# Patent

## Title
Machine learning gene mining method and phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant for amino translocation

## Abstract

Disclosed are a machine learning gene mining method and a phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant for amino translocation. The phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant for amino translocation is obtained by mutation of a wild-type phosphinothricin dehydrogenase with an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID No.2 at one of the following sites: (1) E263D-K134R-H96A-R290V; (2) E263D-K134R-H96A; (3) E263D-K134R; (4) E263D; (5) E263N; (6) E263C; and (7) E263G. The present invention utilizes the site-saturation mutagenesis technology to mutate a phosphinothricin dehydrogenase gene as shown in SEQ ID No. 1, finds that the 263rd, 134th, 290th and 290th positions are the key sites affecting enzyme activity and stereoselectivity, and obtains a mutant with enzyme activity and ee value much higher than those of the parent phosphinothricin dehydrogenase.

## Background
Applicant hereby electronically submits the Sequence Listing in ASCII text file (CRF format) with the file name of P76185USO_SEQ_LIST_ST25.txt, created on Oct. 20, 2021 and with the size of 12,288 bytes, which is hereby incorporated by reference. It is respectfully submitted that the Sequence Listing in CRF format does not include new matter. In addition, the Sequence Listings hereby submitted satisfy both the paper copy requirement under 37 CFR 1.821(c) and the computer-readable form requirement of 37 CFR 1.182(e). Thus, the requirement of 37 CFR 1.821(f) has been satisfied.
FIELD OF TECHNOLOGY
The present invention relates to the field of biotechnology, in particular to a machine learning-aided gene mining method and a phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant for amino translocation.
BACKGROUND TECHNOLOGY
Phosphinothricin (also known as glufosinate, PPT for short), with a chemical name of 2-amino-4-[hydroxy(methyl)phosphono]-butyric acid, is the second largest herbicide tolerated by transgenic crops in the world. It was first developed and produced by Hoechst (which is now owned by Bayer after several mergers). Phosphinothricin is also known as glufosinate ammonium salt, Basta and Buster. Phosphinothricin belongs to phosphonic acid herbicides and non-selective (killing) contact herbicides and is a glutamine synthetase inhibitor.
Phosphinothricin has two optical isomers, L-phosphinothricin and D-phosphinothricin. However, only the L-form has physiological activity, and is easily decomposed in the soil, is less toxic to humans and animals, has a broad herbicidal spectrum and is less destructive to the environment.
Phosphinothricin currently available on the market is generally a racemic mixture. If the phosphinothricin product can be used as a pure optical isomer in the L-configuration, the consumption of phosphinothricin can be remarkably reduced, which is of great significance for improving atomic economy, reducing use cost and lowering environmental pressure.
There are three main methods for preparing chiral pure L-phosphinothricin: chiral resolution, chemical synthesis and biocatalysis. The biocatalysis method for producing phosphinothricin has the advantages of strict stereoselectivity, mild reaction conditions, and high yield, and is an advantageous method for producing L-phosphinothricin, which mainly includes the following three categories:
1) L-phosphinothricin is obtained by direct hydrolysis of L-phosphinothricin derivatives as the substrate through an enzyme method. For this route, the main advantages are that the conversion is high, and the e.e. value of the product is high, but expensive and difficult-to-obtain chiral raw materials are needed as precursors, resulting in increased cost, which is not conductive to industrialized production. For example, the simplest process for preparing L-phosphinothricin by the biological method is to directly hydrolyze bialaphos by using protease. Bialaphos is a natural tripeptide compound, which, under the catalysis of protease, can lose two molecules of L-alanine to obtain L-phosphinothricin.
2) L-phosphinothricin is obtained through selective resolution of a precursor of racemic phosphinothricin by an enzyme. The main advantages are that the raw materials are relatively easily available, and the catalyst activity is high, but the theoretical yield can only reach 50%, resulting in the waste of raw materials. For example, Cao et al. (Cao C-H, Cheng F, Xue Y-P, Zheng Y-G (2020) Efficient synthesis of L-phosphinothricin using a novel aminoacylase mined from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia. Enzyme and Microbial Technology 135 doi:10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109493) performed chiral resolution of N-acetyl-PPT using a novel aminoacylase derived from Stenotrophomonas maltophilia to obtain L-phosphinothricin. Whole cells were used for catalysis, the conversion was >49% in 4 hours and optically pure L-PPT (>99.9% e.e.) was obtained.
