June 27, 2014 

David Matheson 

President 

Bingo Nation Network Authority 

P.O. Box 408 

Plummer, ID 83851 

Re: Bingo Nation Game Advisory Opinion 

Dear Mr. Matheson: 

This letter responds to your request on behalf of the Bingo Nation Network Authority 

(BNNA), for an advisory opinion as to whether the Bingo Nation Game is a Class II game under 

the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act (IGRA). I have reviewed your March 21 , 2014 request, as 

well as the Bingo Nation Game Description, Bingo Nation Game Procedures, Bingo Nation 

Game Rules, and Gaming Laboratories International (GLl) Certification of Bingo Nation Game 

Server Software. I conclude that Bingo , ation, as described in the submitted materials, is a Class 

II game under IGRA. Please be advised this opinion only pertains to Bingo Nation as described 

in the submitted materials submitted to the National Indian Gaming Commission (NIGC). This 

opinion does not take into consideration or address any future television show or broadcast 

associated with the Bingo Nation Game or how the Bingo Nation Game works in relation to any 

future television show or broadcast. 

Game Description 

As described in the submitted materials, Bingo Nation is a linked bingo game with 

interim prizes and a progressive jackpot. Bingo cards are purchased via kiosks located in tribal 

gaming facilities on Indian lands as defined by IGRA. Players can either play in person at the 

gaming facility or appoint a proxy to play the cards at the gaming facility on their behalf. 

Players compete to cover pre-determined patterns based on a ball draw involving 75 numbers. 

Sales System and Game 

Bingo Nation includes a server and sales system. In order to play Bingo Nation, players 

must first purchase bingo cards from kiosks located in participating tribal gaming facilities 

located on indian lands. Each bingo card contains a 5x5 grid with 5 columns spelling out B-l-NG-0 and 24 numbers and a "free" middle space. Players may not choose their own numbers; 

NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS 90 K St. NE, Suite 200, Washington, DC 20002 Tel: 202.632.7003 fox: 202.632.7066 www.NIGC.GOV 

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rather the card contains numbers randomly selected from 75 possible numbers. Every bingo card 

is unique and is only valid for the draw date printed on the card. At the time the time the bingo 

card is purchased, a player must choose to either participate in the game by playing at the tribal 

gaming facility, or to designate a proxy, also located at the tribal gaming facility where the ball 

draw occurs, to play the card on their behalf. If the player chooses to allow a proxy to play in 

their place, the proxy player uses an electronic version of the card purchased by the player to 

play the game. 

The ball draw occurs at a tribal gaming facility which is located on Indian lands. 

Drawings are conducted using a mechanical bingo ball blower and a standard bingo ball set 

bearing numbers. Players or their proxy cover numbers on bingo cards that match the numbers 

randomly drawn by the mechanical bingo ball blower. A player wins a prize when they achieve 

either an interim or game-winning pattern and declare "bingo." There are five potential prizes in 

Bingo Nation; one each for the three interim patterns, one for the game winning pattern, and a 

progressive prize. The first interim pattern is any five numbers 1 drawn that are arranged in either 

a vettical, horizontal, or diagonal row. The second interim pattern is any eight numbers and the 

"free" space in the fonn of an "X" or "+" pattern. The final interim pattern is the sixteen 

numbers that forn1 the outside border of the bingo card. The game winning pattern is a cover-all 

pattern using all 25 squares. The progressive prize is won if the cover-all pattern is achieved 

within the first 42 numbers called. The drawing stops and the game concludes when a player 

obtains the game winning pattern. 

As previously mentioned, at the time a bingo card is purchased, a player can choose to 

have a proxy play the card on their behalf. There are at least two proxy players during each 

game. The proxy players play the game at the site of the drawing, which is a tribal gaming 

facility on Indian lands. Electronic cards are randomly assigned by the server to each proxy. 

Dming the game, the proxy player uses an "Electronic Card Minding Device" to track and cover 

cards being played. Following the draw of a number, the proxy must press a "Daub/Claim" 

button on their minding device, which covers the corresponding number on each matching game 

card. The minding device tracks the cards being played by the proxy player and notifies them if 

they have achieved a bingo. A player proxy must still claim the bingo and notify the operator of 

a potential winning pattern, though. 

