[J-86-2017]

IN THE SUPREME COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

MIDDLE DISTRICT

SAYLOR, C.J., BAER, TODD, DONOHUE, DOUGHERTY, WECHT, MUNDY, JJ.

EQT PRODUCTION COMPANY,

Appellee

v.

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL 

PROTECTION OF THE 

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA,

Appellant

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No. 6 MAP 2017

Appeal from the Order of the

Commonwealth Court at 485 MD 2014, 

dated 1/11/17

ARGUED: November 28, 2017

OPINION

CHIEF JUSTICE SAYLOR DECIDED: March 28, 2018

In this direct appeal, we consider the scope of a civil penalty applicable to 

violations of environmental protection statutes regulating the entry of contaminants into 

any of the waters of the Commonwealth.

I. Background

Under the Clean Streams Law,1the unpermitted release of industrial waste and 

other contaminants into any of the waters of the Commonwealth is prohibited. Section 

301 of the enactment provides:

 

1 Act of June 22, 1937, P.L. 1987 (as amended, 35 P.S. §§691.1 - 691.1001).
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No person or municipality shall place or permit to be placed, 

or discharged or permit to flow, or continue to discharge or 

permit to flow, into any of the waters of the Commonwealth 

any industrial wastes, except as hereinafter provided in this 

act.

35 P.S §691.301. Section 307 restates this prohibitory language in somewhat different 

terms, forbidding persons and municipalities from “discharg[ing] or permit[ting] the

discharge” of industrial wastes “in any manner, directly or indirectly” into any of the 

waters of the Commonwealth, absent authorization under DEP rules and regulations or

without a permit. See id. §691.307. Section 401 -- which begins with an introductory 

title “[p]rohibition against other pollutions” -- makes it unlawful for persons or 

municipalities to “put or place” or “allow or permit to be discharged from property owned 

or occupied by such person or municipality” into any of the waters of the 

Commonwealth “any substance of any kind or character resulting in pollution.” Id.

§691.401.

In the Clean Streams Law, the term “Waters of the Commonwealth” is defined 

very broadly to encompass “any and all” of an extensive series of waters, including 

rivers; streams, creeks, springs and rivulets; lakes and ponds; water courses; and 

ditches, as well as “all other bodies or channels or conveyance of surface and 

underground water, or parts thereof, whether natural or artificial.” Id. §691.1. Per 

Section 605, violators are subject to civil penalties of up to $10,000 per day for each 

violation. See id. §691.605(a). 

The present litigation is a declaratory judgment proceeding initiated by Appellee 

EQT Production Company (“EQT”), which became exposed to the civil penalties under 

the Clean Streams Law in 2012 on account of leaks from an impoundment used to 
[J-86-2017] - 3

contain impaired water flowing back from hydraulic fracture gas wells.2 According to the 

complaint, much of the penalty exposure asserted by the regulatory agency, the 

Department of Environmental Protection (“DEP” or the “Department”), which is the 

appellant herein, was premised on a “continuing violation” theory predicated on passive 

migration of contaminants from soil into water. EQT asserted:

DEP’s articulated legal position to support this proposed 

penalty is that every day that contaminants from the 

[impoundment] remain in the subsurface soil and passively 

enter groundwater and/or surface water constitutes a 

“continuing violation” of sections 301, 307 and 401 of the 

Clean Streams Law, for which a separate civil penalty may 

be assessed for each day of alleged violation.

Complaint in EQT Prod. Co. v. DEP, No. 485 M.D. 2014 (Pa. Cmwlth.), at ¶21

(emphasis in original). The company expressed the concern that DEP’s soil-to-water 

theory “means that civil penalties may be asserted against [EQT] as long as any

contaminant remains in the environment,” creating significant uncertainty and potentially 

unending civil liability. Id. at ¶35 (emphasis in original). EQT contended that such 

position was contrary to the plain wording of the governing statutes, was not supported 

 

2 Some of the factual circumstances surrounding the leaks and their aftermath are 

disputed in a number of respects, but they are immaterial to our present review of 

issues of governing law. Subject to clarifications provided below, more specific 

information can be gleaned from EQT Production Co. v. DEP, 634 Pa. 611, 130 A.3d 

752 (2015), as well as in the Commonwealth Court’s decision underlying this appeal. 

See EQT Prod. Co. v. DEP, 153 A.3d 424 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2017). There is no dispute, 

however, that contaminated water generated in unconventional gas well operations 

constitutes “industrial waste” for purposes of Section 301. See 35 P.S. §691.1 

(prescribing a broad definition for this term to include a broad range of substances 

resulting from manufacturing or industrial activity).
[J-86-2017] - 4

by any judicial precedent, and defeated the legislative intent of Act 2 of 1995,3 a 

separate enactment centered on environmental remediation.

In terms of an affirmative statement of its own interpretation of the statutory 

overlay, EQT indicated:

Sections 301, 307 and 401, in conjunction with section 605 

of the Clean Streams Law, 35 P.S. §691.605 (establishing 

civil penalty amounts for violations) grant DEP authority to 

assess a civil penalty only for the days that pollutants were 

actually discharged from the [impoundment], not for any 

days that previously released constituents passively migrate 

through the environment into groundwater or surface water.

Complaint in EQT Prod. Co., No. 485 M.D. 2014, at ¶32 (emphasis in original).

Shortly after the filing of the complaint, the Department lodged a civil penalty 

complaint against EQT in the Environmental Hearing Board (the “EHB” or the “Board”), 

seeking imposition of a sanction of at least $4,532,296. Relevant to the progress of the 

declaratory judgment litigation as discussed below, various paragraphs of the complaint 

asserted that penalties continued to accrue for each day that a contaminant deriving 

from the impoundment “continues to be present in any waters of the Commonwealth.” 

Complaint in In re EQT Prod. Co., No. 2014-140-CP-L (EHB), at ¶¶60, 89. 

In its answer and new matter addressing EQT’s complaint for declaratory relief,

4

the Department observed that the relevant provisions of the Clean Streams Law do not 

employ the phrase “actual discharge” and highlighted EQT’s failure to provide a 

definition for the term that it employed. See Answer and New Matter in EQT Prod. Co., 

 

3 See Act of May 19, 1995, P.L. 4, No. 2 (as amended, 35 P.S. §§6026.101 - 6026.908).

4 The Commonwealth Court initially dismissed the declaratory judgment action on the 

Department’s preliminary objections. This Court reversed that decision, however, see

EQT Prod. Co., 634 Pa. 611, 130 A.3d 752, and the agency proceeded to file an answer 

and new matter.
[J-86-2017] - 5

No. 485 M.D. 2014, at ¶¶43, 44 (“The Department does not know what [EQT] views to 

be an ‘actual discharge.’”). The agency also criticized any suggestion that penalty 

liability cannot be based upon “passive migration.” Id. at ¶45. Furthermore, the 

Department charged that EQT had unfairly characterized the agency’s liability theories

and posited that the company’s asserted omissions “compel the Department to 

articulate its legal position in full detail.” Id. at ¶21. 

DEP then described EQT’s penalty exposure as follows. The agency explained 

that evidence would demonstrate that: industrial waste from the company’s 

impoundment remained in bedrock and soil beneath the impoundment’s liner for a 

period of time longer than EQT contemplated in its portrayal of an “actual discharge”;

industrial waste can bind to the soil or perch above an aquifer, “continually polluting new 

groundwater as groundwater flows through the column of bound or perched industrial 

waste”; EQT’s “plume of pollution . . . progressively and over time moved into regions of 

uncontaminated areas of surface and groundwater”; and this would continue for months 

or years. Id. ¶¶56-59. In these passages, DEP appears to have been advancing its 

soil-to-water migration theory, the continuing-violation theory such as was the subject of 

the complaint. The passages can also be read more broadly, however, to suggest new

infractions as contaminants spread from discrete bodies of water into new regions of 

water, a water-to-water theory of serial violations upon which the Department would 

come to focus upon more specifically. Even more broadly, the Department charged that 

EQT was subject to civil penalties for “[e]ach day that [the company’s] impact upon a 

water of the Commonwealth constitutes ‘pollution’” and on each day that the industrial 

waste that was to be contained in the impoundment impairs waters of the 

Commonwealth. Id. at ¶¶71-72.
[J-86-2017] - 6

EQT proceeded to file an application for summary relief premised on discounting 

only the last and broadest formulation by DEP. See Pa.R.A.P. 1532(b). According to 

the company, DEP’s pleadings and discovery responses conveyed its intention to seek 

civil penalties for every day that any contaminants deriving from the company’s 

impoundment “remain in the environment.” Application for Summary Relief in EQT 

Prod. Co., No. 485 M.D. 2014, at ¶13. EQT criticized such an interpretation, indicating 

that the relevant substantive provisions of the Clean Streams Law turn upon entry of a 

contaminant “into a water of the Commonwealth.” Id. at ¶14 (emphasis in original). It 

was the company’s position at this stage that:

Under the express text of the [Clean Streams Law], there is 

no violation for days on which an industrial waste or a 

substance resulting in pollution, after having previously been 

discharged into a water of the Commonwealth, continues to 

be present in that water.

Application for Summary Relief in EQT Prod. Co., No. 485 M.D. 2014, at ¶15 (emphasis 

in original). Ultimately, EQT asked only for two facially straightforward pronouncements 

of declaratory relief. First, the company requested a declaration that a violation of the 

relevant substantive provisions of the Clean Streams Law occur only on a day in which 

a person “allows an industrial waste or a substance resulting in pollution to actually 

enter into waters of the Commonwealth.” Id. at ¶18(a). Second, EQT asked the court 

to confirm that the mere presence of an industrial waste or a substance resulting in 

pollution of the waters of the Commonwealth does not, in and of itself, constitute a 

violation. See id. ¶18(b). 

It is worth pausing at this juncture to consider that there is no material dispute 

that the second of these propositions is true. While DEP has repeatedly declined to 

squarely confirm that it will not seek penalties for the mere presence of contaminants in 

waters of the Commonwealth, every theory of a continuing violation or serial violations 
[J-86-2017] - 7

that the agency has ever attempted to defend on developed reasoning contemplates 

movement of contaminants into or within water. See, e.g., Brief for Appellant at 18 

(couching liability under Sections 301, 307 and 401 in terms of an initial discharge or 

“the unpermitted continuing or indirect flow” of contaminants (emphasis added)); accord

Brief of Amicus Clean Air Council at 21 (recognizing that “[t]he ‘presence’ of water 

pollutants . . . is not a legal standard for liability under Section 301.”); Brief for Amici

Citizens for Pennsylvania’s Future and Sierra Club at 8 n.8 (“Amici Curiae do not read 

[sic] the Department as having taken the position below that the continued presence of 

the industrial waste in a particular water of the Commonwealth, by itself, is an ongoing 

violation of Section 301[.]” (emphasis in original)). Indeed, all of the statutes under 

review plainly contemplate such movement as a predicate for violations. 35 P.S. 

§§691.301 (prohibiting various forms of releases of industrial waste “into any of the 

waters of the Commonwealth” (emphasis added), 691.307 (same), 691.401 (same for 

substances resulting in pollution).

5

As to the other proposition advanced in the summary-relief application -- i.e., that 

an infraction occurs only on days when a violator allows a contaminant to actually enter 

into waters of the Commonwealth -- the parties’ submissions also suggest a substantial 

overlap in the common understanding. The consensus is, again, in the degree to which 

 

5 Amicus Clean Air Council acknowledges that flow, and not mere presence, is the 

relevant litmus, but asks that we make clear that the presence of pollutants in a water 

may constitute evidence of a prohibited flow. See Brief for Amicus Clean Air Council at 

19-26. It is a matter of common sense that the presence of a contaminant in water that 

is traceable to a particular source is circumstantial proof that the substance moved from 

the source into the water, and the same holds true as the substance might migrate 

through various waters. This, of course, does not answer the question whether serial 

civil penalties under the Clean Streams Law accrue based on continued migration of 

contaminants through waters, which is the matter upon which the declaratory judgment 

proceedings have come to focus.
[J-86-2017] - 8

movement into water is essential to a violation. The differences are, first, whereas EQT

phrased the act or omission giving rise to liability as “allow[ing] a contaminant to actually 

enter into waters of the Commonwealth,” DEP supplements the phrase to encompass a 

variety of other terms such as discharges, continued discharges, indirect discharges,

permits to flow, and continuing to permit to flow. See, e.g., Brief for Appellant at 22, 24-

25. Second, DEP has stressed that the governing statutes contemplate movement not 

just “into waters,” but into “any of the waters” of the Commonwealth. Id. at 24

(emphasis adjusted).

The substance of the application for summary relief, however, cannot fairly be 

understood to discount DEP’s broader view in these regards, or, more specifically, 

either of its soil-to-water or water-to-water migration theories, both of which require 

movement into a water (or a part thereof). For example, there was no developed 

suggestion, in EQT’s application or its initial supporting brief, concerning any distinction 

between active and passive conduct, or on a constrained definition of the concept of 

“allowing” movement into water. Moreover, EQT asserted that there could be no 

violation, once a contaminant has moved into a water, for mere presence in “that water,”

Application for Summary Relief in EQT Prod. Co., No. 485 M.D. 2014, at ¶15 (emphasis 

added), thus avoiding any tension with the water-to-water theory. Furthermore, EQT did 

not carry over, from its complaint and into the application for summary relief, the notion 

of an “actual discharge” from the impoundment. 

For these reasons, and otherwise, the application can be reasonably read only 

as an effort to confirm that the mere presence of contaminants in the environment does 

not, in and of itself, establish a violation, and that movement into water is a touchstone. 

Indeed, had the Department merely acceded to summary relief on the precise terms 
[J-86-2017] - 9

advanced by EQT, it would have been untenable for the company to claim that the court 

had confirmed anything other than these modest propositions.

6

The Department opposed summary relief. In its response, the agency observed

-- consistent with the above summary of the EQT’s application for summary relief 

relative to the soil-to-water and water-to-water theories -- that the application failed to 

challenge any portion of the agency’s legal theories. See Answer to Application for 

Summary Relief in EQT Prod. Co., No. 485 M.D. 2014, at 6. Notably, in neither the 

pleadings nor its response to the application for summary relief did the Department 

include a request for a declaratory judgment in its favor on the theories that it had 

interjected into the summary relief proceedings. Rather, the Department merely asked 

that relief on the complaint and application should be denied. See Answer and New 

Matter in EQT Prod. Co., No. 485 M.D. 2014, at 26; Answer to Application for Summary 

Relief in EQT Prod. Co., No. 485 M.D. 2014, at 12. Nevertheless, in a supporting brief, 

DEP proceeded to reframe, and to greatly broaden, the questions before the court on 

 

6 This is not to say that the Department could not have been justifiably concerned that a 

verbatim judicial pronouncement on the specific terms proposed by EQT in this highly 

technical area of the law could potentially be misused. Our only objective, at this point,

is to clarify that the scope of the summary-relief application itself was quite limited. 

Along these lines, for example, EQT chose not to develop any rationale in pursuit of its 

original request, as stated in its complaint, for declaratory relief to discount the soil-towater theory of continuing violation. Nor did the company present any rationale 

challenging any other theory of liability beyond one based on the mere presence of a 

contaminant in a protected water.

Consistent with the application for summary relief, EQT’s initial supporting brief set out 

to vindicate its position on the twin pillars of the request for declaratory relief set forth in 

its application for summary relief, namely, that actual entry into waters of a contaminant 

the Commonwealth is essential to a violation; and the mere presence of a contaminant 

in waters of the Commonwealth does not, in and of itself, constitute a violation. See

Brief in Support of Application for Summary Relief in in EQT Prod. Co., No. 485 M.D. 

2014, at 11-13 (presenting a summary of the argument).
[J-86-2017] - 10

summary review to advance its soil-to-water theory of a continuing violation, as well as 

the water-to-water theory of serial violations. See, e.g., Brief in Opposition to 

Application for Summary Relief in EQT Prod. Co., No. 485 M.D. 2014, at 1-2 (presenting 

a counter-statement of the questions presented). 

In a reply brief, EQT for the first time contested the water-to-water theory, 

characterizing it as a novel, “revised continuing violation theory.” Reply Brief in Support 

of Application for Summary Relief in EQT Prod. Co., No. 485 M.D. 2014, at 1.

7

 In this 

submission, EQT still did not specifically discuss the soil-to-water theory that was the 

subject of its original complaint, but which the company did not itself carry forward into 

the summary relief proceedings. 

Upon its review, the Commonwealth Court accepted the Department’s reframing 

of the issues, at least in part, centering its decision on the water-to-water theory. See

EQT Prod. Co., 153 A.3d at 433 (“The issue of statutory analysis presented here, as 

phrased by the Department, is whether . . . every time a person ‘allow[s] his, her, or its

industrial waste or pollutional substance to flow from one water of the Commonwealth 

into another water of the Commonwealth,’ the person is committing a new and separate 

violation[.]”). Notably, and presumably in light of the parties’ ultimate focus on that 

theory, the court also afforded no specific attention to the soil-to-water theory.

In its analysis, preliminarily, the Commonwealth Court proceeded sua sponte to 

narrow its statutory analysis of violations to Section 301.8 In this regard, in terms of 

 

7 The allusion to a “continuing violation theory” is imprecise, given that the water-towater theory is one of both serial and continuing violations. In this regard, under the 

Department’s understanding, a new violation occurs each time a contaminant enters a 

previously unaffected part of a water and each serial violation continues, relative to 

each affected part, as long as contaminants continue to enter.

8

It is important to bear in mind that all of EQT’s submissions to the court assumed, or at 

least allowed, that all of Sections 301, 307 and 401 could be applicable as bases for 

(continued...)
[J-86-2017] - 11

Section 307, the court reasoned that the leaks from EQT’s impoundment did not qualify 

as a “discharge,” which is the specified concern of Section 307. In support of this 

conclusion, the court borrowed a definition of “discharge” from DEP regulations 

implementing programing under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 

(“NPDES”), see 33 U.S.C. §1342. This regulatory definition of “discharge” -- for 

purposes of the NPDES program -- concerns “[a]n addition of any pollutant to surface 

waters of this Commonwealth from a point source.” 25 Pa. Code §92a.2 (emphasis 

added). Based on this definition, and because the industrial waste from EQT’s 

impoundment initially infiltrated groundwater, and not surface water, the Commonwealth 

Court found that no discharge had occurred. See EQT Prod. Co., 153 A.3d at 433-34. 

Again, the court’s analysis was entirely of its own accord, as no party had suggested 

either that Section 307 did not apply, or that the NPDES-related definition of discharge 

was in any way relevant.

As to Section 401, the court posited -- based on the introductory title and without 

considering that the operative terms of the statute can be read more broadly than the 

title suggests -- that the provision concerned only forms of pollution other than industrial 

waste. See id. at 433 (“Because the release [from EQT’s impoundment] emanated from 

an industrial site, the waste at issue is considered industrial waste, regulated under 

Article III of The Clean Streams Law, and not Article IV (relating to other forms of 

pollutants).” (emphasis added)). 

Focusing, then, on Section 301, the Commonwealth Court highlighted the 

statute’s proscription against “‘plac[ing] or permit[ting] to be placed, or . . . permit[ting] to 

flow, or continu[ing] to . . . permit to flow, into any waters of the Commonwealth’ 

 

(...continued)

violations on the company’s part, and the Department has consistently taken the 

position that EQT violated each and all of these provisions.
[J-86-2017] - 12

industrial waste.” Id. at 434 (quoting 35 P.S. §691.301) (interlineations in original). By 

virtue of this language, the court reasoned that the General Assembly intended to 

expand the statute’s coverage not only to discharges (as the court had narrowly defined 

the term), but also to instances in which industrial waste enters into the 

Commonwealth’s groundwater or surface waters through other means. See id. (“This 

interpretation would cover situations where industrial waste escapes containment and 

flows over land into surface waters or leaks into the soil and enters the 

Commonwealth’s groundwater.”). Accordingly, the court concluded that Section 301’s 

proscription applied to the leak from EQT’s impoundment, based on the migration of 

contaminants through soil into groundwater. See id.9

The Commonwealth Court, however, proceeded to reject the Department’s 

water-to-water theory of serial violations. Initially, the court expressed its concern that 

DEP’s interpretation “would result in potentially limitless continuing violations for a single 

unpermitted release of industrial waste while any of the waste remained in any water of 

the Commonwealth, or until Act 2 remediation is completed.” Id. at 435 (emphasis in 

original). According to the court, the General Assembly did not intend for these sections 

to establish “seemingly endless violations following but a single release of industrial 

waste or other prohibited substances from a point source or otherwise into a water of 

the Commonwealth.” Id. at 435-36.

 

9 To a degree, these passages of the Commonwealth Court’s reasoning can be viewed 

as an implicit vindication of DEP’s soil-to-water theory. They do not specifically 

address, however, a key aspect of the soil-to-water theory, namely, the Department’s 

assertion that a violation continues even after a leak or other release has been 

redressed from the initial point of release, as long as contaminants continue to migrate 

into water. 
[J-86-2017] - 13

Moreover, the Commonwealth Court opined that violations of the Clean Streams 

Law require some culpable action or inaction by violators. Thus, it was the court’s 

position that passive movement of industrial waste cannot establish infractions. See id.

at 436. Instead, the court indicated that violations are confined according to a concept 

of an “initial active discharge or entry of industrial waste into waters of the 

Commonwealth.” Id. at 437.10 For this reason, the court found that authorization was 

lacking for “ongoing penalties for the continuing presence of an industrial waste in a 

waterway of the Commonwealth following its initial entry into the waterways of the 

Commonwealth.” Id. 

In this regard, the Commonwealth Court opined that Section 301 simply was not 

concerned with the progress of remediation efforts after the cessation of what the court 

termed an “initial active discharge or entry of industrial waste” into waters. See id. at 

436 (“Had the General Assembly intended that a violation of Section 301 . . . would 

result in a continuing violation until remediation is achieved, [it] would have clearly 

stated as such.”). Relative to remediation, the court also highlighted DEP’s powers, 

under the Clean Streams Law, to commence an action at law or in equity seeking 

abatement of nuisances in the form of contamination. See id. at 436-37 (citing 35 P.S. 

§691.601(a)). The court additionally alluded to the agency’s authority to issue such 

orders as may be necessary to aid in the enforcement of the Clean Streams Law. See 

id. at 437 (citing 35 P.S. §691.610).

 

10 It is not clear whether, by its use of the disjunctive, the Commonwealth Court meant 

to define “initial active discharge” in terms of entry into waters, or whether it viewed 

“discharge” and “entry” as separate triggers for violations. In either event, the litmus 

would not seem to discount the Department’s soil-to-water theory, upon which the court 

was not focused in any event, since entry into waters is a determinative event under 

either understanding.
[J-86-2017] - 14

In further support of its construction of Section 301, the Commonwealth noted 

that penal statutes are to be strictly construed. Id. at 436 (citing 1 Pa.C.S. §1928). 

Additionally, the court rejected the Department’s position that it was entitled to 

deference as the administrative agency charged with interpretation and enforcement of 

the Clean Streams Law. Id. at 436 n.23. See generally Seeton v. Pa. Game Comm’n,

594 Pa. 563, 578, 937 A.2d 1028, 1037 (2007) (discussing deference to agencies’ 

interpretations relative to ambiguous statutes). In this respect, the court deemed the 

language of Section 301 to be sufficiently plain to override DEP’s approach. 

Furthermore, the court considered the water-to-water theory to reflect a position 

developed in litigation, as to which deference should be constrained. See generally

Huntley & Huntley, Inc. v. Borough Council of Borough of Oakmont, 600 Pa. 207, 228, 

964 A.2d 855, 867-68 (2009).

After the issuance of the Commonwealth Court’s decision, the EHB rendered an 

adjudication imposing a civil penalty upon EQT of $1,137,296. See DEP v. EQT Prod. 

Co., No. 2014-140-CP-L, 2017 WL 2399756 (EHB May 26, 2017). The Board offered 

an extensive recitation of the facts relevant to the number and duration of the violations 

and the amount of penalties, finding EQT’s conduct and omissions to have been 

reckless both in terms of the leaks and the timeliness and scope of the company’s 

remediation response. See, e.g., id. at *21, 48. In terms of the amount of the penalties 

sought by the Department at that juncture, the EHB alluded to a “proposed assessment 

through 9/25/2014 of $81,760,000.” See id. at *26.

Material to the present dispute, the EHB differed with various lines of the 

Commonwealth Court’s analysis. See id. at *25. In particular, the Board posited that 

Sections 307 and 401 both pertained to EQT’s violations. As to Section 307, the EHB

criticized the Commonwealth Court’s resort to a limited-purpose definition of 
[J-86-2017] - 15

“discharge.” See id. (explaining that the definition relied upon by the Commonwealth 

Court “only applies to the Department’s implementation of the federal NPDES program, 

which is not implicated here.”). It was the Board’s position that the leaks from EQT’s 

impoundment plainly gave rise to a discharge as contemplated by Section 307 and 

otherwise within the Clean Streams Law. Indeed, the EHB observed that EQT’s 

submissions had accepted that characterization. See id. The Board also expressed the 

view that, by prohibiting the unpermitted discharge of substances resulting in pollution, 

Section 401 proscribes unauthorized industrial-waste discharges. See id. at *30. On a 

broader plane, the EHB explained that, per its previous decisions, “a person may be 

guilty of violating multiple statutory provisions with one act, but separate penalties may 

not be imposed for the overlapping offenses unless one offense requires proof of a fact 

not required by the others.” Id.; accord Brief for Appellant at 26 (positing, with reference 

to Sections 301, 307 and 401, that “[t]hese three sections . . . function together as 

comprehensive safeguards for the waters of the Commonwealth, in pursuit of the 

purposes of the statute: protection and restoration of those water resources”).

With respect to Section 301, the EHB found the Commonwealth Court’s 

reasoning and holding to be unclear, particularly in terms of its discussion of “active”

releases.

11 Additionally, the Board expressed substantial reservations to the degree to 

which the Commonwealth Court rested its focus on a contaminant “leav[ing] one place,” 

since the main concern of the Clean Streams Law is entry into “another place,” i.e., any 

of the waters of the Commonwealth. Id. at *27-28 (“It is not clear to us why it should 

matter legally whether the industrial waste escaped containment so long as the waste 

enters waters of the Commonwealth from outside waters of the Commonwealth.”). In 

 

11 The EHB utilized the broad term “release” effectively to encompass all of the methods 

by which a contaminant may “leave one place” and “enter into another.” Id. at *27.
[J-86-2017] - 16

this regard, the EHB appeared to express its own approval of the Department’s soil-towater theory. See, e.g., id. at *27 (explaining that some of the contaminants released 

from EQT’s impoundment “did not travel directly into waters, but instead got bound up in 

soils and materials outside the pit but above groundwater in the unsaturated zone, only 

to be released into groundwater for the first time at a later date” and opining that “[s]uch 

discharges may be thought of as indirect discharges”).

Nevertheless, “for reasons other than liability,” the EHB decided to confine its 

penalty determination to exclude “periods when EQT’s only new releases were strictly 

from the soils outside of the [impoundment].” Id. at *28. The Board did not specifically 

focus on the water-to-water theory at large, albeit that it plainly differed with several of 

the Commonwealth Court’s reasons for rejecting it as well as the court’s ultimate test for 

liability. Various passages of the opinion, however, can be read as a rejection. See, 

e.g., id. (“It is not clear to us why it should matter legally whether the industrial waste 

escaped containment so long as the waste enters waters of the Commonwealth from 

outside waters of the Commonwealth.” (emphasis added)).12

II. Analysis

The matters of statutory construction before us concern questions of law, over 

which our review is plenary. See, e.g., Six L's Packing Co. v. W.C.A.B. (Williamson), 

615 Pa. 615, 629, 44 A.3d 1148, 1157 (2012).

 

12 A dissenting opinion expressed concern that the adjudication did not consistently 

adhere to the Commonwealth Court’s decision in the declaratory judgment proceedings. 

See EQT Prod. Co., 2017 WL 2399756, at *52-56 (Beckman, J.).
[J-86-2017] - 17

A. The Sua Sponte Aspects of the Commonwealth Court’s decision

We begin by expressing substantial reservations about the Commonwealth 

Court’s decision that Sections 307 and 401 were inapplicable to EQT’s penalty 

exposure. For the same reasons discussed by the EHB, the Department vigorously 

argues that various provisions of the Clean Streams Law overlap, and that multiple 

violations may be committed through a single act or omission. See Brief for Appellant at 

27-33.

It should be clear from the above that issues of environmental law can involve 

highly technical considerations and are best addressed by the courts on developed 

arguments by the litigants. As previously related, the Department and the EHB have 

expressed the colorable position that Sections 307 and 401 are relevant to acts or 

omissions by EQT in connection with the leaks from its impoundment, and they have 

offered potentially viable reasons why the Commonwealth Court’s analysis of these 

statutes is incorrect. EQT never set out to discount the relevance of these statutes, nor 

does the company, in its present briefing before this Court, undertake to defend the 

Commonwealth Court’s treatment.

Our concern with the sua sponte decision-making in this regard dovetails with the 

broader one that the declaratory judgment proceedings have strayed far afield from the 

pleadings and summary relief application and, in a number of respects, the attendant 

arguments as well. EQT was permitted to pursue a pre-enforcement challenge in the 

courts that came to interrelate with an anticipated proceeding before the EHB, on the 

ground that the company had been threatened by a Commonwealth agency with 

ballooning, multi-million dollar penalties based on a controverted theory that, in its 

broadest application, would expose the company to ongoing penalty liability as long as 

any contaminant deriving from its impoundment remained present in the environment. 
[J-86-2017] - 18

See EQT Prod. Co., 634 Pa. at 622, 130 A.3d at 759. The interrelationship with the 

EHB proceedings has obviously been a sensitive concern throughout. See, e.g., id. at 

at 621-22, 130 A.3d at 759; id. at 622-28, 130 A.3d at 759-63 (Baer, J., dissenting) 

(expressing the position that judicial declaratory-judgment review should have been 

denied, and that the availability of any remedy to EQT should have been determined in 

the administrative civil penalty proceedings in the first instance, subject only to 

subsequent judicial appellate review). 

Particularly in these circumstances, in our considered judgment, the declaratory 

judgment proceedings should have been confined more closely according to the 

pleadings and application for summary relief, prudentially, and arguably at least, as a 

matter of governing law. See Christian v. Johnstown Police Pension Fund Ass'n, 421 

Pa. 246, 218 A.2d 746, 749 (1966) (“Authorities need not be multiplied in support of the 

rule that the relief afforded by [an equitable] decree[, such as a declaratory judgment,] 

must conform to the case as made out by the pleadings, and the decree must be 

consistent with the relief prayed for.” (quoting Snyder v. Barber, 378 Pa. 377, 382-83, 

106 A.2d 410, 412 (1954)) (emphasis in original).

13

 

13 It is not presently beyond reasonable dispute whether or not the doctrine set forth in 

the Christian decision continues to apply. Notably, the opinion preceded the 

promulgation of the Declaratory Judgment Act, 42 Pa.C.S. §§7531-7541, and the 

merger of the law and equity jurisprudence in the courts, see Pa.R.C.P. Nos. 1001(b), 

1501 (note to rescinded rule), and therefore, a fresh consideration may be in order. 

Moreover, where a pleading encompasses a general prayer for relief -- asking, for 

example, for such other relief as the court may deem necessary and proper -- some 

modest elaboration from the pleading is permissible under Christian. See Christian, 421 

Pa. at 246, 218 A.2d at 749-50. In this regard, EQT’s complaint contained such a 

prayer, see Complaint in EQT Prod. Co., No. 485 M.D. 2014 (Pa. Cmwlth.), at 11. 

However, the operative application on which the Commonwealth Court’s decision was 

predicated, i.e., EQT’s application for summary relief, did not contain any such request. 

See Application for Summary Relief in EQT Prod. Co., No. 485 M.D. 2014 (Pa. 

(continued...)
[J-86-2017] - 19

Accordingly, we deem it best, at this juncture, to simply vacate those portions of 

the Commonwealth Court’s decision that exceeded the pleadings, the application for 

summary relief, and the arguments presented to the court, and which are matters on 

which we also have an incomplete adversarial presentation. Specifically, the 

Commonwealth Court’s entire treatment of Sections 307 and 401 of the Clean Streams 

Law will be vacated, and we express no opinion as to the validity of its determinations in 

these regards. We observe only that, if and when those matters are revisited, the 

colorable positions expressed by the Board and the Department should be 

considered.14

 

(...continued)

Cmwlth.), at ¶18. Moreover, the deviations from the pleadings and application cannot 

be considered to have been modest.

Because of the complexities, and in the absence of argumentation on the point, we do 

not presently consider whether the doctrine expressed in Christian continues to apply. 

Rather, we rest our approach to the matters beyond the scope of the pleadings and 

application on prudential grounds, as discussed above.

 

14 The Department also complains that the Commonwealth Court made factual 

assertions that are inconsistent with the denials in the agency’s responsive pleadings, 

which are inappropriate to the summary-relief stage. See Brief for Appellant at 9-11. In 

its responsive brief, EQT offers no suggestion that there was not a factual dispute 

concerning these matters, nor does it make any effort to defend the resolution of 

disputed facts as appropriate to the summary-relief context.

