NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 15a0500n.06

Case No. 14-1545

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

SAMUEL AMBROSE,

Petitioner-Appellant,

v.

KENNETH ROMANOWSKI,

Respondent-Appellee.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE 

UNITED STATES DISTRICT 

COURT FOR THE EASTERN 

DISTRICT OF MICHIGAN

O P I N I O N

BEFORE: ROGERS and McKEAGUE, Circuit Judges; SARGUS, District Judge.*

McKEAGUE, Circuit Judge. Samuel Ambrose was convicted of second-degree murder 

in 1979 after an altercation outside of a bar in Detroit. The district court denied his petition for a 

writ of habeas corpus, and issued a certificate of appealability on two of his twelve claims: 

(1) the series of jury instructions—an error followed by a retraction and two later clarifications—

resulted in an unfair trial in violation of the Due Process Clause; and (2) ineffective assistance of 

counsel during the plea process in violation of the Sixth Amendment. The state court addressed 

the jury-instructions claim on direct appeal, and, applying AEDPA deference, that decision was 

 

*

The Honorable Edmund A. Sargus, Jr., Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the 

Southern District of Ohio, sitting by designation.
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not an unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court precedent. Ambrose’s

ineffective-assistance claim is procedurally defaulted as inexhaustible because his state-court 

ineffective-assistance claim is markedly different from his federal-court claim, and he cannot 

establish cause and prejudice to excuse the default. But even if we were to construe these two 

arguments as the same claim, it fails on the merits. We accordingly affirm.

I.

In April 1979, Ambrose got into a fight with Kenneth Brown outside of a bar in Detroit, 

Michigan. Brown died 15 days later from his injuries, and Ambrose was charged with seconddegree murder in the former Recorder’s Court for the City of Detroit. He argued self-defense at 

trial, but a jury convicted him of second-degree murder and the court sentenced him to life 

imprisonment. Ambrose filed many actions in state court before filing for a federal writ of 

habeas corpus in 2008. The district court denied all twelve of his claims and ultimately granted a 

certificate of appealability on two claims: (1) the jury instructions violated Ambrose’s rights 

under the Due Process Clause; and (2) Ambrose’s trial counsel was ineffective for failing to 

inform him of a plea offer. Ambrose v. Romanowski, No. 14-1545 (6th Cir. Oct. 27, 2014). The 

relevant facts and procedural history for each of the two claims are laid out below.

A.

Ambrose’s first claim challenges the trial court’s series of jury instructions that began 

with an error. At the completion of the proof stage, the court initially instructed the jury in a way 

that violated Michigan law: before the jury could consider the lesser-included manslaughter 

offense, they had to find him not guilty of the charged offense, second-degree murder. The

prosecutor immediately objected to this instruction, and the court informed the jury that it had 
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erred. In the next set of instructions, the court emphasized to the jury that it could consider the 

charges in any order. The court explained: 

I’m in error on that [instruction]. So, the two possible charges are—or the two 

charges are Murder in the Second Degree, the lesser included offense of 

Manslaughter, and you can only have one finding of—you can only find him 

guilty of one or the other or not guilty, all right, but you cannot find him guilty of 

both; one or the other or not guilty.

R. 2 at Page ID # 67. Before deliberations began, the trial court explained, “Now then, ladies 

and gentlemen, the verdicts that I’ve given to you will be given to you on a piece of paper. You 

discuss them in any order you care to.” Id.

The jury deliberated for about 30 minutes before being excused for the day. The jury 

returned for deliberations the following morning. After about 50 minutes of deliberations, the 

court summoned the jury, explaining, “I just wanted to make one point clear that perhaps I didn’t 

make clear in terms of your verdict. I gave you the two possible—three possible verdicts, and 

they are not guilty, guilty as charged, which is Second Degree Murder, guilty of the included 

offense of Manslaughter.” Id. at Page ID # 67–68. The court emphasized, “Now, you can 

consider those in any sequence you want.” Id. at Page ID # 68. The court referred to its original 

error once more, acknowledging that it “initially said something [] in terms of the order. 

I retracted that” and “wanted to make sure [the jury] understand[s]” that the verdicts can be 

considered in any order. Id. 

About fifteen minutes later, the jury requested reinstruction on the second-degree murder 

and manslaughter elements. The Court instructed:

If the evidence does not convince you beyond a reasonable doubt that the 

Defendant intended to kill, you must consider whether he acted with an 

unreasonable disregard for human life. It is sufficient for Murder of the Second 

Degree if the Defendant consciously created a very high degree of risk of death, 

and if he had knowledge of the probability of those consequences. However, if 
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you find that the Defendant’s acts did not amount to such a criminal purpose 

aimed against life, you must find the Defendant not guilty of Murder and consider 

whether or not he is guilty of Manslaughter.