3) With α-keto acid-2-carbonyl-4-(hydroxymethylphosphono)butyric acid (PPO) as the substrate, L-phosphinothricin is obtained by asymmetric synthesis with enzymes, mainly including transaminase and phosphinothricin dehydrogenase. Bartsch et al. (Bartsch K (2005) Process for the preparation of 1-phosphinothrcine by enzymatic transamination with aspartate. U.S. Pat. No. 6,936,444B1) used PPO as the substrate, L-aspartic acid as the amino donor to react as catalyzed by transaminase screened and separated from soil microorganisms and having specific enzymatic activity for PPO and L-aspartic acid. With a substrate concentration of 552 mM, the reaction was carried out at a very high temperature (80° C.) for 4 hours, and the conversion reached 52%, and the space-time yield was 4.5 g L-PPT/g of biocatalyst/h. However, preparation of L-phosphinothricin using transaminase has two major defects. One is that this is a reversible reaction, the raw material PPO cannot be completely converted into L-PPT, and it is impossible for the conversion to reach 100%; second, to make the reversible reaction proceed in the direction of producing L-PPT, at least 2 times of L-aspartic acid as the amino donor is needed, whereas excessive aspartic acid brings great trouble to the separation of L-PPT.
Among various enzymatic synthesis routes of phosphinothricin, the ketocarbonyl group in the keto acid intermediate is a latent chiral functional group, with which a chiral center can be constructed through an enzymatic synthesis route; and the keto acid route becomes a route suitable for industrial development and production of L-phosphinothricin because the raw materials are cheap and readily available, and the use of highly toxic cyanides can be avoided.
Amino acid dehydrogenase (EC 1.4.1.X, AADH) is a kind of amino acid dehydrogenase that can achieve reversible deamination of amino acids to produce the corresponding keto acids, which requires the participation of nucleoside coenzyme (NAD(P)+) in the reaction. It has been widely used in the synthesis of natural and non-natural α-amino acids. According to their substrate specificity, amino acid dehydrogenases can be divided into glutamate dehydrogenase, leucine dehydrogenase, alanine dehydrogenase, and valine dehydrogenase or the like. An amino acid dehydrogenase will be called “phosphinothricin dehydrogenase (PPTDH)” if it shows activity towards phosphinothricin precursors.
Glucose dehydrogenase (EC1.1.1.47, GDH) is an important biocatalytic coenzyme for the regeneration cycle of coenzyme NAD(P)H in the redox catalytic reaction.
At present, the industrial synthesis of L-PPT involves asymmetric synthesis and racemic resolution by chemical synthesis or biological enzyme methods. However, asymmetric synthesis methods often require expensive chiral reagents, cofactor NADP+, keto acid substrates, or harsh reaction processes that do not meet the criteria of “green chemistry”. Besides, the content of NAD in cells is 100 times that of NADP, and NAD is more stable and lower in cost than NADP. Therefore, by modifying the coenzyme preference of phosphinothricin dehydrogenase, NAD and NADP can be simultaneously used as coenzyme, which is more beneficial to industrial production.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention provides a phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant for amino translocation, an recombinant bacterium comprising a high expressed glucose dehydrogenase gene, and an application thereof in preparing L-phosphinothricin, wherein the phosphinothricin dehydrogenase in the genetically recombinant bacterium is subjected to site-directed mutagenesis, so that the phosphinothricin dehydrogenase can utilize NADH and NADPH simultaneously in synthesis of L-PPT; and in catalytic preparation of L-phosphinothricin, high substrate conversion, high space-time yield and high total turnover number can be achieved.
The present invention firstly provides a phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant for amino translocation, which is obtained by mutating phosphinothricin dehydrogenase derived from Pseudomonas hunanensis at one of the following sites, with the amino acid sequence of a wild-type phosphinothricin dehydrogenase as shown in SEQ ID No.2: (1) E263D-K134R-H96A-R290V; (2) E263D-K134R-H96A; (3) E263D-K134R; (4) E263D; (5) E263N; (6) E263C; and (7) E263G.
The present invention also provides a gene encoding the phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant for amino translocation.
The present invention also provides a genetically recombinant bacterium comprising a host cell and a target gene transformed into the host cell, wherein the target gene comprises the gene. Preferably, the target gene in the genetically recombinant bacterium further comprises a gene encoding a glucose dehydrogenase. By simultaneously cloning the gene of the phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant for amino translocation and the gene encoding the glucose dehydrogenase into the same host cell, the obtained genetically recombinant bacterium can simultaneously express the two enzymes. More preferably, the GenBank accession number of the gene sequence encoding the glucose dehydrogenase is KM817194.1.
The present invention also provides an application of the phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant for amino translocation, the gene or the genetically recombinant bacterium in preparing L-phosphinothricin.
The present invention also provides a method for preparing L-phosphinothricin, wherein 2-carbonyl-4-(hydroxymethylphosphono)butyric acid as a substrate reacts as catalyzed by a catalyst in the presence of an inorganic amino donor, a coenzyme circulation system and a corresponding co-substrate to obtain L-phosphinothricin;
