June 9, 1995 

CHAIRMAN, NATIONAL INDIAN : Docket No. INDIAN 94-1 

GAMING COMMISSION, 

: Indian Gaming Regulatory Act 

Appellee, : 25U.S.C.§2701etseq. 

: Notice of Violation 93-1 

LUMMI INDIAN BUSINESS 

COUNCIL, 

Appellant ------------------------- 

STATE OF WASHINGTON, 

Amicus Curiae 

DECISION 

Appearances: Alan R. Fedman, Esi., Washington, D.C., for Appellee; 

George Forman, Esq., Berkeley, California, for Appellant; 

Jonathan T. McCoy, Esq., Olympia, Washington, for Amicus Curiae. 

 his decision arises as a resuit of an appeal from a Notice of Violation (NOV) issukd by 

the Chairman of the National Indian Gaming Commission (Appellee) to the Lummi Indian 

Business Council (Appellant) for violations in the conduct of its gambling operations at the 

Lummi Casino. These violations were alleged by the Appellee pursuant to 25 C.F.R. 

5 273.3. This decision is issued in accordance with 25 C.F.R. Part 577 
Backmound 

The Lummi Indian Reservation is located near Bellingham, Washington, and is governed 

by the Appellant. In December 1991, the Appellant established the Lummi Casino to 

provide an alternate source of employment and income for Tribal members who once 

depended on the declining Tribal fishing industry for support. 

The Lummi Casino is operated without a compact between the State of Washington and 

the Appellant. In the absence of a compact, all games offered for play by the Lummi 

Casino must be Class I or Class 11, as defined by the Indian Gaming Regulatory Act 

(IGRA), 25 U.S.C. 5 2701 et seq. The Lummi Casino offers bingo, pull-tabs, and a 

I' 

number of card games including, but not limited to, Pai Gow Poker, Texas Hold-em, and 

7-Card Stud. 

Since July 23, 1993, the Lumrni Casino has offered a non-banking version of Pai Gow 

Poker 24 hours a day, with wager limits of up to $5,000 per player per hand. The 

Lummi Casino's Texas Hold-em and 7-Card Stud games are "Bad Beat Jackpot" versions, 

which are played in a similar manner as other Texas Hold-em and 7-Card Stud games. 

As a variation, the Bad Beat versions offer players the opportunity to win more than the 

sum of the wagers on a particular hand from pools accumulated from players' wagers in 

preceding games. 
i 

On November 22, 1993, the Appellee issued Notice of Violation 93-1 (NOV 93-11, 

'III 4*LJ alleging the Lummi Casino's poker games were Class 111 gaming activities as defined by 

the IGRA because they were being offered 24 hours a day and at wager limits higher than 

allowed by State regulations. 

The Appellant could legally offer Class I11 gaming activities only if conducted in 

conformity with a Tribalistate compact between the Lummi Tribe and the State. 

25 U.S.C. 5 2710(d)(l)(C). The Appellant brought these gaming operations at the Lummi 

Casino into conformity with State laws concerning wagers and hours of operation and no 

further proceedings were scheduled on the matter at that time. 

! 

On December 15, 1993, notice of a second violation was issued by the Appellee under the 

qW same number as the first violation (NOV 93-1). The Appellee alleged that the game of 

Pai Gow Poker being offered at the Lummi Casino was in violation of the IGRA and State 

regulations. This notice alleged that Pai Gow Poker could not be played legally in 

Washington State without a compact because it not explicitly authorized by the 

Washington State Gambling Commission (WSGC) and was therefore a Class I11 activity. 

This notice also alleged that the wagering limits and hours of operation for Pai Gow Poker 

did not conform to the applicable State laws and regulations. This nonconformity would 

also render it a Class III activity. 
The Appellant appealed this asserted violation on the ground that although the State did 

*d not expressly authorize the game of Pai Gow Poker, neither did it expressly prohibit the 

game. Further, the Appellant asserted that because the State permitted it to be played 

elsewhere in the State of Washington, it was not being played in violation of the IGRA. 

The Appellant also argued that because Pai Gow Poker was not included in the State's list 

of permitted games, it was not subject to WSGC limits on hours and wagers. Finally, the 

Appellant argued - that the State's bad faith in attempting to negotiate a TribalIState 

compact excused any conduct that might not conform with State laws and regulations. 

In February 1994, the State petitioned to participate as party to this proceeding. On 

February 24, 1994, this case was assigned to Harvey C. Sweitzer, an Administrative Law 

Judge from the Department of the Interior and assigned Docket No. INDIAN 94-1. After 

ww consideration of the State's request to participate as a party, an order denying intervention 

was issued and the State was granted status as Amicus Curiae (Amicus). 

On March 15, 1994, the Appellee issued a Notice of Proposed Civil Fine Assessment 

concerning Pai Gow Poker operations at the Lummi Casino pursuant to its authority to 

issue civil fines under 25 U.S.C. 6 2713(a). The Appellee took into consideration the 

economic benefit of noncompliance, seriousness of the violation, history of violation, 

negligence or willfulness, and good faith of the Appellant, and arrived at a proposed sum 

of $5,000 per day for each day the noncompliance cited in the NOV continued. 
On May 2, 1994, the proceedings were stayed until July 12, 1994, pending an action by 

''uu**rr~ the WSGC concerning adoption of proposed changes to the Washington Administrative 

Code. The parties asserted that the proposed changes, if adopted, could be dispositive of 

at least certain issues involved in this proceeding. On July 11, 1994, the WSGC adopted 

several proposed amendments pertinent to the issues in this case and further dates were 

scheduled to commence this proceeding. 

