In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Seventh Circuit ____________________

No. 14-2707

FRANK BURKS AND CORNELIUS L. JONES, JR.,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

v.

UNION PACIFIC RAILROAD COMPANY,

Defendant-Appellee.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court for the

Northern District of Illinois, Eastern Division.

No. 1:12-cv-08164 — Maria Váldez, Magistrate Judge.

____________________

ARGUED FEBRUARY 12, 2015 — DECIDED JULY 13, 2015

____________________

Before EASTERBROOK, KANNE, and HAMILTON, Circuit 

Judges.

KANNE, Circuit Judge. Appellants Frank Burks and Cornelius Jones were, at the relevant times, employed by the 

Union Pacific Railroad Company (“Union Pacific”). They 

claim that Union Pacific denied them the opportunity to take

a test that was required for promotion, and did so based on 

impermissible retaliation. Burks and Jones each argue that 

Union Pacific retaliated against them for having engaged in 
2 No. 14-2707

protected activity—namely, filing complaints of racial discrimination. The district court granted summary judgment 

for Union Pacific. For the reasons explained below, we affirm 

the judgment of the district court. 

I. BACKGROUND

Burks and Jones were hired as “Signal Helpers” by Union 

Pacific. They both reported to orientation in Boone, Iowa, on 

January 3, 2011. During orientation, they were informed that 

they would be employed through December 31, 2015, or until the company “moved in a different direction.” A Signal 

Helper’s job duties included construction, installing wire, 

digging trenches, and climbing poles. The position carried a 

90-day probationary period, and both Burks and Jones were 

subject to a collective bargaining agreement that covered the 

terms and conditions of their employment. Burks and Jones 

were the only African-American members of their Signal 

Helper class. 

A. Employment History

1. Burks

Following orientation, Burks was assigned to Zone 5,1

where he reported to foreman Chad Smith. Burks was assigned primarily to dig trenches. On February 9, 2011—

twenty days into Burks’s employment and probationary period—Manager of Signal Construction Morgan Riley directed Chad Smith to terminate Burks’s employment. Chad 

Smith stated to Burks that “it wasn’t working out.” 

 

1 Union Pacific appears to divide its rail areas into numbered geographic 

zones, but the parties do not offer background information on this topic.
No. 14-2707 3

In April 2011, Burks lodged a complaint with Melissa 

Schop in Union Pacific’s Equal Employment Opportunity 

department alleging racial discrimination in connection with 

his termination. After investigating the complaint, Schop 

found no evidence that Burks had been fired because of his 

race. She did, however, conclude that he had not been 

properly coached or given an opportunity to improve his 

performance before his employment was terminated. She 

offered Burks reinstatement in exchange for signing a general release that included a new 90-day probationary period. 

Burks signed the form and returned to work on May 24, 

2011. 

Burks was again assigned to Zone 5. He reported to 

foreman George Hoy, who in turn reported to Riley. Burks 

worked for Hoy for seven days before requesting a transfer. 

He was transferred to Zone 4 and reported to Rod Storbeck, 

with the same job responsibilities. Burks completed his probationary period on August 23, 2011. He was later notified 

that Union Pacific abolished the Signal Helper position, effective October 10, 2011. He was subsequently furloughed.

2. Jones

Like Burks, Jones was assigned to Zone 5 following his 

orientation, reporting to foreman Clay Smith. He was later 

assigned to Zone 4, reporting to foreman Jeremy Bates, and 

then returned to Zone 5, reporting once again to Clay Smith.

Jones primarily dug trenches. He completed his probationary period in April 2011. 

On June 8, 2011, Jones called Schop to report a comment 

that he perceived as racially discriminatory. Referring to either a gate or a truck, Clay Smith had commented that it was 
4 No. 14-2707

“working like a striped monkey” or “running like a stripedass monkey.” Jones agrees that the remark was not made directly to him or another person, but it was made in his presence. He perceived the comment to be a derogatory reference to his biracial children. 

