# Patent

## Title
Distributed buoyancy pipeline installation method

## Abstract

Apparatuses including a subsea pipeline (18) extending from a first location (14) to a second location (16) and including at least one distributed buoyancy region (102) to traverse a seabed topographic feature (12) are presented. Methods including laying a subsea pipeline (218) including laying a negatively buoyant section of pipeline (218A), a distributed buoyancy section (202) of pipeline (218), and a second negatively buoyant section of pipeline (218B) from a pipelay vessel (220) to traverse an undersea topographic feature (212) are also presented.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application having Ser. No. 10/711,487, filed on Sep. 21, 2004, now U.S. Publication No. 2006/0067792, the entirety of which is incorporated by reference herein.


BACKGROUND
1. Field
The present embodiments generally relate to methods for installing a distributed buoyancy pipeline section. More specifically, the present embodiments relate to methods for installing a sub-surface distributed buoyancy pipeline section comprising a number of discrete buoyancy producing modules distributed about the pipeline section.
2. Description of the Related Art
The pursuit of petroleum products in deep waters has revealed an underwater world completely different from a level or gradually sloping seabed. Far off the coast, unlike relatively featureless continental shelves where most offshore oil and gas has been historically developed, the deep-water ocean bottom has hazardous topographic features that can compromise pipelines and subsea structures. These topographic features include enormous basins, domes, valleys, cliffs, canyons, and escarpments.
An escarpment, or scarp, is a steep slope or cliff formed by erosion or faulting. The Sigsbee Escarpment, for example, is the largest in the Gulf of Mexico and lies beyond the edge of the continental shelf thousands of feet below the sea surface. The Sigsbee Escarpment encompasses drops of hundreds to over a thousand feet and extends for hundreds of miles. Between the Sigsbee Escarpment and the continental shelf exists a region called the continental slope. Because of the randomness and variability of the salt and sediment deposits, the topography of the continental slope is a complex landscape with many scarp-like features.
This complex topography is a significant challenge to laying subsea pipeline across these regions. The abrupt changes in the slope across such topographic features and escarpments can cause pipelines crossing them to bend sharply. This bending leads to ovalization of the pipeline cross section which may cause the pipeline to buckle and collapse. Large free spans exceeding the stress and vortex induced vibration fatigue limits of the pipeline can also result from seabed irregularities associated with these topographic features.
Subsea pipelines are most often used to transport production fluids from offshore facilities to land or to other offshore facilities. Such fluids include, but are not limited to, gases (methane, ethane, etc.), liquid hydrocarbons, additives (diluents added to heavy fluids, or corrosion control additives), or any mixture thereof. These pipelines typically rest on the ocean bottom and can extend for miles at depths exceeding 3500 feet (1050 m) of water. Many issues arise with respect to the laying of subsea pipelines including countering the subsea currents, traversing the varying topography, and the complexity of the installation process itself. Existing solutions for spanning the treacherous topographic features described above can be costly, risky, environmentally destructive, or result in other hazards.
Existing solutions include re-routing pipelines through existing valleys or canyons where the slope is more gradual, drilling subsea conduits, and blasting or trenching the undersea topography to provide a better support profile for the pipeline. The re-routing option can be time consuming and expensive because it requires a longer pipeline. The trenching, blasting, and drilling options can have a negative impact on the undersea environment and sea life and can likewise be very costly. Other options, including the installation of rigid pilings and framework to support pipeline spans have been tried on smaller scale installations, but would be very costly on longer spans.
Undersea pipelines are crucial to the low cost delivery of production fluids (hydrocarbons) from offshore facilities to land or to other offshore facilities. If pipelines are not available, the hydrocarbons must be transported via tankers or some other means to the coast. Pipelines are generally considered lower risk than tankers because there is significantly less risk of maritime collisions and there are fewer exchanges (platform to tanker; tanker to shore facility) of the hydrocarbons. The hazardous topography of the continental slopes increases the risk (through stresses and failures) that leaks may occur. A solution that safely allows pipelines to traverse hazardous topography in a manner that is more cost effective and environmentally responsible would be highly desirable.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
