# Patent

## Title
Method and apparatus for the management of a soil pest or pathogen

## Abstract

A method for the management of a soil pest or pathogen includes a source of high voltage electricity; at least one capacitor for storing the high voltage electricity; a multiplicity of electrodes inserted into a soil location having a soil pest and/or pathogen to be managed; and an electrical switch which is controllably opened and closes so as to form a pulse of electricity which is passed through the soil location and between the electrodes so as to effect the management of the soil pest and/or pathogen.

## Background
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a method and apparatus for the management of a soil pest or pathogen, and more specifically to a methodology and apparatus which delivers a predetermined amount of electrical current to a soil treatment area, and which is effective in reducing the deleterious effects of soil pests such as nematodes, and pathogens such as various fungi, and similar organisms on plants which are planted, and growing in the same treatment area.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Members of the phylum nematoda [round worms] have been in existence for an estimated one billion years. This makes them one of the most ancient and diverse types of animals now available for study on the earth. These organisms are thought to have evolved from simple animals. Two nematode classes—the Chromadorida and Enoplea diverged so long ago that it is difficult to know the exact age of the two lineages of the phylum. In our previously filed U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/462,733, and which was filed on Aug. 19, 2014 we disclosed and claimed a methodology and apparatus which was shown to be particularly effective in controlling various nematodes. The present application claims priority to this earlier filed application, and the teachings of that earlier filed application is incorporated by reference herein.
A fungus is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as molds, yeasts and a more familiar group, the mushrooms. As should be understood, a fungus digests food externally and absorbs nutrients directly through the fungi's cell walls. Most fungi reproduce by spores, and have a body composed, at least in part, of microscopic tubular cells called hyphae. Fungi are considered Heterotrophs, and like animals, fungi obtain their carbon and energy from other organisms. They are classified as their own Kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from that of plants, animals and bacteria. One major difference between fungi and plants is that fungi have the compound chitin in their cell wall, while, on the contrary, plants have cellulose. Although often inconspicuous, fungi varieties are found in every ecosystem. and play important roles in most ecosystems.
Along with fungi, other organisms cause plant diseases including bacteria, viruses, nematodes and insects. However, fungi, by far, cause the most severe crop losses in the world. For example the results for a survey made by the state of Ohio reported that this one US state had one thousand plant diseases caused by fungi; one hundred plant diseases caused by viruses; and fifty plant diseases caused by bacteria. Among the best known fungal plant pathogens, Phytophthora infestans, which causes Potato Late Blight, resulted in the failure of potato crops across all of Europe, and the Irish famine of 1845-46. It is almost impossible to imagine that this one fungal crop disease changed the structure of an entire nation by causing the deaths of one in eight of the Irish Republic's population.
The majority of phytopathogenic fungi belong to the classes Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. Late blight of potatoes and downy mildew of grapes are diseases caused by the most ancient of fungal-like organisms, belonging to Ascomycetes, while rusts and smuts, are diseases caused by members of the group of fungi which is the most advanced in evolutionary terms, the Basidiomycetes. Diseases such as chestnut blight; peach leaf curl; Dutch elm disease; net blotch of barley; beet leaf spot; apple blotch; maple leaf spot; and many others are caused by fungi which are classified between these two aforementioned groups. Some members of the group or class, Ascomycetes, are very serious plant and animal pathogens, which cause significant plant diseases. One of the more serious plant pathogens is the ergot fungus, Claviceps purpurea which colonizes the ovaries of grains, such as rye. This aforementioned fungus produces a mass of mycelium, called a sclerotium, which is hard, and has a density similar to a seed. A sclerotia contains alkaloids and other secondary metabolites. Another group of fungal plant pathogens are the powdery mildews, which produce a powdery spore mass on the outer surface of plant leaves. If a leaf is infected before it has expanded, it will remain small and may drop from the plant. Powdery mildew can occur on most plant species, and can be very damaging to crop and ornamental plants. Members of group or class Basidiomycetes, also include Puccinia spp. that causes rusts in almost all cereal grains, and cultivated grasses; and Phakospora pachyrhizi that causes soybean rust.
The use of resistant plant cultivars, and the eradication of fungi through the use of assorted cultural practices are some of the more well-known approaches which have been employed to address the diseases caused by various fungal pathogens. However, in many situation these well-known measures cannot be employed. Those skilled in the art will recognize that some form of fungicide application is often essential, and critical to the survival of specific crops. For example, and in most situations, fungicides are more effective when applied prior to the onset of disease symptoms. However, a small number of well-known fungicides can be effective when applied after the onset of symptoms.
There are many different types and chemical classes of fungicides currently available. The current literature reports that fumigants, sometimes in conjunction with other chemical mitigants, have been the traditional means for controlling fungal plant pathogens and other plant pathogens and pests. Currently, fumigants are still used to control fungal pathogens in many countries, including the United States. Fungicides, including fumigants, can be used as pre-plant soil treatments; drenches; seed treatments; in-season applications; and/or or as postharvest treatments for fruits and vegetables.
However, the high cost of the available fumigants has restricted their use to high value crops in countries where these admittedly toxic products can be applied safely and effectively. Many countries have, as of late, severely restricted the use of fumigants, or completely banned them altogether. One of the most effective fumigants is Methyl Bromide. Many farmers have recognized this soil fumigant is just short of a miracle for the management of soil plant pathogens and pests. Methyl Bromide has been shown, in a single treatment before planting, to control fungal pathogens, nematodes, weeds and other plant pathogens. However, Methyl Bromide is also recognized as a health and environmental hazard, and is being phased out under an international ban. Other fumigants are under testing by the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and other agencies. However, the recent literature does not show any of these fumigants have reached the level of efficacy that Methyl Bromide has. Investigators attempting to control soil plant pathogens and pests, have sought other methods beyond that of fumigation. Fungicides can be applied via subsurface drip chemi-gation to control a range of fungal pathogens with a soil phase, including Phytophthora capsici infections on vegetables with good results. Although fungicides provide good crop protection, their repeated use is known to result in fungal pathogen resistance. Moreover, the resulting fungal resistance is sometimes, widespread, that is, the resulting resistance developed by the fungus subsequently affects the performance of many other fungicides, including new ones which are introduced. In view of these observed challenges, a long-felt need exists for other commercially viable, and environmentally friendly strategies which can be employed for the management of a soil pest and/or plant pathogens, and which can be utilized on various agricultural crops.
The Office's attention is directed to U.S. Pat. No. 1,737,866, which appears to be one of the earliest known patents, and which describes a method and apparatus for the practice of agriculture. This patent discloses the use of a plow device, and wherein the plow includes harrow discs or other oppositely charged implements, which act as electrodes, and wherein a source of electricity is passed into the plow-shares or harrow discs. The electrically energized harrow discs are reported, in this reference, to be effective in destroying germinating seeds, and inhibit the activity of insects, worms, larvae and eggs that are in the soil, thus practically exterminating them. The Office's attention is also directed to U.S. Pat. No. 2,750,712, to Rainey, and which relates to another apparatus and methodology for applying electrical current to a soil treatment area, and which is intended to destroy undesired weeds, grass and insect life by the application of electrical current to the insects, and undesired plants during cultivation. Still another attempt to apply electrical current to a cultivated area is seen in U.S. Patent Publication No. 2003/0150156 A1 to Flagler, et al. Again, this particular reference discloses a method and apparatus for eradicating nematodes, and other soil borne organisms, to a depth of up to several feet. This published U.S. patent application discloses the use of specially-shaped, electrically conductive metal shanks that are pulled through the soil profile by a tractor, or other suitable vehicle. Examples, of other prior art references which disclose the application of electrical current to a soil treatment area for the control of weeds, insects, nematodes, and the like, are also seen in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,429,412; 2,588,561; 4,758,318; and 6,237,278 to name but a few.
A method and apparatus for the management of a soil pest or pathogen is the subject matter of the present application.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A first aspect of the present invention relates to a method for the management of a soil pest or pathogen which includes providing a source of high voltage electricity having a predetermined capacitance; electrically coupling the source of high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance with a soil location having a soil pest or pathogen which requires management; and supplying the source of high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance to the soil in a predetermined number of pulses to effect an in-situ management of the soil pest or pathogen at the soil location.
Still another aspect of the present invention relates to a method for the management of a soil pest or pathogen such as a fungi, which includes providing a source of high voltage electricity; providing a plurality of spaced electrodes each having a given length dimension, and which are oriented in a predetermined, spaced relationship, one relative to the other, and orienting the spaced electrodes in electrical discharging relation relative to a soil location having a soil pest or a pathogen to be managed; providing a capacitor and which is electrically coupled with the source of the high voltage electricity, and storing the source of the high voltage electricity in the capacitor so as to form a source of high voltage electricity having a predetermined capacitance; providing a high voltage solid state electrical switch which is electrically coupled with the source of high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance, and which is stored in the capacitor, and wherein the high voltage solid state electrical switch is further electrically coupled with each of the spaced electrodes, and wherein the high voltage solid state electrical switch can be rendered electrically open so as to facilitate a storage of the source of high voltage electricity in the capacitor, and electrically closed so as to facilitate an electrical discharge of the capacitor and the subsequent delivery of the source of the high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance to the respective plurality of spaced electrodes; providing an electrical switch driver which is electrically coupled with the high voltage solid state electrical switch, and wherein the high voltage solid state electrical switch, when actuated, is effective in causing the high voltage solid state electrical switch to be rendered either electrically open, or electrically closed; providing an isolation transformer which is electrically coupled with both the source of the high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance, and with the plurality of spaced electrodes which are oriented in electrical discharging relation relative to the soil location, and operating the isolation transformer in a manner so as to effect a transmission of the high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance through the soil location, and between the adjacent spaced electrodes, and to impede the dissipation of the high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance into the soil at the soil location; providing a controller which is coupled in controlling relation relative to the electrical switch driver, and which is effective in rendering the high voltage solid state electrical switch electrically opened and closed; and repeatedly rendering the electrical switch driver operable to facilitate an electrical opening and closing of the high voltage solid state electrical switch and so forming a multiplicity of pulses of electricity which are delivered to the plurality of electrodes, and which are oriented in electrical discharging relation relative to the soil location, and wherein the plurality of electrical pulses facilitate a reduction in an adverse pathogenesis or effect at the soil location which is greater than about 5%.
These and other aspects of the present invention will be discussed in greater detail, hereinafter.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Preferred embodiments of the invention are described below with reference to the following accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a greatly simplified, perspective, side elevation view of the present invention, and which is shown in a typical operational arrangement, and while treating an underlying soil region.
FIG. 2 is a highly simplified, electrical schematic showing one form of an overall operational, electrical arrangement for implementing the methodology of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is a second, highly simplified, electrical schematic for implementing the teachings of the present invention.
FIG. 4 is a perspective, side elevation view of a greatly simplified apparatus, which implements the methodology for the management of a soil pest of pathogen of the present invention.
FIG. 4A is a greatly magnified view of a portion of a soil location to be treated, and which depicts one type of a soil pest or pathogen to be managed by the disclosed methodology.
FIG. 5 is a fragmentary, top plan view of one possible physical arrangement of several electrical components, which implement the methodology of the present invention.
FIG. 6 is a fragmentary, perspective, exploded, side elevation view of several electronic components, which implement the methodology of the present invention.
FIG. 7 is a fragmentary, bottom, plan view of a non-conductive supporting surface, and which shows a multiplicity of spaced electrodes, which further are positioned in a given array, and are utilized in the present invention.
FIG. 8 is a plan view of a moveable platform, and which is employed in the methodology of the present invention.
FIG. 9 is a greatly simplified view of an earth traversing vehicle or carriage, with some surfaces removed, and which is employed in the methodology of the present invention.
FIG. 10 is a perspective, partially exploded, side elevation view of an earth traversing vehicle carrying a movable platform, and which forms a feature of the present invention.
FIG. 11 is a fragmentary, perspective, side elevation view of a movable platform which forms a feature of the present invention.
FIG. 12 is a fragmentary, perspective, side elevation view of an earth traversing vehicle carrying a movable platform in a first position, and which forms a feature of the present invention.
FIG. 13 is a fragmentary perspective, side elevation view of an earth traversing vehicle in a second position, and which forms a feature of the present invention, and which is further shown in a position where it has been advanced along a course of travel, over a soil treatment area.
FIG. 14 is a fragmentary, perspective, side elevation view showing an earth traversing vehicle in a third position, and which forms a feature of the present invention, and which is further shown in a location further advanced along the course of travel from that seen in FIG. 11.
FIG. 15 is a fragmentary, perspective, side elevation view of an earth traversing vehicle in a fourth position, and which forms a feature of the present invention, and which is further shown in yet still another, further advanced position from that seen in FIG. 14.
FIG. 16 is a fragmentary, perspective, side elevation view of an earth traversing vehicle in a fifth position, and which forms a feature of the present invention, and which is further shown in still another, advanced position relative to that seen in FIG. 15.
FIG. 17 is still another, fragmentary, perspective, side elevation view of the present invention, and which shows an earth traversing vehicle in still another position which is advanced along the course of travel.
FIG. 18 is a fragmentary, perspective, side elevation view of the present invention, and which shows the earth traversing vehicle, which forms a feature of the present invention, located in yet another position along the course of travel, and after having treated a given soil area.
FIG. 19 is a graphical depiction showing the effect of various energy treatments on a first type of fungal soil pathogen
FIG. 20 is a graphical depiction showing the effect of various energy treatments on a second type of fungal soil pathogen



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
This disclosure of the invention is submitted in furtherance of the constitutional purposes of the U.S. Patent laws “to promote the progress of science in useful art” [Article I, Section 8].
The method and apparatus for the management of a soil pest and/or pathogen of the present invention is best seen by reference to FIG. 1, and following. The method and apparatus, which will generally be indicated by the numeral 10, is useful for treating a given soil location, and which is generally indicated by the numeral 11, in FIG. 1, and following. The soil location 11 includes a soil pest or pathogen to be managed, and which is generally indicated by the numeral 12 in FIG. 4A. The soil pest or pathogen, as depicted, is shown as worms, or nematodes, which are only fancifully depicted in that view, but these same soil pests may further include other organisms such as fungi; earthworms; wax worms; and crickets, and which are harmful to plants growing in the soil location 11 to be treated. The soil pathogens which may be harmful to plants may include a variety of different fungal pathogens chosen from the phytopathogenic fungi groups or classes of Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes. The method of the present invention 10 includes a first step of providing a source of high voltage electricity having a predetermined capacitance 13 (FIGS. 2 and 3). In the methodology and apparatus 10, as described, hereinafter, the first step includes the provision of a three-phase, 208 volt AC generator 290, which may be mounted in one possible form of the invention at a fixed location; or in another possible embodiment the generator may be mounted for movement across the soil location 11 (FIG. 1), in order to supply the source of electricity 13 to an accompanying treatment apparatus, which will be described below. The source of high voltage electricity 13 includes a phase A, B and C, indicated by the numerals 14, 15 and 16, respectively. The source of the high voltage electricity further includes a neutral terminal 17, and an accompanying electrical ground 18. This step of providing the high voltage electricity 13, having a predetermined capacitance comprises generating a source of high voltage DC electricity, having a voltage in a range of about 1 kV to about 100 kV; an amperage of about 5 amps to about 50 kA; a frequency of about 1 Hz to about 1000 Hz; and a capacitance of about 1 uF to about 1,000 uF. With regard to the method as described above, the soil location 11, has a soil electrical conductivity, which lies in a range of about 100 to about 2,500 Micro Siemens per cubic centimeter of soil at the soil location 11. Still further, the soil pest or pathogen to be managed at the soil location 11 is selected from the group of phytopathogenic fungi belonging to the groups Ascomycetes and Basidiomycetes; and a selected response of the soil pest or pathogen 12 to be managed at the soil location, and which is affected by the methodology as described, hereinafter, comprises a decrease in the pathogenesis of the soil pathogen at the soil location to include, but not be limited to a reduction in the diseases of root rot; leaf curl; and/leaf spot. With regard to the present methodology 10, the method and apparatus, as described hereinafter, is employed to deter or inhibit an adverse soil pest or pathogen effect or reduce pathogenesis 12 at the soil location 11, so as to increase the resulting plant vigor; crop yield; and/or increase the production quality of a plant, which is normally affected by the soil pest, or pathogen at the soil location where the plant is being grown.
Referring still to FIG. 2, the method and apparatus 10 of the present invention includes an isolation transformer, which is generally indicated by the numeral 20. The isolation transformer 20 operates in a manner which is well known in the art. The isolation transformer 20 includes phase A, phase B and phase C isolation transformer components, and which are indicated by the numerals 21, 22 and 23, respectively. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the respective individual isolation transformer components 21, 22 and 23 are electrically coupled to the source of high voltage electricity 13, by electrical conduits 24, which directly couple the phase A, phase B and phase C isolation transformer components to the phase A, phase B and phase C and ground 14, 15, 16 and 18, as previously described.
As seen in FIG. 1, the method and apparatus 10, as described, is propelled over the soil location 11, in one form of the invention, by a tractor, or similar vehicle 25. The tractor is of conventional design having earth engaging wheels 26; a forwardly oriented lifting arrangement 27; and an operator's position 28. The tractor 25 has a trailing storage region 29 for supporting components of the apparatus which will be described in further detail, below.
The method and apparatus 10 of the present invention (FIG. 2) includes a high voltage switching power supply, which is here generally indicated by the numeral 30 in FIG. 2. The high voltage switching power supply 30 includes a first and a second switching power supply 31 and 32, respectively, which cooperatively, and electrically, are coupled together in order to provide the benefits as will be described, below. The respective first and second high voltage switching power supplies 31 and 32 each have a group of three-phase, 208 volt, power terminals 33, which are electrically coupled to the respective phase A, phase B and phase C, isolation transformer components 21, 22 and 23, respectively, as illustrated in FIG. 2. Still further, the respective high voltage switching power supplies 30 each have a neutral terminal 34, which is connected to the neutral terminal 17, and to the ground 18, as illustrated. Further, each of the respective first and second high voltage switching power supplies 31 and 32, has a high voltage power on/off terminal 35, which are respectively electrically coupled together as illustrated. The high voltage switching power supplies 30 are operable to quickly, electrically charge capacitors, as will be described, hereinafter. In the form of the invention as shown, the respective high voltage, switching power supplies have an average charging rate of about 4,000 Joules per second, at the rated output voltage. Further, each of the high voltage switching power supplies 31 and 32 have power output terminals labeled 93(A), (Positive Terminal) and 93(B), (Negative Terminal) respectively; and yet another electrical terminal 94. Electrical conduits labeled 93(+) and 93(−) are each electrically coupled to the high voltage switching power supplies, and with each of the downstream capacitors, as will be described, below. Additionally, the respective first and second high voltage switching power supplies 31 and 32 each have an Analog A terminal, indicated by the numeral 41, and an Analog V terminal, which is indicated by the numeral 42. Further, each of the aforementioned power supplies also has a Reference terminal 43; and a V program terminal 44. Additionally, each of the aforementioned switching power supplies has an Inhibit terminal 45. As illustrated in the drawings, the first high voltage switching power supply 31 has a 15 volt direct current output terminal 46. As best illustrated in FIG. 2, the V program terminals 44 are electrically coupled together. Similarly the reference terminals 43 are electrically coupled together.
As seen in FIG. 2, and following, the method and apparatus of the present invention 10 includes a high voltage control switch, which is generally indicated by the numeral 50, and which is used for controlling and energizing the high voltage switching power supplies 31 and 32, respectively. The high voltage control switch 50, which can be triggered remotely by a controller, as will be described in greater detail, below, includes an electrical switch 51, and further includes a potentiometer 52. Both of these are labeled in FIG. 2. The high voltage control switch 50 for controlling the respective high voltage switching power supplies 31 and 32, respectively, are electrically coupled to each of the high voltage switching power supplies by means of electrical conduits 53, and which are electrically coupled to the terminals 43 and 44, respectively, and which are found on each of the high voltage switching power supplies 31 and 32.
The method and apparatus 10 of the present invention (FIG. 2) includes a pulse control and wave form monitoring unit, which is generally indicated by the numeral 60, in FIG. 2. The pulse control and wave form monitoring unit is electrically coupled to the aforementioned high voltage switching power supplies 30, and high voltage control switch 50 for controlling the aforementioned power supplies 30. The pulse control and wave form monitoring unit 60 includes a pair of Analog A terminals, which are generally indicated by the numeral 61. Still further, the same pulse control, and wave form monitoring unit 60 includes a pair of Analog V terminals 62. This same assembly 60 also includes a pair of Reference terminals 63; and a pair of Inhibit terminals which are generally indicated by the numeral 64. Additionally, the pulse control and wave form monitoring unit 60 includes an electrically positive pulse monitoring terminal 65; and an electrically negative pulse monitoring terminal 66. Still further, the pulse control and wave form monitoring unit 60 includes a pair of Trigger terminals 67, and a Reference monitoring terminal 68. As seen in the drawings, a pair of electrical conduits 70, individually couple the Analog A terminals 41, and 61, together. Still further, a pair of electrical conduits 71, individually electrically couple the Analog V terminals 42 and 62 together. Still further, a pair of electrical conduits 73, individually couple the respective reference terminals 43 and 63 together. Additionally, and as seen in FIG. 2, a pair of electrical conduits 74 individually couple the Inhibit terminals 45 and 64, together.
The method and apparatus 10, as best seen in FIG. 2, includes a controller which is generally indicated by the numeral 80, and which is herein illustrated as a conventional laptop computer 80, and which is further coupled in controlling relation relative to the pulse control, and wave form monitoring unit 60 by means of a USB cable 81. Of course this same electrical coupling could be achieved by a wireless connection if desired. The controller 80, or laptop computer, provides a convenient means for an operator, not shown, to monitor the operation of the apparatus, which implements the methodology 10 of the present invention, and which will be described in greater detail below. Electrically coupled to the pulse control, and wave form monitoring unit 60 is a pair of capacitors, which are generally indicated by the numeral 90. The pair of capacitors include a first capacitor 91, and a second capacitor 92. The capacitors are of conventional design, and have the ability to store electricity, which is generated by the high voltage switching power supplies 30, which are, again, electrically coupled with the source of high voltage electricity 13. The respective capacitors 90 are operable to be electrically charged, and then discharged during a predetermined period of time so as to provide pulses of electricity, as will be described below, which are then passed through the soil location 11 to achieve the benefits of the invention, as will be described in later detail in this Application. As illustrated, the first and second capacitors 91 and 92, are electrically coupled to the power output terminals 93(A); 93(B); and 94 of each of the respective high voltage switching power supplies 30 by a pair of electrical conduits 93(Positive), and 93(Negative), in order to receive the electrical current to charge same. The pair of electrical conduits 93 (Positive and Negative) are also coupled by means of an electrical conduit 95 to the Reference terminal 68, and electrically terminals 94, as provided on the pulse control and wave form monitoring unit 60.
The method and apparatus 10 includes a pair of high voltage, solid-state electrical switches 100, which are individually electrically coupled with each of the capacitors 91 and 92, respectively. The pair of high voltage solid-state electrical switches include a first high-voltage switch 101; and a second high voltage switch 102. Additionally, the apparatus 10 includes first and second pulse boards 255 and 256, respectively, (FIG. 3), and which are individually and respectively coupled to the first and second high voltage, solid-state switches 101 and 102, respectively. As seen in the drawings (FIG. 5), individual heat sinks 105, are positioned adjacent, and in heat removing relation relative to, the first and second high voltage, solid-state electrical switches 101 and 102 respectively. The heat sinks are used to dissipate heat energy generated during the operation of the high voltage, solid-state electrical switches 101 and 102, respectively. The high voltage, solid-state electrical switches comprise silicon controlled rectifiers (SCR), as illustrated. These are well known in the art and are employed to quickly, electrically open, and close, in order to release stored electrical energy from the previously charged capacitors 91 and 92, respectively, in order to achieve a discharge of pulsed electricity as will be described, below, and which travels between adjacent electrodes, in order to implement the methodology for controlling a soil pest or pathogen at the soil location 11. As seen in the drawings (FIGS. 3 and 5), a pair of voltage supply assemblies 253, and 254 are provided, and are further electrically coupled 259 so as to energize the individual pulse boards 255, and 256, in the manner which is described, below. Electrically coupled to each of the monitoring connections, 65 and 66 are individual high voltage monitoring probes 108(+) and 108(−), respectively (FIGS. 2 and 3).
Referring now to FIG. 2, and following, it will be seen that the method and apparatus 10 of the present invention includes a multiplicity of electrodes which are generally indicated by the numeral 120, and which are further operable to be placed or inserted within the soil location 11, to a given depth, and wherein, when the apparatus is rendered operational, periodic pulses of electricity of a given magnitude, and duration, are passed through the soil location 11, to be treated, in order to achieve the benefits of the present methodology. In this regard, the electrodes 120 (FIG. 6) include an elongated main body 121 which can be repeatedly, and forcibly inserted, placed or otherwise oriented within the soil location 11, to a given depth, by the operation of the apparatus as will be further described, hereinafter. This repeated forcible insertion, or predetermined placement, and then removal or withdrawal of the respective electrodes 120 takes place in one form of the invention with a minimum of disturbance to the soil location 11. The individual electrodes have a main body 121, with a proximal end 122, and which is coupled to an electrical bus as will be described, below, and further has a distal end 123, and which is located a given distance below the surface of the soil location 11. The respective plurality of electrodes 120 include both electrically positive electrodes 124 (FIG. 7); and electrically negative electrodes 125. When rendered operational, previously stored electricity in the respective capacitors 90, passes into the individual electrodes by means of the electrical bus as will be described, hereinafter, and then moves between the positive and negative electrodes 124 and 125 to achieve the benefits of the invention. The pulse of electricity 130 which is generated by the electrical discharge of the capacitors 91 and 92, respectively, is represented by the numeral 130 as seen in FIG. 2, hereinafter.
Referring now to FIG. 3, an alternative embodiment of the invention is seen. In this rather simplified illustration, earlier numerical designations used in FIG. 2 indicate similar structures in this drawing. As will be recognized in this greatly simplified drawing, the source of high voltage electricity 13; isolation transformer 20; and high voltage switching power supplies 30 remain the same, and are electrically coupled in a manner that is similar to that which was earlier described. Again, a controller 80 is provided, and which can be used by an operator, not shown, who will be operating the invention 10. A pulse control and wave form monitoring unit 60 is provided. In addition, capacitors 90, are repeatedly charged, and then discharged by the actions of the high voltage solid state switches 100, as illustrated. In this form of the invention, a voltage supply assembly 250 is provided, and which receives 110 volts AC from the isolation transformer 20, and which further supplies a resulting 24 volts DC to downstream first and second solid state relays 251, and 252 respectively. The solid state relays are electrically coupled to the pulse control and wave form monitoring unit 60. Additional voltage supply assembles 253 and 254, each convert 208 volt AC electrical power coming from the isolation transformer 20, and via electrical conduits which are labeled 258, into 11 volts AC, and which is then supplied to the individual positive and negative electrical pulse printed circuit boards 255 and 256, respectively, via the electrical conduits 259. The first and second solid state relays 251, and 252 are coupled to the electric pulse board controller 260 by pairs of electrical conduits which are labeled 257. The arrangement as seen in FIGS. 3 and 5 includes an electrical pulse board controller 260, and which is electrically coupled 257 with the respective solid state relays 251 and 252, respectively. The pulse board controller is controllably coupled by way of an optical fiber, or light pipe 261, with each of the respective electrical pulse boards 255 and 256. When energized, the pulse board controller 260 is operable to cause the respective pulse boards to activate the respective solid state electrical switches 100, in a manner so as to generate the predetermined electrical pulses 130. As earlier described, these electrical pulses 130 are delivered to the electrodes 120, and then is subsequently delivered through the soil location 11, so as to manage the soil pest or pathogen as 12 as discussed earlier.
As seen in the drawings (FIG. 4 and following), the present method and apparatus, which are generally indicated by the numeral 10, includes a non-conductive electrical platform which is generally indicated by the numeral 140. The non-conductive platform has a top surface 141, and upon which the electrical components such as the capacitors 91 and 92 are attached; and an opposite bottom surface 142 (FIG. 6). Still further, first and second electrically conductive pathways 144, and 145, are mounted on top of the electrically nonconductive support member 146, as illustrated. Non-conductive spacing elements 143 (FIG. 10) are mounted on the top surface of electrically nonconductive support member 146. The spacing elements 143 locate the platform 140, and non-conductive support member 146 in spaced relation, one, relative to the other. As should be understood, the respective proximal ends 123 of the individual electrodes 120 are received through the non-conductive support member 146, and are electrically coupled 122 to the electrically conductive pathways 144 and 145, respectively. The electrodes 120 are further positioned in predetermined, spaced relation along the respective first and second electrical pathways, and are spaced a given distance apart so as to form an electrode array, and wherein the respective electrodes have a given spacing in order to achieve the benefits of the present invention as will be described, hereinafter (FIGS. 6 and 7). Individual electrically conductive bus bars which are generally indicated by the numeral 150 and 151, respectively (FIG. 7), individually couple the respective first and second electrical pathways 144 and 145 to the electrical components, as previously described, and which will be discussed in greater detail, below. Once assembled the platform 140 and non-conductive support member 146 move in unison, together, in the fashion as described, hereinafter.
Referring now to FIGS. 4, 5, 7 and 8, and again referring to the non-conductive supporting surface 146, and platform 140, the present apparatus 10 for implementing the methodology includes a housing 160 which is mounted on the top surface 141 of the non-conductive platform 140. The housing 160 has multiple, substantially vertically oriented sidewalls 161, and which enclose or define a cavity for receiving the electrical components as earlier described. As seen in FIG. 8, extending through the top and bottom surfaces 141 and 142, are first and second capacitor posts 162 and 163, respectively, and which are individually electrically coupled to the respective capacitors 91 and 92, respectively. Still further the individual capacitors 91 and 92 each have common electrical posts which are indicated by the numeral 164, and which extend through the top and bottom surfaces 141 and 142, respectively. An electrical pathway 165 electrically couples the common posts 164, together. As also seen in FIG. 8, an electrical pathway 165 is provided, and which, again, couples the common posts 164 together. Still further, an electrical pathway 166 is provided (FIG. 8), and which extends upwardly through 141 and 142 to further electrically couple the individual first and second capacitor posts 162 and 163, respectively, to the earlier mentioned individual high voltage solid state switches 101 and 102, respectively, and which were discussed, above.
Referring now to FIG. 9, a feature of the present apparatus 10 for implementing the methodology is shown. As seen in this view, an earth traversing vehicle or carriage 180, is generally shown, and which further is supported for rolling engagement over the soil location 11 having the soil pest or pathogen 12 to be managed. The earth traversing vehicle 180 has a supporting frame 181 which moves in a spaced relationship over the face of the earth. The earth traversing vehicle, and more specifically the supporting frame 181 has a first, or proximal end 182; and a second, or distal end 183. The supporting frame 181 is defined, at least in part, by a pair of laterally disposed, spaced, and substantially parallel frame members 184. Still further, the lateral frame members 184 are held together in predetermined, spaced relation, by a manual maneuvering handle or yoke 185. This structure permits a user to maneuver or otherwise orient the frame 181 in a position so as to be effectively coupled to the tractor 25. Still further, and mounted on, and extending upwardly relative to the lateral frame members 184 is a transversely disposed and vertically extending platform guidance member 186 which is operable to matingly cooperate with the non-conductive support member 146 as earlier described, in order to define a path of movement for the non-conductive supporting member 146, and which is carrying the plurality of electrodes 120 in the array, and the platform 140 by way of the non-conductive spacing elements (not shown), and which are best seen in FIG. 6. The lifting arrangement 27 for the tractor 25 is coupled in force transmitting relation relative to the platform guidance member 186, as best seen in FIG. 1.
As seen in FIG. 9, the earth traversing vehicle or carriage 180 is held in rolling engagement relative to the soil requiring treatment 11 by means of a plurality of earth engaging wheels 190. The earth traversing vehicle 180 further includes a pair of inwardly disposed landing or castor wheels 191, and which are mounted on the distal end 183 of the supporting frame 181, and which further work in conjunction with the manual maneuvering yoke 185 when it is de-coupled from the tractor 25. As illustrated, the earth engaging wheels 90 are mounted in pairs on the opposite lateral frame members 184, and are located on opposite sides of the respective, transversely disposed, and vertically extending platform guidance members 186. The earth engaging wheels 190 each have a main body 192, which has an outside facing surface 193, and an opposite, inside facing surface 194. An axle 195 renders the respective earth engaging wheels 190 rotatable relative to the respective lateral frame members 184. Rigid discs 196 cover at least in part, the inside facing surfaces 194 of the respective earth engaging wheels 190, and individual platform engaging posts 197 are positioned in predetermined orientations on each of the rigid discs 196, and the main body 192, and upon rotation of the earth engaging wheels 190, the non-conductive support member 146 as will be described, hereinafter, will move upwardly and downwardly relative to the soil region requiring treatment 11, and which is positioned, therebelow, the earth traversing vehicle 180.
Referring now to FIGS. 10 and 11, and as should be understood, the non-conductive support member 146 is rendered movable along a substantially vertically disposed path of travel, upwardly, and downwardly, relative to the underlying soil treatment area 11, and which is located, therebeneath, the earth traversing vehicle 180 by a platform movement assembly which is further generally indicated by the numeral 200. For ease in understanding the invention, 10, the housing 160, along with platform 140, and the mounted capacitors are removed from the drawing as seen in FIG. 11, and following, and only the non-conductive support member 146 is illustrated. However, it should be understood that the housing 160, along with platform 140, and the mounted capacitors which are not illustrated, along with the underlying non-conductive support member 146, and through which the electrodes 120 extend, and are further respectively, electrically coupled to the first and second electrical pathways 144, and 145, move in unison, together, and along the aforementioned, substantially vertical path of travel by the action of the platform movement assembly 200. In this regard, the non-conductive support member 146 has secured atop, and along the outer perimeter of same, a vertically oriented structural member 208, and a pair of laterally disposed first and second rail members 201 and 202, respectively. These aforementioned structures form a portion of the platform movement assembly 200, and which are further operable to carry the non-conductive support member 146 in opposite directions both towards, and away from, the soil treatment area 11. As can be seen, the first and second rail members 201 and 202, respectively, are positioned on opposite sides of the non-conductive support member 146, and are disposed in substantially parallel, spaced relationship, one relative to the other. The respective first and second rail members have opposite first and second ends 203 and 204, respectively, and which extend forwardly and rearwardly relative to the platform movement assembly 200. As can be seen in FIG. 11, a longitudinally extending channel 205 is formed in, and extends between the first and second ends 203 and 204, respectively. The individual channels are operable to engage, and receive for movement therein the individual platform engaging posts 197, and which are mounted on the rigid discs 196. As seen in FIG. 11, the respective first and second rail members 201 and 202, respectively, have an upwardly facing surface 206. Mounted on each of the upwardly facing surfaces is a rail engagement surface or member 207, and which is operable to cooperate in the manner as will be described, hereinafter, with the transversely disposed, and vertically extending platform guidance member 186 which is affixed to the respective lateral frame members 184 of the supporting frame 181.
Referring now to the drawings (FIG. 13) it will be seen that an engagement post 210 is made integral with each of the transversely disposed and vertically extending platform guidance members 186. The respective engagement posts 210 each extend laterally, inwardly relative to the lateral frame members 184, and are operable to cooperate and engage the rail engagement surface 207, and which extends angularly upwardly from the upwardly facing surface 206 of the respective first and second rail members 201 and 202 respectively. The earth traversing vehicle 180 is moved in a given direction along a path of movement 220, and over the soil treatment area 11, in the manner as described hereinafter, and as seen in FIG. 1. As noted earlier, the earth traversing frame or carriage 181 incorporates or employs four earth engaging wheels 190, and which are mounted to the supporting frame 181. The area between the respective earth engaging wheels 190 is open to accommodate the accompanying moveable platform 140, and the non-conductive support members 146, bearing the electrodes 120, in a given electrode array, so as to allow movement of the electrode array or individual electrodes 120, in opposite directions, both upwardly and downwardly, towards the soil treatment area 11. The wheels 190 which are employed are standard wheel/tires which are typically found on car or truck trailers, and which are between 13 and 17 inches in diameter, and which further have a center hole, and 4 or 5 stud holes, not shown. The respective wheels 190 are mounted on the supporting frame 181 via the axle 195 in the arrangement as seen in the drawings. As illustrated, a ridged disc 196 is typically manufactured from aluminum, and has a roller bearing, not shown, and which is mounted adjacent to the inside facing surface 194 of the respective earth engaging wheels. Individual platform engaging posts 197 are made integral with, or are affixed to, this rigid or aluminum disc 196. Again, the platform movement assembly 200 (FIG. 11) including the first and second rail numbers 201 and 202, are positioned therebetween the wheels 190, and the individual platform engaging posts 197 are received in the respective channels 205, and which are defined by the first and second rail members 201 and 202, respectively. As should be understood, as the wheels 190 rotate, when they are moved across the soil treatment area 11, this rotation of the respective wheels 190 causes the platform 140, and non-conductive support member 146, to move downwardly with the platform engaging pins or posts 197, towards the soil treatment area 11. As should be understood, the weight of the apparatus 10 will force or otherwise cause the orientation or placement of the electrodes 120 into the soil to be treated 11. As will be understood the wheels 190 do not stop moving. Therefore, continuous rotation of the wheels 190 will then pick up the electrode array as the platform engaging pins or posts 197 move upwardly as the respective wheels 190 continue to rotate. The respective platform engaging posts 197 are offset from the center of the wheels 190 so as to utilize the wheel rotation to provide upward and downward movement, as well as forward travel for the non-conductive support member 146, when the electrodes 120 are not inserted in the soil 11. The distance between the individual platform engaging posts 197 from the center of the wheel 190 is determined by the size of the electrode array of the non-conductive support member 146. This further determines the distance needed to be covered, or traversed from the removal, to the insertion or placement of the individual electrodes 120, into the underlying soil treatment area 11. For example, in one possible example, if the soil treatment area 11 is approximately 24 inches in length, the accompanying moveable platform and electrode array 120 will need to move 28 inches to treat the next adjoining section of soil. In this spatial arrangement, this requires a 4 and 1⁄2 inch drive or individual platform engaging post 197, offset, as measured, from the wheel center to achieve this distance in one rotation of the wheels 190, as provided. Important to the success of the apparatus 10 is the channel 205 in which the individual platform engaging posts 197 move while the electrodes 120 are in contact or inserted within the soil treatment area 11. As should be understood, roller bearings, not shown, and which are positioned on the individual platform engaging posts 197 travel in the channel 205, and allows the non-conductive support member 146 to remain stationary in the soil location as the individual wheels 190 rotate, and further facilitates the vertical movement of the electrodes 120. As should be understood, as the electrodes 120 are inserted generally vertically into the soil, and then are removed, generally vertically, by the movement of the platform, when the non-conductive support member 146 moves repeatedly, upwardly and downwardly, in response to the rotation of the earth engaging wheels 190. As earlier discussed, and in one possible form of the invention, the movement of the electrodes 120 takes place without a substantial disturbance of the underlying soil surface 11. This is best seen in FIGS. 1 and 18, respectively, and where a multiplicity of apertures, 300 appear in the soil which has been previously treated. These apertures, of course, were formed by the respective electrodes, 120. As should be understood, once the electrodes 120 are removed from the soil treatment area 11, the rail engaging surface 207 contacts the engagement post 210 which typically has a stationary roller bearing mounted thereon. As the non-conductive support member 146 is lifted up by the individual platform engaging posts 197, and which is simultaneous with the movement of the wheels rotation 190, the respective engagement posts 210 come into contact with the rail engagement surface 207 thus applying a forward movement which is translated to the non-conductive support member 146. This causes the entire non-conductive support member 146, including platform 140, to move in a forward direction towards the proximal end 182, of the supporting frame 181.
Referring now to FIG. 12 and following, four positions of the movement of the non-conductive support member, 146, carrying the plurality of electrodes 120 during the sequence of one rotation of the wheels 190, is illustrated. Referring now to FIG. 12, it will be seen that the plurality of electrodes 120 which are located or disposed within a predetermined, spaced, electrode array is illustrated as being carried by the earth traversing vehicle 180, and located above the surface of the earth. The non-conductive support member 146, which is carried by the platform movement assembly 200 is located in a forward orientation on the individual first and second rail members 201 and 202 respectively, and the respective electrodes 120 are positioned to be inserted in the soil as the wheels 190 rotate the individual platform engaging posts forward and then downwardly towards the soil treatment region 11. As seen in FIG. 13, the distance traveled by the earth traversing 180 from a first starting position, A, 240, to a second position, B, 241 in this example, is about 9.5 inches. With regard to FIG. 13, it will be recognized that the electrodes 120 have moved to, and have contacted the soil treatment area 11. As earlier discussed, the weight of the apparatus 10 is such that the downward force of the rotating individual platform engaging posts 197 which cooperate with the first and second rail members 201 and 202 is of a sufficient magnitude that the individual electrodes 120 are forced into the soil treatment area 11 in a substantially vertical path of travel. As the wheels 190 continue to rotate with only the individual platform engaging posts downwardly directed force acting on the non-conductive support member 146 by means of the first and second rail members 201 and 202, respectively it will be recognized that the forward force of the earth traversing vehicle 180 is now isolated within the individual first and second rail members 201 and 202, respectively.
Referring now to FIG. 14, it will be recognized that when the earth traversing vehicle 180 reaches a third position C, and which is labeled by the numeral 242, that the individual electrodes 120 are fully inserted or placed into the soil treatment area 11, and the accompanying methodology 10 for the treatment of the soil to manage a soil pest or pathogen 12 is now being applied. As should be appreciated, when the wheels 190 continue to rotate, the individual platform engaging posts 197 remain isolated within the individual first and second rail members 201 and 202, while the acting force transitions from downward motion, to an opposite, upward or lifting motion as the wheels 190 continue their respective rotation.
Referring now to FIG. 15, and when the wheels 190 are at position D, and which is indicated by the numeral 243, the non-conductive support member 146 has been lifted substantially vertically, upwardly, by the upwardly directed force which is exerted on the first and second rail members 201 and 202, by the individual platform engaging posts 197, and which transmits the upwardly directed force of the rotating wheels 190. Therefore, the electrodes 120 are no longer in contact with the underlying soil 11. As should be understood, the isolated forward motion of the wheels 190 has caused the individual platform engaging posts 197 to move in a forward direction within the channel 205 of the respective first and second rail members 201 and 202, respectively, and the travel of the individual platform engaging posts 197, in the channel 205, occurs while the electrodes 120 remain in contact with the soil. In other words, the wheels 190 have moved 9 inches further than the non-conductive support member 146 which first carried the electrodes 120 into the soil region to be treated 11. As should be understood, the continued movement of the wheels 190, while the individual platform engaging posts 197 lift the non-conductive support member 146 to the top of the rotation of the wheels 190, subsequently causes the non-conductive support member 146 to be moved or propelled to a forward most position on the individual first and second rail members 201 and 202 respectively (FIGS. 16 and 17). During this portion of the wheel rotation 190, the engagement posts, 210, engage the rail engagement surface 207. This has the effect of forcibly moving the non-conductive support member 146 back to the forward most position on the first and second rail members 201 and 202, respectively. As should be appreciated, this sequence is repeated until the apparatus 10 reaches the end of the soil treatment area 11, in one direction (FIG. 1). Thereafter, the lifting arrangement 27, and which is installed on the tractor 25, and which is further propelling the earth engaging vehicle or carriage 180 along the soil treatment area 11, lifts the earth traversing vehicle 180, off of the soil treatment area 11. This lifting action takes the drive wheels 190 out of driving contact or engagement with the underlying earth, and allows the apparatus 10 to be moved or repositioned without the non-conductive support member 146 further moving upwardly and downwardly relative to the supporting frame 181. The apparatus 10 is then positioned or relocated in an untreated soil area 11, and the methodology as described, herein resumes. This process is repeated until the desired agricultural area 280 is treated.
As seen in FIG. 1, the source of high voltage electricity 13; isolation transformer 20; high voltage switching power supplies 30; and pulse control and wave form monitoring unit 60; voltage control unit 50; as well as the controller 80, may be positioned or carried by the tractor 25, or on a separate, moveable vehicle located in close proximity to the apparatus 10 (not shown). As should be appreciated the power source 13 may be stationary or mobile with appropriately sized electrical cables connected to the various electrical assemblies as described earlier in this application. It should be understood that the dwelling time for the electrical pulse 130 treatment, that is, the time that the electrodes 120 are located in electrical transmitting relation relative to the soil treatment area 11, is controlled, at least in part, by the speed of the apparatus 10 as it moves across the face of the earth. As will be understood, the distance between the bottom and top of the vertical path of movement, where the individual platform engaging posts 197 carry the non-conductive support member 146, will affect the length of time which it takes to transition from inserting the electrodes, 120, and then lifting the non-conductive support member 146. Thus the electrodes, 120, will remain longer in the soil treatment area 11. This allows an additional “tuning” of the dwelling time during which the electrodes 120 are discharging pulses of electricity 130 as will be described, hereinafter, to control the soil pest and/or pathogen 12 within the soil treatment area 11. As should be understood, longer length electrodes will require longer first and second rail members 201 and 202, respectively, so as to ensure that all the forward force of the vehicle 180 is isolated while the electrodes are in contact with the soil 11. In this situation, it should be appreciated that a larger diameter rotation for the individual earth engaging wheels 190 is also needed so as to provide clearance for the longer electrodes 120, and a longer longitudinal treatment dimension on the electrode array will be incorporated to ensure there is no untreated area in a given treatment region 280 (FIG. 1).
As described in the paragraphs, above, a method and apparatus for the management of a soil pest and/or pathogen, and which is generally indicated by the numeral 10 is described. In the methodology of the present invention, and in its broadest aspect, the method includes a first step of providing a source of high voltage electricity having a predetermined capacitance, and which is generally indicated by the numeral 13. Still further the method includes a second step of electrically coupling the source of high voltage electricity 13 having the predetermined capacitance with the soil location 11 having a soil pest and/or pathogen 12, which requires management. In its broadest aspect the method further includes a third step of supplying the source of high voltage electricity 13 having the predetermined capacitance to the soil location 11 in a predetermined number of pulses 130 to effect an in-situ management of the soil pest 12 at the soil location 11. As should be understood, the step of providing the high voltage electricity 13 having the predetermined capacitance comprises generating a source of high voltage DC electricity 13 having a voltage range of about 1 kV to about 100 kV; an amperage of about 5 amps to about 50 kA; and a frequency of about 1 Hz to about 1000 Hz. This step further includes a step of providing a capacitance of about 1 uF to about 1,000 uF. In the methodology 10 of the present invention, the step of electrically coupling the source of high voltage electricity 13 having the predetermined capacitance further compromises providing a plurality of spaced the electrodes 120, having a given length dimension, and inserting the plurality of spaced the electrodes 120 into the soil location 11 to a predetermined depth. It should be understood that the source of high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13 is electrically coupled with at least some of the spaced electrodes 120.
In the methodology as described above, the step of providing the plurality of spaced electrodes 120 further comprises selecting a predetermined spacing of the respective electrodes 120 which facilitates a transmission of the source of high voltage electricity 13 having the predetermined capacitance across the soil location 11 having the soil pest and/or pathogen 12 requiring management, and between at least some of the plurality of electrodes. It should be understood that the transmission of the high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13 between at least some of the electrodes 120 causes a decrease in the pathogenesis of the soil pest and/or pathogen 12 which is to be managed. In the methodology as described, the step of supplying the source of high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13 to the soil location 11 in the predetermined pulses 130 further comprises selecting an application time during which the respective pulses 130 are applied of about 0.1 seconds to about 60 seconds to affect a desired management of the soil pest and/or pathogen 12. As noted in the earlier patent application, and from which the present application claims priority, the soil pest or pathogen 12 to be managed, produces a biological response when exposed to the pulses of high voltage electricity 130 having the predetermined capacitance, and which is delivered to the soil location 11. As should be understood, and prior to the step of selecting an application time to affect a desired management of the soil pest and/or pathogen 12, the method 10 further comprises determining an electrical conductivity of the soil location 11, and which has the soil pest and/or pathogen 12 requiring management; and selecting a soil pathogen response (such as reduced pathogenesis) to be affected by the application time of the high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13 so as to facilitate the management of the soil pest and/or pathogen 12 at the soil location 11. In the methodology as described, the soil conductivity of the soil location 11 lies within a range of about 100 to about 2,500 Micro Siemens per cubic centimeter of soil at the soil location 11.
As discussed in the prior patent application, and from which the present application claims priority one of the possible soil pests 12 to be managed is selected from the group comprising Tylenchomorpha Nematodes; Diptherophorina Nematodes; and Dorylaminda Nematodes; and a selected neurological response of the soil pest 12 to be managed, and which is affected by the pulses of high voltage electricity 130 having the predetermined capacitance comprises a motility; a sensory and/or autonomic response of the soil pest 12. In the present invention the soil pathogen 12 to be managed is selected from the group of phytopathogenic fungi belonging to the groups Ascomycetes and Basidomycetes, and which is effected by the pulses of high voltage electricity 130 having the predetermined capacitance, and which causes a decrease in the pathogenesis of the above mentioned soil pathogen 12. In the methodology 10 as described above, the step of supplying the source of high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13 to the soil location 11, and in predetermined pulses 130 to effect the management of the soil pest and/or pathogen 12 at the soil location 11 further comprises delivering to the soil location 11 greater than about 2 Joules of electricity per cubic centimeter of soil at the soil location 11 so as to facilitate a reduction in an adverse soil pest or pathogen effect at the soil location of greater than about 5%. In the present application, the adverse soil pathogen effect at the soil location 11 comprises diseases such as root rot; leaf curl; and/or leaf spot affecting a plant which is planted at the soil location 11 by an action of the soil pest and/or pathogen 12. As should be understood, the adverse soil pest or pathogen effect decreases a plant vigor; a plant crop yield; and/or lowers the production quality of the plant which is affected by the soil pest 12 at the soil location 11, and where the plant is being grown.
In the arrangement as shown in the drawings, and in the implementation of the methodology as noted above, the plurality of spaced electrodes 120 are located at a distance of about 1 centimeter to about 40 centimeters, one from another; and the respective electrodes 120 have a length dimension of about 4 centimeters to about 80 centimeters respectively. In the methodology of the present invention, the step of supplying the source of high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13 to the soil location 11 further compromises providing at least 1 high voltage DC solid state electrical switch 100 and which, when rendered electrically closed, allows the passage of the source of high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13, and a high current to the soil location 11. Further, and when the electrical switch is rendered electrically open, the high voltage solid state electrical switch 100 substantially stops the passage of the high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13, and high currents, to the soil location 11. The method 10 further comprises providing a multiplicity of capacitors 90 which are selectively electrically coupled with the high voltage DC solid state electrical switch 100. It should be understood that the high voltage DC solid state electrical switch 100 is electrically coupled with at least one of the capacitors 90, and wherein the high voltage DC solid state electrical switch 100, when rendered electrically closed, facilitates an electrical discharge of at least one of the capacitors 90. In the arrangement as described, the step of providing the source of high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance comprises generating a source of electricity and delivering the source of the generated electricity to at least one of the electrically discharged capacitors 90. It should be understood that the respective capacitors store the high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13 by way of the action of the high voltage DC solid state electrical switch 100 when the high voltage DC solid state switch is rendered electrically open.
In the methodology as described above, the multiplicity of capacitors 90 each respectively have a discharge rate which is calculated as an elapsed time which is needed to electrically discharge any previously stored electrical power in the respective capacitors 90 by way of the action of the high voltage DC solid state electrical switch 100, and subsequently form a pulse of high voltage electricity 130 having the predetermined capacitance, and which is delivered to the soil location 11. The step of forming a pulse of high voltage electricity 130 having a predetermined capacitance by electrically discharging each capacitor 90 is accomplished at a discharge rate of about 100 microseconds to about 500 milliseconds during a time interval which is less than about 1000 times per second.
In the methodology 10 as described, a surge current is immediately generated upon the rendering of the high voltage DC solid state electrical switch 100 electrically closed, and the electrical discharge of the previously electrically charged capacitor 90, and wherein the methodology further comprises the step of generating a surge current of about 5 Amps to about 50 kA Amps immediately following the step of rendering the high voltage DC electrical switch 100 electrically closed. In the present methodology 10, the method further comprises a step of providing an isolation transformer 20 which is electrically coupled with both the source of high voltage electricity having a predetermined capacitance 13, and with a plurality of spaced electrodes 120 which are inserted into the soil location 11 having the soil pest and/or pathogen 12 which needs to be managed; and operating the isolation transformer 20 in a manner so as to effect a transmission of the high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13 through the soil location 11, and between adjacent electrodes 120, and to further impede the dissipation of the high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13 into the soil at the soil location 11. In the arrangement as seen in the drawings, and in the present methodology as earlier described, at least some of the plurality of spaced electrodes 120, have a different electrical polarity.
To determine the efficacy and criticality of the operational ranges of the present invention, the inventors performed numerous trials. From this testing data the inventors scaled an appropriately sized apparatus for implementing the methodology. In this regard, the inventors first used a square acrylic testing cell which was approximately 1 centimeter deep and 5 centimeter both high and wide. With this test cell, cooper electrodes which were approximately 5 centimeter long, and 1 centimeter wide, were placed on opposite sides of the test cell and were connected to the earlier mentioned apparatus 10 by way of copper contacts. The test cell was then filled with tap water as a conductive medium, and repeated tests were performed to refine the wave form of the pulse 130, and to assure circuit stability before beginning trials. Oscilloscopes and voltage meters, as well as high voltage probes monitored the load across the test cell, and further monitored the discharge rates of the capacitors 90, and the pulse rate of the computer controlled signal generator. In the earliest trials the electrical discharges were limited to 2 KV [DC] and which were stored in a 4 uF, 5 KV capacitor 90, and which was subsequently pulsed at a rate of 20 Hz, so as to deliver about 160 Joules per second. This electrical energy resulted in about 6.4 Joules per cubic centimeter per second of electrical power delivered to the test cell. In the earliest trials, Nematodes extracted from infested soil, and suspended in solution were placed in the water filled square acrylic test cell, and the energy profile as recited, above, was applied. In a trial performed on Oct. 12, 2013, treatments of 2 KV [DC] pulsed at 20 Hz were applied for 2.5; 5 and 10 seconds, respectively. This pulsing and time duration equated to 400, 800 and 1600 Joules, or 16, 32 or 64 Joules per cubic centimeter of solution. In this earlier testing, cucumber sprouts which are referred to, hereinafter, as “assays” were inoculated with treated samples having nematodes which operated as a soil pest. The assays were allowed to grow for a period of 4 weeks alongside a control which was inoculated with untreated samples from the same batch of Nematodes and solution. After 4 weeks the roots of the cucumber “assays” were rinsed, and the galls, which are a universal measurement of the Nematodes population, were counted or otherwise “scored.” Galling on the control roots were measured at approximately an 80% to 90% galling. On the other hand, galling scoring on sample assays that were treated for 10 seconds showed 5% galling after having received an electrical dosage equal to 64 Joules per cubic centimeter. Galling scoring on specimens that received the pulsing which resulted in 32 Joules per cubic centimeter showed galling of about 20%, and specimens that had been exposed to 16 Joules of electricity per cubic centimeter showed a galling equal to about 30%.
Similar results were achieved when trials with Nematode infested soil was used instead of water as the Nematode medium in the square acrylic test cell. Using soil from a tomato plant infested with M. Chitwoodi Nematodes, the subsequent treatment of the test cell which received 2 KV [DC] and which were pulsed at 20, 30 and 40 Hz were applied for periods of 10, 20 and 40 seconds, respectively. This resulted in electrical dosages of 128, 192 and 256 Joules per cubic centimeter of soil being applied. After 3 weeks the assay roots were rinsed, and the galls scored, as earlier discussed. With regard to the controls, the roots showed approximately 80% galling. For those specimens that were pulsed, and which received an electrical dosage of about 128 Joules per square centimeter of soil at 20 Hz, and 20 seconds, the roots showed 5% galling. Further, those test assays which received a dosage of 256 Joules per cubic centimeter at 20 Hz, for 40 seconds, had roots which showed only 30% galling. On the other hand, those test roots that had received a dosage of 192 Joules per cubic centimeter, at 30 Hz, for 20 seconds, had roots which showed 20% galling. Those test roots which were exposed to 128 Joules per cubic centimeter of soil, and 40 Hz, for 10 seconds showed 0% galling. Finally, for those roots that had received an electrical dosage of 256 Joules per cubic centimeter of soil, at 40 Hz for 20 seconds had roots which showed 0% galling. The inventors believed that these were surprising results that further proved the efficacy of the methodology in soil.
Subsequent trials using the present invention 10 served to scale the method closer to a usable size. Moving now from the previously mentioned 25 cubic centimeter test cell, to a circular test cell, the inventors increased the treatment area, and volume, and moved to further refine the efficiency of the energy profile which was being delivered in order to achieve the benefits of the present invention. During this testing, a total volume for the circular test cell was about 31.4 cubic centimeters. In this arrangement, a center, electrically conductive pin, and an outer ring electrode configuration was employed. The electrodes spacing remained the same. Therefore, the same amount of energy could be applied, but to a larger volume of water or soil. In a trial performed on Nov. 20, 2013, again, Nematodes, acting as a soil pest to be managed, and previously extracted from infested soil, and suspended in solution, were placed in the water filled circular test cell. Using the same cucumber assay procedure as mentioned above, the subsequent results which were generated, again, were consistent with those as observed using the square test cell. In this testing, 2 KV [DC], at a pulse of 20 and 30 Hz was applied for periods of 5 seconds; 3 seconds; and 1 second, respectively. This delivered electrical power in the amount of 50.96 Joules per cubic centimeter; 15.3 Joules per cubic centimeter, 5.1 Joules per cubic centimeter; and 2.55 Joules per cubic centimeter respectively. In this testing, the capacitor as used varied between 12 uF and 4 uF. This testing showed that the controls had roots where 80% galling resulted. For those assays which were exposed to 2.55 Joules per cubic centimeter of electricity (1 KV at 20 Hz for 1 second with 4 uF) these assays showed galling similar to the controls. For those assays which received 5.1 Joules per cubic centimeter of electrical power (2 KV at 20 Hz for 1 second 4 uF) the roots showed galling of about 70%. Another assay, which received 15.3 Joules per cubic centimeter, resulted in only 40% galling. An analysis of all the data received showed that those assays receiving electrical current in the amount of 50.96 Joules per cubic centimeter (2 KV at 20 Hz for 5 seconds, 12 uF) had roots which had 0% galling. The inventors have theorized, based on this information, that increased capacitance had a greater impact than originally thought in the elimination or impeding of subsequent Nematode infestations.
In one of the first usages of the current invention, 4 pin electrodes which were spaced 5 centimeter apart, and oriented in a square-like arrangement was configured to have a third 4 uF/5 KV capacitor. Therefore a total of 12 uF was used to treat plant pots containing 125 cubic centimeters of infested soil at that time. A trial was performed on Dec. 19, 2013 and used soil from a tomato plant infested with M. Chitwoodi Nematodes. This infested soil was distributed into the pots and the treatment which was applied was 2 KV [DC], and which was pulsed at 20 Hz, and which further was applied for 2.5; 5; 10; 15; 20 and 30 seconds, respectively. When the results were obtained, the control plants showed roots having galling in an amount equal to about 80%. For those specimens that received electrical pulses equal to of about 76.8 Joules per cubic centimeter, and 20 seconds duration, 0% galling was observed. For those specimens receiving 38.4 Joules per cubic centimeter, and 10 seconds of treatment, 5% galling was observed. For those roots that had received 57.6 Joules per cubic centimeter of electricity, and 15 seconds of treatment, 0% galling was evident. For those specimens receiving 19.2 Joules per cubic centimeter, and 5 seconds of treatment, 10% galling was observed. For those plants receiving 115 Joules per cubic centimeter of electricity, and 30 seconds of treatment, 0% galling was observed. Interestingly, one specimen that had received 9.6 Joules per cubic centimeter, and 2.5 seconds of treatment, showed galling which was 200-300% greater than the control. This was indeed a very surprising result. These results suggested that the application of electrical power in this range elicited a hatch response from the Nematode eggs present in the infested soil. This was an important discovery for the inventors inasmuch as the inventors were able to pinpoint one region in the range of electricity that was delivered, and which is necessary to elicit a hatch response. This is an important discovery inasmuch as the initiation of a hatch response, in fallow soil, could lead to further control of the soil pest 12 because those Nematodes hatched in this manner could potentially starve to death before the soil could be planted with a plant. This would inhibit the infection of the plants subsequently planted.
In addition to the foregoing, another trial was performed on Dec. 19, 2013, and focused on the Soybean Cyst Nematode (acting as the soil pest) and which was extracted from infested soil and suspended in a solution that was subsequently distributed into sterile soil, and then treated with the methodology of the present invention. The present invention was configured with 3 capacitors (12 uF), and a resulting treatment of 2 KV [DC] was applied at pulses of 20 Hz, for time periods of 5; 10; 15; and 20 seconds, respectively. Using the same methodology as the cucumber assay procedure, as earlier discussed, the results proved the efficacy of the method. It should be understood that the Soybean Cyst Nematode is a particularly difficult Nematode to effect or treat because of the resilient outer shell of the cyst which contains the target eggs. To achieve any noteworthy effect would surpass any previous attempts that are known. The aforementioned electrical treatment which was applied to the test cell demonstrated the effectiveness of the present invention by reducing the number of cysts per gram of root that was subsequently analyzed. For example, control plants typically had 100 cysts per gram of root. Whereas, for those plants exposed to the electrical treatment which resulted in a dosage of 76.8 Joules per cubic centimeter of soil (20 second treatment), only 25 cysts per gram of root were found. For those assays receiving a dosage of 38.4 Joules per cc (15 second treatment), a complete population collapse was observed and which is believed due to the treatment. Further, for those plants that received a treatment of 57.6 Joules per cubic centimeter of soil, 75 cysts per gram of root were observed. Further, for those plants that received an electrical treatment of 19.2 Joules per cubic centimeter, (5 seconds of treatment), only 20 cysts per gram of root was observed.
In another series of tests, the present methodology was used to determine a damage threshold for a plant root system. Using the above mentioned 2 KV [DC] which was applied with a capacitor delivering 12 uF of electrical power, at pulses to 20 to 60 Hz, and then applied in dwelling times up to 60 seconds, this electrical energy was delivered to both sod samples, and small lemon cypress trees in an attempt to harm the plants. After several weeks of observation, only the samples treated with the highest frequencies for the longest dwelling times showed any sign of damage. The damage is believed to be caused primarily by the excessive heat which is generated by the aforementioned electrical delivery. The results suggest that the methodology can be applied to plants and the soil without concern for damaging the plants, providing, however, that a relatively short dwelling time is utilized. One of the surprising results in the testing which was observed by the inventors is that while early tests were conducted with 4 electrodes which had a target spacing of about 5 centimeters, the inventors expanded the electrode array in order to include more electrodes. What surprised the inventors was that as the number of electrodes 120 increased, the discharge rate for the apparatus became shorter with the addition of each electrode. With a shorter discharge rate, the apparatus 10 was allowed more time to recharge. This period of rest between discharges was important to maintain the remaining components in an operational state, and to prevent the buildup of excessive heat in the respective components.
The early trials conducted by the inventors were substantially fixed at about 2 kV of electrical power, but the inventors varied the frequency [Hz], capacitance [uF], and dwell time as measured in seconds, that were employed to establish that an effective range for impeding or controlling the aforementioned soil pests lied in a range of about 2 Joules per cubic centimeter of soil up to 256 Joules. This critical range provides a target for scaling any resulting apparatus to what is achievable for a device which is employed in various agricultural applications. In constructing and deploying an appropriate apparatus, care must be taken to maintain the effective electrical dose, that is, the Joules per cubic centimeter, by way of selecting, and then balancing all of the following: generating and applying more electrical energy; incorporating more efficient components in a delivery apparatus; and reducing the dwell time, that is, the amount of time during the delivery of the electrical pulses, and for making the conductive medium (soil) more electrically conductive.
To continue the exploration of the efficacy of the present methodology, the inventors did testing regarding the use of the pulses of electricity 130 as applied to earthworms as described below. In this regard, it should be understood that earthworms are beneficial in agriculture. However in the case of the golf and turf industries, they are a nuisance. The earthworm trial served to demonstrate the effect of the electrical pulses 130 which were applied to a soil location containing earthworms. The treatments ranged from about 1.9 Joules per second, to about 75 Joules per second. The results were surprising, but yet not unexpected based upon the earlier research. In the very first application of the treatment prior to the beginning of the trial cycle, the application of 1 pulse of electricity which was equal to 1.5 kV at 8 uF was sufficient to stun an earthworm which was placed in water. Although the earthworm revived in a few minutes it was outlived by a considerable margin by the control earthworms which were utilized in the test. This result was consistent across the treatment spectrum. The control worms survived several days, while the longest surviving and previously treated worm survived less than 24 hours. Those worms exposed to a longer treatment time survived a shorter period of time than those exposed to a shorter treatment time. All the trials performed with the earthworms were performed with 2 capacitors, each having a capacity for 4 uF. Earthworms were placed in both soil, and then later in water, and then were subsequently exposed to 1.5 kV at 20 Hz for selected time periods 5; 2 and 1 second, respectively, and which received 9.6; 3.8 and 1.9 Joules of electricity respectively. In a second test, which was performed in soil, the earthworms were exposed to 2 kV at 20 Hz, and which received electrical pulses for durations of 30 seconds; 10 seconds; 5 seconds; and 2 seconds respectively. In this test, the earthworms were exposed to 76.8; 25.6; 12.8 and 5.12 Joules respectively. In a third test which was conducted in water, the earthworms were exposed to 1.5 kV, at 20 Hz, for time periods of 5 seconds; 2 seconds; and 1 second, respectively. The earthworms received during these time periods 38; 15.3; and 7.6, Joules of electricity, respectively. Again, survival of the earthworms was proportional to the dosage of electricity received.
The inventors performed further tests on wax worms which served as an analog for pests with similar physiology such as grubs for which interest is quite high in the turf industry. In this regard, the inventors observed similar responses to the treatment as the earthworms described above, although not as dramatic. The inventors observed that, rather than hours, it took wax worms several days to die while the controls took nearly a week. As with the earthworms, the wax worms exposed to longer treatments of electricity survived a shorter period of time, while those with shorter treatment times lived longer. The controls outlived all of the treated worms. These trials and others within the ranges discussed proved the efficacy of the methodology and the criticality of the ranges as earlier described in this application.
What follows are the investigations which have previously taken place to verify the effects of the present methodology on the earlier mentioned pathogenic fungi as might be found in a given soil region as discussed earlier in this patent application.
As should be understood, Phytophthora cinnamomi is a fungal soil-borne organism that produces an infection of disease in plants called “root rot” or “dieback”. This plant pathogen is one of the world's most invasive fungal species, and it is present in over 70 countries around the world. Further it has over 1,000 hosts, including many species of annual flower crops; berries; deciduous fruit trees; ornamentals; and vegetables. Early symptoms of a fungal infection include wilting, yellowing and retention of dried foliage, as well as a darkening of the root color.
Phytophthora cinnamomi fungal infections often lead to the death of the plant, especially in dry summers when the plants may be water-stressed. In the wild, or other uncultivated areas, the effects of Phytophthora dieback can spread to native plant communities, and kill many other susceptible plants. Dieback disease can eventually lead to a permanent decline in an ecosystem's biodiversity, and further disrupt other ecosystem processes. This may result in a change in the composition of a forest, for example, and this may further affect native animals in that same ecosystem.
In gardens and crops, the fungal disease or infection of dieback affects many common garden species, and horticultural crops including roses; azaleas; and fruit trees. Once this fungal disease has been introduced into a garden or a field, it cannot be easily eradicated, and may become a serious problem. A range of integrated approaches can reduce the impact of this fungal pathogen. These approaches may include injecting or spraying plants with a fungicide, e.g. phosphate; using well-composted mulch; and using pre-planting techniques such as solarization or bio-fumigation, to name a few. The integrated approaches can be effective, but they are often expensive, and many times impractical to employ. For example, fumigation is often not recommended, even at the maximum rate of application for the given fumigant selected, because the pathogen P. cinnamomi can, and often does, re-invade the fumigated soil, at a later date, and the resulting fungal disease could become more severe than what had been previously experienced prior to the fumigation. This effect is believed to result from a reduction of the soil microbial communities, and competing microorganisms caused by the applied fumigant.
Verticillium dahlia, a fungal pathogen that causes Verticillium wilt, infects over 400 plants including herbaceous annuals; perennials; and woody perennials. Verticillium wilt is problematic in temperate areas of the world, and especially in irrigated regions. This fungal pathogen can persist in the soil for many years in the absence of a susceptible crop. As a diseased plant dies, the fungus produces microsclerotia which are then released into the soil along with the decomposed plant. The fungus survives for many years in this dormant form, or as mycelium or conidia in the vascular system of perennial plants. Symptoms vary amongst hosts, but in general, the fungus causes premature foliar chlorosis, necrosis and vascular discoloration in the stems and roots of the infected plant.
There are no curative methods against this fungal disease once it has infected the plant. There are, however, several cultural practices which have been employed in the past to reduce the effects of fungal disease including planting pathogen-free stock into soil which is free of the pathogen, but this is not always practical. The application of soil fumigants is an effective, but expensive control tactic. Depending upon the fumigant selected, the rate of fumigant application, and the surrounding environmental conditions at time of fumigant application, a reduction in the soil fungal populations can range from 85-95%. However, fumigation rates of application need to be high when soil populations of Verticillium are large, or when populations need to be reduced for perennials. Moreover, soil fumigants are not environmentally friendly or responsible solutions. As a result, most fumigants will no longer be available of use, or may be restricted for use in the next several years.
The examples which follow will demonstrate the effectiveness of the disclosed methodology relative to two economically important, and cosmopolitan fungal pathogens, Verticillium dahlia and Phytophthora cinnamomic which have proven to be challenging to manage using the above mentioned chemical or cultural controls used heretofore.
Example 1
Phytophthora cinnamomi inoculum was produced using modified methods for Pythium species as described in the reference to Weiland et al., 2013. A single-spore isolate R056, and which was derived from a rhododendron, was grown on a plate containing 20 ml. clarified V8 juice agar (3.4 g CaCO3 mixed with 340 ml. V8 juice), and which was further filtered through eight layers of cheesecloth. This solution was then diluted 1:4 with distilled water and then combined with 17 grams of agar/liter for 7 days. The colonized agar was then cut into approximate 1.5 cm2 pieces and then added to a spawn bag which was secure from Fungi Perfecti, Olympia, Wash. The aforementioned spawn bag also contained 2 liters of clarified V8 juice broth (150 mL clarified V8 juice prepared with CaCO3, and 1850 ml distilled water), and 3 liters of dry coarse vermiculite that had been autoclaved three times at 48 hour intervals. The inoculated spawn bag was incubated in the dark at a temperature of 20° C. for 2 months, and further experienced weekly mixing. The resulting inoculum was then removed from the bag, air-dried for 3 days, and then stored at a temperature of 20° C. The inoculum density was estimated by dilution plating 0.5 ml. of a 1% inoculum slurry (1 g of inoculum mixed with 99 ml of 0.2% water agar), onto each of 10 plates of PARP, which is a semi-selective medium for pythiaceous species as described in the reference authored by Kannwischer and Mitchell, in 1978.
Verticillium dahliae inoculum was produced using the methods modified from the reference to Pinkerton et al., 2000. Four single-spore isolates of V. dahliae (isolates which were identified as 01-08, 17-08, and 21-08 which were derived from black raspberry; and an isolate which was identified as 10-11, and which was derived from red raspberry) were each grown on a plate containing 20 ml. of potato dextrose agar for 3 weeks at a temperature of about 20° C. The resulting colonized agar was then cut into approximate 1.5 cm2 pieces, and then added into a separate spawn bag, which was secured from Fungi Perfecti, Olympia, Wash. This was combined with 1 liter of soaked rye grain that had been autoclaved three times at 48 hour intervals. The inoculated spawn bag was incubated in the dark at a temperature of about 20° C., and further mixed weekly for 6-8 weeks until abundant microsclerotia had formed. The resulting inoculum was then removed from the bag, and air-dried for 1 week. Approximately 10 grams of the dried inoculum was then ground into a powder with a Wiley mill (model 3383-L10, Thomas Scientific, Swedesboro, N.J.) by employing a 20-mesh screen. The inoculum for each isolate was then mixed into 500 grams of dry 1-mm-diameter sand, and then stored at a temperature of about 20° C. The resulting inoculum density was estimated with the Andersen sampler technique (as set forth in the reference to Butterfield and DeVay, in 1977) by plating 0.05 g of the infested sand for each isolate onto each of 10 plates of NP-10, which is a semi-selective medium for V. dahliae (as described in the reference to Kabir et al., in 2004).
Inoculum derived using the above noted protocols from both P. cinnamomi and V. dahliae (each isolate added in equal proportions) were then mixed together with 24 kg. of soil (50% sand/50% sandy loam); and 400 ml. of distilled water to achieve a final concentration of about 100 propagules/gram soil (ppg) for each pathogen. This infested soil was then distributed to 48 pots (500 cm3/pot). Soil in each of the aforementioned pots was then subjected to the earlier mentioned methodology, and where high, medium and low amounts of predetermined, pulsed electrical power were applied to the infest soil mixture. Each electrical of the pulsed electrical treatments was replicated six times, and the entire experiment was repeated two months later. After treatment, surviving P. cinnamomi and V. dahliae fungi were enumerated from each pot. During the present tests, the soil experienced periodic pulses of electrical power which was considered low, (6 Joules of electricity per cubic centimeter of soil); medium, (13 Joules of electricity per cubic centimeter of soil); and high, (26 Joules of electricity per cubic centimeter of soil).
FIG. 19 shows the effect of the delivered energy treatments (low; medium and high) on P. cinnamomic survival in the infested soil pots. Two separate trials were performed, and both trials gave similar results. Low, Medium and High energy treatments significantly reduced Phytophthora inoculum compared to the untreated control (P<0.05) (Please see Table 1, below). All of the three energy treatments, Low, Medium, and High reduced the Phytophthora inoculum.







TABLE 1







Analysis of Variance—Phytophthora cinnamomi














Source
DF
Adj SS
Adj MS
F-Value
P-Value


















Trial
1
560.3
560.3
0.74
0.454



Trt
3
30139.7
10046.6
13.20
0.031



Trial*Trt
3
2283.7
761.2
2.20
0.103



Error
40
13821.3
345.5





Total
47
46805.0










Grouping Information Using the Tukey Method and 95% Confidence—Phytophthora cinnamomi
















Trt
N
Mean
Grouping





















Control
12
60.0000
A



Low
12
5.6667
B



Med
12
1.3333
B



High
12
0.0000
B










FIG. 20 shows the effects of the aforementioned periodic energy treatments (low; medium and high) on Verticillium dahlia survival in infested soil pots. The first trial had more inoculum than the second trial (trial effect), but otherwise both trials gave similar results. Periodic, pulsed medium, and high energy treatments, in accordance with the teachings of the present invention, significantly reduced Verticillium inoculum as compared to the untreated control (propagules per gram soil). This is seen in Table 2, below, and FIG. 20. Medium and high, pulsed energy treatments controlled Verticillium inoculum (propagules per gram soil).







TABLE 2







Analysis of Variance—Verticillium dahlia














Source
DF
Adj SS
Adj MS
F-Value
P-Value


















Trial
1
5985.3
5985.3
19.34
0.022



Trt
3
23783.0
7927.7
25.61
0.012



Trial*Trt
3
928.7
309.6
1.37
0.265



Error
40
9022.7
225.6





Total
47
39719.7










Grouping Information Using the Tukey Method and 95% Confidence
















Trt
N
Mean
Grouping





















Control 
12
80.5000
A



Low
12
61.0000
A B



Med
12
39.5000
B C



High
12
21.3333
C










It should be clear from this test data, above, that the predetermined, pulsed energy delivered by means of the present invention to the soil inoculated with Verticillium or Phytophthora, separately, resulted in a significant reduction in the number of the pathogens in relation to the untreated controls. Furthermore, no Phytophthora propagules were detected in the soil following a pulsed, high energy application. There was a significant reduction of Verticillium propagules in the high energy treatment in comparison to the untreated control. The present methodology clearly demonstrated that it was able to control the most challenging fungal pathogens in replicated soil studies.
Operation
The operation of the described embodiment of the present invention is believed to be readily apparent is briefly summarized at this point. An apparatus for managing a soil pest and or pathogen, and which implements the present methodology as previously described includes as a first matter, a source of high voltage electricity having a predetermined capacitance 13; and an isolation transformer 20 which is electrically coupled with the source of the high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13. The apparatus for implementing the methodology includes a plurality of spaced electrodes 120 which are located in electrical contact with a soil location 11, and which has a soil pest or pathogen 12, to be managed. The isolation transformer 20 is electrically coupled to the respective spaced electrodes 120. The apparatus for implementing the methodology includes a capacitor 90 which is electrically coupled with a source of high voltage electricity having a predetermined capacitance 13, and with the plurality of spaced electrodes 120. The capacitor 90 can store the source of high voltage of electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13, and subsequently discharge the previously stored high voltage of electricity having the predetermined capacitance to the plurality of spaced electrodes 120. The apparatus to implement the present methodology includes a high voltage electrical switch 100, and which is electrically coupled to the capacitor 90, and which further can be rendered electrically opened, or closed, in a predetermined manner so as to produce a predetermined electrical pulse 130 which is electrically transmitted to the respective plurality of spaced electrodes 120, and across the soil location 11. The electrical pulse 130 delivers at least about 2 Joules of electricity per cubic centimeter of soil, and which is located at the soil location, and between the respective plurality of spaced electrodes 120 so as to facilitate a management of the soil pest and/or pathogen 12.
The apparatus 10 as employed to implement the methodology as earlier described includes, in one form of the invention, a plurality of spaced electrodes 120 which have different electric polarities. In the arrangement as illustrated, the isolation transformer 20 facilitates the controllable transmission of the electrical pulse 130 through the soil 12, and at the soil location 11, and between the plurality of spaced electrodes 120 and further impedes the electrical pulses 130 from substantially electrically dissipating into the soil location. In the arrangement as seen in the drawings, and which implements the methodology, the high voltage electrical switch 100 comprises a SCR/thyristor. As noted above, the plurality of electrodes are oriented in a predetermined array which can be readily moved from a first soil location 271 to a second soil location 272 (FIG. 1) in a repeating manner, so as to treat a given agricultural area 280. In the arrangement as seen in the drawings, the plurality of spaced electrodes 120 are located at a distance of about 1 centimeter, to about 40 centimeters, one relative to the others. Each electrode 120 has a length dimension of about 4 centimeters to about 80 centimeters. In the arrangement as seen in the drawings, the apparatus for implementing the methodology includes a controller 80 which senses a soil conductivity of the soil location 11. The controller 80 is electrically coupled with a source of electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13, and with a high voltage electrical switch 100. The controller 80 adjustably controls the generation of the electrical pulses 130 based upon the detected soil conductivity, so as to facilitate the delivery of the at least 2 Joules of electricity per cubic centimeter of soil that is located between the electrodes 120 which have been inserted in the soil location 11.
As earlier noted, the source of high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13 has a voltage range of about 1 kV to about 100 kV; an amperage of about 5 Amps to about 50 kA; a frequency of about 1 Hz to about 1000 Hz; and a capacitance of 1 uF to about 1,000 uF.
The apparatus for implementing the methodology 10 of the present invention produces or generates a multiplicity of electrical pulses 130 which are generated and transmitted to the soil location 11. The respective electrical pulses are delivered to the soil location at a predetermined frequency, and are further applied for a time period of about 0.1 to about 60 seconds. As seen in the drawings, the apparatus delivers electrical pulses 130 to the soil location 11 in a range of about 2 Joules to about 500 Joules of electricity per cubic centimeter of soil at the soil location 11, and to a soil depth of less than about 80 centimeters. The delivery of the electrical pulses 130 facilitates the management of the soil pest and/or pathogen 12 at the soil location 11. In the arrangement, as earlier described, the respective electrical pulses 130 are generated over a time period of about 100 microseconds to about 500 microseconds. In the arrangement as previously described, the respective electrical pulses 130 are generated at less than about 1000 times per second. In the present invention, the high voltage electrical switch 100, when rendered electrically closed, is effective in electrically discharging at least one of the capacitors 90, and immediately generating a surge current of about 5 Amps to about 50 kA.
The apparatus for implementing the methodology of the present invention 10 includes a high voltage electrical switch 100 which comprises a multiplicity of high voltage electrical switches which are individually associated with each of the respective plurality of capacitors 90. The apparatus further comprises an electrical switch driver 255/256 which is operably associated with each of the high voltage electrical switches 100 and which is further operable to render the respective high voltage electrical switches 100 electrically open, and closed, so as to affect the generation of the electrical pulses 130. The apparatus further includes a controller 80 which is operably coupled to each of the respective electrical switch drivers 255/256 via control board 260.
In the arrangement as seen in the drawings, the apparatus for implementing the present methodology 10 includes an electrical bus 150 and 151, respectively, and which are electrically coupled in electrical current receiving relation relative each to the capacitors 90, and are further disposed in electrical current discharging relation relative to each of the electrodes 120. In the arrangement as seen in the drawings, the respective spaced electrodes 120 have opposite first and second ends 122 and 123 respectively. The first end 122 of each electrode 120 is supported on an electrically nonconductive support member 146, in a predetermined spaced arrangement, so as to form an array of electrodes 120, and which individually extend outwardly from the support member 146. The electrodes are further inserted into the soil at the soil location 11, and further the electrical bus 150 and 151, respectively, is electrically coupled to the first end of each of the electrodes 120 so as to deliver the generated pulse of high voltage electricity 130 into the soil location 11 by way of the plurality of electrodes 120.
The apparatus for implementing the methodology 10 further comprises an earth traversing vehicle 180 which is supported for rolling engagement over the soil location 11 having the soil pest and/or pathogen 12 to be managed. The earth traversing vehicle has a vertically movable non-conductive support member 146 which is borne by the earth traversing vehicle 180, and which is movable along a path of travel 220 from a first position, 240, where the non-conductive support member 146 is disposed in spaced relation relative to the soil location 11; to a second position, 241, and where the non-conductive support member 146 is then located adjacent to the soil location 11. The plurality of electrodes 120 which are mounted on, or made integral with the non-conductive support member 146, are then inserted into, and subsequently withdrawn from the soil location 11, by the vertical movement of the non-conductive support member 146, as the non-conductive support member 146 moves between the first and second positions 240 and 241, respectively. The non-conductive support member 146 moves repeatedly between the first and second positions 240 and 241, as the earth traversing vehicle 180 continues to move over the soil location 11. It should be understood that the non-conductive support member 146, carrying the plurality of electrodes 120, remains motionless, and in contact with the soil location 11, for a predetermined time period (dwelling time) as the earth traversing vehicle 180 remains in motion over the soil location 11.
The soil location to be treated 11 typically comprises a narrowly elongated soil location (FIG. 1) having a given surface area, and which is located within a larger cultivated agricultural area 280 which has the soil pest and/or pathogen 12 that needs management. The earth traversing vehicle 180 sequentially inserts and then withdraws the plurality of electrodes 120 which are borne by the non-conductive support member 146 in a fashion so as to facilitate a resulting treatment of the entire surface area of the narrowly elongated soil location 11 to effect the management of the soil pest and/or pathogen 12, and while minimally disturbing the soil location as the plurality of electrodes 120 are repeatedly inserted into and then withdrawn from the soil location by the vertical movement of the moveable non-conductive support member 146 as effected by the continuous movement of the earth traversing vehicle 180.
The methodology of the present invention is more specifically described below. In this regard the method of the present invention 10 includes, as a first step, providing a source of high voltage electricity 13; and also providing a plurality of spaced electrodes 120 each having a given length dimension, and which are oriented in a predetermined spaced relationship one relative to the other. The plurality of spaced electrodes are oriented in a given pattern and are positioned in electrical discharging relation relative to a soil location 11 having a soil pest and/or pathogen 12 to be managed. The method includes another step of providing a capacitor 90, and which is electrically coupled with the source of high voltage electricity, and storing the source of high voltage electricity in the capacitor so as to form a source of high voltage electricity having a predetermined capacitance 13. The methodology includes another step of providing a high voltage solid state electrical switch 100 which is electrically coupled with the source of high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13, and which further is stored in the capacitor 90. The method further includes another step whereby the high voltage solid state electrical switch 100 is further electrically coupled with each of the spaced electrodes 120. In the present methodology the high voltage solid state electrical switch 100 can be rendered electrically opened so as to facilitate a storage of the source of high voltage of electricity in the capacitor 90; and electrically closed, so as to facilitate an electrical discharge of the capacitor 90, and the subsequent delivery of the source of high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13 to the respective plurality of electrodes 120. The method includes another step of providing an electrical switch driver 255/256 which is electrically coupled with the high voltage solid state electrical switch 100. The switch driver 255/256, when actuated, is effective in causing the high voltage solid state electrical switch 100 to be rendered either electrically open or electrically closed. The methodology includes another step of providing an isolation transformer 20 which is electrically coupled with both the source of the high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13, and with the plurality of spaced electrodes 120, and which are oriented in electrical discharging relation relative to the soil location 11; and controlling the operation of the isolation transformer 20 in a manner so as to effect a transmission of the high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance 13 through the soil location 11, and between the adjacent spaced electrodes 120, and to further impede the dissipation of the high voltage electricity having the predetermined capacitance into the soil, at the soil location 11. The method includes another step of providing a controller 80 which is coupled in controlling relation relative to the electrical switch driver 255/256, and which is effective in rendering the high voltage solid state electrical switch 100 electrically opened, and closed. The method includes another step of repeatedly rendering the electrical switch driver 255/256 operable to facilitate an electrical opening and closing of the high voltage solid state electrical switch 100, and so forming a multiplicity of pulses of electricity 130 which are delivered to the plurality of electrodes 120, and which are oriented in electrical discharging relation relative to the soil location 11. The plurality of electrical pulses 130 which are generated facilitate a reduction in an adverse soil pest or pathogen effect at the soil location 11 of greater than about 5%.
In the methodology as described above, the step of providing a source of high voltage electricity further comprises supporting a mobile electric power generating assembly 290 on an earth traversing vehicle 25 for movement across the soil location having a soil pest and/or pathogen 12 requiring management (FIG. 1); and generating the source of high voltage electricity with the mobile electric power generation assembly 290. With regard to the methodology as described, the step of providing the plurality of spaced electrodes 120 further comprises operably coupling the plurality of spaced electrodes 120 on an earth traversing carriage 180, and moving the plurality of electrodes across the soil location having the soil pest 12 to be managed. The earth traversing carriage 180 moves the respective spaced electrodes 120 vertically into, and out of the soil location 11. In the methodology as described, earlier, the step of providing the plurality of spaced electrodes 120 comprises providing a plurality of individual electrodes having a given length dimension, and positioning the individual electrodes 120 in a predetermined, spaced array; and then inserting the plurality of electrodes 120 having the given length dimension to a predetermined depth in the soil location 11 having the soil pest and/or pathogen 12 to be managed.
In the methodology as described, the step of providing the spaced electrodes 120 further comprises providing a movable, non-conductive support member 146 on an earth traversing carriage 180; moveably coupling the non-conductive support member 146 on the earth traversing carriage; mounting the spaced electrodes 120 on the movable non-conductive support member 146; propelling the earth traversing carriage 180 across the soil location 11; and moving the non-conductive support member 146 mounting the spaced electrodes 120, along a substantially vertically disposed path of travel so as to repeatedly insert, and then withdraw the electrodes 120 from the soil location 11 having the soil pests and/or pathogens to be managed 12 for a predetermined period of time [dwelling time] to facilitate the reduction in the adverse soil pest or pathogen effect(s) at the soil location 11.
In the methodology as described, the adverse soil pest effect at the soil location 11 comprises, in one form of the invention, root galling and/or root infestation of a plant which is planted at the soil location 11 by an action of a soil pest 12 such as a Nematode. Further the adverse soil pathogen effect, in one form of the invention comprises a reduction in the soil pathogen pathogenesis of a fungi which causes root rot; leaf curling and/or leaf spot for a plant growing at the soil location 11 which is being treated. The adverse soil pest and/or pathogen effect decreases a plant vigor; a crop yield; and/or lowers a production quality of the plant which is affected by the soil pest and/or pathogen 12, at the soil location 11. In the methodology as described above, the step of forming the multiplicity of pulses of electricity 130 further comprises selecting a pulse application time during which the respective electrical pulses 130 are applied to the soil location 11, and which lies in a range of about 0.1 seconds to about 60 seconds to effect the desired management of the soil pest 12. In the methodology as described above, and before the step performing the multiplicity of pulses of electricity 130, the method further comprises determining an electrical conductivity of the soil location 11, and which has the soil pest and/or pathogen 12 requiring management; and selecting a desired response of the soil pest and/or pathogen 12 to be affected by the application time of the respective electrical pulses 130 delivered to the soil location 11. In the methodology as described, the step of determining the electrical conductivity of the soil comprises orienting a sensor in electrical conductive sensing relation relative to the soil location 11; and coupling the sensor in a signal transmitting relation relative to the controller 80. The step of providing the controller 80 further comprises adjustably controlling the electrical switch driver 255/256 with the controller 80 so as to produce resulting electrical pulses 130 to effect the desired management of the soil pest and/or pathogen 12 at the soil location 11.
Therefore, it will be seen that the present method and apparatus for the management of a soil pest and/or pathogen 12 provides a convenient means for reducing an adverse soil pest or pathogen effect on plants that are planted in an agricultural region 280 in a manner not possible, heretofore. The present methodology, and the apparatus which is utilized to implement same, is convenient to utilize, is environmentally friendly, and provides a convenient means for treating large regions of agricultural production land in a manner which was inconceivable before now. The present methodology and apparatus provides surprising results in view of the long-felt need to control soil pests and soil pathogens which have such had such a devastating effect on various crops that are planted both domestically and worldwide.
In compliance with the statute, the invention has been described in language more or less specific as to structural and methodical features. It is to be understood, however, that the invention is not limited to the specific features shown and described since the means herein disclosed comprise preferred forms of putting the invention into effect. The invention is therefore, claimed in any of its forms or modifications within the proper scope of the appended claims appropriately interpreted in accordance with the Doctrine of Equivalence.

## Claims

1. A method for the management of a soil pest or pathogen, comprising:
providing a source of electricity;
coupling a plurality of electrodes with a soil location having a soil pest or pathogen which requires management;
using the electrodes, supplying the electricity to the soil location in a plurality of pulses to effect an in-situ management of the soil pest or pathogen at the soil location, and wherein the supplying an individual one of the pulses of the electricity to the soil location results in conduction of a current within a range of 5 Amperes to 50 k Amperes from a first of the electrodes through soil at the soil location to a second of the electrodes; and
wherein the soil pest or pathogen includes a fungi which produces a pathogenesis.

2. A method for the management of a soil pest or pathogen, comprising:
providing a source of electricity;
coupling a plurality of electrodes with a soil location having a soil pest or pathogen which requires management;
using the electrodes, supplying the electricity to the soil location in a plurality of pulses to effect an in-situ management of the soil pest or pathogen at the soil location, and wherein the supplying an individual one of the pulses of the electricity to the soil location results in conduction of a current within a range of 5 Amperes to 50 k Amperes from a first of the electrodes through soil at the soil location to a second of the electrodes; and
wherein the supplying comprises delivering to the soil location greater than 2 joules of electricity per cubic centimeter of the soil at the soil location.

3. The method as claimed in claim 2, and wherein the supplying comprises supplying to facilitate a reduction in an adverse soil pest pathogenesis at the soil location of greater than 5 percent, and wherein the adverse soil pest pathogenesis at the soil location comprises a root rot; leaf curling and/or leaf spot of a plant which is planted at the soil location, by an action of the soil pest or pathogen, and wherein the adverse soil pest pathogenesis decreases a plant vigor; a crop yield; and/or lowers a production quality of the plant which is effected by the soil pest or pathogen at the soil location, and where the plant is being grown.

4. The method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the supplying comprises delivering the electricity to the soil location in a range of about 2 to about 500 Joules of electricity per cubic centimeter of the soil.

5. A method for the management of a soil pest or pathogen, comprising:
providing a source of electricity;
coupling a plurality of electrodes with a soil location having a soil pest or pathogen which requires management;
using the electrodes, supplying the electricity to the soil location in a plurality of pulses to effect an in-situ management of the soil pest or pathogen at the soil location, and wherein the supplying an individual one of the pulses of the electricity to the soil location results in conduction of a current within a range of 5 Amperes to 50 k Amperes from a first of the electrodes through soil at the soil location to a second of the electrodes; and
wherein each of the electrodes have the length dimension of 4 centimeters to 80 centimeters.

6. A method for the management of a soil pest or pathogen, comprising:
providing a source of electricity;
coupling a plurality of electrodes with a soil location having a soil pest or pathogen which requires management;
using the electrodes, supplying the electricity to the soil location in a plurality of pulses to effect an in-situ management of the soil pest or pathogen at the soil location, and wherein the supplying an individual one of the pulses of the electricity to the soil location results in conduction of a current within a range of 5 Amperes to 50 k Amperes from a first of the electrodes through soil at the soil location to a second of the electrodes; and
wherein the first electrode has a positive polarity and the second electrode has a negative polarity.

7. The method as claimed in claim 6, further comprising generating the pulses using:
a positive power supply configured to receive the electricity from the source and to provide the electricity to a first capacitor;
a negative power supply configured to receive the electricity from the source and to provide the electricity to a second capacitor;
a first switch coupled between the first capacitor and the first electrode; and
a second switch coupled between the second capacitor and the second electrode.

8. The method as claimed in claim 7, further comprising isolating the positive and negative power supplies from the source of electricity using an isolation transformer.

9. The method as claimed in claim 6, further comprising generating each of the pulses by applying a positive voltage bias to the first electrode and a negative voltage bias to the second electrode.

10. A method for the management of a soil pest or pathogen, comprising:
providing a source of electricity;
coupling a plurality of electrodes with a soil location having a soil pest or pathogen which requires management;
using the electrodes, supplying the electricity to the soil location in a plurality of pulses to effect an in-situ management of the soil pest or pathogen at the soil location, and wherein the supplying an individual one of the pulses of the electricity to the soil location results in conduction of a current within a range of 5 Amperes to 50 k Amperes from a first of the electrodes through soil at the soil location to a second of the electrodes; and
wherein the soil pest or pathogen is at least one of a fungal pathogen, Verticillium dahlia, and Phytophthora cinnamomi.

11. A method for the management of a soil pest or pathogen, comprising:
providing a source of electricity;
coupling a plurality of electrodes with a soil location having a soil pest or pathogen which requires management;
using the electrodes, supplying the electricity to the soil location in a plurality of pulses to effect an in-situ management of the soil pest or pathogen at the soil location, and wherein the supplying an individual one of the pulses of the electricity to the soil location results in conduction of a current within a range of 5 Amperes to 50 k Amperes from a first of the electrodes through soil at the soil location to a second of the electrodes; and
wherein the electrodes are spaced from one another by a distance in a range of 1 to 40 cm.

12. The method as claimed in claim 1, further comprising A method for the management of a soil pest or pathogen, comprising:
providing a source of electricity;
coupling a plurality of electrodes with a soil location having a soil pest or pathogen which requires management;
using the electrodes, supplying the electricity to the soil location in a plurality of pulses to effect an in-situ management of the soil pest or pathogen at the soil location, and wherein the supplying an individual one of the pulses of the electricity to the soil location results in conduction of a current within a range of 5 Amperes to 50 k Amperes from a first of the electrodes through soil at the soil location to a second of the electrodes; and
storing the electricity using at least one capacitor, and wherein the supplying comprises discharging the electricity from the at least one capacitor to the soil location.

13. The method as claimed in claim 12, and wherein the electrodes individually have a given length dimension, and wherein the coupling comprises inserting the plurality of the electrodes into the soil at the soil location to a predetermined depth.

14. The method as claimed in claim 12, further comprising forming one of the pulses by electrically discharging the at least one capacitor at a discharge rate of 100 microseconds to 500 milliseconds.

15. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the soil pest or pathogen are nematodes.

16. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the electricity supplied by the electrodes to the soil location is DC electricity within a voltage range of 1 kV to 100 kV.

17. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the supplying comprises supplying the pulses to the soil location at a frequency between 1 Hz and 1000 Hz.

18. The method as claimed in claim 5, further comprising discharging the at least one capacitor a plurality of times to generate the pulses.

19. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the supplying comprises supplying the pulses to the soil location for an application time of 0.1 to 60 seconds.

20. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the soil location is a first soil location, and further comprising supplying the electricity to a second soil location that is different than the first soil location after the supplying the electricity to the first soil location.

21. The method as claimed in claim 20, wherein the supplying comprises supplying using a treatment apparatus, and further comprising moving the treatment apparatus from the first soil location to the second soil location after the supplying the electricity to the first soil location.

22. The method as claimed in claim 12, further comprising closing a switch to initiate the discharging of the electricity from the at least one capacitor.

23. The method as claimed in claim 22, wherein each of the pulses is generated following a respective closure of the switch.

24. The method as claimed in claim 12, wherein the supplying comprises supplying the electricity comprising DC electricity having a voltage range of 1 kV to 100 kv in the pulses at a frequency of 1 Hz to 1000 Hz.

25. A method for the management of a soil pest or pathogen, comprising:
providing a source of electricity;
coupling a plurality of electrodes with a soil location having a soil pest or pathogen which requires management;
using the electrodes, supplying the electricity to the soil location in a plurality of pulses to effect an in-situ management of the soil pest or pathogen at the soil location, and wherein the supplying an individual one of the pulses of the electricity to the soil location results in conduction of a current within a range of 5 Amperes to 50 k Amperes from a first of the electrodes through soil at the soil location to a second of the electrodes; and
wherein the electricity has a capacitance of 1 uF to 1000 uF.

26. A method for the management of a soil pest or pathogen, comprising:
providing a source of electricity;
coupling a plurality of electrodes with a soil location having a soil pest or pathogen which requires management;
using the electrodes, supplying the electricity to the soil location in a plurality of pulses to effect an in-situ management of the soil pest or pathogen at the soil location; and
wherein the supplying an individual one of the pulses of the electricity results in conduction of a current within a range of 500 Amperes to 50 k Amperes from a first of the electrodes through soil at the soil location to a second of the electrodes.