**For the Firefighter**

Firefighters do experience short-term effects of smoke, such as stinging, watery eyes, coughing and runny noses.  Firefighters must be in good physical condition which helps to offset adverse effects from smoke. 

Previous studies have showed a small percentage of firefighters exceed occupational exposure limits for carbon monoxide and respiratory irritants.  **However, this is not a typical fire season.** It is always a good practice to follow some basic tips to reduce the health stress that smoke exposure causes firefighters.

***To Minimize Exposure to Smoke:***

· Locate camps and incident command posts in areas that are not prone to inversions.

· Reduce dust by watering roads at the incident, on drier roads leading to the incident, and in the base camp.

· Rotate personnel out of heavy smoke areas.

***Additional commonly used tactics to minimize exposure to smoke:***

· Use flank attack as opposed to head attack, where appropriate, in heavy smoke situations.

· Minimize mop-up when possible.

· Use time and patience instead of water to put the fire out:  use burn piles, allow areas to burn themselves out.  Rely on burn-up instead of mop-up.

· In heavy smoke situations, remove crews from the line when possible.

# Health Maintenance to Reduce Smoke Exposure Impacts:

· Monitor personnel for signs of fatigue and illness.

· Ensure firefighters are properly equipped for anticipated conditions (cold nights, rain, etc.).

· Provide for good rest and sleeping conditions.

· Encourage a high fluid intake during and after work for all personnel.

· Provide for adequate nutrition and supplements (e.g. antioxidants) if needed.

· Allow sick firefighters time to recover.

· Provide washing facilities near food lines and toilets.

· Limit close contact among firefighters by providing personal sleeping tents.

· Discourage sharing of canteens except in emergencies

· Encourage personnel to cover their mouth and nose when they cough or sneeze to avoid the spread of infection.

· Segregate infected personnel when possible

· Demobilize crews that have a large number of sick personnel.

· When symptoms are above the neck (stuffy nose, sneezing, scratchy throat), it is safe to continue to work if personnel continue to practice health maintenance tips mentioned above.  If symptoms include fever, aching muscles, nausea, or diarrhea, hard work should be reduced or curtailed.

· When symptoms are respiratory in nature (lung congestion, expelling of phlegm, chronic cough) it may be appropriate to reduce or curtail hard work.  If symptoms persist and become severe, the medical unit leader should consult a qualified physician to determine the appropriate treatment that may include a rest period in a clean air environment. This clean air environment could include a nearby motel or fire camp that is smoke free or a school auditorium with a closed, filtered circulation system. 

References:

Reinhardt, Timothy E.; Ottmar, Roger, D; Hallett, Michael J. 1999.  Guide to monitoring smoke exposure of wildland firefighters.  Gen. Tech. Rep. PNW-GTR-448.  Portland, OR:  Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station, 15 p.

Reinhardt, Timothy E.; Ottmar, Roger, D. In press.  Smoke exposure at western wildfires.  Res. Pap. PNW-RP-525.  Portland, OR: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 71 p.

Reinhardt, Timothy E.; Ottmar, Roger, D.; Hanneman, Andrew J.S.  In press.  Smoke among firefighters at prescribed burns in the Pacific Northwest.  Res. Pap. PNW-RP-526.  Portland, OR: Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Pacific Northwest Research Station. 45 p.

Sharkey, Brian, ed.  1997.  Health hazards of smoke:  recommendations of the April 1997 Consensus Conference.  Tech. Rep. 9751-2836-MTDC.  Missoula, MT: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Missoula Technology and Development Center. 84 p.

Prepared by A.Acheson & R. OttmarAugust 30, 2000