After investigating the complaint, Schop concluded that 

the comment was not racially motivated. Jones claims that 

after he made the complaint, Clay Smith would only communicate with him through intermediaries. 

Like Burks, Jones was notified that the Signal Helper position was being abolished, and he was subsequently furloughed. 

B. Plaintiffs’ Applications for Promotion

A Signal Helper could, through a multi-step process, become eligible for promotion to the position of Assistant Signal Person.2 First, he must successfully complete his 90-day 

probationary period. Second, he must apply for an open Assistant Signal Person position. Third, he must be invited to 

take the “Skilled Craft Battery Test” (the “SCBT”). After 

passing the SCBT, he would be considered eligible for promotion to Assistant Signal Person. 

The plaintiffs’ claims center on whether they were denied 

the opportunity to take the SCBT as a result of impermissible 

retaliation. So we delve rather deeply into the facts sur-

 

2 The duties of Signal Helpers and Assistant Signal Persons overlapped 

to some degree. Assistant Signal Persons, however, could perform 

skilled tasks, such as connecting electrical wiring, that Signal Helpers 

were not permitted to perform. 
No. 14-2707 5

rounding the SCBT and Union Pacific’s promotion procedures. It is worth noting at the outset, however, that neither 

the plaintiffs’ briefs nor materials in the record below fully 

explain Union Pacific’s promotion procedures. So gaps exist 

in the factual background as it has been presented to us. 

It is uncontested that both Burks and Jones passed their 

90-day probationary periods, so both were eligible to apply 

for open Assistant Signal Person positions. According to 

Schop, whose account of the application process appears to 

be uncontested, employees could apply in two ways. 

Under what we’ll term the “external” method, the employee could submit an application through Union Pacific’s 

public website. The company listed its open Assistant Signal 

Person positions in every geographic zone and “seniority

district”3 on the site. The employee would then apply separately to each open position that was of interest—say, a position in Addis, Louisiana, or in Waco, Texas. The applicant 

could apply for positions in any seniority district through 

this method.

Under the “internal” route, the employee could apply 

into a centralized applicant pool. That pool would be open 

only to current Union Pacific employees. If an Assistant Signal Person position became available in the applicant’s seniority district, the employee would be invited to take the 

SCBT. Applications to the pool eventually expire, after which 

time an applicant must reapply if he remained interested in 

taking the SCBT. 

 

3 The term “seniority district” appears throughout the record, but remains undefined. The parties shed no light on its meaning.
6 No. 14-2707

An employee could elect to apply through either or both 

of the application methods. Under either method, it is unclear whether any additional “screening” steps were taken 

by Union Pacific between an application’s submission and 

any subsequent invitation to take the test. Some record information suggests that someone—either a human resources 

official or someone else—would review the applicants to 

make sure they met all listed qualifications. Other evidence 

suggests that applicants must have obtained positive referrals from their current managers in order to be considered, 

implying that some form of review occurred after the initial 

submission. In any event, the plaintiffs provide no information about this portion of the promotion process, so the 

factual description on this point remains absent. 

1. Burks

After Burks completed his probationary period in August 

2011, he spoke to foreman Storbeck about his promotion potential to Assistant Signal Person. According to Burks, Storbeck made a phone call to an employee named Nate Gutmann to ask how a signal helper could be promoted to Assistant Signal Person. Gutmann in turn asked another employee, Bernard Kachnowski, what actions were required. 

According to Burks, Kachnowski faxed a response to Gutmann, which was then sent to Storbeck, stating that “to be 

promoted, the signal helpers have to take a series of tests to 

see if they [sic] capable of learning electronic background.” 

The record suggests that Burks was mistaken about the 

form this communication took—it appears to have been an 

email exchange between Storbeck, Gutmann, and Kachnowski. In any event, the email stated substantially what 

Burks related—that the Signal Helpers must take a series of 
No. 14-2707 7

tests to see if they were “capable of learning the electronic 

part of being a Signalman.” In that email, Kachnowski also 

stated that “Jesse [Stearns] can call someone from HR to set 

up the testing.” 

From this point, the facts of Burks’s application process 

become muddled. In his brief, Burks claims that he believed 

that Stearns was setting him up with HR to take the SCBT. 

He cites to his own deposition testimony in support of that 

contention, but the cited testimony does not indicate whether Burks was at the time aware of the communications passing between Storbeck, Gutmann, and Kachnowski. Nor does 

it indicate that anyone told Burks that the SCBT was being 

arranged for him. 

Burks also claims that he was not informed that he was 

required to apply for an open position in order to be invited 

to take the SCBT, either prior to or immediately following 

his 90-day probationary period. He states that he was informed of the need to apply for an open position only at the 

time that he was notified that his Signal Helper position was 

being abolished. The record indicates, however, that in either 

June or July, Burks became aware that other employees from 

his Signal Helper class had been told to go online to apply to 

open positions. 

According to Union Pacific, and this appears to be uncontested by Burks, Burks applied for an open Assistant Signal 

Person position in October of 2011. He applied only via the 

“internal” application method, joining the “pool” of eligible 

applicants. Union Pacific claims that no positions became 

available in Burks’s seniority district, and his application to 

the pool expired in January of 2012. Burks did not reapply, 

and he was never invited to take the SCBT. 
8 No. 14-2707

2. Jones

As for Jones, recall that he completed his probationary 

period in April 2011. Jones claims that he submitted an 

online application for open positions, apparently using the 

internal method, in May 2011. After hearing nothing from 

the railroad (or being told there were no positions available—the evidence is contradictory on this point), he contacted his union representative, Harry Doucet, for help. Doucet 

in turn contacted Union Pacific by email. Employee Tonya 

Eggspuehler responded that there was no application on file 

for Jones. She provided by email the link through which 

Jones should apply to the pool. Doucet told Jones to reapply 

on or about June 28, 2011, the same day he communicated by 

email with Eggspuehler. Jones did not apply to the pool until 

September 2011, and his application expired in January 2012. 

He did not reapply, and he was never invited to take the 

SCBT.

C. District Court Proceedings

Burks and Jones filed suit in the Northern District of Illinois alleging, among other claims, that Union Pacific retaliated against them for having engaged in protected activities, 

in violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. They 

claimed that Union Pacific denied them the opportunity to 

take the SCBT, and thereby denied them a promotion. In 

Burks’s case, he alleges that Union Pacific retaliated against 

him for having filed a racial discrimination complaint following his termination in February 2011. In Jones’s case, he 

alleges retaliation for having filed the racial discrimination 

complaint against Clay Smith. 
No. 14-2707 9

Following discovery, Union Pacific moved for summary 

judgment on all claims. Along with their response, the plaintiffs electronically filed a number of exhibits. Under Docket 

Number 71, the plaintiffs filed a series of documents numbered 1 through 9. Under Docket Number 72, the plaintiffs 

filed more documents, numbered 11 through 15. Those documents, however, were actually duplicates of several of the 

exhibits that had been filed as 1 through 9. No document 

numbered “10” was electronically filed, and at Docket Number 73, a second Exhibit 11 was filed. 

This error resulted in several deposition transcripts never 

being electronically filed or served on opposing counsel: the 

depositions of Burks, Doucet, Riley, Schop, and Clay Smith. 

Hard copies of the depositions were included, however, 

along with copies of other documents that were delivered to 

the judge’s courtroom deputy clerk. The court did not consider these depositions in conducting its summary judgment 

analysis. 

The district court granted summary judgment to Union 

Pacific on all claims, including the retaliatory failure-topromote claims. The court analyzed those claims under both 

the direct and indirect methods of proof and concluded that 

the plaintiffs put forward no evidence to show that Union 

Pacific prevented either applicant from applying for open 

positions or taking the SCBT. The court also found that the 

plaintiffs offered no facts showing that there were any open 

Assistant Signal Person positions during the time their applications were active. And finally, the court concluded that 

the plaintiffs offered no examples of other employees outside the protected class who were not better qualified but 

promoted during that time period. 
10 No. 14-2707

The plaintiffs appeal the grant of summary judgment.