The catalyst is one of:
(1) the phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant for amino translocation; and
(2) a genetically recombinant bacterium capable of producing the phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant for amino translocation or a crude enzyme liquid obtained by lysis of the genetically recombinant bacterium.
Preferably, the coenzyme circulation system is at least one of:
(1) a formate dehydrogenase coenzyme circulation system comprising a formate dehydrogenase, a formate and a coenzyme;
(2) a glucose dehydrogenase coenzyme circulation system comprising a glucose dehydrogenase, glucose and a coenzyme; and
(3) an alcohol dehydrogenase coenzyme circulation system comprising an alcohol dehydrogenase, isopropanol and a coenzyme.
More preferably, the formate dehydrogenase is derived from Lactobacillus buchneri, and the NCBI accession number of amino acid sequence thereof is WP_013726924.1; the glucose dehydrogenase is derived from Exiguobacteriurn sibiricum, and the NCBI accession number of encoding gene thereof is KM817194.1; the alcohol dehydrogenase is derived from Lactobacillus brevis, and the NCBI accession number of encoding gene thereof is LK055285.1.
The present invention also provides a machine learning gene mining method, which comprises the following steps:
(1) establishment of decision tree: randomly selecting sequences from a gene bank, and with regard to the configuration of a machine learning kit scikit-learn, adopting random forest, with “n_estimator” parameter set as 1000 and other parameters as default values: randomly selecting 10 samples with replacement, and training one decision tree by using the selected 10 samples as the samples at a root node of the decision tree;
(2) setting features, including:
(a) protein size: candidate proteins are 300-500 amino acids in length,
(b) necessary characteristic sequences at both ends of phosphinothricin dehydrogenase: a first segment is GGGKGG, and a second segment is one of VVTG, FVTG, VLTG, VFTG, FITG, FFTG, VVFG, FVFTG, VLFG, VFFG, FLFG, and FFFG;
(3) decision tree splitting: when each sample has the features of the step (2), when a node of the decision tree needs to be split, one feature is randomly selected from the features, and each node in the decision tree forming process is split according to the step (2) until it can no longer be split;
(4) establishing decision trees according to the steps (1) to (3) to form a random forest, putting genes in the gene bank into the random forest so as to be judged and classified by each decision tree in the random forest respectively, and selecting a tree with the largest number of genes; and
(5) performing amino acid sequence alignment on genes in the tree with the largest number of genes in the step 4 against a known phosphinothricin dehydrogenase, and selecting a gene with the highest sequence similarity as a screened phosphinothricin dehydrogenase gene.
Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects:
(1) The present invention utilizes the site-saturation mutagenesis technology to mutate the phosphinothricin dehydrogenase gene as shown in SEQ ID No. 1, finds that the 263rd, 134th, 290th and 290th positions are the key sites affecting enzyme activity and stereoselectivity, and obtains a mutant with enzyme activity and ee value much higher than those of the parent phosphinothricin dehydrogenase.
(2) The method for preparing L-phosphinothricin provided by the present invention can use PPO as a substrate to react directly, with NAD or NADP as a coenzyme, glucose as a co-substrate, and ammonium sulfate as an inorganic ammonium donor in the reaction process; and under the action of the mutant PhPPTDH-V375S-I167M-E263D, the highest conversion is 100 percent, and the method is of value in application.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram showing preparation of L-PPT by asymmetric reductive amination of PPO catalyzed by PPTDH double enzyme coupling, wherein FIG. 1 (a) shows PPTDH coupled with a glucose dehydrogenase, FIG. 1 (b) shows PPTDH coupled with a formate dehydrogenase, and FIG. 1 (c) shows PPTDH coupled with an alcohol dehydrogenase.
FIG. 2 is a plasmid profile of the coupled PPTDH and EsGDH expression vector obtained in Example 2.
FIG. 3 is a protein gel electrophoresis image, wherein Lanes 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 represents Marker; Lanes 2 and 3 represent the supernatant and precipitate of PhPPTDH-E263N; Lanes 5 and 6 represent the supernatant and precipitate of PhPPTDH-E263C; Lanes 8 and 9 represent the supernatant and precipitate of PhPPTDH-E263N; Lanes 11 and 12 represent the supernatant and precipitate of PhPPTDHE263G; and Lanes 14 and 15 represent the supernatant and precipitate of PhPPTDH.
FIG. 4 is a reaction process diagram showing preparation of 100 ml of L-PPT by asymmetric reductive amination using the phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant PhPPTDH-E263D-K134R-H96A-R290V in Example 7.
FIG. 5 is a reaction process diagram showing preparation of 500 ml of L-PPT by asymmetric reductive amination using the phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant PhPPTDH-E263D-K134R-H96A-R290V in Example 8.



