# Patent

## Title
Vaccine composition and use of surfactants as adjuvants of immunity

## Abstract

A composition comprising an aqueous solution comprising:

    
    
        (i) at least one antigen or at least one in vivo generator of a compound comprising an amino acid sequence, and
        (ii) as an adjuvant of immunity, a surfactant, or a mixture of surfactants, having an overall HLB number of between 5 and 15.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
The present application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/698,121, filed Oct. 30, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,422,748, which claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119 of FR 9913618 filed in France on Oct. 29, 1999, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference.


BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
(i) Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to novel adjuvants for vaccine compositions, and to compositions comprising at least one antigen, in particular an antigen of viral, bacterial or parasitic origin, and at least one adjuvant.
(ii) Description of the Related Art
The development of inactivated vaccines or vaccines containing purified antigens is increasingly significant, since it makes it possible to avoid adverse side effects. However, the improvement in the quality of the antigens occurs to the detriment of their immunogenic nature. It is for this reason that they are combined with adjuvants of immunity.
Adjuvants of immunity are products which increase the reactions of the immune system, when they are administered in the presence of antigens of viral, bacterial or synthetic origin. They cause a massive appearance of macrophages at the site of injection, and then in the lymph nodes, increase the production of specific immunoglobulins, antibodies, and stimulate many cells involved in immune defense mechanism.
These adjuvants are diverse in nature. They can, for example, consist of liposomes or emulsions.
Very effective Freund's adjuvants: they result from the combination of a mineral oil and of a mannitol ester, possibly containing a killed mycobacterium. Vaccines prepared by mixing in equal parts a Freund's adjuvant with an aqueous antigenic medium are still used as standards throughout the world for laboratory studies. They are in the form of water in oil (W/O) emulsions, i.e., emulsions in which the continuous phase is the oil. These emulsions are very viscous; they are thus difficult to inject; they are also relatively unstable, since phase displacements are observed only a few days after their preparation.
By way of ordinary adjuvants, there are also metal salts, such as aluminum hydroxide, cerium nitrate, zinc sulphate, colloidal iron hydroxide or calcium chloride. Of these, aluminum hydroxide is the most commonly used. These adjuvants are described in the article by Rajesh K. Gupta et al., “Adjuvants, balance between toxicity and adjuvanticity” Vaccine, Vol. 11, Issue 3, 1993, pages 993-1006. They exhibit, however, weak immunostimulatory effectiveness, and sometimes induce, when these therapeutic compositions are injected, the formation of lesions and other local reactions, such as granulomas, at the point of injection.
More recently, it has been discovered that water-soluble salts of divalent or trivalent metals are good adjuvants of immunity, in particular manganese gluconate, calcium gluconate, manganese glycerophosphate, soluble aluminum acetate and aluminum salicylate. Such adjuvants are described in the international patent applications published under the numbers WO 96/32964 and WO 98/17311.
As other adjuvants of immunity, in particular in the case of mucosal administration, mention may be made of the sympathomimetic compounds described in the international patent application published under the number WO 98/15288.
SUMMARY AND OBJECTS OF THE INVENTION
In the course of research into the development of novel adjuvants, the applicant has discovered that some surfactants themselves exhibit immunostimulatory effectiveness, and that it is thus possible to prepare aqueous vaccine compositions essentially free of oily phase, comprising one or more of these agents as an immunostimulant.
It is for this reason that the subject of the present invention is a composition in the form of an aqueous solution comprising:

    
    
        (i) at least one antigen or at least one in vivo generator of a compound comprising an amino acid sequence, and
        (ii) as an adjuvant of immunity, a surfactant, or a mixture of surfactants, having an overall HLB number of between 5 and 15.
    
    


The term “antigen” or the phrase “at least one in vivo generator of a compound comprising an amino acid sequence” refers to either killed microorganisms, such as viruses, bacteria or parasites, or purified fractions of these microorganisms, or living microorganisms whose pathogenic power has been attenuated. As a virus which can constitute an antigen according to the present invention, mention may be made of rabies virus, herpes viruses, such as the virus of Aujeszky's disease, orthomixoviruses such as Influenzae, picornaviruses such as the virus of foot-and-mouth disease, or retroviruses such as HIVs. As microorganisms of the bacterial type which can constitute an antigen according to the present invention, mention may be made of E. coli, and those of the Pasteurella, Furonculosis, Vibriosis, Staphylococcus and Streptococcus genera. As parasites, mention may be made of the Trypanosoma, Plasmodium and Leishmania genera. Mention may also be made of recombinant viruses, in particular nonenveloped viruses such as adenoviruses, the vaccinia virus, the canarypox virus, herpes viruses or baculoviruses. Reference is also made to a living nonenveloped viral recombinant vector, the genome of which contains, inserted preferably into a portion which is nonessential for the replication of the corresponding enveloped virus, a sequence encoding an antigenic subunit which induces synthesis of antibodies and/or a protective effect against the above-mentioned pathogenic enveloped virus or microorganism; these antigenic subunits can be, for example, a protein, a glycoprotein, a peptide or a fraction which is a peptide and/or which is protective against an infection with a living microorganism such as an enveloped virus, a bacterium or a parasite. The exogenous gene inserted into the microorganism can be, for example, derived from an HIV or Aujeszky virus.
Mention may be made in particular of a recombinant plasmid consisting of a nucleotide sequence, into which is inserted an exogenous nucleotide sequence originating from a pathogenic microorganism or virus. The aim of the latter nucleotide sequence is to allow the expression of a compound comprising an amino acid sequence, the aim of this compound itself being to trigger an immune reaction in a host organism.
The expression “in vivo generator of a compound comprising an amino acid sequence” refers to an entire biological product capable of expressing said compound in the host organism into which said in vivo generator has been introduced. The compound comprising the amino acid sequence can be a protein, a peptide or a glycoprotein. These in vivo generators are generally obtained by methods derived from genetic engineering. More particularly, they can consist of living microorganisms, generally a virus, playing the role of recombinant vector, into which is inserted a nucleotide sequence, in particular an exogenous gene. These compounds are known in themselves, and are used in particular as recombinant subunit vaccines. In this respect, reference may be made to the article by M. Eloit et al., Journal of Virology (1990) 71, 2925-2431, and to the international patent applications published under the numbers WO-A-91/00107 and WO-A-94/16681. The in vivo generators according to the invention can also consist of a recombinant plasmid which comprises an exogenous nucleotide sequence, and which is capable of expressing, in a host organism, a compound comprising an amino acid sequence. Such recombinant plasmids and their method of administration to a host organism were described in 1990 by Lin et al., Circulation 82: 2217, 2221; Cox et al., J. of Virol., September 1993, 67, 9, 5665-5667, and in the international application published under the number WO 95/25542. Depending on the nature of the nucleotide sequence included in the in vivo generator, the compound comprising the amino acid sequence which is expressed within the host organism can:
(i) be an antigen, and enable the triggering of an immune reaction; (ii) have a curative action with respect to a disease, essentially a disease of a functional nature, which has been triggered in the host organism. In this case, the in vivo generator enables gene therapy type treatment of the host.
By way of example, such a curative action can consist of synthesis by the in vivo generator of cytokines, such as interleukins, in particular interleukin-2. These interleukins allow the triggering or the reinforcement of an immune reaction directed towards selective elimination of cancerous cells.
A composition according to the invention comprises an antigen concentration which depends on the nature of this antigen and on the nature of the individual treated. It is, however, particularly noteworthy that an adjuvant according to the invention makes it possible to notably decrease the conventional antigen dose required. The suitable antigen concentration can be determined conventionally by persons skilled in the art, Generally, this dose is about 0.1 μg/cm3 to 1 g/cm3, more generally between 1 μg/cm3 and 100 mg/cm3.
The concentration of said in vivo generator in the composition according to the invention depends, here again, in particular on the nature of said generator and of the host in which is administered. This concentration can be easily determined by persons skilled in the art, on the basis of routine experiment. By way of indication, it may, however, be specified that, when the in vivo generator is a recombinant microorganism, its concentration in the composition according to the invention can be between 102 and 1015 microorganisms/cm3, preferably between 105 and 1012 microorganisms/cm3. When the in vivo generator is a recombinant plasmid, its concentration in the composition according to the invention can be between 0.01 and 100 g/dm3.
For the purpose of the present invention, the HLB number is calculated using the formula HLB=20 (1−Is/Ia) in which Is represents the saponification index and Ia represents the acid index of said surfactant or of said mixture of surfactants. These two indices, saponification and acid indices, are determined by methods described in the European Pharmacopoeia.
The main subject of the invention is a composition as defined above, in which the surfactant(s) is (are) chosen from modified fatty substances and, preferably, the surfactants(s) is (are) chosen from modified fatty substances having an overall HLB number of between 6 and 14.
The modified fatty substances used in the context of the present invention can be of mineral, plant or animal origin. As modified fatty substances of mineral origin there are oils of petroleum origin. As modified fatty substances of plant origin, there are modified plant oils, for example modified groundnut, olive, sesame, soya bean, wheatgerm, grapeseed, sunflower, castor, flax, corn, copra, palm, walnut, hazelnut or rapeseed oils. As modified fatty substances of animal origin, there are, for example, modified squalane, modified squalene, modified spermaceti oil or modified tallow oil.
The term “modified fatty substances” refers in particular to the alkoxylated derivatives of fatty substances, and more particularly the alkoxylated derivatives of oils or the alkoxylated derivatives of alkyl esters of oils, and more particularly the ethoxylated and/or propoxylated derivatives of oils or the ethoxylated and/or propoxylated derivatives of the methyl, ethyl, linear or branched propyl, or linear or branched butyl esters of said oils. A subject of the invention is more specifically a composition as defined above, in which the modified fatty substance is chosen from the ethoxylated derivatives of oils having a number of EOs of between 1 and 60.
A subject of the invention is particularly a composition as defined above, in which the modified fatty substance is an alkoxylated derivative of corn oil, or a mixture of alkoxylated derivatives of corn oil, having an overall HLB number of between 10 and 14, or a composition as defined above in which the modified fatty substance is an ethoxylated derivative of castor oil, or a mixture of alkoxylated derivatives of castor oil, having an overall HLB number of between 7 and 10. As examples of such compositions, there is the composition in which the modified fatty substance is chosen from the ethoxylated derivatives of corn oil having a number of EOs of between 20 and 40, or the composition in which the modified fatty substance is a mixture of ethoxylated derivatives of castor oil having a number of EOs equal to 7 and of ethoxylated derivatives of castor oil having a number of EOs equal to 60.
A composition which is a subject of the present invention contains between 0.2 mg/cm3 and 500 mg/cm3 of adjuvant, more particularly between 2 mg/cm3 and 500 mg/cm3 of adjuvant and preferably between 50 mg/cm3 and 200 mg/cm3 of adjuvant.
According to a second specific aspect of the present invention, a subject of this invention is a composition as defined above, in which the surfactant(s) is (are) chosen from the alkoxylated derivatives of esters of fatty acids and of polyols or the alkoxylated derivatives of ethers of fatty alcohols and of polyols, and more particularly from alkoxylated fatty acid triglycerides, the polyglycerol alkoxylated esters of fatty acids, the alkoxylated esters of fatty acids with a hexol, such as for example sorbitol or mannitol, or the alkoxylated esters of fatty acids with a hexol anhydride, such as sorbitan or mannitan.
As fatty acids which are suitable for preparing these modified esters, there are more particularly those comprising from 12 to 22 carbon atoms, advantageously a fatty acid which is liquid at 20° C., such as for example those comprising from 16 to 18 carbon atoms, for instance oleic acid, ricinoleic acid or isostearic acid.
The composition as defined above contains in particular one or more ethoxylated derivatives of esters of fatty acids and of polyols, or the ethoxylated derivatives of ethers of fatty alcohols and of polyols, having a number of EOs of between 1 and 60. The surfactant, or the mixture of surfactants, of this composition as defined above has more particularly an overall HLB number of between 10 and 14, and preferably between 12 and 13. As an example of such a composition, there is the one in which the surfactant is an ethoxylated derivative of mannitan oleate having a number of Eos of between 5 and 15, and preferably between 7 and 11.
A surfactant according to the invention is preferably pharmaceutically acceptable for the mucous membranes; it must, in particular, be devoid of heavy metals and have very low acid or peroxide indices. It is also desirable for it to satisfy the standards of innocuity tests such as those described by S. S. Berllin, Annals of Allergy, 1962, 20, 473, or the abnormal toxicity tests described in the European Pharmacopoeia.
The composition according to the invention can comprise a conventional immunostimulant such as AVRIDINE®, N,N-dioctadecyl-N′,N′-bis(2-hydroxy-ethyl)propanediamine, MDP (muramyl depeptide) derivatives, in particular threonyl-MDP, mycolic acid derivatives or Lipid A derivatives.
The composition according to the invention can comprises one or more water-soluble metal cation organic salts, such as for example calcium gluconate, manganese gluconate, aluminum salicylate or soluble aluminum acetate. When the adjuvant composition according to the invention comprises a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, this salt is at a concentration of 0.02 to 3000 mg/cm3, preferably 0.1 to 1000 mg/cm3, more preferably from 0.1 to 150 mg/cm3.
The composition according to the invention can comprise a sympathomimetic compound. The term “sympathomimetic compounds” refers in particular to amphetamines, catecholamines, phenylisopropylamines and tyramine. As examples of such compounds mention may be made in particular of isoproterenol, L-adrenalin, levarterenol, ephedrine, phenylephedrine and salbutamol When the adjuvant composition according to the invention comprises a sympathomimetic compound, this compound is at a concentration of 10−10 molar to 10−2 molar, preferably from 10−7 molar to 10−5 molar.
The use of surfactants as defined above as adjuvants in the vaccine compositions, and more particularly in the vaccine compositions which have no oily phase, constitutes another aspect of the present invention.
The composition according to the invention can be used as a preventive or curative medicinal product. Depending on the nature of the antigen or of the in vivo generator, a composition according to the invention can be administered to fish, crustaceans such as shrimps, poultry, in particular geese, turkeys, pigeons and chickens, to Canidae such as dogs, to Felidae such as cats, to pigs, to primates, to Bovidae, to Ovidae and to horses. The composition according to the invention can also be administered to humans. The administration of the composition can be carried out conventionally via the parenteral route, in particular by subcutaneous, intramuscular or intraperitoneal injection, or via the mucosal route, in particular orally, rectally, nasally or vaginally. According to another aspect of the invention, it consists of the use of an adjuvant as defined above for preparing a vaccine intended for preventing or for treating an infectious disease, in particular an infectious disease engendered by a virus or a microorganism, such as those mentioned above.
According to another final aspect of the present invention, it consists of the use of this adjuvant for preparing a composition intended to treat a disease of a functional nature, such as cancer or cystic fibrosis.


EXAMPLE 1
100 microliters of various compositions containing a surfactant, phosphate buffer (PBS) and 10 mg/cm3 of ovalbumin were injected subcutaneously into various batches of 5 female mice of the OF1 strain, weighing an average of 18 to 20 grams, at t=0 with a booster at t=28 days.
Blood samples are taken at 14, 28, 42, 56, 90 and 180 days.
ELISA assays are carded out on the blood samples, for IgG1s in order to determine the humoral immune response, and IgG2as in order to determine the cellular immune response. Local reactions were evaluated at 7 days and at 35 days.
The compositions are as follows:














Surfactant used (SA)


Buffer
Antigen


(Composition)
HLB of
SA in
(PBS)
(10 mg/cm3) in


weight %
SA
μl
in μl
μl



















Ethoxylated corn oil
4.1
100
1900
20


(3 EOs) (Reference 1)


Ethoxylated corn oil
7.9
100
1900
20


(10 EOs) + glycerol at 2%


of initial load


(Composition A)


Ethoxylated corn oil
10.4
100
1900
20


(20 EOs) + glycerol at 2% of


initial load


(Composition B)


Ethoxylated corn oil
12.3
100
1900
20


(30 EOs) + glycerol at 2%


of initial load


(Composition C)


Ethoxylated corn oil
13.8
100
1900
20


(40 EOs) + glycerol at 2%


of initial load


(Composition D)


Ethoxylated corn oil
14.2
100
1900
20


(20 EOs) + glycerol at 4%


of initial load


(Composition E)


Ethoxylated corn oil
11.3
100
1900
20


(40 EOs) + glycerol at 4%


of initial load


(Composition F)


Mannitan oleate (5 EOs)
10.9
100
1900
20


(Composition G)


Mannitan oleate (8 EOs)
12.4
100
1900
20


(Composition H)


Mannitan oleate (10 EOs)
13.1
100
1900
20


(Composition I)


Mannitan oleate (15 EOs)
14.6
100
1900
20


(Composition J)


Mannitan oleate (20 EOs)
15.6
100
1900
20


(Composition K)


Mannitan oleate (40 EOs)
17.3
100
1900
20


(Composition L)


Mannitan oleate
3.3
100
1900
20


(Reference 2)


Mannitan oleate (8 EOs)
12.1
100
1900
20


(Composition M)


Mannitan oleate +
6.5
100
1900
20


mannitan oleate (8 EOs)


(Composition N)


Mannitan oleate +
5.0
100
1900
20


mannitan oleate (8 EOs)


(Composition O)


Manganese gluconate
—
200
1800
20


(Reference 3)


Control
—
0
2000
20









The results of the ELISA assays are as follows:













IgG1 assay (timescale in days)













Composition
D14
D28
D42
D56
D90
D180
















Reference (1)
1500
1000
32000
48000
32000
6000


Composition (A)
1000
1000
8000
12000
3000
1500


Composition (B)
1000
1000
64000
64000
16000
8000


Composition (C)
2000
1000
96000
128000
128000
12000


Composition (D)
1500
1000
6000
32000
64000
6000


Composition (E)
1000
1000
32000
64000
96000
24000


Composition (F)
3000
8000
64000
128000
128000
32000


Composition (G)
2000
2000
8000
64000
48000
8000


Composition (H)
4000
8000
128000
128000
48000
16000


Composition (I)
4000
1000
128000
96000
48000
12000


Composition (J)
1000
2000
64000
24000
6000
2000


Composition (K)
1000
1000
24000
12000
2000
2000


Composition (L)
1000
1000
18000
6000
2000
2000


Reference (2)
1000
1000
32000
16000
3000
2000


Composition (M)
4000
4000
128000
128000
256000
48000


Composition (N)
1500
1000
128000
64000
32000
12000


Composition (O)
1000
1000
32000
20000
16000
2000


Reference (3)
32000
32000
256000
128000
32000
8000


Control
1000
1000
4000
2000
3000
1000






















IgG2a assay (timescale in days)













Composition
D14
D28
D42
D56
D90
D180
















Reference (1)
1000
1000
1000
1500
3000
1000


Composition (A)
1000
1000
1000
1000
2000
1000


Composition (B)
1000
1000
2000
2000
2000
1000


Composition (C)
1000
1000
4000
1500
3000
1000


Composition (D)
1000
1000
1000
2000
4000
1000


Composition (E)
1000
1000
1000
2000
4000
1000


Composition (F)
1000
1000
1000
6000
4000
1000


Composition (G)
1000
1000
1000
8000
3000
100


Composition (H)
1000
1000
1000
3000
3000
1000


Composition (I)
1000
1000
4000
3000
2000
1000


Composition (J)
1000
1000
3000
1500
2000
1000


Composition (K)
1000
1000
1000
1500
2000
1000


Composition (L)
1000
1000
1000
1500
2000
1000


Reference (2)
1000
1000
1000
1500
3000
1000


Composition (M)
1000
1000
4000
1500
6000
1000


Composition (N)
1000
1000
4000
1500
2000
1000


Composition (O)
1000
1000
4000
1500
6000
1000


Reference (3)
1000
1000
4000
16000
2000
1000


Control
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000
1000









EXAMPLE 2
The procedure is carried out in the same way as in Example 1, with the following ethoxylated castor oils as surfactants:














Surfactant used (SA)


Buffer
Antigen


(Composition)
HLB of
SA
(PBS)
(10 mg/cm3)


weight %
SA
in μl
in μl
in μl



















Ethoxylated castor oil
6
100
1900
20


100% (7 EOs) (Composition P)


Ethoxylated castor oil
7
100
1900
20


89.13% (7 EOs) + 10.87%


(60EOs) (Composition Q)


Ethoxylated castor oil
8
100
1900
20


78.26% (7 EOs) + 21.74%


(60EOs) (Composition R)


Ethoxylated castor oil
9
100
1900
20


67.39% (7 EOs) + 32.61%


(60EOs) (Composition S)


Ethoxylated castor oil
10
100
1900
20


56.52% (7 EOs) + 43.487%


(60 EOs) (Composition T)


Ethoxylated castor oil
10.6
100
1900
20


50% (7 EOs) + 50%


(60 EOs) (Composition U)


Ethoxylated castor oil
11
100
1900
20


45.65% (7 EOs) + 54.35%


(60 EOs) (Composition V)


Ethoxylated castor oil
12
100
1900
20


34.78% (7 EOs) + 65.22%


(60EOs) (Composition W)


Ethoxylated castor oil
13
100
1900
20


23.91% (7 EOs) + 76.09%


(60 EOs) (Composition X)


Ethoxylated castor oil
14
100
1900
20


13.04% (7 EOs) + 86.96%


(60 EOs) (Composition Y)


Mannitan oleate (15 EOs)
14.6
100
1900
20


(Composition J)


Ethoxylated castor oil
15.2
100
1900
20


100% (60EOs)


(Composition Z)


Control (C1)

1000
1000
20


Control (C2)

0
2000
20









The results of the ELISA assays are as follows:













IgG1 assay (timescale in days)













Composition
D14
D28
D42
D56
D90
D180
















Composition (P)
1600
600
8000
16000
12000
nd


Composition (Q)
3200
600
16000
64000
48000
nd


Composition (R)
2400
400
48000
64000
64000
nd


Composition (S)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd


Composition (T)
600
100
16000
32000
32000
nd


Composition (U)
100
100
8000
32000
32000
nd


Composition (V)
100
100
8000
12000
6000
nd


Composition (W)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd


Composition (X)
200
100
3000
4000
3000
nd


Composition (Y)
400
100
4000
12000
8000
nd


Composition (Z)
100
100
8000
6000
6000
nd


Control (C1)
19200
12800
256000
128000
128000
nd


Control (C2)
100
100
4000
2000
1500
nd






















IgG2a assay (timescale in days)













Composition
D14
D28
D42
D56
D90
D180
















Composition (P)
100
100
8000
3000
3000
nd


Composition (Q)
100
100
1200
4000
8000
nd


Composition (R)
100
100
32000
8000
8000
nd


Composition (S)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd


Composition (T)
100
100
16000
3000
8000
nd


Composition (U)
100
100
6000
4000
4000
nd


Composition (V)
100
100
4000
15000
2000
nd


Composition (W)
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd
nd


Composition (X)
100
100
1000
1000
1000
nd


Composition (Y)
100
100
1000
1000
1000
nd


Composition (Z)
100
100
1000
1000
3000
nd


Control C1
100
100
8000
3000
8000
nd


Control C2
100
100
1000
1000
1000
nd

## Claims

1. A vaccine comprising:
(i) at least one antigen or at least one in vivo generator of a compound comprising an amino acid sequence, and
(ii) a surfactant, or a mixture of surfactants, having an overall HLB number of between 5 and 15 and comprising:
ethoxylated derivatives of ester of fatty acids having 12 to 22 carbon atoms with sorbitan or mannitan having a number of EOs of between 1 and 60; or
ethoxylated derivatives of oils having a number of EOs of between 1 and 60.

2. The vaccine as defined in claim 1, wherein said vaccine does not include an oily phase.

3. The vaccine as defined in claim 1, wherein said vaccine is suitable for mucosal vaccination.

4. The vaccine as defined in claim 1, wherein said vaccine suitable for application orally, nasally, rectally, or vaginally.

5. The vaccine of claim 1, wherein said surfactant or said mixture of surfactants comprises:
ethoxylated derivatives of mannitan oleate having a number of EOs of between 5 and 15;
ethoxylated derivates of corn oil having a number of EOs between 20 and 40; or
ethoxylated derivatives of castor oil having a number of ECs equal to 7 or equal to 60.