Id. Ambrose appealed his conviction and raised this claim. A two-judge majority in the 

Michigan Court of Appeals held that the instructions did not taint Ambrose’s conviction because 

the jurors “were neither expressly [n]or impliedly coerced to reach a unanimous agreement of 

innocence on second-degree murder before they were at liberty to consider the lesser offense of 

manslaughter.” Id. The Michigan Supreme Court denied leave to appeal in 1983.

B.

Ambrose’s second claim involves an alleged plea offer during the pre-trial process. 

Ambrose was first represented by Attorney Oliver Nelson. Judge Gardner in the Recorder’s 

Court heard the case during pre-trial proceedings. At some point after the re-pretrial conference, 

the state provided Ambrose with a new attorney, Richard Nelson (no relation to Oliver Nelson), 

and the case was reassigned to Judge Roberts. According to Ambrose, Ambrose spoke with his 

first attorney, Oliver Nelson, about a plea offer “shortly after the preliminary examination.” R. 

71 at Page ID # 2211. Under the terms of the alleged agreement, Ambrose would plead guilty to 

manslaughter with a sentence of five-to-fifteen-years’ imprisonment. Ambrose testified that at 

some later time, Oliver Nelson told him that the prosecutor had “finally” agreed to the plea 

bargain. Ambrose allegedly informed Oliver Nelson he was interested in the plea bargain. He 

testified that he went to court and appeared before Judge Gardner and that Judge Gardner 

consented to the agreement and wrote it down. But nothing happened. 

After he was assigned to a new attorney, Ambrose claims that he also spoke to his second 

attorney, Richard Nelson, about that plea offer and that Richard Nelson told him “he would 

check into it or check something . . . .” R. 65 at Page ID # 1968. Nevertheless, Ambrose claims, 
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the case proceeded to trial. During trial, when the parties began discussing jury instructions and 

the lesser-included offense of manslaughter, Ambrose stated that it seemed like Richard Nelson 

had forgotten to investigate the plea. Ambrose testified that he would have accepted the plea at 

any point before trial.

Ambrose did not raise the issue on direct review or in state habeas proceedings, but did 

so pro se via motions for relief from judgment under Michigan Court Rules 6.500, et seq. 

Beginning in 1996, Ambrose unsuccessfully filed three motions for relief from judgment and a 

motion for a new trial based on his trial counsel’s alleged failure to convey to him a plea offer. 

Ambrose v. Romanowski, No. 08-CV-12502, 2014 WL 526131, at *7 (E.D. Mich. Feb. 10, 

2014). These were rejected under an amendment to Michigan Court Rule 6.502 as a second or 

successive motion. In 1998, the Michigan Supreme Court informed Ambrose that he could file 

for relief from judgment under Rule 6.502. In that filing, Ambrose relied solely on a “re-pretrial 

notice” document. On that document, the initial trial judge, Judge Gardner, had handwritten 

“Manslaughter” and “5–15.” See R. 2 at Page ID # 100. Ambrose claimed that this notation 

showed that the judge was documenting the prosecution’s legitimate plea offer and that he would 

have accepted that offer had he been informed of it. 

In 1998, he filed another motion for a new trial on the same grounds. At that point, 

Ambrose exchanged correspondences with Judge Gardner and provided him a copy of the repretrial notice. Judge Gardner responded, informing Ambrose that he did not remember the case, 

but that “the writing appears to be my writing.” Ambrose, 2014 WL 526131, at *1. Ambrose 

successfully filed a motion to supplement the record with this evidence. Ambrose filed another 

series of motions beginning in 2005. In 2005, Ambrose filed an amended motion for relief again 

based on ineffective assistance. That motion was denied, and Ambrose filed a motion for 
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delayed appeal of the denial and a motion to remand based on that same claim. Those motions

were denied in 2006. On appeal, the Michigan Court of Appeals denied both “for failure to meet 

the burden of establishing entitlement to relief under MCR 6.508(D)” on June 18, 2007. R. 2 at

Page ID # 93. The Michigan Supreme Court denied his application for leave to appeal and his 

motion to remand on the same basis in 2008. The Michigan Supreme Court likewise denied his 

motion for reconsideration. 

