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STATE OF MICHIGAN 

COURT OF APPEALS 

 

UNPUBLISHED 

In re X. WILLIS, Minor. July 14, 2015 

No. 325310 

Calhoun Circuit Court 

 Family Division 

LC No. 2013-002524-NA 

 

Before: O’CONNELL, P.J., and OWENS and M. J. KELLY, JJ. 

PER CURIAM. 

 Respondent-father, C. Willis, appeals as of right the trial court’s order terminating his 

parental rights to his minor son under MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) (conditions leading to 

adjudication continue to exist), (g) (lack of proper care and custody), and (j) (risk of harm to the 

child). We affirm. 

I. FACTS 

 The Department of Health and Human Services (the Department)1

 took protective 

custody of the child after his mother arrived at a domestic violence shelter while extremely 

intoxicated. The Department’s petition alleged that Willis had an extensive history of domestic 

violence, substance abuse, and mental health issues. Willis pleaded no contest to the allegation 

that he was domestically violent when he attempted to pull the child out of his mother’s arms. 

Willis also testified that he was not taking medication for his bipolar disorder. The trial court 

took jurisdiction over the child and ordered Willis to participate in a service plan that included 

domestic violence counseling, housing, substance abuse, and mental health components. 

 Willis initially made progress with his service plan, completing parenting classes and 

regularly visiting the child. In September 2013, Carla Smokorowski, the child’s foster care 

caseworker, testified that the child had a strong bond with Willis. Dr. Randal Haugen completed 

Willis’s psychological evaluation and recommended outpatient substance abuse treatment, 

random drug screens, and therapy. Willis agreed to participate in a substance abuse assessment 

and counseling. 

 

1

 Formerly the Department of Human Services. 
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 Throughout the pendency of the case, Willis did not attend substance abuse counseling, 

did not attend psychological counseling, did not provide the Department access to his medical 

records, did not consistently participate in parenting visits, and failed to test or tested positive on 

his drug screens. In June 2014, the Department informed Willis that it intended to change its 

goal to termination because he was not making progress. 

 After the June 2014 review hearing, the child’s lawyer-guardian ad litem indicated that if 

Willis did not make progress in the next reporting period, she would petition the court to 

terminate his parental rights. Willis began, but did not complete, a substance abuse assessment. 

He failed to appear for six drug screens in July and August, and he did not appear for parenting 

visits six times in July and August. Amanda Stange, the child’s caseworker, testified that the 

child’s foster parent reported that the child suffered from sleeplessness and behavior issues when 

Willis missed parenting visits. 

 In September 2014, the child’s mother reported that Willis repeatedly kicked her in the 

stomach and was verbally abusive. The child’s mother also reported that Willis had previously 

urinated on her when she passed out. Willis continued to miss drug screens, substance abuse 

therapy sessions, and parenting time. Willis also failed to participate in a program that was 

intended to help him maintain a violence-free home. 

 In October 2014, the child’s mother reported that Willis repeatedly threatened to kill her 

if his rights to the child were terminated. She also reported that Willis sexually penetrated her 

after she became intoxicated and passed out. Willis reported that the child’s mother had 

attempted to stab him. The police were called after the child’s mother and Willis had another 

altercation in October 2014. 

 The trial court held termination hearings in October and December 2014. The testimony 

at the hearings was consistent with the Department’s reports to the court during the pendency of 

the case. The trial court found that the Department proved MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), (g), and (j) 

by clear and convincing evidence. It also found that terminating Willis’s parental rights was in 

the child’s best interests. Willis now appeals. 

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW 

 This Court reviews for clear error the trial court’s factual findings and ultimate 

determinations on the statutory grounds for termination. MCR 3.977(K); In re Mason, 486 Mich 

142, 152; 782 NW2d 747 (2010). A finding is clearly erroneous when this Court is definitely 

and firmly convinced that the trial court made a mistake. Id. The Department has the burden to 

prove the existence of a statutory ground by clear and convincing evidence. MCL 712A.19b(3); 

Mason, 486 Mich at 166. 

III. ANALYSIS 

 Willis contends that the evidence did not support terminating his parental rights under 

MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i), (g), or (j). We disagree. 

 MCL 712A.19b(3)(c)(i) provides that the trial court may terminate a parent’s rights if 

there is clear and convincing evidence that: 
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[t]he conditions that led to the adjudication continue to exist and there is no 

reasonable likelihood that the conditions will be rectified within a reasonable time 

considering the child’s age. 

This statutory ground exists when the conditions that brought the children into foster care 

continue to exist despite “time to make changes and the opportunity to take advantage of a 

variety of services.” See In re Powers Minors, 244 Mich App 111, 119; 624 NW2d 472 (2000). 

 In this case, the Department alleged that Willis engaged in domestic violence with the 

child’s mother. Willis pleaded no contest, and the trial court assumed jurisdiction over the child 

on this basis after hearing testimony. Despite opportunities to engage in counseling, Willis 

continued to be domestically violent toward the child’s mother. We are not convinced that the 

trial court made a mistake when it found that the conditions that brought the child into care 

continued to exist and that Willis was not likely to rectify them within a reasonable time. 

 MCL 712A.19b(3)(g) provides that the trial court may terminate a parent’s rights if 

[t]he parent, without regard to intent, fails to provide proper care or custody for 

the child and there is no reasonable expectation that the parent will be able to 

provide proper care and custody within a reasonable time considering the child’s 

age. 

MCL 712A.19b(3)(j) provides that the trial court may terminate parental rights if 

[t]here is a reasonable likelihood, based on the conduct or capacity of the child’s 

parent, that the child will be harmed if he or she is returned to the home of the 

parent. 

The trial court may properly consider the parent’s mental health and substance abuse conditions 

when determining the likelihood of harm to the child if returned to the parent’s home. See In re 

AH, 245 Mich App 77, 87; 627 NW2d 33 (2001). A parent’s failure to comply with his or her 

service plan is evidence that the parent will not be able to provide the child with proper care and 

custody and that the child may be harmed if returned to the parent’s home. In re White, 303 

Mich App 701, 710-711; 846 NW2d 61 (2014). 

 In this case, Willis had a history of mental illness and substance abuse. Willis also had 

inconsistent housing and engaged in a domestically violent relationship. The Department offered 

Willis services designed to address these issues. Willis inconsistently participated in services 

and continued to abuse substances and the child’s mother until the termination hearing. Willis 

also missed parenting time sessions, which negatively affected the child’s emotional wellbeing. 

 In a thorough and well-reasoned opinion, the trial court found that Willis’s failure to 

attend parenting sessions “had a profound impact on this child,” that Willis did not benefit from 

his service plan, and that Willis would not benefit from any additional time to attempt to do so. 

We are not definitely and firmly convinced that the trial court made a mistake when it found that 

Willis was unable to provide the child with proper care and custody and that it was likely the 

child would be harmed if returned to Willis’s home. 
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 Accordingly, we also reject Willis’s best-interests argument. He contends that the trial 

court erred by making best-interests findings when statutory grounds did not support terminating 

his parental rights. As we have discussed, the trial court properly found the statutory grounds. 

 Finally, Willis contends that the trial court’s termination of his parental rights violated his 

constitutional right to the care and custody of his child. We disagree. 

 Parents have a significant constitutional liberty interest in the care and custody of their 

children. In re Miller, 433 Mich 331, 346; 445 NW2d 161 (1989); MLB v SLJ, 519 US 102, 119; 

117 S Ct 555; 136 L Ed 2d 473 (1996). This right entitles the parent to due process before the 

state may remove the parent’s child from his or her custody. In re Sanders, 495 Mich 394, 403-

422; 852 NW2d 524 (2014). But once the Department has established that a parent is unfit, the 

parent’s rights yield to the State’s interests in protecting the child. Id. at 409-410; Stanley v 

Illinois, 405 US 645, 652-653; 92 S Ct 1208; 31 L Ed 2d 551 (1972). 

 In this case, the trial court properly found that Willis is not a fit parent. His persistent 

pattern of domestic violence and substance abuse posed a danger to the child’s well-being. In 

such circumstances, Willis’s liberty interest in the care and custody of the child yields to the 

State’s interests in protecting the child from the danger that he poses. 

 We affirm. 

/s/ Peter D. O’Connell 

/s/ Donald S. Owens 

/s/ Michael J. Kelly