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NON - PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37
COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

JEFFERY JOHN IRVINE

Appellant : : : : : : : : : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 498 MDA 2022 Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered February 7, 2022 In the Court of Common Pleas of Union County Criminal Division at

No(s): CP

- 60

- CR

- 0000150

- 2021 COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

v.

JEFFERY JOHN IRVINE

Appellant : : : : : : : : : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 499 MDA 2022 Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered February 7, 2022 In the Court of Common Pleas of Union County Criminal Division at

No(s): CP

- 60

- CR

- 0000153

- 2021

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., BENDER, P.J.E., and NICHOLS, J. MEMORANDUM BY NICHOLS, J.: FILED JANUARY 18, 2023 Appellant Jeffery John Irvine appeals from the judgment s of sentence imposed following his consolidated jury trial and convictions for rape and related offenses. Appellant contends that the trial court erred and violated his Sixth Amendment right to cross

- examine and confront the victim by admitting the victim’s hearsay st atements when the victim did not testify. We affirmJ

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the judgments of sentence in part , and vacate in part as to the sentence for aggravated indecent assault

. On June 2, 2021, Officer Nathan Fisher of the Mifflinburg Borough Police Department and Officer David Shaffer of the Middleburgh Police Department

were at a gas station on Route 104 in Snyder County. The two officers saw a

woman , later identified as Ashley Coen, in the front passenger seat of a car screaming for help and saying that she was being held against her will

. Appellant , who was the driver, pulled the car out of the gas station onto Route 104

. Both O fficer Fisher and Officer Shaffer pursued Appellant’s car into Union County in separate police vehicles

. During the pursuit, t he off icers activated their vehicles’ emergency lights and sirens. Appellant did not stop, and instead accelerated t o approximately 70 to 80 miles per hour

. A pedestrian walking her dog s jumped out of the way of Appellant’s car. Appellant eventually stopped his car . Ms. Coen immediately exited Appellant’s vehicle and r an towards the police cars screaming for help. At that time, the officers arrested Appellant on the side of the road

. Both Officer Fisher and Officer Shaffer obs erved that Ms. Coen had bruises on her face and arms

. The officers called for an ambulance and Ms. Coen was transported to Evangelical Community Hospital . Trooper Jessica Naschke of the Pennsylvania State Police interviewed Ms. Coen at the hospital.
Tro oper Naschke observed that Ms. Coen was scared , visibly upset , and that she had bruises on both of her eyes and on her arms

.J

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Ms. Coen gave a statement to Trooper Naschke, indicating that she had moved to Mifflinburg, Union County about two months ago . Ms. Coen was living with Appellant, who was her boyfriend

. Ms. Coen explained that the night before s he screamed for help, she and Appellant had an argument, and she slept on the couch whi le Appellant slept in the bedroom. O n the morning of June 2, Appellant threw food at Ms. Coen and yelled at her that they were out of cigarettes . Ms. Coen began arguing with Appellant, who then choked her, dragged her to the bedroom , and punched her in t he face with a closed fist several times. Appellant then pulled off Ms. Coen’s pants and underwear and inserted his penis in her vagina. Ms. Coen stated that, later that day, she convinced Appellant to go out and told him that she would buy cigarettes. Once they were in the parking lot of the gas station , she signaled to the police officers there that she needed help. Hannah McDowell is a registered nurse at Evangelical Community Hospital and has been trained as a sexual assault nurse examiner (SANE).
Nurse McDowell performed a SANE examination of Ms. Coen on June 2, 2021. As part of her examination, she took a narrative statement from Ms. Coen, which she included verbatim in her report. Appellant was charged with rape by forcib le compulsion, aggravated indecent assault by forcible compulsion , strangulation, indecent assault byJ

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forcible compulsion , simple assault, and false imprisonment 1 at Docket No. 150

- 2021. The Commonwealth also charged Appellant with one count of fleeing or attempting to elude a police officer (fleeing from police ) , four counts of recklessly endangering another person (REAP) , and two summary violations of the Motor Vehicle Code 2 at Docket No. 153

- 2021. On Septem ber 23, 2021 and October 6, 2021, t he Commonwealth filed
motions pursuant to 42 Pa.C.S. § 5964, requesting that the trial court issue a certificate under the seal of the court recommending that the courts in two counties in the State of New York where Ms. Coen was believed to reside take Ms. Coen into custody to c ompel her attendance at trial. The trial court granted both motions and issued the requested certificates. On October 22, 2021, t he Commonwealth filed a motion in limine

. Therein, the Commonwealth argued that Appellant made several phone calls
to Ms. C o en in which he had encouraged her not to cooperate with the Commonwealth. Therefore, the Commonwealth requested that M s. Coen ’s
statements to Nurse McDowell be admitted at trial unde r Pa.R.E. 804(b)(6), or in the alternative under Pa.R.E. 803(4). The Commonwealth also requested that Ms. Coen’s statement s to Trooper Naschke be admitted under Rule 804(b)(6).