A Bingo Nation player account is not necessary to purchase a bingo card, however it is 

required to redeem a winning card. A player may only redeem their winning card for a prize at 

participating tribal gaming facilities on Indian lands. The amount of the ptize is determined by 

the total amount of revenue from bingo card game sales for that game. If the progressive prize is 

not won dming the game, it rolls over to the following game. 

Game Server 

The server contains software that is operated independently from the sales system and 

cannot be accessed via the kiosks. The server is located on Indian lands. Prior to the sale of bingo 

cards, the server is used to produce an electronic library of unique randomized cards to be sold 

for a particular game. According to submitted materials, a new library is created for each game 

and can contain up to 100 million unique game cards. After it is created the library file is then 

1 A player could cover four numbers if the " free" space is used. 

2 
imported into the sales system for players to purchase cards. As mentioned previously, players 

may not choose their own numbers~ rather a random card from the library is distributed to them. 

Once the sale of bingo cards ends, the sales system reports the number of cards sold at the 

kiosks. The server then detcnnines which cards arc being played during that game, computes the 

eligible prize amounts, and assigns cards purchased for that game to the proxy players. 

The server is also used by the operator of the game to track the progress of all bingo cards 

in play. Once the game begins, the drawn numbers are entered into the server software. The 

software allows the operator to track the progress of all cards being played, to identify any cards 

that contain a winning pattern, and to validate any claims of winning cards. Proxy players also 

use the server to play on behalf of players and track the status of cards being played. 

Once the game concludes, the server creates a file containing a list of all winning game 

cards fi·om that game. The server then audits the file by checking the drawn numbers against the 

winning game cards. This ensures the card matches the winning pattern and is thus a proper 

winning card. Following the audit the file is transferred to a system which notifies players of 

winning cards and distributes the proper prize to winners. 

A player with a Bingo Nation player account will be notified of their winnings the next 

time they use a kiosk. A paper card can also be redeemed via a kiosk~ however a player must 

create a Bingo Nation player account before that occurs. 

Applicable Law 

IGRA defines Class 11 gaming in relevant part to include: 

(i) the game of chance commonly known as bingo (whether or not electronic, computer, 

or other technologic aids are used in connection therewith) --

(I) which is played for prizes, including monetary prizes, with cards 

bearing numbers or other designations: 

(II) in which the holder of the card covers such numbers or designations 

when objects, similarly numbered or designated, are drawn or electronically 

determined~ and 

(III) in which the game is won by the first person covering a previously 

designated arrangement of numbers or designations on such cards? 

NIGC regulations similarly define Class II gaming as follows: 

(a) Bingo or lotto (whether or not electronic, computer, or other technologic aids 

are used) when players: 

(1) Play for prizes with cards bearing numbers or other designations: 

(2) Cover numbers or designations when objects, similarly numbered or 

designated, are drawn or electronically determined; and 

1 25 U.S.C. §2703(7)(A). 

3 
(3) Win the game by being the first person to cover a designated pattern on 

such cards. 3 

lORA provides that Class II games may utilize "electronic, computer or other technologic 

aids.'.4 NIOC regulations define a technologic aid as "any machine or device that: (1) assists a 

player or the playing of a game; (2) is not an electronic or electromechanical facsimile; and (3) is 

operated in accordance with applicable Federal communications law."5 Electronic, computer or 

other technological aids include "machines or devices that: ( 1) broaden the participation levels in 

a common game; (2) facilitate communication between and among gaming sites; or (3) allow a 

player to play a game with or against other players rather than with or against a machine."6 

NIOC regulations also define an electronic or electromechanical facsimiles as: "a game 

played in an electronic or electromechanical fonnat that replicates a game of chance by 

incorporating all of the characteristics of the game, except when, for bingo, lotto, and other 

games similar to bingo, the electronic or electromechanical format broadens participation by 

allowing multiple players to play with or against each other rather than with or against a 

machine." 7 

In short, if a game contains the fundamental characteristics of a Class II game and is 

played using an electronic or other technologic device, the determining factor in its classification 

is whether the electronic device is an aid to the play of a game, in which case the game is Class 

II, or whether the electronic device is a facsimile of a game, in which case the game is Class III. 

Analysis 

The Definition o[Bingo 

To qualify as a Class II game, Bingo Nation must meet the three-part definition ofbingo 

found in lORA; it must be played for prizes with cards bearing numbers or other designations; 

cardholders must cover numbers as thel are drawn; and the game must be won by the first 

person to cover the designated pattern. Bingo Nation meets the first part of the definition. 

According to the material submitted by BNNA, Bingo Nation uses a bingo card containing a 5x5 

&'lid with 24 numbers and a "free" middle space. The bingo card can be a paper card played in 

person by the player or it can be an electronic card played by the proxy. There is no statutory 

requirement that bingo be played with paper cards. lORA and NIOC regulations specifically 

allow the use of technological aids in the game ofbingo9 and NIOC regulations specifically use 

''electronic cards for participants in bingo games" as an example of a technological aid. 10 As for 

the requirement that the game be played for prizes, Bingo Nation awards monetary prizes 

determined by the total amount of revenue from bingo card game sales for that game. Therefore, 

it is my opinion that Bingo Nation meets the first part of the bingo definition. 

3 25 C.F.R. * 502.3. 4 25 u.s.c. § 2703(7). 

5 25 C.F.R. * 502.7(a). 6 25 C.F.R. * 502.7(b). 7 25 C.F.R. § 502.8. 8 25 U.S.C. §2703(7)(A). 9 25 U.S.C. §2703(7)(A) & 25 C.F.R. §502.3(a). 

10 25 C.F.R. *502.7(c). 

4 
Bingo Nation also meets the second part of lORA's Class II definition that requires 

holders to cover the numbers or other designations when objects, similarly numbered or 

designated, arc drawn or electronically determined. 11 Bingo Nation can be played by either the 

purchaser of the card or by a designated proxy player. IGRA contains no statutory prohibition on 

the use of agents to play the game of bingo - it simp ~ requires that, for a game to be defined as 

Class II, the "holder of the card" cover the numbers. 1 IGRA does not further define the meaning 

of"holder" and, in Bingo Nation, the holder is either the player or the proxy designated by the 

playcr. 13 

Although the Class II definition in the NIGC regulations replaces the word "holder" with 

the word "player," as the NIGC Office of General Counsel has previously stated, "this is a 

distinction without a difference when the law of agency is applied to the analysis." 14 It is a 

fundamental tenet of the law of agency that the acts of the agent are deemed to be the acts of the 

principal. 15 When the proxy plays the bingo card for the player in Bingo Nation, the act of 

playing the card is deemed to be the act of the player. The legal effect is that the proxy is the 

player. Therefore the use of proxy players violates neither lORA's provision regarding the holder 

nor NIGC's regulations that discuss the player. 16 

As described in the materials submitted to NIGC, the card numbers arc covered by the 

proxy or by those players who are physically present at the ball draw location. The proxy player 

uses an "Electronic Card Minding Device" to track and cover the numbers determined by the 

mechanical bingo blower. Following the draw of a number, the proxy player must press a 

"Daub/Claim" button on their minding device, which covers the corresponding number on each 

matching game card. A similar feature used to cover patterns on an electronic bingo card has 

been found by a federal court to be an acceptable class II method. In U.S. v. 103 Electronic 

Gambling Devices, 17 the Federal District Court in the Northern District of California considered 

the daub feature on the MegaMania electronic bingo game which automatically identified 

electronically drawn numbers, requiring the player to merely push a ''daub" button, which 

covered the drawn number or numbers, rather than requiring the player to push a button 

coiTesponding to each relevant position on the bingo card. The court held that: 

There is nothing in IGRA or its implementing regulations (t]hat require a player 

to independently locate each called number on each of the player's card and 

manually 'cover' each number independently and separately. The statute and the 

implementing regulations merely require that a player cover the numbers without 

specifying how they must be covered. 18 19 

II 25 U.S.C. §2703(7)(A)(i)(II). 

12 Jd. 

13 See Letter from Monteau to Montgomery of July 26, 1995 re: MegaBingo Game Classification Opinion and Letter 

from Washburn to Hirsch of Nov. 14, 2000 re: National Indian Bingo Game Classification Opinion. 14 Letter from Washburn to Hirsch ofNov. 14, 2000 re: National Indian Bingo Game Classification Opinion. 15 See 3 Am. Jur. 20 Agency *2 ( 1986); See also Lubbock Feed Lots, Inc. v. Iowa Beef Processors, Inc., 630 F2d 

250,272 (51h Cir. 1980): U.S. v. Sylvanus. 192 F.2d 96, 108 (71

h Cir. 1951); and Lux Art Van Service. Inc. v. 

Pollard, 344 F.2d 883, 887 (9th Cir. 1965). 

16 See also Letter from Washburn to Hirsch of Nov. 14, 2000 re: National Indian Bingo Game Classification 

Opinion. (Finding the use of agents did not violate IGRA 's provision regarding the holder). 17 1998 WL 827586 (N.D. Cal), affirmed, 223 F.3d 1091 (9th Cir. 2000). 

IS /d. at 6. 

5 
The NIGC Office of General Counsel (OGC) also addressed this issue before in the 

National Indian Bingo Game Classification Opinion.20 There, OGC detennincd the use of bingo 

minder machines and Reader/Dauber machines did not violate the requirement that players cover 

numbers or other designations when objects, similarly numbered or designated, are drawn or 

electronically determined?' 

Therefore, based upon the previous decisions by two federal district courts in the 

MegaMania cases, as well as the ptior OGC game opinion, it is my opinion that the usc of an 

"Electronic Card Minding Device," and Bingo Nation generally, meets the Class II definition's 

requirement that a player cover numbers or designations when objects similarly numbered or 

designated, are drawn or electronically determined. 

Finally, the third element of Class II bingo requires the game be won by the first person 

to cover a previously designated pattern?2 According to the matetial submitted, there are five 

potential prizes in Bingo Nation made up of three interim patterns, the game winning pattern and 

a progressive prize. The first person(s) to cover the specified pattern wins a prize. The fact that 

the game allows prizes for intetim patterns prior to the game ending pattern being achieved does 

not automatically remove the game outside the definition of bingo. In U.S. v. I 03 Electronic 

Gambling Devices,23 the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit made clear that the third 

element could be met even if prizes are won by players before there is a game winner: 

The sum of the matter is that the lORA requirement that a "bingo" game be 

"won" by the "first player'' covering a pre-designated pattern does not mean the 

game must end when one player does so, so that everyone else wins nothing?4 

The Tenth Circuit has similarly held that "nothing in the Gaming Act or ~N IGC] regulations 

prohibits more than one winner or "interim prizes" during a game ofbingo."2 Thus, the fact that 

the first person to cover a pre-designated pattern does not end the game does not affect the 

analysis of the game. It is my opinion that that Bingo Nation satisfies the third element of the 

bingo definition. 

After analyzing Bingo Nation, I find that it meets three-part definition of bingo found in 

IGRA. 

Electronic Aid vs. Facsimile 

IGRA and NIGC Regulations also explicitly include the use of technologic aids to the 

play ofbingo in the definition of Class II gaming. Although lORA does not elaborate on what is 

19 In another case which dealt with the classification under the IGRA of the MegaMania game, the court found 

unpersuasive the argument that the game was not a class II game because the player does not actually "cover" the 

numbers, but merely presses a lighted "daub button" and the machine does the covering. United States v. 162 

MegaMania Gambling Devices. No. 97-C-1140-K (N.D. Okla. October 26, 1998), aff'd, 231 F.3d 713 (lO'h Cir. 

2000). 

20 Letter from Washburn to Hirsch of Nov. 14, 2000 rc: National Indian Bingo Game Classification Opinion. 21 Id. at 7. 22 25 U.S.C. *2703(7)(A)(i)(Ill). 

23 223 F .3d I 091 (9th Cir. 2000). 24 Id.at 1098-1099. 25 U.S., .. 162 MegaMania Gamhling De1•ices, 231 F. 3d 713,722. 

6 
or is not a technologic aid, NJGC regulations define "Electronic, computer or other technologic 

aid" as "any machine or device that: ( l) assists a player or the playing of a game; (2) is not an 

electronic or electromechanical facsimile; and (3) is operated in accordance with applicable 

Federal communications law."26 The definition includes "machines or devices that: (1) broaden 

the participation levels in a common game; (2) facilitate communication between and among 

gaming sites; or (3) allow a player to play a game with or against other players rather than with 

or against a machine."27 

As described in the submitted materials, Bingo Nation uses a number of devices in the 

play of the game. Here, though, it must be determined whether the "Electronic Card Minding 

Device", kiosks, and game server are technologic aids and not electronic or electromechanical 

facsimiles of bingo. As previously mentioned, the "Electronic Card Minding Device" is used by 

proxy players to track and cover the numbers determined by the mechanical bingo blower. 

Following the draw of a number, the proxy player presses a "Daub/Claim" button on their 

minding device, which covers the corresponding number on each matching game card being 

played. Kiosks are devices located in participating tribal gaming facilities on Indian lands and 

allow players to purchase bingo cards and appoint proxy players on their behalf. The game 

server, also located on Indian lands, contains software used to generate the bingo card library and 

allows the game operator and proxy players to track the bingo cards being played. Prior to and 

during the game, the server communicates with the kiosks and the "Electronic Card Minding 

Device." The devices satisfy the first element of the definition of"Eiectronic, computer or other 

technologic aid" because they assist the player or proxy player in playing bingo, as well as the 

operator in the playing of the game. The "Electronic Card Minding Device" assists proxy players 

in the reading and daubing of cards, while the kiosks assist in the sale of bingo cards. 

Additionally, the server assists the operator in tracking the game and ensuring the game results 

are accurate. 

The second element requires that the devices arc not "an electronic or electromechanical 

facsimile." NIGC regulations define electronic or electromechanical facsimiles as: "a game 

played in an electronic or electromechanical fonnat that replicates a game of chance by 

incorporating all of the characteristics of the game, except when, for bingo, lotto, and other 

games similar to bingo, the electronic or electromechanical format broadens participation by 

allowing multiple players to play with or against each other rather than with or against a 

machine."28 Courts have adopted a plain meaning interpretation of the term facsimile and 

recognize a facsimile as a game that electronically replicates the characteristics of the underlying 

game.

29 

The "Electronic Card Minding Device", kiosks, and game server, when considered either 

alone or together, do not replicate a game of chance or incorporate all of the characteristics of 

bingo. Rather, each device assists in the playing of the game or broadens the participation level 

26 25 C.F.R. § 502.7(a). 

27 25 C.F.R. § 502.7(b). 

2

g25 C.F.R. § 502.8. 

29 Sycuan Band of Mission Indians 1'. Roache, 54 F.3d 535, 542 W11 Cir. 1994) ("the ftrst dictionary defmition of 

'facsimile' is 'an exact and detailed copy of something"'). cerl. denied, 516 U.S. 912 (1995)~ Caba=on Band of 

Mission Indians\'. National Indian Gaming Commission, 14 F.3d 633, 636 (D.C. Cir. I994)("[a]s commonly 

understood, facsimiles are exact copies, or duplicates"). 

7 
in Bingo Nation. The devices do not change the fact that players still compete against one 

another rather than with or against a machine. In Bingo Nation, players or proxy players cover 

numbers on cards that match numbers on bingo balls drawn by a bingo blower. Players compete 

against each other to be the first person to achieve a predetermined pattern and win a prize. 

Whether a player wins or loses is detennined by the contents of the card purchased, and whether 

the numbers on the bingo balls drawn by the bingo blower match the numbers on the bingo card. 

Therefore, I find that the devices are not electronic or electromechanical facsimiles of bingo. 

The final requirement for use of a technological aid in connection with Class II bingo is 

that the aid must be operated according to applicable Federal communications law. It is the 

BNNA's responsibility to ensure that Bingo Nation is so operated. I make no determination 

whether the game as described violates any Federal communications law. 

The "Electronic Card Minding Device", kiosks and game server all assist players or the 

playing of a game and are not electronic or electromechanical facsimiles. Thus, I find them to be 

technologic aids. 

Please be advised that this legal opinion is advisory in nature only and that it may be 

superseded, reversed, revised, or reconsidered by a subsequent General Counsel or Chair of the 

Commission. Again, this opinion only relates to the Bingo Nation Game as described in the 

materials submitted to the NlGC and does not address the Bingo Nation Game in relation to any 

future television show or broadcast. Furthermore, if there are any changes made to the game as 

described, such changes might materially alter our conclusions. 

If you have any questions regarding this opinion, please contact NIGC Staff Attorney 

Miles Janssen at (202) 632-7003. 

Sincerely yours, 

~Q~ Eric Shepard 

Acting General Counsel 

8