UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 18-2058

PATRICIA A. BAKER,

 Defendant – Appellant,

v.

JESSICA E. BAKER, Individually, and as Administratrix of The ESTATE OF 

FRANK J. BAKER, JR.,

 Defendant – Appellee,

and 

JACKSON NATIONAL LIFE INSURANCE COMPANY,

 Plaintiff.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia at 

Wheeling. Frederick P. Stamp, Jr., Senior District Judge. (5:17-cv-00078-FPS)

Argued: October 29, 2019 Decided: December 11, 2019

Before HARRIS, RICHARDSON, and QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judges.

Reversed and remanded with instructions by unpublished opinion. Judge Quattlebaum 

wrote the opinion, in which Judge Harris and Judge Richardson joined. 
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ARGUED: Joseph Jacob John, II, JOHN & WERNER LAW OFFICES, PLLC, Wheeling, 

West Virginia, for Appellant. Christian Edward Turak, GOLD, KHOUREY & TURAK, 

L.C., Moundsville, West Virginia, for Appellee. ON BRIEF: Anthony I. Werner, JOHN 

& WERNER LAW OFFICES, PLLC, Wheeling, West Virginia, for Appellant.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
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QUATTLEBAUM, Circuit Judge: 

The question presented by this appeal is whether the designated beneficiary on a life 

insurance policy waived her interest in the policy proceeds by the terms of a divorce 

property settlement agreement. Patricia Baker was the designated beneficiary on the life 

insurance policy of her husband, Frank Baker, Jr. When the couple divorced, they executed 

a property settlement agreement (“PSA”) to resolve “all matters concerning their respective 

separate and marital property rights . . . .” (J.A. 57). In Paragraph 5(b) of the PSA, Patricia 

relinquished “any and all right to any life insurance policies” on Frank’s life. (J.A. 58). 

However, that subsection also provided that Frank “may change the beneficiary” on any 

such policy. (J.A. 58). Several years after the divorce, Frank died without changing the 

beneficiary designations on the life insurance policy. 

As the policy’s designated beneficiary, Patricia sought payment of the policy 

proceeds. However, Jessica Baker, Frank’s daughter and a contingent beneficiary on his 

policy, made her own claim to the proceeds. Jessica argued that Patricia’s relinquishment 

of “any and all right” to Frank’s life insurance policy in the PSA waived her interest in the 

policy proceeds. In the ensuing litigation, the district court agreed with Jessica and granted 

her motion for summary judgment. It held that Patricia explicitly relinquished “any and all 

right” to Frank’s life insurance policy, including her interest in the policy proceeds, by 

executing the PSA. (J.A. 215). 

Upon review, we conclude that the PSA is reasonably susceptible to multiple 

interpretations and is therefore ambiguous as to whether Patricia waived her beneficiary 

interest in the policy proceeds. For this reason, we reverse the judgment of the district court 
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and remand for a determination of whether the PSA’s ambiguity means that Patricia did 

not waive her contractual right to the policy proceeds or whether extrinsic evidence should 

be considered to establish the proper interpretation of the PSA.

I. 

In July 1998, Frank enrolled in a $250,000 life insurance policy with what is now 

Jackson National Life Insurance Company (“Jackson National”). On the application, Frank 

named his wife, Patricia, as the designated beneficiary and his daughter from a prior 

marriage, Jessica, as a contingent beneficiary.1 The terms concerning the beneficiaries of 

policy proceeds are clear. Under § 4.11 of the policy, the designated beneficiary receives 

the policy proceeds at the time of Frank’s death, and any contingent beneficiaries receive 

the proceeds in the absence of a designated beneficiary. Section 3.35 only allowed Frank 

to change the policy’s beneficiary designations by sending a written notice of the change 

to Jackson National. 

Frank and Patricia divorced in September 2013, citing irreconcilable differences. As 

part of the divorce proceedings, Frank and Patricia executed a PSA to settle “all matters 

concerning their respective separate and marital property rights. . . .” (J.A. 57). The PSA 

was ratified and incorporated into the Final Divorce Order issued by the West Virginia 

family court. Paragraph 5 of the PSA, entitled “Life Insurance,” provides in subsection (b): 

 1 While extrinsic evidence in the record describes the nature of Frank’s relationships 

with Patricia and Jessica, it is not relevant to our decision, so we need not recount it here.
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“Wife hereby releases and relinquishes any and all right to any life insurance policies which 

the Husband presently has on his life and Husband may change the beneficiary.” (J.A. 58). 

Additionally, in Paragraph 13(a) of the PSA, Frank and Patricia agreed to “execute, 

acknowledge and deliver any and all papers, documents, instruments and writing that may 

be reasonably required to effectuate the objects and purposes of this Agreement.” (J.A. 60). 

Frank died in January 2017. During the three-and-a-half-year period between the 

divorce and his death, Frank did not change the primary or contingent beneficiary 

designations on his life insurance policy. Because his life insurance policy was in effect on 

the date of his death, Jackson National sought to distribute the proceeds pursuant to the 

policy terms. However, the insurance company received competing claims to the proceeds. 

A few weeks after Frank’s death, Patricia sent a letter to Jackson National requesting 

payment of the proceeds pursuant to her status as the policy’s designated beneficiary. Later, 

Jessica also sent a letter to Jackson National. She argued that by the unambiguous terms of 

the PSA, Patricia relinquished her beneficiary interest in the policy proceeds and, as the 

only living contingent beneficiary,2 Jessica was entitled to her share of the proceeds.

Because of these competing claims, Jackson National initiated an interpleader action 

in the United States District Court for the Northern District of West Virginia, naming 

Patricia and Jessica as defendants. The district court agreed to accept a deposit of the 

 2 The only other contingent beneficiary was Frank’s sister, Beth Salatino. But 

because Beth predeceased Frank, her share of the proceeds flowed to Frank Baker’s estate 

under § 3.34 of the policy.
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disputed proceeds from Frank’s life insurance policy while Patricia and Jessica’s claims 

were resolved. 

After discovery, Patricia moved for summary judgment, seeking the policy proceeds 

as a matter of law. Two days later, Jessica moved for the same. The district court granted 

Jessica’s motion, denied Patricia’s motion and ordered payment of the policy proceeds to 

Jessica. The court held that by the unambiguous terms of Paragraph 5(b) of the PSA, 

Patricia “explicitly released and relinquished . . . ‘any and all right to any life insurance 

policies’ held by [Frank] and that such language plainly indicates the intent of the parties 

to eliminate her interest in the life insurance policy proceeds.” (J.A. 215). Patricia timely 

appealed the final judgment. This Court has jurisdiction over the appeal under 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1291. 

II.

This Court reviews grants of summary judgment de novo, applying the same 

standard as the court below. Sylvia Dev. Corp. v. Calvert Cty., 48 F.3d 810, 817 (4th Cir. 

1995). Summary judgment may only be granted if “there is no genuine dispute as to any 

material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Covol Fuels No. 

4, LLC v. Pinnacle Min. Co., LLC, 785 F.3d 104, 111 (4th Cir. 2015) (quoting Libertarian 

Party of Va. v. Judd, 718 F.3d 308, 312–13 (4th Cir.2013)). The threshold question for a 

court asked to grant summary judgment based on the interpretation of a contract is whether 

the contract is ambiguous. Covol Fuels No. 4, LLC, 785 F.3d at 112 (citing Syl. Pt. 4, Estate 

of Tawney v. Columbia Natural Res., LLC, 633 S.E.2d 22, 23–24 (W. Va. 2006)). “If a 
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court properly determines that the contract is unambiguous on the dispositive issue, it may 

then properly interpret the contract as a matter of law and grant summary judgment because 

no interpretive facts are in genuine issue.” Washington Metro. Area Transit Auth. v. 

Potomac Inv. Properties, Inc., 476 F.3d 231, 235 (4th Cir. 2007) (quoting Goodman v. 

Resolution Trust Corp., 7 F.3d 1123, 1126 (4th Cir. 1993)). However, if the contract is 

deemed ambiguous, a court may “examine evidence extrinsic to the contract that is 

included in the summary judgment materials, and, if the evidence is, as a matter of law, 

dispositive of the interpretative issue, grant summary judgment on that basis.” Id. But if 

such extrinsic evidence “leaves genuine issues of fact respecting the contract’s proper 

interpretation, summary judgment must of course be refused and interpretation left to the 

trier of fact.” Id.

A. 

With these standards in mind, we turn to the relevant West Virginia law.3 As the 

designated beneficiary on Frank’s life insurance policy, Patricia had a contractual right to 

the policy proceeds upon Frank’s death. In West Virginia, there is no statute that 

automatically revokes a beneficiary interest in an ex-spouse’s life insurance policy upon 

divorce,4 and the parties agree that Frank did not change the beneficiary designations on 

 3 It is not disputed that West Virginia law applies to the parties’ claims. 

4 The West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals has stated, “spousal forfeiture is 

purely a creature of statute,” and therefore courts “cannot impose a forfeiture without 

statutory authority.” Petition of Shiflett, 490 S.E.2d 902, 909 (W. Va. 1992). While W. Va. 

Code § 41-1-6 provides for the automatic revocation of a party’s interests in their former 

(Continued)
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his life insurance policy before his death. Therefore, Patricia retained her beneficiary 

interest in the policy proceeds unless she waived it by the terms of the PSA.5

Under West Virginia law, “[w]aiver of a contract right may be made by an express 

statement or agreement, or it may be implied from the conduct of the party who is alleged 

to have waived a right.” Parsons v. Halliburton Energy Servs., Inc., 785 S.E.2d 844, 850 

(W. Va. 2016). “The burden of proof to establish waiver is on the party claiming the benefit 

of such waiver, and is never presumed.” Hoffman v. Wheeling Sav. & Loan Ass'n, 57 S.E.2d 

725, 735 (W. Va. 1950). Here, Jessica contends that the execution of the PSA was an 

express waiver of Patricia’s right to the life insurance proceeds as the designated 

beneficiary. 

The West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals “has long recognized that settlement 

agreements are contracts and subject to enforcement like any other contract.” Marcus v. 

Staubs, 736 S.E.2d 360, 374 (W. Va. 2012). Accordingly, we analyze the terms of the PSA 

under West Virginia contract law to determine if Patricia waived her beneficiary interest 

in the proceeds of Frank’s life insurance policy. When interpreting a contract, courts must 

consider the writing as a whole. Zimmerer v. Romano, 679 S.E.2d 601, 610 (W. Va. 2009).

When the language is clear and unambiguous, courts must apply, not construe, the terms 

 

spouse’s will following a divorce, there is no automatic revocation statute for a former 

spouse’s interests in life insurance policies and other non-probate assets. 

5 “It is generally true that divorce alone does not automatically divest the wife of the 

proceeds of life insurance in which she is the named beneficiary. The beneficiary’s interest 

may be terminated, however, by an agreement between the parties which may reasonably 

be construed as a relinquishment of the spouse’s rights to the insurance.” O’Brien v. Elder, 

250 F.2d 275, 278 (5th Cir. 1957) (internal citations omitted).
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of the contract. Cabot Oil & Gas Corp. v. Huffman, 705 S.E.2d 806, 814 (W. Va. 2010). 

Therefore, if a contract is unambiguous, no extrinsic evidence may be considered to explain 

or alter its terms. Zimmerer, 679 S.E.2d at 610 (internal citations omitted). 

However, when a contract is ambiguous, a court looks to extrinsic evidence of the 

parties’ intent to construe it. Harrell v. Cain, 832 S.E.2d 120, 130 (W. Va. 2019). 

Contractual language is considered ambiguous if the terms “are inconsistent on their face 

or where the phraseology can support reasonable differences of opinion as to the meaning 

of words employed and obligations undertaken.” Fraternal Order of Police, Lodge No. 69 

v. City of Fairmont, 468 S.E.2d 712, 716 (W. Va. 1996). However, “[t]he mere fact that 

parties do not agree to the construction of a contract does not render it ambiguous.” Id. at 

717 (quoting Syl. Pt. 1, International Nickel Co., Inc. v. Commonwealth Gas Corp., 163 

S.E.2d 677, 678 (W. Va. 1968)). Finally, no word or clause in a contract may treated as a 

redundancy and must be presumed to have its own unique meaning. Columbia Gas 

Transmission Corp. v. E. I. du Pont de Nemours & Co., 217 S.E.2d 919, 927 (W. Va. 1975). 

B.

On appeal, Patricia first argues that the district court erred in holding that Paragraph 

5(b) of the PSA waived her beneficiary interest in the policy proceeds. She claims that her 

relinquishment of “any and all right” to Frank’s life insurance policy only waived her 

ownership rights in the policy—specifically, her claim to the cash surrender value of the 

policy and control over Frank’s beneficiary designations—and not her beneficiary interest 

in the policy proceeds. 
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Patricia also argues that under the PSA, she relinquished “any and all right” to 

Frank’s policy, and not “all right, title and interest” or “any and all interests” in the 

proceeds. She claims that the absence of such language means that the narrow waiver of 

her ownership rights in the policy cannot be broadly construed to also forfeit her separate 

beneficiary interest in its proceeds. 

Finally, Patricia argues the inclusion of the phrase “and Husband may change the 

beneficiary” indicates that the PSA did not itself extinguish her beneficiary interest, as it 

unambiguously left Frank the power to change the policy’s beneficiary designation. As a 

result, she claims that his decision not to remove her as the designated beneficiary after the 

execution of the PSA should be honored. In support of this reading, Patricia points to 

Paragraph 13(a) of the PSA. In that provision, the parties agreed to execute and deliver all 

instruments “that may be reasonably required to effectuate the objects and purposes of this 

Agreement.” (J.A. 60). According to Patricia, if the PSA waived her beneficiary interest in 

the policy proceeds, Frank would have sent Jackson National written notice of the 

beneficiary change, as required under § 3.31 of the policy. However, Frank never attempted 

to send any such notice during the three-and-a-half-year period between the divorce and 

his death. She claims that his failure to do so is proof that her beneficiary interest was not 

waived by the PSA.

In response, Jessica largely echoes the reasoning of the district court. She argues 

Patricia’s relinquishment of “any and all right” to Frank’s life insurance policy 

unambiguously included a waiver of her interest in the policy proceeds. In support of this 

reading, Jessica asserts that other PSA provisions confirm that the agreement was intended 
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to be a comprehensive settlement of all of the parties’ property rights and interests, 

including their respective beneficiary interests. Specifically, Jessica emphasizes the PSA’s 

introduction, which states that the “parties desire to settle by agreement all matters 

concerning their respective separate and marital property rights . . . .” (J.A. 57). 

Like the district court, Jessica cites Graham v. Graham, 465 S.E.2d 614, 616–17 

(W.Va. 1995) for the proposition that a beneficiary interest in a life insurance policy is 

marital property in West Virginia.6 Because Patricia’s beneficiary interest in Frank’s policy 

is marital property, she contends that it is covered by the PSA. And since the PSA is meant 

to settle “all matters” concerning Frank and Patricia’s marital property rights, Jessica 

argues that Patricia’s relinquishment of “any and all right” to Frank’s life insurance policy 

necessarily waives her beneficiary interest in the proceeds. 

Finally, Jessica asserts that the inclusion of the phrase “and Husband may change 

the beneficiary” does not indicate that the PSA left Frank the choice as to whether to 

maintain Patricia as the designated beneficiary or to remove her and name a new one. 

Instead, she claims that the phrase merely clarified that the PSA did not bar Frank from 

changing the beneficiary designation on his policy during the divorce proceedings.

 6 In Graham, the West Virginia Supreme Court of Appeals stated that “given the 

broad legislative definition of marital property, several types of expectancies, or near 

expectancies, with little or no present value, are marital property for equitable distribution 

purposes.” Graham, 465 S.E.2d at 616–17. There, it found “that a term life insurance policy 

obtained as an employment benefit during the marriage is marital property under W.Va. 

Code 48-2-1(e)(1).” Id. at 618. The court also noted, in dicta, that other jurisdictions have 

found that life insurance policies are marital property if the policy premiums are paid with 

marital funds instead of separate funds. Id. at 617. 
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C.

While the district court did not address the inclusion of the phrase “and Husband 

my change the beneficiary” in Paragraph 5(b), the PSA must be interpreted as a whole. See 

Zimmerer, 679 S.E.2d at 610. When Paragraph 5(b)’s two constituent phrases are read 

together, they undermine the conclusion that the PSA unambiguously supports Jessica’s 

claim to the policy proceeds. Instead, they make the PSA ambiguous as to whether Patricia 

waived her beneficiary interest in the policy proceeds. 

Although Jessica asks this Court to read Patricia’s relinquishment of “any and all 

right to any life insurance policies” as encompassing a waiver of her beneficiary interest in 

the policy proceeds, this interpretation risks rendering the phrase “and Husband may 

change the beneficiary” redundant. If the former phrase removed Patricia as the designated 

beneficiary, it seems unnecessary to also say that Frank can change the beneficiary of his 

policy.7 It would be more logical to say that Frank “may name a new beneficiary” or simply 

remain silent on this issue. While it could be argued that this phrase simply allows Frank 

to change the beneficiary designation on his policy following Patricia’s relinquishment of 

her right to the policy and its proceeds, the terms of the PSA—even according to Jessica—

did not affect Frank’s power to change the beneficiary designations. (J.A. 32). Therefore,

we should not read Paragraph 5(b) to change whatever power Frank otherwise had. 

 7 Webster defines “change” as “to make different in some particular” or “to replace 

with another.” Merriam-Webster’s Collegiate Dictionary 206 (11th ed. 2020). Therefore, 

the phrase “and Husband may change the beneficiary” presupposes that Patricia is still the 

beneficiary, as it allows Frank to replace her with a different beneficiary.
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Moreover, Jessica’s claim that the phrase “and Husband may change the 

beneficiary” merely allowed Frank to change the beneficiary designations during the 

divorce proceedings is contradicted by the terms and purpose of the PSA. The PSA was 

incorporated into the parties’ Final Divorce Order at the end of the divorce proceedings 

and conclusively settled “all matters concerning [Frank and Patricia’s] respective separate 

and marital property rights . . . .” (J.A. 54, 57). It cannot be credibly claimed that the phrase 

“and Husband may change the beneficiary” only applied during the divorce proceedings 

while the rest of the PSA continues to bind the parties. The text of the PSA does not support 

that reading, and finding otherwise would wrongly render “and Husband may change the 

beneficiary” meaningless once the divorce was final. 

Therefore, under Jessica’s arguments, the inclusion of phrase “and Husband may 

change the beneficiary” in Paragraph 5(b) is either redundant or meaningless. We decline 

to adopt such an interpretation, as it conflicts with the well-settled rule that every word or 

clause in a contract must be treated as having its own unique meaning. Columbia Gas 

Transmission Corp., 217 S.E.2d at 927; see also Goodman, 7 F.3d at 1127 (“Contract terms 

must be construed to give meaning and effect to every part of the contract, rather than leave 

a portion of the contract meaningless or reduced to mere surplusage.”). 

A writing is considered ambiguous if a contract’s terms are inconsistent on their 

face or the agreement is reasonably susceptible to more than one meaning. Fraternal Order 

of Police, Lodge No. 69, 468 S.E.2d at 716. Here, Paragraph 5(b) of the PSA states that 

Patricia “relinquishes any and all right” to Frank’s life insurance policy and that “[Frank] 

may change the beneficiary” on that policy. (J.A. 58). When these phrases are read 
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together, they leave Paragraph 5(b) reasonably susceptible to more than one interpretation. 

They could mean that Patricia waived her beneficiary interest in the policy proceeds, and 

Frank may therefore change the policy’s beneficiary designations. However, they could 

also mean that Patricia only waived her ownership rights in the policy, but Frank may later 

remove her as the policy’s designated beneficiary. The PSA is therefore ambiguous as to 

whether Patricia waived her beneficiary interest in the proceeds of Frank’s life insurance 

policy. 

D.

The remaining question is the effect of the PSA’s ambiguity on Patricia’s right to 

the policy proceeds. Does it mean that Patricia prevails since she did not unambiguously 

waive her contractual right to the policy proceeds? Or does it mean that extrinsic evidence 

should be considered to determine the proper interpretation of the PSA? Since this matter 

was not specifically briefed, we feel that the best approach is to remand this case to the 

district court with instructions to address this issue. 

III.

For the reasons set forth above, we conclude, as a matter of law, that the PSA is 

ambiguous regarding whether Patricia waived her beneficiary interest in the proceeds of 

Frank’s life insurance policy. We therefore reverse the judgment of the district court and 

remand for a determination of whether the PSA’s ambiguity means that Patricia did not 

waive her contractual right to the policy proceeds, or whether extrinsic evidence should be 
15

considered to establish the proper interpretation of the PSA. The district court’s judgment 

is 

REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS.