Supreme Court of Louisiana 

FOR IMMEDIATE NEWS RELEASE NEWS RELEASE #066

FROM: CLERK OF SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

The Per Curiam handed down on the 7th day of November, 2016, is as follows:

PER CURIAM: 

2016-CJ-0710 JEREMY GEORGE, ET UX. v. ROBBIE DUGAS, ET UX. (Parish of Acadia) 

Accordingly, we recall our order of May 20, 2016, as 

improvidently granted, and we deny plaintiffs' application. 

WEIMER, J., dissents and assigns reasons. 

CLARK, J., dissents with reasons. 

HUGHES, J., concurs and assigns reasons. 

CRICHTON, J., dissents for the reasons assigned by Justice

Weimer.
11/07/16

SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

No. 2016-CJ-0710

JEREMY GEORGE, ET UX.

VERSUS

ROBBIE DUGAS, ET UX.

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,

THIRD CIRCUIT, PARISH OF ACADIA

PER CURIAM

We granted plaintiffs’ application for a writ of certiorari in this case on May 

20, 2016. After receiving briefing from the parties, hearing oral arguments, and 

reviewing the record, we conclude the judgment below does not require the exercise 

of this Court’s supervisory authority. Accordingly, we recall our order of May 20, 

2016, as improvidently granted, and we deny plaintiffs’ writ application. 
SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

NO. 2016-CJ-0710

JEREMY GEORGE, ET UX.

VERSUS

ROBBIE DUGAS, ET UX.

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,

THIRD CIRCUIT, PARISH OF ACADIA

WEIMER, J., dissenting.

I write out of disappointment that a writ of certiorari unanimously granted by

this court, and subsequently briefed and argued by the parties, is summarily recalled

by a majority of this court.

In this case, the court was confronted with construing a child placement

judgment, directly affecting the lives of three young children (ages 6, 9, and 14) and 

two couples–each couple believing it is in the children’s best interest to reside with

them. The judgment vexed the lower courts, which reached opposite conclusions as

to whose home the children should be placed in.

The Georges are the biological parents who claim they have overcome

substance abuse issues. The Georges deserve an answer from this court. The

Dugases are foster parents who took over parenting of the children when the state

intervened and removed them from the Georges. The Dugases deserve an answer

from this court. The three young children are entitled to an answer from this court

because their future is at issue.

The interests of the parents, the children, and society at large in properly

construing the judgment at issue are profound. Biological and foster parents, as well

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as children in need of care throughout the state are left with unanswered questions,

as is the state of Louisiana, which is, unfortunately, too frequently called upon to take

custody of children. The legal issue here is res nova, as this court has never been

tasked with construing a judgment in a Child In Need of Care (CINC) case when the

judgment was undoubtedly final, but also failed to meet all formalities for concluding

a CINC case. Other issues include: Does the custody regime of the Civil Code apply

or does the guardianship regime of the Children’s Code apply? What is the burden

of proof and which party is assigned that burden? The lower courts labored at length

over these questions and the litigation has entered its fourth year without definitive

answers. This court should provide an opinion.

In recalling the writ of review this court granted earlier this year, the majority 1

has not provided answers, but has added another chapter to the see-saw ride these

parents and–most unfortunately–the children have experienced in this litigation. This

sad situation runs counter to this court’s earlier observation that a child’s “best

interest and welfare...may be irreparably damaged not only by a mistaken change in

custody but also by the effects of an attempted or threatened change of custody on

grounds that are less than imperative.” Bergeron v. Bergeron, 492 So.2d 1193, 1200

(La. 1986).

 This court has established criteria for determining when a writ should be granted. See La. S. Ct. 1

Rule X. This court unanimously granted the writ; thus, it cannot be denied that at that time a

majority of this court felt this case was worthy of granting, docketing, oral argument, and further

consideration before an opinion was rendered. Nothing has changed. There exists no rule for

determining when a writ, which has been granted, should be recalled. Thus, parties who have

prevailed upon this court to grant a writ are afforded no guidance in determining why a writ granted

on May 20, 2016, is recalled on November 7, 2016, without an opinion.

 In the past, I have voted to recall writs, but I have come to the conclusion this is a poor practice. 

 See State v. Crandell, 05-1060 (La. 3/10/06), 924 So.2d 122 (Weimer, J. dissenting: “[A]fter

having granted the writ, the unique facts and circumstances of this case dictate that we should

resolve this matter on the merits.”). As a more recent example of my view, see Davis v. Prescott,

13-0669 (La. 11/5/13), 130 So.3d 849, 851 (Weimer, J. dissenting: “I respectfully dissent from the

majority’s decision to recall the writ. Having granted the writ, I would resolve this case on the

merits based on the issues and the record before this court.”).