On October 17, 1994, the Appellee filed an amendment to the first asserted violation 

(NOV 93-1, dated November 22, 1993). This amendment addressed card games other 

than Pai Gow Poker and alleged violations of State wager limits by allowing more than 

three raises per betting round, by offering wager limits of up to $20 per player, and by 

offering "progressive" jackpots allegedly paid from funds accumulated by retaining a 

WMf percentage of the wagers on previous games. 

The Appellant appealed this amendment to the first asserted violation on the ground that 

wagers for poker games being offered at the Lumrni Casino were the same as those 

authorized by the State on Indian lands elsewhere in the State, and, therefore, that there 

was no violation. The Appellant also contended that bad faith on the part of the State 

respecting attempts to reach a compact agreement excused any violation found to exist. 

An evidentiary hearing was conducted on December 6, 1994, in Bellingham, Washington, 

at which the parties presented evidence in support of their respective positions. 
On February 22, 1995, the parties reached a settlement concerning the Appellee's 

*uJ' proposed civil fines. The settlement agreement establishes civil fines applicable to each 

violation with respect to the period of time from the beginning date of each violation until 

a'final decision is issued by the Commission. This decision therefore does not address 

any issues concerning civil fines. 

The Appellee, Appellant, and Amicus, briefed the issues extensively. Both parties have 

also submitted proposed frndings of fact and conclusions of law. Portions of the briefs 

and proposed findings and conclusions may be incorporated herein verbatim without 

attribution. This decision is based upon the whole record and includes findings of fact 

and conclusions of law as directed by 25 C.F.R. 8 577.14. 

w On May 22, 1995, the State of Washington submitted objections to the May 10, 1995, 

recommended decision of Administrative Law Judge Sweitzer pursuant to 25 C.F.R. 

5 577.140>). Section 577.14(') provides, however, that objections may be fded by the 

parties. Since the State was not granted the opportunity to intervene, and instead 

participated as Amicus, the State's objections were not considered. 
Statement of Issues 

There are several issues for determination in this case. The first issue is whether the 

game of Pai Gow Poker, as played at the Lummi Casino, is a Class I1 or Class I11 gaming 

activity. Resolution of this issue depends upon whether Pai Gow Poker is played in 

conformity with applicable State regulations concerning wager and hour limitations. The 

second issue is whether Texas Hold-em and 7-Card Stud, as played at the Lummi Casino, 

are Class I1 or Class 111 gaming activities. Resolution of this issue also depends upon 

whether the games in question are played in conformity with applicable State laws and 

regulations concerning limitations on wagers. The third and final issue is whether the 

"Bad Beat Jackpot" versions of Texas Hold-ern and 7-Card Stud offered at the Lummi 

%@ Casino are Class II gaming activities. Resolution of this issue depends upon whether Bad 

Beat is expressly authorized or not expressly prohibited and played legally anywhere in 

the State and whether it is played in conformity with applicable State laws and regulations 

concerning limitations on hours and wagers. 

Avvlicable Law 

The IGRA separates gambling activities into three classes. "Class I" activities are social 

games solely for prizes of minimal value or traditional forms of Indian gaming engaged in 

by individuals as part of, or in connection with, tribal ceremonies or celebrations. 
25 U.S.C. § 2307(6). "Class I" activities are under the exclusive jurisdiction of the 

Fr/ Indian tribes. 25 U.S.C. 5 2710(a)(l). States may neither prohibit nor regulate "Class I" 

gaming activities. 

"Class 11" activities include bingo and its variations, and certain card games. 25 U.S.C. 

5 2307(7). Class I1 activities are operated with joint oversight of the tribe and the 

Commission. 25 U.S.C. 2710(a)(2). The only application of state law to Class I1 card 

games in that state is that such gaming must be consistent with state prescribed hours of 

operation and limits on wagers and pot sizes. 

To determine whether an activity falls within the Class I1 category, the IGRA directs us to 

look to the laws of the state wherein the tribe is located: 

(1) An Indian tribe may engage in, or license and regulate Class 11 gaming 

on Indian lands within such tribe's jurisdiction if-- 

(A) such Indian gaming is located within a state that permits 

such gaming for any purpose by any person, organization or 

entity. 

25 U.S.C. 2710@).' 

The phrase "for any purpose by any person, organization or entity" makes no distinction 

between state laws that allow Class I1 gaming for charitable, commercial, or governmental 

' With the wide variety of state authorized card games, 

including poker, there can be no question that such gaming is 

permitted in the State of Washington. 
purposes, or the nature of the entity conducting the gaming. If such gaming is not 

W criminally prohibited by the state in which tribes are located, then tribes, as governments, 

are free to engage in such gaming. 134 Cong. Rec. 3071, 3082 (1988). 

Class I1 card games are those nonbanking card games that: 

(I) are explicitly authorized by the laws of the State, or 

(II) are not explicitly prohibited by the laws of the State and are 

played at any location in the State, 

but only if such card games are played in conformity with those laws and 

regulations (if any) of the State regarding hours or periods of operation of 

such card games or limitations on wagers or pot sizes in such card games. 

\ "Class ID" activities are all those which do not fit into Class I or Class II. 25 U.S.C. 

w 5 2307(8). Class 111 activities may be conducted only under a TribaVState compact 

providing for joint TribalIState oversight of these operations. 25 U.S.C. 5 2710(d)(l)(c). 

