# Patent

## Title
Preparation of L-amino acid deaminase mutant and application thereof

## Abstract

The disclosure discloses preparation of an L-amino acid deaminase mutant and application thereof, belonging to the technical field of gene engineering. Through pmirLAAD protein modification, analysis of a flexible loop structure around a binding site of the pmirLAAD product, and design of the best mutant, the modification method of the disclosure overcomes the defect that the catalytic efficiency of the previous wild-type enzyme is reduced due to product inhibition, and is tested by experiments. Compared with the control, the catalytic efficiency (1.61 mM−1·min−1) and the product inhibition constant (5.4 mM) of the finally obtained best mutant pmirLAADM4 are respectively increased by 5.2 times and 5.7 times. The yield of α-ketoisovaleric acid can reach 96.5 g/L, and the transformation rate is greater than 97%. By adopting the method of the disclosure, the cost can be greatly reduced, and the industrialization process of production of α-ketoisovaleric acid by an enzymatic transformation method is accelerated.

## Background
TECHNICAL FIELD
The disclosure relates to preparation of an L-amino acid deaminase mutant and application thereof, belonging to the technical field of gene engineering.
BACKGROUND
L-amino acid deaminase (LAAD) is a flavin oxidase that can catalyze production of α-keto acids from L-amino acids. Researchers have done a lot of research on the spatial structure, substrate specificity and catalytic ability of L-amino acid deaminase to unnatural substrates. In recent years, the application of L-amino acid deaminase in the production of α-keto acids by biotransformation has gradually attracted the attention of the researchers.
α-keto acid is an important intermediate and is mainly used in the fields of food, medicines, cosmetics and the like, which makes enzymatic transformation of α-keto acids be widely used in industrial production. L-amino acid deaminase is a flavin protease. The oxidative deamination reaction of L-amino acids can include two steps: first, hydrogen on the amino acid Ca is transferred to FAD, and the amino acid becomes an imino acid, which is unstable and is decomposed into α-keto acid and water. Then, FADH2 is oxidized by oxygen molecules and becomes reduced FAD. L-amino acid deaminase has wide substrate spectrum and high catalytic efficiency, which makes it possible to produce α-ketoisovaleric acid by transforming L-valine with heterologously expressed amino acid deaminase.
SUMMARY
The disclosure provides an LAAD mutant capable of being efficiently prepared and a modification method thereof, and preparation of α-ketoisovaleric acid by catalyzing L-valine with the mutant protein. The strain constructed by the disclosure has high catalytic activity in the preparation of α-ketoisovaleric acid, and greatly enhances the production efficiency of industrial production.
The disclosure provides an L-amino acid deaminase mutant. The mutant uses L-amino acid deaminase (pmirLAAD) derived from Proteus mirabilis as a parent, and the amino acid sequence of the parent L-amino acid deaminase is shown in SEQ ID NO: 1.
In one implementation, the nucleotide sequence encoding the L-amino acid deaminase parent is shown in SEQ ID NO: 2.
In one implementation, relative to the pmirLAAD parent, the amino acid at position 98 of the mutant is mutated, that is, serine is mutated into alanine to obtain a mutant S98A.
In one implementation, relative to the pmirLAAD parent, the amino acid at position 105 of the mutant is mutated, that is, threonine is mutated into alanine to obtain a mutant T105A.
In one implementation, relative to the pmirLAAD parent, the amino acid at position 106 of the mutant is mutated, that is, serine is mutated into alanine to obtain a mutant S106A.
In one implementation, relative to the pmirLAAD parent, the amino acid at position 341 of the mutant is mutated, that is, leucine is mutated into alanine to obtain a mutant L341A.
In one implementation, relative to the pmirLAAD parent, serine at position 98 of the mutant is mutated into alanine, and threonine at position 105 of the mutant is mutated into alanine to obtain a mutant S98A/T105A.
In one implementation, relative to the pmirLAAD parent, serine at position 98 of the mutant is mutated into alanine, threonine at position 105 of the mutant is mutated into alanine, and serine at position 106 of the mutant is mutated into alanine to obtain a mutant S98A/T105A/S106A.
In one implementation, relative to the pmirLAAD parent, serine at position 98 of the mutant is mutated into alanine, threonine at position 105 of the mutant is mutated into alanine, serine at position 106 of the mutant is mutated into alanine, and threonine at position 341 of the mutant is mutated into alanine to obtain a mutant S98A/T105A/S106A/L341A.
In one implementation, amino acid sequences of the mutants S98A, T105A, S106A, L341A, S98A/T105A, S98A/T105A/S106A and S98A/T105A/S106A/L341A are respectively shown in SEQ ID NO: 3, SEQ ID NO: 5, SEQ ID NO: 7, SEQ ID NO: 9, SEQ ID NO: 11, SEQ ID NO: 13 and SEQ ID NO: 15.
The disclosure provides a gene encoding the mutant. Nucleotide sequences of the genes encoding the mutants S98A, T105A, S106A, L341A, S98A/T105A, S98A/T105A/S106A and S98A/T105A/S106A/L341A are respectively shown in SEQ ID NO:4, SEQ ID NO:6, SEQ ID NO:8, SEQ ID NO:10, SEQ ID NO:12, SEQ ID NO:14 and SEQ ID NO:16.
The disclosure provides a recombinant plasmid containing the gene of the mutant, and the recombinant plasmid uses a pET series vector, a pRSFDuet series vector or a pGEX series vector as an expression vector.
The disclosure provides a method for obtaining the pmirLAAD mutant, and the method includes:

    
    
        (1) determining a mutant site on the basis of the amino acid sequence of L-amino acid deaminase pmirLAAD of Proteus mirabilis; designing primers for site-saturation mutation and site-directed mutation, and performing site-directed mutation by using a vector carrying a gene of the L-amino acid deaminase pmirLAAD as a template; and constructing a recombinant plasmid containing the mutant;
        (2) transforming the mutant plasmid into a host cell; and
        (3) selecting a positive clone, and performing fermentation culture and induction to obtain a protein of the pmirLAAD mutant for subsequent transformation experiments.
    
    


In one implementation, the host cell is E. coli BL21 (DE3).
The disclosure provides a recombinant bacterium, and the recombinant bacterium expresses the mutant.
In one implementation, the recombinant bacterium uses Bacillus subtilis or E. coli as a host.
The disclosure provides a method for producing α-ketoisovaleric acid. According to the method, the recombinant bacterium is used to catalyze L-valine to obtain the α-ketoisovaleric acid.
In one implementation, the host bacterium is added to a transformation system containing 100-200 g/L L-valine, and a reaction is performed under conditions of the ventilation volume of 1-5 vvm for 22-26 h.
In one implementation, the reaction is performed under conditions of pH 8.5-9.5, 25-35° C. and the ventilation volume of 1-2 vvm for 22-25 h.
In one implementation, the final concentration of the host bacterium in the system is 10-30 g/L.
In one implementation, the final concentration of the host bacterium in the system is 10-15 g/L.
The disclosure provides a method for producing α-ketoisovaleric acid. According to the method, L-valine is used as a reaction substrate, the mutant is added to a reaction system, and the reaction is performed under conditions of pH 7.5-9.5, 20-40° C. and the ventilation volume of 1-5 vvm for 22-26 h.
In one implementation, the reaction is performed under conditions of pH 8.5-9.5, 25-35° C. and the ventilation volume of 1-2 vvm for 22-25 h.
The disclosure provides application of the mutant, or the gene encoding the mutant or the recombinant plasmid in preparation of α-ketoisovaleric acid or in increasing the yield of α-ketoisovaleric acid in the fields of food, medicines and chemical industry.
The disclosure provides application of the recombinant bacterium or the method for preparing α-ketoisovaleric acid in preparation of α-ketoisovaleric acid in the fields of food, medicines and chemical industry.
Beneficial effects: the disclosure constructs an L-amino acid deaminase mutant and a preparation method thereof for catalyzing production of α-ketoisovaleric acid. Compared with the control, the catalytic efficiency (1.61 mM−1·min−1) and the product inhibition constant (5.4 mM) of the disclosure are respectively increased by 5.2 times and 5.7 times. The production capacity per unit of catalyst is increased, and the production cost is effectively reduced. Besides, the reaction solution uses only water as a catalytic medium, and thus, has the advantages of mild reaction conditions, simple operation, easy separation, environmental friendliness and the like. The technique is simple and convenient to control, and is easy for popularization and application. When the mutant obtained in the disclosure uses L-valine as a substrate in a 3 L fermentor, the yield of the α-ketoisovaleric acid can reach 96.5 g/L, and the transformation rate is greater than 97%. The yield is currently the highest yield, thereby accelerating the industrialization process of the production of α-ketoisovaleric acid by the enzymatic transformation method.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF FIGURES