DESCRIPTION OF THE EMBODIMENTS
Example 1
Machine Learning (Random Forest Strategy) Gene Mining of Phosphinothricin Dehydrogenase Gene
(1) Establishment of decision tree: 100,000 sequences were randomly selected from an NCBI microbial gene bank; for these 100,000 sequences, the machine learning tool kit scikit-learn was configured using the random forest, with n_estimator parameter set as 1000, and the remaining parameters as default values: 10 samples were randomly selected with replacement (select one sample at a time at random, and then return to continue the selection), and the selected 10 samples were used to train a decision tree as the samples at a root node of the decision tree.
(2) Setting features (attributes): (a) protein size: length of candidate proteins (300-500 amino acids); (b) necessary characteristic sequences at both ends of phosphinothricin dehydrogenase (i.e., only the enzyme containing both sequences can be a phosphinothricin dehydrogenase): a first segment was GGGKGG, and a second segment was one of VVTG, FVTG, VLTG, VFTG, FITG, FFTG, VVFG, FVFTG, VLFG, VFFG, FLFG, and FFFG.
(3) Decision tree splitting: when each sample had the above three attributes, when a node of the decision tree needed to be split, one attribute was randomly selected from the three attributes. Each node in the decision tree formation process was split according to the step (2) (until it could no longer be split).
(4) 246 decision trees were established according to the steps 1 to 3 to form a random forest. Then, all genes in the NCBI microbial gene bank were put into the forest to be judged and classified by each decision tree in the forest respectively, and the tree with the largest number of genes was selected.
(5) The amino acid sequences of these genes were aligned with a known phosphinothricin dehydrogenase (WP_060477601.1). A phosphinothricin dehydrogenase (PhPPTDH, Genbank: WP_179026919.1, with an amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID No. 2, derived from Pseudomonas hunanensis) with the highest sequence similarity was selected.
Example 2
Construction of Genetically Recombinant Bacterium
FIG. 1 is the reaction diagram for production of L-PPT through amino translocation as catalyzed by a genetically recombinant bacterium with coupled ammonium phosphine dehydrogenase and glucose dehydrogenase double enzymes, wherein FIG. 1 (a) shows PPTDH coupled with a glucose dehydrogenase, FIG. 1 (b) shows PPTDH coupled with a formate dehydrogenase, and FIG. 1 (c) shows PPTDH coupled with an alcohol dehydrogenase.
1. Construction of Genetically Recombinant Bacterium with Phosphinothricin Dehydrogenase
The phosphinothricin dehydrogenase gene (nucleotide sequence as shown in SEQ ID No.1, amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID No. 2) was used to construct an expression vector pETDuet-PhPPTDH to transform E. coli, thereby obtaining an original strain E. coli BL21(DE3)/pETDuet-PhPPTDH.
2. Construction of Genetically Recombinant Bacterium with Coupled Phosphinothricin Dehydrogenase and Glucose Dehydrogenase
A glucose dehydrogenase (GDH) gene (Genbank: KM817194.1) derived from Exiguobacterium sibiricum was selected to perform whole-gene synthesis to construct a genetically engineered strain E. coli BL21(DE3)/pETDuet-PhPPTDH-EsGDH. The plasmid profile of the obtained coupled PPTDH and EsGDH expression vector is shown in FIG. 2.
Example 3
The library of phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutants was prepared by three rounds of site-saturation mutagenesis with primer designs shown in Table 1.
In the first round, with a vector pETDuet-PhPPTDH as a template, and the site-directed mutagenesis primers E263X-F and E263X-R in Table 1 as primers (wherein in the degenerate bases involved in the primer sequence, N represents A, C, G or T; K represents G or T; M represents A or C), PCR was conducted to mutate the glutamic acid at position 263 of the phosphinothricin dehydrogenase amino acid sequence as shown in SEQ ID No. 2 into other natural amino acids, followed by transformation, plate coating, and screening of dominant strains to obtain phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutants PhPPTDH-E263D, PhPPTDH-E263N, PhPPTDH-E263C, and PhPPTDH-E263G, and recombinant plasmids pETDuet-PhPPTDH-E263D-EsGDH, pETDuet-PhPPTDH-E263N-EsGDH, pETDuet-PhPPTDH-E263C-EsGDH, and pETDuet-PhPPTDH-E263G-EsGDH. Among them, PhPPTDH-E263D and the recombinant plasmid pETDuet-PhPPTDH-E263D-EsGDH had the highest activity.
In the second round, with the recombinant plasmid pETDuet-PhPPTDH(E263D)-EsGDH obtained in the first round as a template and the site-directed mutagenesis primers K134X-F and K134X-R in Table 1 as primers, PCR was conducted to mutate the valine at position 134 into other natural amino acids, followed by transformation and plate coating to obtain an optimal phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant PhPPTDH-E263D-K134R, and the recombinant plasmid obtained by mutation was pETDuet-PhPPTDH(E263D-K134R)-EsGDH.
In the third round, with the recombinant plasmid pETDuet-PhPPTDH(E263D-K134R)-EsGDH obtained in the second round as a template and the site-directed mutagenesis primers H96X-F and H96X-R in table 1 as primers, PCR was conducted to mutate the histidine at position 96 into other natural amino acids, followed by transformation and plate coating to obtain the optimal phosphinothricin dehydrogenase dominant mutant PhPPTDH(E263D-K134R-H96A), and the obtained recombinant plasmid was pETDuet-PhPPTDH(E263D-K134R-H96A)-EsGDH.
In the fourth round, with the recombinant plasmid pETDuet-PhPPTDH-E263D-K134R-H96A-EsGDH obtained in the third round as a template, and the site-directed mutagenesis primers R290X-F and R290X-R in Table 1 as primers, PCR was conducted to mutate the arginine at position 290 into other natural amino acids, followed by transformation and plate coating to obtain the optimal phosphinothricin dehydrogenase dominant mutant PhPPTDH(E263D-K134R-H96A-R290V), and the obtained recombinant plasmid was pETDuet-PhPPTDH(E263D-K134R-H96A-R290V)-EsGDH.







