# Patent

## Title
Signal, interference and noise power measurement

## Abstract

Systems and methods are presented for measuring power levels of primary and interfering signals as well as noise, particularly for satellite transmitted signals. A typical method comprises the steps of receiving a signal comprising a primary signal, an interference signal and noise, demodulating the primary signal to remove a carrier frequency, decoding the primary signal to obtain symbols, estimating a power level of the primary signal based upon the demodulated and decoded primary signal. Additionally, an ideal primary signal can be generated from the carrier power and frequency and the symbols and subtracted from the received signal to produce the noise and interference signal. The noise and interference power is then estimated from the noise and interference signal.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This is a continuation-in-part application and claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. Section 120 of the following co-pending and commonly-assigned U.S. utility patent application, which is incorporated by reference herein:
Utility application Ser. No. 09/844,401, filed Apr. 27, 2001, by Ernest C. Chen, entitled “LAYERED MODULATION FOR DIGITAL SIGNALS,”.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates generally to systems and methods for monitoring signal qualities of a transmitted signal based on measuring the received signal, and particularly for measuring carrier, interference and noise power in a satellite signal.
2. Description of the Related Art
In systems employing transmitted signals it is often necessary to estimate the signal quality to obtain an indication of the system performance. There is also a need to monitor frequency reuse across a multiple coverage areas. For example, satellite systems employing spotbeams with substantially similar transmission frequencies over adjacent coverage areas may interfere at their boundaries. It is important to be able to accurately identify the signal quality at these boundaries to optimize the overall signal patterns. Carrier, interference and noise power levels are examples of important signal qualities that may be measured. Carrier power indicates the strength of the signal and hence, where it may be received by a receiver. Noise and interference, however, may distort a received signal and prevent its use even if the carrier power is otherwise sufficient. Thus, the carrier to noise ratio (CNR) and the carrier to interference ratio (CIR) are two significant measures of signal quality. The interference to noise ratio (INR) is another property of interest, which may be derived from CNR and CIR.
The CIR of a transmitted signal has been estimated by analyzing a link budget with propagation and geometric parameters, such as the relative transmitter power, position and range, and antenna look angle and pattern. Several methods have been used this way to estimate the CNR, ranging in accuracy and complexity. Systems and methods which accurately measure signal qualities (including CIR and CNR) employing a systematic and unified methodology would be very useful. Such systems and methods may be used to optimize the power control for any given transmitted signal.
In addition, systems which may employ overlapping beams with substantially similar transmission frequencies are improved with signal quality feedback to optimize their operation. Communication systems which employ layered modulation, such as described in co-pending and commonly assigned application Ser. No. 09/844,401, filed Apr. 27, 2001, by Ernest Chen and entitled “LAYERED MODULATION FOR DIGITAL SIGNALS”, which is hereby incorporated by reference herein, are examples of such systems.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Systems and methods of measuring signal properties based on successive demodulating and decoding, such as satellite signal power properties, are presented. One embodiment of the invention comprises the steps of receiving a signal comprising a primary signal, noise and an interfering signal, the primary signal including a carrier frequency and symbols, demodulating and decoding the primary signal to obtain the carrier frequency, the symbols and a DC level of the primary signal, calculating the primary signal power from the DC power level of the primary signal, generating an ideal primary signal from the carrier frequency and the symbols and subtracting the ideal primary signal from the received signal to produce the noise and interfering signal, demodulating and decoding the interfering signal to obtain the carrier frequency, the symbols and a DC level of the interfering signal, calculating the interfering signal power from the DC power level of the interfering signal, and subtracting the interfering signal from the noise and interfering signal power to obtain the noise power.
The invention calculates the relative powers among the carrier, interference, and noise from a received signal. By coherently processing the received signal from any receiver location of interest, this method sequentially analyzes the carrier and interference waveforms and forms estimates of the carrier, interference and noise powers. When a calibration technique is used the absolute powers may also be derived as desired.