All of the relevant denials pertain to the timing and efficacy of EQT’s remedial efforts, 

matters which are not material to our present legal review. Nevertheless, since the 

Commonwealth Court should not have credited one party’s statement of disputed facts, 

its decision will be vacated as it concerns those matters as well.
[J-86-2017] - 20

B. The Water-to-Water Theory

We proceed to the main focus of the Commonwealth Court’s opinion -- the 

Department’s water-to-water theory. Subject to reservations about addressing a matter 

at the summary relief stage that was not pursued by the proponent in the pleadings or 

the dispositive application, and based on a balancing of considerations, we will address 

this issue on the merits. In this regard, we observe that the Commonwealth Court 

ultimately was presented with robust adversarial presentations concerning this theory, 

as are we. The issue is also one of considerable public importance and has attracted 

the participation of a variety of amici, including, in support of EQT’s position, the 

Chamber of Commerce of the United States of America, the Pennsylvania Chamber of 

Business and Industry, and the Greater Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce -- and, for

DEP, Clean Air Council, Chesapeake Bay Foundation, Inc., Citizens for Pennsylvania’s 

Future, Sierra Club, the Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission, as well as a group of 

elected officials, organizations, and businesses with an interest in ensuring the clean 

water supply in Pennsylvania. 

 In the present briefing, DEP maintains its overarching position that the Clean 

Streams Law prohibits the continuing or indirect flow of unpermitted industrial waste or 

other substances causing pollution into any part of a water of the Commonwealth --

even after an initial release is corrected at the source -- and that the movement of 

contaminants from a given water (or a given part thereof) into another water (or part 

thereof) gives rise to serial violations. See, e.g., Brief for Appellant at 18 (offering an 

example of flow of industrial waste from groundwater into a stream as a distinct 

violation). In this respect, the Department draws support from the statutory definition of 

“waters of the Commonwealth,” which subsumes discrete waters and “parts thereof.” 

35 P.S. §691.1. According to the agency, it is entirely natural to speak of pollution 
[J-86-2017] - 21

flowing from one body of water into another. Along these lines, DEP notes that a 

citation to a Webster’s Dictionary definition of the word “into” proffered by EQT itself 

provides the following example of usage: “one stream falls or runs into another.” Reply 

Brief for Appellant at 5 (quoting Brief for Appellee at 14 (citation omitted)) (emphasis in 

original). 

The Department finds no material distinction between releases from an 

impoundment and the asserted “passive migration” of contaminants thereafter. The 

agency posits that the latter concept is specifically addressed by the Clean Streams 

Law’s reference to “continuing to permit industrial waste to flow into waters of the 

Commonwealth.” Brief for Appellant at 21. Further, DEP argues that the enactment 

anticipates, and prohibits, contamination by non-active means via its use of a series of 

passive verbs. See, e.g., Brief for Appellant at 22 n.12 (“Passive language runs 

throughout The Clean Streams Law. Section 303, for example, refers to ‘discharging’ 

industrial waste or ‘permitting [it] to be discharged.” (quoting 35 P.S. §691.303) 

(emphasis in original)). The agency criticizes the Commonwealth Court for “add[ing]

words” to Section 301 by limiting its application to an “initial active discharge.” Id. at 23. 

DEP also explains that the civil penalty provisions in the Clean Streams Law 

apply “whether or not the violation was willful” and contemplate a daily, up-to-$10,000 

penalty “for each violation.” 35 P.S. §691.605(a). In light of these passages, and 

otherwise, the agency reasons that the Commonwealth Court erred in opining that 

violations require “some culpable action or inaction by the polluter,” EQT Prod. Co., 153

A.3d at 436. See Brief or Appellant at 34-35 (“The Clean Streams Law is a strict liability 

statute and, except for certain criminal violations . . ., the Department does not need to 

prove intent to pursue its enforcement remedies, including equitable actions seeking 

abatement of violations, civil penalties, and administrative orders.”). 
[J-86-2017] - 22

With reference to EQT’s position that a violation occurs only when a contaminant 

moves from outside the waters of the Commonwealth into waters of the 

Commonwealth, DEP contends that this Court rejected such position in Commonwealth 

v. Harmar Coal Co., 452 Pa. 77, 306 A.2d 308 (1973). In particular, the agency relies 

on the statement that “[n]othing in the Clean Streams Law” justifies the conclusion that 

“pollution occurs only when polluting substances are ‘first discharged into any waters of 

the Commonwealth.’” Id. at 89, 306 A.2d at 315 (emphasis in original; citation omitted; 

quotation adjusted). Additionally, the Department asserts that the Commonwealth Court 

effectively credited its position in some passages of its opinion, in particular, through the 

court’s acknowledgement that the General Assembly intended Section 301’s prohibition 

to cover not only direct discharges of industrial waste into surface waters, but also 

“instances where industrial waste enters into the Commonwealth’s groundwater or 

surface water through other means.” EQT Prod. Co., 153 A.3d at 430 (emphasis 

added). The agency faults the Commonwealth Court for failing to follow its own 

reasoning to its logical conclusion: “Section 301 addresses situations where industrial 

waste enters groundwater or surface waters ‘through other means’ e.g., from soil, 

bedrock, or part of another water of the Commonwealth.” Brief for Appellant at 23-24.

The Department offers that its interpretation promotes the purposes of the Clean 

Streams Law, i.e., to afford strong protection for the waters of the Commonwealth. 35 

P.S. §691.4 (reflecting the declaration of policy attending the Clean Streams Law); see

also Adams Sanitation Co. v. Commonwealth, 552 Pa. 304, 312, 715 A.2d 390, 394 

(1998) (“[I]t is clear that the Legislature seeks to eliminate all water pollution in the 

Commonwealth to the extent possible.”). To the extent that the Court might discern 

ambiguity, the Department elaborates on the policy underpinnings of the Clean Streams 

Law, see 1 Pa.C.S. §1921(c)(1), (3), (4), which encompass not only the prevention of 
[J-86-2017] - 23

further pollution, but also reclamation and restoration “to a clean, unpolluted condition 

every stream in Pennsylvania that is presently polluted.” 35 P.S. §691.4(3) (declaration

of policy). Citing to Commonwealth v. Parker White Metal Co., 512 Pa. 74, 515 A.2d 

1358 (1986), the Department contends that broad enforcement powers, on its part, are 

essential “to battle the tide of pollution and environmental catastrophe” and “foster the 

environmental well-being of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania.” Reply Brief for 

Appellant at 15-16 (quoting Parker White Metal Co., 512 Pa. at 97, 515 A.2d at 1370).

DEP additionally highlights the presumption in favor of the public interest over 

private ones, see 1 Pa.C.S. §1922(5), and the directive for courts to construe remedial 

statutes broadly to effectuate their purposes, see 1 Pa.C.S. §1928(c). Responding to 

the assertion that the statutory regime should be strictly construed in light of its penal 

attributes, DEP emphasizes that the substantive, remedial provisions of the Clean 

Streams Law are expressed separately from the penalty provisions. See 

Commonwealth v. Monumental Prop., 459 Pa. 450, 461, 329 A.2d 812, 817 (1974) 

(relating that the legislative emphasis, relative to strict or liberal construction, “is on 

provisions, not statutes in their entirety”). The agency also explains that the Legislature 

has undertaken to increase penalties over time, demonstrating its intention to fortify the 

statute’s environmental protections. In this regard and otherwise, the Department

invokes the principle of deterrence. See, e.g., Reply Brief for Appellant at 22 (“The 

potential for appropriate penalties will induce parties to take additional precautions 

before the fact to protect water resources, and the threat of ongoing liability will induce a 

party to complete a clean-up as quickly as possible.” (emphasis in original)).

Turning to the consequences of a vindication of the Commonwealth Court’s

decision, see 1 Pa.C.S. §1921(c)(6), the Department posits that the opinion nullifies the 

General Assembly’s intent in enacting the Clean Streams Law. In this regard, DEP 
[J-86-2017] - 24

indicates that its authority is limited to remedying violations of the enactment, and, 

under the Commonwealth Court’s interpretation, there would be no violation relative to 

waters remote from an initial entry point, even when severe pollution persists there after 

the cessation of an initial active discharge. See, e.g., Brief for Appellant at 50 (“By 

creating a gaping hole in the substance of the statute, EQT’s approach would neuter the 

Department’s power to enforce the statute.”).

In terms of the allusions to limitless continuing violations, the Department points 

to procedural safeguards, such as the interposition of the Board as the quasi-judicial 

body determining penalties, and the allocation of the burden of proof of violations to the 

agency. According to the Department, moreover, it is its practice to cap its claims for 

civil penalties when a remediator has demonstrated attainment of the standards under 

Act 2. Finally, DEP maintains that its administrative interpretation is entitled to 

deference by the courts. 

EQT, for its part, defends the Commonwealth Court’s construction of the Clean 

Streams Law, to include the confinement of penalties according to the duration of an 

initial active discharge. It is the company’s position that each of Sections 301, 307 and 

401 prohibit “specified actions” causing an industrial waste or a substance resulting in 

pollution to enter “into any of the waters of the Commonwealth.” Brief for Appellee at 13 

(emphasis in original). EQT defines “into,” in this regard, as “moving from outside to the 

inside of an object.” Brief for Appellee at 14 (“It is certainly not common to consider 

movement of material within water to be an entry ‘into’ water.”). 

The company further notes the absence of any language, in the Clean Streams 

Law, specifically describing or prohibiting the movement of pollutants from one part of 

water to another. See id. at 26 (“Nothing in the CSL states or suggests that a violation 

occurs when a pollutant merely remains, moves or flows within water.”). In this regard, 
[J-86-2017] - 25

EQT observes that, in other statutes, the General Assembly has specifically addressed 

the concept of migration. See id. at 27 n.10 (“The General Assembly knows how to 

address migration in express terms when it intends to do so[.]” (citing 35 P.S. 

§6026.307(b) (describing environmental mitigation measures including “actions to 

prevent the migration of regulated substances”)).

EQT also emphasizes the statutory focus on “any of the waters” (as opposed to 

“any water”). 35 P.S. §691.301 (emphasis added). The company argues that this 

demonstrates contemplation of a collective group of waters, “the entry into any one of 

which is a violation.” Brief for Appellee at 15. Along these lines, EQT also relies on the 

use of the word “all” within the statutory definition of waters of the Commonwealth. See

id. at 25 (“Because ‘all’ waters are ‘waters of the Commonwealth,’ the Department’s 

theory cannot be employed unless the word ‘all’ is deleted from the definition, making its 

interpretation improper.”). Moreover, according to the company, because the 

Legislature did not explain where one part of a water begins and another ends, it “could 

not have intended for courts or the regulated community to speculate what these 

undefined terms mean to determine where ‘parts’ of water begin and end to determine 

penalty liability.” Id. at 26-27.

EQT does submit to the Department’s authority relative to the abatement of 

pollution. See, e.g., id. at 18 (“Persons violating[, inter alia, Sections 301, 307, and 401] 

are subject to both penalties and any other enforcement actions necessary to abate 

pollution and nuisance.” (emphasis added)). In this regard the company depicts the 

Department’s treatment of its own enforcement powers as “an attempt[] to read [them] 

out of the [Clean Streams Law].” Id. at 35. It is EQT’s position, however, that “[t]he 

unavoidable and natural dispersion of contaminants within waters of the Commonwealth 
[J-86-2017] - 26

is to be addressed through enforcement other than penalties[.]” Id. at 18.15 In this

respect, EQT observes that the penalty provisions of the Clean Streams Law are not 

tied to any cleanup standard and argues that those provisions “cannot, therefore, be 

tied to the time or manner by which industrial waste or pollution is removed from waters 

of the Commonwealth.” Id. at 19.16 

Like the Commonwealth Court, EQT stresses the concern that there is no limiting 

principle under the Department’s theory, other than agency discretion. See, e.g., id. at 

24 (“This concept of liability would result in limitless continuing penalties for a single 

release as long as any molecule of the substance remains in any water of the 

 

15 EQT does not relate its general reference to “unavoidable” events to the 

circumstances of the leaks from its impoundment and the consequent contamination of 

Commonwealth waters, and the Department takes the opportunity to respond by 

highlighting the EHB’s findings of recklessness on the company’s part. See, e.g., Reply 

Brief for Appellant at 21.

16 EQT’s brief also includes a discussion of the legislative history of the civil penalty 

provision of the Clean Streams Law, in which the company asserts that the 

replacement, in 1976, of a $500 levy “for each day of continued violation” with a 

$10,000 penalty “per day for each violation” evidences the Legislature’s intent to 

eliminate the concept of a continuing violation. See Brief for Appellee at 19-22 

(discussing Act of Oct. 7, 1976, P.L. 1099, No. 222). The company’s brief, however, 

appears to accept that one who fails to terminate an initial active discharge of industrial 

waste into waters of the Commonwealth commits a continuing violation and incurs daily 

penalties until the cessation of such initial active discharge or entry. Indeed, in some 

passages of its brief, the company ties cessation to the point “when the industrial waste 

no longer enters into waters of the Commonwealth.” Id. at 9. Thus, EQT’s arguments 

appear to go to the scope of continued violations and to the fact of serial ones, rather 

than to the possibility of a continued violation in the abstract. Accord id. at 17 

(indicating that “each day of violation under Section 301, 307 or 401 of the Clean 

Streams Law requires proof of entry into waters of the Commonwealth.” (emphasis 

added)); id. at 34 (recognizing that a violation may span “one day or one hundred 

days”).

Accordingly, we view the contemplated distinction between imposition of daily penalties 

for a “continued violation” and a penalty “per day for each violation” as unpersuasive. 
[J-86-2017] - 27

Commonwealth.”); id. at 54 (“Given the detection technology now available and the 

ability to analyze various constituents at parts per billion and parts per trillion 

concentrations, neither [EQT] nor any other party cleaning up contaminated sites in the 

Commonwealth could ever achieve a cleanup that would preclude the perpetual penalty 

liability posited under the Department’s interpretation.”). The company characterizes 

the Department’s allusions to its asserted practice of tying penalties to Act 2 cleanup 

standards as “self-serving” and capable of revision at any time. Id. at 28 (“The 

Department simply says that responsible parties should trust the Department’s ‘practice’

and the Environmental Hearing Board to be reasonable.”). EQT envisions that liability 

should turn on actions or inactions of those who release contaminants, not passive 

movement of substances in the environment and the complexity of affected water 

systems. See id. at 32 (“The General Assembly could not have intended the absurd 

result that ‘parts’ of groundwater, or parts of a surface water body, must be delineated 

and described by experts for persons to have notice of, or for the Department, the 

Environmental Hearing Board, or any court to determine, when, where or how violations 

occur.”); see also id. at 37 (“The Commonwealth cannot accomplish its purpose of a 

vibrant economy if business and property owners are held to excessive and 

unreasonable standards, subject to penalties in perpetuity for conditions that may well 

be entirely beyond their ability to control.”). 

EQT regards the civil penalty regime as a penal statute that must be strictly 

construed in a manner that provides clear notice of unlawful conduct and potential 

penalties, see 1 Pa.C.S. §1928(b)(1), and it argues that the Department’s theory is not 

entitled to deference, because it lacks the power to persuade. Additionally, the 

company posits that the severe penalty exposure contemplated by the Department 

would chill business activities, as well as voluntary efforts to remediate pollution. See, 
[J-86-2017] - 28

e.g., Brief for Appellee at 56 (“The Department’s interpretation would nullify the 

environmental liability protection afforded by Act 2 and significantly curtail the future 

redevelopment of thousands of former industrial and commercial sites, which is 

antithetical to the very purpose of Act 2.”).

1) Ambiguity

We begin with the conclusion that Clean Streams Law is ambiguous as it relates 

to the ongoing migration of previously-released contaminants among the waters of the 

Commonwealth and their many parts.

Legislative enactments reposed in the vital arena of environmental protection 

present difficult challenges for the judiciary. Many courts have observed the imprecision 

integrated into such statutes. In the first instance, operative terms and phrases that are 

frequently used -- such as, here, “discharge” and “permit to flow” -- would appear to 

overlap. Cf. Carson Harbor Vill., Ltd. v. Unocol Corp., 270 F.3d 863, 878-79 (9th Cir. 

2001) (observing a similar overlap between the terms “discharge” and “release” as 

employed in a federal environmental protection statute). These terms and phrases are 

also inexplicit concerning whether, or to what degree, they may encompass movement

beyond the realm of human direction or control. See, e.g., id. at 878 (explaining, with 

reference to terms including discharge, release, and disposal, that “one can find both 

‘active’ and ‘passive’ definitions for nearly all of these terms in any standard 

dictionaries” (emphasis in original)).17 Concomitant to the efforts of legislatures to 

 

17 The same holds true for the use of the word “permit” in Section 301, as it is used in 

the phrases “permit to flow” and “continu[ing] to . . . permit to flow.” While certainly 

“permit” can be used in some contexts in a wholly passive manner, in others it has been 

defined to “require a willful act or a willful failure to act in the face of a clear opportunity 

to do so.” United States v. Semenza, 835 F.2d 223, 224 (9th Cir. 1987) (also noting 

that the word “allow” -- a synonym to “permit” -- “has no rigid or precise meaning” 

(quoting BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 70 (5th ed. 1979)).
[J-86-2017] - 29

implement broad-scale protections for the environment, many important details have 

been left to judicial and administrative interpretation.

Some courts have interpreted phrases such as “discharge” and “release” in the 

environmental context as encompassing “movement from a place of confinement to 

another place where there is no confinement.” Consumer Advocacy Grp. v. Exxon 

Mobile Corp., 128 Cal. Rptr. 2d 454 (Cal. Ct. App. 2002) (relying on various dictionary 

definitions). We find this to be a natural reading of the Clean Streams Law, in that 

discharging or permitting to flow or continuing to do so, directly or indirectly, into waters 

of the Commonwealth, can reasonably be viewed from the point of the initial release 

and entry into water. It is less natural, in our view, to view discharges and other forms 

of release as also entailing serial entries into different waters of the Commonwealth as 

contaminants migrate through parts of those waters. Accord DEP v. EQT Prod. Co., 

No. 2014-140-CP-L, 2014 WL 5591063, at *6 (EHB Oct. 28, 2014) (“‘Passive migration’ 

seems different than entry into waters of the Commonwealth.”).

For example, one who has contained a leak, or stopped the movement of 

contaminants at the source, can be said to have ceased their release.

18 Of course, the 

statutory scheme embodies a broader conception of release to encompass, or to be 

attended by, movement “into any of the waters of the Commonwealth.” 35 P.S. 

§§691.301, 691.307, 691.401. But, incorporating this perspective, once contaminants 

no longer pass through the initial point of entry into water, it is reasonable to say that the 

 

18 In this instance and hereinafter, we use the term “release,” for the sake of 

convenience, to connote discharges, permitting to flow, and continuing to discharge or 

permit to flow, all directly or indirectly. Consistent with the manner in which EQT framed 

its case for declaratory relief, see supra note 8, we also assume that the leaks from the 

company’s impoundment, coupled with their initial entry into protected waters, implicate 

the above terms and phrases in a manner that is sufficient to constitute at least one 

violation of each of Sections 301, 307 and 401.
[J-86-2017] - 30

substances are no longer being released into any of waters of the Commonwealth on 

that pathway. The close association between the terms and phrases connoting release 

and the depiction of movement into any of the waters of the Commonwealth supports 

this understanding of the statute.19

On the other hand, the Clean Streams Law does bear the Department’s 

interpretation as well. Notably, none of EQT’s technical arguments based on the 

language of the statute reveal an incontrovertible meaning. For example, as the 

Department observes in its reply brief, the company’s own reference to a dictionary 

definition of “into” portrays movement from one water into another. See Brief for 

 

19 To the extent that Justice Donohue relies on the continue-to-permit-to-flow language 

to demonstrate that the statute’s prohibition is not limited to the initial release of waste, 

we take no issue with this point. Certainly, as long as industrial wastes are permitted to 

continue to flow into waters of the Commonwealth a continuing violation occurs. We are 

not persuaded, however, that the statute plainly excludes a distinction between 

continuing violations and serial, remote ones premised on discrete entries into different 

waters or parts thereof. Accord EQT Prod. Co., No. 2014-140-CP-L, 2014 WL 

5591063, at *6 (“‘Passive migration’ seems different than entry into waters of the 

Commonwealth.”).

Justice Donohue appears to suggest that the continue-to-permit-to-flow phraseology is 

capable of only a single understanding predicated upon a violator’s conscious 

allowance of the flow of industrial waste “without taking any action to stop it.” 

Concurring and Dissenting Opinion, slip op. at 2-3 & n.2. As Justice Donohue otherwise 

recognizes, however, even the agency charged with enforcement authority for the 

statute maintains a different interpretation. In this regard, DEP posits that the relevant 

statutes entail strict liability throughout, such that knowledge and an active response to 

abate (short of full remediation) are irrelevant to liability exposure. See Brief for 

Appellant at 34-35 (rejecting the position of the Commonwealth Court that violations 

require culpable action or inaction by a polluter).

We, of course, do not mean to suggest that DEP’s interpretation must be deemed 

controlling, as again, we are focused on demonstrating the ambiguity in this complex 

series of environmental regulatory statutes containing many undefined terms carrying 

multiple potential connotations.
[J-86-2017] - 31

Appellee at 14 (quoting Webster’s Dictionary as offering as an example of the usage of 

the word “into” “as . . . one stream falls or runs into another”). By way of another 

example, EQT’s reliance on Section 301’s reference to “any waters of the 

Commonwealth” (as opposed to “any water”), downplays the status of “waters of the 

Commonwealth” as a defined term. In this regard, substituting that definition into 

Section 301 yields the following legislative expression: 

No person or municipality shall place or permit to be placed, 

or discharged or permit to flow, or continue to discharge or 

permit to flow, into any of the [any and all rivers, streams 

creeks, rivulets, impoundments, ditches, water courses, 

storm sewers, lakes, dammed water, ponds, springs and all 

other bodies or channels of conveyance of surface and 

underground water, or parts thereof, whether natural or 

artificial . . .] any industrial wastes, except as hereinafter 

provided in this act.

35 P.S. §§691.1, 691.301. 

The operative terms of Section 301 thus reduce to release into “any of the any 

and all” bodies or channels of water or parts thereof, and even EQT recognizes that the 

language subsumes “any one.” Brief for Appellee at 15. Accordingly, the company’s

arguments provide no plain-meaning, textual basis to discount the Department’s theory 

that every time contaminants move into “any one” of the many parts of the waters of the 

Commonwealth from anywhere else (including another part of a water) after having 

been released by a violator, a serial violation occurs.20

 

20 There are many cases reflecting the ambiguity of the word “any,” which appears 

repeatedly in the operative terminology discussed above. See, e.g., Shue v. Nevada, 

407 P.3d 332, 336 (Nev. Dec. 14, 2017) (commenting that “any” can mean one; one, 

some, or all regardless of quantity; great, unmeasured, or unlimited in amount; one or 

more; and all (citation omitted)).
[J-86-2017] - 32

The other limiting principle suggested by the arguments of EQT and its amici is 

premised on the company’s passivity at points of entry remote from the place of initial 

release and entry into a protected water. See, e.g., Brief for Amici Chamber of 

Commerce of the U.S.A., Pa. Chamber of Bus. & Indus., and the Greater Pittsburgh 

Chamber of Commerce at 6 (“The specific verbs the statute employs -- ‘put,’ ‘place,’ 

‘discharge,’ and ‘flow’ -- all focus on the action of a person introducing a pollutant into 

waters in Pennsylvania[.]”). As previously explained, however, operative terms within 

each of Sections 301, 307 and 401 may be read to carry passive connotations. See, 

e.g., Carson Harbor Vill., 270 F.3d at 878. In this vein, neither EQT or its amici have 

provided any developed reasoning -- at least relative to the point of the initial release of 

industrial waste from the company’s impoundment -- to controvert the Department’s 

assertion that the Clean Streams Law imposes a form of strict liability. And, as a matter 

of strict but-for causation at least, one who has released a contaminant into one water 

can also be said to have released it indirectly into another as well, as the substance 

migrates from water to water. We therefore disagree with EQT and its amici that the 

plain terms of the statute exclude the meaning ascribed to it by the Department.

What is plain that the Legislature used broad terms and phrases to prohibit the 

unauthorized release of industrial waste into any of the waters of the Commonwealth, 

and that the design was to protect the entire sphere, including each and every part. We 

conclude, however, that it is not apparent from the face of the statute whether the 

General Assembly contemplated doing so via a litmus focusing on preventing 

movement into any discrete water or part, thereby also protecting the other waters at 

large, or if it wished to serially sanction movement among waters (and their parts) after 

the fact of an initial violation.
[J-86-2017] - 33

2) Resolution

Of the competing constructions, we find it most reasonable to conclude the 

Legislature was focused on protecting the waters of the Commonwealth with reference 

to the places of initial entry. Again, we find this to be the most natural reading of the 

statute. Moreover, we agree with EQT that, had the General Assembly intended 

differently, it would have been a simple matter to address water-to-water migration in 

express terms. At the very least, had the Legislature wished to codify the water-towater theory, it could have sanctioned movement of contaminants “into or among” any 

of the waters of the Commonwealth, rather than merely “into” any such waters. 

Clarity, in this respect, is particularly implicated in light of the scale of the penalty 

exposure generated under the Department’s contrary construction of the statute. 