TABLE 1







Primer designs for phosphinothricin dehydro-


genase site-directed mutagenesis









Mutation
Primer



site
name
Primer sequence (5′-3′)





E263X
E263X-F
GTCTGACTCCnnkGGCACCTTGTACGCTG



E263X-R
TACAAGGTGCCmnnGGAGTCAGACAGCGA


 


K134X
K134X-F
CGACCCTnnkGGCAAGAGCGACGCTGAAG



K134X-R
GTCGCTCTTGCCmnnAGGGTCGAAGTCCG


 


H96X
H96X-F
TGCGTTTCnnkCCGTCGGTTAACCTCAGC



H96X-R
ACCGACGGmnnGAAACGCAGCCCGCCCTT


 


R290X
R290X-F
GCGCGGCnnkATCAGCGAGCTGGCCGGGC



R290X-R
TCGCTGATGCGGCCmnnCTTGACGTTCTT









The mutation PCR system (50 μL) consisted of 25 μL of 2-fold Phanta Max buffer, 1 μL of dNTPs, 1 μL of each of upper and lower primers for mutation, 1 μL of template, 1 μL of Phanta Super-Fidelity DNA polymerase, and ddH2O making up to 50 μL.
PCR conditions: pre-denaturation at 95° C. for 5 min; 30 cycles: 90° C. for 30 seconds, 58-60° C. for 30 seconds, 72° C. for 7 min; and final elongation at 72° C. for 10 min.
The PCR results were verified by DNA agarose gel electrophoresis, the PCR products were subjected to template digestion by Dpn I enzyme at 37° C. and 160 rpm for 15 min, and purified with a purification kit. E. coli BL21(DE3) competent cells were prepared and transformed with the PCR product through heat-shock, cultured at 37° C. and 160 rpm for 1 hour, and coated on an LB plate containing 50 μg/mL ampicillin resistance to culture upside down at 37° C. overnight.
Example 4
Construction of a Gene Library of the Recombinant Enzyme (PhPPTDH)
The competent cells of E. coli BL21(DE3) (Invitrogen) stored at −80° C. were placed in an ice bath at 0° C. for 10 min, and then 5 μL of the expression vector pETDuet-1-PhPPTDH-EsGDH with the phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant and the glucose dehydrogenase was added thereto in a super clean bench. The mixture was placed in an ice bath at 0° C. for 30 min, heat-shocked in a water bath at 42° C. for 90 seconds, and placed in an ice bath at 0° C. for 2 min. 600 μL of LB culture medium was added thereto, and the mixture was then shaking-cultured at 37° C. and 200 rpm for 1 hour. The mixture was coated on an LB plate containing 50 μg/ml ampicillin resistance to culture at 37° C. for 8-12 hours, thereby obtaining a recombinant E. coli BL21(DE3)/pETDuet-1-PhPPTDH-EsGDH containing the mutated phosphinothricin dehydrogenase.
Preparation of competent cells in the example: The E. coli BL21(DE3) strain preserved in a glycerol tube was obtained from a refrigerator at −80° C., streaked on an antibiotic-free LB plate to culture at 37° C. for 10 hours to obtain single colonies. The single colonies on the LB plate were picked, inoculated into a test tube containing 5 mL of LB culture medium to culture at 37° C. and 180 rpm for 9 hours. Then, 200 μL of the bacterial liquid was taken from the test tube and inoculated into 50 mL of LB culture medium to culture at 37° C. and 180 rpm until OD600 reached 0.4-0.6. The bacterial liquid was pre-cooled on ice, put into a sterilized centrifuge tube, placed on ice for 10 min, and then centrifuged at 4° C. and 5,000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was poured out (contamination should be prevented), and the precipitated cells were re-suspended in pre-cooled 0.1 mol/L aqueous CaCl2 solution and placed on ice for 30 min, and then centrifuged at 4° C. and 5,000 rpm for 10 min. The supernatant was discarded and the precipitated cells were re-suspended in pre-cooled 0.1 mol/L aqueous CaCl2 solution containing 15% glycerol. 100 μL of the re-suspended cells were aliquoted into a sterilized 1.5 mL centrifuge tube and stored in a refrigerator at −80° C. for later use.
Example 5
Induced Expression of Parent and Mutant Phosphinothricin Dehydrogenase
The original strain pETDuet-PhPPTDH-EsGDH of the first step of Example 1 was inoculated into an LB liquid medium containing ampicillin with a final concentration of 50 μg/mL to culture at 37° C. for 8 hours, and then inoculated at a volume fraction of 2% (v/v) into a fresh LB liquid medium containing ampicillin with a final concentration of 50 μg/mL to culture at 37° C. and 180 rpm for 2 hours. Then, IPTG with a final concentration of 0.1 mM was added to the culture liquid to culture at 28° C. for 14 hours. The mixture was then centrifuged at 4° C. and 8,000 rpm for 10 min, thereby obtaining the corresponding wet cells. The cells obtained above produced corresponding proteins, which can be used for preparing pure protein enzyme liquid, or can be used for catalysis in the form of crude enzyme liquid to obtain L-PPT. FIG. 3 is a corresponding protein GE image, wherein Lanes 1, 4, 7, 10 and 13 represents Marker; Lanes 2 and 3 represent the supernatant and precipitate of PhPPTDH-E263N; Lanes 5 and 6 represent the supernatant and precipitate of PhPPTDH-E263C; Lanes 8 and 9 represent the supernatant and precipitate of PhPPTDH-E263N; Lanes 11 and 12 represent the supernatant and precipitate of PhPPTDHE263G; and Lanes 14 and 15 represent the supernatant and precipitate of PhPPTDH.
Example 6
Screening of Phosphinothricin Dehydrogenase Mutant Library
The wet cells of mutant strains with induced expression were placed in a refrigerator at −20° C. to freeze overnight, re-suspended at an amount of 40 g/L total cells in a 100 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.4, and allowed to melt on ice to obtain a crude enzyme liquid of the mutant strain. Under the same conditions, a crude enzyme liquid of the original strain was prepared using the original strain instead of the mutant strain. 200 mM glucose and 240 mM ammonium sulfate were dissolved in 10 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM) at pH 8.5. 500 μL of the original solution was added to 500 μL of the crude enzyme solution of the different mutants from Example 2 (1 g of wet cells in 10 mL of a 100 mM phosphate buffer at pH 7.4), 1 mM NAD was added, the mixture was shaken at 35° C. and 600 rpm for 10 min, and then the reaction was terminated by adding 10 μL of 6 M HCl. The product concentration was detected by HPLC, and the dominant mutants were screened using the product L-phosphinothricin and e.e. value as indicators. The experimental results are shown in Table 2. Among others, E. coli BL21 (DE3)/PhPPTDH(E263D-K134R-H96A-R290V)-EsGDH was the most dominant strain, and the PHPPTDH gene of this dominant strain had a four-site mutation E263D-K134R-H96A-R290V.
Chiral analysis and concentration analysis of the products in the example were performed by pre-column derivatization high performance liquid chromatography, which specifically consisted of:
(1) Chromatographic conditions: column model: QS-C18, 5 μm, 4.6×250 mm; mobile phase: 50 mM ammonium acetate solution:methanol=10:1; fluorescence detection wavelength: λex=340 nm, λem=455 nm; flow rate: 1 mL/min; column temperature: 30° C., L-PPT retention time: 11 min, and D-PPT retention time: 13.4 min.
(2) Derivatization reagent: 0.1 g of o-phthalaldehyde and 0.12 g of N-acetyl-L-cysteine were weighed separately and dissolved in 10 mL of ethanol, 40 mL of 0.1 mol/L boric acid buffer (pH 9.8) was added and the mixture was shaken to fully dissolve and then stored in a refrigerator at 4° C. for later use (no more than 4 days).
(3) Derivatization reaction and HPLC detection: Ultra-pure water was used to make up to 1 mL, i.e., the reaction mixture was diluted 10 times. The diluted sample was subjected to derivatization treatment. To 200 μL of the diluted reaction mixture, 400 μL of the derivatization reagent was added for derivatization at 30° C. for 5 min, and then 400 μL of ultra-pure water was added to make up to 1 mL. The mixture was centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 1 min. The supernatant was passed through a 0.22 μM microfiltration membrane as a liquid sample, and detected for PPO, L-PPT, D-PPT, and e.e. value by HPLC.