FIG. 1 is a graph showing the relation between the whole-cell catalyst concentration and the α-ketoisovaleric acid yield.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Gene source: a gene of a biological enzyme pmirLAAD involved in the disclosure is derived from Proteus mirabilis, pET28a(+) plasmids are purchased from Novagen (Madison, WI, U.S.A.), and restriction endonuclease, T4 DNA ligase, primeSTAR and the like are purchased from TaKaRa (Dalian, China). Standard samples are purchased from SIGMA. pmirLAAD mutants are all obtained by molecular modification, and the rest reagents are all purchased from the market.
LB medium: 10 g of peptone, 5 g of yeast powder, 10 g of sodium chloride, and distilled water to a volume of 1 L.
Fermentation medium: (TB medium): 12 g of peptone, 24 g of yeast extract, 4 mL of glycerol, 2.31 g of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, 16.42 g of dipotassium hydrogen phosphate, and distilled water to a volume of 1 L.
Preparation of sample for determining α-ketoisovaleric acid content by HPLC: 1 mL of a transformed transformation solution is centrifuged at 12000 rpm for 5 min, the supernatant is diluted and filtered through a 0.45 μm filtration membrane, and the filtrate is for liquid chromatography.
Determination of α-ketoisovaleric acid content by HPLC: a waters high performance liquid chromatograph (equipped with a UV-visible detector) and a Bio-Rad Aminex HPX-87H (300×7.8 mm, 9 μm) chromatographic column are used, and the mobile phase is dilute sulfuric acid with the concentration of 2.5 mmol/L. The mobile phase is filtered through a 0.22 μm filtration membrane; the filtrate is subjected to ultrasonic degassing; and detection is performed at the flow rate of 0.6 mL/min, the column temperature of 35° C. and the ultraviolet detection wavelength of 210 nm.
Example 1: Construction and Screening of Single Mutants
(1) Construction of mutants: primers for mutant sites at position 98, position 105, position 106 and position 341 were designed, as shown in Table 1. The primers were constructed by full plasmid PCR.







TABLE 1







Sequences of mutation primers









Primer
Sequence (5'-3')






S98-S
GGCCGTGCATACNNKCAAATTATTAGT
SEQ ID NO: 17


 


S98-A
ACTAATAATTTGMNNGTATGCACGGCC
SEQ ID NO: 18


 


T105-S
ATTAGTTACCAANNKTCGCCAGAAATC
SEQ ID NO: 19


 


T105-A
GATTTCTGGCGAMNNTTGGTAACTAAT
SEQ ID NO: 20


 


S106-S
AGTTACCAAACANNKCCAGAAATCTTC
SEQ ID NO: 21


 


S106-A
GAAGATTTCTGGMNNTGTTTGGTAACT
SEQ ID NO: 22


 


L341-S
GGTGGCGGAGAGNNKCCGTTGGAATTC
SEQ ID NO: 23


 


L341-A
GAATTCCAACGGMNNCTCTCCGCCACC
SEQ ID NO: 24









Construction of reaction PCR amplification system: PrimSTAR enzyme 0.5 μL, 5×PrimeSTAR Buffer 10 μL, dNTP 4 μL, two primers for each mutation site 1 μL each, template (nucleotide sequence of pmirLAAD) 4 μL, and water 32.5 μL. Reaction conditions: (1) 94° C. for 3 min; (2) 98° C. for 10 s; (3) 55° C. for 30 s; (4) 72° C. for 3 min; (5) 29 cycles of steps (2)-(4); (6) 72° C. for 5 min; (7) holding at 12° C.
The above reaction system was incubated at 37° C. for 3 h to digest the plasmid template (the digestion system was: Dpnl 0.5 μL, the above reaction PCR product 45 μL, and 10×T Buffer 5 μL). After the completion of the digestion, the obtained digestion product was introduced into E. coli BL21 competent cells by a chemical transformation method. The chemical transformation method included the following specific steps:

    
    
        1) 10 μl of a homologous recombination product was introduced into 100 μl of BL21 competent cells.
        2) An ice bath was applied for 15-30 min.
        3) A 42° C. water bath was applied for heat shock for 90 s, and the mixture was quickly placed in ice and allowed to stand in an ice bath for 3-5 min.
        4) 800 μl of a non-resistant LB medium was added, and the mixture was uniformly mixed and cultured at 37° C. at 200 rpm for 1 h.
        5) The mixture was centrifuged at 5000 rpm for 2 min to collect the bacterium.
        6) The supernatant was removed, and the remaining 100-200 μL of solution was uniformly mixed by blowing-suction, coated on a resistant plate containing 0.05 mg/mL kanamycin, and cultured at the constant temperature of 37° C. for about 12 h.
        7) A monoclonal antibody was picked and placed in a resistant LB containing 0.05 mg/mL kanamycin. After 12 h of culture at 200 rpm at the constant temperature of 37° C., the product was sent to a company for sequencing. Those that were correctly sequenced are positive transformants (mutant strains). The mutation sites were respectively a mutation of S at position 98 to A, a mutation of T at position 105 to A, a mutation of S at position 106 to A, and a mutation of L at position 341 to A.
    
    


(2) Shake flask screening of single mutants: The obtained 4 mutant strains and a strain containing wild-type L-amino acid deaminase were respectively inoculated into an LB seed medium, and cultured at 200 rpm at 37° C. for about 10 h. The products were respectively inoculated into a shake flask fermentation medium with the inoculum size of 5% of the medium by volume, and cultured at 200 rpm at 37° C. until OD600 was about 0.8. IPTG with the final concentration of 0.04 mmol/L was added for induction, and the induction was performed at 200 rpm at 25° C. for 14 h. The product was centrifuged at 6000 rpm for 8 min to collect bacterial cells. The bacterial cells collected by centrifugation were used for later transformation experiments.
Transformation conditions: transformation temperature 25° C., reaction pH 8.0, and transformation time 24 h.
The yield of α-ketoisovaleric acid of the transformation solution after the completion of the transformation was determined by HPLC. The results are shown in Table 2. Finally, S98A produced α-ketoisovaleric acid at the highest yield.







TABLE 2







Results of shake flask screening of single mutants










Mutant
α-ketoisovaleric acid (g/L)














WT
39.8



PmirLAADS98A
46.9



PmirLAADT105A
44.6



PmirLAADS106A
44.9



PmirLAADL341A
43.6










Example 2: Construction and Screening of Double, Triple and Quadruple Mutants
(1) Construction of double mutants: On the basis of the mutant PmirLAADS98A, mutation primers T105A-S and T105A-A, S106A-S and S106A-A, as well as L341A-S and L341A-A were used to respectively construct double mutants. On the basis of the mutant PmirLAADT105A, mutation primers S106A*-S and S106A*-A, as well as L341A-S and L341A-A were used to respectively construct double mutants. On the basis of the mutant PmirLAADS106A, mutation primers L341A-S and L341A-A were used (Table 3). Double mutants were constructed by full plasmid PCR. For the specific implementation manner, reference can be made to step (1) in Example 1. 6 double mutants PmirLAADS98A/T105A, PmirLAAD598A/S106A, PmirLAADS98A/L341A, PmirLAADT105A/S106A, PmirLAADT105A/L341A and PmirLAADS106A/L341A were obtained.







TABLE 3







Sequences of mutation primers of double mutants









Primer
Sequence (5'-3')






T105A-S
ATTAGTTACCAAGCCTCGCCAGAAATC
SEQ ID NO: 25


 


T105A-A
GATTTCTGGCGAGGCTTGGTAACTAAT
SEQ ID NO: 26


 


S106A-S
AGTTACCAAACAGCACCAGAAATCTTC
SEQ ID NO: 27


 


S106A-A
GAAGATTTCTGGTGCTGTTTGGTAACT
SEQ ID NO: 28


 


L341A-S
GGTGGCGGAGAGGCACCGTTGGAATTC
SEQ ID NO: 29


 


L341A-A
GAATTCCAACGGTGCCTCTCCGCCACC
SEQ ID NO: 30


 


S106A*-S
AGTTACCAAGCCGCACCAGAAATCTTC
SEQ ID NO: 31


 


S106A*-A
GAAGATTTCTGGTGCGGCTTGGTAACT
SEQ ID NO: 32









(2) Screening of double mutants: For the specific implementation manner, reference can be made to step (3) in Example 3. The results are shown in Table 4. Finally, S98A/T105A produced α-ketoisovaleric acid at the highest yield.







TABLE 4







Results of shake flask screening of double mutants










Mutant
α-ketoisovaleric acid (g/L)














PmirLAADS98A/T105A
52.6



PmirLAADS98A/S106A
50.9



PmirLAADS98A/L341A
51.5



PmirLAADT105A/S106A
49.4



PmirLAADT105A/L341A
47.1



PmirLAADS106A/L341A
46.5










(3) Construction of triple mutants: On the basis of the mutant PmirLAADS98A/T105A, mutation primers S106A*-S and S106A*-A, as well as L341A-S and L341A-A were used to respectively construct triple mutants. On the basis of the mutants PmirLAADS98A/S106A and PmirLAADT105A/S106A, mutation primers L341A-S and L341A-A were used to respectively construct triplet mutants (Table 4). Triple mutants were constructed by full plasmid PCR. For the specific implementation manner, reference can be made to step (1) in Example 3. Four triple mutants PmirLAADS98A/T105A/S106A, PmirLAADS98A/T105A/L341A, PmirLAADS98A/S106A/L341A and PmirLAADT105A/S106A/L341A were obtained.
(4) Screening of triple mutants: For the specific implementation manner, reference can be made to step (2) in Example 1. The results are shown in Table 5. Finally, S98A/T105A/S106A produced α-ketoisovaleric acid at the highest yield.







TABLE 5







Results of shake flask screening of triple mutants










Mutant
α-ketoisovaleric acid (g/L)














PmirLAADS98A/T105A/S106A
60.6



PmirLAADS98A/T105A/L341A
56.1



PmirLAADS98A/S106A/L341A
53.5



PmirLAADT105A/S106A/L341A
59.6










(5) Construction of quadruple mutants: On the basis of the mutant PmirLAADS98A/T105A/S106A, L341A was mutated: the mutant PmirLAADS98A/T105A/S106A was used as a template, mutation primers L341A-S and L341A-A (Table 3) were used to perform full plasmid PCR, and the PCR product was digested. The PCR system and the digestion system were the same as those in Example 3.
Example 3: Determination of Kinetic Parameters and Product Inhibition Constants of Parent Enzyme and Mutants
In order to evaluate the mutants, kinetic parameters of the mutant parent PmirLAADWT and the mutants PmirLAADM1, PmirLAADM2, PmirLAADM3 and PmirLAADM4 at 25° C. were determined in the disclosure.
kcat/Km was calculated based on the initial rate of α-ketoisovaleric acid produced from hydrolyzed L-valine substrates with different concentrations determined at 25° C. Product inhibition of the parent enzyme and the mutants was determined by a product inhibition constant determination experiment in the transformation process. A PmirLAADWT parent enzyme strain and mutant strains were respectively added to a reaction solution with the final concentration of wet cells of 10 g/L. 60 mM L-valine was used as the substrate, 10-100 mM α-ketoisovaleric acid was added to the transformation system, the initial reaction rate V0 was determined after about 30 min of reaction, the maximum reaction rate Vmax was determined after about 2 h of reaction, and the product inhibition constant KPI was calculated according to the following formula:



 
  
   V
   
    0
    =
   
  
  ⁢
  
   
    
     V
     max
    
    [
    S
    ]
   
   
    
     
      K
      m
     
     (
     
      1
      +
      
       
        [
        p
        ]
       
       
        K
        PI
       
      
     
     )
    
    +
    
     [
     S
     ]
    
   
  
 



V0: initial reaction rate, Vmax: maximum reaction rate, Km: Michaelis constant, [S]: substrate concentration, [P]: product concentration, KPI: product inhibition constant.
As shown in Table 6, at 25° C., compared with the parent enzyme, the Kcat/Km value of all the mutants is increased. The kcat/Km value of the mutant PmirLAAD M4 is increased by 5.2 times, resulting in greater catalytic efficiency of PmirLAAD. Accordingly, compared with the parent enzyme, the product inhibition constant of the mutants each is increased. The product inhibition constant of the mutant PmirLAAD M4 (hereinafter referred to as M4 strain) is increased by 5.7 times.







TABLE 6







Kinetic parameters of PmirLAAD parent enzyme and mutants thereof












kcat/Km
Times of

Times of


Mutant
(mM−1 · min−1)
change
KPI (mM)
change














PmirLAADWT
0.26
1
0.8 ± 0.6
1


PmirLAADM1
0.75
2.9
2.08 ± 0.9 
2.6


(PmirLAADS98A)






PmirLAADM2
0.98
3.8
3.12 ± 0.4 
3.9


(PmirLAADS98A/T105A)






PmirLAADM3
1.25
4.8
3.7 ± 0.3
4.6


(PmirLAADS98A/T105A/S106A)






PmirLAADM4
1.61
6.2
5.4 ± 0.2
6.7


(PmirLAADS98A/T105A/S106A/L341A)









Example 4: Production of α-Ketoisovaleric Acid from L-Valine by 1 L System Level Optimization
The correctly sequenced mutant M4 strain on the plate was inoculated into a resistant LB containing 0.05 mg/mL kanamycin, and cultured at 200 rpm at 37° C. for 10-12 h. The product was inoculated into a TB medium with the inoculum size of the volume ratio of 5%, and cultured at 200 rpm at 37° C. until OD600 was 3. IPTG with the final concentration of 0.04 mmol/L was added for induction, and the induction was performed at 25° C. for 14 h. The product was centrifuged at 6,000×g for 8 min to collect cells. The cells were placed in a −40° C. refrigerator for transformation.
(1) Influences of Different Whole-Cell Catalyst Concentrations on α-Ketoisovaleric Acid Concentration
Preparation of transformation reaction system in fermentor: L-valine was dissolved in a certain amount of Tris-HCl buffer, the L-valine solution was poured into a fermentor (such that the final concentration of the L-valine in the reaction system was 160 g/L), the temperature was adjusted to 25° C., and the rotation speed was 300 rpm. 10 g, 15 g, 20 g, 25 g and 30 g of mutant wet bacterial cells (that is, whole-cell catalyst) were also dissolved uniformly in a buffer. After the temperature of the transformation solution increased to 25° C., the dissolved bacterial solution was poured into the fermentor (the whole-cell catalyst concentrations were respectively 10 g/L, 15 g/L, 20 g/L, 25 g/L and 30 g/L).
A transformation reaction was performed under conditions of 25° C., 600 rpm and the ventilation volume of 1 vvm, and the total volume after the transformation reaction was 1 L.
After the completion of the transformation reaction, a part of the transformation solution was centrifuged at 12,000×g for 15 min, the supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 μm microfiltration membrane, and the filtrate was analyzed by HPLC. The results are shown in FIG. 1. When the catalyst concentration was increased from 10 g/L to 30 g/L, the α-ketoisovaleric acid concentration was increased from 76.7 g/L to 154.3 g/L. However, the product/catalyst ratio was decreased from 7.6 g/g to 5.1 g/g. Considering the industrial demands for high yield and low catalyst (bacterial cell) consumption, the whole-cell catalyst concentration of 10 g/L had higher α-ketoisovaleric acid concentration and high product/catalyst ratio (that is, the capacity for producing α-ketoisovaleric acid per unit of bacterial cells) of 7.6 g/g at the same time, and was used for transformation experiments.
(2) Influences of Different Transformation Reaction pH Values on α-Ketoisovaleric Acid Concentration
The specific steps were the same as those in (1). The whole-cell catalyst concentration was controlled at 10 g/L, the L-valine concentration was controlled at 100 g/L, the ventilation volume was 1 vvm, and the pH in the transformation reaction process was respectively controlled at 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0 and 9.5. The results are shown in Table 7. A weak acid or weak alkaline pH was more suitable for synthesis of α-ketoisovaleric acid, and therefore, the transformation pH was controlled at 8.5-9.0. At this time, the α-ketoisovaleric acid concentration was 78.9 g/L







TABLE 7







Optimization results of transformation pH












pH
7.5
8.0
8.5
9.0
9.5





A-ketoisovaleric acid
61.7
67.1
78.9
74.3
70.4


(g/L)









(3) Influences of Different Transformation Reaction Temperature on α-Ketoisovaleric Acid Concentration
The specific steps were the same as those in (1). The transformation pH was controlled at 8.5, the whole-cell catalyst concentration was controlled at 10 g/L, the ventilation volume was 1 vvm, and the temperature in the transformation reaction process was respectively controlled at 20° C., 25° C., 30° C., 35° C. and 40° C. The results are shown in Table 8. The temperature of 30° C. was more suitable for synthesis of α-ketoisovaleric acid, and therefore, the transformation temperature was controlled at about 30° C. At this time, the α-ketoisovaleric acid concentration was 78.9 g/L.







TABLE 8







Optimization results of transformation temperature












Temperature ° C.
20
25
30
35
40





A-ketoisovaleric acid
71.2
79.1
88.9
81.3
76.4


(g/L)









(4) Influences of Different Transformation Reaction Ventilation Volumes on α-Ketoisovaleric Acid Concentration
The specific steps were the same as those in (1). The transformation pH was controlled at 8.5, the whole-cell catalyst concentration was controlled at 10 g/L, the temperature was controlled at 30° C., and the ventilation volume was controlled at 1 vvm, 1.5 vvm, 2 vvm, 2.5 vvm and 3 vvm. The results are shown in Table 9. The ventilation volume of 1.5 vvm was more suitable for synthesis of α-ketoisovaleric acid, and therefore, the ventilation volume was controlled at about 1.5 vvm. At this time, the α-ketoisovaleric acid concentration was 96.5 g/L.







TABLE 9







Optimization results of transformation ventilation volume












Ventilation volume vvm
1
1.5
2
2.5
3





A-ketoisovaleric acid
88.9
96.5
87.4
80.3
75.2


(g/L)









Comparative Example 1
For the specific implementation manner, reference can be made to Example 4. The difference is that the mutant M4 strain was replaced the wild type WT strain for fermentation and transformation experiments. After the completion of the transformation, a part of the transformation solution was centrifuged at 12,000×g for 15 min, the supernatant was filtered through a 0.22 μm microfiltration membrane, and the filtrate was analyzed by HPLC. HPLC chromatogram results showed that the yield of α-ketoisovaleric acid was 40 g/L, and the transformation rate was 40.3%.
Although the disclosure has been disclosed as above in the preferred examples, it is not intended to limit the disclosure. Anyone familiar with this technology can make various changes and modifications without departing from the spirit and scope of the disclosure. Therefore, the protection scope of the disclosure should be as defined in the claims.

## Claims

1. An L-amino acid deaminase mutant, comprising the amino acid sequence having all of SEQ ID NO: 1 except for a mutation in one or more of amino acids at position 98, position 105, position 106 or position 341,
wherein the mutation
serine 98 to alanine, threonine 105 to alanine, serine 106 to alanine, and leucine 341 to alanine, and
wherein the L-amino acid deaminase mutant catalyzes conversion of L-valine to α-ketoisovaleric acid and possesses a kcat/Km value at 25° C. that is at least 5-fold higher than the kcat/Km value of a corresponding wild type L-amino acid deaminase.

2. A recombinant bacterium, comprising the L-amino acid deaminase mutant of claim 1.

3. The recombinant bacterium according to claim 2, wherein the bacterium is Bacillus subtilis or Escherichia coli.

4. A method of producing α-ketoisovaleric acid, comprising:
culturing the recombinant bacterium of claim 2 in the presence of L-valine under conditions that cause expression of the L-amino acid deaminase mutant.

5. The method according to claim 4, wherein culturing is performed in culture medium comprising 100 g/L to 200 g/L L-valine, and at a ventilation volume of 1 vvm to 5 vvm for 22 hours to 26 hours.

6. The method according to claim 5, wherein a final concentration of the recombinant bacterium is 10 g/L to 30 g/L.

7. The method according to claim 6, wherein culturing is performed at 20° C. to 40° C. and at a pH of 7.5 to 9.5.

8. The L-amino acid deaminase mutant of claim 1, wherein the mutation is serine 98 to alanine.