FIFTH DIVISION

MCFADDEN, C. J.,

MCMILLIAN, P. J., and SENIOR APPELLATE JUDGE PHIPPS

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

January 30, 2020

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A19A2151. IN THE INTEREST OF P. T., a child.

PHIPPS, Senior Appellate Judge.

P. T., a 15-year old male, appeals from an Adjudication Order finding him

delinquent in two cases for his commission of public indecency and felony sexual

battery (Case No. 18DL01498, also referred to as the “First Case”) and a second

count of felony sexual battery (Case No. 18DL02859, also referred to asthe “Second

Case”).1 He contends that the juvenile court erred in adjudicating him delinquent for

the offense of either felony sexual battery instead of the lesser offense of

1 Pursuant to the State’s election, the trial of the Second Case occurred first.

After P. T. was found delinquent of the felony sexual battery charge in the Second

Case, he chose to enter a plea under Alford v. North Carolina, 400 U. S. 25 (91 SCt.

160, 27 LE2d 162) (1970), as to the charges in the First Case. P. T.’s counsel

requested that the juvenile court enter a single disposition of both cases. The juvenile

court entered its Adjudication Order accordingly. 
misdemeanor child molestation or misdemeanor sexual battery. For the reasons that

follow, we discern no error and affirm.

Viewed in the light most favorable to the juvenile court’s delinquency

adjudication,

2

the trial evidence showed that P. T., the 15-year old female victim (“M.

N.”), and the 14-year old female victim (“B. D.”) attended the same high school. On

March 15, 2018, P. T. and M. N. skipped the lunch period and entered an empty

classroom to “hang out.” While in the classroom, P. T. grabbed M. N.’s buttocks and

tried to remove her leggings. M. N. testified that P. T.’s intentional act of touching

her buttocks was without her consent. M. N. further stated that she told P. T. to stop

and tried to push P. T. away from her, but P. T. held her against a wall and refused to

let her leave. P. T. then pulled down his pants and underwear, exposing his penis.

When the school bell rang for the next class, M. N. was able to escape and ran from

the classroom. 

2 See In the Interest of J. L. B., 280 Ga. App. 556, 559-560 (5) (634 SE2d 514)

(2006) (when considering the sufficiency of the evidence supporting an adjudication

of delinquency, “we view the evidence in favor of the juvenile court’s finding,

determining only if a reasonable finder of fact could have found beyond a reasonable

doubt that the juvenile committed the acts charged.”) (citation omitted). 

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Later that night, M. N. received messages from P. T.’s Instagram account,

asking her not to tell anyone about the incident. One of P. T.’s messages stated, “I

didn’t rape you. It was more like a sexual assault.” 

A second female victim, B. D., testified that P. T. had also sexually assaulted

her at school.

3 B. D. stated that in November of 2017, P. T. approached her after

lunch and said that he wanted to talk to her about something. P. T. led B. D. to a

school loading dock. B. D. described that without her consent, P. T. began touching

her between her thighs. P. T. then pushed B. D. against a wall, unbuckled his pants,

and exposed his penis while B. D. struggled to get away from him. B. D. further

testified that she repeatedly told P. T. to stop, but he refused to do so. P. T. released

B. D. only when a nearby elevator opened, at which time B. D. was able to leave the

loading dock area. 

M. N. disclosed the incident to her boyfriend. The boyfriend also was aware

of P. T.’s prior sexual assault of B. D. When the boyfriend confronted P. T. about the

incident involving M. N., P. T. admitted to the sexual assault. An altercation between

3 Prior to trial, the State filed a notice of its intent to present evidence of P. T.’s

prior bad acts pursuant to OCGA §§ 24-4-404 (b), 24-4-413, and 24-4-414. B. D.

testified as a prior bad acts witness during the trial of the Second Case. 

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the boyfriend and P. T. occurred, and they had to report to school administrators, who

opened an investigation regarding the matter. 

During the school investigation, the assistant principal and the school resource

officer received statements from both victims regarding the sexual assaults. The

school resource officer obtained warrants against P. T. for sexual battery and public

indecency based on the incident involving M. N. The school resource officer

submitted a juvenile complaint to proceed with the sexual battery and public

indecency charges against P. T. based on the incident involving B. D. 