The invention is particularly useful in satellite systems employing spotbeam frequency reuse. In such systems, the spotbeam satellites must transmit a sufficient carrier power for adequate CNR over the entire coverage area of a given region, while not transmitting so much power as to cause an undue interference to an adjacent beam that operates at substantially the same frequency (a co-channel interference (CCI) phenomenon). The systems and methods disclosed herein can provide CNR and CIR measurements at any receiver location of interest providing, for example, a measurement of the current clear-sky margin. The information may be used by satellite telemetry, tracking and command (TT&C) to adjust transponder powers for optimal system performance. In addition, the information may be used to monitor the operation and general health of selected satellite transponders.
This invention provides a systematic and unified approach to separate the carrier, interference and noise from a received signal for separate power measurements. The result is a consistent and highly accurate estimate of key measurements of signal quality.
It should be noted that the signal subtraction to reveal the interference and noise signal may be performed before or after demodulation of the received signal. There may be a processing advantage in performing the subtraction on the received signal after demodulation. In each case, however, the ideal signal must be generated appropriate to the signal from which it will be subtracted, i.e. in a received or demodulated form.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
Referring now to the drawings in which like reference numbers represent corresponding parts throughout:
FIGS. 1A-1B illustrate a typical satellite transmission system and interference scenario;
FIGS. 2A-2B are signal processing block diagrams of an apparatus and method of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a plot of a received signal;
FIG. 4 is plot of a signal without interference;
FIG. 5 is a plot of a signal after the carrier frequency is removed;
FIG. 6 is a plot of a signal after the symbol phase is removed;
FIG. 7 is a plot of the interference and noise of a signal;
FIG. 8 is a plot of the interference and noise of a signal after the interference carrier frequency is removed;
FIG. 9 is a plot of the interference and noise of a signal after the interference symbol phase is removed; and
FIG. 10 is a plot of the noise of a signal.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings which form a part hereof, and which show, by way of illustration, several embodiments of the present invention. It is understood that other embodiments may be utilized and structural changes may be made without departing from the scope of the present invention.
FIGS. 1A-1B illustrate a typical system and interference scenario of the present invention. FIG. 1A depicts a typical system of the present invention. One or more satellites 100 transmit signals 104, 106 to receivers 108, 110 in different geographical regions. The signals 104, 106 may have similar carrier frequencies and carry different information. Because the signals 104, 106 employ very similar carrier frequencies there is a potential for them to interfere. Interference is principally minimized through a geographic separation of the receivers 108, 110, i.e. through spatial diversity. Similarly, the signals may be separated based on the direction to the transmitter (not shown in FIG. 1A). In other words, a dish antenna may be focused in the direction of one transmitting satellite in favor of another. Furthermore the transmission system may employ spotbeam antennas to further isolate the signals 104, 106 from one another and minimize interference. For any given receiver, particularly in areas near the edges of adjacent signal coverage regions, a desired signal 106 may be impinged by an interfering signal 104B. (The signal 104A, associated with the interfering signal 104B, is intended for the receiver 108.) The present invention employs comparison signal processing 114 as an adjunct to the regular signal processing 112 of the receiver 110 to accurately measure the power levels of different components of the received signal.
The invention may operate as integral component of integrated receiver/decoder (IRD) of a direct satellite broadcast system or in a dedicated receiver. Furthermore, the invention is consistent with communication systems that are designed to operate with layered modulation. Signal comparison processing is fundamental to such systems and thus any benefits derived from the present invention may be made available to such systems for optimal system performance. These processes will be detailed in the discussion of FIGS. 2A-2B hereafter.
FIG. 1B depicts the power profiles in a typical interference scenario. Although the peak effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of an interfering beam 104 may be higher than chat of the desired beam 106, the CIR and CNR at a given location of interest 116 (e.g. the location of the antenna for receiver 110) must be sufficiently high for a receiver to work. The received signal at any location within the service footprint includes the desired signal 106, an interfering signal 104 and noise 118. In one embodiment, the primary signal comprises a legacy signal having legacy data transmitted to a plurality of legacy receivers, the interference signal comprises a non-legacy signal having non-legacy data adding to or enhancing the legacy data transmitted to a plurality of non-legacy receivers, and the legacy signal is non-coherently layered with the non-legacy signal. The received power is the sum of the carrier power 120 at the location of interest 116 (i.e. from the carrier signal 106), the interference power 122 at the location of interest 116 (i.e. from the interfering signal 104B) and the noise 118.