Ambrose filed for a federal writ of habeas corpus in 2008, raising twelve claims in the 

district court. The court initially held that Ambrose’s petition was time-barred, but this Court 

vacated the judgment and held that Ambrose may be able to show the limitations period lapsed 

“with a colorable showing that equitable tolling should apply given the state trial court’s 

improper refusal to consider his 1996 motion.” Ambrose v. Romanowski, No. 09-1937 (6th Cir. 

Feb. 10, 2011). On remand, the state conceded the statute of limitations issue and addressed the 

claims on the merits. Ambrose then successfully moved for an evidentiary hearing and 

appointment of counsel with respect to the ineffective-assistance claim. After the hearing, a 

magistrate judge recommended granting the writ on that claim. But the district court rejected 

that recommendation and concluded that the Michigan courts had adjudicated the claim on the 

merits, that the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act’s (AEDPA) deferential standard 

of review applied, and that the federal courts were confined on review to the record that was 

available to the state courts. The district court then denied habeas relief on all twelve claims. It 

issued a certificate of appealability only on the plea-offer claim. Later, on reconsideration, the 

district court granted a certificate of appealability on the jury-instructions claim. We are thus left 

with two claims on appeal.
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II.

This Court reviews de novo a district court’s denial of a writ of habeas corpus. Pinchon 

v. Myers, 615 F.3d 631, 638 (6th Cir. 2010). Under AEDPA, federal courts must pay deference 

to the state court depending on the nature of the court’s ruling. For claims adjudicated on the 

merits in state court, federal courts ask whether the claim “resulted in a decision that was 

contrary to, or involved an unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as 

determined by the Supreme Court of the United States,” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(1), or “resulted in a 

decision that was based on an unreasonable determination of the facts in light of the evidence 

presented in the State court proceeding,” 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d)(2). An “adjudication on the 

merits” ordinarily produces a “judgment” on the merits such that the state court previously 

investigated whether a claim had sufficient factual and legal support to establish a violation of 

federal law and decided that that claim did not. Benge v. Johnson, 474 F.3d 236, 241 (6th Cir. 

2007).

AEDPA establishes several procedural hurdles. A federal court may not grant habeas 

relief unless the petitioner has exhausted the remedies available in state courts or there are no 

available state corrective processes. 28 U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1); Hanna v. Ishee, 694 F.3d 596, 606 

(6th Cir. 2012). A claim is considered exhausted “when it is clear that a petitioner would be 

barred from review due to a state procedural bar.” Hanna, 694 F.3d at 607 (citing Gray v. 

Netherland, 518 U.S. 152, 161–62 (1996)). Federal court review is also confined by the 

procedural-default doctrine. A habeas petitioner’s claim will be deemed procedurally defaulted 

and not subject to review if each of the following four factors is met: (1) the petitioner failed to 

comply with a state procedural rule; (2) the state courts enforced the rule; (3) the state procedural 

rule is an adequate and independent state ground for denying review of a federal constitutional 
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claim; and (4) the petitioner has not shown cause and prejudice excusing the default. Guilmette 

v. Howes, 624 F.3d 286, 290 (6th Cir. 2010) (en banc). A federal court may, however, reach the 

merits of a procedurally-defaulted claim if the petitioner can establish cause and prejudice or “a 

fundamental miscarriage of justice, such as when the petitioner submits new evidence showing 

that a constitutional violation has probably resulted in a conviction of one who is actually 

innocent.” Moore v. Mitchell, 708 F.3d 760, 775 (6th Cir. 2013) (citing Murray v. Carrier, 

477 U.S. 478, 495–96 (1986)). 

A.

Ambrose first argues that the trial court’s series of instructions regarding the seconddegree murder charge and the lesser-included manslaughter offense rendered his trial 

fundamentally unfair in violation of the Due Process Clause. Because Ambrose raised this issue 

on direct appeal, AEDPA deference applies on review and we may only grant relief if the state 

court’s decision was contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, Supreme Court precedent. 

Ambrose cannot meet this burden and this claim fails.

In general, the fact that a jury instruction was allegedly incorrect under state law is not a 

basis for federal habeas relief. Estelle v. McGuire, 502 U.S. 62, 71–72 (1991); Byrd v. Collins, 

209 F.3d 486, 527 (6th Cir. 2000). On habeas review, federal courts ask “whether the ailing 

instruction by itself so infected the entire trial that the resulting conviction violates due process.” 

