Walla ce; Pat ric k M arkW al te rs ; St ev en Ant ho ny W as so n; Jo se ph Kane W eat he rfo rd ; Derric k Ear l Webb ; St acey W eb b; Trey Ant ho ny W eb be r; Ke el ey Whe el er, J r.; J oh nn y

Keit h Whi te ; Kac y

Fo nt eze W il li am s; Tiffa ny Nico le W il li am s; Ste ve n M . W il li s; Larry Nath an ie l Cl in to n, J r.; Rei a Winn ; M arl on Deway ne W it ch am ; Dev on Terel le W of fo rd ; Will ia m

W oo d;

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-Mar k An to ni o Woo ds ; Warren R. Wrig ht ; Ca ris m a Co nc et ta W ei ss ; J am es

Mat th ew Po tt s; Bry an James Prat t; Davi d F ran k P res sl ey ; J oh n J as on Pry or ; Ro be rt Lee Plu nk et t

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff s - Ap pe ll an ts

v.

W ern er En te rp ris es , Inc ., do in g b us in es s as W ern er Tru ck in g; Driv ers Man ag em en t, LLC

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lDefe nd

an ts - App el le es

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No. 1 8- 16 47

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Ph il ip Pet ro ne , on be ha lf o f th em se lv es an d a ll th os e si m il arl y si tu at ed ; St ewart Fi sh er, o n b eh al f of

th em se lv es an d a ll th os e si m il arl y si tu at ed ; J as bi r Si ng h, o n be ha lf o f th em se lv es an d a ll th os e si m il arl y si tu at ed ; Br ia n P an kz , on be ha lf o f th em se lv es an d a ll th os e si m il arl y si tu at ed ; J as on Dewayne Gun n; Ahm ad Abd in as ir; Adam

F. Akh al u; Lato sh ia Deni se And ers on ; Der ekC. Ang le ro ; Al an Bl an e Art hu r; C hr is to ph er Ay al a; Tim ot hy McCab e Bai le y ; Cs ab a G. Baraba s; Hen ry Bare nt in e; Jo se ph E. Bark er; Dieg o B arra za; Ric ha rdCla ir B as h; Terry Lee Bat ko ; El iz ab et h B au m ga rte l; Jer em y Alfre d B en ne tt ; Gary

M. Bern st in e; Sta cy Ly nn Blu eb ird ; Ra fare l K. Bo adu; Dam ie n M arcu s B oyer; Ch ris ti na Brad le y ; El ia s Brat ch er; Ju st in Bri st ol ; Kar l M at th ew Em ers on ; Sc ot t A. Larro w; St ev e N. Neel y ; Ton y a Mc Don al d; Mi ch eal Ant ho ny Broo ks ; Ni ch ol as Bro wn; Oli vi a Bryant ; Lawren ce F. Bu nk ows ki ; Dav id Bu rg es s; Ste ve n Dal e Bu rg es s; Ju st in Bu rkho ld er; Ri ch ardCal ve rt; Jo hn ny Carte r; B ret t Ca rty; Jo el Cas ta ne da -Do m in gu ez; Lawren ce Ed wardCeci l; Iss ac Ho us to n C ha se ; Vi ct orCh av arri a; Pau l Cl eav er; Larry Nath an ie l Cl in to n, J r.; Ken ne th B. Clo ud ; Th om as Ric ky Cok er; Kenya Dy on e Co ll in s; Mi ch ael Ray Co m bs ; Ken ne th Ray Co ok ; Ri ch ardCo pl ey ; Howar d C or le y , Jr.; Jef

frey G. Cri ss m an ; J im

m y Carl Cri swe ll ; Th om as Cro ss ; Fran ci sc o C ru z; James Mi ch ael Cu ll it y ; Kab ikDaam ; Wils on M. Dag ay e; Davi d Dav il a; Mi ch ael Sco tt Davi s; Jer m ey Leon ardDawso n; Perry A. Deek e; Davi d And rew Del is i; Lou is James Diet ry ; J oh n M ic ha el Dos s; Ste ve n Du bi ns ky; Lui s

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-Dur an Sal di va r; C arl Eberha rd t; Harco ur t P. Ed ge co m be ; Do ug la s Al le n El bo n; Terry Lee Elk in s; Pau l Terr y Ell io tt , Jr.; MarkC. Eure ; Se th Feza tt e; Ro sc oe W

. Fo rm an ; An th on y

Fran k; Nath an ie l An th on y Fraz ie r, Jr .; Ern es t G. Fu lp , Jr.; Pet er Liyay i Gai ta no ; J os e Garci a-Go nz al ez; Jo Ann a Han co ckGedd in gs ; Cl ai r Hen ry Gil m or e, Jr .; Fre d Gl as s, II I; J oh n C hr is to ph er Gl ov er; Jea n M ari e Gog ol in ; St ev en Sco tt Goo dm an ; Tam aro R. Grah am ; Eri c Fra nk li n Gre en ; Au gu st W il li am Gro w; Gary Euge ne Gud e; Debr a Pau laGug le ; Fa rd rel J. Gu ic e; Sh au n P hi ll ip Gut hr ie ; Ra nd y

Halc om b; Kath le en M. Hall m ark ; D’And re LeM are Han dy; Jo hn Ro be rt Ha rd in ; Ro be rt Wil li am Herrm an n; Gail Mari e Hes s; Ann et te Fay Hol de r; Ch arl es Ro y

Hon ach er; Mi ch ael Hos sl er; Ro be rt Ed wardHowes ; Br et t Al le n Huc ks te p; Byro n Hu ffi n; Lom an Hut ch in gs ; Del an do s J ack so n; Mo rri s J aco bs , Jr.; Dan ie l J effe rs on ; Ci era Li ll ia n J en ki ns ; Darrel l Way ne Jo hn so n; Davi d Al le n Jo ne s; Mi ch ael T. Jo ne s; W il li e Lee J on es , Sr.; M ic ha el A. Karpo us ka s; Beh zad Kazem is eres ht ; Gary

W ardKenn erl y ; Kri st op he r Kib by; Ro na ld L. Kilp at ric k; Nath an Ph il li p Ko eh le r; M ic ha el Kov acs i; Tim ot hy Mich ael Ky se r; M art ha L. Lan tz ; Al on za Dav id Lee; Guer th o Lem or in ; Darran LaVanLewis ; J os hu a Bro ok e Lip ha m ; Ru ss el l E. Lou rwo od ; Pa ul Lowe; Sta cey Marie Lowe; Kry st el Luca s; Kev in L. Maeh rer; Jo na th an Mi ch ael Mag nu so n; James Man cu so ; J erem y L. Man es s; Tho m as C. Marc hi on e; W il li am Clyde M ark s; Davi d J aco b M arrs ; NorrekMcC art y ; M at th ew Ja y McDan ie l; Davi d An dr ew McDe vi tt ; Sa m ue l Ra y McM il li an ; Do ug Ant ho ny McSwai n; Jac k Dea n M ic ha el ; St ev en Ric ha rd Mi ls te ad ; Ro be rt J oh n M on ro e; Carl Mo nt go m ery; Gary C. Mo nt go m ery; Debr a A. Moo re; Mi ch ael W . Mo or e; Cle ll Mo rg an , II; J oh n An th on y Mo rri s; Mi ch ael W ayne Mu rray; Lore ne Mu sabe ll i; Nath anJo el Nade ll ; Sa le h M . Nass er; Ch ad Mi ch ael Newso m e; Aaro n J erm ai n Ni xo n; Lui s S. Og an do Co lo n; Pet er B. Oh ; Mar cu s Os car Orr ; Ch ris to ph er Ot to ; Do na ld W ad e Owen s; Ch arl es D. Pagl ic co , Jr .; J am es G. Paig e, Jr .; Ma tt he w Perei ra; Mi ch ael And rew Per tl e; W il li am James Pet ty, Jr .; J arro d S co tt Pit ts ; Ro be rt Lee Plu nk et t; James Mat th ew Po tt s; Bry an Ja m es Prat t; Davi d F ran k P res sl ey ; J oh n J as on Pry or ; J os ep h P us at eri ; No el Ram ire z; Ste ve n M . Ram se y ; J oh n M an so n R ay ; Hea th Dani el Ream s; Jas pe r U. Rea ve s; Jo hn Red di ck ; Be njam in Ren o; Osca r Reyes; Bran do n R ic ha rd ; Gre go ry Sco tt Vian Ris do n; Cla ren ce Ro bi ns on ; Ra y o Emm ii to Ro bi ns on ; Ba rn ey Ro bs on ; Bran do n R ol da n; W il li am Tho m as Ro op ; Cu rti s Ry al s; Nick il as Sam s; Fran kl in L. Sch m id t, III ; Ba rb ara An n S co by; Jo se ph Fran kl in Sco tt ; Ro be rt A. Sco tt , III; Vern on B. Seab orn, J r.; M ic ha el A. Sede rq ui st ; Ph il li p Wayne Sen ecal ; Gu il le rm o Serr an o- Lop ez; Pab lo A. Serran o- Lop ez; Ch arl es Sh ack el fo rd ; Kat he rin e P. Sh oe m ak er; Howar d Art hu r Si ng er; Harp al Sin gh ; Den ni s Dea n S m it h; Ky le

-4

-Ant ho ny Sm it h; Ran dy Shan e Sm it h; Tim ot hy Leon ard o S m it h; Qui tz Sn id er;

Ri ch ardAdam

So lo m on ; Ro m an Ste lt er; W in st on Ste wart ; Sh awn Mi ch ael Sto ne ; Deri ckLy

nn Su ll in s; James Ju li an Alan Su rren cy ; Ti m Swad le y ; Geo rg e A. Tapi a; Sh an no n Lei gh Terry ; No ul ie ng Thi sa na ko ne ; Dan Vil ayth on g; ErickTho m pk in s; Bren no n Th om

ps on ; St ep he n Lo y d Ti ll ers on ; Dav idWrig htTil lm an ; Kev in Tol l; Ri ch ardF. Torri si ; J effr ey S. Tors ru d; Greg ory

D. Trent ; J os e Val en ti ne ; Lu an ne San to ro Vog ht ; Way

ne W oo dr ow Wait e; Davi d C . W al dr on ; M ari saSab rin da W al ke r; R ob ertW al la ce; Lanc e Walla ce; Pat ric k M arkW al te rs ; St ev en Ant ho ny W as so n; Jo se ph Kane W eat he rfo rd ; Derric k Ear l Webb ; St acey W eb b; Trey Ant ho ny W eb be r; Ke el ey Whe el er, J r.; J oh nn y

Keit h Whi te ; Kac y

Fo nt eze W il li am s; Tiffa ny Nico le W il li am s; Ste ve n M . W il li s; Rei a Winn ; M arl on Dewayne W it ch am ; Dev on Terel le W of fo rd ; Will ia m

W oo d; MarkAnt on io W oo ds ; Warren R. Wrig ht ; Ca ris m a Co nc et taW ei ss

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lPla in ti

ff s - Ap pe ll ees

v.

W ern er En te rp ris es , Inc ., do in g b us in es s as W ern er Tru ck in g; Driv ers Man ag em en t, LLC

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lDefe nd

an ts - App el la nt

s

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No. 1 8- 21 16

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Ph il ip Pet ro ne , on be ha lf o f th em se lv es an d a ll th os e si m il arl y si tu at ed ; St ewart Fi sh er, o n b eh al f of

th em se lv es an d a ll th os e si m il arl y si tu at ed ; J as bi r Si ng h, o n be ha lf o f th em se lv es an d a ll th os e si m il arl y si tu at ed ; Br ia n P an kz , on be ha lf o f th em se lv es an d a ll th os e si m il arl y si tu at ed ; J as on Dewayne Gun n; Ahm ad Abd in as ir; Adam

F. Akh al u; Lato sh ia Deni se And ers on ; Der ekC. Ang le ro ; Al an Bl an e Art hu r; C hr is to ph er Ay al a; Tim ot hy McCab e Bai le y ; Cs ab a G. Baraba s; Hen ry Bare nt in e; Jo se ph E. Bark er; Dieg o B arra za; Ric ha rdCla ir B as h; Terry Lee Bat ko ; El iz ab et h B au m ga rte l; Jer em y Alfre d B en ne tt ; Gary

M. Bern st in e; Sta cy Ly nn Blu eb ird ; Ra fare l K. Bo adu; Dam ie n M arcu s B oyer; Ch ris ti na Brad le y ; El ia s Brat ch er; Ju st in Bri st ol ; Kar l M at th ew Em ers on ; Sc ot t A. Larro w; St ev e N. Neel y ;

-5

-Ton y a Mc Don al d; Mi ch eal Ant ho ny Broo ks ; Ni ch ol as Bro wn; Oli vi a Bryant ;

Lawren ce F. Bu nk ows ki ; Dav id Bu rg es s; Ste ve n Dal e Bu rg es s; Ju st in Bu rkho ld er; Ri ch ardCal ve rt; Jo hn ny Carte r; B ret t Ca rty; Jo el Cas ta ne da -Do m in gu ez; Lawren ce Ed wardCeci l; Iss ac Ho us to n C ha se ; Paul Cle av er; Tho m as Ric ky Co ke r; Ke nya Dy on e Co ll in s; Mi ch ael Ray Co m bs ; Ken ne th Ray Co ok ; Vi ct or Ch av arri a; Kenn et h B . Clo ud ; Ri ch ardCo pl ey ; Ho wardCo rle y , Jr.; Jef frey G. Cri ss m an ; J imm

y Carl Cri swe ll ; Th om as Cro ss ; Fr an ci sc o C ru z; James Mi ch ael Cu ll it y ; Kab ikDaam ; Wils on M. Dag ay e; Davi d Dav il a; Mi ch ael Sco tt Davi s; Je rm ey Leon ardDawso n; Perry A. Deek e; Davi d An dr ew Deli si ; Lo ui s J am es Diet ry ; J oh n M ic ha el Dos s; Ste ve n Du bi ns ky; Lui s Du ran Sal di va r; C arl Ebe rh ard t; Harco ur t P. Ed ge co m be ; Do ug la s Al le n El bo n; Terry Lee Elk in s; Pau l Terry Ell io tt , Jr.; MarkC. Eure ; Se th Feza tt e; Ro sc oe W . For m an ; An th on y Fran k; Nath an ie l An th on y

Fraz ie r, Jr .; Ern es t G. Fu lp , Jr.; Pet er Liyay i Gai ta no ; J os e Garci a-Go nz al ez; Jo Ann a Han co ckGedd in gs ; Cl ai r Hen ry Gil m or e, Jr .; Fre d Glas s, II I; J oh n C hr is to ph er Gl ov er; Jea n M ari e Gog ol in ; St ev en Sco tt Goo dm an ; Tam aro R. Grah am ; Eri c Fra nk li n Gre en ; Au gu st W il li am Grow; Gary

Eug en e Gud e; Debr a Pau la Gug le ; Fa rd rel J. Gu ic e; Sh au n P hi ll ip Gut hr ie ; Ra nd y Halc om b; Kath le en M. Hall m ark ; D’Andre LeM are Han dy; Jo hn Ro be rt Ha rd in ; Ro be rt Wil li am

Herrm an n; Gail Mari e Hes s; Ann et te Fay Hol de r; C ha rle s R oy Hon ach er; Mi ch ael Hos sl er; Ro be rt Ed wardHowes ; Br et t Al le n Hu ck st ep ; Byron Huf fin ; Lo m an Hut ch in gs ; Del an do s J ack so n; Mo rri s J aco bs , Jr.; Dani el Jef fers on ; Ci era Li ll ia n J en ki ns ; Darrel l Way ne Jo hn so n; Davi d Al le n J on es ; M ic ha el T. Jo ne s; W il li e Lee J on es , Sr.; M ic ha el A. Karpo us ka s; Beh zadKazem is eres ht ; Gary W ardKenn erl y ; Kri st op he r Kib by; Ro na ld L. Kilp atric k; Nath an Ph il li p Koe hl er; Mi ch ael Kov acs i; Tim ot hy Mich ael Ky se r; M art haL. Lant z; Alo nz a Dav idLee; Guer th o Lem or in ; Darran LaVan Lewis ; J os hu a Bro ok e Lip ha m ; Ru ss el l E. Lou rwo od ; Pa ul Lowe; Sta cey Marie Lowe; Kry st el Luca s; Kevi n L. Mae hr er; Jo na th an Mi ch ael Mag nu so n; James Man cu so ; J eremy L. Man es s; Tho m as C. Marc hi on e; W il li am Clyde M ark s; Davi d J aco b M arrs ; No rrek McC art y ; M at th ew Ja y

McDan ie l; Davi d An dr ew McDe vi tt ; Sa m ue l Ra y McM il li an ; Do ug Ant ho ny McSwai n; Jac k Dea n M ic ha el ; St ev en Ric ha rd Mi ls te ad ; Ro be rt J oh n M on ro e; Carl Mo nt go m ery; Gary C. Mo nt go m ery; Debr a A. Moo re; Mi ch ael W . Mo or e; Cle ll Mo rg an , II; J oh n An th on y Mo rri s; Mi ch ael W ayne Mu rray; Lore ne Mu sabe ll i; Nath anJo el Nade ll ; Sa le h M . Nass er; Ch ad Mi ch ael Newso m e; Aaro n J erm ai n Ni xo n; Lui s S. Og an do Co lo n; Pet er B. Oh ; Mar cu s Os car Orr ; Ch ris to ph er Ot to ; Do na ld W ad e Owen s; Ch arl es D. Pagl ic co , Jr .; J am es G. Paig e, Jr .; Ma tt he w Perei ra; Mi ch ael And rew Per tl e; W il li am James

-6

-Pet ty, Jr .; J arro d S co tt Pit ts ; J os ep h P us at eri ; No el Ram ire z; Ste ve n M . Ram se y ;

Jo hn Man so n R ay ; Hea th Dani el Ream s; Jas pe r U. Reav es ; J oh n R ed di ck ; Ben jam in Ren o; Osca r Reyes; Bran do n R ic ha rd ; Gre go ry Sco ttVian Ris do n; Cl aren ce Ro bi ns on ; Ra y o Emm ii to Ro bi ns on ; Ba rn ey Ro bs on ; Br an do n R ol da n; W il li am Tho m as Ro op ; Cu rti s Ry al s; Nick il as Sam s; Fran kl in L. Schm id t, III ; Barb ara An n S co by; Jo se ph Fran kl in Sco tt ; Ro be rt A. Sco tt , III; Vern on B. Seab orn, J r.; M ic ha el A. Sede rqui st ; Ph il li p Wayne Sen ecal ; Gu il le rm o Serr an o- Lop ez; Pab lo A. Serran o- Lop ez; Ch arl es Sh ack el fo rd ; Kat he rin e P. Sh oe m ak er; Howar d Art hu r Si ng er; Harp al Sin gh ; Den ni s Dea n S m it h; Ky le Ant ho ny Sm it h; Ran dy Shan e Sm it h; Tim ot hy Leon ard o S m it h; Qui tz Sn id er; Ri ch ardAdam

So lo m on ; Ro m an Ste lt er; W in st on Ste wart ; Sh awn Mi ch ael Sto ne ; Deri ckLy

nn Su ll in s; James Ju li an Alan Su rren cy ; Ti m Swad le y ; Geo rg e A. Tapi a; Sh an no n Lei gh Terry ; No ul ie ng Thi sa na ko ne ; Dan Vil ayth on g; ErickTho m pk in s; Bren no n Th om

ps on ; St ep he n Lo y d Ti ll ers on ; Dav idWrig htTil lm an ; Kev in Tol l; Ri ch ardF. Torri si ; J effr ey S. Tors ru d; Greg ory

D. Trent ; J os e Val en ti ne ; Lu an ne San to ro Vog ht ; Way

ne W oo dr ow Wait e; Davi d C . W al dr on ; M ari saSab rin da W al ke r; R ob ertW al la ce; Lanc e Walla ce; Pat ric k M arkW al te rs ; St ev en Ant ho ny W as so n; Jo se ph Kane W eat he rfo rd ; Derric k Ear l Webb ; St acey W eb b; Trey Ant ho ny W eb be r; Ke el ey Whe el er, J r.; J oh nn y

Keit h Whi te ; Kac y

Fo nt eze W il li am s; Tiffa ny Nico le W il li am s; Ste ve n M . W il li s; Rei a Winn ; Larry Nath an ie l Cl in to n, J r.; M arl on Dewayne W it ch am ; Dev on Terel le W of fo rd ; Will ia m

W oo d; Mar k An to ni o Woo ds ; Warren R. Wrig ht ; Ca ris m a Co nc et ta W ei ss ; J am es Mat th ew Po tt s; Bry an James Prat t; Davi d F ran k P res sl ey ; J oh n J as on Pry or ; Ro be rt Lee Plu nk et t

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff s - Ap pe ll an ts

v.

W ern er En te rp ris es , Inc ., do in g b us in es s as W ern er Tru ck in g; Driv ers Man ag em en t, LLC

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll lDefe nd

an ts - App el le es

__ __ __ __ __ __ App eal s fr om

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e Dis tri ctof Ne br as ka - Om ah a

__ __ __ __ __ __
-7

-Subm it te d: May 14, 2 01 9 Fi le d: Octo be r 10 , 20 19

__ __ __ __ __ __
Befo re COLLOTON, BEAM, and SHEPHERD, Circ ui t J ud ge s.

__ __ __ __ __ __
SHEPHERD, Cir cu it Ju dg e.

Ph il ip Pet ro ne an d o th ers (co ll ect iv el y , P la in ti ffs ) fil ed a cl as s act io n a ga in st
W ern er Ent erp ris es , I nc . a nd Driv ers Man ag em en t, LLC (co ll ect iv el y , De fen da nt s)
ari si ng ou t of an ei gh t-we ek st ud en t-d riv er tra in in g pr og ram op erat ed by Defen da nt s

an d in te nd ed fo r ne w tru ck dr iv ers

. Pl ai nt iff s al l e ge d vi ol at io ns of th e Fai r Lab or St an da rd s Act (FLSA), 29 U.S.C. § 20 1 et se q., an d Neb ras ka la w, an d so ug ht

co m pe ns at io n fo r un pa id wag es al le ge dl y earn ed du rin g of f-dut y ti m e sp en t on sh or t

res t br eak s an d whi le res ti ng in th ei r tru ck s’ sl eep er be rth s. Befo re tri al
, th e di st ric t

co ur t gr an te d Pl ai nt iff

s’ m ot io n to m od ify th e co ur t’s pr ev io us ly en te red Ru le 16 (b )

pr og res si on or de r an d ex te nd th e de ad li ne fo r di sc lo su re of ex pe r t r e p o r t s aft er th e

co ur t-i m po se d d ead li ne ha d e xp ire d.

Fo ll owi ng a th ree- da y tr ia l, the j ur y aw ar de d Pl ai nt iff

s $7 79 ,12 7.0 0 in da m ag es fo r th ei r sh or t-r es t-b reak cl ai m s an d fo un d Defen da nt s no t l i a bl e on Pl ai nt iff s’
sl eep er-b ert h cl ai m s. Afte r tri al
, th e di st ric t co ur t award ed Pl ai nt iff s a red uc ed

am ou nt of li qu id at ed da m ag es un de r th e FLSA an d a red uc ed am ou nt of at to rn ey ’s
fees
, no nt ax ab le co st s, an d ex pe ns es ; refu se d to award Pl ai nt iff s cert ai n ta xa bl e co st s du e to th ei r fai lu re to com pl y wit h a lo cal ru le ; and award ed co st s to Defen da nt s on th e sl eep er-b ert h c la im s as th e p rev ai li ng pa rty.

Pl ai nt iff s ap pe al th e di st ric t co ur t’s po st -tr ia l ru li n g s , an d Defen da nt s cro ss

ap pe al th e co ur t’s p re-t ria l ru li ng . W e ag ree wit h Defen da nt s th at th e di st ric t co ur t ab us ed it s di sc ret io n by gr an ti ng Pl ai nt iff s’ req ue st to ex te nd th e Ru le 1 6( b)

-8

-di sc lo su re de ad li ne , d es pi te fin di ng th at go od cau se fo r th e ex te n s i o n h a d no t be en

sh own , ba se d on an erro ne ou s ap pl ic at io n of Ru le 37 (c)( 1)

. Hav in g juri sd ic ti on

un de r 28 U.S.C. § 1 29 1, we v acat e th e jud gm en t an d re m an d.

