**EXHIBIT      31.1**

|   | a) | Designed                such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure                controls and procedures to be designed under our supervision, to                ensure                that material information relating to the registrant, including its                consolidated subsidiaries, is made known to us by others within those                entities, particularly during the period in which this report is                being                prepared; |
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|   | b) | Evaluated                the effectiveness of the small business issuer’s disclosure controls and                procedures and presented in this report our conclusions about the                effectiveness of the disclosure controls and procedures as of the                end of                the period covered by this report based on such evaluation;                and |
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|   | c) | Disclosed                in this report any change in the registrant’s internal control over                financial reporting that occurred during the registrant’s most recent                fiscal quarter (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an                annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonable likely                to                materially affect, the registrant’s internal control over financial                reporting; and |
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|   | 2) | The                small business issuer’s other certifying officers and I have disclosed,                based on our most recent evaluation of internal control over financial                reporting, to the registrant’s auditors and the audit committee of the                registrant’s board of directors (or persons performing the equivalent                function): |
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|   | a) | All                significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or                operation of internal control over financial reporting which are                reasonably likely to adversely affect the small business issuer’s ability                to record, process, summarize and report financial information;                and |
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|   | b) | Any                fraud, whether material or not material, that involves management                or other                employees who have a significant role in the registrant’s internal                controls over financial reporting. |
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