Cupp v. Naughten, 414 U.S. 141, 147 (1973); Estelle, 502 U.S. at 72. It is not enough that the 

instruction was “undesirable, erroneous, or even ‘universally condemned.’” Estelle, 502 U.S. at 

72 (citing Donnelly v. DeChristoforo, 416 U.S. 637, 643 (1974)). In evaluating the impact of the 

instruction, courts consider the claim in the context of the instructions and the trial record as a 

whole. Cupp, 414 U.S. at 147. The Supreme Court has defined the subcategory of infractions 
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that constitute constitutional violations very narrowly. Estelle, 502 U.S. at 73 (citing Dowling v. 

United States, 493 U.S. 342, 352 (1990)). 

The Michigan Court of Appeal’s 1983 opinion did not involve an unreasonable 

application of clearly established Supreme Court precedent. In that opinion, on direct review, a 

two-judge majority concluded that “[v]iewing the [series of instructions] in its entirety, we are 

convinced that the jurors were neither expressly [n]or impliedly coerced to reach a unanimous 

agreement of innocence on second-degree murder before they were at liberty to consider the 

lesser offense of manslaughter.” R. 2 at Page ID # 66–69. The majority’s reasoning, viewed 

through the lens of AEDPA deference, was not unreasonable. The trial court admitted the error, 

informed the jury of the error, and provided a curative instruction. The court again 

acknowledged the error the following morning. Contrary to Ambrose’s assertions, the court’s 

later response to the jurors’ question regarding the elements of second-degree murder does not 

change this analysis. There, the court clarified for the jury the elements of the charged offense. 

It is true that the jury could have construed that instruction as suggesting a sequence of 

consideration, but the trial court’s repeated recognition of its error and its following 

clarifications were so explicit as to prevent any confusion on this point during deliberation. 

Ambrose’s challenge to the jury instructions accordingly fails.

Ambrose erroneously relies on a dissenting opinion of the Michigan Court of Appeals, 

suggesting that because this case presents “a close call,” the “misleading jury instructions should 

not be allowed to permanently taint Petitioner’s right to a fair trial.” Appellant’s Br. at 26. The 

fact that there was a dissenting opinion on direct review or even that the issue may be a close call 

does not mean the majority’s analysis was unreasonable. The dissenting opinion cited “‘[t]he 

general rule in Michigan’” that “‘where both erroneous and proper instructions have been given 
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to the jury, the jury is presumed to have followed the erroneous instruction.’” R. 2, Order, Page 

ID # 72 (quoting People v. White, 282 N.W.2d 200, 201 (Mich. Ct. App. 1979)). But violations 

of Michigan law are not grounds for habeas relief. Our review is limited by AEDPA, which 

confines the analysis to Supreme Court precedent. AEDPA “creates a highly deferential 

standard for evaluating state-court rulings, which demands that state-court decisions be given the 

benefit of the doubt.” Davis v. Lafler, 658 F.3d 525, 530 (6th Cir. 2011) (en banc) (citations and 

internal quotation marks omitted). The state court majority’s reasoning did not involve an 

unreasonable application of clearly established Supreme Court precedent. 

B.

Ambrose next argues that his trial attorneys rendered ineffective assistance of counsel by 

failing to communicate Ambrose’s acceptance of an alleged plea offer. Ambrose has brought 

this ineffective-assistance claim at various points in both state and federal courts, but in

significantly different words: Ambrose presented this claim in state court as ineffective 

assistance due to his trial attorneys’ failure to convey to him the existence of a valid plea offer. 

Not until after the federal evidentiary hearing did Ambrose present the claim as ineffective 

assistance due to his trial attorneys’ failure to communicate his acceptance of that plea offer. 

Because these arguments are significantly different, the ineffective-assistance claim is 

procedurally defaulted as inexhaustible.

In order to exhaust, a petitioner must present the claim to every level of the state courts in 

one full round. Duncan v. Henry, 513 U.S. 364, 365–66 (1995); Pillette v. Foltz, 824 F.2d 494, 

497 (6th Cir. 1987). “[E]xhaustion requires that the same claim under the same theory be 

presented to state courts before raising it in a habeas petition.” Pillette, 824 F.2d at 497 (citing 

Franklin v. Rose, 811 F.2d 322, 325 (6th Cir. 1987)); see also Wagner v. Smith, 581 F.3d 410, 
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414–15 (6th Cir. 2009). Only “where the petitioner presented both the factual and legal basis for 

his claim to the state courts” is a claim fairly presented for exhaustion purposes. Hanna, 

694 F.3d at 606 (citations omitted); see also Williams v. Taylor, 529 U.S. 420, 437 (2000). The 

familiar Strickland standard applies when we review the merits of ineffective-assistance claims. 