II. ANALYSIS

The plaintiffs argue that the district court erred in granting summary judgment because: (1) the court erroneously 

disregarded the deposition transcripts that the plaintiffs negligently failed to e-file; and (2) the plaintiffs established genuine issues of material fact regarding a retaliatory failure to 

promote. 

We conclude that the plaintiffs have not raised any genuine issues of material fact regarding a retaliatory failure to 

promote, and they point to no evidence in the disregarded 

transcripts that would have created any genuine issues of 

material fact. Therefore, we need not decide whether the district court erred in disregarding the transcripts that were not 

properly e-filed. 

A. Standard of Review 

We review a grant of summary judgment de novo, “reviewing the record and the inferences drawn from it in the 

light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Grayson v. City 

of Chicago, 317 F.3d 745, 749 (7th Cir. 2003). Summary judgment is appropriate when “the movant shows that there is 

no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is 

entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). 

B. Retaliatory Failure to Promote

Title VII makes it unlawful “for an employer to discriminate against any of his employees or applicants for employment ... because he has opposed any practice made an unlawful employment practice by [Title VII].” 42 U.S.C. 

§ 2000e-3(a). In order to prove unlawful retaliation, Jones 
No. 14-2707 11

and Burks may proceed under the familiar direct and indirect methods of proof. See Tomanovich v. City of Indianapolis, 

457 F.3d 656, 662 (7th Cir. 2006). 

Under the direct route, they may provide either “smoking gun” or circumstantial evidence. Smoking gun evidence 

typically requires an admission of discriminatory intent. See

Tank v. T-Mobile USA, Inc., 758 F.3d 800, 805 (7th Cir. 2014).

Individual pieces of circumstantial evidence, on the other 

hand, may be combined to raise an inference of discriminatory intent. Such circumstantial evidence may include 

“(1) suspicious timing, ambiguous oral or written statements, or behavior toward or comments directed at other 

employees in the protected group; (2) evidence, whether or 

not rigorously statistical, that similarly-situated employees 

outside the protected class received systematically better 

treatment; and (3) evidence that the employee was qualified 

for the job in question but was passed over in favor of a person outside the protected class and the employer’s reason is 

a pretext for discrimination.” Hutt v. AbbVie Products LLC, 

757 F.3d 687, 691 (7th Cir. 2014).

Under the indirect route, Jones and Burks must operate 

within the familiar burden-shifting approach. They must 

first establish a prima facie case of discrimination. In the retaliatory failure-to-promote context, they must show that: 

(1) they engaged in statutorily protected activity; (2) they 

applied for and were qualified for the positions sought; 

(3) they were rejected for those positions; and (4) the employer granted the promotions to others who did not engage 

in statutorily protected activity, and who were not better 

qualified than the plaintiffs. See Carter v. Chicago State University, 778 F.3d 651, 660 (7th Cir. 2015).
12 No. 14-2707

If they establish that prima facie case, the burden then 

shifts to Union Pacific to articulate a legitimate, nondiscriminatory reason for the employment action. The burden then shifts back to Jones and Burks to prove that Union 

Pacific’s stated reasons were pretextual. Vaughn v. Vilsack, 715 

F.3d 1001, 1006 (7th Cir. 2013).

We discuss the appellants’ claims in turn. 

C. Burks

Under both the direct and indirect methods, Burks has 

not established a genuine issue of material fact regarding his 

retaliation claim, because he has not put forward any facts to 

show that Union Pacific denied him the ability to take the 

SCBT. 

Burks appears to argue that he was denied the opportunity to take the SCBT on two separate occasions—first, 

when he thought his supervisor was arranging it for him; 

and second, after he submitted his internal application to the 

pool. 

As for the first denial, Burks argues that he was “trying 

to take the test” in August 2011, after he had completed his 

probationary period. From the record, it appears that the only effort Burks made at that time to seek promotion was to 

ask his supervisor, Storbeck, about whether he might be 

promoted. Burks makes the repeated assertion that this constituted an “application” under the internal application procedure, and that the internal method did not require “applying through the internet.” He asserts that any Union Pacific 

claims to the contrary are “less than truthful.” 

There are at least two problems with Burks’s argument. 

First, he presents no evidence to support the contention that 
No. 14-2707 13

merely speaking to a supervisor about promotion constituted an “application” under Union Pacific’s procedures. Nor 

has he presented any evidence that the recommendation of a 

supervisor to another party—a human resources official or 

anyone else—would constitute an application. He repeatedly 

references a letter written by Schop as supporting his position, but it does nothing of the sort. The relevant portion of 

that letter simply stated that “[t]he second way to be promoted from a Signal Helper to an Assistant Signal Person is 

to go through the internal promotion process. In this case, 

Signal Helpers apply to a pool.” It did not outline what procedures such an internal application would take, and it nowhere suggested that communicating interest to a supervisor would be enough. 

Second, other evidence submitted by Burks shows that 

the “internal” application was, in fact, submitted via an 

online system. In an email responding to plaintiff Jones, for 

example, Eggspuehler confirmed that she didn’t have an application on file for him. So she sent the hyperlink through 

which Jones could apply online. Eggspuehler stated, “I’ve 

included the link where he needs to put in his application. 

As you know, we are only posting a pool and they only have 

to submit their application once every six months.” The 

“pool” language clearly refers to the internal method, as the 

external method required applicants to apply to each open 

job individually. Based on this record evidence, Burks’s oral 

inquiry was not enough. 

Burks next relies on the email communication between 

Storbeck, Gutmann, and Kachnowski to show that he was 

denied the opportunity to take the SCBT shortly after he 

completed his probationary period. In that email exchange, 
14 No. 14-2707

Gutmann asks Kachnowski, “What are the steps needed to 

get the helpers into the assistant signalman training?” Kachnowski responds, “They need to take a series of tests to 

see if they are capable of learning the electronic part of being 

a Signalman. Jesse [Stearns] can call someone from HR to set 

up the testing.” But other evidence—including, at least, 

Schop’s account of the hiring procedures, and Riley’s deposition testimony—suggests that Kachnowksi’s statement about 

Stearns was incorrect. Burks argues that this statement by 

Kachnowski shows that Burks was “given the run-around,” 

and reflects a retaliatory denial of a promotion opportunity. 

He argues, it seems, that he was somehow misled into believing that he was not required to apply for an open position, and that Stearns was taking care of it for him. 

We cannot draw the conclusion that Burks was “given 

the run-around,” for the following reasons. First, Burks has 

not provided any evidence that anyone—Storbeck or any 

other individual—communicated to Burks that Stearns was 

setting up the SCBT for him. In order for Kachnowski’s 

statement to carry any retaliatory force, Burks must show 

that it prevented him from following the proper application 

procedures. Burks has not provided any facts to show he 

was even aware of Kachnowski’s statement—let alone that 

he acted upon it. Second, Burks has provided no evidence 

that Kachnowski had any knowledge of Burks’s prior racediscrimination complaint. Without that knowledge, Kachnowski would have had no basis for retaliatory behavior. 

And third, in order to impute a retaliatory motive to the other two members of the communication—Storbeck and Gutmann—one would have to believe that the email communication constitutes evidence of a silent conspiracy to mislead 

Burks into believing that the SCBT was being set up for him. 
No. 14-2707 15

That is not a reasonable inference to draw from the evidence 

presented. 

As for the second denial, Burks argues that he was again 

prevented from taking the SCBT during the period that he 

had an application on file. Burks does not dispute Union Pacific’s contention that an applicant would be invited to take 

the SCBT only if an Assistant Signal Person job became 

available. He argues that Union Pacific has outright lied in 

stating that no jobs became available during the time that 

Burks had an application on file.

Burks makes this argument, quite simply, by misstating 

the record evidence. According to Burks, Schop stated in a 

letter that Burks was eligible for a position “in any seniority

district.” Schop’s letter, however, stated that applicants applying through the external method could apply for positions 

“in any seniority district.” As for the internal method, 

Schop’s letter is exceedingly clear: “When a position opens in 

the applicant’s seniority district, he/she is invited to take the 

Skilled Craft Battery Test” (emphasis added). Burks never 

applied for any positions through the external method—

only the internal one. So even if positions in other seniority 

districts became available, those positions would not have 

affected Burks’s eligibility to take the SCBT. 

Burks does not present any facts to suggest that positions 

within his own seniority district became available while he 

had an application on file. Burks asks us to consider the 

deposition transcript, and related exhibits, from union representative Doucet. He claims that Doucet’s testimony shows 

that “the railroad was hiring Assistant Signal Persons during 

the time when plaintiffs were being given the run-around.” 
16 No. 14-2707

Doucet’s testimony did nothing more than establish that 

some individuals started work as Assistant Signal Persons 

between October 2011 and January 2012 in Zones 4 and 5. 

Doucet explicitly stated that he had no idea when those positions became available, when those applicants applied, or 

whether they were internal or external applicants. He also 

said nothing about the seniority districts of those positions 

or applicants. Even considering Doucet’s testimony, which 

was likely not considered by the district court, Burks simply 

does not put forward any facts to show that positions became available in his seniority district at the time he had an 

application on file. 

Because Burks cannot establish that Union Pacific denied 

him the opportunity to take the SCBT, he cannot prevail under either the direct or the indirect method of proof. 

D. Jones

Jones also appears to argue that he was twice denied the 

opportunity to take the SCBT. First, Jones argues that he 

tried to apply for an open position internally in June 2011

and was “given the run-around.” In his deposition, Jones 

testified that he submitted an online application in June and 

never received a response from Union Pacific. Jones then requested assistance from Doucet, who emailed employees at 

Union Pacific on June 28, 2011. Union Pacific employee Eggspuehler responded within three hours, stating that Jones 

had no application on file. She provided the link through 

which Jones should reapply, as well as an explanation of the 

process. Doucet testified that he communicated this information to Jones immediately. Jones did not reapply until 

September 3, 2011.
No. 14-2707 17

This chain of events does not represent a “run-around.” 

First, Jones provides no factual basis upon which to conclude that the initial application he claims he submitted was 

somehow lost or scuttled due to retaliatory motives. As the 

district court stated, “[h]is supposition about possible nefarious motives on UP’s part does not create a triable issue of 

fact.” Burks v. Union Pacific Railroad, No. 12 C 8164, 2014 WL 

3056529, at *6 (N.D. Ill. Jul. 7, 2014). Second, Jones provides 

no basis upon which to infer retaliatory motives on the part 

of Eggspuehler, or any other unnamed Union Pacific employees, after they were made aware of his attempts to apply. Eggspuehler provided Jones, through Doucet, with the 

information he needed to submit an application. She did so 

in a timely and transparent manner. And Jones provides no 

evidence that Eggspuehler, or anyone else in her department, knew of his prior race-discrimination complaint. Finally, Jones does not provide any evidence to suggest that his 

delay in applying (or reapplying)—over two months after 

this communication—was due to anyone else’s involvement. 

This chain of events does not constitute a denial of the opportunity to take the SCBT.

Jones’s second argument is identical to Burks’s—that he 

was denied the opportunity to take the SCBT while his application was on file. We will not belabor the point—his argument fails for the same reasons that Burks’s argument 

failed. 

III. CONCLUSION

For the reasons explained above, the judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED.