* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist the determination of

this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is

not binding precedent, except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata,

and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for its persuasive value

consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

December 26, 2007

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT

OLEN KENNEDY,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

DARRIN SMITH, Deputy Sheriff

Muskogee County; PAULA SEXTON,

Muskogee Court Clerk; PEARSON,

Sheriff,

Defendants-Appellees.

No. 07-7035

(D.C. No. 04-CV-249-S)

(E.D. Okla.)

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

Before TYMKOVICH, BALDOCK, and EBEL, Circuit Judges.

In this pro se civil rights action brought pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, Olen

Kennedy, a state prisoner serving life imprisonment, appeals from an order of the

district court granting defendants’ motion for summary judgment. Mr. Kennedy

argues that an anonymous letter accusing him of an additional crime that the
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defendants circulated to the news media compromised his ability to obtain parole,

thereby violating his constitutional rights.

Mr. Kennedy is also appealing the order of the district court denying his

motion for rehearing and motion to recuse the district court judge. Mr. Kennedy

further complains that the district court did not allow him to conduct sufficient

discovery and failed to appoint counsel to represent him. 

Exercising jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, we find no merit in Mr.

Kennedy’s arguments and therefore affirm.

I. Background

A. The Anonymous Letter.

In 1973, Mr. Kennedy was convicted of murder under Oklahoma law, and

he is currently serving a life sentence in an Oklahoma state prison. In March

2004, the Muskogee County Court Clerk’s office received an anonymous 

hand-written letter in the mail which alleged that Mr. Kennedy had committed

another murder prior to his incarceration. Specifically, the letter stated that

Mr. Kennedy had killed the “10 yr old Nix boy” and hidden his body in the

basement of the “Old Muskogee Hotel.” R., Doc. 165, Ex. 4. 

The Court Clerk’s office forwarded the letter to the Muskogee County

Sheriff’s Office. Defendant Sheriff Pearson subsequently assigned defendant

Sheriff Deputy Smith to investigate the allegations in the letter. The investigation

failed to uncover any relevant information, and the Sheriff’s Office decided to
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have the contents of the letter published in two local newspapers. Copies of the

two resulting newspaper articles are attached to Mr. Kennedy’s complaint, and

both articles reported that Mr. Kennedy had been accused by the writer of the

anonymous letter of killing a ten-year-old boy. Id., Doc. 1, Exs. A, B. In

addition, because the writer of the letter refers to very specific facts, Sheriff

Pearson and Deputy Sheriff Smith are quoted in the articles as saying they

believed the letter was “real.” Id. One of the articles also requested that

“[a]nyone with information about the old Muskogee Hotel buried-child case

should call the Muskogee County Sheriff’s Office.” Id., Ex. A. But, as

defendants explain in their brief, “[u]ltimately, the investigation [of the alleged

murder] was inconclusive, no ongoing investigation was deemed necessary and no

charges were filed.” Aplees. Br. at 5. 

B. Denial of Parole in October 2004. 

The two newspaper articles were published in April 2004. In October

2004, Mr. Kennedy was denied parole by the Oklahoma Pardon and Parole Board

(Parole Board), and previously he has been denied parole at least ten times during

his term of incarceration. R., Doc. 165, Ex. 2 at 55. Mr. Kennedy testified at his

deposition in February 2007 that he does not know why the Parole Board denied

parole on any of those occasions. Id. at 56. He also testified that he does not

know whether the Parole Board knew about or considered the two newspaper

articles when it denied parole in October 2004. Id. at 62-63, 66-67. In addition,
1 In addition to Sexton, Pearson, and Smith, Mr. Kennedy also named three

Oklahoma newspapers and three Oklahoma television stations as defendants in his

complaint. The district court separately dismissed the claims asserted against the

latter defendants, and those claims are not at issue in this appeal. 

2 Although Mr. Kennedy also alleged that the publication of the anonymous

(continued...)

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the record indicates that, while the district court granted the parties several

months to conduct discovery and Mr. Kennedy submitted written discovery

requests to defendants and attempted to take their depositions, he did not seek any

discovery from the Parole Board. 

C. Mr. Kennedy’s § 1983 Claims and the District Court’s Rulings.

In his § 1983 complaint, Mr. Kennedy alleged as follows:

On or about April 1st, 2004 IN CONSPIRACY with each

other, without proper investigation, or verification of facts, the

defendants made libelous, malicious, negligent, vindictive

‘sensationalist’ [tabloid] type false statements AND CAUSED THEM

TO BE PUBLISHED, slandering and defaming the plaintiff, . . . and

did so in a conspiracy to DEPRIVE HIM of a meaningful parole

consideration.

R., Doc. 1 at 2.1

; see also Aplt. Opening Br. at 16 (alleging that defendants

engaged “IN A LONG RUNNING conspiracy to prevent plaintiff from receiving a

state parole”). In short, Mr. Kennedy alleged that defendants Sexton (the

Muskogee County Court Clerk), Sheriff Pearson, and Sheriff Deputy Smith

conspired to defame him by having false information published in the media,

which information demeaned his reputation and caused the Parole Board to deny

parole in October 2004.2

 
2

(...continued)

letter put him at risk of injury from other inmates, he testified at his deposition

that he had not been threatened by any other inmates as a result of the letter’s

publication. R., Doc. 165, Ex. 2 at 65-67, 70-72. Consequently, we do not need

to consider his endangerment allegation.

-5-

The district court construed Mr. Kennedy’s allegations as stating both

federal and state law claims, and, after extensive briefing by both sides, the court

entered summary judgment in favor of defendants based on the following

reasoning:

As to the defendant Sexton, plaintiff alleges her sole role in

the underlying events was limited to receiving the anonymous letter

and forwarding it to the Sheriff’s office. As to defendants Pearson

and Smith, plaintiff clearly disagrees with the investigative methods

used to investigate the letter, but he offers no evidence of any

“concerted action” between the defendants to deprive[] him of his

constitutional rights. The role of the Sheriff’s office was to

investigate the allegations made in the letter. This does not appear to

be an unconstitutional goal. In fact, it was their job. Plaintiff must

establish there was an agreement among defendants to deprive him of

a constitutional right. Plaintiff does not even offer conclusory

allegations of a conspiracy. He has failed to establish [there] was an

agreement among defendants to deprive him of his constitutional

rights. Accordingly, his claim must fail. 

The civil rights conspiracy claim was the only federal claim in

the lawsuit. The remaining claims are state law in nature. The Tenth

Circuit has held that when federal claims are resolved prior to trial,

the district court should usually decline to exercise jurisdiction over

state law claims and allow plaintiff to pursue them in state court. 

Ball v. Renner, 54 F.3d 664, 669 (10th Cir. 1995) and 28 U.S.C.

§ 1367(c)(3) (stating that when all federal claims are dismissed,

district court may decline to exercise jurisdiction over remaining

state claims). Accordingly, the court declines to exercise jurisdiction
3 We note that the district court should have dismissed only the state law

claims without prejudice. Defendants have not cross-appealed to correct this

error, however, and Mr. Kennedy is not challenging the dismissal of his state law

claims. As a result, we do not need to address those claims.

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over the remaining state law claims. Therefore, the court hereby

dismisses without prejudice this case in its entirety.3

R., Doc. 175 at 4-5.

II. Analysis

A. Summary Judgment Standards.

 “We review the grant of summary judgment de novo, applying the same

standard as the district court pursuant to Rule 56(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure.” Gwinn v. Awmiller, 354 F.3d 1211, 1215 (10th Cir. 2004). Under

Rule 56(c), summary judgment is appropriate “if the pleadings, depositions,

answers to interrogatories, and admissions on file, together with the affidavits, if

any, show that there is no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the

moving party is entitled to a judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). 

“In applying this standard, we view the evidence and draw reasonable inferences

therefrom in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party.” Burke v. Utah

Transit Auth. & Local 382, 462 F.3d 1253, 1257 (10th Cir. 2006) (quotation

omitted).

“In addition, we must construe a pro se appellant’s complaint liberally.”

Kay v. Bemis, 500 F.3d 1214, 1218 (10th Cir. 2007) (quotation omitted). But
-7-

“[t]his liberal treatment is not without limits, and this court has repeatedly

insisted that pro se parties follow the same rules of procedure that govern other

litigants.” Id. (quotation omitted). As a result, in the context of opposing a

motion for summary judgment, a pro se plaintiff must strictly comply with the

requirements of Rule 56, and those requirements have been articulated by the

Supreme Court as follows:

the plain language of Rule 56(c) mandates the entry of summary

judgment, after adequate time for discovery and upon motion, against

a party who fails to make a showing sufficient to establish the

existence of an element essential to that party’s case, and on which

that party will bear the burden of proof at trial. In such a situation,

there can be “no genuine issue as to any material fact,” since a

complete failure of proof concerning an essential element of the

nonmoving party’s case necessarily renders all other facts

immaterial. 

Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322-23 (1986); see also Fed. R. Civ. P.

56(e) (providing that a party opposing summary judgment “may not rest upon the

mere allegations or denials of the . . . party’s pleading, but . . . must set forth

specific facts showing that there is a genuine issue for trial”).

B. Conspiracy/Defamation Claim.

“Allegations of conspiracy may . . . form the basis of a § 1983 claim.”

Tonkovich v. Kansas Bd. of Regents, 159 F.3d 504, 533 (10th Cir. 1998).

“However, a plaintiff must allege specific facts showing an agreement and

concerted action amongst the defendants,” id., and “[c]onclusory allegations of

conspiracy are insufficient to state a valid § 1983 claim,” id. (quotation omitted).
-8-

Further, “a deprivation of a constitutional right is essential to proceed under a 

§ 1983 conspiracy claim.” Snell v. Tunnell, 920 F.2d 673, 701-02 (10th Cir.

1990). Thus, to prevail on such a claim, “a plaintiff must plead and prove not

only a conspiracy, but also an actual deprivation of rights.” Dixon v. City of

Lawton, 898 F.2d 1443, 1449 (10th Cir. 1990). 

As set forth above, the district court found that Mr. Kennedy “offer[ed] no

evidence of any ‘concerted action’ between the defendants to deprive[] him of his

constitutional rights,” and therefore concluded that he “failed to establish [there]

was an agreement among defendants to deprive him of his constitutional rights.” 

R., Doc. 175 at 4. Having thoroughly reviewed the summary judgment record, we

agree with the district court that there is insufficient evidence to establish a 

§ 1983 conspiracy. More fundamental, however, is the complete lack of evidence

showing a violation of Mr. Kennedy’s constitutional rights. See Dixon, 898 F.2d

at 1449 (“[T]he essence of a § 1983 [conspiracy] claim is the deprivation of the

right rather than the conspiracy.”).

Construing Mr. Kennedy’s allegations liberally, the constitutional right at

issue here is the right to procedural due process guaranteed by the Fourteenth

Amendment. Specifically, Mr. Kennedy claims that defendants violated his

Fourteenth Amendment right to procedural due process when they allowed the

contents of the anonymous letter to be published in the local media without

affording him a hearing and an opportunity to clear his name by proving that the
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allegations in the letter were false. Consequently, “it is [Mr. Kennedy’s] liberty

interests that are at issue: he alleges that the defendants deprived him of those

interests without affording him the procedural protections required by the Due

Process Clause.” Gwinn, 354 F.3d at 1216. As we explained in Gwinn:

“‘Where a person’s good name, reputation, honor, or integrity

is at stake because of what the government is doing to him,’ a

protectible liberty interest may be implicated that requires procedural

due process in the form of a hearing to clear his name.” Jensen v.

Redevelopment Agency of Sandy City, 998 F.2d 1550, 1558 (10th Cir.

1993) (quoting Wisconsin v. Constantineau, 400 U.S. 433, 437 . . .

(1971)). Damage to one’s reputation alone, however, is not enough

to implicate due process protections. See Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S.

693, 701 . . . (1976) (stating that “reputation alone, apart from some

more tangible interests such as employment, is neither ‘liberty’ or

‘property’ by itself sufficient to invoke the procedural protection of

the Due Process Clause”); McGhee v. Draper, 639 F.2d 639, 643

(10th Cir. 1981) ([S]tigmatization or reputational damage alone, no

matter how egregious, is not sufficient to support a § 1983 cause of

action.”).

Instead, a plaintiff asserting that the government has violated

the Due Process Clause by impugning his or her “good name,

reputation, honor, or integrity,” Jensen, 998 F.2d at 1558, must

demonstrate that: (1) the government made a statement about him or

her that is sufficiently derogatory to injure his or her reputation, that

is capable of being proved false, and that he or she asserts is false,

and (2) the plaintiff experienced some governmentally imposed

burden that “significantly altered [his or] her status as a matter of

state law.” Paul, 424 U.S. at 710-11 . . . . This is sometimes

described as the “stigma plus” standard.

Id.

Here, there is no question the district court properly granted summary

judgment in favor of defendant Sexton. As the court found, “her sole role in the

underlying events was limited to receiving the anonymous letter and forwarding it
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to the Sheriff’s office.” R., Doc. 175 at 4. Further, with regard to defendants

Pearson and Smith, we likewise question whether they actually “made” a

derogatory statement about Mr. Kennedy when they allowed the contents of the

anonymous letter to be published in the local media. However, because

Mr. Kennedy has not even come close to showing the “plus” part of the “stigma

plus” standard (i.e., “some governmentally imposed burden that significantly

altered his . . . status as a matter of state law”), we do not need to decide whether

the “stigma” part of the standard was met. 

To begin with, the only “plus” alleged by Mr. Kennedy is his claim that he

was denied parole in October 2004 because of the publication of the contents of

the anonymous letter. But, as set forth above, Mr. Kennedy testified at his

deposition that he does not know why the Parole Board denied parole. R., Doc.

165, Ex. 2 at 55-56. Mr. Kennedy also testified that he does not know whether

the Parole Board even knew about the two newspaper articles when it denied

parole. Id. at 62-63, 66-67. Moreover, while Mr. Kennedy complains

vociferously about how the district court prevented him from deposing the

defendants, Mr. Kennedy never sought any discovery from the Parole Board, and

he also failed to request a continuance under Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(f) to obtain such

discovery. As a result, there are no “specific facts” in the summary judgment

record showing why the Parole Board denied parole in October 2004. Without

such evidence, it was legally impossible for Mr. Kennedy to meet his trial burden

of satisfying the “plus” part of the “stigma-plus” standard, “an essential element

of [his § 1983 defamation] case.” Celotex, 477 U.S. at 323. Accordingly, for this
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reason and for the reasons relied upon by the district court, we conclude that

summary judgment was properly entered in favor of defendants on Mr. Kennedy’s

conspiracy/defamation claim. 

C. Other Issues Raised on Appeal.

Mr. Kennedy also argues that: (1) the district court failed to properly

consider the Errata Sheet he completed to make changes and objections to his

deposition testimony; and (2) the district court erred in: (a) denying his motion to

recuse; (b) denying his motion for appointment of counsel; (c) refusing to compel

defendants to produce discovery and be deposed; and (d) permitting Robert Ray

Jones, Jr. to enter an appearance as counsel for defendants. We conclude that Mr.

Kennedy’s arguments lack merit, and we see no abuse of discretion by the district

court with regard to any of these matters. 

First, there is no basis for concluding that the district court failed to

consider the Errata Sheet when evaluating defendants’ motion for summary

judgment. More importantly, however, the Errata Sheet did not contain any

material alterations or additions to Mr. Kennedy’s deposition testimony. Second,

we agree with defendants that Mr. Kennedy’s motion to recuse was based on

conclusory and unsubstantiated allegations, with no specific showing of personal

bias or prejudice. Third, Mr. Kennedy has failed to show that this is one of those

extreme cases where the denial of his motion for appointment of counsel resulted

in fundamental unfairness. Fourth, we see no abuse of discretion by the district

court in any of its discovery rulings. Defendants fully responded to Mr.

Kennedy’s written interrogatories and requests for admission, and none of the
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district court’s discovery rulings had any bearing on Mr. Kennedy’s failure of

proof with regard to the Parole Board. Finally, Mr. Kennedy’s claim that there

was something improper about Mr. Jones’s entry of appearance is completely

baseless and without any foundation.

Mr. Kennedy is also challenging the district court’s denial of his motion for

rehearing. Mr. Kennedy filed his motion within ten days of the district court’s

entry of summary judgment, and, “[r]egardless of how it is styled, a postjudgment motion filed within ten days of entry of judgment that questions the

correctness of the judgment is properly construed as a Rule 59(e) motion.” 

Venable v. Haislip, 721 F.2d 297, 299 (10th Cir. 1983). “We review a district

court’s ruling on a Fed. R. Civ. P. 59(e) motion under an abuse of discretion

standard.” Phelps v. Hamilton, 122 F.3d 1309, 1324 (10th Cir. 1997). Under that

standard, “[a] Rule 59(e) motion to alter or amend the judgment should be granted

only to correct manifest errors of law or to present newly discovered evidence.”

Id. (quotation omitted). Mr. Kennedy “has not presented any new evidence on

appeal, nor do we discern manifest error, and thus [he] has failed to show the

district court abused its discretion in denying the motion.” Adams v. Reliance

Standard Life Ins. Co., 225 F.3d 1179, 1186 n.5 (10th Cir. 2000).
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The judgment of the district court is AFFIRMED. We also DENY

Mr. Kennedy’s motion for declaratory judgment and his motion to compel

production of record, both of which were filed in this court on July 27, 2007.

Entered for the Court

Timothy M. Tymkovich

Circuit Judge