1 

2024 IL App (5th) 230245-U 

NO. 5-23-0245 

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIFTH DISTRICT

______________________________________________________________________________ 

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the

 ) Circuit Court of

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) St. Clair County.

 ) 

v. ) No. 09-CF-632 

 ) 

LEMUEL HOUSTON, ) Honorable 

 ) Jeffrey K. Watson,

Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge, presiding.

______________________________________________________________________________ 

JUSTICE McHANEY delivered the judgment of the court.

 Presiding Justice Vaughan and Justice Boie concurred in the judgment.

 

 ORDER

¶ 1 Held: The trial court did not abuse its discretion in sentencing the defendant to 53 years’

imprisonment. 

¶ 2 The defendant, Lemuel Houston, appeals from an order of the trial court denying his third 

amended motion to reconsider his sentence. This is the defendant’s fifth appeal stemming from his 

conviction for the 2009 murder of Greg Jonas. The defendant entered a nonnegotiated plea of 

guilty but mentally ill to a single count of first degree murder (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1) (West 2008)). 

Defense counsel stipulated that the State could prove the aggravating factor set forth in section 9-

l(b)(1) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (id. § 9-l(b)(1)), specifically that the victim was a peace 

officer in the course of performing his official duties when he was killed. The State stipulated that 

section 104-26 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 (725 ILCS 5/104-26 (West 2008)), 

NOTICE

This order was filed under 

Supreme Court Rule 23 and is 

not precedent except in the 

limited circumstances allowed 

under Rule 23(e)(1).

NOTICE

Decision filed 08/02/24. The 

text of this decision may be 

changed or corrected prior to 

the filing of a Petition for 

Rehearing or the disposition of 

the same.
2 

disposition of defendants suffering disabilities, would apply to defendant’s sentencing. The trial 

court sentenced the defendant to 53 years’ imprisonment followed by a 3-year term of mandatory 

supervised release. The trial court recommended placement where the defendant could obtain 

mental health treatment. The defendant appealed. For the following reasons, we affirm. 

¶ 3 I. Background

¶ 4 We include only those facts necessary for the resolution of the issue on appeal. On June 4, 

2009, the defendant, who was 22 years old at the time, was charged with the first degree murder 

of Greg Jonas in violation of section 9-1(a)(1) of the Criminal Code of 1961 (720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1) 

(West 2008)). The State filed a notice that it did not intend to seek the death penalty; instead, the 

State intended to seek an enhanced sentence of natural life imprisonment pursuant to section 5-8-

1(a)(1)(b) of the Unified Code of Corrections (730 ILCS 5/5-8-1(a)(1)(b) (West 2008)) because 

Jonas was a peace officer killed in the line of duty. 

¶ 5 On November 5, 2009, the parties filed a written stipulation indicating that Dr. Daniel 

Cuneo, a forensic psychologist, was appointed by the trial court at the request of the defense to 

evaluate the defendant’s fitness to stand trial. The stipulation also indicated that in his report dated 

October 1, 2009, Dr. Cuneo diagnosed the defendant with (1) alcohol dependence in a controlled 

environment, polysubstance dependence in a controlled environment, and (2) mild mental 

retardation (50-70 IQ). Dr. Cuneo would testify that the defendant’s mental retardation manifested 

itself by the age of 18 and, further, that his mental illness substantially impaired his ability to 

understand the nature and purpose of the proceedings against him and his ability to assist in his 

own defense. Dr. Cuneo also would testify that the defendant was unfit to stand trial. However, 

Dr. Cuneo opined that if the defendant was provided with a course of inpatient rehabilitative 
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treatment and stabilized on psychotropic medication, there was a substantial probability that he 

would be able to attain fitness within the course of one year. 

¶ 6 The parties also stipulated that Dr. John Rabun, a forensic psychiatrist, was appointed by 

the trial court at the request of the State to evaluate the defendant’s fitness to stand trial. Dr. Rabun 

would testify that based on his evaluation of the defendant, he concurred with the diagnosis of Dr. 

Cuneo, specifically that the defendant suffered from mild mental retardation that manifested itself 

by the age of 18. Dr. Rabun estimated the defendant’s IQ to be between 60-70. Dr. Rabun opined 

with reasonable medical certainty that the defendant was unfit to stand trial at that time, but that 

the defendant would likely regain his fitness to stand trial within one year. On October 12, 2010, 

following a hearing, the defendant was found fit to stand trial. 

¶ 7 On September 8, 2011, the defendant filed a motion to suppress his statements to the police 

alleging, inter alia, he lacked the capacity to knowingly and intelligently waive his rights. Quoting 

from Dr. Cuneo’s report, defense counsel argued that the defendant was “moderately mentally 

retarded”; “unable to give the meaning of such simple words as ‘repair’ and ‘yesterday’ ”; was “in 

the bottom 0.4% of the nation intellectually”; functioned “roughly at the cognitive level of an 

eight-year-old”; could not “understand what happens in a court room” and “could not grasp that a 

public defender was there to help him”; could not explain the role of the judge; was unable to 

communicate with his attorney “in any meaningful way, much less assist in his own defense”; and 

“could not understand the concepts of plea bargaining or probation.” Defense counsel also noted 

that Dr. Rabun had concurred with Dr. Cuneo’s findings. 

¶ 8 A hearing was held over the period of two days on the defendant’s motion to suppress. Dr. 

Rabun, who previously had opined on the defendant’s fitness to stand trial, was called as a witness 

by the State. Dr. Rabun was asked to opine on whether the defendant had the capacity to 
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knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive his Miranda rights. Dr. Rabun testified that on 

November 13, 2009, Dr. Rabun interviewed the defendant. Additionally, he reviewed his original 

report and the records he relied on for that report; police reports; progress reports from Alton 

Mental Health Center; Dr. Cuneo’s three reports; a videotaped statement the defendant gave in an 

unrelated case in January 2008; a videotaped statement by the defendant from 2009 in the instant 

case; and an audio CD from the instant case. Based on his interview with the defendant, and his 

review of records and recorded statements, Dr. Rabun opined that even given the defendant’s 

mental defects, the defendant had the capacity to knowingly, intelligently, and voluntarily waive 

his Miranda rights on the day in question. In its written order, the trial court acknowledged that 

the defendant had “a limited intellectual capacity” and some difficulty reading. Nevertheless, the 

trial court denied the defendant’s motion to suppress his statements. 

¶ 9 On July 10, 2012, defense counsel filed a motion for adjudication that the defendant 

qualified for special provisions under section 104-22 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of 1963 

(725 ILCS 5/104-22 (West 2012)), which was granted by the trial court. On July 13, 2012, the 

parties informed the trial court that the defendant intended to enter an open plea of guilty but 

mentally ill to the charge of first degree murder. The defendant was present with defense counsel 

and his mother. At the start of the hearing, the State noted it was not seeking the death penalty; 

rather, the State was seeking an enhanced sentence of natural life because Lieutenant Jonas was a 

peace officer killed while performing his official duties. Defense counsel stipulated that the State 

could satisfy its burden of proof on that issue. 

¶ 10 The trial court admonished the defendant. As part of the admonishments, the trial court 

informed the defendant that the State was arguing that he should be imprisoned for the remainder 

of his life, while defense counsel was arguing that the sentence could be a lesser amount of time 
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or even probation. The defendant was also admonished by the trial court that if he was entitled to 

a lesser sentence than life, he would be required to serve a period of mandatory supervised release 

at the end of his time in prison. 

¶ 11 The State provided the factual basis. If the case were called to trial, the evidence would 

show that on June 2, 2009, Greg Jonas was a lieutenant for the Centreville Police Department who 

was on duty in his official capacity when he responded to a call. Officer Dave Lauere would testify 

that he heard on the radio that an officer was down at Pop’s Liquor Store. When Officer Lauere 

responded to the scene, he saw Lieutenant Jonas had been shot and was lying on his back outside 

his patrol car. Officer Lauere radioed that an officer needed help. Lieutenant Jonas was taken by 

ambulance to the hospital. 

¶ 12 The major case squad was activated, and they conducted numerous witness interviews. 

Witness Larry Parker would testify that Lieutenant Jonas pulled up in his squad car and made 

contact with four individuals. Parker knew one of the four individuals named Romerio, who was 

on a bike. Parker heard Lieutenant Jonas tell them to go where they were supposed to be, and he 

saw Lieutenant Jonas speaking to someone in dreadlocks. A scuffle began between Lieutenant 

Jonas and the individual with dreadlocks. Parker heard three to five gunshots, and the four 

individuals fled. Parker approached Lieutenant Jonas and used the police radio to call for help. 

¶ 13 Romerio Ellington would testify that he rode his bike to the projects at about 1 a.m. where 

he met his cousin, Tarion Wilbourn, and Tarion’s friend. The defendant arrived and hung out with 

them. Ellington would testify that Lieutenant Jonas asked the defendant to come over towards him 

and raise his shirt. After the defendant raised his shirt, Lieutenant Jonas asked the defendant to put 

his water bottle down. The defendant then pulled out a gun and shot Lieutenant Jonas in the face 
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five or six times. Ellington was shown a photo line-up and at first declined, but he later identified 

the defendant as the person who shot Lieutenant Jonas in the face. 

¶ 14 Tarion Wilbourn would testify he first told the police that he did not have any information. 

However, at a second interview, Wilbourn indicated that the defendant was the shooter. If called, 

Wilbourn would testify that he was on one side of the road with an individual named J.B., and the 

defendant and an individual named Muro were on the other side of the road. Wilbourn would 

testify he saw Lieutenant Jonas arrive in his squad car and then the defendant yelled something to 

Lieutenant Jonas which caused Lieutenant Jonas to get out of his squad car. Wilbourn saw the 

defendant lift his shirt up and show his waist to show he did not have a gun. The defendant then 

pulled out a gun from the right side of his body and shot Lieutenant Jonas. Wilbourn and J.B. ran 

away, and Wilbourn heard shots as he departed. Wilbourn did not know where the defendant and 

Muro went. When shown a photo lineup, Wilbourn identified the defendant as the shooter. 

¶ 15 The State would present evidence that the defendant was taken into custody and read his 

Miranda rights. The defendant gave a statement to the police admitting that he shot Lieutenant 

Jonas. The defendant stated Lieutenant Jonas approached him. The defendant had a .38 revolver 

in his pocket which he pointed at Lieutenant Jonas and shot a few times. The defendant stated that 

he ran away, and he later got rid of the gun. 

¶ 16 Dr. Raj Nanduri would testify that she was an expert in pathology and that Lieutenant Jonas 

died from four gunshot wounds to the head and neck. Dr. Nanduri would classify the death as a 

homicide. 

¶ 17 The defendant agreed to the statement of facts and entered his plea of guilty but mentally 

ill. The State referenced the stipulation of the parties wherein Dr. Cuneo and Dr. Rabun opined 

that the defendant was mildly mentally retarded, which the State submitted to the trial court 
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qualified as a mental illness. The trial court accepted the defendant’s guilty plea and set the matter 

for a sentencing hearing.

¶ 18 On November 13, 2012, the defendant’s sentencing hearing was held before the Honorable 

John Baricevic. The parties indicated they disagreed as to the appropriate sentencing range and 

argued the applicability of People v. Watters, 231 Ill. App. 3d 370 (1992) (trial court has discretion 

to consider alternate sentence of probation for intellectually disabled defendants). The State argued 

that if the trial court found that Watters applied, the minimum sentence could be probation; 

however, if the trial court did not find that Watters applied or, alternatively, that Watters did apply 

but probation was not appropriate, the sentence could be from 20 to 60 years or discretionary 

natural life. The defendant argued that if the trial court found that Watters applied, the trial court 

could impose a sentence of less than 20 years but greater than probation. The parties requested the 

trial court to readmonish the defendant and ask him whether he wanted to persist in his plea of 

guilty but mentally ill in light of the sentencing range. 

¶ 19 After reading the case law and hearing arguments from the parties, the trial court found 

that Watters did apply. The trial court instructed the defendant as follows:

“THE COURT: Here’s what I believe you are facing today. 

You could get probation with some type of mental health treatment.

If I believed that that’s not appropriate, I could sentence you to the Department of 

Corrections for a period of time between twenty and sixty years, a determinate period. That 

would mean a set number of years. I could sentence you to twenty years, to thirty-six years, 

to forty-eight years, to sixty years, what—or any other number between twenty and sixty. 

If I—And if I picked that option, you will stay in the Department of Corrections for every 

day of that sentence, minus whatever time you’ve done in the County Jail.
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* * * 

The third option is, depending on if the State presents any evidence, there’s a 

possibility, if I find in their favor, that I could sentence you to natural life, which would 

mean you would never get out of prison unless there was a governor’s pardon. It would 

take special action for the governor—from the governor for you ever to get out of prison.

 *** 

THE COURT: Do you understand that it is my decision and mine alone as to which 

of those options— 

THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.

THE COURT:—are appropriate? And based on that, do you still wish to persist in 

your plea of guilty to the charge?

THE DEFENDANT: Yes, sir.”

¶ 20 The State argued factors in aggravation, insisted that probation would deprecate the 

seriousness of the offense, and requested the trial court to sentence the defendant to natural life in 

prison rather than probation or mental health treatment. Defense counsel argued factors in 

mitigation, including the defendant’s intellectual disability. He further argued the defendant had 

accepted responsibility when he admitted shooting Lieutenant Jonas; the defendant’s significant 

limitations of adaptive functioning; the fact that the defendant had never been employed; and the 

defendant’s diagnosis of mild mental retardation. Defense counsel did not request a specific 

sentence but submitted that the sentence should be tailored to the defendant’s individual 

circumstances. 

¶ 21 Prior to announcing sentence, the trial court noted it had reviewed the presentence 

investigation report and had considered the factors in aggravation and mitigation, comments of 
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counsel, exhibits, and testimony. The trial court agreed with defense counsel that under Illinois 

law, a sentence was to be fashioned pursuant to the particular facts of the case and of the individual. 

The trial court stated:

“THE COURT: I also find that in that significant response to the psychiatric and 

educational factors of your client that you refer to, that those same doctors were treatment 

providers, they were not all medical doctors. But those treatment providers gave the 

opinion that Mr. Houston knew right from wrong, sanity is not an issue. And that becomes 

an important factor for me. Mr. Houston chose to shoot the officer in the face and the neck. 

*** 

But it seems to me that if you’re shooting in the head and the face, that you have 

only one reason for why you pulled the trigger and that was to kill the individual. And if 

you knew right from wrong, Mr. Houston, you knew that was wrong.

And so the argument that the State makes that you’re a danger to society, I find to 

be accurate.”

¶ 22 The trial court then noted as a mitigating factor that the defendant was functioning at a 

level below his biological age. The trial court found that the defendant’s diminished capacity 

negated a natural life sentence and, instead, sentenced the defendant to 53 years’ imprisonment 

followed by 3 years of mandatory supervised release. The trial court recommended that the 

defendant be provided with mental health treatment. The defendant appealed. 

¶ 23 The defendant’s first appeal resulted in remand due to trial counsel’s defective Rule 604(d) 

certificate and the trial court’s erroneous Rule 605 admonishments. People v. Houston, No. 5-13-

0162 (2015) (unpublished summary order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(c)). On remand, 

Judge Baricevic again denied the defendant’s motion to withdraw his guilty plea. The defendant’s 
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second appeal once again resulted in remand due to trial counsel’s defective Rule 604(d) certificate 

and the trial court’s erroneous Rule 605(b) admonishments. People v. Houston, No. 5-15-0353 

(2016) (unpublished summary order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(c)). The defendant’s 

third appeal resulted in remand once again for appropriate Rule 605(b) admonishments and filing 

of a new Rule 604(d) certificate. People v. Houston, No. 5-17-0215 (2018) (unpublished summary 

order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(c)). On October 26, 2020, the defendant was heard on 

his amended motion to withdraw his guilty plea or, alternatively, motion to reconsider his sentence 

in front of the Honorable John O’Gara. Judge O’Gara denied the defendant’s motion, and the 

defendant filed his fourth appeal, arguing that prior to becoming a judge, O’Gara had been 

appointed to represent him in the instant matter. On October 7, 2021, this court granted the 

defendant’s unopposed motion for summary relief because Judge O’Gara had served as defense 

counsel and judge in the same matter. People v. Houston, No. 5-21-0134 (2021) (unpublished 

summary order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(c)). Once again, the cause was remanded for 

further proceedings.

¶ 24 On March 1, 2023, the defendant was heard on his third amended motion to withdraw his 

guilty plea, or in the alternative, to reconsider his sentence. The defendant argued, inter alia, that 

he did not enter his guilty plea knowingly and voluntarily because his mental illness and mental 

capacity prevented him from understanding the full nature of the proceedings. With regards to his 

sentence, the defendant argued that his 53-year sentence was excessive because he was found to 

have a mental illness and was functioning at the level of an eight- or nine-year-old when he 

committed the offense at age 22. The trial court took the matter under advisement. 

¶ 25 On April 6, 2023, the defendant’s third amended motion to withdraw his guilty plea or, 

alternatively, to reconsider his sentence, was denied. This appeal follows.
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¶ 26 II. Analysis

¶ 27 On appeal, the defendant argues that the 53-year sentence imposed upon him is excessive 

where he is intellectually disabled with the mental capacity of an eight-year-old; has some ability 

to learn if given the chance; took responsibility for his crime when he entered an open guilty plea; 

and previously had a minimal criminal history. The defendant seeks to have his sentence reduced; 

in the alternative, the defendant requests this court to reverse and remand for resentencing.

¶ 28 “The trial court has broad discretionary powers in imposing a sentence, and its sentencing 

decisions are entitled to great deference.” People v. Alexander, 239 Ill. 2d 205, 213 (2010). 

Because the trial court had the opportunity to weigh such factors as the defendant’s credibility, 

demeanor, general moral character, mentality, social environment, habits, and age, a reviewing 

court must not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court merely because it would have 

weighed these factors differently. Id. at 213. “ ‘A reviewing court gives great deference to the trial

court’s judgment regarding sentencing because the trial judge, having observed the defendant and

the proceedings, has a far better opportunity to consider these factors than the reviewing court, 

which must rely on the “cold” record.’ ” Id. at 212-13 (quoting People v. Fern, 189 Ill. 2d 48, 53 

(1999)). If a sentence is within statutory limits, a reviewing court will not reverse it absent an abuse 

of discretion. People v. Cabrera, 116 Ill. 2d 474, 494 (1987). A trial court abuses its discretion 

when the penalty imposed is “greatly at variance with the spirit and purpose of the law, or 

manifestly disproportionate to the nature of the offense.” People v. Stacey, 193 Ill. 2d 203, 210 

(2000). 

¶ 29 At the outset, we decline the defendant’s invitation to substitute this court’s judgment for 

that of the trial court where he argues that the trial court failed to give sufficient weight to either 
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his intellectual disability or the fact that he took responsibility for his crime by entering an open 

guilty plea. We will not reweigh the factors considered by the trial court. 

¶ 30 The defendant next argues that the trial court failed to consider how his ability to learn and 

grow might contribute to his rehabilitation. The Illinois Constitution requires courts to determine 

penalties “ ‘both according to the seriousness of the offense and with the objective of restoring the 

offender to useful citizenship.’ ” People v. Bien, 277 Ill. App. 3d 744, 755 (1996) (quoting Ill. 

Const. 1970, art. I, § 11). “Not all criminal defendants must be given an opportunity for 

rehabilitation or else life imprisonment would not be constitutionally permissible.” (Emphasis in 

original.) Id. at 756. The trial court is vested with the responsibility for balancing between 

rendering justice and rehabilitating the defendant. Id. A defendant’s rehabilitative potential is not 

entitled to greater weight by the trial court than the seriousness of the offense. Id. “The goal of 

rehabilitation should not be elevated over the goal of justice.” Id. 

¶ 31 There is no question that the defendant committed a serious offense when he shot 

Lieutenant Jonas in the head and neck resulting in his death. Under the facts presented, we do not 

find that the trial court was required to impose a sentence that would serve to restore the defendant 

to useful citizenship. 

¶ 32 The defendant contends that the trial court failed to consider that his previous criminal 

history was minimal. Contrary to his contention, evidence of the defendant’s relatively minimal 

criminal history was presented prior to sentencing in the presentence investigation report, which 

the trial court stated it had considered. There is a presumption that the sentencing court considered 

mitigating evidence before it. See People v. Flores, 404 Ill. App. 3d 155, 158 (2010). However, 

the “existence of mitigating factors does not require the trial court to reduce a sentence from the 

maximum allowed.” People v. Pippen, 324 Ill. App. 3d 649, 652 (2001).
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¶ 33 Here, the trial court found that the defendant was eligible for a maximum sentence of up to 

60 years. Although the State was seeking an enhanced sentence of natural life imprisonment, the 

trial court found that the defendant’s diminished capacity was a mitigating factor which negated a 

natural life sentence. However, the trial court also considered factors in aggravation, most notably 

that Lieutenant Jonas was a peace officer in the line of duty when he was shot and killed by the 

defendant. Ultimately, the trial court sentenced the defendant to 53 years’ imprisonment and 

recommended that the defendant be provided with mental health treatment. After reviewing the 

record, we cannot say the trial court abused its discretion.

¶ 34 III. Conclusion

¶ 35 For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment and sentence. 

¶ 36 Affirmed.