FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

MAR 15, 2007

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 06-14238

Non-Argument Calendar

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D. C. Docket No. 05-00293-CR-1-CB-B-003

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee, 

versus 

ADRIAN KENYON SPEARS, 

Defendant-Appellant. 

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Alabama

_________________________

(March 15, 2007)

Before ANDERSON, DUBINA and CARNES, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

Adrian Kenyon Spears appeals his convictions for possession of a firearm by
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a convicted felon, in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(g)(1), arguing that the district

court abused its discretion when it admitted evidence of facts related to a 1998

robbery during which he admitted that he possessed a pellet gun. 

We review the district court’s rulings on admission of evidence for an abuse

of discretion. United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 1280 (11th Cir. 2003)

(noting that properly-preserved evidentiary challenges are reviewed for abuse of

discretion). “An abuse of discretion arises when the district court’s decision rests

upon a clearly erroneous finding of fact, an errant conclusion of law, or an

improper application of law to fact.” United States v. Baker, 432 F.3d 1189, 1202

(11th Cir. 2005) (citation omitted). Federal Rule of Evidence 103 provides that an

“[e]rror may not be predicated upon a ruling which admits or excludes evidence

unless a substantial right of a party is affected.” Fed.R.Evid. 103(a). “The burden

of demonstrating that substantial rights were affected rests with the party asserting

error.” United States v. Cameron, 907 F.2d 1051, 1059 (11th Cir. 1990). The

verdict should stand where there is overwhelming evidence of guilt and the error

did not influence the jury or had a slight effect. United States v. Malol __ F.3d __,

2007 WL 289650 at *9 (11th Cir. 2007). 

Federal Rule of Evidence 404, “is a rule of inclusion, and [] accordingly

[Rule] 404(b) evidence, like other relevant evidence, should not be excluded when
Federal Rule of Evidence 403 provides that, “[a]lthough relevant, evidence may be excluded 1

if its probative value is substantially outweighed by the danger of unfair prejudice[.]” 

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it is central to the prosecution’s case.” Jernigan, 341 F.3d. at 1280 (internal

citations and quotations omitted). The rule states: 

Evidence of other crimes, wrongs, or acts is not admissible to prove

the character of a person in order to show action in conformity

therewith. It may, however, be admissible for other purposes, such as

proof of motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge,

identity, or absence of mistake or accident[.]

Fed.R.Evid. 404(b). 

To be admissible, (1) Rule 404(b) evidence must be relevant to an issue

other than the defendant’s character; (2) the prior act must be proved sufficiently to

permit a jury determination that the defendant committed the act; and (3) the

evidence’s probative value cannot be substantially outweighed by its undue

prejudice, and it must satisfy Rule 403. Jernigan, 341 F.3d at 1280. We have 1

elaborated on the third prong and stated that 

the probative value of the evidence must not be substantially

outweighed by unfair prejudice. . . . [T]his determination lies within

the sound discretion of the district judge and calls for a common sense

assessment of all the circumstances surrounding the extrinsic offense,

including prosecutorial need, overall similarity between the extrinsic

act and the charged offense, as well as temporal remoteness.

Id. at 1282 (internal citations and quotations omitted) (emphasis in original). The

stronger the government’s case regarding intent or knowledge, the less probative
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extrinsic evidence concerning intent or knowledge is. Baker, 432 F.3d at 1205

(citation omitted). 

“[W]e have ‘generally held that if the extrinsic act requires the same intent

as the charged offenses and if these acts are proximate in time to the charged

offenses, then the extrinsic act is highly probative.’” Id. at 1205 (quoting United

States v. Church, 955 F.2d 688, 702 (11th Cir. 1992) (emphasis in original)). 

Further, “[a] similarity between the other act and the charged offense will make the

other offense highly probative with regard to a defendant’s intent in the charged

offense.” United States v. Ramirez, 426 F.3d 1344, 1354 (11th Cir. 2005). In

particular, the possession of a concealed firearm in a prior instance is relevant to

the charge of possession of a firearm during the commission of a drug offense. 

United States v. Gomez, 927 F.2d 1530, 1534 (11th Cir. 1991). 

The crime of being a felon in possession of a firearm does not require any

specific intent. United States v. Jones, 143 F.3d 1417, 1419 (11th Cir. 1998). 

However, under Alabama law, first degree robbery is a specific intent crime that

requires proof that the defendant used force with the intent to overcome the

victim’s physical resistance or compel acquiescence to the taking of his property,

while the defendant was armed with a deadly weapon. Ala. Code § 13A-8-41(a).

 
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Because Spears pled not guilty, he placed at issue whether he knew, or was

in reckless disregard of whether, there was a firearm in Cherry Mobley’s car when

he borrowed it. Thus, the first prong was met because the evidence of the 1998 act

made it more likely that he had the intent to and knowledge to possess a deadly

weapon and he did not act because of mistake or accident. The second prong of

the test was met when an officer who participated in the investigation of the 1998

robbery testified that Spears admitted to possessing a pellet gun during the robbery. 

While it is unclear whether Spears’s conduct in the 1998 robbery has probative

value with regard to the instant conduct, and further, whether its probative value is

substantially outweighed by unfair prejudice, the district court’s decision must not

be reversed because the evidence against Spears was overwhelming. The jury

heard evidence that Spears was in the possession of a clip matching the firearm. 

Further, he had admitted to a probation officer that he took possession of Mobley’s

firearm in order to have it evaluated. Finally, Mobley testified that Spears knew

the gun was in the car when he borrowed it. Thus, in light of this significant

evidence of guilt, Spears has not shown that the district court’s error affected his

substantial rights. Accordingly, we affirm.

AFFIRMED.