On May 4, 2018, a delinquency petition was filed in the First Case, Case No.

18DL01498, alleging the P. T. had committed several offenses related to P. T.’s

sexual assault of B. D. The petition in the First Case was later amended to charge one

count each of public indecency and felony sexual battery. Thereafter, on August 17,

2018, a second delinquency petition was filed in the Second Case, Case No.

18DL02839, alleging that P. T. had committed felony sexual battery against M. N.

when he intentionally made physical contact with M. N.’s buttocks. 

Prior to trial, P. T. filed a motion to dismiss the delinquency petitions. The

motion sought dismissal of the felony sexual battery charges based on the rule of

lenity, which P. T. claimed required a prosecution for misdemeanor child molestation

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or misdemeanor sexual battery instead. Following a hearing, the trial court denied the

motion.

The trial subsequently ensued. After hearing the witness testimony and

reviewing the trial exhibits, the juvenile court found that the totality of the evidence

established beyond a reasonable doubt that P. T. had committed the felony sexual

battery offense as alleged in the petition for the Second Case. After the delinquency

ruling in the Second Case, P. T. entered a plea pursuant to Alford v. North Carolina,

400 U. S. 25 (91 SCt. 160, 27 LE2d 162) (1970), as to the charges in the First Case.

The juvenile court entered an order adjudicating P. T. delinquent and placed him on

probation for one year for both cases. P. T. thereafter filed the instant appeal to

challenge the felony disposition. 

1. P. T. contends that the rule of lenity requires that he only be sentenced for

misdemeanor child molestation, not felony sexual battery, because the evidence

established both offenses. Alternatively, he argues that he should have been

adjudicated for the lesser offense misdemeanor sexual battery. We disagree.

(a) As an initial matter, P. T.’s entry of an Alford plea in the First Case

precludes him from pursuing his claims concerning that case. P. T.’s arguments

seeking application of the rule of lenity first were presented in his pretrial motion to

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dismiss, which the trial court denied. Thereafter, when entering his plea, P. T.

acknowledged that he understood the charges of the petition against him, and that he

was willing to be found delinquent of the felony sexual battery charge. P. T. has not

sought to withdraw his plea, and he does not contend that his plea was involuntarily

entered. Assuch, his claim challenging his delinquency adjudication in the First Case

has been waived. See McKeever v. State, __ Ga. App. __, *1 (4) (Case No.

A19A1417, decided Nov. 15, 2019) (defendant’s Alford plea waived claims of trial

court errors unrelated to the voluntariness of the plea); LaFette v. State, 285 Ga. App.

516, 518 (3) (646 SE2d 725) (2007) (defendant’s Alford plea waived challenges to

trial court’s decisions announced before entry of the plea). 

(b) We now turn to address P. T.’s claim seeking to apply the rule of lenity in

the context of his Second Case, in which he was adjudicated delinquent of felony

sexual battery following trial. We conclude that P. T.’s claim provides no basis for

reversal.

[T]he rule of lenity finds its roots in the vagueness doctrine,

which requires fair warning as to what conduct is proscribed. More

specifically, the rule of lenity ensures that if and when an ambiguity

exists in one or more statutes, such that the law exacts varying degrees

of punishment for the same offense, the ambiguity will be resolved in

favor of a defendant, who will then receive the lesser punishment. Of

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course, if it is determined after applying the traditional canons of

construction that the relevant statutory text is unambiguous, then the

rule of lenity will not apply. The fundamental inquiry when making that

assessment is whether the identical conduct would support a conviction

under either of two crimes with differing penalties. Put another way, the

operative question is whether [P. T.’s] conduct, as charged, subjected

him to prosecution and sentencing under both statutes.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Koroma v. State, 350 Ga. App. 530, 531 (2) (827

SE2d 903) (2019). In examining thisissue, our Georgia Supreme Court and thisCourt

have cautioned that simply because “a single act may, as a factual matter, violate

more than one penal statute does not implicate the rule of lenity.” Banta v. State, 281

Ga. 615, 618 (2) (642 SE2d 51) (2007); Gordon v. State, 334 Ga. App. 633, 635 (780

SE2d 376) (2015). 

The delinquency petition in Case No. 18DL02859 accused P.T. of one count

of felony sexual battery based on his acts of “intentionally mak[ing] physical contact

with the buttocks of the body of [the victim, M. N.], a child under the age of 16 years,

without her consent.” Under OCGA § 16-6-22.1 (b), “[a] person commitsthe offense

of sexual battery when he or she intentionally makes physical contact with the

intimate parts of the body of another person without the consent of that person.”

Subsection (a) of the statute includes the buttocks of a victim in the definition of

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“intimate parts.” See OCGA § 16-6-22.1 (a). Subsection (d) of the statute provides

that when the victim is under the age of 16 years, the perpetrator of a sexual battery

offense shall be guilty of a felony. See OCGA § 16-6-22.1 (d). Here, the allegations

of the delinquency petition and the victim’s testimony at the delinquency hearing

establish that P. T.’s acts fell squarely within the definition of felony sexual battery. 

P. T. nevertheless argues that he should have been adjudicated for the lesser

offense of misdemeanor child molestation under OCGA § 16-6-4 (a) (1) and (b) (2).

“A person commits the offense of child molestation when such person ... [d]oes any

immoral or indecent act to or in the presence of or with any child under the age of 16

years with the intent to arouse or satisfy the sexual desires of either the child or the

person.” OCGA § 16-6-4 (a) (1). Subsection (b) (2) of the child molestation statute

provides that “[i]f the victim is at least 14 but less than 16 years of age and the person

convicted of child molestation is 18 years of age or younger and is no more than four

years older than the victim, such person shall be guilty of a misdemeanor[.]” OCGA

§ 16-6-4 (b) (2). The fact that P. T.’s conduct also may have violated the child

molestation penal statute does not implicate the rule of lenity. See, e.g., Banta, 281

Ga. at 618 (2). This Court has previously explained that the rule of lenity does not

apply between the statutes criminalizing sexual battery and childmolestation because

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the offense of child molestation requires additional proof of defendant seeking to

arouse his own sexual desires, which is not required for the offense of sexual battery.

See Koroma, 350 Ga. App. at 532-533 (2); Parfenuk v. State, 338 Ga. App. 95,

100-101 (3) (789 SE2d 332) (2016). Likewise, the offense of sexual battery requires

proof of physical contact and the victim’s lack of consent, which are not required for

the offense of child molestation. Compare OCGA § §16-6-22.1 (b), 16-6-4 (a) (1). As

such, the two statutes do not conflict and there is no uncertainty as to which penal

clause is applicable in this case. The delinquency petition’s allegations and the

evidence of this case established that P. T. intentionally made physical contact with

the buttocks of the body of the victim, who was under the age of 16 years,

4

 without

the victim’s consent. Thus, felony sexual battery under OCGA § 16-6-22.1 (b) and

(d) were the applicable penal clauses. 

P. T.’s reliance upon Dixon v. State, 278 Ga. 4 (596 SE2d 147) (2004), is

misplaced. In Dixon, the Georgia Supreme Court held that due to the conflicting

nature of the misdemeanor statutory rape and felony child molestation statutes

criminalizing sex between teenagers whose ages were less than three years apart,

4

It is undisputed that the victim of the sexual battery was 15 years of age on

the date of the incident. 

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uncertainty developed asto which penal clause was applicable; thus, the rule of lenity

required that the defendant only be sentenced for the misdemeanor. Id. at 7 (1) (d).

But Dixon is distinguished from the instant case in that Dixon involved conflicting

definitions of the “exactsame conduct as either misdemeanor statutory rape or felony

child molestation.” Id. at 6 (1) (a). Unlike Dixon, as explained above, the sexual

battery and child molestation statutes at issue in this case do not involve conflicting

definitions and do not define the exact same conduct. See Parfenuk, 338 Ga. App. at

100-101 (3).5

 The rule of lenity therefore does not apply here.

We likewise reject P. T.’s argument that he was entitled to a delinquency

adjudication for misdemeanor sexual battery under OCGA § 16-6-22.1 (c).