I.
Bec au se itis di sp os it iv e, we be gi n wit h Defen da nt s’ c ro ss -ap pe al , a nd reci te

on ly th e fact s ne ces sa ry to th e di sp os it io n of th at is su e. By a “ pr o g r e s s i o n o r de r”

en te red on Ju ly 3, 20 13
, th e di st ric t co ur t se t Ja nu ary 15
, 20 14 as th e de ad li ne fo r th e
pa rti es to di sc lo se ex pe rt wit ne ss rep or ts

. P la in ti ffs ti m el y di sc lo se d th ei r ex pe rt

r ep or ts

. Howev er, Defen da nt s’ de po si ti on of Pl ai nt iff s’ ex pe rt “ rev eal [ed ]

co ns id erab le fla ws in t he m et ho do lo gy fo r co m pu ti ng th e al le ge dl y un co m pe ns at ed
br eak an d sl eep er-b ert h ti m e.” Mem

. & Ord er 2, Dis t. Ct . Dk t. 27 5. Fo r in st an ce, 1

“ so m e ti m es were do ub le co un te d an d so m e p e rio ds were art ifi ci al ly sp li t in to two

se pa rat e br eak s whe n th ey sp an ne d 12 :0 0 a.m .[,] ” whi ch res ul te d in “ in co ns is te nt an d
in fla te d es ti m at es of th e di sp ut ed ti m e pe rio ds [,]” an d Pl ai nt iff s’ ex pe rt “ ad m it te d as

m uc h i n h is de po si ti on .” Mem . & Orde r 2- 3.

We l l aft er th e co ur t-i m

po se d de ad li ne fo r th e fil in g of ex pe rt rep or ts ha d

pa ss ed
, Pl ai nt iff

s, “ pu rs ua nt to Ru le 16 (b ),” m ov ed to “ m od ify[] th e P r o g r es si on O r de r to pe rm it [th em ] to fil e a su pp le m en ta l ex pe rt rep ort[,]” whi ch co rrec t e d t h e fla ws th at th e ex pe rt’s de po si ti on ha d rev eal ed

. Mo t. t o Mo di fy Pro gr es si on Ord er 1, Di st . Ct. Dk t. 2 34

.

The di st ric t co ur t de cl in ed to ch arac te riz e th e be la te d ex pe rt r e p o r t a s a

“ su pp le m en t” be cau se a su pp le m en t “ m ean s co rrec ti ng in a ccu raci es , or fil li ng th e in te rs ti ces of an in co m

pl et e rep or t ba se d on in fo rm at io n th at was no t av ai labl e at th e ti m e of th e in it ia l di sc lo su re.” Mem

. & Ord er 3 (ci ta ti on s om it te d)

. The co ur t

W e wil l refe r to fil in gs m ad e in No. 8: 11

- c v

- 0 04 01 whe n ci ti ng th e di st ric t 1

co ur t’s d oc ke t.

-9

-de te rm in edth atno th in g “ pr ecl ud edpl ai nt iff s’ exp ertfro m

reco gn iz in g t he fla ws in
hi s o rig in al rep or t[; ] he si m pl y fai le d t o d o s o.” Mem . & Orde r 3.

The d i s tri ct co ur t st at ed th at , al th ou gh Ru le 26 (e) “ im po se s a du ty to

su pp le m en t in co rrec t or in co m pl et e in fo rm at io n, it d o e s no t be st ow up on li ti ga nt s

un fet te red free do m to rel y on su pp le m en ts pr od uc ed aft er a co urt-i m po se d de ad li ne ,
ev en if th e ru le ’s pr etria l tim e li m it is sat is fie d, an d g ran ts th em no rig ht to pr od uc e in fo rm at io n in a be la te d fash io n.” Mem

. & O rd er 3-4 (ci ta ti on om it te d) . The co ur t

ex pl ai ne d th at Pl ai nt iff

s co ul d no t “ us e th e de fen da nt s ’ e f f o rts in un co ve rin g th e fla ws i n [ t h e ex pe rt]’s rep or t to ho ne th e m et ho do lo gy an d su bm it a m or e ro bu st
rep or t aft er th ei r de ad li ne ha s ex pi red .” Mem

. & Ord er 4. The co ur t em ph as iz ed th at

m or e th an two m on th s ha d pa ss e d si nc e th e de ad li ne fo r th e fil in g of

ex pe rt rep or ts , de fen da nt s ha d sp en t ti m e an al y zi ng th e or ig in al rep or t,

an d de fen da nt s ha d de po se d pl a in ti ffs ’ ex pe rt; th e de ad li ne fo r

su b mi t t i n g Daube rt m ot io ns was on ly a m on th away. In se ek in g to [ 2 ]

su bm it th e su pp le m en ta l rep or t, pl ai nt iff s were im po si ng on de fen da nt s to de la y th e pr og res si on of th e cas e an d du pl ic at e wor k th ey ha d al read y do ne so th at pl ai nt iff

s co ul d ta ke ad va nt ag e of de fen da nt s’ di li ge nc e in fin di ng erro rs in th e rep or t of pl ai nt iff s’ own ex pe rt. The un fai rn es s of

su ch a m an eu ve r an d i m

po si ti on of a dd it io na l co st s i s n ot ha rm le ss

.

Mem . & Orde r 5.

A l th ou gh th e di st ric t co ur t fo un d no go od cau se to ex te nd th e di sc lo s u r e de ad li ne , it de te rm in ed th at , whi le th e de la y was ne it he r “ su bs ta nt ia ll y jus ti fie d” no r

“ ha rm le ss ” un de r Ru le 37 (c), Ru le 1 “ co un se ls ag ai ns t co m pl et e ex cl us io n of th e ne w in fo rm at io n” be cau se it pr ov id es “ th at th e ru le s sh ou ld be co ns tru ed an d ad m in is te red

to se cu re th e jus t , s p eed y , an d in ex pe ns iv e de te rm in at io n of ev ery act io n an d

pr oc eed in g” an d “ in di cat e[s ] a pr efer en ce fo r de te rm in at io n of cas es on th e m eri ts .”

Daube rt v . Merr el l Do w Pha rm ., Inc ., 50 9 U.S. 5 79 (19 93 ). 2

-1 0-Mem

. & Ord er 5 (in t e r n a l q uo ta ti on m ark s om it te d)

. Bec au se “ [t]he co rrec te d

in fo rm at io n [was ] us efu l an d ne ces sa ry to th e di sp os it io n of th e cas e on th e m eri ts [,]”
th e co ur t was “ in cl in ed to in vo ke th e di sc ret io n gr an te d by Ru le 37 (c) to f a sh io n a le ss er s an ct io n t ha n e xc lu si on .” Mem . & Orde r 5- 6.

Acco rd in gl y , th e di st ric t co ur t ex te nd ed th e di sc lo su re de ad li ne an d de ni ed al l

ot he r pe nd in g m ot io ns wit ho ut pr ejud ic e. Mem

. & Ord er 6. The co ur t al so sc he du le d

a p l a n n in g co nf

eren ce “ to es tabl is h ne w de ad li ne s an d a ne w tri al da te .” Me m. &
Ord er 6. And th e co ur t pr ov id ed Defen da nt s wit h an op po rtu ni ty, at Pl a i n t iff s’

ex pe ns e, to de po se Pl ai nt iff s’ ex pe rt ab ou t th e pu rp or te d su p p l e men t a l rep or t, an d
award ed Defen da nt s co st s in cu rred by vi rtu e of th e la te subm is si on of th e rep or t.
Mem . & Orde r 6- 7.

III.

Defen da nt s arg ue th at th e di st ric t co ur t erre d in gr an ti ng Pl ai nt iff s’ m ot io n to

ex te nd th e de ad li ne fo r di sc lo si ng ex pe rt rep or ts , de sp it e fin di ng th at no go od cau se ha d be en sh own fo r th e ex te ns io n. Our rev ie w is “ fo r cl ear an d pr ejud ic ia l ab us e of
di sc ret io n[ ,] ” Fl es ne r v. Bayer AG (In re Baycol Pro ds

. Lit ig .), 59 6 F. 3 d 8 8 4
, 88 8 ( 8t h Ci r. 20 10 ) (in te rn al ci ta ti on om it te d)
, an d de no vo ov er “ whe th er th e di s t r i c t

co ur t app li ed th e co rrec t leg al st an da rd in ex erci si ng th at di sc ret io n[ .] ” Sh erm an v. W in co Fi rewo rk s, In c., 53 2 F.3 d 70 9, 71 4 (8 th Cir . 20 08 ). “ A di st ric t co ur t ab us es it s di sc ret io n whe n it ap pl ie s an in co rrec t le ga l st an da rd [.]” Uni on El e c

. C o

. v. Ene rg y In s. Mu t. Ltd
., 68 9 F.3 d 96 8, 97 0 (8 th Ci r. 20 12 ) (in te rn al ci ta ti on om it te d)

.