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Recalling the writ in this matter is a poor reflection on a court which otherwise

is diligent, conscientious, and oriented to resolving difficult issues.

In my view, this court has recalled writs entirely too often. To do so here has 2

heaped uncertainty, excruciating delay, and turmoil into this child placement matter.

The Dugases represented themselves in this matter; the Georges retained

counsel. One can only imagine the time, effort, and emotion that was expended in

applying to this court for a writ of certiorari, having the writ granted, and then

arguing this case before this state’s highest court. Thereafter, two sets of parents and

three children are effectively being told, “never mind.” Disappointingly, the parties

will be left with the court of appeal judgment, which largely relied on a case this court

overruled, Cutts v. Cutts, 06-33 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/24/06), 931 So.2d 467. See

discussion infra.

 This court’s own performance standards counsel against not rendering a decision in this res nova 2

case, after earlier granting a writ, having the litigants travel to this court and participate in oral

argument, and expending untold hours internally evaluating the facts and law. Sadly, the following

words ring hollow in this instance:

Performance Standard 1.2 - Developing, Clarifying, and Unifying the Law 

The Supreme Court of Louisiana should clarify, harmonize, and develop the law, and

should strive to maintain uniformity in the jurisprudence. 

Performance Standard 2.1 - Quality of the Judicial Process 

The Supreme Court of Louisiana should ensure adequate consideration of each case

and make decisions based on legally relevant factors, thereby affording every litigant

the full benefit of the judicial process. 

Performance Standard 2.2 - Clarity of Decisions 

Decisions of the Supreme Court of Louisiana should be clear, and full opinions

should address the dispositive issue(s), state the holding, and articulate the reasons

for the decisions in each case. 

Performance Standard 2.3 - Timeliness 

The Supreme Court of Louisiana should resolve cases expeditiously. 

Performance Standard 4.2 - Case Management, Efficiency, and Productivity

The Supreme Court of Louisiana should manage its caseload effectively and use

available resources efficiently and productively. 

La. Sup. Ct. General Administrative Rules, § 10.

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I am disappointed in myself for failing to convince the court not to recall the

writ because this matter involves those who are among the most vulnerable in society,

children who were in need of care because of neglect. My failure in this regard

means an opinion will not issue from this court. Because the parties expended their

time, effort, and emotion and incurred the expense of bringing their case before this

court after they were invited to address the significant issues presented, I feel

compelled to share my opinion while realizing this is not the opinion of this court, but

merely the opinion of one Justice, dissenting from the recall of the writ, as follows.

In this action between biological and foster parents to alter a child placement

judgment, we granted a writ to determine whether the correct legal standard had been

applied and to review the correctness vel non of maintaining the original child

placement judgment. Having reviewed the record and applicable law, I find that

neither the district court nor the appellate court applied the correct legal standard,

although the court of appeal reached the correct result. The correct legal standard is

statutorily dictated by the guardianship provisions of the Children’s Code as opposed

to the custody provisions of the Civil Code. More specifically, under Article 724 of

the Children’s Code, challengers to a guardianship judgment bear the burden of proof. 

The particular burden of Article 724 specifies “clear and convincing evidence” of “a

substantial and material change in the circumstances of the guardian or child”

inasmuch as “[c]ontinuation of the guardianship is so deleterious to the child as to

justify a modification or termination of the relationship or the harm likely to be

caused from a change in the guardianship is substantially outweighed by the

advantages to the child of the modification.” La. Ch.C. art. 724 (D). For the reasons

that follow, I find that as challengers, the biological parents failed to carry this

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burden; therefore, I would hold that the custody awarded to the foster parents as

guardians must remain unchanged.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

Summer and Jeremy George are the biological parents of three minor children. 

Two of the children were born during the Georges’ marriage. One child was born

prior to the Georges’ marriage, which occurred on May 2, 2003.

By all accounts, the Georges have recently made a dramatic and praiseworthy

recovery from substance abuse. However, equally undisputed is the fact that the

custody of the Georges’ children has long been affected by the Georges’ substance

abuse, and that the Georges’ domestic life has not been a model of stability. Indeed,

as Summer testified, she and Jeremy had “experimented with pretty much every drug

there [was].” During 2006, Summer obtained a temporary restraining order against

Jeremy because he got “extra high” and beat her. In 2011, Summer was convicted of

domestic battery for hitting her mother-in-law with a baseball bat.

Owing to the turbulence in the Georges’ lives, the state removed their three

children from the Georges’ home in 2010. The state initiated a Child in Need of Care

(CINC) case, and the district court adjudicated that the children were indeed in need

of care and established a case plan. No suitable relatives were apparently available,

so the children were placed in the home of Bryan and Robbie Dugas as foster parents.

In January 2012, the Department of Children and Family Services (DCFS)

moved to terminate the Georges’ parental rights, asserting that the Georges had failed

to comply with a CINC case plan. In May 2012, appearing through counsel, the

Dugases filed a pleading alleging that the Georges had consented to granting the

Dugases custody, while also conceding that the Georges should retain visitation

rights.

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The district court issued a judgment on July 10, 2012. The judgment recites

that the case “came before this Honorable Court for a review on May 7, 2012 and

after considering the evidence and representations of the parties and their respective

counsel this court finds that it is in the best interest of the minor children that they be

placed in the custody of BRYAN DUGAS and ROBBIE DUGAS.” The district court

indicated that “the biological parents of the minor children, Jeremy George and

Summer George, shall have supervised visits” and ordered that “the Child in Need of

Care proceedings are terminated.”

In July 2013, the Georges filed a petition in the CINC proceeding, alleging that

they were rehabilitated from their drug abuse and had obtained stable housing and

employment. The Georges’ petition contained a prayer for relief that the Georges be

awarded custody. Apparently, because the CINC proceeding had been terminated and

the division of the district court which heard the CINC matter had indicated that

juvenile jurisdiction had ceased, in July 2013 the Georges filed a second petition as

a new case in the district court. The Georges’ second petition, which is the basis for

the present matter before this court, also contained a prayer for custody of the

children. The matter proceeded to a bench trial in the district court.

One of the first analytical steps performed by the district court was ascertaining

what kind of custody award had been made in the CINC case. The district court

repeatedly observed that the July 2012 judgment “appears to be in the nature of

guardianship.” At one point, the district court even remarked: “There’s just no other

way that it fits.” However, the district court ultimately rejected guardianship as the

type of award because the judgment itself did not–in that court’s view–fully satisfy

formal requirements of guardianship judgments.

6

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Having determined the July 2012 judgment in the CINC case was a custody

judgment, the district court ascribed the burden of proof to the Dugases, who had

served as foster parents, to show that transferring custody back to the biological

parents would result in substantial harm. Notably, in ascribing the burden of proof

as it did, the district court relied on Cutts v. Cutts, 06-33 (La.App. 3 Cir. 5/24/06),

931 So.2d 467. This court recently overruled Cutts, but did so after the district

court’s ruling. See Tracie F. v. Francisco D., 15-1812, p. 21 (La. 3/15/16), 188

So.3d 231, 246. After remarking that it was constrained to place the burden of proof

on the Dugases, the district court announced from the bench that “the record is void

of any evidence indicating that the biological or the children[’s] best interest would

not be served by returning to the biological parents.” The district court issued a

judgment ordering the children be returned to the biological parents, the Georges.

The Dugases appealed. The appellate court began its analysis by focusing on

the July 2012 CINC judgment. The appellate court identified two alternatives–either

the judgment awarded the Dugases guardianship or custody. As I will later discuss

in my own analysis, guardianship is a relatively recent concept in Louisiana law. For

present purposes, of special note is that guardianship is a form of custody and that

guardianship is intended to be permanent.

Focusing on the word “custody,” both in the judgment itself and in the

Dugases’ pleading that preceded the judgment, the appellate court held that the

judgment was not a guardianship judgment, but rather a more traditional custody

judgment.

The appellate court found that inasmuch as the July 2012 judgment placed the

children with non-parents, that placement equated to a finding that the parents were

unfit. The appellate court indicated that under custody law jurisprudence, the

7

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Georges had the burden of proving “a material change in circumstances surrounding

the custody of the children and that a change would be in the best interest of the

children.” George v. Dugas, 15-939, pp. 11-12 (La.App. 3 Cir. 3/16/16), 188 So.3d

376, 384.

Having settled on a standard of review and finding that the district court

ascribed the burden of proof to the Dugases (who had custody) instead of the Georges

(who sought custody), the appellate court turned to the record to render judgment. 

The appellate court gave this overview of the record:

The record before this court does not show that the adequate and

stable environment in which the children were placed with the Dugases

has materially changed. The children’s home life with the Dugases is

barely addressed at all and, when actually mentioned, is indicative of the

care and affection the Dugases show them. There is literally no

evidence in the record of a change in the circumstances of the children

since the Dugases were awarded custody, let alone that a change in

custody would be in the best interests of the children.

George, 15-0939 at 12, 188 So.3d at 384.

The appellate court concluded that “the Georges have not met the burden of

proof required of them, and the trial court decision granting their petition for custody

must be reversed. We hereby render judgment that their petition for custody is

denied. Custody of the children is to be returned to the Dugases.” Id.

The Georges filed an application in this court for writs. This court granted

review. George v. Dugas, 16-0710 (La. 5/20/16), 191 So.3d 1060.

LAW AND DISCUSSION

As the parties have presented this case, both sides agree that much hinges on

how the July 2012 judgment is construed. Also, both lower courts recognized that the

classification of the July 2012 is a potentially dispositive issue. Both the district

court and the appellate court considered the possibility that the Dugases had been

8

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awarded custody via guardianship. Both courts rejected guardianship in favor of

analogizing the July 2012 judgment to one of custody as it is traditionally understood

in the Civil Code context of divorce or illegitimate children. Although I reach a

different conclusion than the courts below about the nature of the July 2012

judgment, I agree the focus is properly placed on classifying the July 2012 judgment

and I likewise begin there. However, unlike the lower courts, our analysis of the July

2012 judgment is guided by the following long-established principles regarding

judgments and how they are to be construed.

“A judgment is the determination of the rights of the parties in an action and

may award any relief to which the parties are entitled.” La. C.C.P. art. 1841. “A

judgment that determines the merits in whole or in part is a final judgment.” Id.

“[R]ules of procedure implement the substantive law and are not an end in

themselves.” La. C.C.P. art. 5051. “Judgments, like other acts, must receive a

reasonable interpretation, and whenever a judgment is susceptible of two

interpretations, one of which is within the power of the judge, and the other would

exceed it, the first must be preferred.” Copley v. Robertson, 6 La.Ann. 181, 181-82

(La. 1851).

The Georges argue that the judgment cannot be a guardianship judgment

because the judgment does not comport with some of the formal requirements for a

guardianship judgment. For example, the Georges urge that there are no court

findings to explain why guardianship should be awarded. The Georges also contend

there was no placement hearing. In support, the Georges direct this court to La. Ch.C.

art. 722(C) (“The court shall hold a hearing before approving a guardianship and

shall, at the conclusion of the hearing, enter a written order that includes the findings

upon which the order is based.”).

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The July 2012 judgment, which arose in the CINC proceeding, recites that the

“court finds it is in the best interest of the minor children that they be placed in the

custody” of the Dugases. The crux of the Georges’ argument, therefore, is not that

the judgment lacks best interest findings, but that the judgment lacks specific

findings. The lack of specific best interest findings in the July 2012 judgment is a

formal defect. Because there was never an appeal from the judgment in the CINC 3

proceeding, the judgment is final and inalterable as to any formal defects. See La.

C.C.P. art. 1841 (“A judgment that determines the merits in whole or in part is a final

judgment.”); see also La. C.C.P. art. 2003 (“A defendant who voluntarily acquiesced

in the judgment, or who was present in the parish at the time of its execution and did

not attempt to enjoin its enforcement, may not annul the judgment on any of the

grounds enumerated in Article 2002.” ) and Villaume v. Villaume, 363 So.2d 448, 4

455-51 (La. 1978) (“As a general rule, a final judgment is not subject to substantive

amendment by the trial judge on his motion or motion of any party. In such an event,

the proper recourse is a timely application for new trial or a timely appeal.”).

Regarding the hearing requirement under La. Ch.C. art. 722 for a guardianship

judgment, the Georges’ argument must be carefully parsed to be fully understood. 

 The extent or degree to which a court must specify its findings to satisfy La. Ch.C. art. 722(C) is 3

not an issue before this court. However, because guardianship cannot be awarded absent a

determination that the placement is found to be in the child’s best interest (see La. Ch.C. art. 718),

it stands to reason that the findings required under La. Ch.C. art. 722(C) must be some formal

explanation by the court of the “best interest” determination made pursuant to La. Ch.C. art. 718(A).

 La. C.C.P. art. 2002 provides: 4

A. A final judgment shall be annulled if it is rendered:

(1) Against an incompetent person not represented as required by law.

(2) Against a defendant who has not been served with process as required by

law and who has not waived objection to jurisdiction, or against whom a valid

judgment by default has not been taken.

(3) By a court which does not have jurisdiction over the subject matter of the

suit.

B. Except as otherwise provided in Article 2003, an action to annul a

judgment on the grounds listed in this Article may be brought at any time.

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The Georges do not contend that there was never a hearing. Rather, the Georges

contend that there is nothing in the record from the CINC case to show that a hearing

occurred prior to rendering the July 2012 judgment. Citing confidentiality concerns

for the children, the district court allowed very few contents of the record from the

CINC case to be introduced into the record of the instant case, and there are not, for

example, any minute entries which would typically be one type of documentation

evidencing that a hearing had been held.5

On one hand, it might be said that in complaining of a lack of evidence of a

hearing, the Georges complain again of a defect in the form, rather than in the

substance, of the CINC proceedings. If so viewed, the time for leveraging such a

defect has passed. See La. C.C.P. arts. 1841 and 2003.

On the other hand, however, we need not decide whether the Georges have

raised a formal or substantive challenge in this instance. A longstanding principle

directs that a “judgment should be so construed as to give effect to every word and

part there of and the effects and consequences which follow from its terms, whether

expressed or implied.” Seal v. Crescent City Cold Storage, Inc., 96-880l, 96-881,

p. 6 (La.App. 5 Cir. 3/12/97), 690 So.2d 1005, 1008 (citing In re Clover Ridge

Planting & Manufacturing Co., 193 So. 468, 473 (La. 1939)). Here, the judgment

recites that it was rendered after the “matter came before this Honorable Court for a

review on May 7, 2012 and after considering the evidence and representations of the

parties and their respective counsel.” While every word of the quoted language from

the July 2012 judgment in the CINC proceeding is a hallmark of having conducted

a hearing, two aspects are especially noteworthy. First, and recalling that the

 Whether the district court appropriately demarcated what materials from the CINC case should be 5

included in the present record is not an issue before this court, and I express no opinion on the issue.

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judgment was rendered in a CINC case, the recitation that the “matter came ... for

review” fits squarely within the procedure described by La. Ch.C. art. 692 (indicating

that “[a] review hearing shall be conducted” in a CINC case within various

timeframes described further in the article). Second, the recitation that the court

“consider[ed] the evidence” fits squarely within La. Ch.C. art. 699 (describing

evidentiary procedures for CINC review hearings, the article indicates in pertinent

part that “[t]he court ... shall consider all relevant evidence offered by the parties.”). 

Given these explicit indicia of a CINC review hearing cited in the July 2012

judgment, the Georges’ invitation to ignore those recitations in the judgment should

be declined.

Earlier, I noted that the Georges were precluded from altering the July 2012

CINC judgment to correct any formal defects. I return to further analyze their

argument, however, because I do not mean to imply that form or formality are

unimportant. Indeed, had the district court been more thorough in hewing to

formality, much of this litigation could have been avoided. The fact that the July

2012 CINC judgment is final simply means that any formal defects cannot now be

changed. The fact that a judgment cannot be changed does not, however, foreclose 6

the more difficult issue here. The form, defects and all, may still be considered when

construing a judgment. Cf. Cmt. (A) to La. C.C.P. art. 1918 (“In Louisiana the form

and wording of judgments is not sacramental.”).

The Georges have repeatedly, and correctly, noted in the course of this

litigation that the July 2012 judgment lacks specific best interest findings. See La.

Ch.C. art. 722. However, the lack of best interest findings does not, itself, preclude

 Some formal defects, not argued here, can subject a judgment to collateral attack. See La. C.C.P. 6

art. 2002 (enumerating certain defects such as lack of personal jurisdiction and service of process

as defects for which a judgment must be annulled).

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the judgment from being a guardianship judgment. If that were the case, standing

alone, the judgment could not be a custody judgment, which is how the Georges urge

it should be construed. Under La. Ch.C. art. 683(B), when awarding custody in a

CINC case, “[t]he court shall place the child in the custody of a relative unless the

court has made a specific finding that such placement is not in the best interest of the

child. The court shall give specific written reasons for its findings, which shall be

made a part of the record of the proceeding.” Neither the judgment itself, nor the

provisions of the CINC record provided to this court, recite specific findings.

Stated simply, the lack of best interest findings no more excludes this judgment

from being a guardianship judgment than it excludes the judgment from being a

custody judgment. Despite the Georges’ emphasis on formal requirements, in the

end, substantive considerations predominate and direct how the July 2012 judgment

must be construed.

Substantively, there are two aspects of the July 2012 judgment which have not

received attention by the lower courts, but which the Dugases correctly urge are

indicative of the court’s intent to institute guardianship rather than traditional

custody. These aspects are permanent placement of the children and finality of the

CINC proceeding. Under the Children’s Code, permanent placement and CINC

finality squarely point to guardianship.

As I noted earlier, the judgment recites it was precipitated by a case review:

“This matter came before this Honorable Court for a review ... .” (July 2012

Judgment, para. 1). Pursuant to La. Ch.C. art. 692, “[c]ase reviews shall continue to

be held at least once every six months [after the initial review] until the child is

permanently placed.” (Emphasis added.)

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Because the July 2012 judgment not only designates custody to the Dugases,

but also simultaneously purports to bring the CINC case to an end (“the Child in Need

of Care proceedings are terminated”), the court clearly intended the placement of the

children to be permanent. Dispelling any doubt that the court intended the placement

of the children to be permanent, within the July 2012 judgment, there are at least three

other indicators of finality and permanent placement of the children: 1) there is a

finding “that the Child in Need of Care proceedings [are] no longer necessary”; 2) the

Department of Children and Family Services “is released from supervision” over the

minor children; and 3) superior custody rights are designated to the Dugases and

inferior rights of visitation only are designated to the Georges. See La. C.C.P. art.

1841; see also, e.g., Conley v. Plantation Management Co., L.L.C., 12-1510, p. 7

(La.App. 1 Cir. 5/6/13), 117 So.3d 542, 547 (“Generally, it [a final judgment] must

name the party in favor of whom the ruling is ordered, the party against whom the

ruling is ordered, and the relief that is granted or denied.”).

According to La. Ch.C. art. 687, a “permanent placement [is] defined in Article

603.” Turning then to La. Ch.C. art. 603, I see there are three options for “permanent

placement,” and traditional custody to a non-parent is not an option, but guardianship

is an option:

(22) “Permanent placement” means:

(a) Return of the legal custody of a child to his parent(s).

(b) Placement of the child with adoptive parents pursuant to a

final decree of adoption.

(c) Placement of the child with a legal guardian.

La. Ch.C. art. 603. (Emphasis added.)

Because awarding traditional custody to the Dugases was not a permanent

placement option for concluding the CINC proceeding, but awarding guardianship

was an option authorized by law, I am compelled to find that the July 2012 judgment

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awarded guardianship to the Dugases. See Sharp v. Zeller, 38 So. 449, 450 (La.

1905) (“[T]he whole context of the judgment should be considered, and in case of

doubt preference should be given to that construction which is more consonant with

a proper decree on the facts and law of the case.”); see also Copley, 6 La.Ann.

181-82. 

Guardianship is a relatively recent concept in Louisiana law. Of special note

is that guardianship is a form of custody, and guardianship is intended to be 7

permanent. In 2011, the following explanation of guardianship was provided by the

legislature:

A. The purpose of guardianship is to provide a permanent

placement for children when neither reunification with a parent nor

adoption has been found to be in their best interest; to encourage

stability and permanence in the lives of children who have been

adjudicated to be in need of care and have been removed from the

custody of their parent; and to increase the opportunities for the prompt

permanent placement of children, especially with relatives, without

ongoing supervision by the department.

B. This Chapter is intended to ensure that the fundamental needs

of children are met and the constitutional rights of all parties are

recognized and enforced.

La. Ch.C. art. 718 (added by 2011 La. Acts 128, § 1).

Consistent with the intent for guardianship to be permanent, the legislature has

provided explicit limitations on when guardianship may be changed:

A guardianship order may be modified or terminated if the court

finds by clear and convincing evidence that there has been a substantial

and material change in the circumstances of the guardian or child

because of any of the following:

(1) The guardian no longer wishes to serve or can no longer serve

as guardian of the child.

(2) Continuation of the guardianship is so deleterious to the child

as to justify a modification or termination of the relationship or the harm

likely to be caused from a change in the guardianship is substantially

outweighed by the advantages to the child of the modification.

 In pertinent part, La. Ch.C. art. 719 indicates: “Unless the court specifies otherwise, a guardian 7

shall exercise the rights and responsibilities of legal custody ... .”

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La. Ch.C. art. 724(D).

Because the Georges’ lawsuit seeks to change a guardianship awarded to the

Dugases in the July 2012 judgment, the criteria of La. Ch.C. art. 724(D) govern. To

show a material change in circumstances, the Georges emphasize their recent

rehabilitation from drug abuse and their establishment of steady employment. The

Georges point out that this court has recently ruled that a previously absentee father

“had been rehabilitated as a parent,” and such rehabilitation satisfied the father’s

“burden of proving a material change in circumstances had occurred.” Tracie F.,

15-1812 at 29, 188 So.3d at 250.

The Georges’ reliance on our ruling in Tracie F. is misplaced. In Tracie F.,

the court was presented with a dispute between two parties with shared custody. Id.

After further observing that the shared custody arrangement arose from a consent

decree, this court determined that the biological father had the burden of showing a

material change in his own circumstances. Id. Here, the custody regime was one of

guardianship. As is typical for guardianships, the guardians were awarded custody,

and the biological parents were relegated to visitation rights. The July 2012 8

judgment in the CINC proceeding, unlike the judgment in Tracie F., did not establish

joint custody.

Under La. Ch.C. art. 724(D), the legislature has established that challengers to

a guardianship arrangement must prove “a substantial and material change in the

circumstances of the guardian or child.” Thus, and in contrast to the situation in

Tracie F., the test for a material change in circumstances pursuant to La. Ch.C. art.

 See, e.g., Josh Gupta-Kagan, The New Permanency, 19 U.C. Davis J. Juv. L. & Pol’y 1, 13 (2015) 8

(“Guardianship grants legal custody to a non-parent–typically, the foster parent or other custodian

who has raised the child for some period of time–without terminating the legal relationship between

parent and child. The parent typically retains a right to visit with the child ... .”).

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724(D) is primarily focused, not on the circumstances of the challenger, but on the

circumstances of the guardian(s) or the child. See Cmt. (C) to La. Ch.C. art. 724

(“Paragraph D reflects the policy that the most important feature of a guardianship

was its permanence during the child's minority; therefore, the standard for

modification or termination ought to be quite stringent ... . Thus, the material change

must occur in the circumstances of the guardian or child.”). Moreover,

“[i]mprovement of a parent's capabilities, for example, would not satisfy the threshold

requirement that some deterioration in the quality of the guardian’s care must be

demonstrated.” Id.

This is not to say the Georges’ commendable drug rehabilitation and steady

employment are irrelevant. Under La. Ch.C. art. 724(D), aside from the situation in

which a “guardian no longer wishes to serve or can no longer serve as guardian,”

which is described in La. Ch.C. art. 724(D)(1), but is a situation not presented here,

a “substantial and material change in the circumstances of the ...child” can be proven

in either of two ways. Specifically, a challenger can show either that “[c]ontinuation

of the guardianship is so deleterious to the child as to justify a modification or

termination of the relationship or the harm likely to be caused from a change in the

guardianship is substantially outweighed by the advantages to the child of the

modification.” La. Ch.C. art. 724(D)(2).

Under the last phrase quoted, it seems the Georges’ drug rehabilitation and

steady employment would constitute an “advantage” to the children. Certainly, when

the children visit with the Georges, the improvements in the Georges’ situation are

an advantage. However, in terms of weighing this advantage against the “harm likely

to be caused from a change in guardianship” as required by La. Ch.C. art. 724(D)(2),

any advantage from the Georges’ drug rehabilitation and steady employment fails to

17

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tip the scales in their favor. To reiterate, without detracting from the Georges’

self-improvements, theirs was the burden to show that the advantages from their

self-improvements “substantially” outweighed the presumed harm from changing the

guardianship previously awarded to the Dugases. See La. Ch.C. art. 724(D)(2). 

In a de novo review of the record, I find the Georges have failed to meet either 9

standard in La. Ch.C. art. 724(D)(2) with “clear and convincing evidence” as required

by La. Ch.C. art. 724(D). There is no evidence that the Dugases’ guardianship has

been anything other than greatly beneficial to the children. By all accounts, the

Dugases have provided the children what appears to be an enriching private education

and home environment. The Georges have simply failed to provide evidence from

which we could discern that any advantage to the children gained from the Georges’

self-improvements substantially outweighs the harm that would likely result from

removing the children from the Dugases’ guardianship.

I also observe from the record that the children’s circumstances leading to their

removal from the Georges’ home and placement with the Dugases were dire. Drug

abuse and domestic violence were pervasive features of the Georges’ lives. In

contrast, the Dugases have consistently invested time, energy, and resources to

establish a stable, healthy environment for the children. For instance, Mrs. Dugas is

a nurse by training, and has sacrificed her career, which included serving as a college

instructor, to care for the children. Mr. and Mrs. Dugas have been involved in the

children’s education from an early age, and have imparted formative reading skills. 

 See, e.g., Evans v. Lungrin, 97-0541, 97-0577, pp. 6-7 (La. 2/6/98), 708 So.2d 731, 735 9

(explaining, in a child custody case, that “where one or more trial court legal errors interdict the

fact-finding process, the manifest error standard is no longer applicable, and, if the record is

otherwise complete, the appellate court should make its own independent de novo review of the

record and determine a preponderance of the evidence.”).

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Under the Dugases’ care, the children have earned good grades at school and engaged

in sports and other activities.

On these facts, leaving the guardianship to the Dugases undisturbed is

consistent with these observations I made about the benefits of stability in child

custody: “The child has at stake an interest of transcending value in a custody

modification suit–his best interest and welfare–which may be irreparably damaged

not only by a mistaken change in custody but also by the effects of an attempted or

threatened change of custody on grounds that are less than imperative.” Bergeron

v. Bergeron, 492 So.2d 1193, 1200 (La. 1986). Although we made those

observations about the benefits of stability when we formulated a test for resolving

a custody dispute between divorced parents, those observations apply here, inasmuch

as the legislature has adopted our test from Bergeron as the standard for altering a

guardianship judgment. See Cmt. (C) to La. Ch.C. art. 724 (“The Louisiana custody

modification standard announced in Bergeron v. Bergeron, 492 So.2d 1193 (La.

1986) is used here in Subparagraph D(2).”). 

As a final detail, I note that the appellate court ordered a remand on the issue

of visitation to be accorded to the Georges, as follows:

The record before this court does not allow us to determine the

amount of visitation, if any, supervised or not, should be granted to the

Georges. Therefore, we remand this matter to the trial court below in

order to determine what level of visitation with the Georges would be in

the best interests of the children.

George, 15-939 at 12-13, 188 So.3d at 384.

Because the Georges’ writ application did not assign error to the visitation

remand, and the Dugases have not sought a writ challenging the ruling of the

appellate court, I would leave that aspect of the appellate court’s decision

undisturbed. See, e.g., Boudreaux v. State, DOTD, 01-1329, p. 5 (La.2/26/02), 815

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So.2d 7, 11 (declining to reach questions briefed for oral argument, but which were

not contained in the original writ application, this court explained such questions

were not properly before the court).

CONCLUSION

While certain formalities are lacking, viewing the July 2012 judgment in the

CINC proceeding as a guardianship judgment substantively comports with the

permanent child placement requirements for concluding the CINC proceeding. In

contrast, viewing the July 2012 judgment as a more traditional custody decree does

not substantively comport with the CINC requirements of the Children’s Code. 

Under longstanding principles, this court is constrained to look past the formal

defects to the substance of the July 2012 judgment and, in doing so, I find the July

2012 judgment is a guardianship judgment.

Guardianship is a custody regime that has been relatively recently introduced

in Louisiana law. Guardianship is intended to be a permanent custody regime. 

Guardianship is not immutable, as the legislature established in La. Ch.C. art. 724(D)

a test for changing it. However, by showing only their self-improvement after the

guardianship was awarded, the challengers have not met the rigors of that test.

When construing the July 2012 child placement judgment, the lower courts

erred in elevating form over substance. In substance, I find the child placement

judgment to be an award of guardianship. The Georges, who sought to have the child

placement altered, failed to carry their burden of proof under La. Ch.C.art. 724(D). 

Accordingly, I would affirm the conclusion of the court of appeal, which declined to

alter the child placement judgment although applying a different legal standard. I

would remand this matter to the district court for consideration of the visitation issue

identified by the court of appeal.

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11/07/16

SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

NO. 2016-CJ-0710

JEREMY GEORGE, ET UX.

VERSUS

ROBBIE DUGAS, ET UX.

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,

THIRD CIRCUIT, PARISH OF ACADIA

CLARK, J., dissenting.

I respectfully dissent from the majority’s decision to recall the writ. Having 

granted the writ, I would resolve this case on the merits based on the issues and the 

record before this court.
11/07/16

SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

2016-CJ-710

JEREMY GEORGE, ET UX. 

VS. 

ROBBIE DUGAS, ET UX.

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL, 

THIRD CIRCUIT, PARISH OF ACADIA

Hughes, J., concurs. 

 I reluctantly concur with the withdrawal of the writ in this matter. Regardless 

of the burden of proof to be applied to these unusual facts, the trial court is in the 

best position to determine the best interests of the children.
11/07/16

SUPREME COURT OF LOUISIANA

NO. 2016-CJ-0710

JEREMY GEORGE, ET UX.

VERSUS

ROBBIE DUGAS, ET UX.

ON WRIT OF CERTIORARI TO THE COURT OF APPEAL,

THIRD CIRCUIT, PARISH OF ACADIA

Crichton, J., dissents for the reasons assigned by Justice Weimer.