For a more detailed description of the embodiments, reference will be made to the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIG. 1A is a schematic representation of a distributed buoyancy pipeline in accordance with an embodiment.
FIG. 1B is a close up view of a distributed buoyancy region of the distributed buoyancy pipeline of FIG. 1A.
FIG. 2A is a schematic representation of an unbuoyed pipeline span crossing a topographic feature.
FIG. 2B is a schematic representation of an unbuoyed pipeline span crossing a topographic feature and connected to a flexure control device at its upper end.
FIG. 2C is a schematic representation of the pipeline span of FIG. 2B with a distributed buoyancy system in accordance with an embodiment.
FIG. 2D is a schematic representation of the pipeline span of FIG. 2B with a distributed buoyancy system in accordance with a second embodiment.
FIG. 2E is a schematic representation of the pipeline span of FIG. 2B with a distributed buoyancy system in accordance with a third embodiment.
FIG. 2F is a schematic representation of a pipeline span having a distributed buoyancy system and crossing a topographic feature connected to a flexure control devices at each end in accordance with a fourth embodiment.
FIG. 2G is a schematic representation of the pipeline span of FIG. 2F with a distributed buoyancy system in accordance with a fifth embodiment.
FIG. 2H is a schematic representation of a free pipeline span having a distributed buoyancy system and crossing a topographic feature in accordance with a sixth embodiment of.
FIG. 2I is a schematic representation of the pipeline span of FIG. 2H wherein a first end of the pipeline span is connected to a flexure control device in accordance with a seventh embodiment.
FIG. 2J is a schematic representation of the pipeline span of FIG. 2H wherein a second end of the pipeline span is connected to a flexure control device in accordance with an eighth embodiment.
FIG. 2K is a schematic representation of the pipeline span of FIG. 2H wherein both ends of the pipeline span are connected to flexure control devices in accordance with a ninth embodiment.
FIGS. 3A through 3E are schematic representations of a method used to deploy a distributed buoyancy pipeline in accordance with an embodiment.
FIGS. 4A through 4H are schematic representations a second method used to deploy a distributed buoyancy pipeline in accordance with an embodiment.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
A detailed description will now be provided. Each of the appended claims defines a separate invention, which for infringement purposes is recognized as including equivalents to the various elements or limitations specified in the claims. Depending on the context, all references below to the “invention” may in some cases refer to certain specific embodiments only. In other cases it will be recognized that references to the “invention” will refer to subject matter recited in one or more, but not necessarily all, of the claims. Each of the inventions will now be described in greater detail below, including specific embodiments, versions and examples, but the inventions are not limited to these embodiments, versions or examples, which are included to enable a person having ordinary skill in the art to make and use the inventions, when the information in this patent is combined with available information and technology.
The deficiencies of the prior art are addressed by methods and apparatuses to elevate a subsea pipeline section using distributed buoyancy to facilitate the traversal of steep underwater slopes, hazardous topographic features, and other varied irregularities on the seabed.
One embodiment is an apparatus that includes a subsea pipeline to traverse a topographic feature, the pipeline including at least one distributed buoyancy region. The pipeline includes a first section extending from a first location to a distributed buoyancy region and the second region extending from the distributed buoyancy section to a second location. The distributed buoyancy region connects the first and second pipeline sections to one another and allows fluid communication therethrough. Optionally, the distributed buoyancy region can be a plurality of buoyancy modules or can be a continuous coating of buoyant material. Optionally, the pipeline can include a tether system to retain the pipeline in place and to resist undersea currents. The apparatus can include a flexure control device at the first location, the second location, or both the first and second locations. The flexure control device can be offset from a cliff edge at the first or second location. Optionally, the distributed buoyancy region can be either positively buoyant or negatively buoyant.