TABLE 2







Catalytic performance and stereoselectivity


of PhPPTDH and mutants thereof











Corresponding
Mutated
Relative




PhPPTDH
bases and
enzyme
Enzyme
e.e.


mutant for
corresponding
activity
activity
value


strain
amino acids
(%)
(U/g)
(%)














PhPPTDH
—
 100a
32.75
99.5


PhPPTDH(E263D)
GAA→GAT(E263D)
600
196.7
99.5


PhPPTDH(E263N)
GAA→TTA(E263N)
371
121.65
99.5


PhPPTDH(E263C)
GAA→ACA(E263C)
463
151.55
99.5


PhPPTDH(E263G)
GAA→CCT(E263G)
484
158.45
99.5


PhPPTDH(E263D-
GAA → GAT(E263D)
492
165.7
99.5


K134R)
AAG→CGA(K134R)


PhPPTDH(E263D-
GAA → GAT(E263D)
609
205.2
99.5


K134R-H96A)
AAG→CGA(K134R)



CAC→GCA(H96A)


PhPPTDH(E263D-
GAA → GAT(E263D)
666
224.5
99.5


K134R-H96A-
AAG→CGA(K134R)


R290V)
CAC→GCA(H96A)



CGC→GTA(R290V)


PhPPTDH
—
 100b
137.3
99.5


PhPPTDH(E263D)
GAA→GAT(E263D)
224
307.2
99.5


PhPPTDH(E263N)
GAA→TTA(E263N)
220
305.4
99.5


PhPPTDH(E263C)
GAA→ACA(E263C)
209
287.2
99.5


PhPPTDH(E263G)
GAA→CCT(E263G)
224
306.5
99.5


PhPPTDH(E263D-
GAA → GAT(E263D)
208
285.8
99.5


K134R)
AAG-CGA(K134R)


PhPPTDH(E263D-
GAA → GAT(E263D)
215
295.3
99.5


K134R-H96A)
AAG→CGA(K134R)



CAC→GCA(H96A)


PhPPTDH(E263D-
GAA → GAT(E263D)
319
437.6
99.5


K134R-H96A-
AAG→CGA(K134R)


R290V)
CAC→GCA(H96A)



CGC→GTA(R290V)





aUnder the standard conditions, with NAD as the coenzyme, the enzyme activity of PhPPTDH was 100%.


bUnder the standard conditions, with NADP as the coenzyme, the enzyme activity of PhPPTDH was 100%.