Subsection (c) of the statute states that “[e]xcept as otherwise provided in this Code

section, a person convicted of the offense of sexual battery shall be punished as for

a misdemeanor of a high and aggravated nature.” OCGA § 16-6-22.1 (c). The

exception for misdemeanor punishment is set forth in subsection (d) of the statute,

5 Dixon otherwise acknowledges that the legislative intent to provide a lesser

punishment for acts of sexual intercourse between teenagers did not apply to acts

involving forcible rape, i.e., acts perpetrated without the victim’s consent. Dixon, 278

Ga. at 6 (1) (a). Unlike misdemeanor statutory rape or misdemeanor child

molestation, the sexual battery offense requires proof of the victim’s lack of consent.

See OCGA § 16-6-22.1 (b). 

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which clearly and pertinently provides that “[a] person convicted of the offense of

sexual battery against any child under the age of 16 years shall be guilty of a

felony[.]” OCGA § 16-6-22.1 (d). The enhanced sentencing provision for sexual

battery focuses upon the age of the victim, not the age of the defendant. 

If the Legislature had intended to provide more lenient treatment for teenagers

who commit sexual battery against another minor, it could have amended the statute

in the same manner as the statutes for statutory rape and child molestation. See Ga.

L. 2006, p. 379, Section 10 (adding misdemeanor sentencing provision for statutory

rape under OCGA § 16-6-3 (c) based on the relative ages of the defendant and the

victim, stating that “[i]f the victim is at least 14 but less than 16 years of age and the

person convicted of statutory rape is 18 years of age or younger and is no more than

four years older than the victim[.]”; Ga. L. 2006, p. 379, Section 11 (adding

misdemeanor sentencing provision for child molestation under OCGA § 16-6-4 (b)

(2) based on the respective ages of the defendant and the victim, stating that “[i]f the

victim is at least 14 but less than 16 years of age and the person convicted of child

molestation is 18 years of age or younger and is no more than four years older than

the victim[.]”). But the Legislature did not do so. And we reject P. T.’s suggestion

that this Court should apply a judicial construction that would add an exception to

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felony sentencing under OCGA § 16-6-22.1 (d) based upon the relative ages of the

perpetrator and the victim. In this regard, we remain mindful of our obligation in

applying the rules of statutory construction.

It is axiomatic that when the language of a statute is plain and

susceptible to only one natural and reasonable construction, courts must

construe the statute accordingly. In fact, judicial construction of the

language of an unambiguous statute is not only unnecessary but

forbidden. The doctrine of separation of powers is an immutable

constitutional principle which must be strictly enforced. Under that

doctrine, statutory construction belongs to the courts, legislation to the

legislature.

(Citations and punctuation omitted.) Ga. Dept. of Juvenile Justice v. Eller, 338 Ga.

App. 247, 248 (789 SE2d 412) (2016). We will not usurp the role of the Legislature

to prescribe a differentsentencing scheme when the statute controlling the offense for

which a defendant is adjudicated or convicted plainly and unambiguously dictatesthe

proper punishment that shall be imposed. Because the evidence establishes that P.

T.’s act of sexual battery was committed against the victim, who was under the age

of 16 years, felony punishment under OCGA § 16-6-22.1 (d) was required. See

Hernandez v. State, 300 Ga. App. 792, 794-795 (2) (686 SE2d 373) (2009) (defendant

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was properly sentenced for felony sexual battery based on uncontested and

overwhelming evidence demonstrating that the victimwas under the age of 16 years).

2. P. T. further argues that the sentencing disparity between felony sexual

battery and misdemeanor child molestation violates equal protection. Because this

constitutional claim was not raised and ruled upon in the trial proceedings below, it

has been waived. See Darby v. State, 239 Ga. App. 492, 495 (2) (b) (521 SE2d 438)

(1999) (This Court is precluded from reviewing constitutional issues not explicitly

ruled on by the trial court); Fincher v. State, 231 Ga. App. 49, 51 (1) (497 SE2d 632)

(1998) (“argumentsregarding constitutional issues which were not raised or ruled on

below will not be considered on appeal”) (citation omitted).

Judgment affirmed. McFadden, C. J., and McMillian, P. J., concur.

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