Washington law declares that raising funds for charitable or nonprofit organizations is 

authorized and that bingo, raffles, and amusement games and the operation of punch 

board, pull-tabs, card games and other social pastimes, when conducted pursuant to State 

rules and regulations, are authorized. Wash. Rev. Code 9.46.010. Washington allows 

parimutuel wagering in relation to horse racing events (Wash. Rev. Code $ 67.16), a State 

lottery (Wash. Rev. Code 5 67.70), bingo, raffles, fund raising events (casino nights), 
punchboards and pull tabs, and low-stakes non-banked card rooms (Wash. Rev. Code 

5 9.46). 

One form of gambling specifically authorized in the State of Washington is "social card 

games. " Wash. Rev. Code 5 9.46.0325. The State's definition of "social card games" 

contains six requirements: 

(1) There must be two or more participants and each of them are players; 

(2) A player's chance at winning in the long run is determined by skill; 

(3) No organization collects or obtains or charges any percentage of the 

money or thing of value wagered or won by any player; 

(4) No organization collects or obtains any money or thing of value from, 

or charges or imposes any fee upon, any person which either enables him to 

play or results in or from his or her playing in excess of three dollars per 

half hour of playing time;2 

(5) The type of card game is specifically approved by the commission; and 

(6) Wagers do not exceed the amount or value specified by the commission. 

Wash. Rev. Code 5 9.46.0281. 

The WSGC lists several card games by name, including poker, as card games authorized 

to be played in the State and sets forth specific rules to be followed. Poker is further 

described in the regulation as: 

Prior to amendment of July 16, 1994, this amount was $2 per half hour. 

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Any poker game described in Hoyle's Modern Encyclopedia of Card 

Games, by Walter B. Gibson, published by Doubleday and Company, Inc., 

April 1974, 1st edition, pages 219-277 provided that only a maximum of 

five betting rounds per hand are permitted. 

Wash. Admin. Code 8 230-40-010(1) (1994). Entities which are conducting these games 

can make "immaterial modifications to the rules of each authorized game set out in 

[Hoyle's]" Wash. Admin. Code 5 230-40-015(1). 

The IGRA only requires compliance with State laws regarding wagers and hours of 

operation (and pot limits where applicable). 25 U.S. C. 8 2703(7)(A)(ii)(II). The State's 

limits on wagers in card games are set forth at Wash. Admin. Code 5 230-40-120: 

(1) the maximum number of any wagers in any betting round is three 

wagers comprised of the original wager and two raises; 

(2) the maximum value of a wager in any betting round is: 

(a) ten dollars for games with a single betting round; 

(b) for games with two betting round, wagers for the first and 

second round are limited to ten dollars; 

(c) for games with three betting rounds, wagers for the first 

two rounds are limited to five dollars and wagers for third 

round are limited to ten dollars; 

(d) for four betting round games, wagers are established by 

house rule provided that total wagers cannot exceed twenty 

five dollars and a single wager is limited to ten dollars; 

(e) for five betting round games, wagers are established by 

house rule, provided that total wagers cannot exceed thirty 

dollars and a single wager is limited to ten dollars. 
The wagering limits provided in the regulations are not to be exceeded in 

any social card game.3 

Wash. Admin. Code $ 230-40-120 (1994). 

The State does not have any regulation concerning the amount of money which may be in 

the pot of these card games. The WSGC does, however, address hours of operation by 

prohibiting the operation of card games between the hours of 2:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. 

Wash. Admin. Code $ 230-40-400 (1994). 

In taking the preceding applicable laws and regulations into consideration, it must be 

determined whether the poker games at issue, Pai Gow Poker, 7-Card Stud, Texas Holdem, and Bad Beat, as played at the Lummi Casino, violate the IGRA or applicable State - laws and regulations. It must be kept in mind that, for Class 11 card games, the only state 

laws or regulations which may be applied to that activity on Indian lands are those 

concerning hours of operation and limitations on wager and pot sizes. 

Prior to July 16, 1994, the WSGC regulations provided that wagers on social card 

games may exceed $5 but in no case could exceed $10. Wash. Admin. Code 

$ 230-40-120. 
Summary of the Evidence 

I. National Indian Gaming Commission 

By the close of the record in this case, taking into consideration the entire administrative 

record, the evidence presented at the hearing, and the Appellee's post hearing briefs, the 

Appellee established the facts below in regard to the playing of Pai Gow Poker. Pai Gow 

Poker is played at the Lummi Casino with a single betting round. Since July 23, 1993, 

Pai Gow Poker has been offered at the Lummi Casino 24 hours a day and with wager 

limits of up to $5,000 per hand. The Lumrni Casino receives compensation from players 

w in the amount of $1 for each $100, or portion thereof, that a player wagers. This 

compensation is unrelated to the amount of time a participant plays the game. 

Effective July 16, 1994, the WSGC amended its regulations to include Pai Gow Poker as 

an authorized social card game. During the period following the July 16, 1994, 

amendment, WSGC regulations provided that in card games with one betting round, 

wagers could not exceed $10 per player. The WSGC had no knowledge of Pai Gow 

Poker being offered on a "for profit" basis in the State on non-Indian lands prior to these 

amendments. 
Regarding Texas Hold-em and 7-Card Stud wagering limits at the Lummi Casino, the 

Appellee established the following facts. Texas Holdem and 7-Card Stud are authorized 

social card games in the State. Under WSGC regulations, the maximum number of raises 

permitted in a single betting round is two. At the Lummi Casino, Texas Hold-em and 7- 

Card Stud are offered with an initial wager and up to three raises per betting round. 

