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https://www.nist.gov/ambench/am-bench-2022-challenge-problems-and-measurement-results

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## Additive Manufacturing Benchmark Test Series (AM-Bench)

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# AM Bench 2022 Challenge Problems and Measurement Results

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## The AM Bench 2022 measurement data are undergoing internal reviews for public access.  The data links will go live as soon as possible.

The following links point to descriptions and measurement results for the 2022 AM Bench challenge problems.  These descriptions supplement the "AM Bench 2022 Measurements and Challenge Problems" links describing the challenge problems. It is highly recommended that modelers review the provided descriptions and details associated with each measurement.  This will provide key information regarding measurement procedures, caveats, measurement uncertainties, or important notes from scientists that conducted the measurements.

Please note that the challenge problems reflect only a small part of the validation measurement data provided by AM Bench for each set of benchmarks.  Due to the time-sensitive nature of the challenge problem data and answer keys, those data sets were prioritized and additional data sets will be released over the coming weeks and months.  Please check back for updates.

### **Metal AM Benchmarks**

**AMB2022-01:** Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) 3D builds of nickel-based superalloy IN718 test objects. Detailed descriptions are found **here**(last updated 4/22/2022) and measurement results****are found **here**. An informational webinar for AMB2022-01 and AMB2022-02 was held on May 5, 2022 and a link to the presentation is **here**.
                  - Time Above Melting Temperature (CHAL-AMB2022-01-TAM):  Time above the midpoint between the solidus and liquidus temperatures for the melt pool at specified locations within the build volume.  This metric is closely related to melt pool length but is explicitly location specific.
                  - Solid Cooling Rate (CHAL-AMB2022-01-SCR):  Cooling rate immediately following complete solidification (below solidus) at specified locations within the build.
                  - Residual Elastic Strains (CHAL-AMB2022-01-RS):  Residual elastic strain components at select locations internal to the bridge structure, corresponding to synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements. Measurement results may be downloaded at  https://doi.org/10.18434/mds2-2711 .
                  - Part Deflection (CHAL-AMB2022-01-PD):  Deflection of the as-built (no heat treatment) bridge structure after it is partially separated from the build plate. Measurement results may be downloaded at  https://doi.org/10.18434/mds2-2711 .
                  - Microstructure (CHAL-AMB2022-01-MS):  Histograms of direction-specific grain sizes from specified regions within as-built and heat-treated samples. 2D microstructure measurement data may be downloaded at  https://doi.org/*10.18434/mds2-2692* .
                  - Phase Evolution (CHAL-AMB2022-01-PE):  Formation and  evolution of phases and phase fractions, including major precipitates, as a function of time for heat treatments of IN718 from a 2.5 mm leg.

**AMB2022-02****:** Laser powder bed fusion 3D builds of nickel-based superalloy IN718 test objects, produced using different laser scan patterns. Note that residual elastic strain, part deflection, and microstructure measurements will be added later to the AMB2022-02 data sets and these were not part of the challenges. Detailed descriptions are found **here** (last updated 4/27/2022), and measurement results are found **here.** An informational webinar for AMB2022-01 and AMB2022-02 was held on May 5, 2022 and a link to the presentation is **here**.
                  - Time Above Melting Temperature (CHAL-AMB2022-02-TAM):  Time above the midpoint between the solidus and liquidus temperatures for the melt pool at specified locations within the build volume for the different laser scan patterns.  This metric is closely related to melt pool length but is explicitly location specific.
                  - Solid Cooling Rate (CHAL-AMB2022-02-SCR):  Cooling rate immediately following complete solidification (below solidus) at specified locations within the build for the different laser scan patterns.
                  -  **Part Deflection (CHAL-AMB2022-02-PD):** Deflection of the as-built (no heat treatment) bridge structure after it is partially separated from the build plate. 

**AMB2022-03****:** Individual laser tracks on bare metal plates of IN718 with different laser power, speed, and diameter settings. Also, arrays of adjacent laser tracks (pads) on bare metal plates of IN718 matching the odd and even layer scan patterns of the 2.5 mm thick leg from the 3D builds in AMB2022-01. Detailed descriptions are found******here**(last updated 5/26/2022), and measurement results are found **here****.** An informational webinar for AMB2022-03 was held on May 5, 2022 and a link to the presentation is **here**.
                  - Track Solid Cooling Rate (CHAL-AMB2022-03-TSCR):  Cooling rate immediately following complete solidification (below solidus) at the center of each track for all processing conditions.   Please see the NIST  Public Data Repository  for this challenge for measurement data.
                  - Track Liquid Cooling Rate (CHAL-AMB2022-03-TLCR):  Liquid cooling rate immediately before start of solidification (above liquidus) at the center of each track for all processing conditions.   Please see the NIST  Public Data Repository  for this challenge for measurement data.
                  - Track Time Above Melt (CHAL-AMB2022-03-TAM):  Time above the midpoint between solidus and liquidus temperature (assumed to be 1 298 °C) for single laser-scanned tracks.   Please see the NIST  Public Data Repository  for this challenge for measurement data.
                  - Track Melt Pool Geometry (CHAL-AMB2022-03-TMPG):  The laser track width & depth near the center of each track for all processing conditions. 
                  - Pad Solid Cooling Rate (CHAL-AMB2022-03-PSCR):  Cooling rate immediately following complete solidification (below solidus) at the center of each track for all processing conditions.   Please see the NIST  Public Data Repository  for this challenge for measurement data.
                  - Pad Time Above Melting (CHAL-AMB2022-03-PTAM):  Time above the midpoint between solidus and liquidus temperature (assumed to be 1 298 °C) liquidus temperature for specified locations of the X-Pads and Y-Pads.   Please see the NIST  Public Data Repository  for this challenge for measurement data.
                  - Pad Melt Pool Geometry (CHAL-AMB2022-03-PMPG):  Laser track depth and geometrical measurements describing the overlapping laser tracks near the center and near the edge of both X-Pads and Y-Pads. Please see the NIST  Public Data Repository  for this challenge for measurement data.

**AMB2022-04:** Mechanical measurement extension to AMB2018-01: laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) 3D builds of nickel-based superalloy IN625 test objects. Detailed challenge descriptions are found******here**. An informational webinar for AMB2022-04 was held on May 5, 2022 and a link to the presentation is **here**.
                  - Subcontinuum Mesoscale Tensile Test (CHAL-AMB2022-04-MeTT):  Predict subcontinuum stress strain behavior, fracture location, and width reduction of as-built IN625 meso-scale specimens. Please see the NIST  Public Data Repository  for this challenge for more detailed information and all data.
                  - Macroscale Tensile Tests at Different Orientations (CHAL-AMB2022-04-MaTO):  Predict bulk/continuum stress strain behavior of as-built IN625 tensile specimens at different specimen tensile axis orientations with respect to the build direction.  Please see the NIST  Public Data Repository  for this challenge for more detailed information and all data.
                  - Macroscale Compression at Different Temperatures and Orientations (CHAL-AMB2022-04-MaCTO):  Predict bulk/continuum stress strain behavior of as built IN625 compression specimens at different specimen compression axis orientations with respect to the build at three temperatures.   Please see the NIST Public Data Repository for this challenge for all data.
                  - **Macroscale Tensile Tests at Different Strain Rates:** Please see the NIST Public Data Repository (https://data.nist.gov/od/id/mds2-2760) for these data.

**AMB2022-05**: Microstructure measurement extension to AMB2018-01: laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) 3D builds of nickel-based superalloy IN625 test objects. Detailed descriptions are found **here**, and measurement results are found **here**. An informational webinar for AMB2022-05 was held on May 5, 2022 and a link to the presentation is **here**.
                  - **M** icrostructure (CHAL-AMB2022-05-MS):  Histograms of direction-specific grain sizes from specified regions within an as-built specimen.

### **Polymer AM Benchmarks**

**AMB2022-06:**Thermoplastic material extrusion of polycarbonate and polylactic acid test objects. Detailed descriptions are found **here**(last updated 5/9/2022), and measurement results are found **here.** An informational webinar for AMB2022-06 was held on May 6, 2022 and a link to the presentation is **here**.
                  - Road Width (CHAL-AMB2022-08-EW):  The maximum horizontal width of a single-printed road. [scalar]
                  - Road Dimensionless Cross Section (CHAL-AMB2022-08-DCS):  Shape of the cross section of a single road. Will be scaled to match benchmark results.  [2D area or perimeter].
                  - Road Cross Section (CHAL-AMB2022-08-CS):  Shape of the cross section. Will not be scaled, must be dimensionally accurate. [2D area or perimeter].

**AMB2022-07****:** Vat Photopolymerization Measurements of Cure Depth and Print Fidelity Vs. Varied Exposure Duration, Photopattern Dimensions, and Resin Characteristics. Detailed descriptions are found **here**(last updated 4/27/2022), and measurement results are found **here**. An informational webinar for AMB2022-07 was held on May 6, 2022 and a link to the presentation is **here**.
                  - Optical Profile at Print Plane (CHAL-AMB2022-07-OP):  Light intensity profile at the print plane.
                  - Cure Depth Dependence on Photomask Dimensions (CHAL-AMB2022-07-CD):  Cure depth as a function of photomask linewidth and resin characteristics.
                  - Print Profile (CHAL-AMB2022-07-PP):  Solid cross section profile of the printed patterns as a function of photomask linewidth and resin characteristics.

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