# Patent

## Title
Clench activated switch system

## Abstract

Systems and methods for operating a controlled device via an activation accessory that includes a vibration motor, a wearable module including a clench-detection sensor (e.g., a Hall effect sensor), and a communication element. The sensor is coupled to a controller, which has an output coupled to a control signal interface and another output coupled to the vibration motor. The controller is programmed to receive and evaluate input signals from the sensor to determine whether or not they represent a command for the controlled device by assessing the input signals for a signal pattern indicative of a plurality of volitional jaw clench actions of a wearer of the wearable module. If/when the processor determines that the input signals represent the command, then it decodes the command and transmits an associated control signal to the controlled device via the control signal interface as well as an activation signal to the vibration motor.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a Continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 17/247,976, filed 4 Jan. 2021, now U.S. Pat. No. 11,553,313, which is a nonprovisional of and claims priority to U.S Provisional Application Nos. 62/705,524, filed 2 Jul. 2020, and 63/110,463, filed 6 Nov. 2020, each of which is incorporated by reference herein.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to systems and methods for operating a controlled device in a hands-free manner through volitional jaw clench actions of a wearer.
BACKGROUND
It is common for aviators, especially those operating military fixed-wing aircraft, to wear respiration systems that include a mask and for such masks to include therein control switches that can be manipulated by the wearer using his/her lip or tongue. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 7,184,903 describes a hands-free, mouth-activated switch disposed within a cup-shaped, rigid portion of a pilot's oxygen mask. Among the elements controllable by such a switch is a night vision compatible light.
While such systems are common, they do not provide complete solutions for an entire aircraft crew. For example, not all crew members may wear or even have access to oxygen masks or such masks as include these types of switches. Moreover, it is highly unusual for civilian aircraft crews to have such masks as employ mouth-activated switches. Even if the mask-fitted, mouth-activated switches are employed, use thereof demands that the mask be worn. This would not be typical of flight crew members when embarking or disembarking the aircraft. Hence, the associated controlled systems (e.g., illumination systems) are predictably unavailable for use during these activities.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments of the invention include systems and methods for operating a controlled device, such as an illumination element having one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs), a push-to-talk (PTT) adapter for a two-way radio, or a two-way radio itself. In one example, an activation accessory for a controlled device includes a vibration motor, a wearable module including a Hall effect sensor, and a communication element. The wearable module includes a Hall effect sensor that is communicably coupled to a controller, which has a first output coupled to a control signal interface and a second output coupled to the vibration motor. The controller includes a processor and a memory coupled thereto and which stores processor-executable instructions that, when executed by the processor, cause the processor to receive and evaluate input signals from the Hall effect sensor. In particular, the controller evaluates the input signals to determine whether or not they represent a command for the controlled device by assessing the input signals for a signal pattern indicative of a plurality of volitional jaw clench actions of a wearer of the wearable module. If/when the processor determines that the input signals represent the command, then it decodes the command and transmits an associated control signal to the controlled device via the control signal interface as well as an activation signal to the vibration motor. On the other hand, if the processor determines that the input signals do not represent the command, no control signal or activation signal is transmitted and the processor proceeds to evaluate further/new input signals from the Hall effect sensor in a like manner as the original input signals. The communication element is coupled to the control signal interface and is adapted to transmit the control signal from the processor to the controlled device. For example, the communication element may be a cable having a plug configured to mate with a jack at the controlled device, or a transmitter adapted for radio frequency communication with a receiver at the controlled device. Depending on the implementation, the activation signal for the vibration motor may be a pulse width modulated signal.
In various embodiments, the wearable module may be supported in a mount of a headset, or another arrangement. For example, such a mount may be moveable with respect to a frame of the headset so as to permit locating the wearable module at different positions on the wearer. More generally, such a mount may be configured to position the wearable module so as to be overlying an area of the wearer's masseter muscle. In some cases, the wearable module may be supported in a mask (e.g., a mask used by a firefighter, a diver, an aircrew member, of another wearer), where the mask is configured to position the wearable module so as to be overlying an area of the wearer's masseter muscle. Alternatively, the wearable module may have an adhesive applied to a surface thereof to enable the wearable module to be worn on the face or head of the wearer. Such an adhesive may, in one case, be in the form of a removeable film adhered to the surface of the wearable module.
The wearable module may include more than one Hall effect sensor, with the multiple sensors arranged with respect to one another so as to permit individual and/or group activation thereof by associated volitional jaw clench actions of the wearer. Further, in addition to the vibrational motor, a visual activation indicator may be present. Such a visual activation indicator (e.g., an LED) may be coupled to receive a visual activation indication signal from the controller and the processor-executable instructions, when executed by the processor, may further cause the processor to perform transmit the visual activation indication signal to the visual activation indicator if/when the processor determines that the first input signals represent the command.
When assessing the input signals from the Hall effect sensor for the signal pattern indicative of a plurality of volitional jaw clench actions of the wearer, the processor may evaluate the input signals against a stored library of command signal representations, where each command signal representation characterizes an associated command for the controlled device. Alternatively, or in addition, the input signals may be assessed according to respective power spectral densities thereof within specified time periods. Or the input signals may be assessed according to count values of the Hall effect sensor(s) received within a specified time period. Still further, the input signals may be evaluated against a trained model of command signal representations, where each command signal representation characterizes an associated command for the controlled device.
These and still more embodiments of the invention are described in detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention is illustrated by way of example, and not limitation, in the figures of the accompanying drawings, in which:
FIG. 1 illustrates an example of an activation accessory for a controlled device configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIGS. 2A-2F illustrate examples of devices operated under the control of an activation accessory configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 illustrates an example of an activation accessory secured in a headset mount configured in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 4 illustrates an example of an activation accessory secured in a mask, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 5 illustrates an example of an activation accessory having a film of adhesive on one surface for attachment to a wearer.
FIG. 6 illustrates an example of an activation accessory such as that shown in FIG. 5 as secured to the face of a wearer by adhesive.
FIG. 7 illustrates an example of an activation accessory for a controlled device configured with multiple Hall effect sensors, in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention
FIGS. 8A-8D show examples of arrangements for securing wearable module of an activation accessory to a headset earphone cup, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 9 illustrates an example of an input signal received by a processor of a wearable module from Hall effect sensor of the wearable module, in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.
FIG. 10 illustrates a method of operating a controlled device in a hands-free manner through volitional jaw clench actions of a wearer, in accordance with an embodiment of the invention.
FIGS. 11A-11B, 12A-12B, 13A-13B, and 14A-14B illustrate various embodiments of head-worn visioning devices with wearable modules configured in accordance with embodiments of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Described herein are systems and methods for hands-free operation of controlled devices, for example illumination systems, push-to-talk system, and other devices. These systems and methods are characterized, in part, by employing a switch element, e.g., a Hall effect sensor, that is positioned on or near the face of a user, overlying the area of the user's masseter muscle so that clenching/flexing of the jaw activates the switch. In one embodiment, the switch element is employed in combination with a headset or mask suitable for wear in a variety of contexts, including military, law enforcement, health care, and others (e.g., consumer). The headset or mask positions the switch element so that it overlies an area of the wearer's masseter muscle so that clenching/flexing of the wearer's jaw activates the switch, thereby allowing for hand-free operation of the controlled device. Other embodiments of the invention make use of the switch element as part of other head-worn illumination, imaging, and/or communication systems. In some instances, the switch element may be positioned in locations other than over the wearer's masseter muscle, allowing activation/deactivation by means of muscles associated with a wearer's eyebrow, temple, etc.
As used herein, when referencing an area of a wearer's face overlying the masseter muscle, we mean that wearable module or a wearable electronic controller having one or more active control surfaces (e.g., Hall effect sensors, electromyography (EMG) sensors, piezo switches, etc.) is positioned to contact the right (and/or) left side of the wearer's face within an area below the ear canal to the bottom of the mandible and extending forward beneath the zygomatic arch, which is formed between the zygomatic process of the temporal bone and the temporal process of the zygomatic bone, and the zygomatic bone. The active control surfaces are configured to detect a relaxed condition and a flexed condition of the wearer's masseter muscle(s) (see, e.g., FIG. 9), thereby allowing the wearer to generate input signals for controlling electronic system components via masseter muscle manipulation. The wearable module or electronic controller is adjustable in terms of the positioning of one or more of the active control surfaces within the area(s) overlying a portion of the wearer's masseter muscle(s) and means for adjusting the contact pressure of the active control surfaces against the wearer's face may be provided. The wearable module may be constructed to house one or more of the electronic system components (e.g., lights, cameras, displays, laser pointers, a haptic engine in the form of a vibration motor, etc.) that is being controlled by masseter muscle manipulation.
The use of “clench interactions” has been recognized as a viable control technique. For example, the present applicant's U.S. PGPUB 2020/0097084, Xu et al., “Clench Interaction: Novel Biting Input Techniques,” Proc. 2019 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI 2019), May 4-9, 2019, Glasgow, Scotland UK, and Koshnam, E. K. et al., “Hands-Free EEG-Based Control of a Computer Interface based on Online Detection of Clenching of Jaw,” in: Rojas I., Ortuño F. (eds) Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, IWBBIO 2017, pp. 497-507 (Apr. 26-28, 2017) all provide examples of such techniques. In Xu et al., the use of bite force interfaces may afford some advantages in some applications, however, the present invention adopts a different approach inasmuch as it relies on sensors placed outside a user's oral cavity. Such sensors are more suitable for applications where the presence of sensors inside one's mouth may be uncomfortable or impractical. In Koshnam et al., the EEG sensors were external to the oral cavity, having been placed at temporal sites T7 and T8 on the wearer's head, but there was no provision for alerting the wearer when a command signal was recognized as having been initiated through a jaw clench action. Accordingly, the system was perceived as having excessive lag time in recognizing and implementing a clench action, which adversely impacted its use as a control element for a remote device.
Referring to FIG. 1, an example of an activation accessory 10 for a controlled device is shown. The activation accessory 10 includes a vibration motor 12, a wearable module 14 that includes a Hall effect sensor 16, and a controller 18. Hall effect sensor 16 is communicably coupled to controller 18 through an analog-to-digital converter 20, which converts the analog output of the Hall effect sensor 16 to a digital signal that is provided as an input to a processor 22 of the controller. Processor 22, in turn, has outputs coupled to a control signal interface 24 and the vibration motor 12.
The processor 22 of controller 18 is also coupled to a memory 26, which stores processor-executable instructions that, when executed by processor 22, cause processor 22 to receive and evaluate input signals from the Hall effect sensor 16. Controller 18 (i.e., processor 22) evaluates the input signals to determine whether or not they represent a command for the controlled device by assessing the input signals for a signal pattern indicative of a plurality of volitional jaw clench actions of a wearer of the wearable module 14. As more fully discussed below, if/when the processor 22 determines that the input signals from Hall effect sensor 16 represent the command for the controlled device, then processor 22 decodes the command and transmits an associated control signal to the controlled device (not shown in this view) via the control signal interface 24, as well as transmitting an activation signal to the vibration motor 12. On the other hand, if the processor 22 determines that the input signals from Hall effect sensor 16 do not represent the command for the controlled device, no control signal or activation signal is transmitted and processor 22 proceeds to evaluate further/new input signals from the Hall effect sensor 16 in a like manner as the original input signals. In one embodiment, the activation signal for the vibration motor is a pulse width modulated signal. The haptic feedback provided by vibration motor 12 in response to jaw clench actions of a wearer may also be activated by another user (e.g., through a communication to the wearer of wearable module 14) to provide a means for silent communication.