At the Lummi Casino, Texas Hold-em is offered with four betting rounds and permissible 

wagers of $5/$10 and $10/$20. Under WSGC regulations, the maximum total of initial 

wagers permitted in a four round betting game is $25. At the Lummi Casino, the total 

initial wagers on a $5/$10 game is $30 and the total of the initial wagers on a $10/$20 

game can reach as high as $60. 

At the Lummi Casino, 7-Card Stud is offered with five betting rounds and permissible 

wagers between $2 and $10. Under WSGC regulations, the maximum total of initial 

wagers permitted in a five round betting game is $30. The Lummi Casino permits initial 

wagers which exceed the $30 limit. 

Regarding Progressive or Bad Beat card games as played at the Lummi Casino, the 

Appellee established the following facts. A portion of each pot in a Texas Hold-em or 7- 

Card Stud game is collected by the Casino and set aside as a progressive jackpot fund. If 

a player is dealt a certain pre-determined hand, and still loses, the jackpot is won. The 

jackpot is shared with all of those in the card room actively participating in a card game 
of the same type at the time the jackpot is won. A player need not be playing at the same 

d as the winner, only playing the same type of card game as the winner. In the State, 

Iicensed card room operators (non-Indian) have been subjected to prosecution for 

operation of progressive card games. In determining whether to prosecute, the WSGC 

takes into consideration whether or not the operator of progressive games retains a portion 

of the jackpot. 

Gaming activities which would be classified as Class 111 under the IGRA are conducted on 

other Indian lands in the State of Washington. These gaming activities are conducted 

under individual TribalIState compacts negotiated with the State. 

emmi Indian Business Council 

By the close of the record in this case, taking into consideration the entire administrative 

record, the evidence presented at the hearing, and the Appellant's post hearing briefs, the 

Appellant established the facts below regarding the playing of Pai Gow Poker at the 

Lummi Casino. The Casino offers Pai Gow Poker 24 hours per day. Players are allowed 

to wager up to $5,000 per hand. The Casino is compensated by a service fee of $1 for 

every $100, or portion thereof, that a player wagers. This compensation is collected 

separate from the wager itself at the time the cards are dealt to a player. This method of 

collection is an allowable method of collection in states that prohibit percentage games. 
Other tribes in the State of Washington offer versions of Pai Gow Poker at higher than the 

'*ru* $10 wager limit imposed by the WSGC regulations. All of these other facilities are 

operated under individual TribalIState compacts. 

Concerning games of Texas Hold-em and 7-Card Stud, the Appellant established that 

these games are offered only during the hours authorized by the WSGC's regulations for 

non-Indian card rooms. Other tribal gaming facilities in the State offer poker games at 

wagering limits higher than those set for non-Indian card rooms and with up to four raises 

per round. These tribal gaming activities are all conducted under individual TribalIState 

compacts . 

Concerning Bad Beat Jackpot offered at the Lumrni Casino, Appellant established that 

w participants in poker games of Texas ~old-em and 7-d Stud have had the opportunity to 

win more than the sum of the wagers on a particular hand from Bad Beat Jackpot pools 

accumulated from players' wagers in preceding games. 

These games are played in exactly the same manner as other Texas Hold-em and 7-Card 

Stud games, with the same limits on wagers and number of betting rounds. The jackpot 

feature has no affect on the actual wagers made or cost of participation in the games. The 

existence of the jackpot affects the strategy that a player employs. Using strategy, a 

skilled player may improve prospects for creating conditions under which a jackpot may 

be won. 
,- 

The Lummi Casino creates Bad Beat pools with a $1 collection from each hand that is 

*d played. The poker department separates the collections from the Bad Beat Texas Hold-em 

games into three jackpot funds and does likewise with the collections from the Bad Beat 

7-Card Stud games. Multiple jackpot funds are created to ensure that there will always be 

a jackpot fund from which jackpots can be paid. 

Players are apprised of the existence of the jackpot funds and the Lummi Casino receives 

no portion of the money in the funds. The only benefit that the Casino receives is the 

stimulation of business. A jackpot is won when a player holding a specified strong hand 

is beaten by a stronger hand. When a jackpot is won, all of the players in the poker room 

who are playing the same kind of game participate in the distribution of the jackpot. 

CIIWV Activities which would be classified as Class III under the IGRA are conducted on other 

Indian lands in the State. These other Indian gaming operations are conducted under 

individual TribaVState compacts negotiated with the State. 

Discussion 

I. TribaVState Compacts 

Throughout this proceeding, the Appellant has asserted that because other tribal gaming 

facilities in the State are allowed by TribaYState compacts to operate activities in a certain 
manner, the Lummi Casino should be able to so operate, despitq the absence of a 

*~rrr TribalIState compact specifically allowing such activities on the Lummi Reservation. 

Rather than addressing this assertion with respect to each violation separately, it can be 

resolved in one analysis. Under the IGRA, the regulatory scheme contained in an 

individual TribaVState compact applies only on the Indian lands of that particular Indian 

tribe. This is a matter of Federal Iaw, not State law. 

The Appellant argues that once an activity is permitted under a TribalIState compact, then 

it is "played at any location in the State" for purposes of 25 U.S.C. § 2703(7)(A) and 

such an activity then becomes a Class II activity. This is an erroneous interpretation of 

the IGRA. "In interpreting the IGRA, we use our traditional tools of statutory 

construction. 'Interpretation of a statute must begin with the statute's language. '" 

IklM Rmey Indian Rancheria of Wintun Indian v. California, 41 F.3d 421, 426 (9th Cir. 