Ru le 26 (a)( 2) pr ov id es th at a pa rty mu s t di sc lo se th e id en ti ty of an y ex pe rt wit ne ss al on g wit h a writ te n rep or t of su ch ex pe rt, whi le Ru le 26 (e) im po se s an ob li ga ti on on th e pa rti es to supp le m en t in co rrec t or in co m pl et e in fo rm at io n. Ru le 26
al so es tabl is he s th e ti mi n g a n d s eque nc e of su ch di sc lo su res ab se nt a co ur t or de r

se tt in g th es e de ad li ne s. Und er Ru le 16
, a co ur t “ m us t is su e a sc he du li ng or de r” an d

-1 1-su ch an or de r “ m us t li m it th e ti m e to

. . . co m pl et e di sc ov ery[] an d fil e m ot io ns .” Fed

. R. Ci v

. P

. 1 6 ( b ) ( 1 )
, (3 )(A). “ The sc he du li ng or de r m ay

. . . m od ify th e ti m in g of
d i s c lo su res un de r Ru le 26 (a)

. . . [an d] se t da te s fo r pr et ria l co nf eren ces a n d f

o r tri al [.]” Fed

. R. Ci v. P. 16 (b )(3 )(B) (i)
, (v i). A “ di st ric t co ur t ha s br oa d di sc ret io n in

es tabl is hi ng an d en fo rci ng th e de ad li ne s.” Mar m o v. Ty so n Fres h Mea ts , I nc ., 4 57
F.3 d 74 8, 75 9 (8 th Ci r. 20 06 ). H owe ve r, “ [a] sc he du le m ay be m od ifi ed on ly fo r
go od cau se an d wit h th e jud ge ’s co ns en t.” Fed

. R. Ci v. P. 16 (b )(4 ); Mar m o, 45 7 F.3 d

at 75 9. In ot he r wor ds
, th e “ go od -cau se st an da rd is no t op ti on al .” Sh erm an , 53 2 F.3 d

at 71 6. “ To es tabl is h g o o d c a u s e , a pa rty m us t sh ow it s di li ge nc e in at te m pt in g to

m eet th e p ro gr es si on ord er.” Ma rm o, 4 57 F.3d at 7 59

.

W e ag ree wit h th e di st ric t co ur t th at Pl a i n t i f f s di d no t sh ow go od cau se to

m od ify an d ex te nd th e Ru le 16 (b ) de ad li ne

. Pl ai nt iff s’ ex pe rt’s su bs ta nt ia l rev is io ns
to hi s or ig in al rep or t cam e on ly aft er Defen da n ts rev eal ed si gn ifi can t fla ws in th e

or ig in al rep or t. Alt ho ug h Pl ai nt iff s’ m ot io n fram ed t h e rev is ed ex pe rt rep or t as a

m ere su pp le m en t un de r Ru le 26 (e), Pl ai nt iff s’ ex pe rt was “ m at eri al ly al te rin g, no t

m erel y cl ari fy in g hi s or ig in al rep or t,” W il li am s v. TESCO Serv s., In c., 71 9 F.3 d 96 8,
97 6 (8t h Cir. 20 13 ), an d th ere is no ev id en ce tha t Plai nt iff s subs eq ue nt ly le arn ed of
in fo rm at io n th at was pr ev io us ly un kn own or un av ai labl e to th em

. The di st ric t co ur t

co rrec tl y de te rm in ed th at th e rev is ed rep or t is no t a Ru le 26 (e) su pp le m en t; it is m or e
ap pr op ria te ly ch arac te riz ed as a ne w, di st in ct rep or t su bjec t to the Rule 16 (b ) de ad li ne fo r ex pe rt di sc lo su res

. As t h e di st ric t co urt no te d, no th in g “ pr ecl ud ed pl ai nt iff s’

ex pe rt fro m reco gn iz in g th e fla ws in hi s or ig in al rep or t[; ] he si m pl y fai le d to do so .”
Mem

. & Ord er 3. Pl ai nt iff s th us fai le d to sh ow th e req ui si te go od cau se to ex te nd th e

ex pe rt d is cl os ur e d ead li ne

.

Nev ert he le ss , rel y in g o n Ru le s 1 an d 3 7( c)(1 ), th e d is tri ctco ur t m od ifi edth e

sc he du le
, ex te nd ed th e de ad li ne to di sc lo se ex pe rt rep or ts

. Thi s was erro r. Not hi ng in th e te xt of ei th er ru le al lo wed th e di st ric t co ur t to bypas s th e m an da to ry go od -cau se
st an da rd un de r Ru le 16 (b )(4 ). In de ed
, su ch a read in g “ wou ld ren de r sc he du li ng

-1 2-or de rs m ean in gl es s an d effe ct iv el y

. . . read Ru le 16 (b ) an d it s go od cau se

req ui rem en t ou t of th e Fed eral Ru le s of Ci vi l Pro cedur e.” S h e r m an , 53 2 F.3 d at 71 6 (al te rat i o n in or ig in al ) (ci ta ti on om it te d) (d is cu ss in g in te rp la y be twee n Ru le
16 (b ) an d Ru le 15 ). Mo reo ve r, th e co ur t’s rel ia nc e on Ru le 1 to su pp or t it s ru li ng is

co nt rary to th e ge ne ral ru le th at th e “ [a]dh eren ce to pr og res s i o n o r d e r de ad li ne s is
cri ti cal to ach ie vi ng th e pr im ary go al of th e jud ic ia ry : ‘to se rv e th e jus t, sp eed y , an d
in ex pe ns iv e de te rm in at io n of ev ery act io n.’” Mar m o, 45 7 F.3 d at 75 9 (q uo ti ng Fed

. R. Ci v. P. 1 ).

Add it io na ll y , Ru le 37 (c)( 1) was un av ai lab l e t o t he di st ric t co ur t. “ The
di sc lo su re m an da te s in Ru le 26 are gi ve n te et h by th e th reat of sa nc ti on s in Ru le 37 .”
Van de rb erg v. Pet co Ani m al Supp li es St or es , In c., 90 6 F.3 d 69 8, 70 2 (8 th Ci r. 20 18 ) (ci ti ng 8B Ch arl es A. Wrig ht , Arth urR. Mi ll er et al

. , Fed eral Prac ti ce & Pro ced ur e § 22 89 .1 (3 d ed . 2 01 8) ). Howev er, b y it s te rm s, Ru le 37 (c)( 1) ap pl ie s on ly wh en a
pa rty fai ls to co m

pl y wit h Ru le 26 (a) an d th en se ek s to us e th e in fo rm at io n “ on a

m ot io n, at a h e a r in g, or at a tri al .” Fed

. R. Ci v. P. 37 (c)( 1)

. Ru le 37 (c)( 1) sa y s

n o t hi ng ab ou t it s ap pl ic ab il it y whe n a co ur t co ns id ers a m ot io n, pu rs ua nt to Ru l e 16 (b ), to am en d a pr og res si on or de r an d ex te nd th e de ad li ne fo r Ru le 26 di sc lo su res

. 3
The or de r ap pe al ed f

r o m in th is cas e, whi ch ex te nd ed th e Ru le 16 (b ) di sc lo su re de ad li ne an d pe rm it te d Pl ai nt iff s to di sc lo se th e ne w rep or t wit hi n th e ne w di sc lo su re de ad li ne , cl earl y di d no t in vo lv e an at te m pt by Pl ai nt iff

s to “ us e th at in fo rm at io n or

w i t n es s to su pp ly ev id en ce on a m ot io n, at a he ari ng , or at a tri al .” Fed

. R. Ci v. P

.

“ [Ru le 37 (c)( 1) ] pr ov id es a se lf- ex ecu ti ng sa nc ti on fo r fai l u r e to m ak e a 3 di sc lo su re req ui red by Ru le 26 (a), wit ho ut ne ed fo r a m ot io n un de r s u bd iv is io n (a)( 2 ) ( A )

. Para gr ap h (1 ) pr ev en ts a pa rty fro m us in g as ev id en ce an y wit ne ss es or in fo rm at io n th at , wit ho ut su bs ta nt ia l jus ti fic at io n, ha s no t be en di sc lo se d as req ui red by Ru le s 26 (a) an d 26 (e)( 1)

. Thi s au to m at ic sa nc ti on pr ov id es a st ro ng in du cem en t fo r di sc lo su re o f m at eri al th at th e di sc lo si ng pa rty wou ld ex pe ct to us e as ev id en ce, whe th er at a tri al
, at a he ari ng , or on a m ot io n

. . . .” Fed

. R. Ci v. P. 37 (c)( 1) ad vi so ry

co m m it te e’s no te

. -1 3-37 (c)( 1)

. To th e co nt rary, b y th ei r m ot io n fo r ex te ns io n of th e di sc lo su re de ad li ne ,

Pl ai nt iff s so ug ht to br in g th ei r di sc lo su re of th e ne w rep or t in to co m pl ia nc e wit h Ru le
26 (a) so th at th e di sc lo se d in fo rm at io n wou ld no t be ex cl ud ed un de r th e te rm s of Ru le
37 (c)( 1) at a la te r he ari ng or tri al
, no r wou ld Pl ai nt iff s be subjec t to ot he r sa nc ti on s whe n u se of t he in fo rm at io n was att em pt ed

.

The di ss en t’s st at em en t th at Ru le 37 (c)( 1) “ ad dr es se s wha t to do if a pa rty fai ls

to pr ov id e in fo rm at io n as req ui red by Ru le 26 (a)” is in co mp le te

. Ru le 37 (c)( 1)
ad dr es se s wha t to do if a pa rty fai ls to di sc lo se in fo rm at io n as req ui red by Ru le 26 (a)

an d at te m pt s to us e th at in fo rm at io n on a m ot io n, at a he ari ng , or at a tri al

. The cas es fro m ou r si st er ci rcu it s ci te d by th e di ss en t be ar th is ou t; e ach in vo lv es a fai lu re to di sc lo se in fo rm at io n an d a la te r at te m pt ed us e “ on a m ot io n, at a he ari ng , o r at a tri al .” Fed

. R. Ci v. P. 37 (c)( 1) ; se e W on g v. Reg en ts of Uni v. of Cal
., 41 0 F.3 d 10 52
, 10 60 -6 2 ( 9 t h Ci r. 20 05 ) (at te m pt in g to in cl ud e in su m m ary jud gm en t br ie fin g wit ne ss es whi ch ha d no t be en di sc lo se d) ; W oo dwo rk er’s Supp ly, In c. v. P r in ci pa l
Mu t. Life In s. Co
., 17 0 F.3 d 98 5, 99 3 (1 0t h Ci r. 19 99 ) (co ns id eri ng fai lu re to di sc lo se da m ag es th eo ry un ti l tri al ); se e al so Van de rb erg , 90 6 F.3 d at 70 3- 05 (co nc lu di ng th at th e di st ric t co urt di d no t ab us e it s di sc ret io n un de r Ru l e 3 7 ( c )(1 ) in ex cl ud in g

un di sc lo se d do ct or ’s st at em en ts whi ch pl ai nt iff so ug ht t o u s e in res po ns e to de fen da nt ’s m ot io n fo r su m m ary jud gm en t); Des ig n St rat eg y , In c. v. Dav is
, 46 9 F.3 d
28 4, 29 3- 9 7 (2 d Ci r. 20 06 ) (co nc lu di ng th at th e di st ric t co ur t di d no t ab us e it s di sc r e ti on in ba rri ng pl ai nt iff
, pu rs ua nt to Ru le 37 (c)( 1)
, fro m cal li ng two ex pe rt wit ne ss es at tri al to te st ify reg ard in g lo st pr of it s whe n it ha d no t pr ev io us ly di sc lo se d
wit ne ss es , in vi ol at io n o f Ru le 26 (a))

. 4

At th e ti m e of th e di st ric t co ur t’s or de r it rem ai ne d to be se en whe th er th e 4 Pl ai nt iff s wou ld at te m

pt to “ us e” t h e ne wly di sc lo se d ex pe rt rep or t. And si nc e Pl ai nt iff s’ di sc lo su re of th e ne w ex pe rt rep or t ob vi ou sl y co m pl ie d wit h th e ex te nd ed di sc lo su re de ad li ne , if Pl ai nt iff s were to ha ve la te r “ us ed ” th e in fo rm at io n, Ru le 37 (c)( 1) wou ld ha ve be en in ap pl ic ab le be cau se th e ru le req ui res th e fai lu re of a pa rty

“ to pro vi de in fo rm at io n o r id en ti fy a wit ne ss as r equi redby Rul e 2 6( a) o r (e).”

-1 4-Acco rd in gl y , th e d i s tri ct co ur t, ha vi ng fo un d no go od cau se fo r ex te ns io n of

th e Ru le 16 (b ) di sc lo su re de ad li ne to pe rm it th e la te di sc lo su re of Pl a i n t i ffs ’ ne w

ex pe rt rep or t, ab us ed it s di sc re t i o n in gr an ti ng Pl ai nt iff s’ m ot io n to m od ify th e
p r o g res si on or de r an d to al lo w di sc lo su re of th e ne w ex pe rt rep or t aft er th e co u r t

im po se d d ead li ne

.

Not wit hs ta nd in g the dis tr ic t co ur t’s erro r, we wil l affi rm un le ss Defen da nt s can sh ow th e er r o r was no t ha rm le ss

. See Sh erm an , 53 2 F.3 d at 71 8; Cran e v. Cres t
Tan ke rs , In c., 47 F.3 d 29 2, 29 6- 97 (8 th Ci r. 19 95 ) (co nc lu di ng th at th e di st ric t co urt’s

erro r i n ad m it ti ng cert ai n ev id en ce was no t ha rm le ss be cau se “ th e jury’ s da m ag e award wou ld [no t] hav e b een th e sa m e ab se nt th e err on eo us adm is si on ”).

Defen da nt s m ov ed to ex cl ud e al l of Plai nt iff s’ ex pe rt’s dam ag es cal cu la ti on s

an d t es ti m on y , wh ic h th e di st ric t co urt de ni ed , wi th ou t pr ejud ic e, whe n i t m od ifi ed
th e p ro gr es si on ord er an d a ll owe d P la in ti ffs to fil e th e la te rep or t. The co ur t fo un d
th at th e in fo rm at io n in th e rep or t was “ us efu l an d ne ces sa ry to th e di sp os it io n of th e

cas e on th e m eri ts .” Mem

. & Ord er 5- 6. The jury award ed $7 79 ,12 7.0 0 in da m ag es

on Pl ai nt iff

s’ sh or t-r es t-b reak cl ai m s, an am ou nt id en ti cal to Pl ai n ti ffs ’ ex pe rt’s

te st im on y at tri al

. C o m

pa re 3 Tria l Tr. 47 5, Dis t. Ct

. Dkt

. 54 8 (ex pe rt te st im on y ),
wit h 5 Tria l Tr. 68 0, Dis t. Ct

. Dkt

. 55 0 (jury ve rd ic t )

. Pl ai nt iff s of fere d no ot he r

ex pe rt te st im on y at tri al on da m ag es fo r th ei r sh or t-r e st -b reak cl ai m s. See, e.g ., 4
Tria l Tr. 67 0- 71
, Dis t. Ct

. Dkt

. 54 9 (req ue st in g th at th e jury “ award th e da m ag es th at [th e ex pe rt] cal cu la te d; $7 79 ,12 7 fo r th e sh ort re st bre akcla im ”).

The jury cl earl y r e l i e d o n Pl ai nt iff s’ ex pe rt’s op in io n in reac hi ng it s $7 79 ,12 7.0 0 da m ag es award

. W e can no t sa y th at it s award wou ld ha ve be en th e sa m e wit ho ut th e ne w in fo rm at io n an d, th eref or e, th e di st ric t co ur t ’s e r r o r was no t ha rm le ss

. Cf. Co nc or d Bo at Co rp

. v. Bru ns wick Co rp ., 20 7 F.3 d 10 39
, 10 57 (8 th Ci r. 20 00 ) (co nc lu d i n g th at th e ad m is si on of de fic ie nt ex pe rt te st im on y co ns ti tu te d

rev ers ib le erro r be cau se th e ex pe rt’s op in io n fo rm ed th e ba si s fo r da m ag es an d “ th e

-1 5-jury cl earl y r e l i e d o n h is op in io n in reac hi ng it s ve rd ic t be cau se th e da m ag es it

award ed

. . . were i de nt ic al to th e” ex pe rt’s c al cu la ti on s)

.

IV.

Fo r th e fo reg oi ng reas on s, we va cat e th e jud gm en t an d rem an d th e cas e to th e di st ric t co u r t fo r pr oc eed in gs co ns is te nt wit h th is op in io n. Bec au se we va cat e th e jud gm en t, we ne ed no t ad dr es s th e rem ai ni ng arg um en ts in Defen da nt s’ cro ss -ap pe al

an d i n P la in ti ffs ’ ap pe al

.

COLLOTON, Ci rcu it Ju dg e, di ss en ti ng

.

The Fed eral Ru le s of Ci vi l Pro ced ur e pr ov id e fo r th e di st ric t co ur t to es tabl is h

a sc he d u l in g or de r, to m od ify a sc he du li ng or de r fo r go od cau se , an d to sa nc ti on a
pa rty th at fai ls to co m

pl y wit h a sc he du li ng or de r reg ard in g d i s cl os ur e of ex pe rt
rep or ts

. In th is cas e, th e pl ai nt iff s so ug ht to subm it a su pp le m en ta l ex pe rt rep or t aft er th e de ad li ne i n t h e sc he du li ng or de r. The di st ric t co ur t di d no t fin d go od cau se to

m od ify th e sc he du le
, an d th us co nc lu de d th at th e pl ai nt iff s sh ou ld be sa nc ti on ed fo r th ei r la te su bm is si on

. Rat he r th an ex cl ud e th e la te rep or t en ti rel y , th e co urt ex erci se d
it s di sc ret io n to im

po se a le ss er sa nc ti on : pl ai n ti ffs were pe rm it te d to fil e th e

un ti m el y ex pe rt rep or t, bu t th ey w e re req ui red to pa y th e de fen da nt s co st s in th e

am o u n t of $6 1,2 22 .14 th at were in cu rred as a res ul t of th e ta rd y subm is si on

. I

co nc lu de th at th e co urt’s or de r w a s c o n si st en t wit h th e ru le s of pr oc edur e an d a
pe rm is si bl e ex erci se of d is cret io n.

Ru le 16 (b )(1 ) req ui res th e di st ric t co ur t to is su e a sc he du li ng or de r. The or de r in th is cas e req ui red th e pa rti es to di sc lo se ex pe rt rep or ts by Ja nu ary 15
, 20 14

. The pl ai nt iff s so ug ht to di sc lo se th e rev is ed ex pe rt rep or t in Mar ch 20 14

. The di st ric t

co ur t co rrec tl y co nc lu de d th at th e rep or t was no t a pr op er su pp le m en t un de r Ru le
26 (e). The co ur t fo un d in st ead th at t h e p l ai nt iff s were “ se ek in g to su bm it ex pe rt

-1 6-m at eri al s well aft er th e de ad li ne fo r di sc lo su re o f e x p ert rep or ts ,” an d tre at ed th e

rev is io n a s an ord in ary ex pe rt r ep or t u nd er Ru le 26 (a)( 2) (B).

Ano th er pr ov is io n on sc he du li ng , Ru le 16 (b )(4 ), pr ov id es th at a sc he du le m ay be m od ifi ed“ on ly for g oo d c au se an d wi th th e jud ge ’s con se nt .” The p la in ti ffs di d

no t es tabl is h go od cau se to m od ify th e sc he du le fo r di sc lo si ng ex pe rt rep or ts , so th e

rev is ed rep or t was un ti m el y

. The co ur t co nc lu de s th at th e an al y si s s t o p s t h e r e, bu t la ckof g oo d c au se un de r Ru le 16 (b ) is no t t he en d o f th e m at te r.

The ti m e to di sc lo se ex pe rt rep or ts is go ve rn ed by Ru le 26 (a)( 2) (D), whi ch in

tu rn in co rp or at es th e de ad li ne of th e co ur t’s sc he du li ng or de r. A p a rty who m ak es

a n u n t i m el y di sc lo su re of an ex pe rt rep or t vi ol at es Ru le 26 (a). Bu t an ot he r ru le o f
ci vi l pr oc edur e ad dr es se s wha t to do if a pa rty fai ls to pr ov id e in fo rm at io n as req ui red by Rul e 2 6( a).

Ru le 37 (c)( 1) , ent it le d “ Fai lu re t o Di sc lo se or S up pl em en t,” p ro vi de s:

If a pa rty fai ls to pr ov id e in fo rm at io n

. . . as req ui red by Ru le 26 (a)

. . . , th e pa rty i s no t al lo wed to us e th at in fo rm at io n

. . . t o su pp ly ev id en ce

o n a m ot io n, at a he ari ng , or at a tri al
, un le ss th e fa i l u r e w a s

su bs ta nt ia ll y jus ti fie d or is ha rm le ss

. In a d d i t i o n t o or in st ead of th is

sa nc ti on , th e co ur t, on m ot io n an d aft er gi vi ng an op po rtu ni ty to be he ard

. . . m ay or de r pa ym en t of th e reas on a b l e e x p en se s, in cl ud in g at to rn ey ’s fees , cau se d b y th e fai lu re . . . .

As se ve ral co ur ts ha ve reco gn iz ed , wh en a pa rty l ack s g o o d c a us e to m od ify

a sc he du li ng or de r, an d th us vi ol at es Ru le 2 6 ( a ) b y m ak in g a la te di sc lo su re, th e in qu iry tu rn s to Ru le 37 (c)( 1 )

. If th e fai lu re to co m pl y wit h Ru le 26 (a) “ was

su bs ta nt ia ll y jus ti fie d or is ha rm le ss ,” th en t h e u n t i mel y rep or t m ay be us ed at tri al
de sp it e th e vi ol at io n. Fed

. R. Ci v. P. 37 (c)( 1)

. If ne it he r of th os e cri te ria is sa ti sf ie d,

t h e n th e co ur t m

us t de te rm in e th e ap pr op ria te sa nc ti on un de r Ru le 37 (c)( 1)

. Se e

-1 7-Wo n g v

. Reg en ts of th e Uni v. of Ca l.
, 41 0 F.3 d 10 52
, 10 60 -6 2 (9 th Ci r. 20 05 );

W oo dw orker ’s Su

pp ly

, In c. v. Pri nc ip al Mut

. Li fe In s. Co.
, 17 0 F.3d 98 5, 99 3 (10 th
Ci r. 19 99 ); Vin so n v. Mic h. Dep ’t of Co rr

. , No. 14 -1 11 30
, 20 18 W L 13 12 40 0, at *2 (E.D. Mi ch

. Mar

. 14
, 20 18 ); Si mmon s v. Co ri zo n Hea lt h, In c. , No. 1: 14 cv 73 0, 20 16
W L 45 37 74 4, at *3 n.5 (M.D.N.C. Aug

. 29
, 20 16 ); Pau lu s v. Hol imo nt
, I n c

. , 31 5
F.R.D. 13
, 15 -1 8 (W .D.N.Y 20 16 ); Haw k-Bea uc hma n v. Romo
, No. CV-1 3- 57 -GFBMM -J TJ, 20 15 W L 12 78 05 72 , at * 1- 3 (D. M on t. J an . 2 2, 20 15 ); Tet zl af f v. Edu c. Cr ed it Mgmt

. Co rp

. , 52 1 B.R. 87 5, 87 9 & n.1 (E.D. W is

. 20 14 ); Sc ha rd in e v. Est at e of Flemi ng , No. CV 13 -6 3- BU-DWM-JC L, 20 14 W L 29 18 42 0
, a t * 2

- 3 (D. Mo nt

. Ju ne 26
, 20 14 ); Rat cl if

f v. Ci ty ofRed Lo dg e , No. CV 12 -7 9- BLG-DW M-J CL, 20 13
W L 58 17 21 0, at *2 -3 (D. Mo nt

. Oct. 29
, 20 13 ); Gre at N. I n s. Co

. v. Rui

z , No.
CV4 08 -1 94 , 20 10 W L 30 74 34 0, at *2 & n .4 (S .D. Ga. Aug. 4 , 20 10 ).

The di st ric t co ur t pr op erl y fo ll owe d th at se qu en ce he re. The co ur t di d no t fin d

go od c a u s e t o mo di fy th e sc he du li ng or de r, so it tu rn ed to Ru le 37 an d th e

co ns eque nc es fo r fai lu re to di sc lo s e i n a cco rd an ce wit h th e sc he du le

. The co ur t fo un d t ha t p la in ti ffs ’ laps e was no t s ub st an ti al ly j us ti fie d o r ha rm le ss . So t he co ur t th en co ns id ered th e ap pr op ria te san ct io n u nd er Ru le 37 (c)( 1)

.

The fir st se nt en ce of Rul e 37 (c)( 1) sa y s th at a pa rty fai li ng to di sc lo se “ is no t al lo wed to us e th at in fo rm at io n” at tri al

. The ad vi so ry co m m it te e no te s de sc rib e th is

as a “ se lf- ex ecu ti ng sa nc ti on fo r fai lu re to m ak e a di sc lo su re req ui red by Ru le 26 (a),
wit ho ut ne ed fo r a m ot io n” fo r sa nc ti on s. Fed

. R. Ci v. P. 37 (c) ad vi so ry co m m it te e’s

no te to 19 93 am en dm en t. Bu t whi le th e sa nc ti on of ex cl ud in g ev id en ce is

“ au to m at ic ” in th e se ns e th at th e co ur t m ay ap pl y it wit ho ut a m ot io n or he ari ng , se e id

. , it is no t th e on ly sa nc ti on av ai labl e. Des ig n St ra te gy, In c. v. Dav is , 46 9 F.3 d 28 4,
29 7- 98 (2 d Ci r. 20 06 ). The se co nd se nt en ce of Ru le 37 (c)( 1) sa y s pl ai nl y th at “ [i]n
ad di ti on to or in st ea d o

f t h i s sa nc ti on ,” th e co ur t m ay co ns id er ot he r op ti on s “ on

m ot io n and aft er giv in g an op po rtu ni ty to be he ard .” One o pt io n a va il ab le “ in st ead
of ” ex cl ud in g th e in fo rm at io n is to “ or de r p a ym e n t o f t he reas on ab le ex pe ns es

. . .

-1 8-cau se d by th e fai lu re” to co m pl y wit h Rul e 26 (a). Fed

. R. Ci v. P. 37 (c)( 1) (A). The
di st ric t co ur t se le ct ed th is op ti on aft er rece iv in g a mo t i o n fro m th e pl ai nt iff s an d gi vi ng bo th pa rti es anop po rtu ni ty to b e h eard on th e q ue st io n.

The di st ric t co ur t di d no t ab us e it s di sc ret io n in se le ct in g a le ss er sa nc ti on th an

ex cl u s i o n o f t h e in fo rm at io n co nt ai ne d in th e un ti m el y ex pe rt rep or t. The co ur t

reco gn iz ed th at whi le pl ai nt iff s cau se d de la y an d du pl ic a t i o n o f wor k by th e de fen da nt s, th e ne w in fo rm at io n was “ us efu l an d ne ces sa ry to th e di sp os it io n of th e

cas e on th e m eri ts .” The co ur t pe rm is si bl y ex pr es se d a pr efer en ce fo r di sp os it io n of
th e cas e on th e m eri ts , an d el ect ed to im po se a sa nc ti on ex pr es sl y au th or iz ed by Ru le
37 (c)( 1) (A) to co m

pe ns a te th e de fen da nt s. Thi s de te rm in at io n was co ns is te nt wit h
th e ru le s o f p ro ced ur e an d a reas on ab le ex erci se of th e di st ric t co ur t’s di sc ret io n in

m an ag in g t he li ti ga ti on

.

In rev ers in g th e jud gm en t, the co ur t char act eri zes th e di st ric t co ur t’s ord er as

on e th at “ ex te nd ed th e Ru le 16 (b ) di sc lo su re de ad li ne ” to al lo w th e rev is ed ex pe rt
rep or t, an te , at 14
, bu t th e or de r di d no t do so

. The de ad li ne fo r di sc lo su re of ex pe rt wit ne ss es was Ja nu ary 15
, 20 14
, an d th e di st ric t co ur t di d no t ex te nd or m od ify it

. Se e R. Doc

. 14 5, 14 9, 29 5. In st ead
, th e di st ric t co ur t reco gn iz ed th at t h e r e v i s ed

rep or t was la te , al lo wed th e pl ai nt iff s to fil e th e re p o r t , a nd im po se d sa nc ti on s fo r

su bm it ti ng a rep ort aft er th e de ad li ne

. The re wou ld ha ve be en no reas on or au th or it y
to i mp o s e sa nc ti on s if th e di sc lo su re were ti m el y un de r a rev is ed sc he du li ng or de r. Hav in g ru le d th at th e pl ai nt iff s wou ld be al lo wed
, wit h sa nc ti on s, to fil e th e un ti m el y

rev is ed rep or t a n d to us e in fo rm at io n fro m th e rep ort, th e co ur t th en rev is ed ot he r

sc he du li ng de ad li ne s b y

st ip ul at io n o f th e p art ie s an d fo r go od cau se

. R. Doc . 27 7,
29 5.

The co ur t al so se em s to be li ev e th at th e di st ric t co urt di d no t ad dr es s whe th er th e pl ai nt iff

s co u l d “ us e” th e un ti m el y ex pe rt rep or t wit hi n th e m ean in g of Ru le
37 (c)( 1)

. Ant e , at 14 -1 5 & n.4

. Bu t th e who le pu rp os e of su bm it ti ng th e rev is ed

-1 9-ex pe rt rep or t was to us e at tri al th e in fo rm at io n de sc rib ed th erei n, so th e di st ric t co ur t

rig ht ly ad dr es se d whe th er th e pl ai nt iff s’ un ti m el in es s warra nt ed “ co m pl et e ex cl us io n of th e ne w i nf

or m at io n.” R. Doc . 2 75 , a t 5. Acco rd Vin so n , 2 01 8 W L 1 31 24 00 , a t *2 ; Si mmon s , 20 16 W L 45 3 7 7 4 4
, a t *3 n.5 ; Pau lu s , 31 5 F.R.D. at 15 -1 8; Haw kBea uc hma n , 20 15 W L 12 78 05 72
, at *1 -3 ; Sc ha rd in e , 20 14 W L 29 18 42 0, at * 2

- 3 ; Gre at N

. I n s

. Co

. , 2 01 0 W L 30 74 34 0, at *2 & n.4

. It wou ld be pa ss in g st ran ge to

co ns tru e Ru le 37 (c)( 1) as au th or iz in g a di st ric t co ur t to pe rm it us e of an un di sc lo se d

ex pe rt’s in fo rm at io n at tri al bu t no t to al lo w fil in g an d di sc lo su re of th e sa m e ex pe rt’s

rep or t b efo re t ria l.

Fo r th es e reas on s, I co nc lu de th at th e co ur t di d no t ab u s e it s di sc ret io n by

a l l o win g th e pl ai nt iff

s to pr es en t ev id en ce at tri al ba se d on th ei r ex pe rt’s rev is e d

rep or t. Unl ik e a pr act ic e of al lo win g un ti m el y pl ead in g am en dm en ts un de r th e li be ral

st an da rd of Ru le 15 (a), se e Sh er man v. W in co Fir ewo rk

s, In c. , 53 2 F.3 d 70 9, 71 6 (8 th
Ci r. 20 08 ), th e di st ric t co urt’s ru li ng gi ve s effe ct to th e “ go od cau se ” req ui rem en t of
Ru le 16 (b ) b y e x a c ti ng a sa nc ti on fro m th e pl ai nt iff s fo r fai li ng to co m

pl y wit h th e

sc he du li ng or de r. Whe re Ru le 37 (c)( 1) sp eci fic al ly co nt em pl at es th at a co ur t m ay ch oo se a sa nc ti on ot he r th an ex cl us io n fo r a su bm is si on th at is un ti m el y un de r th e

sc he du li ng or de r, we ha ve no au th or it y to su pe rimpos e th e go od -cau se req ui rem en t of Ru le 16 (b ) in th at co nt ex t. The refo re, th e co ur t pr op erl y al lo wed th e ex pe rt to

te st ify bas edon hi s re vi se d re po rt a fte r sa nc ti on in g t he pl ai nt iff s.

The pa rti es rai s e se ve ral ot he r cl ai m s of erro r co nc ern in g th e di st ric t co urt’s

ru l i ng s in th e cas e, bu t th e co ur t do es no t ad dr es s th em aft er co nc lu di ng th a t t h e di st ric t co ur t was req ui red to ex cl ud e t h e r e v i s ed ex pe rt rep or t. Giv en th e co urt’s
di sp os it io n, di sc us si on of th e ot he r is su es in th is se pa rat e w r it in g wou ld be la rg el y

an acad em ic ex erci se

. Non e of th e ot he r po in ts rai se d wou ld jus ti fy th e rel ie f or de red by the co ur t, s o I r es pe ct fu ll y di ss en t.

__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __

-2 0-