DEP’s theory contemplates serial and continuing daily civil penalties of up to $10,000 

per day, as well as potential criminal liability, for each pool of groundwater, finger of a 

lake, branch of a stream, crook of a rivulet, ditch among a series of ditches, or any other 

part of any of these that the agency may be able to identify, however the agency may 

construe the concept of a part of a water. See 35 P.S. §691.1 (definition of “Waters of 

the Commonwealth”). This is, of course, in addition to the cost of remediation borne by 

violators. And, since Sections 301, 307, and 401 do not address remediation 

standards, liability exposure would persist even after all relevant cleanup requirements 

were met, as long as some microscopic amount of contaminants might remain present

to move among waters and parts of waters.

21

 It is worth noting, as well, that the 

 

21 The Department points to an informal practice, on its part, to cap its claims for civil 

penalties, at the latest, when a remediator has met Act 2 cleanup standards. See Brief 

for Appellant at 59. As EQT and its amici relate, however, it is not reasonable to 

suggest that persons and businesses assessing whether to assume the risk of incurring 

strict liability exposure on the scale envisioned under DEP’s construction of the actual 

terms of the governing statutes should rely on a regulatory agency’s discretionary,

(continued...)
[J-86-2017] - 34

maximum $10,000 civil penalty was far more potent when it was added to the Clean 

Streams Law in 1970 by the Legislature, and when that figure was extended in 1976 to 

daily continuing violations.22 See U.S. Dep’t of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics CPI 

Inflation Calculator (available at https://www.bls.gov/data/inflation_calculator.htm)

(relating that $10,000 had the same buying power in 1970 as approximately $65,000 

today).

We appreciate the critical need for protection to vindicate the constitutional 

entitlement of the citizenry to a clean environment and recognize that the Clean 

Streams Law is designed as a mechanism to advance this salutary objective. See PA.

CONST., art. I, §27. Nevertheless, and at bottom, we believe that if the General 

Assembly wished to create the sort of massive civil penalty exposure administered by 

the Department on a strict-liability basis, see Brief for Appellant at 34, it would have said 

so more expressly. In the absence of such clarity, we find the agency’s expansive 

construction of a statute that is inexplicit in such regards to be too unreasonable to 

support an affordance of deference. Cf. General Elec. Co. v. EPA, 53 F.3d 1324, 1328-

29 (D.C. Cir. 1995) (explaining that, when sanctions are drastic, “‘elementary fairness 

compels clarity’ in the statements and regulations setting forth the actions with which 

 

(...continued)

informal, and potentially transient practices. See Brief for Appellee at 55; Brief for Amici

Chamber of Commerce of the U.S.A., Pa. Chamber of Bus. & Indus., and the Greater 

Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce at 9-11.

22 See Act of July 31, P.L. 653, No. 222, §16; Act of Oct. 7, 1976, P.L. 1099, No. 222, 

§1.
[J-86-2017] - 35

the agency expects the public to comply” (quoting Radio Athens, Inc. v. FCC, 401 F.2d 

398, 404 (D.C. Cir. 1968)).23

We also do not regard the decision in Harmar Coal as controlling. That case 

concerned the application for a permit to authorize pumping of untreated acid mine 

drainage from places of relative containment (the bases of coal mines) into surface 

waters of the Commonwealth. See Harmar Coal, 452 Pa. at 80-82, 306 A.2d at 310-11. 

The Court simply did not consider the validity of a serial-violation theory predicted on 

remote instances of contaminants moving from uncontained parts of waters into other 

parts of waters. See generally Oliver v. City of Pittsburgh, 608 Pa. 386, 395, 11 A.3d 

960, 966 (2011) (explaining that the holding of a judicial decision is read against its 

facts) (citing Commonwealth v. McCann, 503 Pa. 190, 195, 469 A.2d 126, 128 (1983))).

In terms of the Department’s enforcement powers relative to abatement and 

remediation, we agree with EQT that the agency’s present submissions understate the 

breadth of its authority. We recognize that some of DEP’s powers are keyed to 

violations, see, e.g., 35 P.S. §691.401, such that, if there is no specific violation relative 

to a particular water, enforcement under those particular provisions relative to that water 

would not be implicated under a strict reading. The Clean Streams Law, however, has 

armed the Department with multiple tools to require remediation by those who may have 

released polluting substances into the waters of the Commonwealth. See, e.g., 35 P.S. 

§691.503 (“[W]henever . . . a pollution [associated with a violation of the orders and 

regulations of the Department] shall be maintained or continued contrary to such orders 

 

23 Among the other reasons for suggesting that liability is not limitless, discussed above, 

DEP also points to a five-year statute of limitations. See Reply Brief for Appellant at 12. 

The agency offers no explanation, however, concerning when liability accrues, for 

purposes of the commencement of the limitations period, relative to continuing and 

serial violations.
[J-86-2017] - 36

and regulations, the same may be abatable in the manner provided by this act.”). DEP 

has also implemented various legislative regulations requiring immediate remedial 

action relative to dangers caused by incidents involving the release of substances 

causing pollution, see, e.g., 25 Pa. Code §91.33(b), which are absent from its 

submissions here. Additionally, the Department has not discussed its authority relative 

to the abatement of pollution in the form of a common-law public nuisance. See 

Commonwealth v. Barnes & Tucker Co., 455 Pa. 392, 410-14, 319 A.2d 871, 881-83 

(1974). Finally, nothing in this opinion should be read to constrain a broad reading of 

the Clean Streams Law relative to administrative powers of enforcement pertaining to 

the abatement and remediation of pollution, as presently we are focused on aspects of 

the statute that are integrally interrelated with its penalty provisions.

24

In terms of the applicable principles of statutory construction, we rely 

substantially on consideration of the consequences of a particular interpretation, see 1 

Pa.C.S. §1921(c)(6), and the presumption that the General Assembly does not intend a 

result that is unreasonable, see id. §1922(1). As to reasonableness, we have no 

intention to suggest that the General Assembly could not, subject to constitutional 

limitations, impose upon a water-to-water theory of serial, ongoing violations. We have 

found it unreasonable, however, to believe that it would have chosen to do so absent 

clear and explicit notice signaling the potential scope, scale, and duration of the liability

exposure.

 

24 It might go without saying that we respectfully differ with Justice Donohue’s portrayal 

of our opinion as an effort to promote “proportional penalties” at the “expense of abating 

pollution.” Concurring and Dissenting Opinion, slip op. at 7-8.
[J-86-2017] - 37

C. The Soil-to-Water Theory

The Department’s present arguments subsume its soil-to-water theory of 

continuing liability, see, e.g., Brief for Appellant at 23-24, but most of its presentation is 

centered on the water-to-water theory, and EQT does not directly respond to the soil-towater theory as such. Moreover, despite having commenced the declaratory judgment 

action specifically to address this theory, the company did not carry that effort into the 

summary relief stage. Furthermore, some of EQT’s present arguments would seem to 

be consistent with the theory. See, e.g., Brief for Appellee at 17 (positing that liability for 

civil penalties under the Clean Streams Law “attaches to the entry of the pollutant into 

waters of the Commonwealth, and it ends when such entry ends”). In other passages, 

however, the company does maintain its focus on “some action or inaction by the 

polluter to give rise to a violation.” Id. at 51.

Because the contours of civil penalty liability based on the migration of 

contaminants through soil into water are not sharply in focus before us, as with the 

Commonwealth Court’s determinations pertaining to Sections 307 and 401, we decline 

to address the matter here. In this regard, we incorporate our previous prudential 

concerns, while noting that the soil-to-water theory would appear to be at issue in the 

Commonwealth Court’s pending review of the EHB’s penalty determination. 

III. Mandate

The Commonwealth Court’s decision is affirmed to the extent that it is consistent 

with the declaration below and is vacated in all other respects.

The mere presence of a contaminant in a water of the Commonwealth or a part 

thereof does not establish a violation of Section 301, 307, or 401 of the Clean Streams 

Law, since movement of a contaminant into water is a predicate to violations. This 
[J-86-2017] - 38

statement pertaining to the governing legal standard is distinct from whether and to 

what extent presence may serve as evidence of movement. See supra note 5.

The Department’s water-to-water theory of serial violations is rejected on the 

terms discussed in this opinion.

Nothing in this opinion should be read to approve or discount the Department’s 

soil-to-water theory.

Jurisdiction is relinquished, and these declaratory judgment proceedings are 

terminated.

Justices Baer, Todd, Wecht, and Mundy join the opinion.

Justice Donohue files a concurring and dissenting opinion in which Justice 

Dougherty joins.