Under that standard, a petitioner must show “that counsel’s representation fell below an objective 

standard of reasonableness.” Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 688 (1984). In addition, a 

petitioner “must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional 

errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Id. at 694. 

Ambrose raised an ineffective-assistance claim in state court, but it was not the same 

claim he is raising here. In state court, Ambrose repeatedly presented the claim as his counsel’s 

failure to notify him of the plea offer. R. 14-3 at Page ID # 314, 324 (“Had counsel disclosed the 

plea offer, Petitioner would have accepted the plea offer.”) On November 30, 1998, in his brief

in support of his motion for relief from judgment, Ambrose wrote that his attorney, Oliver 

Nelson, “did not notify Defendant by certified mail or otherwise of the plea offer” and “[n]either 

did trial attorney Richard Nelson.” R. 63-10 at Page ID # 1706. “If Defendant would have 

known that the plea offer existed, Defendant would have accepted the plea offer.” Id. at Page ID 

# 1706–07. In his 1999 letter to Judge Gardner, Ambrose wrote: “The Wayne County 

Prosecutor’s office made the plea offer, but my attorney did not convey the plea offer to me in a 

timely fashion. This information was withheld from me until after the trial.” R. 63-12 at Page 

ID # 1861. Again, in his 2005 appeals, he argued that his counsel failed to notify him of the 

judge’s approval of the plea offer. See R. 63-12 at Page ID # 1803–1805; R. 14-4 at Page ID # 

375. 
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After the federal evidentiary hearing, Ambrose argued that he “unequivocally” 

“communicated his desire to accept the manslaughter offer, both to Oliver Nelson and Richard 

Nelson” and “[i]t appears that Oliver Nelson did not pass on this bit of information to Richard 

Nelson when Richard took over the case.” R. 67 at Page ID # 2126. Despite this shift in 

wording, the district court continued to classify his argument as one premised on his attorneys’

failure to convey to Ambrose the existence of a plea offer.

Ambrose’s two separate ineffective-assistance of counsel claims do not satisfy the 

requirement that petitioners “fairly present” the claim in state court. While the two claims—

failure to convey a plea offer to Ambrose and failure to communicate Ambrose’s acceptance of 

that plea offer—both require proof of an actual plea offer, they are markedly different. The 

former claim asserts that Ambrose did not even know of the existence of a plea offer during pretrial proceedings. The latter, on the other hand, asserts that not only did Ambrose know, but that 

he actually informed his counsel that he accepted the plea offer. Our precedent requires 

petitioners to state with exact specificity the factual nature of their claim. See Hanna, 694 F.3d 

at 609 (“Whether or not Petitioner’s efforts to exhaust were sufficient, his current claim is easily 

distinguishable because the factual basis supporting his arguments has changed dramatically.”). 

Ambrose’s claims suggest conflicting arguments and rest on a different set of facts. This is 

significant “because of the important federal-state comity concerns served by the exhaustion 

doctrine.” Jalowiec v. Bradshaw, 657 F.3d 293, 304 (6th Cir. 2011) (citing Picard v. Connor, 

404 U.S. 270, 275–78 (1971)). We have recognized that is not enough that the different claims 

rest on similar facts, that the claims were “somewhat similar,” or that the arguments were “selfevident.” Id. (citing Anderson v. Harless, 459 U.S. 4, 6 (1982)). Accordingly, it is clear that the 

state courts were not fairly presented with the argument Ambrose makes before this Court. 
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Because Ambrose failed to properly exhaust his current argument in state court, and he no longer 

has a state-court remedy available since he has already filed a motion for relief from judgment 

under Mich. Ct. R. 6.502(G)(1), his claim is procedurally defaulted. See Jalowiec, 657 F.3d at 

304; O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 848 (1999) (holding that failure to timely exhaust 

habeas claim amounts to procedural default). 

Ambrose may overcome procedural default by showing cause and prejudice for the 

default. He “may also obtain review of his claim if review would prevent a fundamental 

miscarriage of justice,” for example by “submit[ting] new evidence showing that a constitutional 

violation has probably resulted in a conviction of one who is actually innocent.” Jones v. 

Bagley, 696 F.3d 475, 484 (6th Cir. 2012). Ambrose cannot excuse the default under either 

route. To demonstrate cause, a petitioner must “show that some objective factor external to the 

defense impeded counsel’s efforts to comply with the State’s procedural rule.” Carrier, 477 U.S. 

at 488. Ambrose has not argued cause and prejudice and we find no evidence to suggest that any 

external factor impeded him from pleading his ineffective-assistance claim, as phrased in federal 

court, in state court. Ambrose’s pro se status during the state post-conviction proceedings does 

not change this analysis. Because Ambrose has not established cause to excuse the default, we 

need not consider prejudice.

This claim was not only procedurally defaulted, it also in any event fails on the merits. 

Construing Ambrose’s state and federal court arguments extremely liberally as broader 

ineffective-assistance claims with respect to the entire pre-trial representation, the state court 

adjudicated the claim on the merits such that AEDPA deference applies, and Ambrose cannot 

overcome that hurdle. The Supreme Court has narrowed our consideration of habeas claims, 

instructing courts that “[i]f a claim has been adjudicated on the merits by a state court, a federal 
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habeas petitioner must overcome the limitation of § 2254(d)(1) on the record that was before that 

state court.” Cullen v. Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. 1388, 1400 (2011). “[Section] 2254(d) does not 

require a state court to give reasons before its decision can be deemed to have been ‘adjudicated 

on the merits.’” Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 100 (2011). Rather, federal habeas courts 

must presume that “the state court adjudicated the claim on the merits in the absence of any 

indication or state-law procedural principles to the contrary” or any “reason to think some other 

explanation for the state court’s decision is more likely.” Id. at 99–100; Sadler v. Howes, 541 F. 

App’x 682, 688–89 (6th Cir. 2013). A state-court adjudication, even without an explanation, 

thus is “presumed to be on the merits.” Ballinger v. Prelesnik, 709 F.3d 558, 562 (6th Cir. 

2013).

The state courts’ most recent orders citing Michigan Court Rule 6.508(D) are ambiguous, 

so we look to the “last reasoned state court opinion to determine the basis for the state court’s 

rejection of [the] claim.” Guilmette, 624 F.3d at 291. We accordingly consider the state court’s 

January 26, 2006 order denying Ambrose’s amended motion for relief from judgment. The 

summary order states that after the court reviewed the relevant pleadings and records, the motion 

for judgment was “denied.” R. 2, Order, Page ID # 92. There is no indication that the trial court 

relied on a procedural rule here, see McClellan v. Rapelje, 703 F.3d 344, 348 (6th Cir. 2013), or 

anything other than the merits of Ambrose’s ineffective-assistance claim. And without evidence 

that the court relied on some other ground, Ambrose cannot overcome Richter’s presumption. 

We therefore construe the denial of his motion for relief from judgment, without reference to a 

state procedural rule, to be a denial on the merits of the ineffective-assistance claim.

Applying AEDPA deference and confining our review to the state court record as we are 

required to do, see Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. at 1400, Ambrose’s claim fails. The district court 
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correctly determined that the trial court’s denial of Ambrose’s motion for relief from judgment 

was not contrary to, or an unreasonable application of, clearly established Supreme Court 

precedent. Generally, “defense counsel has the duty to communicate formal offers from the 

prosecution to accept a plea on terms and conditions that may be favorable to the accused.” 

Missouri v. Frye, 132 S. Ct. 1399, 1408 (2012). In order to show defective performance such 

that ineffective assistance led to the offer’s rejection or lapse, Ambrose must start by showing 

that there was an actual plea offer from the prosecutor. On the record presented to the state 

court, Ambrose simply cannot show that there was a formal plea offer made by the prosecutor, 

especially under the deferential standard of review. 

The sole piece of evidence that Ambrose relied on in state court is a “re-pretrial” form 

with the pre-trial judge’s notations “Manslaughter 5–15.” Ambrose’s argument requires a lot of 

conjecture, which is not appropriate on habeas review. “AEDPA erects a formidable barrier to 

federal habeas relief for prisoners whose claims have been adjudicated in state court . . . ‘If this 

standard is difficult to meet’—and it is—‘that is because it was meant to be.’” Burt v. Titlow, 

134 S. Ct. 10, 15–16 (2013) (quoting Richter, 562 U.S. at 102). These notations might document

the judge’s thought processes during the proceedings. Or, as the state points out, they could 

represent an offer made by the defense counsel. There is simply no evidence that these notations 

represent anything beyond what they are: simple notations. If Ambrose’s attorneys were never 

presented with a valid offer, his trial attorneys could not have failed to convey to Ambrose a 

legitimate plea offer nor could they have failed to convey Ambrose’s acceptance of that plea 

offer.

III.

For these reasons, we affirm.