One method for traversing an undersea topographic feature with a subsea pipeline includes laying a negatively buoyant first section of the pipeline from a pipelay vessel from a first location on a sea floor. The method includes laying a positively buoyant distributed buoyancy section of the pipeline from the pipelay vessel over the topographic feature. The method then includes laying a negatively buoyant second section of the pipeline from the pipelay vessel to a second location on the sea floor. Optionally, the first section, the distributed buoyancy section, and the second section are joined together aboard the pipelay vessel and subsequently laid as a single continuous pipeline.
Another method for traversing an undersea topographic feature with a buoyed pipeline includes installing first and second completed pipelines at first and second respective locations with the first completed pipeline terminating at a first connection device and the second completed pipeline terminating at a second connection device. The method can include laying the buoyed pipeline with a first mating device at a first end and a second mating device at a second end. The method can include landing the first mating device proximate to the first connection device and the second mating device proximate the second connection device. The method can include installing a first fluid connection between the first connection device and the first mating device and a second fluid connection between the second connection device and the second mating device.
A method for connecting a first pipeline to a second pipeline across an undersea topographic feature includes laying a distributed buoyancy pipeline across the topographic feature. The distributed buoyancy pipeline includes a first mating device at a first end and a second mating device at a second end. The method optionally includes landing the first mating device proximate to a first connection device of the first pipeline and landing the second mating device proximate to a second connection manifold of the second pipeline. The method includes installing a first fluid connection between the first connection device and the first mating device and installing a second fluid connection between the second connection device and the second mating device.
With reference to the figures, referring initially to FIGS. 1A and 1B, a distributed buoyancy pipeline system 10 is shown. Distributed buoyancy system 10 is shown traversing a scarp 12 and extends from the top 14 of scarp 12 to the bottom 16 of scarp 12. Distributed buoyancy system 10 includes a length of pipeline 18 in an arc-shaped configuration as it traverses scarp 12. While a scarp 12 is shown, it should be understood to one of ordinary skill in the art that various other topographic obstructions and hazards including, but not limited to, basins, domes, valleys, cliffs, and canyons, may be traversed without departing from the spirit of the subject matter.
To traverse scarp 12, a distributed buoyancy section 20 is located along pipeline 18 to create a region of positive buoyancy P. Distributed buoyancy section 20 is shown in FIG. 1B as a region of spaced generally circumferential buoys 22 about pipeline 18, but other distributed buoyancy solutions can be deployed. For example, pipeline 18 can be constructed to include other distributed buoyancy schemes known to those skilled in the art including, but not limited to, integral buoyancy features, applied buoyancy coatings, and tethered buoyancy elements. Distributed buoyancy section 20 is desirably constructed so as to avoid any localized stresses or strains in affected pipeline 18, which might otherwise result in fatigue of pipeline 18 cross-section, thereby negating the benefits of distributed buoyancy system 10 and risking rupture of pipeline 18.
Pipeline 18 is deployed with distributed buoyancy section 20 so that it is laid in the shape of an inverse catenary or wave that completely spans scarp 12 without intermittent contact between pipeline and slope of scarp 12. Furthermore, as will be described in more detail below, the wave shape of pipeline 18 allows for a spanning of scarp 12 without contacting any potential hazard areas at the top or bottom of the slope of scarp 12.
Referring generally now to FIGS. 2A-2K, several different deployments of undersea pipelines 18 traversing scarps 12 are shown. FIGS. 2A-2K are merely schematic in nature and therefore are solely for the purpose of describing some of the particular configurations available under the present embodiments. No specific material or component requirements are to be inferred from viewing the schematics. Furthermore, the reader is not to assume that FIGS. 2A-2K are drawn to any particular or consistent scale or to reflect relative stress conditions. Furthermore, it should be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that additional tethers (not shown) could be added to stabilize the various embodiments of undersea pipelines 18 traversing scarps 12. These tethers, while not necessarily a primary structural support for the pipeline 18 installations, offer secondary restraint to limit the displacement of pipelines 18 as a result of undersea currents. Such tethers can be installed and secured using methods and apparatuses well known to one skilled in the art.
Referring specifically to FIG. 2A, an unbuoyed pipeline 18, a span having negative buoyancy N, traversing a scarp 12 is shown. Because pipeline 18 experiences an abrupt change in direction at scarp 12 without stress or strain relief, ovalization and failure are likely to occur in region 32 of the pipeline.
Referring now to FIG. 2B, unbuoyed undersea pipeline 18 system is shown traversing an undersea scarp 12. In this schematic, the stress condition of pipeline 18 has been improved through the addition of a flexure control device 36. Flexure control device 36 can be a flex joint or a tapered stress control joint as would be known to those skilled in the art. Flexure control devices 36 can act either to allow the stress-free bending of pipeline 18 or to reduce the local stress experienced by pipeline 18 as it bends. Furthermore, flexure control device 36 can act as an anchor to resist displacement of pipeline 18 resulting from currents and other forms of loading. By adding flexure control device 36, the likelihood of ovalization of pipeline 18 at region 32 is greatly diminished. Depending on topography, for example, when the angle of scarp 12 is less than 90 degree. to the horizontal, high tension may be required in pipeline 18 to support it clear of the seabed. However, stresses, strains, and likelihood of failure at unbuoyed region 34 are not eliminated merely through the addition of flexure control device 36. While less than those experienced at region 32 without flexure control device 36, the stresses and strains at region 34 can still be unsatisfactory to ensure against catastrophic pipeline failure.
Referring now to FIG. 2C, a schematic representation of a distributed buoyancy pipeline system 100 in accordance with a first embodiment is shown. Distributed buoyancy system 100 includes a combination of pipeline 18 and flexure control device 36 traversing scarp 12. Additionally, distributed buoyancy pipeline system 100 includes a buoyed section 102 of pipeline along the scarp 12 span 104. The pipeline 18 of FIG. 2C is not completely supported by buoyancy and therefore span 104 has a net negative buoyancy N, however it is lower in magnitude that that of region 34 of FIG. 2B, for example, at least 50 percent less, thereby reducing tension in pipeline 18 in span 104.
Referring now to FIG. 2D, a schematic representation of a distributed buoyancy pipeline system 110 in accordance with a second embodiment is shown. Distributed buoyancy pipeline system 110 traverses scarp 12 through the use of flexure control device 36 and two sections of pipeline 18, one upper buoyant section 112, and one lower unbuoyed section 114. Buoyant section 112 exhibits positive buoyancy P and unbuoyed section 114 exhibits negative buoyancy N. As a result, pipeline 18 exhibits an S-shaped curve as it traverses scarp 12. The positive buoyancy of upper section 112 acts to relieve stresses in pipeline 18 at or near the connection with flexure control device 36. The negative buoyancy of lower section 114 allows the pipeline to lie on the sea floor at the bottom 16 of scarp 12.
The combination of positively buoyant section 112 and negatively buoyant section 114 enables pipeline 18 to exhibit a smooth, gradual S-curve as it traverses scarp 12. This S-curve reduces the stresses and strains experienced by the cross-section of pipeline 18 in the region of flexure control device 36. Clearances between the span of pipeline 18 and the bottom 16 of scarp 12 are increased.
Referring now to FIG. 2E, a schematic representation of a distributed buoyancy pipeline system 120 in accordance with a third embodiment is shown. Distributed buoyancy pipeline system 120 traverses scarp 12 from flexure control device 36 to bottom 16. Distributed buoyancy system 120 includes two primary sections, an upper positively buoyed section 122 exhibiting positive buoyancy P, and a lower negatively buoyed section 124 exhibiting a negative buoyancy N. Furthermore, a negatively buoyed section 128 connects upper section 122 to flexure control device 36. Distributed buoyancy pipeline system 120 is desirably constructed such that buoyancy of upper section 122 is such that pipeline 18 rises above flexure control device 36 at the top 14 of scarp 12 before connecting to lower section 124 to form the S-curve as pipeline 18 traverses scarp 12. Buoyancy of upper section 122 is also enough to prevent any buckling or excessive bending of section 128. Differences in the amount of buoyancy and the lift of pipeline 18 above flexure control device 36 allow for different S-curves to be created.
Referring now to FIG. 2F, a schematic representation of a distributed buoyancy pipeline system 130 in accordance with a fourth embodiment is shown. Distributed buoyancy pipeline system 130 includes a pipeline crossing from an upper end 14 to the bottom 16 of a scarp 12 through upper and lower flexure control devices 36A, 36B. Pipeline 18 desirably includes an upper, positively buoyed section 132 and a lower, negatively buoyed section 138. Pipeline system 130 is more restricted in its freedom of movement than the embodiments discussed above because of its use of two flexure control devices 36A and 36B. Because flexure control devices 36A, 36B also act as anchors for pipeline 18, system 130 is well suited for situations where pipeline 18 needs to be more constrained against undersea currents or other events that might displace pipeline 18. Furthermore, the buoyancy of section 132 is enough to maintain control of any bending stress or strain in section 138 of pipeline 18. The length of sections 132 and 138 and the amount of buoyancy used in upper section 132 are designed to beneficially allow pipeline system 130 to gently arc from first flexure control device 36A to the second one at 36B, thereby reducing stresses.
Referring next to FIG. 2G, a schematic representation of a distributed buoyancy pipeline system 140 is shown in accordance with a fifth embodiment. Like system 130 of FIG. 2F, pipeline system 140 includes upper and lower flexure control devices 36A, 36B to traverse pipeline 18 across scarp 12. Distributed buoyancy pipeline system 140 includes a positive buoyancy section 142 and two negative buoyancy sections 148A and 148B. Positively buoyant section 142 is designed so that any curves in pipeline system 140 are slight enough to be well within the structural limitations of pipeline 18.
Referring now to FIG. 2H, a schematic representation of a distributed buoyancy pipeline system 150 in accordance with a sixth alternative embodiment is shown. Unlike systems of FIGS. 2B-2G, distributed buoyancy pipeline system 150 of FIG. 2H does not include a flexure control device. Instead, distributed buoyancy system 150 includes a pipeline 18 extending from an upper portion 14 of a scarp 12 to a bottom portion 16. In traversing scarp 12, pipeline system 150 includes three regions, a positive buoyancy section 152, and two negative buoyancy sections 154A and 154B. Negative buoyancy sections 154A, 154B connect on either side of positive buoyancy section 152 and thereby allow a smooth transition before and after scarp 12 to allow pipeline 18 to approach the upper portion of scarp 12 and the bottom portion 16 tangentially. To prevent pipeline 18 from being displaced significantly by environmental forces, tethers (not shown) or other mooring systems can be used. The buoyancy of section 152 is can be distributed such that pipeline 18 gently arcs and traverses over scarp 12 without inducing elevated stresses in the pipeline 18 cross section.
One benefit to pipeline system 150 of FIG. 2H is that extensive investigation into the geotechnical and topographic conditions at the top 14 and bottom 16 of scarp 12 is not necessary because no anchor device is used. For the same reason, this embodiment is not as sensitive to foundation conditions in the immediate vicinity of scarp 12. Often, the geological conditions at abruptly changing or steep slopes 14A will not be stable and efforts to install anchors or flexure control devices (item 36 in FIGS. 2B-2G) may not be successful. This benefit can partly apply to other embodiments where a tangential approach to the seabed is employed rather than an anchored flexure control device.
Referring now to FIG. 21, a schematic representation of a distributed buoyancy pipeline system 160 in accordance with a seventh embodiment is shown. As with the system 150 of FIG. 2H, distributed buoyancy system 160 is constructed so that the flexure control device 36, or anchor, is offset from the cliff edge 14A at the top 14 of scarp 12. Distributed buoyancy system 160 is similar to system 120 of FIG. 2E except that flexure control device 36 is located further back at the top 14 of scarp 12. Distributed buoyancy pipeline system 160 includes a positively buoyed section 162 of pipeline 18 between negatively buoyed sections 164A and 164B of pipeline 18. The buoyancy and length of section 162 are designed to beneficially allow pipeline system 160 to extend further back from cliff edge 14A at top 14 of scarp 12, to a region where the placement of flexure control device 36 might be more appropriate.
Referring now to FIG. 2J, a schematic representation of a distributed buoyancy pipeline system 170 in accordance with an eighth embodiment is shown. In contrast to other embodiments, distributed buoyancy system 170 includes a flexure control device 36 at the bottom 16 of scarp 12 with a free end of pipeline 18 set back from cliff edge 14A at top 14 of scarp. As a result, distributed buoyancy pipeline system 170 includes a positively buoyed section 172, a negative buoyancy section 174 at the top of the scarp, and a negative buoyancy section 178 extending between section 172 and flexure control device 36. As with FIGS. 2H-2I, pipeline 18 landing at top 14 of scarp 12 occurs far enough away from cliff edge 14A to make detailed investigation of the geological/geotechnical conditions of edge 14A less critical. This type of installation can be favorable for situations when the stability of the formation at the bottom 16 of scarp 12 is known to be conducive for anchoring and the stability at the top 14 is either unknown or is known to be non-conducive.
Referring now to FIG. 2K, a schematic representation of a distributed buoyancy pipeline system 180 in accordance with a ninth embodiment is shown. Similarly to distributed buoyancy pipeline system 140 of FIG. 2G, distributed buoyancy system 180 includes a pipeline 18 extending from the top 14 to the bottom 16 of a scarp 12 through two flexure control devices 36A, 36B. Distributed buoyancy pipeline system 180 includes a positive buoyancy section 182 and two negative buoyancy sections 188A, 188B. Distributed buoyancy system 180 is designed in a fashion that is similar to distributed buoyancy system 140 of FIG. 2G but with the exception of flexure control device 36A being set off from cliff edge 14A.
Referring now to FIGS. 3A-3E, one embodiment for a method to install a distributed buoyancy pipeline system 200 is disclosed. Referring initially to FIG. 3A, an undersea scarp 212 is shown below a waterline 210. Scarp 212 extends from a top, upper region 214 to a bottom, lower region 216 and includes a steep slope 215 therebetween. A pipeline-laying vessel 220 is shown in the early stages of laying a distributed buoyancy pipeline system 200. Pipeline laying vessel 220 may be of any configuration known by one of ordinary skill in the art, but is shown here as an S-lay type configuration. Other methods, appreciable to those skilled in the art, that may be used include J-lay and reel-lay configurations. Vessel 220 lays pipeline 218 as it would normally do until it nears undersea scarp 112.
Referring now to FIG. 3B, as the vessel 220 crosses scarp 212, the crew installs buoyancy devices 222 to pipeline 218A thus creating positively buoyed section 202. Buoyancy devices 222 proceed down the lay apparatus, pipe lay stinger (not shown), into the water as vessel 220 traverses scarp 212 until the desired configuration and length of buoyancy section 202 is deployed.
Referring to FIGS. 3C-3D, vessel 220 has deployed the desired number of buoyancy devices 222 and buoyancy section 202 configuration and length are set. Vessel 220 continues to lay pipeline system 200 by paying out pipeline 218B as it traverses across scarp 212 on ocean surface 210.
Referring now to FIG. 3E, the traversal of scarp 212 by distributed buoyancy pipeline system 200 has been completed. Distributed buoyancy pipeline system 200 now includes a pipeline 218A, 218B that extends from a top portion 214 to a bottom portion 216 of scarp 212. The portion traversing the slope 215 of scarp 212 desirably includes a plurality of distributed buoys 222 that together form a positive buoyancy section 202. The unbuoyed sections of pipeline 218A, 218B remain negatively buoyant. The positive buoyancy section 202 allows pipeline 218 to traverse scarp 212 without experiencing significant bending stresses or strains. A mooring system (not shown) may be deployed to restrict the displacement of pipeline 218 in its installed position.
Referring generally to FIGS. 4A-4H, an alternative method for installing a distributed buoyancy pipeline system 300 is disclosed. This alternative method can be used when increased stability resulting from the presence of high currents or waves is desired. Referring specifically to FIG. 4A, an undersea scarp 312 is shown below a waterline 3 10. As shown in FIG. 4A, previous operations have resulted in the installation of anchoring devices 306A, 306B at the top 314 and bottom 316 of scarp 312. Anchoring devices 306A, 306B act to prevent axial and transversal movement of objects attached therefrom.
Pipeline 318A, 318B is laid to the approaches using traditional methods and is terminated with pipeline end connection devices 304A and 304B respectively. Pipelines 318A, 318B and pipeline end connection devices 304A, 304B are laid and secured into place using methods familiar to one of ordinary skill in the art. They may be installed prior to operations described by FIGS. 4B-4D or post operations described by FIGS. 4B-4D. If installed prior to operations described by FIG. 4B-4D, pipeline end connection devices may be combined with anchoring devices.
Referring now to FIGS. 4B and 4C, the installation of distributed buoyancy pipeline system 300 begins. First, pipelay vessel 320 begins pipeline initiation in a fashion known to one of ordinary skill in the art by welding initial pipe for pipeline 318 to pipeline end connection device 304AA at the pipe end which will initially enter the water. A support vessel 321 takes up station above anchoring device 306A. A pulling line 308 is rigged from a winch 338 on vessel 321 through sheave 307A on anchoring device 306A and to pipeline end connection device 304AA and on to vessel 321 again using methods known to one ordinarily skilled in the art. Pipelay of pipeline 318BB commences with winch 338 pulling connection device 304AA to the seabed proximate to anchoring device 306A. Optionally, additional support and orientation control for connection device 304AA may be provided by crane (or by winch or other pulling device) 339 on vessel 321 (or on another vessel 320) via line 309 to connection device 304AA.
Referring now to FIG. 4D, the installation of distributed buoyancy pipeline system 300 continues with pipe laying vessel 320 continuing to pay out pipeline 318AA, attaching distributed buoyancy devices 322 thereto, thus, creating a distributed buoyancy section 302 of pipeline 318. While distributed buoyancy section 302 is shown schematically as a plurality of buoys, it should be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that various other distributed buoyancy systems, including, but not limited to, buoyant coatings, buoyant pipe, or buoyant half-shells, may be used. As laying vessel 320 pays out pipeline, lifting vessel 321, in a coordinated effort, slowly pays out cable 309 and takes in cable 308 to guide pipeline end connection device 304AA to its destination. When pipeline end connection device 304AA is properly in position, lifting vessel 321 disconnects lines 309 and 308 and attaches a connection from 304AA to anchoring device 306A. Various means known to one skilled in the art exist to make structural and fluid conduit connections between connection 304AA, anchoring device 306A, and pipeline 318A, 318M.
A jumper 319A is shown in FIG. 4E between the two pipeline end connection devices 304A, 304AA to make the fluid connection.
Referring now to FIG. 4F, the pipe laying vessel 320 has completed deploying the distributed buoyancy devices 322 to form the length of the distributed buoyancy section 302 of pipeline system 300 and is now continuing across scarp 312, paying out pipeline 318BB.
Referring now to FIG. 4G, the remainder of pipeline 318BB has been completed and pipeline end connection device 304BB has been installed on the end of pipeline 318BB which is last to enter the water. The pipeline end with connection device 304BB is lowered by means known to one skilled in the art to a location proximate to anchor device 306B. Lowering can employ laydown line 311 and the weight of the pipeline end connection device 304BB. Optionally, line 308 can be rigged from winch 338 on vessel 321 through sheave 307 on anchoring device 306B to pipeline end connection 304BB to draw connection device 304BB down to a location proximate to anchor device 306B. Optionally, additional support and orientation control for connection device 304BB may be provided by crane (or winching or other pulling device) 339 on vessel 321 (or on another vessel 320) via line 308 to connection device 304BB.
Once pipeline end connection device 304BB is in position, an operation is performed to connect pipeline end connection devices 304B and 304BB together for fluid communication with a jumper 319B. With jumpers 319A and 319B in place, pipeline system 300, as shown in FIG. 4H, is ready to transfer hydrocarbons therethrough.
It should be understood by one of ordinary skill in the art that pipeline installations in accordance with the disclosed embodiments of the present embodiments are intended to be for permanent undersea pipeline installation. Other pipeline systems may exist to use buoyancy in the laying of subsea pipeline, but such systems are either temporary in nature or do not use distributed buoyancy in their designs.
Numerous embodiments and alternatives thereof have been disclosed. While the above disclosure includes the best mode belief in carrying out the embodiments as contemplated by the named inventors, not all possible alternatives have been disclosed. For that reason, the scope and limitation of the present invention is not to be restricted to the above disclosure, but is instead to be defined and construed by the appended claims.