1994) (citing Mallard v. United States Dist. Ct. for the So. Dist of Iowa, 490 U.S. 296, 

301 (1989)). The plain language of the IGRA gives a much narrower scope of application 

for a TribaUState compact. "Class III gaming activities shall be lawful on Indian lands 

only if such activities are conducted in conformance with a TribaVState compact entered 

into by the Indian tribe and the State." 25 U.S.C. § 2719(d)(l)(C). The IGRA further 

limits application of a compact in that "any Indian tribe may enter into a TribalIState 

compact governing gaming activities on the Indian lands of the Indian tribe. " 25 U.S.C. 

6 2710(d)(3)(B) (emphasis added). The wording clearly indicates that activities negotiated 

in a compact are exclusive to the compacting tribe. 
An examination of the IGRA's legislative history further supports this interpretation. In 

compacting with a state, an Indian tribe is giving up its exclusive power to govern the 

gaming activities on its land and is allowing the state concurrent powers to regulate these 

gaming activities on its land. "To the extent tribal governments elect to relinquish rights 

in a TribalIState compact that they might have otherwise reserved, the relinquishment of 

such right shall be specific to the tribe so making the election, and shall not be construed 

to extend to other tribes." 134 Cong. Rec. 3071, 3076 (1988). The legislative history 

reinforces the position that the IGRA "does not contemplate and does not provide for the 

conduct of Class 111 gaming activities on Indian lands in the absence of a TribalIState 

compact. " Id. 

It has been established by both parties in this case that tribal gaming facilities are operated 

*II@ in the State of Washington by the Nooksack, Swinomish, and Tulalip Tribes (Tr. II 

209-21 1). In these other facilities, activities are offered which exceed the wager and 

hours of operation limits set forth by the WSGC. The operation of activities beyond the 

State limits renders the activities Class III under the IGRA. These tribes are allowed to 

operate outside of the limits of State regulation for one very important reason. They have 

each negotiated individual TribaVState compacts with the State of Washington (Tr. I1 

217), pursuant to Federal law, IGRA. In return for this sharing of power, the tribe may 

conduct activities in a manner which otherwise would not be legal under IGRA on that - 

tribe's land or anywhere else in the state. 
Adopting the Appellant's interpretation of the role of compacts would lead to absurd 

results. If activities permitted only under TribaVState compacts were viewed as fitting the 

Class I1 requirement of being "played at any location in the State, " all that would be 

necessary would be for the tribe to wait until the State entered into a compact agreement 

with another tribe in the State authorizing the Class I11 activity. Then the claim could be 

made that the compact modified State law, making this once Class I11 activity, a Class I1 

activity. This would eliminate the need for a TribalIState compact for all but the very 

first tribe and render entire sections of the IGRA meaningless and unnecessary. 

The plain language of the IGRA and legislative history support the analysis of the 

Appellee that TribaVState compacts are exclusive to the tribe making them and are not a 

modification of State law. An activity that is Class III under the IGRA, whether it be 

qw 

because of the hours of operation, wagering limitations, or the activity itself, does not 

become Class 11 because it is allowed under another tribe's individual compact with the 

State. 

11. Pai Gow Poker 

Turning to the issue of whether Pai Gow Poker, as played at the Lummi Casino, is a 

Class I1 or Class III activity, the governing law provides in pertinent part that Class II 

gaming means: 
(ii) card games that-- 

(I) are explicitly authorized by the laws of the State, or 

01) are not explicitly prohibited by the laws of the State and are played at 

any location in the State, 

but only if such card games are played in conformity with those laws and 

regulations (if any) of the State regarding hours or periods of operation of such 

card games or limitations on wagers or pot sizes in such card games. 

25 U. S. C. 5 2703(7)(A)(ii). The implementing regulations interpreted that language by 

defining Class 11 card games as: 

(c) nonbanking card games that: 

(1) State law explicitly authorizes, or does not explicitly prohibit, and are 

played legally anywhere in the state; and 

(2) Players play in conformity with state laws and regulations concerning 

hours, periods of operation, and limitations on wagers and pot sizes.. . . 

Gvvvr 25 C.F.R. 5 502.3(c). 

Under this law and the facts of this case, two subissues arise. First, is Pai Gow Poker a 

card game that is either explicitly authorized by the laws of the State of Washington, or 

not explicitly prohibited and played legally anywhere in the State? Second, if the first 

subissue is answered in the affirmative, is Pai Gow Poker played at the Lummi Casino in 

The parties below stipulated that Pai Gow Poker is a 

nonbanking card game. As a result, the record is not 

sufficiently developed for the Commission to reach a conclusion 

on the status of Pai Gow Poker as a banking or nonbanking card 

game. However, in June 2, 1995, letters to the tribes in 

California, the Chairman of the Commission concluded that Pai 

Gow Poker if played using the betting format described in City 

of Bell Gardens v. County of Los Angeles, 231 Cal. App. 3d 

1563, 1566 (1991), is not a banking game. Therefore, we will 

assume that Pai Gow Poker 'as played at the Lummi Casino is 

played using this or a similar nonbanking format. 

21 
conformity with the State of Washington's laws and regulations regarding hours of 

W operation and limits on wagers and pot sizes? 

The first subissue was answered in the affirmative when the State changed its regulations 

-in July of 1994 and expressly listed Pai Gow Poker as one of the games authorized to be 

played as a social card game. Although the parties also briefed the question of whether 

Pai Gow Poker could be classified as a Class I1 game prior to the State regulatory change, 

the need to decide that issue was mooted by the State's change in its law. 

Nevertheless, Appellee asserted that the State still prohibits Pai Gow Poker as played at 

the Lummi Casino because State law does not allow games where an organization 

"collects or obtains any money or thing of value from, or charges or imposes any fee 

w upon, any person which enable him or her to play or results in or from his playing in 

excess of three dollars per half hour of playing time by that person collected in advance." 

Wash. Rev. Code 5 9.46.0281(4). Testimony from John Richlin for the Appellee, and 

Chuck White for the Appellant, revealed that the Lummi Casino receives compensation 

from players in Pai Gow Poker based on the amount the player wagers. The Lummi 

Casino receives $1 for each $100 bet, or portion thereof, and this $1 fee is collected 

separate from the wager Of. I 39, 133). 

While the State may regulate the methods of compensation for gaming activities on nonIndian lands, the only State regulations incorporated into Federal law by IGRA for 
determining the class of the games on Indian lands are those concerning hours, periods of 

w operation, pot limits and wagers. Because the method of compensation for Pai Gow 

Poker is separate from the wager and does not affect the amount of the wager, the State's 

law on compensation does not govern the Tribe's game. 

Still to be determined is the second subissue as to whether Pai Gow Poker is played at the 

Lummi Casino in conformity with "state laws and regulations concerning hours, periods 

of operation, and limitations on wagers and pot sizes." 25 U.S.C. 5 2703(7)(A). The 

WSGC limits the amount that a player may bet on a single round betting game to a $10.00 

initial bet. Wash. Admin. Code 5 230-40-120(2)(a). It also mandates the closure of card 

games between the hours of 2:00 a.m. and 6:00 a.m. Wash. Admin. Code 5 230-40-400. 

w It is uncontested that Pai Gow Poker has been offered 24 hours a day with betting limits 

of $5,000 per game at the Lumrni Casino since July 23, 1993. (Administrative Record, 

Tab 44 at 1-2). Therefore, Pai Gow Poker as played at the Lumrni Casino is not played 

consistent with the definition of Class I1 gaming. The game thus falls within the 

definition of Class III for which a Tribal-State Compact is required. Since the Tribe and 

State have no compact authorizing Pai Gow Poker, the Appellant violated IGRA by 

allowing the play of Pai Gow Poker. 

,- 

Appellant asserted throughout this proceeding that because Pai Gow Poker was not listed 

by the WSGC as an authorized card game it therefore was not within the ambit of the 
State limits on hours and wagers. As mentioned above, however, this defense is no 

w longer relevant now that the State has specifically listed Pai Gow Poker as an authorized 

game. 

111. Texas Hold-em and 7-Card Stud 

The next issue is whether Texas Hold-em and 7-Card Stud, as played at the Lummi 

Casino, are Class 11 or Class 111 gaming activities. Texas Hold-em and 7-Card Stud are 

games explicitly authorized by the laws of the State of Washington in Wash. Adrnin. Code 

5 23-40-010, as required by 25 U.S.C. 5 2703(7)(A)(ii) in order to be categorized as 

Class II activities. However, to remain Class 11 activities, they must be "played in 

conformity with those laws and regulations (if any) of the State regarding hours or periods 

w of operation of such card games or limitations on wagers or pot sizes. " 25 U.S.C. 

* 

5 27030(A). 

The Appellant contends that the wager and hour limits authorized by the WSGC on Indian 

lands elsewhere in the State pursuant to TribaVState compacts constitute laws or 

regulations of the State within the meaning of 25 U.S.C. 5 2703 (?(A)@). This assertion 

is incorrect and has already been addressed earlier in the discussion. Provisions of a 

TribaVState compact apply only to the Indian lands of the compacting Indian tribe. 

25 U.S.C.5 2710(d)(l)(C). 
The applicable regulations relating to wagers and hours of operation are those established 

w by the WSGC. The Appellant established that the Lummi Casino conducted the two 

games in accordance with the applicable State laws governing hours of operation. 

Under the regulations adopted by the WSGC, the maximum number of raises permitted in 

a single betting round is two. Wash. Admin. Code 3 230-40-010 (1994). The maximum 

amount for initial wagers in a four betting round game is $25.00 and in a five betting 

round game is $30.00. Wash. Adrnin. Code 3 230-40-120 (1994). 

The Lummi Casino offers Texas Hold-em and 7-Card Stud with an initial wager and up to 

three raises per betting round. The Lummi Casino offers Texas Hold-em as a four betting 

round game with permissible initial wagers of $5/$10 and $10/$20. The total of the 

w permissible initial wagers for the $5/$10 game is $30 and for the $10/$20 game is $60. 

Both of these totals exceed the $25 maximum allowed under Wash. Admin. Code 

8 230-40-120. The Lummi Casino offers 7-Card Stud as a five betting round game with 

permissible initial wagers between $2 and $10 per round, for a possible total of $60 in 

initial wagers. This total exceeds the $30 maximum allowed under Wash. Admin. Code 

Texas Hold-em and 7-Card Stud card games offered at the Lummi Casino violate the laws 

and regulations of the State because they permit initial wagers which exceed the regulatory 

limits established by the WSGC. If an otherwise Class 11 game is not conducted within 
applicable wager limits, it then becomes a Class I11 activity. Therefore, Texas Holdem 

and 7-Card Stud, as played at the Lummi Casino, are Class I11 activities. 

IV. Bad Beat Jackpot 

The final issue is whether the Bad Beat Jackpot versions of Texas Hold-em and 7-Card 

Stud played at the Lummi Casino are nonbanking Class I1 gaming activities. The 

Appellee argued that these games are not Class I1 activities because the games purportedly 

violate various provisions of State law. The short answer to this argument is that a game 

like Bad Beat, while not specifically listed in Hoyle's, is a version of poker and poker is 

expressly authorized under State law. 

'IIWWrmrY 

The analysis of Bad Beat starts with the actual language of IGRA and its implementing 

regulations. Although the parties thoroughly briefed the issues relating to the distinction 

between criminal prohibitory and civil regulatory laws, Congress did not require resort to 

the pre-IGRA caselaw. Congress instead incorporated the concepts of the case law in 

unique statutory language. The statutory definition of Class I1 games and the language of 

the implementing regulations thus becomes the starting point of our analysis. Therefore, 

we must determine whether Bad Beat as played falls within the Class I1 definition. 

Once again then, to be a Class II card game, a game must be: 
(c) nonbanking card games that: 

(I) State law explicitly authorizes, or does not explicitly prohibit, and are 

played legally anywhere in the state; and 

(2) Players play in conformity with state laws and regulations concerning 

hours, periods of operation, and limitations on wagers and pot sizes.. . . 

25 C.F.R. $ 502.3(c). 

First, the Appellee contends that the Bad Beat poker versions offered at the Lumrni Casino 

are banking card games which are not allowed under the IGRA. The Appellee asserts that 

since a portion of each pot is collected by the Casino and set aside as a jackpot fund, that 

this involves the Casino in a banking game. The Commission defines a banking game as 

one where "[tlhe house as a participant * * * takes on all players, collects from all losers, 

and pays aII winners, and the house can win. " 25 C.F.R. 5 502.11. Regardless of 

w whether the Casino or one of the players acts as the house, at no time is there any person 

or entity which takes on all players, collects from all losers, pays all winners and can win. 

Specifically, with respect to the Casino, the record demonstrates that none of the jackpot 

funds are retained by the house; therefore, the house will never win. Thus, Bad Beat 

poker games at the Lummi Casino are not banking games. 

Second, Washington's regulations expressly authorize, rather than prohibit, poker to be 

played in the State. Wash. Adrnin. Code 230-40-OlO(1). Indeed, the State 

acknowledges that "poker is a specifically authorized Class II activity, subject to State 

regulation. " (Administrative Record, Tab 48 at 10). 
The regulations characterize poker as: 

Any poker game described in Hoyle's Modern Encyclopedia of Card 

Games, by Walter B. Gibson, published by Doubleday and Company, Inc., 

April 1974, 1st edition, pages 219-277 provided that only a maximum of 

five betting rounds per hand are permitted. 

Wash. Admin. Code 5 230-40-OlO(1). The regulations further provide that: 

[clad games authorized by the commission shall be played onlv in the 

manner set out for that game in Hoyle's Modem Encyclopedia of Card 

Games, by Walter B. Gibson, published by Doubleday and Company, Inc., 

April 1974 1st Edition: Provided, That each licensee may make immaterial 

modifications to the rules of each authorized game set out in that 

publication. 

Wash. Adrnin. Code 5 23040-015(1) (emphasis added). 

Neither the regulations nor Hoyle's intends its list of over 200 poker variations to be 

w exhaustive. Both contemplate the creation or existence of additional variations. For 

instance, Hoyle's describes poker as a game with innumerable offshoots, ranging from 

standard types to "dealer's-choice" in which almost anything goes. 

Generally, poker is played with a fifty-two-card pack, ranking 

A,K,Q, J, 10,9,8,7,6,5,4,3,2,A, the ace sometimes being low instead of 

high. Suits are important but none takes precedence over the other. 

Players, usually from three to seven but in some games more, are dealt 

hands that are customarily reduced to five cards each. Betting and 

sometimes bluffing are followed by a showdown in which all hands are 

fully revealed; and the one with the best combination becomes the winner. 

Hoyle 's, supra, at 219. 
/- 

Hoyle's then sets forth simple rules for many variations. It sets out the rules for 

w variations which go against nearly every one of the preceding general characteristics. 

"These games run the gamut from mere variants of standard games to those that are wild 

beyond belief." Id. at 241. Just a few of the over 200 variations show what diversity 

from the general characteristics are allowed by Hoyle's. Some of these include: 

High-Low Seven-Card Stud - where each player may use any five of his seven 

cards to form a high hand and/or any five for a low hand and then bet on getting 

either or both the high hand and low hand. Id. at 234-236. 

Double-Handed High-Low - where each player plays with two hands and can bet 

on getting either the high or low hand. Id. at 248. 

One-Card Poker - where each player is dealt one card and the highest wins. Id. at 

258. 

Ten Card Poker - where each player is dealt 10 cards. Id. at 270. 

Pinochle Poker - where a Pinochle deck rather than a poker deck is used. Id. at 

259. 

Zebra Poker - where traditional poker hands are not used at all, instead the only 

hands that count are 5 cards in descending order alternating colors from red to 

black. Id. at 275. 

Omaha - where up to 23 people play at once. Id. at 257. 

Under Washington law, authorization is given to play poker in general and, more 

specifically, poker variations in Hoyle's. Bad Beat is clearly recognized as a form of 

poker. Mr. Tindall of the WSGC testified that Bad Beat poker is not a distinct game but 

a variation on other poker games (Tr. I 27). Although Bad Beat is not specifically listed 

in Hoyle 's, it only sIightly varies two common poker games, Texas Hold'em and 7-Card 
Stud by compensating the players in an unusual way. Such a change is an immaterial 

b*< modification of the poker games. Therefore, Bad Beat meets the requirement that the 

card game must be expressly authorized. Thus, Bad Beat may be played as a version of 

poker on Indian lands in the State of Washington as a Class I1 game if it meets the 

requirements of the applicable State laws. 

IGRA did not apply all State law to Class I1 card games. Bad Beat may be played on 

Indian lands in a manner inconsistent with State laws, except those regulating hours, 

periods of operation, wager limits, and pot sizes. Therefore, all of the State laws 

purportedly violated by the Bad Beat games which do not relate to hours, periods of 

operation, wager limits, or pot sizes do not affect the Class II status of Bad Beat. 

* Moreover, the purported violations are not, in fact, violations. The Appellee first argued 

that the Bad Beat games are violative of State law because a player's chance of winning is 

not determined by the skill of the player as required by Wash. Rev. Code 5 9.46.028 1. 

However, the Appellant established that skill is a factor in winning the jackpot 

(Tr. II 212-215; EX. B). 

The Appellee also asserted that Bad Beat versions of poker violate the Washington statute 

prohibiting any organization or person from collecting or obtaining any portion of the 

money wagered or won. Wash. Rev. Code 5 9.46.0281(3). It has been shown that the 

Lummi Casino does not take any of the jackpot for itself, it merely maintains it until 
someone wins and then disburses it to the players. For this reason, it is not in violation 

of Wash. Rev. Code 4 9.46.0281(3). 

The Appellee also claimed that the sharing of winnings between players is prohibited 

under Wash. Rev. Code 4 9.46.0281(3). The Ianguage of the statute is, at best, 

ambiguous as to whether it precludes players who do not have the best hand from sharing 

in the winnings or being treated as a winner. Looking to the regulations for instruction, 

they reference Hoyle's for guidance and Hoyle's contains variations of poker wherein 

players playing the same game share in the winnings. Place and Show is a variation of 

poker where the second-best and third-best hands split the pot. Hoyle's, supra, at 260. In 

light of the foregoing, it cannot be found that the Bad Beat games violate Wash. Rev. 

Code 5 9.46.0281(3). 

ww' 

Additionally, the Appellee asserted that Bad Beat versions of poker at the Lummi Casino 

do not conform with the wager limits imposed on such games by the State of Washington 

because the high amount of money in the jackpot assertedly violates the State regulatory 

wager limit on the game of poker (Tr. I 18). The fatal flaw in this argument is that the 

Appellee uses the words "winnings" and "wagers" interchangeably. Each jackpot, as its 

name implies, is a pot. Each pot is built from wagers within the limits of State law. 

While the IGRA makes ~tate~laws and regulations concerning pot sizes ("winnings") 

applicable to Class II games, the State of Washington simply has no such laws or 
regulations. Therefore, the size of the jackpot is not and cannot be violative of any State 

Fwwl., law. 

The record establishes that Bad Beat is played during the same hours that Texas Hold'em 

and 7-Card Stud is played. Since we have previously concluded that these two games 

were played during hours which were consistent with applicable State law, we also 

conclude that Bad Beat as played did not violate the applicable State rules on hours.of 

operation. 

Conclusion 

The version of Pai Gow Poker played at the Lummi Casino is expressly authorized by the 

%V State of Washington as of July 1994 after being specifically identified on the list of 

authorized games. To be classified as a Class 11 game, it must conform to the State's 

regulations with respect to hours of operation, limits on wagers, and pot size. With 

respect to hours of operation and the size of the wagers accepted, Pai Gow Poker as 

played at the Lummi Casino, is in violation of the IGRA. For this reason, the NOV is 

sustained with respect to this portion of the cited violation. 

The games of Texas Hold-em and 7-Card Stud are also subject to the State's regulation 

concerning hours of operation and limitations on wagers. The fact that other tribes are 

authorized to exceed those limitations pursuant to exclusive TribaVState compacts does not 
constitute authorization for the Lummi Tribe to exceed those limitations, because the 

lVyYr exclusive TribaVState compacts are not generally applicable state law - each compact 

applies only on the Indian lands of the compacting Indian tribe. The NOV is also 

sustained with respect to that portion which alleges that these games have not been played 

in conformity with the State's regulation concerning wager limitations. 

The Bad Beat Jackpot version of Texas Hold-em and 7-Card Stud does not violate the 

applicable State regulations. Because the Bad Beat Jackpot at the Lummi Casino is an 

immaterial modification of a specifically authorized Class I1 game, Bad Beat may be 

played at the Lummi Casino so long as it meets the only applicable State regulatory 

requirements concerning hours, wager, and pot size limitations. The amount taken to put 

in the jackpots does not affect the amount wagered in a game and no State regulation 

~~III~ limits the amount of pot sizes. 

Harold A. ~on&u 

Chairman 

1-J 

Gaming Commission 
If- 

+' 

CERTIFICATE OF SERVICE 

I certify that on this 9th day of June, 1995, I caused the original Decision of the National 

Indian Gaming Commission to be sent by certified mail addressed to: 

George Forman, Esq. 

ALEXANDER & KARSHMER 

Attorneys at Law 

2150 Shattuck Ave., Ste. 725 

Berkeley; California 94704 

and a copy was sent by certified mailed to: 

Jonathon T. McCoy, Esq. 

11k(lkr~l' Assistant Attorney General 

Office of the Attorney General 

905 Plum St., Bldg. 3 

P.O. Box 40100 

Olympia, Washington 98504-0 100 

Byron S. Georgiou, Esq. 

Georgiou & Tosdal 

Attorneys at Law 

600 B St., Suite 2300 

San Diego, California 92101 

Danna Hill