# Patent

## Title
Hammer

## Abstract

A hammer for use in a rotatable hammermill assembly comprising a first end for securement within a hammermill assembly, wherein a rod hole is formed in the second end, wherein the rod hole is centered in the first end for engagement with and attachment to the hammermill assembly is disclosed. The hammer also has a second end for contact and delivery of momentum to material to be comminuted, wherein the second end includes at least two blades. A neck connects the first end to the second end. In some embodiments the thickness of the neck may be less than the thickness of the first end or of any of the blades. In some embodiments the rod hole is surrounded by one or more rod hole shoulders. In other embodiments a notch is positioned in the rod hole along the longitudinal axis thereof.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
Applicant states that this utility patent application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/897,586 filed on Aug. 31, 2007 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/544,526 filed on Oct. 6, 2006, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/150,430 filed on Jun. 11, 2005 now U.S. Pat. No. 7,140,569, which was a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/915,750 filed on Aug. 11, 2004, now abandoned, all of which are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Applicant also claims priority from provisional U.S. Pat. App. No. 61/068,214 filed on Mar. 5, 2008 and provisional U.S. Pat. App. No. 61/068,054 filed on Mar. 4, 2008, both of which are incorporated herein in their entirety.


FIELD OF INVENTION
The present invention relates to hammers for use and application in hammermills, and more specifically to an improved free swinging hammer mill hammer design for comminution of materials such as grain and refuse.
STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT
No federal funds were used to develop or create the invention disclosed and described in the patent application.
REFERENCE TO SEQUENCE LISTING, A TABLE, OR A COMPUTER PROGRAM LISTING COMPACT DISK APPENDIX
Not Applicable
AUTHORIZATION PURSUANT TO 37 C.F.R. §1.171 (D)
A portion of the disclosure of this patent document contains material which is subject to copyright and trademark protection. The copyright owner has no objection to the facsimile reproduction by anyone of the patent document or the patent disclosure, as it appears in the Patent and Trademark Office patent file or records, but otherwise reserves all copyrights whatsoever.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A number of different industries rely on impact grinders or hammermills to reduce materials to a smaller size. For example, hammermills are often used to process forestry and agricultural products as well as to process minerals, and for recycling materials. Specific examples of materials processed by hammermills include grains, animal food, pet food, food ingredients, mulch, and even bark. In many processing methods, whole grain corn must be cracked before it can be processed further. Dependent upon the process, whole corn may be cracked after tempering yet before conditioning. A common method to carry out particle size reduction is to use a hammermill, where successive rows of rotating hammer-like devices spinning on a common rotor next to one another comminute the grain product. For example, methods for size reduction as applied to grain and animal products are described in Watson, S. A. & P. E. Ramstad, ed. (1987, Corn: Chemistry and Technology, Chapter 11, American Association of Cereal Chemist, Inc., St. Paul, Minn.), the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. The application of the invention as disclosed and herein claimed, however, is not limited to grain products or animal products.
Hammermills are generally constructed around a rotating shaft that has a plurality of disks provided thereon. A plurality of free-swinging hammers is typically attached to the periphery of each disk using hammer rods extending the length of the rotor. With this structure, a portion of the kinetic energy stored in the rotating disks is transferred to the product to be comminuted through the rotating hammers. The hammers strike the product, driving it into a sized screen, in order to reduce the material. Once the comminuted product is reduced to the desired size, the material passes out of the housing of the hammermill for subsequent use and further processing.
A hammer mill will break up grain, pallets, paper products, construction materials, and small tree branches. Because the swinging hammers do not use a sharp edge to cut the waste material, the hammer mill is more suited for processing products that may contain metal or stone contamination, wherein the product may be commonly referred to as “dirty”. A hammermill has the advantage that the rotatable hammers will recoil backwardly if the hammer cannot break the material on impact. One significant problem with hammermills is the wear of the hammers over a relatively short period of operation in reducing “dirty” products, which include materials such as nails, dirt, sand, metal, and the like. As found in the prior art, even though a hammermill is designed to better handle the entry of a “dirty” object, the possibility exists for catastrophic failure of a hammer causing severe damage to the hammermill and requiring immediate maintenance and repairs.
If rigidly attached hammers contact such a non-crushable foreign object within the hammermill assembly housing the consequences of the resulting contact can be severe. By comparison, free-swinging hammers provide a “forgiveness” factor because they will “lie back” or recoil when striking non-crushable foreign objects.
Hammermills also may be generally referred to as crushers-which typically include a steel housing or chamber containing a plurality of hammers mounted on a rotor and a suitable drive train for rotating the rotor. As the rotor turns, the correspondingly rotating hammers come into engagement with the material to be comminuted or reduced in size. Hammermills typically use screens formed into and circumscribing a portion of the interior surface of the housing. The size of the particulate material is controlled by the size of the screen apertures against which the rotating hammers force the material. Exemplary embodiments of hammermills are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,904,306; 5,842,653; 5,377,919; and 3,627,212.
The four metrics of strength, capacity, run time, and the amount of force delivered are typically considered by users of hammermill hammers to evaluate any hammer to be installed in a hammermill. A hammer to be installed is first evaluated on its strength. Typically, hammermill machines employing hammers of this type are operated twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. This punishing environment requires strong and resilient material that will not prematurely or unexpectedly deteriorate. Next, the hammer is evaluated for capacity, or more specifically, how the weight of the hammer affects the capacity of the hammermill. The heavier the hammer the fewer hammers that may be used in the hammermill in light of the available horsepower. Accordingly, all else equal a lighter hammer increases the number of hammers that may be mounted within the hammermill compared to a heavier hammer. The more force that may be delivered by the hammer to the material to be comminuted against the screen increases effective comminution (i.e., cracking or breaking down of the material) and thus the efficiency of the entire comminution process is increased. In the prior art, the amount of force delivered is evaluated with respect to the weight of the hammer. Finally, the length of run time for the hammer is also considered. The longer the hammer lasts, the longer the machine run time, the larger profits presented by continuous processing of the material in the hammermill through reduced maintenance costs and lower necessary capital inputs. The four metrics are interrelated and typically tradeoffs are necessary to improve performance. For example, to increase the amount of force delivered, the weight of the hammer could be increased. However, because the weight of the hammer increased, the capacity of the unit typically will be decreased because of horsepower limitations. There is a need to improve upon the design of hammermill hammers available in the prior art for optimization of the four (4) metrics listed above.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The improvement disclosed and described herein centers on an improved hammer to be used in a hammermill. This hammer, although not limited to grains, has been specifically developed for use in the grain industry. The various embodiments disclosed herein for the hammer are for use in rotatable hammer mill assemblies for comminution. The hammer is compromised of a first end for securement of the hammer within the hammer mill. The second end of the hammer is opposite the first end and is configured for contacting material for comminution, and a hammer neck connects the first and second ends. The hammer typically requires treatment to improve the hardness of the hammer blade or tip. The hammer of the present art improves securement the hammer rotated, as well as the wear of the second end of the hammer.
Treatment methods such as adding weld material to the end of the hammer blade are well known in the art to improve the comminution properties of the hammer. These methods typically infuse the hammer edge, through welding, with a metallic material resistant to abrasion or wear such as tungsten carbide. See for example U.S. Pat. No. 6,419,173, incorporated herein by reference, describing methods of attaining hardened hammer tips or edges, which methods are well known by those practiced in the art.
The methods and apparatus disclosed herein may be applied to a single hammer or multiple hammers to be installed in a hammermill. The hammer may be produced through forging, casting, stamping, or rolling as found in the prior art. As previously taught by the Applicant, forging the hammer improves the characteristic of hardness for the hammer body.
As shown, the hammer requires no new installation procedures or equipment. The hammer is mounted upon the hammer rod at the hammer rod hole. In some embodiments pictured herein, the thickness of the hammer rod hole is greater than the thickness of the hammer neck. Dependent upon production method chosen, the hammer neck may be reduced in size in relation to the hammer rod hole. For example, if forging is chosen over casting, the hammer neck may be reduced in size in relation to the hammer rod hole because forging results in a finer grain structure that is much stronger than casting the hammer from steel. The present art is not limited as such, and may produced by various production methods including forging and casting, as required by the particular application to which the hammer is deployed.
It is also contemplated and shown in various figures herein that the thickness of the hammer second end in relation to the hammer neck may be increased. Redistributing material (and thus weight) from the hammer neck to the hammer second end increases the moment produced by the hammer upon rotation while allowing the overall weight of the hammer to remain relatively constant. Another benefit of this design is that the actual momentum of the hammer available for comminution developed and delivered through rotation of the hammer is greater than the momentum of the hammers found in the prior art. This increased momentum reduces recoil as discussed previously, thereby increasing operational efficiency. However, because the hammer design is still free-swinging, the hammers may still recoil if necessary to protect the hammermill from destruction or degradation if a non-destructible foreign object has entered the hammermill. Thus, effective horsepower requirements are held constant, for similar production levels, while actual strength, force delivery, and the area of the screen covered by the hammer edge within the hammermill (per each revolution of the hammermill rotor) are improved. The overall capacity of a hammermill employing the various hammers embodied herein may be increased by thirty to one-hundred percent over existing hammers.
Increasing the hammer strength and contact edge weld hardness creates increased stress on the body of the hammer and the hammer rod hole. In the prior art, the roundness of the hammer rod hole deteriorates, leading to elongation of the hammer rod hole. Elongation eventually results in the entire hammermill becoming out of balance, or the individual hammer breaking at the weakened hammer rod hole, which can cause a catastrophic failure or a loss of performance. When a catastrophic failure occurs, the hammer or hammer rod breaking may result in metallic material entering the comminuted product, which then must be discarded or cleaned. This result may be very expensive to large processors of metal sensitive products, such as grain processors. Additionally, catastrophic failure of the hammer rod hole may cause the entire hammermill assembly to shift out of balance, producing a failure of the main bearings and/or severe damage to the hammermill itself. Either result may require the hammermill process equipment to be shut down for maintenance and repairs, thus reducing overall operational efficiency and throughput. During shutdown, the hammers typically must be replaced due to wear of the hammer second end or hammer rod hole elongation. Producing the design using forging techniques versus casting or rolling from bar stock improves the strength of the rod hole and decreases susceptibility to rod hole elongation.
It is therefore an object of the hammer to provide a hammer design that is stronger and lighter because of its wider and thicker hammer first end (i.e., securement end) having a notch therein.
It another object of the hammer to improve the hammer first end of free-swinging hammers for use in hammermills while still using methods and apparatus found in the prior art for attachment within the hammermill assembly.
It is another object of the hammer to improve the operational runtime of hammermill hammers.
Still another object of the hammer is to improve the operational efficiency of hammermill hammers.
Although not shown in detail herein, one of ordinary skill will appreciate that the present art may be applied to the designs and inventions protected by patents held by Applicant or others without limitation, dependent only upon a particular need or application, including:














Pat. No.
Title









D555,679
Hammermill hammer



D552,639
Hammermill hammer



D551,267
Hammermill hammer



D551,266
Hammermill hammer



D550,728
Hammermill hammer



D545,847
Hammermill hammer



D545,846
Hammermill hammer



D545,328
Hammermill hammer



D545,327
Hammermill hammer



D544,504
Hammermill hammer



D544,503
Hammermill hammer



D536,352
Hammermill hammer



D536,351
Hammermill hammer



D536,350
Hammermill hammer










The preceding cited patents are incorporated by reference herein in their entirety.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
In order that the advantages of the invention will be readily understood, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered limited of its scope, the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through the use of the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 provides a perspective view of the internal configuration of a hammer mill at rest as commonly found in the prior art.
FIG. 2 provides a perspective view of the internal configuration of a hammermill during operation as commonly found in the prior art.
FIG. 3 provides an exploded perspective view of a hammermill as found in the prior art as shown in FIG. 1.
FIG. 4 provides an enlarged perspective view of the attachment methods and apparatus as found in the prior art and illustrated in FIG. 3.
FIG. 5 provides a perspective view of a first embodiment of a notched hammer.
FIG. 6 provides a top view of the first embodiment of a notched hammer.
FIG. 7 provides a detailed perspective view of the rod hole of the first embodiment of a notched hammer.
FIG. 8 provides a perspective view of a second embodiment of a notched hammer.
FIG. 9 provides a perspective view of a third embodiment of a notched hammer.
FIG. 10 provides a perspective view of a fourth embodiment of a notched hammer.
FIG. 11 provides a perspective view of a fifth embodiment of a notched hammer.
FIG. 12 provides a perspective view of a sixth embodiment of a notched hammer.
FIG. 13 provides a perspective view of a seventh embodiment of a notched hammer.
FIG. 14 provides a perspective view of an eighth embodiment of a notched hammer.
FIG. 15 provides a perspective view of a ninth embodiment of a notched hammer.
FIG. 16 provides a perspective view of a first embodiment of a multiple blade hammer.
FIG. 17 provides a top view of the first embodiment of a multiple blade hammer.
FIG. 18 provides a perspective view of a second embodiment of a multiple blade hammer.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Listing of Elements















ELEMENT



ELEMENT DESCRIPTION
NUMBER









Hammermill assembly
 2



Hammermil drive shaft
 3



End plate
 4



End plate drive shaft hole
 5a



End plate hammer rod hole
 5b



Interior plate
 6



Interior plate drive shaft hole
 7a



Interior plate hammer rod hole
 7b



Hammer rod
 8



Spacer
 8a



Hammer (prior art)
 9



Hammer body (prior art)
 9a



Hammer contact edge (prior art)
 9b



Hammer rod hole (prior art)
 9c



Notched hammer
10



Notched hammer neck
11



Neck void
11a



Notched hammer first end
12



Notched hammer first shoulder
14a



Notched hammer second shoulder
14b



Notched hammer rod hole
15



Rod hole notch
15a



Notched hammer second end
16



Hardened contact edge
20



First contact surface
22a



First contact point
22b



Second contact surface
24a



Second contact point
24b



Third contact surface
26a



Third contact point
26b



Fourth contact point
28



Edge pocket
29



Multiple blade hammer
30



Multiple blade hammer neck
31



Multiple blade hammer first end
32



Multiple blade hammer first shoulder
34a



Multiple blade hammer second shoulder
34b



Multiple blade hammer rod hole
35



Multiple blade hammer second end
36



First blade
37a



Second blade
37b



Third blade
37c



Blade edge
38










Before the various embodiments of the present invention are explained in detail, it is to be understood that the invention is not limited in its application to the details of construction and the arrangements of components set forth in the following description or illustrated in the drawings. The invention is capable of other embodiments and of being practiced or of being carried out in various ways. Also, it is to be understood that phraseology and terminology used herein with reference to device or element orientation (such as, for example, terms like “front”, “back”, “up”, “down”, “top”, “bottom”, and the like) are only used to simplify description of the present invention, and do not alone indicate or imply that the device or element referred to must have a particular orientation. In addition, terms such as “first”, “second”, and “third” are used herein and in the appended claims for purposes of description and are not intended to indicate or imply relative importance or significance. As used herein, “a,” “an,” or “the” can mean one or more, depending upon the context in which it is used.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
1. Free-Swinging Hammermill Assemblies
Referring now to the drawings, wherein like reference numerals designate identical or corresponding parts throughout the several views, FIGS. 1-3 show a hammermill assembly 2 as found in the prior art. The hammermill assembly 2 includes two end plates 4 on each end with at least one interior plate 6 positioned between the two end plates 4. The end plates 4 include an end plate drive shaft hole 5a and the interior plates 6 include an interior plate drive shaft hole 7a. A hammermill drive shaft 3 passes through the end plate drive shaft holes 5a and the interior plate drive shaft holes 7a. The end plates 4 and interior plates 6 are affixed to the hammermill drive shaft and rotatable therewith.
Each end plate 4 also includes a plurality of end plate hammer rod holes 5b, and each interior plate 6 includes a plurality of interior plate hammer rod holes 7b. A hammer rod 8 passes through corresponding end plate hammer rod holes 5b and interior plate hammer rod holes 7b. A plurality of hammers 9 are pivotally mounted to each hammer rod 8, which is shown in detail in FIG. 4. The hammers 9 are typically oriented in rows along each hammer rod 8, and each hammer rod 8 is typically oriented parallel to one another and to the hammermill drive shaft 3.
Each hammer 9 includes a hammer body 9a, hammer contact edge 9b, and a hammer rod hole 9c passing through the hammer body 9a, which is shown in detail in FIG. 4. Each hammer rod 8 passes through the hammer rod hole 9c of at least one hammer 9. Accordingly, the hammers 9 pivot with respect to the hammer rod 8 to which they are attached about the center of the hammer rod hole 9c. A spacer 8a may be positioned around the hammer rod 8 and between adjacent hammers 9 or adjacent hammers 9 and plates 4, 6 to better align the hammers 9 and/or plates 4, 6, which is best shown in FIGS. 3-4. As is well known to those of skill in the art, a lock collar (not shown) would typically be placed on the end of the hammer rod 8 to compress and hold the spacers 8a and the hammers 9 in alignment. All these parts require careful and precise alignment relative to one another. This type of hammer 9, which is shown affixed to the hammermill assembly 2 shown in FIGS. 1-3 and separately in FIG. 4, is commonly referred to as free-swinging hammers 9. Free-swinging hammers 9 are hammers 9 that are pivotally mounted to the hammermill assembly 9 in a manner as described above and are oriented outwardly from the center of the hammermill assembly 2 by centrifugal force as the hammermill assembly 2 rotates. The hammermill assembly 2 and various elements thereof rotate about the longitudinal axis of the hammermill drive shaft 3. As the hammermill assembly 2 rotates, centrifugal force causes the hammers 9 to rotate about the hammer rod 8 to which each hammer 9 is mounted. The hammermill assembly 2 is shown at rest in FIG. 1 and in a dynamic state in FIG. 2, as in operation. Free-swinging hammers 9 are often used instead of rigidly connected hammers in case tramped metal, foreign objects, or other non-crushable material enters the housing with the particulate material to be reduced, such as grain.
For effective comminution in hammermill assemblies 2 using free-swinging hammers 9, the rotational speed of the hammermill assembly 2 must produce sufficient centrifugal force to hold the hammers 9 as close to the fully extended position as possible when material is being communited. Depending on the type of material being processed, the minimum hammer tip speeds of the hammers are usually 5,000 to 11,000 feet per minute (“FPM”). In comparison, the maximum speeds depend on shaft and bearing design, but usually do not exceed 30,000 FPM. In special high-speed applications, the hammermill assemblies 2 may be configured to operate up to 60,000 FPM.
In the case of disassembly for the purposes of repair and replacement of worn or damaged parts, the wear and tear causes considerable difficulty in realigning and reassembling the various elements of the hammermill assembly 2. Moreover, the elements of the hammermill assembly 2 are typically keyed to one another, or at least to the hammermill drive shaft 3, which further complicates the assembly and disassembly process. For example, the replacement of a single hammer 9 may require disassembly of the entire hammermill assembly 2. Given the frequency at which wear parts require replacement, replacement and repairs constitute an extremely difficult and time consuming task that considerably reduces the operating time of the size reducing machine. Removing a single damaged hammer 9 may take in excess of five (5) hours due to both the hammermill assembly 2 design and the realignment difficulties related to the problems caused by impact of debris with the non-impact surfaces of the hammermill assembly 2.
Another problem found in the prior art hammermill assemblies 2 shown in FIGS. 1-3 is exposure of a great deal of the surface area of the hammermill assembly 2 elements to debris. The end plates 4 and interior plates 6, spacers 8a, and hammers 9 are all subjected to considerable contact with the debris and material within the hammermill assembly 2. This not only creates excessive wear, but contributes to realignment difficulties by bending and damaging of the various elements of the hammermill assembly 2, which may be caused by residual impact. Thus, after a period of operation, prior art hammermill assemblies 2 become even more difficult to disassemble and reassemble. The problems related to comminution service and maintenance of hammermill assemblies 2 provides abundant incentive for improvement of hammers 9 to lengthen operational run times.
2. Exemplary Embodiments of Notched Hammer
FIGS. 5-6 show a first embodiment of the notched hammer 10 for use in a rotatable hammermill assembly 2, which type of hammermill assembly 2 was previously described herein. The notched hammer 10 is comprised of a notched hammer first end 12 (also referred to herein occasionally as the securement end) for securement within the hammermill assembly 2 and a notched hammer second end 16 (also referred to herein occasionally as the contact end) for delivery of mechanical energy to and contact with the material to be comminuted. The notched hammer first end 12 is connected to the notched hammer second end 16 by a notched hammer neck 11. A notched hammer rod hole 15 is centered in the notched hammer first end 12 for engagement with and attachment of the notched hammer 10 to the hammer rod 8 of a hammermill assembly 2. Typically, the distance from the center of the notched hammer rod hole 15 to the most distal edge of the notched hammer second end 16 is referred to as the “hammer swing length.”
As shown generally in FIGS. 5-6 and in detail in FIG. 7, at least one rod hole notch 15a is formed in the notched hammer rod hole 15. The at least one rod hole notch 15a transverses the length of the notched hammer rod hole 15 and is aligned with the notched hammer neck 11. As shown in the various embodiments pictured and described herein, the longitudinal axis of the rod hole notch 15a is parallel with the longitudinal axis of the notched hammer rod hole 15, but may have different orientations in embodiments not pictured or described herein, such as an embodiment wherein the rod hole notch 15a is not parallel to the longitudinal axis of the notched hammer rod hole 15. Furthermore, the cross-sectional shape of the rod hold notch 15a may be any shape, such as circular, oblong, angular, or any other shape known to those skilled in the art. Additionally, the cross-sectional shape of the rod hole notch 15a may vary along its length.
As shown in FIGS. 5-7, the sides of the notched hammer neck 11 in first embodiment of the notched hammer 10 are parallel, and the notched hammer rod hole 15 is surrounded by a notched hammer first shoulder 14a. The notched hammer first shoulder 14a is comprised of a raised, single uniform ring surrounding the notched hammer rod hole 15. The notched hammer first shoulder 14a thereby increased the material thickness around the notched hammer rod hole 15 as compared to the thickness of the notched hammer first end 12. The notched hammer first shoulder 14a increases the surface area available for distribution of the opposing forces placed on the notched hammer rod hole 15 during operation in an amount proportional to the width of the hammer. This increase in surface area allows for a longer useful life of the notched hammer 10 because the additional surface area works to decrease the amount of elongation of the notched hammer rod hole 15 while still allowing the notched hammer 10 to swing freely on the hammer rod 8 during operation. Other embodiments of the notched hammer 10 may not be configured with a notched hammer first shoulder 14a, and in still other embodiments the sides of the notched hammer neck 11 may be oriented other than parallel to one another.
The first embodiment of the notched hammer 10 also includes a hardened contact edge 20 welded on the periphery of the notched hammer second end 16. The hardened contact edge 20 is positioned on the portion of the notched hammer second end 16 that is most often in contact with the material to be comminuted during operation of the hammermill assembly 2. The hardened contact edge 20 may be comprised of any suitable material known to those skilled in the art, and it is contemplated that one such material is tungsten carbide. In other embodiments of the notched hammer 10 a hardened contact edge 20 is not positioned on the notched hammer second end 16.
A second embodiment of the notched hammer 10 is shown in FIG. 8. In the second embodiment the notched hammer neck 11 includes a plurality of neck voids 11a. As shown in FIG. 8, the second embodiment includes two neck voids 11a that are both circular in shape but have different diameters from one another. The neck voids 11a may have any shape, and each neck void 11a may have a different shape than an adjacent neck void 11a. Furthermore, neck voids 11a may have perimeters of differing values, and the neck voids 11a need not be positioned along the center line of the notched hammer neck 11. More than two neck voids 11a may be used in any the second embodiment of the notched hammer 10. The neck voids 11a may be asymmetrical or symmetrical. As shown in FIG. 8, the circular nature of the neck voids 11a allows the transmission and dissipation of the stresses produced at the notched hammer first end 12 through and along the notched hammer neck 11.
The notched hammer neck 11 in the second embodiment is not as thick as the notched hammer first end 12 or the notched hammer second end 16. This configuration of the notched hammer neck 11 allows for reduction in the overall weight of the notched hammer 10, to which attribute the neck voids 11a also contribute. The mechanical energy imparted to the notched hammer second end 16 with respect to the mechanical energy imparted to the notched hammer neck 11 is also increased with this configuration. The neck voids 11a also allow for greater agitation of the material to be comminuted during operation of the hammermill assembly 2.
A third embodiment of the notched hammer 10 is shown in FIG. 9. The notched hammer rod hole 15 in the third embodiment includes a notched hammer first shoulder 14a and a notched hammer second shoulder 14b oriented symmetrically around the notched hammer rod hole 15. As explained in detail above for the first embodiment of the notched hammer 10, the first and second rod hole shoulders 14a, 14b allow the notched hammer rod hole 15 to resist elongation. In the third embodiment, the notched hammer second shoulder 14b is of a greater axial dimension than the notched hammer first shoulder 14a but of a lesser radial dimension, and both the notched hammer first and second shoulders 14a, 14b are symmetrical with respect to the notched hammer rod hole 15. This configuration increases the useful life of the notched hammer 10 while simultaneously allowing for decreased weight thereof since the portion of the notched hammer first end 12 not formed as either the notched hammer first or second shoulders 14a, 14b may be of the same thickness as the notched hammer neck 11 and notched hammer second end 16. The third embodiment is also show with a hardened contact edge 20 welded to the notched hammer second end 16, but other embodiments exist that do not have a hardened contact edge 20.
The edges of the notched hammer neck 11 in the third embodiment are non-parallel with respect to one another, and instead form an hourglass shape. This shape starts just below the notched hammer rod hole 15 and continues through the notched hammer neck 11 to the notched hammer second end 16. This hourglass shape yields a reduction in weight of the notched hammer 10 and also reduces the vibration of the notched hammer 10 during operation.
A forth embodiment of the notched hammer 10 is shown in FIG. 10, which most related to the second embodiment of the notched hammer 10 shown in FIG. 8. The fourth embodiment does not include neck voids 11a. As shown, the fourth embodiment provides the benefits of increasing the surface area available for distribution of the opposing forces placed on the notched hammer rod hole 15 in proportion to the thickness of the notched hammer neck 11 without using a notched hammer first or second shoulder 14a, 14b. As with some other embodiments disclosed and described herein, the fourth embodiment allows for decreased overall notched hammer 10 weight from the decreased thickness of notched hammer neck 11 while simultaneously reducing the likelihood of elongation of the notched hammer rod hole 15.
A fifth embodiment of the notched hammer is shown in FIG. 11. In the fifth embodiment, the thickness of the notched hammer first end 12, notched hammer neck 11, and notched hammer second end 16 are substantially similar. A notched hammer first shoulder 14a is positioned around the periphery of the notched hammer rod hole 15 for additional strength and to reduce elongation thereof, as explained in detail above. Additionally, the fifth embodiment includes a hardened contact edge 20. The rounded shape of the notched hammer first end 12 strengthens the notched hammer first end 12 by improving the transmission of hammer rod 8 vibrations away from the notched hammer first end 12, through the notched hammer neck 11 to the notched hammer second end 16. The rounded shape also allows for overall weight reduction of the notched hammer 10. The edges of the notched hammer neck 11 are parallel in the fifth embodiment, but they may also be curved to create an hourglass shape as previously disclosed for other embodiments.
A sixth embodiment of the notched hammer is shown in FIG. 12. In this embodiment, notched hammer first and second shoulders 14a, 14b are positioned around the periphery of the notched hammer rod hole 15 to prevent elongation thereof. As with the fifth embodiment, the thickness of the notched hammer first end 12, notched hammer neck 11, and notched hammer second end 16 are substantially equal. The sixth embodiment also includes a hardened contact edge 20, and the edges of the notched hammer neck 11 are curved to improve vibration energy transfer as previously described for similar configurations.
A seventh embodiment of the notched hammer is shown in FIG. 13. The notched hammer second end 16 of the seventh embodiment includes a plurality of contact surfaces 22a, 24a, and 26a, which increases the overall surface area available for contact with the material to be comminuted. The seventh embodiment includes a first, a second, and a third contact surface 22a, 24a, and 26a, respectively, which results in four distinct contact points—a first, second, third, and fourth contact points 22b, 24b, 26b, and 28.
During operation, two of the three contact surfaces 22a, 24a, 26a are working, depending on the direction of rotation of the notched hammer 10. The notched hammer 10 may be used bi-directionally by either changing the direction of rotation of the hammermill assembly 2 or by removing the notched hammer 10 and reinstalling it facing the opposite direction. For example, during normal operation in a first direction of rotation, primarily the first and second contact surfaces 22a, 24a will contact the material to be comminuted, and the first and second contact points 22b, 24b will likely comprise the primary working areas. Accordingly, the third contact surface 26a will be the trailing surface so that the third and fourth contact points 26b, 28 will exhibit very little wear.
If the direction of rotation of the notched hammer 10 is reversed either by reversing the direction of rotation of the hammermill assembly 10 or be reinstalling each notched hammer 10 in the opposite orientation, primarily the second and third contact surfaces 24a, 26a will contact the material to be communicated, and the third and fourth contact points 26b, 28 will likely comprise the primary working areas. Accordingly, the first contact surface 22a will be the trailing surface so that the first and second contact points 22b, 24b will likely exhibit very little wear.
The first, second, and third contact surfaces 22a, 24a, 26a are symmetrical with respect to the notched hammer 10 in the seventh embodiment. In the seventh embodiment, the linear distance from the center of the notched hammer rod hole 15 to the first, second, third, and fourth contact points 22b, 24b, 26b, 28, respectively, is equal. However, in other embodiments not pictured herein those distances may be different, or the contact surfaces 22a, 24a, 26a, and/or the contact points 22b, 24b, 26b, 28 may be different. In such embodiments the contact surfaces 22a, 24a, 26a are not symmetrical. In still other embodiments not pictured herein, the notched hammer 10 includes only two contact surfaces 22a, 24a, or more than three contact surfaces. Accordingly, the precise number of contact surfaces used in any embodiment of the notched hammer 10 in no way limits the scope of the notched hammer 10.
In the seventh embodiment, the thickness of the notched hammer first end 12, notched hammer neck 11, and notched hammer second end 16 is substantially equal. Furthermore, a hardened contact edge 20 has been welded to the notched hammer second end 16 to cover the first, second, and third contact surfaces 22a, 24a, 26a. 
An eighth embodiment of the notched hammer 10 is shown in FIG. 14. This embodiment is similar to the seventh embodiment in that notched hammer second end 16 of the eighth embodiment includes three distinct contact surfaces 22a, 24a, 26a, and four distinct contact points 22b, 24b, 26b, 28. However, the notched hammer second end 16 in the eighth embodiment also includes a plurality of edge pockets 29. Each edge pocket 29 is a cutaway portion placed one of the contact surfaces 22a, 24a, 26a. In the eighth embodiment two edge pockets 29 are positioned on the notched hammer second end 16 symmetrically about either side of the second contact surface 24a. In other embodiments, the edge pockets 29 are not symmetrically positioned on the notched hammer second end 16, and the number of edge pockets 29 in no way limits the scope of the notched hammer 10. The edge pockets allow temporary insertion of “pocketing” of the material to be comminuted during rotation of the hammermill assembly 2 to increase loading upon the contact surfaces 22a, 24a, 26a, and thereby increase the contact efficiency between the notched hammer 10 and the material to be comminuted.
The depth of each edge pocket 29 may be proportional to the difference between the hammer swing length and the distance from the center of the notched hammer rod hole 15 to the first and third contact surfaces 22a, 26a. In many applications the depth of the edge pocket 29 is from 0.25 to twice the thickness of the notched hammer first end 12. The shape of the edge pocket 29 may be rounded, as shown in FIG. 14, or it may be angular in embodiments not pictured herein. Furthermore, the edge pockets 29 may be tapered so that the thickness thereof is not constant. The eight embodiment includes a hardened contact edge 20. It also includes notched hammer first and second shoulders 14a, 14b, and the edges of the notched hammer neck 11 are curved so that the notched hammer 10 is shaped similar to an hourglass.
A ninth embodiment of the notched hammer 10 is shown in FIG. 15. In this embodiment, the thickness of the notched hammer first end 12, notched hammer neck 11, and notched hammer second end 16 are substantially equal. The ninth embodiment includes notched hammer first and second shoulders 14a, 14b positioned around the periphery of the notched hammer rod hole 15. However, unlike other embodiments previously described and disclosed herein, the notched hammer first and second shoulders 14a, 14b in the ninth embodiment are not symmetrical with respect to the notched hammer rod hole 15. This allows for overall weight and material reduction of the notched hammer 10 while still providing the benefits of reinforcement around the periphery of the notched hammer rod hole 15 provided by notched hammer shoulders 14a, 14b as previously described in detail. The ninth embodiment also includes a hardened contact edge 20, and the edges of the notched hammer neck 11 are curved.
The various features and or elements that differentiate one embodiment of the notched hammer 10 from another embodiment may be added or removed from various other embodiments to result in a nearly infinite number of embodiments. Whether shown in the various figures herein, all embodiments may include a notched hammer first shoulder 14a alone or in combination with a notched hammer second shoulder 14a having an infinite number of configurations, which may or may not be symmetrical with one another and/or the notched hammer rod hole 15. Furthermore, any embodiment may have notched hammer first and/or second shoulders 14a, 14b on both sides of the notched hammer 10.
Other features/configurations that may be included on any embodiments alone or in combination include: (1) curved or straight edges on the notched hammer neck 11; (2) reduced thickness of the notched hammer neck 11 with respect to the notched hammer first end 12 and/or notched hammer second end 16; (3) curved or angular notched hammer first ends 12; (4) hardened contact edges 20; (5) neck voids 11a; (6) multiple contact points; (7) multiple contact surfaces; (8) edge pockets 29; and, (9) multiple blades, which is described in detail below, or any combinations thereof. Furthermore, any embodiment may be bidirectional. Any embodiment of the notched hammer 10 may be heat treated if such heat treatment will impart desirable characteristics to the notched hammer 10 for the particular application.
In embodiments of the notched hammer 10 having a notched hammer neck 11 that is reduced in width (i.e., wherein the edges are curved) or thickness, it is contemplated that the notched hammer 10 will be manufactured by forging the steel used to produce the notched hammer 10. This is because forging typically in a finer grain structure that is much stronger than casting the notched hammer 10 from steel or rolling it from bar stock as found in the prior art. However, the notched hammer 10 is not so limited by the method of construction, and any method of construction known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used including casting, rolling, stamping, machining, and welding.
Another benefit of some of the embodiments of the notched hammer 10 is that the amount of surface area supporting attachment of the notched hammer 10 to the hammer rod 8 is dramatically increased. This eliminates or reduces the wear or grooving of the hammer rod 8 caused by rotation of the notched hammer 10 during use. The ratio of surface area available to support the notched hammer 10 to the weight and/or overall thickness of the notched hammer 10 may be optimized with less material using various embodiments disclosed herein. Increasing the surface area available to support the notched hammer 10 on the hammer rod 8 while improving securement of the notched hammer 10 to the hammer rod 8 also increases the amount of material in the notched hammer 10 available to absorb or distribute operational stresses while still providing the benefits of the free-swinging hammer design (i.e., recoil to non-destructible foreign objects).
Embodiments of the notched hammer 10 having only a notched hammer first shoulder 14a or notched hammer first and second shoulders 14a, 14b (oriented either non-symmetrical with respect to the notched hammer rod hole 15, such as the ninth embodiment shown in FIG. 15 or symmetrical, such as the third, sixth, or eighth embodiments, shown in FIGS. 9, 12, and 14, respectively) may be especially useful with the rod hole notch 15a. In such embodiments it is contemplated that the thickness of the notched hammer first and second shoulders 14a, 14b will be 0.5 inches or greater, but may be less for other embodiments.
It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments pictured and described herein, but is intended to apply to all similar apparatuses for improving hammermill hammer structure and operation. Modifications and alterations from the described embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art without departure from the spirit and scope of the notched hammer 10.
3. Exemplary Embodiments of Multiple Blade Hammer
Several exemplary embodiments of a multiple blade hammer 30 will now be described. The preferred embodiment will vary depending on the particular application for the multiple blade hammer 30, and the exemplary embodiments described and disclosed herein represent just some of an infinite number of variations to the multiple blade hammer 30 that will naturally occur to those skilled in the art.
A perspective view of a first embodiment of a multiple blade hammer 30 is shown in FIG. 16. The first embodiment is a metallic-based multiple blade hammer 30 for use in a rotatable hammermill assembly 2 as shown in FIGS. 1-3. Other embodiments of the multiple blade hammer 30 for use with types of hammermill assemblies other than that shown and described herein are included within the scope of the multiple blade hammer 30.
The multiple blade hammer 30 includes a multiple blade hammer first end 32 and a multiple blade hammer second end 36, which are connected to one another via a multiple blade hammer neck 11. The multiple blade hammer 30 in the first embodiment includes a multiple blade hammer rod hole 35 formed in the multiple blade hammer first end 32. Multiple blade hammer first and second shoulders 34a, 34b both surround the multiple blade hammer rod hold 35, which is shown most clearly in FIGS. 16 and 17. In this respect, the multiple blade hammer first end 32 is configured in a very similar manner to the notched hammer first end 12 in the ninth embodiment thereof, which is shown in FIG. 15. Accordingly, the multiple blade hammer first and second shoulders 34a, 34b in the first embodiment of the multiple blade hammer 30 are not symmetrical with respect to the multiple blade hammer rod hole 35.
In other embodiments of the multiple blade hammer 30 not pictured herein, the multiple blade hammer first and second shoulders 34a, 34b may be symmetrical with respect to the multiple blade hammer rod hole 35. In such embodiments of the multiple blade hammer 30, the multiple blade hammer first end 32 would be configured in a manner similar to the notched hammer first end 12 in the third embodiment thereof, which is shown in FIG. 9. In other embodiment of the multiple blade hammer 30 not pictured herein, only a first multiple blade hammer shoulder 34a may surround the multiple blade hammer rod hole 35. In such embodiments of the multiple blade hammer 30, the multiple blade hammer first end 32 would be configured in a manner similar to the notched hammer first end 12 in the first embodiment thereof, which is shown in FIG. 5. In still other embodiments of the multiple blade hammer 30 not pictured herein, the multiple blade hammer neck 31 is reduced in thickness compared to the thickness of the multiple blade hammer first end 32. In such embodiments of the multiple blade hammer 30, the multiple blade hammer first end 32 would be configured in a manner similar to the notched hammer first end 12 in the second embodiment thereof, which is shown in FIG. 8. Accordingly, it will become apparent to those skilled in the art in light of the present disclosure that the multiple blade hammer first end 32 may include a multiple blade hammer first shoulder 34a and/or a multiple blade hammer second shoulder 34b, both of which may be in any configuration/orientation disclosed for the notched hammer 10.
The multiple blade hammer second end 36, which is the contact end, in the first embodiment includes a first, second, and third blade 37a, 37b, 37c. These three blades 37a, 37b, 37c provide for three distinct contact surfaces in the axial direction, which is best seen in FIG. 16. The multiple blade hammer second end 36 provides for contact and delivery of momentum to material to be comminuted. The multiple blade hammer second end 36 includes at least two blades 37a, 37b, and in the first embodiment pictured herein includes three blades 37a, 37b, 37c. Accordingly, the multiple blade hammer 30 may be configured with two or more blades 37a, 37b, 37c depending on the particular application, and the scope of the multiple blade hammer 30 extends to any hammer having two or more blades 37a, 37b, 37c. The at least two blades 4 have combined width greater than the width of the multiple blade hammer first end 32. The distance between the blades 37a, 37b, 37c will vary depending on the specific application of the multiple blade hammer 30, and in the first embodiment the distance between the blades 37a, 37b, 37c is approximately equal to the thickness of the blades 37a, 37b, 37c, which is approximately one-fourth of an inch. However, the particular dimensions and/or orientation of the blades 37a, 37b, 37c is in no way limiting.
In other embodiments not pictured herein, the multiple blade hammer 30 structure may undergo further manufacturing work and have tungsten carbide welded to the periphery of each of the hammer blades 37a, 37b, 37c for increased hardness and abrasion resistance. Furthermore, the multiple blade hammer first end 32, second end 36, and neck 31 may be heat-treated for hardness. It is contemplated that in many embodiments of the multiple blade hammer 30 it will be beneficial to construct the multiple blade hammer 30 using forging techniques. However, the scope of the multiple blade hammer 30 is not so limited, and other methods of construction known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used including casting, machining and welding.
In other embodiments of the multiple blade hammer 30 not pictured herein, the multiple blade hammer 30 may have neck voids 11a placed in the multiple blade hammer neck 31. In still other embodiments of the multiple blade hammer 30 not pictured herein, the thickness of the multiple blade hammer neck 31 may be less than the thickness of either the multiple blade hammer first end 32 or second end 36. In such embodiments of the multiple blade hammer 30, the multiple blade hammer first end 32 and neck 31 would be configured substantially similar to the notched hammer first end 12 and 11 in the fourth embodiment thereof, which is shown in FIG. 10.
In still other embodiments of the multiple blade hammer 30 not pictured herein, each blade 37a, 37b, 37c may be configured to have more than one distinct contact point. In such embodiments of the multiple blade hammer 30, each blade 37a, 37b, 37c would be configured substantially similar to the notched hammer second end 16 in the seventh embodiment thereof, which is shown in FIG. 13. Edge pockets 29 may be positioned in any of the blades 37a, 37b, 37c in variations of such embodiments, the configuration of which is not limiting to the scope of the multiple blade hammer 30 in any way, and may vary in a manner previously explained for the eighth embodiment of the notched hammer 10.
A second embodiment of the multiple blade hammer 30 is shown in FIG. 18. In the second embodiment the multiple blade hammer rod hole 35 is formed with at least one rod hole notch 15 The at least one rod hole notch 15a transverses the length of the multiple blade hammer rod hole 35 and is aligned with the multiple blade hammer neck 31. As shown in FIG. 18, the longitudinal axis of the rod hole notch 15a is parallel with the longitudinal axis of the multiple blade hammer rod hole 35, but may have different orientations in embodiments not pictured or described herein, such as an embodiment wherein the rod hole notch 15a is not parallel to the longitudinal axis of the multiple blade hammer rod hole 15. Furthermore, the cross-sectional shape of the rod hold notch 15a may be any shape, such as circular, oblong, angular, or any other shape known to those skilled in the art. Additionally, the cross-sectional shape of the rod hole notch 15a may vary along its length.
The various features and or elements that differentiate one embodiment of the multiple blade hammer 30 from another embodiment may be added or removed from various other embodiments to result in a nearly infinite number of embodiments. Whether shown in the various figures herein, all embodiments may include a multiple blade hammer first shoulder 34a alone or in combination with a multiple blade hammer second shoulder 34a having an infinite number of configurations, which may or may not be symmetrical with one another and/or the multiple blade hammer rod hole 35. Furthermore, any embodiment may have multiple blade hammer first and/or second shoulders 34a, 34b on both sides of the multiple blade hammer 30.
Other features/configurations that may be included on any embodiments alone or in combination include: (1) curved or straight edges on the multiple blade hammer neck 31; (2) reduced thickness of the multiple blade hammer neck 31 with respect to the multiple blade hammer first end 32 and/or any blades 37a, 37b, 37c; (3) curved or angular multiple blade hammer first ends 32; (4) hardened contact edges 20 positioned on and/or adjacent to the blade edges 38; (5) neck voids 11a; (6) multiple contact points on any blade 37a, 37b, 37c; (7) multiple contact surfaces; (8) edge pockets 29; and, (9) multiple blades 37a, 37b, 37c, which is described in detail below, or any combinations thereof. Furthermore, any embodiment may be bidirectional. Any embodiment of the multiple blade hammer 30 may be heat treated if such heat treatment will impart desirable characteristics to the multiple blade hammer 30 for the particular application.
In embodiments of the multiple blade hammer 30 having a multiple blade hammer neck 31 that is reduced in width (i.e., wherein the edges are curved) or thickness, it is contemplated that the multiple blade hammer 30 will be manufactured by forging the steel used to produce the multiple blade hammer 30. This is because forging typically in a finer grain structure that is much stronger than casting the multiple blade hammer 30 from steel or rolling it from bar stock as found in the prior art. However, the multiple blade hammer 30 is not so limited by the method of construction, and any method of construction known to those of ordinary skill in the art may be used including casting, rolling, stamping, machining, and welding.
Another benefit of some of the embodiments of the multiple blade hammer 30 is that the amount of surface area supporting attachment of the multiple blade hammer 30 to the hammer rod 8 is dramatically increased. This eliminates or reduces the wear or grooving of the hammer rod 8 caused by rotation of the multiple blade hammer 30 during use. The ratio of surface area available to support the multiple blade hammer 30 to the weight and/or overall thickness of the multiple blade hammer 30 may be optimized with less material using various embodiments disclosed herein. Increasing the surface area available to support the multiple blade hammer 30 on the hammer rod 8 while improving securement of the multiple blade hammer 30 to the hammer rod 8 also increases the amount of material in the multiple blade hammer 30 available to absorb or distribute operational stresses while still providing the benefits of the free-swinging hammer design (i.e., recoil to non-destructible foreign objects).
Embodiments of the multiple blade hammer 30 having only a multiple blade hammer first shoulder 34a or multiple blade hammer first and second shoulders 34a, 34b (oriented either non-symmetrical with respect to the multiple blade hammer rod hole 35 or symmetrical) may be especially useful with the rod hole notch 15a. In such embodiments it is contemplated that the thickness of the multiple blade hammer first and second shoulders 34a, 34b will be 0.5 inches or greater, but may be less for other embodiments.
It should be noted that the present invention is not limited to the specific embodiments pictured and described herein, but is intended to apply to all similar apparatuses for improving hammermill hammer structure and operation. Modifications and alterations from the described embodiments will occur to those skilled in the art without departure from the spirit and scope of the multiple blade hammer 30.

## Claims

1. A multiple blade hammer comprising:
a. a first end;
b. a rod hole, said rod hole centered in said first end;
c. a second end, wherein said second end further comprises at least two blades, wherein said at least two blades are axially spaced from one another; and
d. a neck, wherein said neck connects said first end to said second end, and wherein the thickness of said neck is less than the thickness of both said first end and said second end;
e. a first shoulder, wherein said first shoulder surrounds the periphery of said rod hole;
f. a second shoulder, wherein said second shoulder is positioned adjacent said first shoulder, wherein said first and second shoulders are non-symmetrically oriented with respect to one another and said rod hole.

2. A multiple blade hammer comprising:
g. a first end;
h. a rod hole, said rod hole centered in said first end;
i. a second end, wherein said second end further comprises at least two blades, wherein said at least two blades are axially spaced from one another;
j. a neck, wherein said neck connects said first end to said second end;
k. a first shoulder adjacent to and surrounding a first portion of said rod hole, wherein said first shoulder is positioned between said rod hole and said first end of said hammer; and
l. a second shoulder adjacent to and surrounding a second portion of said rod hole, wherein said second shoulder is adjacent said neck, wherein the distance along the periphery of said second shoulder is less than that of said first shoulder such that said first shoulder and said second shoulder are non-symmetrical about the longitudinal axis of said rod hole.

3. The multiple blade hammer according to claim 2 wherein said multiple blade hammer is further defined as being constructed through a forging technique.