[DO NOT PUBLISH]

In the

United States Court of Appeals

For the Eleventh Circuit

____________________

No. 22-11662

Non-Argument Calendar

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UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

RUBEN RAMIREZ-RIVERA, 

Defendant-Appellant.

____________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida

D.C. Docket No. 2:21-cr-14032-DMM-1

____________________

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2 Opinion of the Court 22-11662

Before NEWSOM, GRANT, and ANDERSON, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Ruben Ramirez-Rivera appeals the district court’s denial of 

his motion to suppress evidence that law enforcement obtained following the traffic stop of a car in which he was a passenger. He 

argues, first, that there was no probable cause for the stop because 

the testimony of the officer who initiated the stop, Detective Seth 

Abelin, did not show that the car’s tag was illegible from 50 feet 

away, as required to violate Fla. Stat. § 316.221(2). Second, he contends that law enforcement unreasonably prolonged the stop to 

conduct a K-9 sniff test of the car.

Because a motion to suppress evidence presents a mixed 

question of law and fact, we review the district court’s factual findings for clear error and its application of the law to the facts de 

novo. United States v. Lewis, 674 F.3d 1298, 1302-03 (11th Cir. 

2012). We construe all facts in the light most favorable to the party 

that prevailed in the district court. United States v. Holt, 777 F.3d 

1234, 1255 (11th Cir. 2015). We defer to the district court’s factual 

determinations unless the district court’s understanding of the facts 

is “unbelievable.” Id. at 1256 (quotation marks omitted).

The Fourth Amendment protects individuals from unreasonable searches and seizures. U.S. Const. amend. IV. Because a 

routine traffic stop is a limited form of seizure that is more analogous to an investigative detention than a custodial arrest, we 

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analyze the legality of such stops under the standard articulated in 

Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1 (1968). Holt, 777 F.3d at 1256. “Terry

and its progeny allow an officer to, consistent with the Fourth 

Amendment, conduct a brief, investigatory stop when the officer 

has a reasonable, articulable suspicion that criminal activity is 

afoot.” United States v. Gonzalez-Zea, 995 F.3d 1297, 1302 (11th 

Cir.) (quotation marks omitted), cert. denied, 142 S. Ct. 506 (2021). 

In Terry, the Supreme Court adopted “a dual inquiry for 

evaluating the reasonableness of an investigative stop.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). Under Terry’s two-part inquiry, we must 

“first examine ‘whether the officer’s action was justified at its inception,’ which turns on whether the officers had a reasonable suspicion that the defendant had engaged in, was engaging in, or was 

about to engage in, a crime.” Id. (quoting Terry, 392 U.S. at 20). 

Second, we must consider “whether the stop was reasonably related in scope to the circumstances which justified the interference 

in the first place.” Id. (quotation marks and brackets omitted).

Moreover, “the duration of the traffic stop must be limited 

to the time necessary to effectuate the purpose of the stop.” Holt, 

777 F.3d at 1256 (quotation marks omitted). “Generally, a traffic 

stop may not last any longer than necessary to process the traffic 

violation.” Id. However, an officer may prolong a traffic stop in 

“special circumstances.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). Specifically, “an officer may prolong a traffic stop to investigate the 

driver’s license and the vehicle registration, including by requesting 

a computer check, or while waiting for the results of a criminal 

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history check that is part of the officer’s routine traffic investigation.” Id. Such activities, however, “must not prolong the traffic 

stop beyond a reasonable amount of time under the circumstances 

of the stop.” Id. Although we measure the reasonableness of a 

stop’s duration under the totality of the circumstances, we have 

approved traffic stops lasting, for example, for 14 minutes and 

50 minutes. Id. However, “a police stop exceeding the time 

needed to handle the matter for which the stop was made violates 

the Constitution’s shield against unreasonable seizures.” Rodriguez v. United States, 575 U.S. 348, 350 (2015). “A seizure justified 

only by a police-observed traffic violation, therefore, becomes unlawful if it is prolonged beyond the time reasonably required to 

complete the mission of issuing a ticket for the violation.” Id.

at 350-51 (quotation marks and brackets omitted). 

As to the use of drug dogs during traffic stops, the Supreme 

Court has held that “the use of a well-trained narcotics-detection 

dog—one that does not expose noncontraband items that otherwise would remain hidden from public view—during a lawful traffic stop, generally does not implicate legitimate privacy interests.” 

Illinois v. Caballes, 543 U.S. 405, 409 (2005) (quotation marks and 

citation omitted). 

In Holt, we concluded that there was no error in the district 

court’s denial of Holt’s motions to suppress evidence seized during 

two traffic stops involving canine units. Holt, 777 F.3d at 1257. We

held that the record clearly supported the district court’s findings 

that, prior to the arrival of the canine units, neither traffic stop 

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exceeded an ordinary traffic stop in duration or scope. Id. In particular, we explained that the length of time that elapsed before the 

deployment of the drug dog—27 minutes in the first stop, and only 

a few minutes in the second stop—was not unreasonable, and “uncontroverted testimony established that the canine units arrived 

while the officers still were conducting routine records checks and 

preparing the traffic citations.” Id. Accordingly, we held that the 

use of the canines to sniff the exterior of the vehicles during lawful 

traffic stops did not violate the Fourth Amendment. Id.

Under Florida law, “[e]ither a taillamp or a separate lamp 

shall be so constructed and placed as to illuminate with a white 

light the rear registration plate and render it clearly legible from a 

distance of 50 feet to the rear.” Fla. Stat. § 316.221(2). This Court 

has affirmed the constitutionality of traffic stops for violations of 

inoperable-tag-light laws. Holt, 777 F.3d at 1244, 1256-57.

Here, Ramirez-Rivera has not shown that the district court 

erred in denying his motion to suppress. See Holt, 777 F.3d at 1255-

57; Gonzalez-Zea, 995 F.3d at 1302. First, the court did not err in 

deciding that the traffic stop was based on Officer Abelin’s reasonable suspicion that the car was violating § 316.221(2). See Gonzalez-Zea, 995 F.3d at 1302; Holt, 777 F.3d at 1256. The record 

showed that Officer Abelin had just pulled into the parking lot of a 

Frito Lay factory when the car passed by on a parallel road. It was 

7:38 p.m. and dark out, and Officer Abelin noticed that one of the 

passing car’s tag lights was out, leaving one side of its tag “unreadable” in the dark. Officer Abelin testified that he made a U-turn, 

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followed the car a short distance, and when he was “[a]bout 30 feet 

[away] with [his] light shining on the back rear end of the vehicle 

[he] could see the tag. Based on this, the court found that the tag 

was not legible from 50 feet away, as required by § 316.221(2). This 

finding was not clearly erroneous, because the court’s interpretation of Officer Abelin’s testimony—that he could not read the tag 

until he was 30 feet away—was not “unbelievable,” but was a reasonable understanding of Officer Abelin’s testimony. See Holt, 777 

F.3d at 1256 (quotation marks omitted). Because the court did not 

clearly err in its factual finding that the tag was illegible from 50 

feet away, it did not err in concluding that the traffic stop was based 

on reasonable suspicion and was, thus, lawful. See id.; GonzalezZea, 995 F.3d at 1302. 

Second, the district court did not err in finding that law enforcement did not unlawfully prolong the stop to conduct the K-9 

drug sniff. See Holt, 777 F.3d at 1256-57. As stated above, the stop 

itself was lawful. The record showed that Officer Abelin approached the car and asked its occupants for identification and, ultimately, to step out of the vehicle. Officer Abelin then relayed 

their identification information to dispatch, and within five 

minutes—while Officer Abelin was waiting to hear back from dispatch—a second officer conducted a K-9 sniff of the car and the dog 

gave a positive narcotics alert on the car. Because the sniff occurred 

while Officer Abelin was still conducting a routine record check, it 

did not unlawfully prolong the stop in violation of the Fourth 

Amendment. See Holt, 777 F.3d at 1256-57. Moreover, the entire 

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duration of the stop, between the time Officer Abelin pulled over 

the car to when he placed Ramirez-Rivera under arrest, was approximately eight minutes, which was not an unreasonable 

amount of time to conduct a routine record check under the totality of the circumstances. Holt, 777 F.3d at 1257. 

AFFIRMED. 

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