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 1 18 Pa.C.S. §§ 3121(a)(1); 3125(a)(2); 2718(a)(1); 3126(a)(2); 2701(a)(1); and 2903(a), respectively.

2 75 Pa.C.S. § 3733(a); 18 Pa.C.S. § 2705; 75 Pa.C.S. §§ 3323(b); and 4524(e)(1), respectively.J

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The Honorable Michael T. Hudock held a hearing on the Commonwealth’s motion i n limine on October 25, 2021. At the hearing, Trooper Naschke testified that she had reviewed recordings of the calls that Appellant had made from to jail to Ms. Coen. The Commonwealth submitted a CD with the recording of Appellant’s phone calls along with a transcript of the calls, which w ere admitted without objection. The Commonwealth argued that in his calls to Ms. Coen, Appellant sought to prevent Ms. Coen from attending the upcoming trial. Therefore, the Commonwealt h asserted that it was necessary to introduce Ms. Coen’s statements to Nurse McDowell and Trooper Naschke as evidence at trial

. In response, Appellant argued that if Ms. Coen did not testify at trial, then the admi ss i o n of her statements would violate his right to confront his accuser under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution. President Judge Hudock verbally granted the Commonwealth’s motion to admit Ms. Coen’s statements, but he did not place any findings of fact on the record. 3 See N.T. Mot. Hr’g, 10/25/21, at 21

- 22. President Judge Hudock also presided over Appellant’s jury trial on October 26, 2021. During the trial , Appellant again objected to the admission of a h earsay statement made by Ms. Coen. S ee N.T. Trial, 8/26/21, at 17.

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 3 President Judge Hudock later reduced his verbal order to writing, which was dated October 25, 2021 , filed on October 26, 2021, and served on the parties on November 1, 2021. See Trial Ct. Order, Docket Nos. 150

- 2021, 153

- 2021, 11/1/21. The written order does not contain any fi ndings of fact.J

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The trial court overruled that objection and noted that Appellant had a standing objection to the admission of any of Ms. Coen’s hearsay statements. See id. During the trial , both Trooper Naschke and Nurse McDowell testified regarding Ms. Coen’s statements about Appellant’s actions. See id. at 47

- 56 , 63

- 65

. Nurse McDowell also testified that Ms. Coen’s injuries were consistent with being hit in the face , being choked , and dragged across a floor

. See id.
at 67

- 70. Ms. Coen did not testify at trial. 4 That same day, the jury convicted Appellant of all counts at Docket No. 150

- 2021 and the felony and misdemeanor counts at Docket No. 153

- 2021. President Judge Hudock found Appellant not guilty of the two summary violations of the Motor Vehicle Code charged at Docket No. 153

- 2021. Following President Judge Hudock’s retirement, the Honorable Michael
H . Sholley presided over Appellant’s sentencing hearing on February 7 , 2022. At sentencing, Appellant argued that his convictions for aggravated indecent assault and indecent assault should merge with his rape conviction. N.T. Sentencing Hr’g, 2/7/22, at 5. Appellant also argued that his simple assault conviction should merge with his strangulation conviction

. Id. The Commonwealth concurred with Appellant that the aggravated indecent assault and indecent assault convict ions should merge with the rape conviction , but

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 4 We note that although the Commonwealth admitted the recording s and transcripts of Appellant’s prison calls at the pre

- trial motions hearing, that evidence was not admitted at trial.J

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argued that simple assault did not merge with strangulation because those offenses involved different elements. Id. at 6. The trial court did not merge any of Appellant’s convictions and imposed an aggregate sentence of eight

- and

- a - half to twenty

- nine years’
incarc eration. 5 The trial court did not find that Appellant was a sexually violent predator (SVP)

. The trial court also ordered Appellant to register as a Tier III offender under the Sexual Offender Registration and Notification Act 6 (SORNA).

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 5 Specifically , at Docket No. 153

- 2021, for count one, fleeing from police, the trial court sentenced Appellant to one to five years’ incarceration. The trial court sentenced Appellant to terms of six months to two years’ incarceration for each count of REAP, which were concurrent to each other, and consecutive to count one. See Sentencing Order, Docket No. 153

- 2021, 2/7/22, at 1

- 2 (unpaginated).
At Docket No. 150

- 2021, for count one, rape, the trial court sentenced Appellant to seven to twenty years’ incarceration. S ee Sentencing Order, Docket No. 150

- 2021, 2/7/22, at 1 (unpaginated). For count two, aggravated indecent assault, the trial court imposed a concurrent term of five to ten years’ incarceration. See Am. Sentencing Order, Docket No. 150

- 2021, 2/28/22. For count three, strangulation, the trial court sentenced Appellant to a concurrent term of three

- and

- a - half to seven years’ incarceration. See Sentencing Order, Docket No. 150

- 2021, 2/7/22, at 1 (unpaginated). For count four, indecent assault, the trial cou rt sentenced Appellant to a concurrent term of fourteen months to five years’ incarceration. See id. at 1

- 2 (unpaginated). For count five, simple assault, the trial court imposed a concurrent sentence of nine months to two years’ incarceration. See id. at 2 (unpaginated). For count six, false imprisonment, the trial court sentenced Appellant to a concurrent term of six months to two years’ incarceration. See id. The aggregate sentence for Docket No. 150

- 2021 ran consecutive to the aggregate sentence a t Docket No. 153

- 2021. See id. at 1

- 2 (unpaginated); Am. Sentencing Order, Docket No. 150

- 2021, 2/28/22.

6 42 Pa.C.S. §§ 9799.10

- 9799.4 1

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Appellant fil ed a timely post

- sentence motion arguing that his constitutional right to confrontation had been violated. The trial court denied Appellant’s post

- sentence motion on February 28, 2022. 7 Appellant filed timely notice s of appeal and court

- ordered Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b) statement s at each docket number

. 8 President Judge Sholley issued a Rule 1925(a) opinion indicating that former President Judge Hu d ock had retired and was unable to write an opinion addressing the issues Appellant was raising on appeal

. See Trial Ct. Op., 5/11/22, at 1 n.1. President Judge Sholley concluded that because he did not preside over the pre

- trial hearings or at trial, he was unable to provide any additional information regarding Appellant’s claims. See id. at 2. On appeal, Appellant raises the following issue: Did error occur where an alleged victim did not testify, but hearsay evidence regarding her supposed comments was admitted at trial, over defense objection?

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 7 That same day, the trial court entered an order amending Appellant’s sentence for aggravated indecent assault. The original sentencing order imposed an illegal flat sentence of five years’ incarceration for that count, concurrent to Appellant’s sentence for rape. See Sentencing Order, Docket No. 150

- 2021, 2/7/22, at 1 (unpaginated) . As noted above, the trial court amended the sentence for aggravated indecent assault to a term of five to ten years’ incarceration, concurrent to Appellant’s sentence for rape. See Am. Sentencing Order, Docket No. 150

- 2021, 2/28/22.

8 On April 19, 2022, this Court consolidated the appeals sua sponte pursuant to Pa.R.A.P. 513. Order, 4/19/22.J

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Appellant’s Brief at 8

. 9 Admission of Victim’s Statements Appellant argues that the trial court violated his right to confront his accuser under the Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article 1, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania Constitution 10 by admitting Ms. Coen’s hearsay statements under Pa.R.E. 804(b)(6) when Ms. Coen did not testify at trial

. Id. at 13

- 18. Appellant contends that the trial court erred in concluding that Appellant had wrongfully procured Ms. Coen’s absence from the trial. Id.
at 14

- 16. Appellant claims that the transcript of the phone calls between him

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 9 We n ote that in h is Rule 1925(b) statement, Appellant argued that the trial court erred by precluding Appellant from mentioning the victim’s absence at trial

. See Rule 1925(b) Statement, 4 / 18 /2 2 . Appellant has not raised this claim in his appellate brief; therefore, Appellant has abandoned this issue on appeal. See Pa.R.A.P. 2116(a), 2119(a); see also Commonwealth v. McGill , 832 A.2d 1014, 1018 n.6 (Pa. 2003) (finding waiver where the appellant abandoned claim on appeal).

10 Our review of the record indicates that at the motion hearing Appellant only argued that the admission of Ms. Coen’s statements violated his right to confrontation under the Sixth Amendment. See N .T. Mot. Hr’g, 10/25/21, at 19. Appellant first raised his claim regarding his rights under the Pennsylvania Constitution in his post

- sentence motion. See Appellant’s Post

- Sentence Mot., 2/17/22, at 1

- 2 (unpaginated).
It is well

- established “ that a party complaining, on appea l, of the admission of evidence in the court below will be confined to the specific objection there made.” Commonwealth v. Cousar , 928 A.2d 1025, 1041 (Pa. 2007). However, Article I, Section 9 of the Pennsylvania Constitution “affords the same protection as its federal counterpart with regard to the Confrontation Clause

. ” Commonwealth v. Geiger , 944 A.2d 85, 97 n.6 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citations omitted) . Therefore, Appellant’s failure to raise his state constitutional claim at an earlier state of the pro ceedings before the trial court does not require a finding of waiver.J

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and Ms. Coen do es not contain any threats , acts of intimidation or bribes by Appellant directed at Ms. Coen. Id. at 15

- 16. Appellant notes that Ms. Coen had already relocated to the State of New York when Appellant called her, and that she had done so of her own volition. Id. at 15

- 17. Our standard of review is as follows: On appeals challenging a n evidentiary ruling of the trial court, our standard of review is limited. A trial court’s decision will not be reversed absent a clear abuse of discretion. Abuse of discretion is not merely an error of judgment, but rather where the judgment is manifes tly unreasonable or where the law is not applied or where the record shows that the action is a result of partiality, prejudice, bias or ill will. Commonwealth v. King , 959 A.2d 405, 411 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citations omitted and formatting altered) ; see also Commonwealth v. Elliott , 80 A.3d 415, 446 (Pa. 2013) ( stating that “appellate courts review a trial court’s ruling on the admissibility of evidence for an abuse of discretion” (citation omitted))

. The Sixth Amendment to the United States Constitutio n provides a criminal defendant with the right “to be confronted with the witnesses against him.” U.S. Const. Amend. VI. Specifically, the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Confrontation Clause protects a criminal defendant’s right to conf ront witnesses bearing testimony against him or her. Commonwealth v. Hajdarevic , 236 A.3d 87, 90 (Pa. Super. 2020) ( some citation s omitted). To be admissible, evidence must be relevant. Pa.R.E. 402. This means that “it logically tends to establish a ma terial fact in the case, tends to makeJ

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a fact at issue more or less probable, or tends to support a reasonable inference or proposition regarding a material fact.” Commonwealth v. Danzey , 210 A.3d 333, 342 (Pa. Super. 2019) (citation omitted). 11 “Hearsa y is an out

- of

- court statement offered for the truth of the matter asserted. Hearsay generally is inadmissible unless it falls within one of the exceptions to the hearsay rule delineated in the Pennsylvania Rules of Evidence.” Commonwealth v. W. Rivera , 238 A.3d 482, 492 (Pa. Super. 2020) ( citation omitted) ; see also Pa.R.E. 801(c), 802

. In Commonwealth v. D. Williams , 103 A.3d 354 (Pa. Super. 2014), this Court explained that “the protection of the Confrontation Clause attaches only to testimonial hear say.” D. Williams , 103 A.3d at 359; see generally Crawford v. Washington , 541 U.S. 36 (2004). Testimonial statements are those whose primary purpose to establish facts potentially relevant to a future criminal prosecution, while nontestimonial statements are made to assist the police or others with an ongoing emergency. See D. Williams , 103 A.3d at 359.
However , even when the Confrontation Clause applies to hearsay statements, the United States Supreme Court has held that where a defendant wrongfully p rocur es a declarant’s absence at trial , t he defendant may forfeit his right to challenge the admission of the declarant’s statements under the Confrontation Clause

. Giles v. California , 554 U.S. 353, 358

- 60, 371

- 72

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 11 Appellant does not dispute the relevance of the victim’s statements.J

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(2008). Specifically, the Giles Court explained that “ two forms of testimonial statements were admitted at common law even though they were unconfronted[,]” and that one these common law doctrines, which the Court described to as “forfeiture by wrongdoing, permitt ed the introduction of statements of a witness who was ‘detained’ or ‘kept away’ by the ‘means or procurement’ of the defendant.” Id. at 358

- 59 (citations omitted) ; see also Davis v. Washington , 547 U.S. 813, 833 (2006) (reiterating that “one who obtains the absence of a witness by wrongdoing forfeits the constitutional right to confrontation” )

. F.R.E. 804(b)(6) “codifies the [ common law ] forfeiture doctrine .” Giles , 554 U.S. at 367 ( quoting Davis , 547 U.S. at 833 ) ( q uo t ation marks omitted )

. Pa .R.E. 804(b)(6 ) is identical to F .R.E. 804(b)(6). See Giles , 554 U.S. at 367
n.2 ; Pa.R.E. 804(b)(6), Comment

. Pennsylvania Rule of Evidence 804 states , in relevant part: (b) The Exceptions. The following are not excluded by the rule against hearsay if the declarant is unavailable as a witness: * * * (6) Statement Offered Against a Party That Wrongfully Caused the Declarant ’ s Unavailability. A statement offered against a party that wrongfully caused

— or acquiesced in wrongfully causing

— the declarant’s unavailability as a witness, and did so intending that result. Pa.R.E. 804(b)(6) ; see also Giles , 554 U.S. at 367 (interpreting the identic al rule at F.R.E. 804(b)(6) and explaining that the rule’s intent requirementJ

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“means that the exception applies only if the defendant has in mind the particular purpose of making the witness unavailable” (citations omitted)).
In King , this Court addressed the application of Pa.R.E. 804(b)(6) 12 as a matter of first impression. King , 959 A.2d at 414. The King Court explained : The trial court turned to relevant federal case law and found United States v. Dhinsa , 243 F.3d 635 (2d Cir. 2001), particularly inst ructive. We agree. * * * [T] he Dhinsa Court provided an overview of the Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment, the evolution of the “waiver

- by

misconduct

- doctrine” codified in F.R.E. 804(b)(6), and the rule ’ s proper application. To determine the admissibility of evidence under the anal ogous federal rule, federal courts have required that an evidentiary hearing be held outside the jury ’ s presence prior to the admission of the evidence in question. See id. at 653. At the hearing, the prosecution must establish by a preponderance of the evidence that: “(1) the defendant (or party against whom the out - of - court statement is offered) was involved in, or responsible for, procuring the unavailability of the declarant . . . and (2) the defendant . . . acted with the intent of procuring the decl arant ’ s unavailability as an actual or potential witness.” Id. at 653

– 54. * * * The logic of this conclusion can be distilled from the synopsis set forth in Dhinsa : (1) the essential purpose of confrontation is to secure a criminal defendant ’ s fun damental right to cross

examination; (2) the constitutional right of confrontation, however, is not absolute and may be waived under certain

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 12 Pa.R.E. 804(b)(6) was revised on March 18, 2013. The current Rule is substantially the same as the prior version

. T herefore , King is applicable to the instant case.J

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circumstances; and (3) a defendant who engages in willful misconduct that renders the declarant unavailable waives his confrontation right. Id. at 651. All Circuit Courts of Appeals considering the matter of a defendant who has removed an adverse witness have similarly concluded that “simple equity” and “common sense” support a forfeiture principle so that “a defenda nt who wrongfully procures the absence of a witness or potential witness may not assert confrontation rights as to that witness.” Id. at 652 (quoting United States v. White , 116 F.3d 903, 911 (D.C. Cir. 1997)).
Id. at 414

- 15 (footnote omitted and emphasis added )

. The King Court agreed with trial court’s decision to admit the victim’s hearsay statement under Pa.R.E. 804(b)(6) , noting that “the trial court conducted an evidentiary hearing and found by a preponderance of evide nce that [the defendant] was motivated to kill [the victim] to eliminate the witness that connected [the defendant] to” a weapon used in another murder. Id. at 415 (citation omitted and formatting altered). The King Court additionally concluded that the admission of the statement did not violate defendant’s confrontation rights based on the forfeiture by wrongdoing doctrine codified in F.R.E. 804(b)(6) and Pa.R.E. 804(b)(6). Id. at 416

. Therefore, this Court concluded that “the trial court exercised rea sonable judgment and correctly applied Pa.R.E. 804(b)(6).” Id. at 415

. Here, a t the hearing on the Commonwealth’s motion in limine , Trooper Naschke testified that she had listened to recordings of phone calls between Appellant and the victim that Appellant made from jail

. See N.T. Mot. Hr’g, 10/25/21, at 10

- 11

. Trooper Naschke explained that Appellant had asked the victim if she could make the charges against him go away and told her “toJ

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disappear,” because she could not be subpoenaed if the cour t did not know her address. See id. at 11

- 12 , 15

. Further, the transcript of Appellant’s phone calls with the victim indicate s that Appellant asked the victim to make the charges “go away

. ” Commonwealth’s Ex. A at 1 (unpaginated). Appellant repeatedly told the
victim not to come to court. See id. at 4

- 6. Appellant also advised the victim to “ disappear” by going to New York and not to disclose her location to the police or prosecution beca use she could not be served with a subpoena if they did not know her location. See id. at 2

- 3. When the victim told Appellant she had already gone to New York, Appellant responded approvingly. See id. at 2. Lastly, Appellant told the victim that he wan ted to marry her , not have her
as an enemy , and Appellant repeatedly stated that he loved her

. See id. at
1

- 2 , 4

. Additionally, Ms. Coen clearly expressed her fear of Appellant ’s violent behavior and that she was intimid ated and fearful that he would ‘come for her’ and retaliate against her : It’s so bad that w hen I go outside to my car at night I’m f

--- ing scared that you’re going to be out there and that you’re coming for me [.] * * * A broken nose and a cracked rib Jeff, like I was in the hospital . . . I wouldn’t f

--- ing be alive right now, you straight up promised me you were going to bury me tha t day [.]
Id. at 1 (formatting altered).J

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Ultimately, the trial court concluded that the statements that the victim made to Nurse McDowell during the SANE examination were admissible under Pa.R.E. 803(4) and Pa.R.E . 804(b)(6). N.T. Mot. Hr’g, 10/25/21, at 21. The trial court also found that the victim’s statements to Trooper Naschke were admissible under Pa.R.E. 804(b)(6). 13 Id . at 22.

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 13 We note that President Judge Hudock, who is now retired, did not place any findings of fact on the record during the hearing or in the order ruling on the Commonwealth’s motion. See N.T. Mot. Hr’g, 10/25/21, at 21

- 22; Trial Ct. Order, 11/1/21. Recently, in Commonwealth v. Smith , 277 A.3d 595 (Pa. Super. 2022) ( en banc ), an en banc pa nel of this Court considered an appeal from an order denying a defendant’s motion to suppress. Smith , 277 A.3d at 599

- 600. However, the suppression judge in Smith did not make any factual findings at the time that he denied the defendant’s motion and did not issue a Rule 1925(a) opinion because he had subsequently retired from the bench. Id. at 603, 606. The Smith Court, noting that Pa.R.Crim.P. 581(I) requires that a suppression court place its findings of fact and conclusions of law on the record, con cluded that it could not “properly review the suppression court’s decision, and assess the arguments made by the parties, based on the record currently before [this Court].” Id. at 605. Therefore, the Court vacated the defendant’s judgment of sentence an d remanded for the trial court to conduct a new suppression hearing and issue findings of fact and conclusions of law. Id. at 606. The instant case is distinguishable from Smith because this case does not involve an appeal from a motion to suppress. I n a suppression case, this Court is bound by the factual findings of the suppression court, but our review of the suppression court’s conclusions of law is plenary. See id. at 602. However, when reviewing a trial court’s evidentiary ruling, this Court ap plies an abuse of discretion standard. See King , 959 A.2d at 411; see also Elliott , 80 A.3d at 446. Although President Judge Hudock did not place specific findings of fact on the record, the record is sufficiently developed for this Court to review the d ecision to admit the victim’s hearsay statements for an abuse of discretion. Therefore, remand for the trial court to make factual findings is not necessary here, and will we address the merits of Appellant’s claim.J

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Based on our review of the record, we conclude that the trial court did
not abuse its discretion in admitting the victim’s statements under Pa.R.E. 804(b)(6)

. See Elliott , 80 A.3d at 446; King , 959 A.2d at 411. Although Appellant did not bribe nor threaten the victim directly on the call, Ms. Coen expressed fear of physical violence and retaliation from Appellant. Nevertheless, he advised her not to come to court and instructed her on how to avoid receiving subpoenas so that his charges would “ go away .” He also made romantic overtures to the victim in an effort to persuade her not to testify at trial. The record establishes that Appellant was involved in procuring the victim’s unavailability as a witness and that he acted with the intent of procuring that unavailability. See King , 959 A.2d at 414. Therefore, the trial court properly admitted the victim’s statements under Rule 804(b)(6). Furthermore, the trial court’s decision to a dmi t the victim’s statements pursuant to Rule 804(b)(6) did not violate Appellant’s constitutional ri ght to confront witnesses against him because th e Rule codifies the common law doctrine that a defendant forfeits that right when t he defendant wrongfully obtains th e witness’s absence from the trial. See Giles , 554 U.S. at 367 &
n.2 ; Davis , 547 U.S. at 833; King , 959 A.2d at 416

. For these reasons, Appellant is not entitled to relief on his claim. Merger We also address whether any of Appellant’s convictions merge because
q uestions concerning merger implicate the legality of a sentence, and this Court may address such issue s sua sponte

. See Commonwealth v. Watson ,J

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228 A.3d 928, 941 (Pa. Super. 2020). Here, as noted previously , Appellant argued at sentencing that his aggrav ated indecent assault and indecent assault convictions should merge with his rape conviction and that his simple assault conviction should merge with his strangulation conviction

. See N.T. Sentencing Hr’g, 2/7/22, at 5. Although Appellant did not raise h is merger claims on appeal , generally, a challenge to the legality of a sentence cannot be waived. See Commonwealth v. Milhomme , 35 A.3d 1219, 1221 (Pa. Super. 2011). “ An illegal sentence must be vacated.” Commonwealth v. Tucker , 143 A.3d 955, 960 (Pa. Super. 2016) (citation omitted). When reviewing the legality of a sentence , “ our standard of review is de

novo and our scope of review is plenary.” Commonwealth v. Tighe , 184 A.3d 560, 584 (Pa. Super. 2018) (citations omitted). Section 9765 of the Sentencing Code provides that: No crimes shall merge for sentencing purposes unless the crimes arise from a single criminal act and all of the statutory elements of one offense are included in the statutory elements of the other offen se. Where crimes merge for sentencing purposes, the court may sentence the defendant only on the higher graded offense.
42 Pa.C.S. § 9765. This Court has explained, “[t]he statute’s mandate is clear. It prohibits merger unless two distinct facts are pr esent: 1) the crimes arise from a single criminal act; and 2) all of the statutory elements of one of the offenses are included in the statutory elements of the other.” Commonwealth v. Martinez , 153 A.3d 1025, 1030 (Pa. Super

. 2016) (citations omitted).J

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“If the offenses stem from two different criminal acts, merger analysis is not required.” Commonwealth v. M. Williams , 958 A.2d 522, 527 (Pa. Super. 2008) (citation omitted). The Martinez Court further explained: When considering whether there is a single criminal act or multiple criminal acts, the question is not whether there was a “break in the chain” of criminal activity. The issue is whether the actor commits multiple criminal acts b eyond that which is necessary to establish the bare elements of the additional crime, then the actor will be guilty of multiple crimes which do not merge for sentencing purposes. In determining whether two or more convictions arose from a single criminal a ct for purposes of sentencing, we must examine the charging documents filed by the Commonwealth.
Martinez , 153 A.3d at 1030

- 31 (citations omitted and formatting altered). Here, the trial court did not address Appellant’s merger claims in its Rule 1925(a) opinion. However, the record reflects that the charges for strangulation and simple assault were based on separate criminal acts. Specifically, t he criminal information states that Appellant committed the offense of strangulation when he “did place both of his hands around the neck of the victim, Ashley M. Coen restricting her ability to breathe[.]” Criminal Information, Docket No. 150

- 2021, 7/2/18, at 1 (unpaginated). However, the information reflects that Appellant was charged with simple assault und er Subsection 2701(a)(1) because he “attempt[ed] to cause or intentionally, knowingly[,] or recklessly cause[d] bodily injury to” the victim. Id. At trial, the Commonwealth presented evidence establishing that Appellant committedJ

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separate acts in which he plac ed his hands around the victim’s throat, dragged the victim by the hair, and repeatedly punch ed the victim with a closed fist. See N.T. Trial, 8/26/21, at 49

- 52, 64. Therefore, b ecause the charges for strangulation and simpl e assault were based on separate criminal acts, they do not merge for sentencing purposes

. 14 See Martinez , 153 A.3d at 1030

- 31; M. Williams , 958 A.2d at 527

. However, it is clear that the Commonwealth charged Appellant with aggravated indecent assault, indecent assault, and rape based on identical conduct. Specifically, counts one, two, and four of the criminal information
state that Appellant inserted his penis into the victim’s vagina by forcible compulsion. See Criminal Information, Docket No. 150

- 2 021, 7/2/18, at 1 (unpaginated). Further, the evidence presented at trial established a single act of Appellant inserting his penis into the victim’s vagina by forcible compulsion. See N.T. Trial, 8/26/21, at 53, 64. Therefore, because we conclude that these three convictions arose from the same criminal act, we must examine whether all of the statutory elements of aggravated indecent

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 14 Even if Appellant’s convictions for strangulation and simple assault arose from a single criminal act, they would not merge because each offense includes an element not found in the other offense. Simple assault includes the element of “attempt[ing] to c ause or intentionally, knowingly or recklessly caus[ing] bodily injury to another,” while strangulation includes the element of “knowingly or intentionally imped[ing] the breathing or circulation of the blood” and “applying pressure to the throat or neck[. ]” Compare 18 Pa.C.S. § 2701(a)(1) with 18 Pa.C.S. § 2718(a)(1). Therefore, simple assault does not merge with strangulation because “all of the statutory elements” of simple assault are not included in the statutory elements of strangulation. See 42 Pa .C.S. § 9765; see also Martinez , 153 A.3d at 1030.J

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assault and/or indecent assault are included in the statutory elements of rape

. Se e Martinez , 153 A.3d at 1030

- 31 ; see also Commonwealth v. Baldwin , 985 A.2d 830, 837, n.6 (Pa. 2009) (noting that for the purposes of merger

“ trial courts must take care to determine which particular ‘offenses,’ i.e. violations of law, are at issue in a pa rticular case ” because the elements of different subsections of statutes set forth different elements)

. Rape by forcible compulsion is defined as follows: (a) Offense defined.

— A person commits a felony of the first degree when the person engages in sexual intercourse with a complainant: (1) By forcible compulsion

. 18 Pa.C.S. § 3121(a)(1)

. Aggravated indecent assault by forcible compulsion is defined as follows: (a) Offense defined.

— Except as provided in sections 3121 (relating to rape), 3122.1 (relating to statutory sexual assault), 3123 (relating to involuntary deviate sexual intercourse) and 3124.1 (relating to sexual assault), a person who engages in penetration, however slight, o f the genitals or anus of a complainant with a part of the person ’ s body for any purpose other than good faith medical, hygienic or law enforcement procedures commits aggravated indecent assault if: * * * (2) the person does so by forcible compulsi on[.] 18 Pa.C.S. § 3125(a)(2). Indecent assault by forcible compulsion is defined as follows:J

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(a) Offense defined.

— A person is guilty of indecent assault if the person has indecent contact with the complainant, causes the complainant to have indecent contact with the person or intentionally causes the complainant to come into contact with seminal fluid, urine or feces for the purpose of arousing sexual desire in the person or the complainant and: * * * (2) the person does so by forcible compulsion[.] 18 Pa.C.S. § 3126(a)(2).

“ Forcible compulsion ” is defined as “[ c ] ompulsion by use of physical, intellectual, mo ral, emotional or psychological force, either express or implied. The term includes, but is not limited to, compulsion resulting in another
person ’ s death, whether the death occurred before, during or after sexual
intercourse. ” 18 Pa.C.S. § 3101. “Indec ent contact” is defined as “[a]ny touching of the sexual or other intimate parts of the person for the purpose of arousing or gratifying sexual desire, in any person.” Id. “Sexual intercourse ,” for the purposes of Title 18 Chapter 31 is defined as “[i] n addition to its ordinary meaning, includes intercourse per os or per anus, with some penetration however slight; emission is not required. ” Id. ; see also Commonwealth v. Wall , 953 A.2d 581, 584 (Pa. Super. 2008) (stating that “penetration, however slight, with the penis is necessary to establish the element of sexual intercourse [in a prosecution for rape]” (citation omitted and formatting altered))

. Th is Court ha s recognized that indecent assault does not merge with
rape because each contains an e lement not found in the other.J

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Commonwealth v. Carbaugh , 982 MDA 2019, 2020 WL 433533, at *9

- 10 (Pa. Super. filed Jan. 28, 2020) (unpublished mem.) (concluding that indecent assault of a child, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3126(a)(7), does not merge with rape of a child, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3121(c)) ; 15 accord Commonwealth v. J. Rivera , 255 A.3d 497, 510

- 11 (Pa. Super. 2021) (concluding that the defendant suffered prejudice when the Commonwealth amended the information mid

- trial to upgrade the charges of indecent assault of a chi ld from misdemeanors to felonies because although the defendant had also been charged with rape, indecent assault contained an element not found in rape, therefore the amendment added new facts), appeal granted on other grounds , 273 A.3d 510 (Pa. 2022)

. S pecifically , indecent assault contains the element that the purpose of the indecent contact was to arouse sexual desire in the perpetrator or in the complainant , which rape does not require

. Compare 18 Pa.C.S. § 3126(a) with 18 Pa.C.S. § 3121(a)

. Further, r ape requires some penetration, however slight , of the complainant’s genitals, mouth, or anus , which is not an element of indecent assault

. Compare 18 Pa.C.S. § 31 2 1 (a) and Wall , 953 A.2d at 584 with 18 Pa.C.S. § 3101 (defining “indecent contact” )

. Likewise, i ndecent assault does not merge with aggravated indecent assault for the same reason, as each contains an element not f o und in the other offense

. See Commonwealth v. Allen , 856 A.2d 1251, 125 3

- 54 (Pa. Super. 2004) (concluding that aggravated indecent assault of a child, 18

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______ 15 We may cite to unpublished memorandum decisions of this Court filed after May 1, 2019, for their persuasive value. See Pa.R.A.P. 126(b).J

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Pa.C.S. § 3125(a)(7) did not merge with indecent assault of a child, 18 Pa.C.S. § 3126(a)(7)) ; see also 18 Pa.C.S. § 3125(a) ( aggravated indecent assault includ es the element of “penetration, how ever slight, of the genitals or anus of a complainant”)

. Therefore, because rape and indecent assault each contain an element not found in the statutory definition of the other offense, Appellant’s rape and indecent assault convictions do not merge. See Carbaugh , 2020 WL 433533, at *10; accord J. Rivera , 255 A.3d at 510

- 11. For the same reasons, we conclude that Appellant’s indecent assault conviction does not merge with his aggravated indecent assault conviction. See Allen , 856 A.2d at 1253

- 54. Finally, we must address whether Appellant ’ s conviction for aggravated indecent assault merges with his conviction for rape. Appellant was charged with aggravated indecent assault under Section 3125(a)(2), which requires proof that a defendant penetrate d another’s genitals or anus by forcible compulsion. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 3125(a)(2). Appellant was also charged with rape under Section 3121(a)(1), which requires proof that a defendant engaged in sexual intercourse with a complainant by forcible compulsion. See 18 Pa.C.S. § 3121(a)(1). A defendant penetrating another person’s genitals with his penis constitutes sexual intercourse

. See Wall , 953 A.2d at 584

. Likewise, a defendant inserting his penis into a complainant’s vagina constitutes penetrating another’s genitals with any part of the defendant’s body. Therefore, because the statutory elements of aggravated indecent assault under Section 3125(a)(2) are included in the statutory elements ofJ

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rape under Section 3121(a)(1), we conclude that Appellant’s aggravated indecent assault conviction should have merged with his rape conviction for sentencing purposes. See Martinez , 153 A.3d at 1030. Although we do not disturb A ppellant’s conviction for aggravated indecent assault, we vacate the sentence imposed on count two. See, e.g. , Tucker , 143 A.3d at 968 (affirming the defendant’s convictions but vacating an illegal sentence). Because the trial court imposed a concurrent sentence for aggravated indecent assault , our disposition does not upset the trial court’s overall sentencing scheme, therefore we need not remand for resentencing

. See Commonwealth v. Thur , 906 A.2d 552, 569

- 70 (Pa. Super. 2006). Conclusion For these reasons, we affirm Appellant’s convictions, but vacate the sentence for aggravated indecent assault , and we affirm the judgment s of sentence in all other respects. Judgment s of sentence aff irmed in part, and vacated in part as to the sentence for aggravated indecent assault

.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary

Date: 01/18/2023