Referring now to FIGS. 2A-2F, various examples of controlled devices and arrangements for coupling same to the wearable module 14 are shown. In FIG. 2A, the controlled device is an illumination element 30 made up of one or more LEDs 32. As indicated above, the processor of controller 18 is coupled to the control signal interface 24 and is adapted to transmit a control signal to the controlled device, in this case illumination element 30, via the control signal interface 24. Not shown in the illustration are drivers and other interface elements that may be present to amplify and/or otherwise condition the control signal so that it is suitable for use with the illumination element 30.
FIG. 2B illustrates an example in which the wearable module 14 is coupled to a transmitter 34 via the control signal interface 24. Transmitter 34 may be a low power/short range transmitter, such as a BluetoothTM, Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE), Zigbee, infrared, WiFi HaLow (IEEE 802.22h), Z-wave, Thread, SigFox, Dash7, or other transmitter. The transmitter 34 may itself be the controlled device or, alternatively, as shown in FIG. 2D, the transmitter 34 may be one component of a wireless communication system that includes a receiver 36 communicatively coupled to a controlled device, such as two-way radio 38. In such an arrangement, transmitter 34 is adapted for radio frequency communication with receiver 36 at the controlled device. Thus, the control signal issued by processor 22 of controller 18 is coupled to the control signal interface 24 and transmitted via a radio frequency signal from transmitter 34 to the controlled device.
FIG. 2C shows a further alternative in which the wearable module 14 is coupled directly to two-way radio 38. In this example, the control signal interface 24 may be coupled to the two-way radio 38 by a cable having a plug configured to mate with a jack at the two-way radio 38 (or, more generally, the controlled device). As such, the wearable module 14 may function as a push-to-talk (PTT) unit for the two-way radio 38 (or, more generally, an activation switch for the controlled device). Or, as shown in FIGS. 2E and 2F, the wearable module 14 may function as an ancillary PTT element for a PTT adapter 40 for the two-way radio 38 (or, more generally, the controlled device). The connection between the wearable module 14 (control signal interface 24) and the PTT adapter 40 may be wired, as shown in FIG. 2E, e.g., using a cable having a plug configured to mate with a jack at the PTT adapter, or wireless, using a transmitter/receiver pair 34, 36. Of course, other arrangements for communicating the control signal produced by the processor 22 (or, more generally, controller 18) of the wearable module 10 to a controlled device may be used.
In addition to the above-described examples, the processor 22 may also communicate with and control other peripherals, such as a heads-up display, audio input/output unit, off-headset unit, etc. Processor 22 is a hardware-implemented module and may be a general-purpose processor, or dedicated circuitry or logic, such as a field programmable gate array (FPGA) or an application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC)), or other form of processing unit. Memory 26 may be a readable/writeable memory, such as an electrically erasable programmable read-only memory, or other storage device.
Referring now to FIG. 3, in various embodiments, the wearable module 10 may be supported in a mount 42 of a headset 44, or another arrangement. For example, such a mount 42 may be moveable with respect to a frame 46 of the headset or a component thereof, such as earcup 48, so as to permit locating the wearable module 14 at different positions on the wearer. More generally, such a mount 42 may be configured to position the wearable module 14 so as to be overlying an area of the wearer's masseter muscle.
In some cases, as shown in FIG. 4, the wearable module 14 may be supported in a mask 52 (e.g., a mask used by a firefighter, a diver, an aircrew member, of another wearer), where the mask 52 is configured to position the wearable module 14 so as to be overlying an area of the wearer's masseter muscle. Alternatively, as shown in FIG. 5, the wearable module 14 may have an adhesive applied to a surface thereof to enable the wearable module 14 to be worn on the face or head of the wearer (see, e.g., FIG. 6). Such an adhesive may, in one case, be in the form of a removeable film 54 adhered to the surface of the wearable module 14.
The wearable module 14 may include more than one Hall effect sensor 16, with the multiple sensors arranged with respect to one another so as to permit individual and/or group activation thereof by associated volitional jaw clench actions of the wearer. For example, FIG. 7 illustrates a wearable module 14′ that includes two Hall effect sensors 16-1, 16-2. Each Hall effect sensor is associated with a respective paddle switch 56-1, 56-2, which can be depressed through a volitional jaw clench action of the wearer. Depressing a paddle switch will cause its associated Hall effect sensor to be activated.
Further, as shown in FIGS. 1, 3, 4, and 6, in addition to the vibrational motor 12, a visual activation indicator 50 may be present. Such a visual activation indicator, e.g., one or more LEDs, may be coupled to receive a visual activation indication signal from the controller 18 (processor 22) and the processor-executable instructions stored in memory 26, when executed by processor 22, may further cause processor 22 to transmit the visual activation indication signal to the visual activation indicator 50 so as to illuminate the one or more LEDs for a brief period of time if/when the processor 22 determines that the input signals from the Hall effect sensor 16 signals represent a command. As shown in the various illustrations, the visual activation indicator 50 may be located on the headset 44, on a helmet 60 or an indicator panel 62 associated therewith, or as an attachment, integral or otherwise, to a pair of glasses 64 or goggles, e.g., on the temple pieces 66 thereof. An activation indicator of this kind is especially useful when the wearable module 14 is used to control devices such as PTT controllers/adapters associated with tactical radios or the radios themselves. When providing microphone actuation when using such radios, a “microphone status LED” may be included in visual activation indicator 50 to provide a visual awareness of microphone condition. This LED emits light inside of the eyeglasses 64 which is visible only by the wearer. This provides effective light discipline in the tactical situations. Light would be visible when the microphone is in use (i.e., open) and would be extinguished when the microphone is not in use (i.e., off).
In the various embodiments, wearable module 14 is positioned so as to be flush against the wearer's face (or nearly so), over the masseter muscle so that clenching/flexing of the jaw activates the Hall effect sensor 16. Power supply and control electronics for the wearable module 14 may be incorporated within the module itself, and/or in a frame or mask that supports the wearable module 14 or elsewhere. In the arrangement shown in FIG. 3, the wearable module 14 is mounted to the earphone cup 48 of headset 44 by means of a frame 46 about the circumference of the earphone cup. In alternative arrangements, such as those shown in FIGS. 8A-8D, the frame 46 may be mounted to the earphone cup 48 by means of friction fit frame 46-1, a frame 46-2, 46-3, 46-4 that is fitted by means of a screw 68, a rivet or pin 70, or other attachment means. In some embodiments, the wearable module 14 may be attached to or integrated in a moveable portion of mount 42 that is rotatable about a rivet, pin or other joint or hinge and may also be flexible so as to be moved adjacent to or away from a wearer's face. This is useful to prevent unwanted actuations of Hall effect sensor 16. Such a moveable portion of mount 42 may be hingibly attached to a frame 46 by a spring-loaded hinge that keeps the wearable module 14 against the wearer's face even when the wearer moves his/her head unless moved away from the wearer's face by an amount sufficient to engage a detent that prevents return to a position adjacent a wearer's face unless manually adjusted by the wearer. Such a hingible arrangement may incorporate a spring-loaded hinge of any type, for example a spring-loaded piano hinge, butt hinge, barrel hinge, butterfly hinge, pivot hinge, or other arrangement.
Returning to FIG. 6, illumination element 50 can be attached to the inside of eyeglass temples 66 or slipped over a temple piece to contact the wearer's temple area when the eyeglasses are worn. This also provides a convenient location for vibration motor 12. From this position on the user, when the processor of wearable module 14 detects volitional facial movements of the wearer, such as clenching of the wearer's masseter muscle, which is then turned into a command signal, for activating, deactivating, or controlling a controlled device (e.g., changing the volume of audio communications or music, turning on integrated lighting modules, or answering a phone call) the vibration motor 12 may be activated to provide feedback that indicates successful recognition of the input command. As discussed below, a distinct “clench language” may be programmed to control certain functions of the controlled device using specific masseter muscle clench sequences or patterns. The vibration motor 12 may also provide haptic feedback to the user as notification of microphone status or other enabled systems. For example, light vibrations of vibration motor 12 in a specific pattern may alert the wearer that a microphone is open, so as to prevent an “open-mic” situation where others are prevented from communicating over a common channel.
Further, additional sensors such as for wearer vital signs monitoring may also be integrated into the temple 66 to provide remote biomonitoring of the wearer, as the temple area has been proven to be an effective location for sensing certain vital signs. Such sensors may be integrated into the eyeglass temples 66, permanently attached as an accessory, or attached to the inside of the temple using adhesive tape, glue, magnets, hook and loop fasteners, screws, or a tongue and groove or dovetail profile connection mechanism. The sensor signal may be routed through a powered cable/tether or via a wireless connection such as Bluetooth or Near Field Magnetic Induction.
As should be apparent from the above discussion, use of the activation accessory does not require donning a headset or mask. Instead, the activation accessory can be worn by itself, e.g., through use of an adhesive. Incorporating the activation accessory in headsets would typically be the norm for any member of an aircraft flight or operations crew, but headsets such as the one illustrated in the above-referenced figures are not restricted to use by flight/aircraft crews and may be employed by ground forces, naval/coast guard personnel, and civilians. For example, headsets such as the ones described herein may be employed by workers in and around constructions sites, sports arenas, film and television production locations, amusement parks, and many other locations. By employing headgear equipped with activation accessories such as those described herein, wearers thereof have ready access to activation/deactivation/operation of illumination, imaging, gaming, and/or communications system(s)) in a hands-free fashion. Note that although FIG. 3 illustrates a headset with both left and right earphone cups, this is for purposes of example only and the present system may be used with headsets having only a single earphone cup, or one or two earpieces. Indeed, the present system may be used even with headgear that does not include any earphones or earpieces, for example attached to a band worn on the head or neck, or on a boom of a helmet or other headgear.
When assessing the input signals from the Hall effect sensor(s) 16 for a signal pattern indicative of a plurality of volitional jaw clench actions of the wearer, the processor 22 may evaluate the input signals against a stored library of command signal representations, where each command signal representation characterizes an associated command for the controlled device. Alternatively, or in addition, the input signals may be assessed according to respective power spectral densities thereof within specified time periods. Or the input signals may be assessed according to count values of the Hall effect sensor(s) received within a specified time period. Still further, the input signals may be evaluated against a trained model of command signal representations, where each command signal representation characterizes an associated command for the controlled device.
An example of an input signal received by processor 22 from Hall effect sensor 16 is illustrated in FIG. 9. Trace 72 depicts “counts” of the Hall effect sensor 16 received by processor 22 over time. In this context, the counts, represent the applied magnetic field detected by the Hall effect sensor 16 which varies with the jaw clench actions of the wearer. Other output parameters that can be measured to provide similar results include voltage and/or current. More generally, in embodiments of the present invention the wearable module of the activation accessory 10 includes one or more switch elements (Hall effect sensor(s) 16 or other(s) of the sensors discussed herein) that is/are sensitive to movements of a wearer's masseter muscle and which are communicatively coupled to controller 18 having processor 22 and memory 26 coupled thereto and storing processor-executable instructions. Processor 22 is further coupled to provide an output signal to an indicator, such as illumination element 50 and/or vibration motor 12. The wearable module 16 may be fitted to a head- or face-worn article (e.g., a headset, mask, or eyeglasses/goggles, as described below) by an elongated member so as to be positionable to allow the one or more control surfaces associated with the one or more switch elements to contact a side of the wearer's face within an area below the wearer's ear canal to a bottom of the wearer's mandible and extending forward beneath the wearer's zygomatic arch, the switch elements. The processor-executable instructions stored in memory 26, when executed by processor 22, cause the processor to receive input signals from the one or more switch elements 16, detect relaxed (signal level high in FIG. 9) and clenched (signal level low) conditions (e.g., by level or edge detection of the input signals) of the wearer's masseter muscles. From these input signals, processor 22 decodes the relaxed and clenched conditions as commands (74, 76, 78, etc.) for controlling electronic system components communicatively coupled to the controller and alerts the wearer to successful decoding of the commands by providing the output signal to the indicator.
As illustrated in FIG. 9, trace 72 exhibits marked shifts in count values corresponding to periods of time when a wearer relaxes (signal level high) and clenches (signal level low) his/her jaw while wearing a wearable module 14. The detection of such actions by processor 22 may be edge-sensitive or level-sensitive. Further, as indicated above, the Hall effect sensor signals may be decoded according to a clench language to discriminate between activation, deactivation, and operational commands for the controlled device. The example shown in FIG. 9 represents decoded signals representing commands for an illumination unit. Signal groups 74 and 78, a short clench followed by a long clench, represent activation (“on”) and deactivation (“off”) commands. That is, the illumination module is ordered to change operating state, from a current state on or off to an opposite state off or on, respectively, when such a set of input signals is recognized by the processor 22. Signal group 76 represents a command to alter an output characteristic, e.g., brightness, and corresponds to two short clenches followed by a long clench. The two short clenches signal a change in output and the long clench signals that the brightness of the illumination unit should be varied, e.g., low to high, during the period of the clench action. Of course, other clench languages for a variety of controlled devices may be implemented. For example, in addition to double clench inputs signaling a following command input, triple clench inputs may be recognized as signally valid command inputs, different from commands associated with a double clench input. Further multiple clench inputs and/or clench-and-hold inputs may also be recognized as signifying different commands. Such multi-clench inputs are useful for eliminating unintentional actuations of Hall effect sensor 16, as may be occasioned by involuntary muscle movements or by a wearer chewing food, gum, etc., or clenching his/her jaw during other activities. Generally, the intended command may be identified by decoding the detected relaxed and clenched conditions of the wearer's masseter muscles according to a clench language that identifies such commands according to a number of detected clench actions identified within a time period, for example, a number of detected short and long (clench-and-hold) clench actions identified within a time period. Valid forms of clench inputs may be used to turn on/off lighting elements and/or individual LEDs thereof, adjust the intensity of one or more illuminated LEDs, or to signal other desired operations. In general, clench input actuation sequence timings, repetitions, and durations may each be used, individually and/or in combination to specify different command inputs for one or more controlled devices.
FIG. 10 illustrates a method 80 of operating a controlled device in accordance with embodiments of the present invention. At 82, the controller 18 receives from the Hall effect sensor 16 in the wearable module 14 communicably coupled to the controller, first input signals. At 84, processor 22 of controller 18 evaluates the first input signals according to and by executing processor-executable instructions stored in memory 26 to determine whether or not the first input signals represent a command for the controlled device. As discussed above, this evaluation 84 proceeds by the processor assessing 86 the first input signals for a signal pattern indicative of a plurality of volitional jaw clench actions of a wearer of the wearable module 14. If processor 22 determines that the first input signals represent the command, step 88, then processor 22 decodes the command 90 (e.g., by identifying the input signals as being one of a number of patterns of a clench language, as described above, and transmitting 92 an associated control signal to the controlled device via a communication element communicably coupled to the processor, and transmitting 94 an activation signal to a vibration motor of the wearable module. As indicated above, the communication element may be a cable having a plug configured to mate with a jack at the controlled device, a transmitter adapted for radio frequency communication with a receiver at the controlled device, or other element. Decoding the command signal may involve determining the number of short clench actions preceding a long clench action to determine the nature of a following one or more long and/or short clench actions, and may also depend on a current operating state of the controlled device. Otherwise, step 96, the processor 22 does not transmit the control signal and the activation signal and instead proceeds to evaluate second/next input signals 96 from the Hall effect sensor in a like manner as the first input signals.
In general, Hall effect sensor 16 is a device that requires little or no mechanical displacement of a control element in order to signal or effect a change (or desired change) in state of a controlled system. Other examples of such a device which may be used in place of the Hall effect sensor 16 include an EMG sensor or a piezo switch, such as the Piezo Proximity Sensor produced by Communicate AT Pty Ltd. of Dee Why, Australia. Piezo switches generally have an on/off output state responsive to electrical pulses generated by a piezoelectric element. The electrical pulse is produced when the piezoelectric element is placed under stress, for example as a result of compressive forces resulting from a wearer clenching his/her jaw so that pressure is exerted against the switch. Although the pulse is produced only when the compressive force is present (e.g., when the wearer's jaw is clenched), additional circuitry may be provided so that the output state of the switch is maintained in either an “on” or an “off” state until a second actuation of the switch occurs. For example, a flip-flop may be used to maintain a switch output logic high or logic low, with state changes occurring as a result of sequential input pulses from the piezoelectric element. One advantage of such a piezo switch is that there are no moving parts (other than a front plate that must deform by a few micrometers each time a wearer's jaw is clenched) and the entire switch can be sealed against the environment, making it especially useful for marine and/or outdoor applications.
Another example is a micro tactile switch. Although tactile switches employ mechanical elements subject to wear, for some applications they may be more appropriate than Hall effect sensors or piezo switches because they provide mechanical feedback to the user (although the haptic feedback provided by vibration motor 12 also provides an acceptable level of feedback for a user and so may be sufficient in the majority of instances). This feedback can provide assurance that the switch has been activated or deactivated. Momentary contact tactile switches may also be used, but because they require continual force (e.g., as provided by clenching one's jaw against the switch), they are best suited to applications where only a momentary or short engagement of the active element under the control of switch is desired, for example, signal light flashes, burst transmissions, or other short duration applications, or where a flip flop is used to maintain an output state until a subsequent input is received, as discussed above. Other forms of switches include a ribbon switch (e.g., as made by Tapeswitch Corporation of Farmingdale, NY) and conductive printed circuit board surface elements activated via carbon pucks on an overlaid keypad.
Further, in various embodiments, the controlled device may consist of one or more LEDs, which emit light in one or more wavelengths. Further, the controlled device may include one or more cameras for digital still and/or video imaging. In some instances, a lighting element may be worn on one side of the headset while an imaging system is worn on the opposite side, each being controlled by separate activation accessories mounted on respective opposite sides of the headset, or by activation accessory if the lighting and illumination systems are responsive to different command signals, similar to the way in which computer cursor control devices (e.g., touch pads, mice, etc.) may be separately responsive to single, double, triple, or other multiple clicks. Indeed, the activation accessory may itself be used to control a cursor as part of a user-computer interface. For example, any or all of cursor type, cursor movement, and cursor selection may be controlled using a wearable module 14 positioned so as to be flush against the wearer's face (or nearly so), over the area of the masseter muscle so that clenching/flexing of the jaw activates the Hall effect sensor 16. Applications for such uses include computer gaming interfaces, which today commonly include head-worn communication equipment. One or more wearable modules 14 configured in accordance with embodiments of the invention may be fitted to such headgear (either when manufactured or as an after-market addition) to provide cursor control capabilities. Conventional wired or wireless communication means may be employed to provide a connection to a console, personal computer, tablet, mobile phone, or other device that serves as the gaming or other host. The use of such human-machine interfaces may find particular application for users that have no or limited use of their hands and afford them a convenient means of interacting with a personal computer, tablet, mobile phone, or similar device.
Further, the controlled device(s) may include one or more microphones. Such microphones may be mounted or integral to a headset and make use of bone conduction transducers for transmission of audio signals. Alternatively, or in addition, wearable module 14 may be used to adjust the presence, absence, and/or volume of audio played through one or more earphones or other earpieces. Also, a wearable module 14 may be used to control off-headset equipment, for example, via a wireless transmitter.
One or more of the above-described embodiments may permit signal generation via a control surface that can be activated by direct or indirect force, hinged paddle, touch-sensitive surface, or other tactile actuation device. Devices configured in accordance with these embodiments may employ moveable structures (e.g., paddles) that house Hall effect sensors to detect a change in an electromagnetic field when a corresponding magnet is moved in proximity to the sensor. Such devices may be in the form of an accessory to a remote (e.g., hand-held) device or fully integrated into a wearable form factor such as eyeglasses and headsets. Other sensors, as discussed herein, may also be used.
By providing both a left and right activation means (or any number of them) which may be configured to allow for input of various command sequences (e.g., different numbers of activations similar to single-, double- or other mouse clicks), a user may provide different commands for an associated device. For example, different command activation sequences may be used for zooming a camera, panning a direction in a virtual/visual environment, or a host of other commands to control cameras, audio transmissions (volume up or down), etc. In addition to the foregoing, the use of gyros and/or accelerometers while clenching and holding can allow for selecting and moving objects in the virtual field. This is similar to a click-and-hold followed by movement of a cursor with a mouse or joystick in that it allows a user to move objects (e.g., icons) around on a virtual desktop, to open menus, and to select commands, etc. by clenching and moving one's head. The gyros and/or accelerometers may be incorporated in wearable module 14 or elsewhere (e.g., in a frame supporting the wearable module).
Referring now to FIGS. 11A-14B, various embodiments of head-worn visioning devices with wearable modules 14 are illustrated. Such head-worn visioning devices are suitable for application in a variety of contexts, including military, law enforcement, health care, field repair, and others (e.g., consumer). Unlike hand-held and/or hand operated visioning devices, which typically require the user to use his or her hands to operate a control unit or console, visioning devices configured in accordance with embodiments of the present invention can be operated in a hands-free fashion and worn with or without a helmet or other headdress, communication devices, etc. In addition to the visioning means, the frame carrying the visioning means provides a platform for audio/video capture and/or communications. For example, one or more speakers, ear buds, and/or microphones may be provided integral to or attached to the frame. Hands-free operation of the visioning devices is facilitated using a wearable module 14 that includes a clench switch as described above that can be activated when the user clenches or otherwise manipulates his/her jaw, temple, etc.
FIGS. 11A-11B and 12A-12B illustrate embodiments of a visioning device in the form of head-worn virtual reality goggles 100 with integrated wearable modules 14 (FIGS. 11A-11B) and attachable wearable modules 14 (FIGS. 12A-12B) configured in accordance with the present invention. FIGS. 13A-13B and 14A-14B illustrate embodiments of a visioning device in the form of head-worn augmented reality glasses 102 with integrated wearable modules 14 (FIGS. 13A-13B) and attachable wearable modules 14 (FIGS. 14A-14B) configured in accordance with the present invention. As shown, the various visioning devices each include a frame 104 worn over the ears.
In some instances, visioning devices 100, 102 may be personalized to a wearer by creating a model, either physical or digital, of the wearer's head and face and fabricating a visioning device 100, 102 (or just a frame 104) specifically to suit the wearer according to the dimensions provided from the model. Modern additive manufacturing processes (commonly known as 3D printing) make such customizations economically feasible even for consumer applications and visioning devices 100, 102 (or just frames 104) could readily be produced from images of a wearer's head and face captured using computer-based cameras and transmitted to remote server hosting a Web service for purchase of the visioning device(s) (or frames). For example, following instructions provided by the Web-based service, a user may capture multiple still images and/or a short video of his/her head and face. By including an object of known dimensions (e.g., a ruler, a credit card, etc.) within the field of view of the camera at the approximate position of the user's head as the images are captured, a 3D model of the user's head and face can be created at the server. The user can then be provided with an opportunity to customize a visioning device 100, 102 (or frame 104) to be sized to the dimensions of the model, selecting, for example, color, materials, the positions over the ears, etc. at which the visioning device 100, 102 will be worn. Once the customizations are specified, and payment collected, the visioning device specification may be dispatched to a manufacturing facility at which the visioning device is fabricated.
Visioning devices 100, 102 may further support one or more communication earpieces (not shown) and/or one or more microphones (not shown), the earpiece(s) and microphone(s) allowing for communications to/from the wearer. The earpiece(s) and microphone(s) may be communicatively connected to a transceiver carried elsewhere on the wearer's person, either using wired or wireless connections. In other embodiments, the earpiece(s) and/or microphone(s) may be eliminated, and audio communications facilitated through bone conduction elements. Portions of the illumination devices 100, 102 are in contact with the wearer's head. Hence, rather than an earpiece, a bone conduction headphone that decodes signals from a receiver and converts them to vibrations can transmit those vibrations directly to the wearer's cochlea. The receiver and bone conduction headphone(s) may be embedded directly in the visioning device 100, 102, or in some cases the receiver may be external thereto. One or more bone conduction headphones may be provided. For example, the headphone(s) may be similar to bone conduction speakers employed by scuba divers and may consist of a piezoelectric flexing disc encased in a molded portion of the visioning device 100, 102 that contacts the wearer's head just behind one or both ears. Similarly, a bone conduction microphone may be provided.
Although not shown in the various views, a power source for the electronics is provided and may be housed within the visioning device 100, 102 or located external thereto (e.g., worn on a vest or belt pack). In some cases, a primary power source may be located external to the visioning device 100, 102 and a secondary power source provided integral thereto. This would allow the primary power source to be decoupled from the visioning device 100, 102 which would then revert to using the secondary power source (e.g., a small battery or the like), at least temporarily. To facilitate this operation, the visioning device 100, 102 may be provided with one or more ports allowing connection of different forms of power supplies. Also, status indicators (e.g., LEDs or other indicators) may be provided in to provide information concerning the imaging elements, communication elements, available power, etc. In some embodiments, haptic feedback may be used for various indications, e.g., low battery, etc.
Frames 104 of various visioning devices 100, 102 may be fashioned from a variety of materials, including but not limited to plastics (e.g., zylonite), metals and/or metal alloys, carbon fiber, wood, cellulose acetates (including but not limited to nylon), natural horn and/or bone, leather, epoxy resins, and combinations of the foregoing. Fabrication processes include, but are not limited to, injection molding, sintering, milling, and die cutting. Alternatively, or in addition, one or more additive manufacturing processes, such as extrusion, vat photopolymerization, powder bed fusion, material jetting, or direct energy jetting, may be used to fashion the illumination device and/or components thereof.
Activation/deactivation and/or other operation of the imaging elements, and/or audio communication elements of the visioning devices 100, 102 may be effected through the use of integrated wearable modules 14 or attachable wearable modules 14, as applicable. Each of which may include a clench switch in the form of a Hall effect sensor or other sensor or switch, as discussed above. The clench switch is responsive to minimal displacements of the wearer's masseter muscle, temple, or other facial element, which the clench switch is positioned on or near when the associated visioning device 100, 102 is worn, e.g., overlying the area of the user's masseter muscle when the visioning device 100, 102 is worn, so that clenching/flexing of the wearer's jaw (or similar movement) activates or deactivates the switch. The use of a clench switch overlying the area of the user's masseter muscle so that clenching/flexing of the jaw activates the switch allows for hand-free operation of the imaging elements (and, optionally, other elements) of the device.
In visioning devices 100, 102 that include an integrated wearable module 14, the clench switch is included at or near the end of a frame element 106 that is a molded component of the original frame 104, with the clench switch being positioned by the frame element 106 so as to be flush against the wearer's face (or nearly so) over the masseter muscle when the visioning device 100, 102 is worn so that clenching/flexing of the wearer's jaw activates the switch. In visioning devices 100, 102 that do not include an integrated wearable module 14, an attachable wearable module 14 may be provided. The attachable wearable module 14 include a buckle 108 that slides over a temple piece of frame 104 and an elongated member 110 that extends down from the temple piece to the area of the wearer's face near the jaw line so that the clench switch included in the wearable module 14 at or near the end of the elongated member 110 is positioned over the wearer's masseter muscle. Thus, the attachable wearable module 14 may be provided as an after-market accessory for a visioning device 100, 102 not originally fitted with hands-free operating means. Whether included as a component of an attachable wearable module or an integrated wearable module, the position of the clench switch may be adjustable, e.g., by providing a telescoping elongated member 110 or frame element 106, as applicable. In this way, the clench switch may be positioned at various distances from temple pieces of frame 104, so as to accommodate wearer's faces of different sizes.
As should be immediately apparent from these illustrations, use of wearable module 14 allows activation/deactivation of the imaging elements, communications elements, and/or other elements of visioning devices 100, 102 in a hands-free fashion. In some instances, elements of visioning devices 100, 102 may be controlled using wearable modules 14 positioned on different sides of the wearer's face or by a single wearable module 14 where the various elements are responsive to multi-clench actuations of wearable module 14, as described above. In some embodiments, the wearable module 14 may be hingeably attached to frame 104. This is useful to prevent unwanted actuations of the clench switch in that it can be moved away from or adjacent to the wearer's face as required. Such a hinge arrangement may include a spring-loaded hinge that keeps the switch against the wearer's face even when the wearer moves his/her head unless moved away from the wearer's face by an amount sufficient to engage a detent that prevents return to a position adjacent a wearer's face unless manually adjusted by the wearer. The hingeable arrangement of wearable module 14 may involve a spring-loaded hinge of any type, for example a spring-loaded piano hinge, butt hinge, barrel hinge, butterfly hinge, pivot hinge, or other arrangement.
Thus, systems and methods for operating a controlled device in a hands-free manner through volitional jaw clench actions of a wearer, and in particular using an activation accessory for a controlled device that includes a vibration motor, a wearable module having a Hall effect sensor, and a communication element have been described.

## Claims

1. A head-worn unit, comprising:
a frame with a temple piece; and
a sensor module attached to the temple piece so as to be slidably displaceable along the temple piece, the sensor module including a sensor configured to produce an output signal and a switch responsive to muscle movement actions of a wearer of the head-worn unit, wherein the sensor is further configured to produce the output signal when the switch is depressed by said muscle movement actions of the wearer and the sensor module is positionable to allow the switch of the sensor module to contact the wearer when the head-worn unit is worn by the wearer.

2. The head-worn unit of claim 1, wherein the head-worn unit is a pair of eyeglasses that further includes lenses secured within the frame.

3. The head-worn unit of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises a Hall effect sensor.

4. The head-worn unit of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises an electromyography (EMG) sensor.

5. The head-worn unit of claim 1, wherein the sensor comprises a piezo switch.

6. The head-worn unit of claim 1, wherein the head-worn unit is a virtual reality unit or an augmented reality unit.

7. The head-worn unit of claim 1, wherein the sensor is communicably coupled to a controller that includes a processor and a memory coupled to the processor, the memory storing processor-executable instructions, which instructions when executed by the processor cause the processor to perform steps including:
receiving the output signal from the sensor;
evaluating the output signal to determine whether or not the output signal represents a command for a controlled device by assessing the output signal for a signal pattern indicative of volitional muscle movement actions of the wearer of the head-worn unit; and
if said processor determines that the output signal represents the command, then decoding the command and transmitting an associated control signal for the controlled device, otherwise if said processor determines that the output signal does not represent the command, not transmitting the associated control signal.

8. The head-worn unit of claim 7, wherein the sensor is a Hall effect sensor.

9. The head-worn unit of claim 8, wherein the head-worn unit is a pair of eyeglasses.

10. The head-worn unit of claim 8, wherein the head-worn unit is a virtual reality unit or an augmented reality unit.

11. The head-worn unit of claim 1, wherein the muscle movement actions of the wearer comprise volitional jaw movements.

12. A head-worn unit comprising:
a frame having a member for securing the head-worn unit to a head of a wearer;
lenses secured by the frame, the lenses positioned in front of eyes of the wearer when the wearer is wearing the head-worn unit; and
a sensor module adapted to be slidably positioned along at least a portion of a length of the member, the sensor module configured to produce an output signal responsive to volitional flexing of one or more muscles associated with jaw clenching of the wearer.

13. The head-worn unit of claim 12, wherein the sensor module comprises a Hall effect sensor.

14. The head-worn unit of claim 12, wherein the sensor module comprises an electromyography (EMG) sensor.

15. The head-worn unit of claim 12, wherein the sensor module comprises a piezo switch.

16. The head-worn unit of claim 12, wherein the head-worn unit is a pair of eyeglasses.

17. The head-worn unit of claim 12, wherein the head-worn unit is a virtual reality unit or an augmented reality unit.

18. The head-worn unit of claim 12, wherein the member comprises a temple piece.