The invention is a precision method to calculate the relative power levels among signal, interference and noise. For simplicity, only one interference source is assumed in the following discussion. The principle is applicable and the processing technique is extendable for multiple interference sources of known modulation and FEC coding types. The locations of particular interest are wherever a strong interference source is present. This requires that an adequate power separation (such as 5 dB for QPSK, for example, depending on forward error correction (FEC) coding strength) among signal and interference sources exists for the invention method to work, which allows successive demodulation and decoding of the primary and interference signals. Each additional interfering signal is demodulated and decoded after subtracting all reconstructed higher power signals (as measured at the location of interest).
Measurements made in the field (at each receiver) using the present invention may be used in satellite power control systems, part of a central control system 124, to achieve optimal carrier power vs. interference performance over a coverage area. The measurements may be fed back into the central control system 124 through a number of different mechanisms. For example, the measurements may be appended to regular communications between the IRD and a central system or the measuring IRD may transmit the power measurements back to the central system through a different means.
FIGS. 2A-2B are signal processing block diagrams of an apparatus and method of typical embodiments of the present invention. FIG. 2A is a block diagram of the apparatus. A demodulator 202 receives the signal which includes the primary signal, interference and noise and demodulates it to obtain the primary signal carrier. Next, the decoder 204 receives the demodulated signal and decodes it to produce the primary signal symbols 206. A processor 208 also removes the carrier and symbol phase from the decoded signal. A measurement processor 210 measures the DC power of the signal without the carrier and symbol phase 212 as the estimated carrier power 214. In order to isolate the interference signal for analysis, the primary carrier and symbols 206 derived from the demodulation 202 and decoding 204 are used in a signal generator 216 to generate an ideal original carrier signal. The ideal signal is free of interference and noise, but is remodulated with the carrier phase. The ideal signal is then subtracted from the received signal by a subtractor 218. In alternate embodiments, the ideal signal can be generated without the remodulated carrier phase and subtracted from the demodulated signal rather than from the received signal. The subtraction leaves the interference plus noise 220. The interference plus noise 220 result can then be evaluated in a number of different ways by an interference and noise processor 222.
In one embodiment, the interference and noise processor 222 is a single estimator which makes a power measurement of the aggregate interference plus noise 220. This embodiment does not distinguish between the contribution of the interfering signal and that of the noise. For broadcast systems which are only concerned with power control for non-interfering beams, a single measurement is all that is obtainable (i.e. there is no interfering signal). In an alternate embodiment, the interference and noise processor 222 is a subsystem which obtains discrete estimates of the interference and noise power levels. For separate interference and noise power measurement, the process of demodulation and decoding is repeated for this (I+N) signal in a second demodulator 224 and second decoder 226. As before, a carrier and decoded symbol phase are removed from the signal 227. In this case, it is the interference carrier and symbol phase of the interfering signal that are removed. A estimator 228 measures the DC component of the resulting signal as the interference power level 230. Finally, noise power level 234 is estimated by subtracting the estimated interference power from the total interference and noise power in a processor 232.
FIG. 2B is block diagram of the basic method of the present invention. The basic method of measuring signal properties comprises receiving a signal comprising a primary signal, noise and an interfering signal at block 236. The primary signal includes a carrier frequency and symbols. At block 238, the primary signal is demodulated to remove the carrier frequency. At block 240, the demodulated signal is decoded to obtain the symbols. At block 242, the symbol phase is removed from the demodulated signal. A DC level of the demodulated signal with symbol phase removed is measured to estimate the power level of the primary signal at block 244. At block 246, an ideal primary signal is generated from the carrier power and frequency and the symbols. Then the ideal primary signal is subtracted from the received signal to produce the noise and interfering signal at block 248. Finally, the noise and interference power are determined from the noise and interference signal 250. The noise and interference power may be determined as a combined value or separately as previously described.
A mathematical derivation of the power measurement method is provided as follows. Assuming, a phase-shift keying signal without loss of generality, the receive signal may be presented as:




  
    
      
        
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where A is the amplitude of the signal, p(t) represents the pulse shaping filter, Δt is the symbol interval, θ(n) is the phase of the n-th symbol, n0(t) is the additive noise and N is the number of symbols within the observation interval. Assuming perfect timing of the baud-rate A/D samples at the matched-filter output,

s(n)=Aexp{jθ(n)}+n0(n)  (2)

s*(n)=Aexp{−jθ(n)}+n0*(n)  (3)

where * denotes the conjugate of a complex number. Integrating the powers across all symbols obtains the following.





  
    
      
        
          
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where N0=E{n0(n)n0*(n)} is the power of a noise sample and





  
    
      
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is a zero-mean random variable. Thus equation (4) provides an estimate of the total power, A2+N0. When carrier and symbol phases are removed first,

s(n)=A+n0(n)  (6)

s*(n)=A+n0*(n)  (7)

the integrated power from all symbols is given as follows.





  
    
      
        
      
    
    
      
        
          
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and Δ′ is also a zero-mean random variable.

Equation (10) provides an estimate of the carrier power A2, as it includes little noise power




  
    N
    0
  
  N




for a large number of samples, N. Alternately, equations (4) and (10) maybe be combined to solve for the two unknowns, A2 and N0 for a given N.

FIGS. 3-10 show example intermediate results at various stages of the power measurement process. FIG. 3 depicts an example received signal including the primary (desired signal), the interfering signal and noise. The power of the primary signal is at 0 dB, the interference is at −6 dB and the noise is at −14.7 dB, yielding an effective CNR of 5.5 dB and an INR of 8.7 dB. The carrier frequency rotates the constellation around the origin. The effective CNR determines the thickness of the ring shape.
For comparison, FIG. 4 is plot of a signal without interference. In this case the noise is at −5.5 dB with the signal at 0 dB, yielding a CNR of 5.5 dB. Although the CNR is identical to that of FIG. 3, it is of interest to note that the distribution plot appears noisier.
FIG. 5 is a the plot of the signal after the carrier frequency is removed from FIG. 3 through demodulation. The QPSK constellation is revealed by the four distinct rings. The interference frequency effectively rotates the four smaller constellations about their individual origins. In this case the INR determines the thickness of the individual rings.
FIG. 6 is a plot of the received signal after the signal symbol phase is removed from FIG. 5 through decoding. The individual rings of FIG. 5 are now combined in a single quadrant. The DC signal component, representing the power level of the primary signal is depicted as the distance from the center of the ring to the origin. Again, the interference frequency rotates the constellation about the center of the ring and the INR determines the thickness of the ring.
FIG. 7 is a plot of the interference and noise of the signal after the ideal primary signal has been subtracted from FIG. 6. The combined power may be measured directly from this plot without further processing, as represented by the mean-squared radius of the ring. (FIG. 7 is the same as FIG. 6, translated to the origin.) In this case, the interference frequency effectively rotates the constellation about the origin. The INR is related to the thickness of the ring. The effective CNR of FIG. 3 and the INR of FIG. 7 are analogous properties.
FIG. 8 is a plot of the interference plus noise of the signal after the interference carrier frequency is removed from FIG. 7 through demodulating. Analogous to removing the carrier of the primary signal in FIG. 5, the QPSK constellation of the interference signal is now visible. As the interference power is indicated by the distance of the node centers to the origin and the noise is indicated by the thickness of the nodes, the INR determines the tightness of the nodes.
FIG. 9 is a plot of the interference plus noise after the interference symbol phase is removed from FIG. 8 through decoding. The DC signal component, representing the power level of the interference signal, is the distance from the center of the circle to the origin. Here, the INR determines the size of the node circle.
FIG. 10 is a plot of the noise after the interference signal is removed from FIG. 9. The noise power level is measured directly from this signal, as represented by the mean-squared radius of the circle.
CONCLUSION
The foregoing description including the preferred embodiment of the invention has been presented for the purposes of illustration and description. It is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the invention to the precise form disclosed. Many modifications and variations are possible in light of the above teaching. It is intended that the scope of the invention be limited not by this detailed description, but rather by the claims appended hereto. The above specification, examples and data provide a complete description of the manufacture and use of the invention. Since many embodiments of the invention can be made without departing from the scope of the invention, the invention resides in the claims hereinafter appended.

## Claims

1. A method of measuring signal properties, comprising the steps of:
receiving a signal comprising a primary signal, an interference signal and noise, the primary signal including a carrier frequency and symbols;
demodulating the primary signal to remove the carrier frequency;
decoding the primary signal to obtain the symbols;
estimating a power level of the primary signal based upon the demodulated and decoded primary signal;
generating an ideal primary signal from the carrier frequency and the symbols;
subtracting the ideal primary signal from the received signal to produce the noise and interference signal; and
estimating the noise and interference power from the noise and interference signal.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising removing a symbol phase from the demodulated primary signal and wherein the step of estimating a power level of the primary signal comprises measuring a DC level of the demodulated primary signal with the symbol phase removed.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein estimating the noise and interference power comprises estimating a combined noise and interference power.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein the interference signal includes an interference carrier and interference symbols and estimating the noise and interference power comprises demodulating and decoding the interference signal to remove the interference carrier and interference symbols and produce a signal having an interference signal DC level and a noise level.

5. The method of claim 4, further comprising estimating the interference power from the interference signal DC level.

6. The method of claim 5, further comprising estimating the noise power by subtracting the interference DC level from the signal having an interference signal DC level and noise level.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein the received signal further includes at least one additional interference signal and each additional interference signal is demodulated and decoded to remove a carrier and symbols of the respective additional interference signal after subtracting all higher power signals.

8. The method of claim 7, wherein a power level of each additional interference signal is calculated from a DC level of the respective additional interference signal.

9. The method of claim 1, wherein the method is performed integral to a receiver.

10. The method of claim 9, wherein the receiver is an integrated receiver decoder (IRD) or a dedicated receiver.

11. The method of claim 9, wherein the primary signal power and the noise and interference power are communicated to a power control system to optimize primary and interference signal power over a coverage area.

12. The method of claim 9, wherein the primary signal power and the noise and interference power are communicated to a central system through a phone dialup.

13. An apparatus for measuring signal properties, comprising:
a demodulator, for receiving a signal including a primary signal, an interference signal and noise, for demodulating the primary signal to remove a carrier frequency from the primary signal;
a decoder for decoding the primary signal to obtain symbols from the primary signal;
a processor for estimating a power of the primary signal from the demodulated and decoded primary signal;
a signal generator for generating an ideal primary signal from the carrier frequency and the symbols;
a subtractor for subtracting the ideal primary signal from the received signal to yield the noise and interference signal; and
a processor for determining the noise and interference power from the noise and interference signal.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, further comprising a processor for removing a symbol phase from the demodulated primary signal and wherein the step of estimating a power level of the primary signal comprises measuring a DC level of the demodulated primary signal with the symbol phase removed.

15. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the processor for determining the noise and interference power determines the noise and interference power by calculating a combined noise and interference power.

16. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the interference signal includes an interference carrier and interference symbols and the processor for determining the noise and interference power comprises a second demodulator and decoder for determining the noise and interference power by demodulating and decoding the interference signal to remove the interference carrier and interference symbols and produce a signal having an interference signal DC level and a noise level.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the processor for determining the noise and interference power further comprises a processor for calculating the interference power from the interference signal DC level.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the processor for determining the noise and interference power further comprises a subtractor for subtracting the interference DC level from the signal having an interference signal DC level and a noise level to calculate the noise power.

19. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the received signal further includes at least one additional interference signal and each additional interference signal is demodulated and decoded to remove a carrier and symbols of the respective additional interference signal after subtracting all higher power signals.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein a power level of each additional interference signal is calculated from a DC level of the respective additional interference signal.

21. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein the apparatus is integral to a receiver.

22. The apparatus of claim 21 wherein the receiver is an integrated receiver decoder (IRD) or a dedicated receiver.

23. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the primary signal power and the noise and interference power are communicated to a central system to optimize primary and interference signal power over a coverage area.

24. The apparatus of claim 21, wherein the primary signal power and the noise and interference power are communicated to a central system through a phone dialup.

25. The method of claim 4, wherein:
the primary signal comprises a legacy signal having legacy data transmitted to a plurality of legacy receivers,
the interference signal comprises a non-legacy signal having non-legacy data adding to or enhancing the legacy data transmitted to a plurality of non-legacy receivers; and
the legacy signal is non-coherently layered with the non-legacy signal.

26. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein:
the primary signal comprises a legacy signal having legacy data transmitted to a plurality of legacy receivers,
the interference signal comprises a non-legacy signal having non-legacy data adding to or enhancing the legacy data transmitted to a plurality of non-legacy receivers; and
the legacy signal is non-coherently layered with the non-legacy signal.