Example 7
Asymmetric Reductive Amination of Low Concentration of 2-carbonyl-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)-butyric Acid (PPO) Using Phosphinothricin Dehydrogenase Mutant Coupled with Glucose Dehydrogenase
1 g of E. coli BL21 (DE3)/PhPPTDH(E263D-K134R-H96A-R290V)-EsGDH wet cells prepare by the method of Example 6 were re-suspended with 50 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM) at pH 7.4, and 2-carbonyl-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)-butyric acid with a final concentration of 100 mM, glucose with a final concentration of 110 mM, and ammonium sulfate with a final concentration of 120 mM were added to form a reaction system of 50 mL to react at 35° C. and a magnetic stirring speed of 600 rpm, and ammonia was fed to maintain the pH of the reaction mixture at 7.4. The production of the product L-phosphinothricin during the reaction was detected by the liquid phase method shown in Example 4, and the reaction progress curve is shown in FIG. 4. It is shown that the product concentration gradually increased with the passage of time, and the reaction was completed within 1 hour, with the substrate conversion greater than 99%, indicating that the mutant PhPPTDH-E263D-K134R-H96A-R290V had high efficiency in asymmetrically catalyzing the amino translocation reaction of 2-carbonyl-4-(hydroxymethylphosphonyl)-butyric acid.
Example 8
Asymmetric Reductive Amination of High Concentration of 2-carbonyl-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)-butyric Acid (PPO) Using Phosphinothricin Dehydrogenase Mutant Coupled with Glucose Dehydrogenase
1 g of E. coli BL21 (DE3)/PhPPTDH(E263D-K134R-H96A-R290V)-EsGDH wet cells prepare by the method of Example 6 were re-suspended with 100 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM) at pH 7.4, and 2-carbonyl-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)-butyric acid with a final concentration of 500 mM, glucose with a final concentration of 510 mM, and ammonium sulfate with a final concentration of 520 mM were added to form a reaction system of 50 mL to react at 35° C. and a magnetic stirring speed of 600 rpm, and ammonia was fed to maintain the pH of the reaction mixture at 7.4. The production of the product L-phosphinothricin during the reaction was detected by the liquid phase method shown in Example 4, and the reaction progress curve is shown in FIG. 5. It is shown that the product concentration gradually increased with the passage of time, and the reaction was completed within 2 h, with the substrate conversion greater than 99%, indicating that the mutant PhPPTDH-E263D-K134R-H96A-R290V had high efficiency in asymmetrically catalyzing the amino translocation reaction of high concentration of 2-carbonyl-4-(hydroxymethylphosphonyl)-butyric acid.
Comparative Example 1
Asymmetric Reductive Amination of Low Concentration of 2-carbonyl-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)-butyric Acid (PPO) Using Wild-Type Phosphinothricin Dehydrogenase Coupled with Glucose Dehydrogenase
1 g of E. coli BL21 (DE3)/PhPPTDH-EsGDH wet cells prepare by the method of Example 2 were re-suspended with 50 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM) at pH 7.4, and 2-carbonyl-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)-butyric acid with a final concentration of 100 mM, glucose with a final concentration of 110 mM, and ammonium sulfate with a final concentration of 120 mM were added. The reaction system was 50 mL, the temperature was 35° C., and the magnetic stirring speed was 600 rpm. The production of the product L-phosphinothricin during the reaction was detected by the liquid phase method shown in Example 4. After 4 hours of reaction, the substrate conversion was only 64%.
Comparative Example 2
Asymmetric Reductive Amination of High Concentration of 2-carbonyl-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)-Butyric Acid (PPO) Using Wild-Type Phosphinothricin Dehydrogenase Coupled with Glucose Dehydrogenase
1 g of E. coli BL21 (DE3)/PhPPTDH-EsGDH wet cells prepare by the method of Example 2 were re-suspended with 100 mL of phosphate buffer (100 mM) at pH 7.4, and 2-carbonyl-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)-butyric acid with a final concentration of 500 mM, glucose with a final concentration of 510 mM, and ammonium sulfate with a final concentration of 520 mM were added. The reaction system was 50 mL, the temperature was 35° C., and the magnetic stirring speed was 600 rpm. Ammonia was fed to maintain the pH of the reaction mixture at 7.4. The production of the product L-phosphinothricin during the reaction was detected by the liquid phase method shown in Example 4. After 4 hours of reaction, the substrate conversion was only 35%.

## Claims

1. A phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant for amino translocation with the amino acid sequence of wild-type phosphinothricin dehydrogenase from Pseudomonas hunanensis as shown in SEQ ID NO: 2 except having one of the following sites of mutation:
(1) E263D-K134R-H96A-R290V;
(2) E263D-K134R-H96A;
(3) E263D-K134R;
(4) E263D;
(5) E263N;
(6) E263C; or
(7) E263G.

2. A gene encoding the phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant for amino translocation according to claim 1.

3. A genetically recombinant bacterium comprising a host cell and a target gene transformed into the host cell, wherein the target gene comprises the gene according to claim 2.

4. The genetically recombinant bacterium according to claim 3, wherein the genetically recombinant bacterium further comprises a gene encoding a glucose dehydrogenase transformed into the host cell.

5. The phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant for amino translocation according to claim 1, wherein the site of mutation is: E263D-K134R-H96A-R290V.

6. A method for preparing L-phosphinothricin, by reacting 2-carbonyl-4-(hydroxymethylphosphono)butyric acid as a substrate as catalyzed by a catalyst in the presence of an inorganic amino donor, a coenzyme circulation system and a corresponding co-substrate of the coenzyme circulation system to obtain L-phosphinothricin; wherein
the catalyst is one of:
(1) the phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant for amino translocation according to claim 1; and
(2) a genetically recombinant bacterium producing the phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant for amino translocation according to claim 1, or a crude enzyme liquid containing the phosphinothricin dehydrogenase mutant obtained by lysis of the genetically recombinant bacterium.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein the coenzyme circulation system is at least one of:
(1) a formate dehydrogenase coenzyme circulation system comprising a formate dehydrogenase, formate and a coenzyme;
(2) a glucose dehydrogenase coenzyme circulation system comprising a glucose dehydrogenase, glucose and a coenzyme; and
(3) an alcohol dehydrogenase coenzyme circulation system comprising an alcohol dehydrogenase, isopropanol and a coenzyme.

8. The method according to claim 7, wherein the coenzyme circulation system is a formate dehydrogenase coenzyme circulation system comprising a formate dehydrogenase, formate and a coenzyme.