## Claims

1. A method for laying a pipeline across an underwater topographic feature, comprising:
laying at least a portion of a first section of negatively buoyant pipeline directly on a seabed at a first side of a topographic feature to be traversed;
laying at least a portion of a second section of negatively buoyant pipeline directly on the seabed at a second side of the topographic feature;
connecting a distributed buoyancy region to the first and second sections of negatively buoyant pipeline, wherein the distributed buoyancy region forms an inverse catenary-shaped pipeline having a plurality of buoyancy solutions disposed thereabout;
suspending the distributed buoyancy region in the inverse catenary shape; and
flowing a fluid through the distributed buoyancy region while suspended in the inverse catenary shape and while the first and second sections of negatively buoyant pipeline remain on the seabed.

2. The method of claim 1 wherein the distributed buoyancy region is self-supporting.

3. The method of claim 1 wherein the distributed buoyancy region traverses an underwater topographic feature.

4. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one connection between the distributed buoyancy region and the first and second sections of negatively buoyant pipeline is made on a surface vessel.

5. The method of claim 1 wherein at least one connection between the distributed buoyancy region and the first and second sections of negatively buoyant pipeline is made sub-surface using a remotely operated vehicle.

6. The method of claim 1 wherein each buoyancy solution comprises two or more discrete buoyancy producing devices.

7. The method of claim 1 wherein welded connections are used to make the connections between the distributed buoyancy region and the first and the second pipeline sections.

8. The method of claim 1 wherein the topographic feature comprises at least one change in elevation between the first side and the second side.

9. The method of claim 1 wherein the first side and the second side have an elevational difference between the two.

10. The method of claim 1 wherein the distributed buoyancy region is positively buoyant when the plurality of buoyancy solutions are located below the waterline.

11. A method for installing a pipeline, comprising:
laying at least a portion of a first section of negatively buoyant pipeline directly on a seabed between a first location and a first side of a topographic feature to be traversed;
installing a first mating device on the first section of negatively buoyant pipeline at the first side of the topographic feature;
laying at least a portion of a second section of negatively buoyant pipeline directly on a seabed between a second location and a second side of a topographic feature to be traversed;
installing a second mating device on the second section of negatively buoyant pipeline at the second side of the topographic feature;
routing a third section from the first side of the topographic feature to the second side of the topographic feature, wherein the third section forms an inverse catenary-shaped pipeline having a first end, a second end and a plurality of buoyancy solutions disposed thereabout;
connecting the first mating device to the first end of the third section to provide a fluid tight connection therebetween;
connecting the second mating device to the second end of the third section to provide a fluid tight connection therebetween;
suspending the third section in the inverse catenary shape; and
flowing a fluid through the third section while suspended in the inverse catenary shape and while the first and second sections of negatively buoyant pipeline remain on the seabed.

12. The method of claim 11 wherein the connections between the third section and the first and second pipeline sections are made using a remotely operated vehicle.

13. The method of claim 11 further comprising:
installing, proximate to the first mating device, a first anchor and first sheave;
routing a first end of a first tether through the first sheave and connecting the first end of the first tether to the first end of the third section;
attaching a second end of the first tether to a winch; and
winching the first tether through the first sheave to bring the first end of the third section proximate to the first mating device.

14. The method of claim 13 wherein the first anchor is a piling.

15. The method of claim 11 further comprising:
installing, proximate to the second mating device, a second anchor and second sheave;
routing a first end of a second tether through the second sheave and connecting the first end of the second tether to the second end of the third section;
attaching a second end of the second tether to a winch; and
winching the second tether through the second sheave to bring the second end of the third section proximate to the second mating device.

16. The method of claim 15 wherein the second anchor is a piling.

17. The method of claim 11 wherein the connection between the first mating device and the first end of the third section is accomplished using a first jumper comprising a length of flexible fluid conduit.

18. The method of claim 11 wherein the connection between the second mating device and the second end of the third section is accomplished using a second jumper comprising a length of flexible fluid conduit.

19. The method of claim 11 further comprising installing one or more tethers on the third section.

20. The method of claim 11 wherein each buoyancy solution comprises a plurality of discrete buoyancy producing devices.

21. The method of claim 11 wherein said third section is self-supporting.

22. The method of claim 11 wherein the third section traverses a subsurface topographic feature.

23. The method of claim 11 wherein the first location and second locations are sub-surface.

24. The method of claim 11 wherein the topographic feature comprises at least one change of elevation between the first side and the second side.

25. The method of claim 11 wherein the first side and the second side have an elevational difference between the two.

26. The method of claim 11 wherein the third section is positively buoyant when the plurality of buoyancy solutions are located below the waterline.