COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Chief Judge Decker, Judge AtLee and Senior Judge Haley*

Argued at Fredericksburg, Virginia

RAYMOND FREDERICK GOSS

v. Record No. 0423-23-4

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

RAYMOND FREDERICK GOSS

MEMORANDUM OPINION** BY

v. Record No. 0425-23-4 JUDGE RICHARD Y. ATLEE, JR.

JULY 16, 2024

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

RAYMOND FREDERICK GOSS

v. Record No. 1463-23-4

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF ARLINGTON COUNTY

Louise M. DiMatteo, Judge

Robert Marshall, Assistant Public Defender (Marc Canellas, 

Assistant Public Defender, on briefs), for appellant.

Kimberly A. Hackbarth, Senior Assistant Attorney General (Jason S. 

Miyares, Attorney General, on briefs), for appellee.

In these appeals, consolidated for purposes of oral argument and this opinion, appellant 

Raymond Frederick Goss challenges the trial court’s decisions relating to the revocation of his 

*

Judge Haley participated in the hearing and decision of this case prior to his death on June 

8, 2024. 

** This opinion is not designated for publication. See Code § 17.1-413(A).

UNPUBLISHED
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probation and suspended sentences for three counts of grand larceny, petit larceny, third or 

subsequent offense, grand larceny with the intent to sell, and possessing burglary tools. He 

contends that the trial court erred by finding that his refusal to complete an Intensive Outpatient 

Program (“IOP”) was a non-technical violation. He also argues that the trial court erred by 

imposing an eight-month active sentence for failing to report to probation because it constituted a 

first technical violation. He further argues that the procedure used by the trial court violated Code 

§ 19.2-306.1 because: (1) the trial court held separate sentencing hearings for violations originating 

from a single major violation report that were “considered” at a single probation revocation hearing, 

and (2) the trial court did not find the technical violations arose from “the same course of conduct.” 

For the following reasons, we disagree and affirm the decisions of the trial court.

I. BACKGROUND

“In revocation appeals, the trial court’s ‘findings of fact and judgment will not be reversed 

unless there is a clear showing of abuse of discretion.’” Jacobs v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 

529, 535 (2013) (quoting Davis v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 81, 86 (1991)). “The evidence is 

considered in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, as the prevailing party below.” Id.

By orders of January 26, 2021, and upon his guilty pleas, the trial court convicted Goss for 

three counts of grand larceny, larceny with the intent to sell, and possessing burglary tools. The trial 

court sentenced him to six years of imprisonment with three years suspended for each offense. The 

trial court also convicted Goss for larceny as a third or subsequent offense and sentenced him to five 

years of imprisonment, all suspended. The trial court ordered that Goss complete probation upon 

specified conditions. Each of the conviction orders stated: “[T]he defendant [shall] remain in the 

Arlington County Adult Detention Facility and enter and complete the [Addiction, Corrections, and 

Treatment (“ACT”)] Unit. Upon completion, he may return to Court on a Motion to Reconsider.” 
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The orders also stated that the remainder of his sentences will be suspended if he successfully 

completed the ACT program.

Goss successfully completed the ACT program and moved for reconsideration of his 

sentences. The trial court granted the motion to reconsider and, in accordance with the original 

sentencing order, suspended the balances of Goss’s remaining active sentences. It also added 

multiple special conditions of probation, including that Goss “shall attend outpatient substance 

abuse services with Arlington County Community Services Board” and “shall remain substance free 

and maintain a sober living environment that is conducive to continued recovery.” It further 

ordered that Goss “shall comply with all the rules and requirements set by the probation officer. 

Probation shall include ANY & ALL substance abuse counseling, testing and/or treatment as 

directed by the Probation Officer.”

Goss started his supervised probation on October 25, 2021. In a major violation report 

(“MVR”) dated December 20, 2022, Goss’s probation officer detailed Goss’s non-compliance with 

the terms of his probation. The probation officer reported that Goss’s adjustment to supervision had 

been “moderate,” and he continued to struggle with his drug addiction. Goss was referred to 

“Withdrawal Management” after testing positive for cocaine on September 22 and October 27, 

2022. After completing withdrawal management in November 2022, the probation officer referred 

Goss to an IOP and continued individual therapy. Despite the officer’s clear instructions, Goss’s 

attendance at treatment was inconsistent, and he continued to miss appointments. Goss missed an 

individual and a psychiatric appointment on November 10, 2022.

Goss tested positively for cocaine on November 22 and 28, 2022, and he did not appear for a 

scheduled appointment on December 15, 2022. On December 19, 2022, Goss tested positive for 

cocaine and PCP. After the positive drug test, the probation officer instructed Goss to report 

immediately to withdrawal management. Goss became “uncooperative” and “disrespectful.” 
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Despite the officer’s request that he refrain from swearing and to lower his voice, Goss said, “I 

don’t need no F’n cracker telling me what to do. I’m not a F’n child. Y’all just want to make F’n 

money off of me. I don’t give a F’n about no PB-13, 14 for a damn technical violation.” The 

officer arranged transportation for Goss to the withdrawal management facility, but he left shortly 

after his arrival.

The MVR alleged that Goss had failed to follow the probation condition that he “follow the 

Probation and Parole Officer’s instructions” and “be truthful, cooperative, and report as instructed.” 

In addition, Goss had violated the probation condition that he not “unlawfully use, possess or 

distribute controlled substances or related paraphernalia.” Finally, Goss violated the condition that 

he obtain substance abuse evaluation and treatment as directed by his probation officer when he 

failed to attend IOP consistently and left the withdrawal management program on December 19, 

2022, contrary to the officer’s instructions.

Based upon the MVR, the trial court issued a capias for Goss’s arrest and assigned separate 

circuit court numbers for five alleged probation violations: “[n]ot following instructions regarding 

IOP attendance” (-02), testing positively for drugs (-03), failing to attend individual and psychiatric 

appointments (-04), leaving withdrawal management against the probation officer’s instruction 

(-05), and failing to report to a probation appointment (-06).

At a January 27, 2023 hearing, the trial court confirmed that it had separated the violations 

into five categories. The trial court stated that the proceeding was a status hearing, and it asked 

Goss whether he intended to contest the allegations. Goss admitted to violations -02 through -06.

Although Goss asked that all the matters be heard at the same hearing because they originated from 

one MVR, the trial court set the matters to be heard on separate days, beginning with the -02 

violation on February 10, 2023. The trial court’s February 22, 2023 order stated that the January 27, 
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2023 hearing was a status hearing and that the court had set the dates for “adjudication and 

disposition” of the alleged violations.

The trial court conducted a hearing for the -02 violation on February 10, 2023. Goss 

objected to being sentenced on the -02 violation “separately from his other technical violations” and 

asked the trial court to hear them together at one time. Goss maintained that all the alleged conduct 

stemmed from the same course of conduct, namely his relapse into drug use and struggles with 

addiction. The trial court rejected Goss’s claim and found that his failure to attend IOP, as it was 

determined appropriate and he was instructed by the probation officer, violated a special condition 

from the November 16, 2021 orders. The trial court noted that Goss had completed ACT twice, had 

involvement with IOP, and received other community intervention, all without gaining traction 

toward resolving his drug problems. He had more than 20 felony convictions; in addition, he had an 

unresolved charge of drug possession. The trial court imposed an active sentence of five months for 

the -02 violation.

The trial court then found that the -03 and -04 violations stemmed from the same course of 

conduct, and it scheduled them to be heard together on February 24, 2023. It further combined 

the -05 and -06 violations to be heard together on March 10, 2023. The trial court explained that the 

-03 and -04 violations, which involved testing positive for drug use and missing appointments, 

related to the “single course of conduct of the relapse.” But it found that the -05 and -06 violations, 

which involved leaving withdrawal management and failing to report to probation, were a separate 

course of conduct. It explained that probation had intervened and taken Goss to withdrawal 

management, which he left. It referred to these as “discrete decision points,” and it found that 

someone being taken to withdrawal management and leaving is “different . . . than just generally 

relapsing because there was an intervention made.”
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At the February 24, 2023 hearing, the trial court considered the -03 and -04 violations for 

testing positively for drug use and missing individual and psychiatric appointments. Goss reiterated 

his argument that the matters should have been consolidated for the trial court to sentence together 

at one hearing. The trial court found that the matters were Goss’s first technical violation for 

purposes of sentencing under Code § 19.2-306.1(C). Accordingly, the trial court revoked Goss’s 

suspended sentences and resuspended them, imposing no active period of incarceration.

At the March 10, 2023 hearing, the trial court reiterated that it had combined the -05 and -06 

violations, which involved Goss’s leaving withdrawal management and failing to report to 

probation at around the same time. Goss argued that the violations were second technical violations 

for which he could receive no more than 14 days of active incarceration under Code § 19.2-306.1. 

The trial court disagreed that both violations were technical. When the trial court asked, the 

probation officer stated that Goss “has exhausted all efforts in the community” and that no programs 

were available to him. Goss asked the court to continue the matter so that his counsel could 

“continue to look into treatment” for the drug abuse issues and mental health. The trial court 

stressed the importance of finding a solution for Goss that had a realistic chance of success. The 

court stated that it did not want to close out the case prematurely and that it “need[ed] a little more 

time to consider the options” it might have for sentencing. The trial court then postponed 

disposition until March 24, 2023.

Goss filed a notice stating that he intended to move to continue the -05 and -06 matters at 

the March 24, 2023 hearing. The trial court entered orders on May 17 and 19, 2023, indicating that 

on April 14, 2023, it found Goss in violation for the -05 matter, but it imposed no jail time. The trial 

court’s May 19, 2023 orders in the -06 matter reflect that the court found Goss in violation of his

probation, revoked the suspended sentences, and resuspended all but eight months.

Goss now appeals.
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II. ANALYSIS

A. The trial court did not err by finding that the -02 violation was a non-technical violation.

Goss conceded that his underlying conduct in the revocation matter designated -02 violated 

the terms of his probation. On appeal, he argues the trial court erred by finding the violation was a 

non-technical violation and by imposing an active sentence of five months’ incarceration.

On an appeal of a probation revocation, the trial court’s “findings of fact and judgment 

will not be reversed unless there is a clear showing of abuse of discretion.” Green v. 

Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 69, 76 (2022) (quoting Jacobs v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 529, 

535 (2013)). But “an issue of statutory interpretation is a pure question of law which we review 

de novo.” Id. (quoting Conyers v. Martial Arts World of Richmond, Inc., 273 Va. 96, 104

(2007)). “Appellate courts ‘must assume that the General Assembly chose, with care, the words 

it used in enacting the statute, and we are bound by those words when we apply the statute.’” 

Henthorne v. Commonwealth, 76 Va. App. 60, 66 (2022) (quoting Jordan v. Commonwealth, 295 

Va. 70, 75 (2018)). “Accordingly, we will apply a statute’s ‘plain meaning . . . unless the terms 

are ambiguous or applying the plain language would lead to an absurd result.’” Id. (alteration in 

original) (quoting Taylor v. Commonwealth, 298 Va. 336, 341 (2020)).

“Code § 19.2-306.1 ‘creates two tiers of probation violations: (1) technical violations . . . 

and (2) non-technical violations.’” Thomas v. Commonwealth, 77 Va. App. 613, 621 (2023)

(alteration in original) (quoting Heart v. Commonwealth, 75 Va. App. 453, 466 (2022)). A 

technical violation is “based on a probationer’s failure to do one of ten enumerated actions” 

listed in Code § 19.2-306.1(A). Id. (quoting Heart, 75 Va. App. at 466). “When a court revokes 

a suspended sentence based on any of the enumerated ‘technical’ violations, it has limited 

options regarding the imposition of active incarceration.” Id. at 622. Courts must follow the 
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“limited sentencing scheme under Code § 19.2-306.1(C).”1 Burford v. Commonwealth, 78 

Va. App. 170, 182 (2023).

“These sentencing limits do not apply, however, to what our caselaw refers to as 

non-technical violations.” Thomas, 77 Va. App. at 622. Under Code § 19.2-306.1(B), a 

violation is non-technical if “the defendant was convicted of a criminal offense,” or he “has 

violated another condition other than (i) a technical violation or (ii) a good conduct violation that 

did not result in a criminal conviction.” For a non-technical violation, the trial court “may 

revoke the suspension and impose or resuspend any or all of that period previously suspended.” 

Code § 19.2-306.1(B).

“Not specifically mentioned in the statutory scheme is another category of violation—

violations of conditions or instructions referred to as ‘special.’” Thomas, 77 Va. App. at 623; see 

also Burford, 78 Va. App. at 183 (“Courts can impose ‘special conditions’ in conviction 

orders.”). These conditions are “imposed by a court and ‘are acknowledged and agreed to by a 

probationer in written form when meeting with his probation officer to begin a period of 

supervision.’” Burford, 78 Va. App. at 183 (quoting Thomas, 77 Va. App. at 623). Generally, 

“violations of special conditions are ‘non-technical’ by nature since they condition behavior 

beyond the list of behaviors included in Code § 19.2-306.1(A).” Id. The label or language of the 

1 Under Code § 19.2-306.1(C), a trial court “shall not impose a sentence of a term of 

active incarceration upon a first technical violation of the terms and conditions of a suspended 

sentence or probation.” Upon a second technical violation, “there shall be a presumption against 

imposing a sentence of a term of active incarceration,” but, upon a finding by the preponderance 

of the evidence that the defendant “cannot be safely diverted from active incarceration through 

less restrictive means,” the trial court “may impose not more than 14 days of active 

incarceration[.]” Code § 19.2-306.1(C). For a “third or subsequent technical violation,” “[t]he 

court may impose whatever sentence might have been originally imposed[.]” Id. The statute 

further provides the limitation that “[m]ultiple technical violations arising from a single course of 

conduct or a single incident or considered at the same revocation hearing shall not be considered 

separate technical violations for the purposes of sentencing pursuant to this section.” Code 

§ 19.2-306.1(A).
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condition, however, is not controlling, Thomas, 77 Va. App. at 624, because “courts cannot 

evade the limiting sentencing scheme for technical violations by ‘crafting “special conditions” 

that encompass conduct defined by the statute as a “technical violation,”’” Burford, 78 Va. App. 

at 183 (quoting Thomas, 77 Va. App. at 625).

Instead, courts look to whether the “‘violation conduct matches the conduct listed’ in one 

of the ten subsections of Code § 19.2-306.1(A).” Thomas, 77 Va. App. at 624. If so, the 

violation is technical. Id. For the violation to qualify as “another condition,” and thus a 

non-technical violation, the “condition at issue must relate to conduct that is wholly independent 

of the technical violations listed in Code § 19.2-306.1(A).” Commonwealth v. Delaune, 302 Va. 

644, 657 n.3 (2023).

The conduct at issue for violation -02 is Goss’s failure to follow instructions regarding 

IOP attendance. Goss argues that this conduct matches the conduct for the technical violation of 

failing to “follow the instructions of the probation officer.” Code § 19.2-306.1(A)(v). We 

disagree.

We find Burford v. Commonwealth persuasive. In Burford, we evaluated whether the 

violation was of a non-technical “special condition” or a technical violation. The sentencing 

order required the defendant to “complet[e] a [community-based probation] mental health 

evaluation” and “follow[] all recommendations.” 78 Va. App. at 183. After the evaluation, the 

defendant was instructed to undergo a psycho-sexual evaluation, which he refused to do. Id. 

Burford argued that the violation was a technical violation because it was simply a failure to 

follow the instructions of his probation officer. But the Court noted that the district court’s 

“instruction to ‘follow all recommendations’ was explicitly tied to the district court’s 

requirement to complete the mental health evaluation.” Id. at 184. Thus, the “‘underlying 

conduct’ that Burford committed ‘was not the failure “to follow the instructions of the probation 
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officer,” but rather, the failure to follow the instructions of the court.’” Id. at 183. Thus, the 

violation of the special condition was a non-technical violation. Id. at 184.

Here, the trial court imposed the “special condition” in its November 2021 orders 

modifying Goss’s sentence and ordering immediate probation. The trial court ordered that Goss 

“shall attend outpatient substance abuse services with Arlington County Community Services 

Board.” It also emphasized that Goss’s probation included all “substance abuse counseling, 

testing and/or treatment as directed” by his probation officer. The trial court emphasized this 

requirement, stating it in bold and underlined print. By including this condition, the trial court 

went beyond merely requiring Goss to “follow the instructions of the probation officer,” as 

enumerated in Code § 19.2-306.1(A)(v).2 As the Commonwealth asserts, “[w]hile the precise 

substance abuse treatment program was left up to the probation officer to determine, the directive 

that Goss’s probation shall include substance abuse treatment came directly from the court.” See 

also Fazili v. Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 239, 254 (2019) (finding that “unless a statute 

specifically imposes on the circuit court the duty to set the parameters of the condition at issue, 

the circuit court may set the bounds of the condition and delegate to the probation office the duty 

to set the parameters of those conditions”). Thus, the underlying conduct at issue here was the 

failure to follow the instructions of the trial court. Accordingly, the trial court did not err in 

finding that Goss’s admitted violation in the -02 matter was a non-technical violation. As such, 

the sentencing limitations of Code § 19.2-306.1(A) and (C) did not apply, and the trial court did 

not exceed its authority in imposing an active five-month sentence.

2 This is consistent with how the trial court interpreted its order when determining that 

the failure to attend IOP was a non-technical violation. It explained that often, a court is aware a 

defendant needs treatment, but it may not know the specific program that is best suited to the 

defendant. Specifically, it noted that it must “defer on occasion . . . to [its] Probation 

Department’s expertise in assessing and evaluating any probationer, for particular treatment.” It 

also noted that often a “particular program is not articulated” in court or “circumstances 

surrounding treatment evolve.”
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B. Goss has waived his argument relating to the -06 violation because he failed to file a

 necessary transcript.

Goss argues that the trial court erred by finding the -06 violation to be a non-technical 

violation and sentencing him to eight months of active incarceration.

“[O]n appeal[,] the judgment of the lower court is presumed to be correct and the burden 

is on the appellant to present to us a sufficient record from which we can determine whether the 

lower court has erred in the respect complained of.” Smith v. Commonwealth, 16 Va. App. 630, 

635 (1993) (quoting Justis v. Young, 202 Va. 631, 632 (1961)). “Rule 5A:8 provides that the 

transcript of any proceeding is a part of the record when it is filed in the office of the clerk of the 

trial court within 60 days after entry of the final judgment.” Bay v. Commonwealth, 60 Va. App. 

520, 528 (2012).

The trial court conducted the revocation hearing for the -05 and -06 violations on April 14, 

2023, and it entered the final orders on May 19, 2023. Under Rule 5A:8, Goss was required to file 

the transcripts within 60 days after the May 19, 2023 orders, or by July 18, 2023. The transcript 

of the April 14, 2023 hearing was filed late, on July 31, 2023. Goss did not seek an extension of 

time to file the transcript. See Rule 5A:8(a) (noting that the transcript deadline may be extended 

by this Court “only upon a written motion filed within 90 days after entry of final judgment”). 

“This Court has no authority to make exceptions to the filing requirements set out in the Rules.” 

Bay, 60 Va. App. at 528 (quoting Turner v. Commonwealth, 2 Va. App. 96, 99 (1986)). Thus, 

the April 14, 2023 transcript is not a part of the record, and we cannot consider it.

“When the appellant fails to ensure that the record contains transcripts or a written 

statement of facts necessary to permit resolution of appellate issues, any assignments of error 

affected by such omission will not be considered.” Rule 5A:8(b)(4)(ii); see also Bay, 60 

Va. App. at 528 (quoting Turner, 2 Va. App. at 99). “An appellate court must dispose of the 
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case upon the record and cannot base its decision upon appellant’s petition or brief . . . . We may 

act only upon facts contained in the record.” Smith, 16 Va. App. at 635.

Without a transcript or written statement of facts from the April 14, 2023 hearing, we 

cannot determine whether the trial court imposed an unlawful sentence for the -06 violation. The 

trial court’s May 19, 2023 orders do not indicate the type of probation violation it found. Nor is 

it obvious from the record, without the transcript, exactly how the trial court applied Code 

§ 19.2-306.1. In addition to the sentencing limitations, Code § 19.2-306.1(D) provides that the 

sentencing limitations of the statute “shall not apply to the extent that an additional term of 

incarceration is necessary to allow a defendant to be evaluated for or to participate in a 

court-ordered drug, alcohol, or mental health treatment program.” Without the transcript, we 

cannot determine the type of probation violation. Nor can we determine whether the 

eight-month sentence violated the sentencing limitation in Code § 19.2-306.1 or whether it was a 

lawful exercise of authority under the exception in Code § 19.2-306.1(D). Accordingly, we find 

the transcripts are necessary to the resolution of the issue, and therefore we cannot consider 

Goss’s arguments relating to the -06 violation.

C. The trial court did not err by holding separate hearings for violations alleged in the 

 same MVR.

Goss argues that the trial court erred in “setting separate hearings for violations originat[ing]

from a single Major Violation Report that were originally considered and admitted at a single 

probation revocation hearing.”

Code § 19.2-306.1(A) provides that “[m]ultiple technical violations . . . considered at the 

same revocation hearing shall not be considered separate technical violations for the purposes of 

sentencing pursuant to this section.”
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Goss maintains that the trial court “considered” all of the probation violations alleged in 

the MVR at the January 27, 2023 hearing. Thus, he argues that the trial court was required to 

hold a single sentencing proceeding for all the violations.

After written notice of an alleged violation, “[a] defendant is then entitled to a hearing, 

which has two components.” Heart, 75 Va. App. at 472. “During the ‘guilt’ phase, the court 

determines whether there is ‘good cause to believe that the defendant has violated the terms of 

suspension.’” Id. (quoting Code § 19.2-306(C)). “If a court finds good cause that a violation did 

occur, the court then has the option to ‘revoke the suspension and impose a sentence in 

accordance with the provisions of § 19.2-306.1.’” Id. (quoting Code § 19.2-306(C)).

We reject Goss’s assertion that the first component of the revocation proceeding, the “guilt” 

phase, occurred at the January 27, 2023 hearing. At the hearing, the trial court stated that the 

proceeding was a status hearing only. It explained how it had interpreted the allegations in the 

MVR and designated Goss’s conduct as potential violations of probation conditions. Although the 

trial court asked Goss whether he intended to contest the allegations, it made no findings that Goss 

had violated his probation, nor did it impose any sentences for the violations. The trial court’s order 

confirmed that the January 27 hearing was a “status hearing.” The order also indicated that the 

court had set dates for “adjudication and disposition” of the alleged violations. Thus, the order 

reflects that the trial court did not adjudicate the violations during the January 27 hearing. See 

Kosko v. Ramser, 299 Va. 684, 689 (2021) (“[A] trial court speaks only through its written 

orders.” (quoting Davis v. Mullins, 251 Va. 141, 148 (1996))). Accordingly, the trial court did 

not “consider” the probation violations for purposes of Code § 19.2-306.1(A), and it did not err 

by holding multiple hearings for violations originating from a single MVR.3

3

In Canales v. Commonwealth, 78 Va. App. 353, 365-66 (2023), this Court rejected the 

argument “that the statutory scheme required the trial court to conduct one comprehensive 

revocation hearing for the multiple technical violations alleged in the MVR.” We recognized 
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D. Goss’s violations did not stem from a “single course of conduct.”

The final question before us is whether the trial court erred by concluding that the probation 

violations did not arise from a “single course of conduct” and thus could be considered separate 

technical violations for purposes of Code § 19.2-306.1(A).

Code § 19.2-306.1(A) expressly provides that “[m]ultiple technical violations arising from 

a single course of conduct . . . shall not be considered separate technical violations for the 

purposes of sentencing pursuant to this section.” Thus, if the -03, -04, and -05 violations arose 

from a single course of conduct, they should have been treated as a single technical violation for 

purposes of sentencing.4

We have recently defined the phrase “a single course of conduct” in Code 

§ 19.2-306.1(A) to mean “an ordered continuing process, succession, sequence, or series of acts 

or behavior.” Canales v. Commonwealth, 78 Va. App. 353, 368 (2023). By “limiting the scope 

of sentencing for multiple technical violations arising from ‘a single course of conduct,’” the 

General Assembly “intended the trial court to focus upon the overall conduct that formed the 

basis for the violation of a probation condition, regardless of whether the conduct occurred more 

than once.” Id.

that Code § 19.2-306.1(A) permits “a circuit court to hold one revocation hearing upon 

allegations of multiple probation violations.” Id. at 365. But nothing in the language of Code

§ 19.2-306 or § 19.2-306.1 “limit[ed] a circuit court to one revocation hearing per report of 

probation violations.” Id. at 366. Goss acknowledges this ruling, and states that he is not 

arguing that the trial court was required to hold a single hearing. Instead, he argues that the trial 

court did hold a single hearing and thus cannot hold separate sentencing hearings.

4 Goss argues that all the violations were technical violations and that they all stemmed 

from a single course of conduct. Because we have already determined that the trial court did not 

err in finding violation -02 was a non-technical violation and the record is insufficient to 

determine what kind of violation the -06 violation was, we address only whether 

violations -03, -04, and -05 arose from a single course of conduct.
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In Canales, the technical violations at issue fell into two categories: failing to report to 

the probation office as instructed and testing positive for drug use. Id. at 369. We rejected the 

defendant’s assertion that “such is the behavior of a drug addict” as an explanation for why the 

conduct constituted a single course of conduct. Id. at 370. Nor was “mere temporal proximity” 

between the drug use and missed appointments determinative. Id. Instead, we found that 

“[u]sing controlled substances and missing appointments are not the same act or behavior.” Id.

at 369. Though we noted that the defendant could not be separately sentenced for each positive 

drug test or missed appointment “because the series of missed appointments [was] itself a 

continuing succession, sequence, or series of the same act; similarly, the two positive drug 

screens indicate[d] a series of the same act.” Id. at 369-70 (footnote omitted). Thus, the 

defendant’s violations “constituted two courses of conduct, each of which was to be treated on its 

own as a single course of conduct for sentencing purposes under Code § 19.2-306.1(C).” Id. at 

370.

As we did in Canales, we reject Goss’s similar argument that this is the behavior of a 

drug addict relapsing and thus a single course of conduct. The trial court concluded that the 

initial violations were related to Goss’s relapse and were thus a “single course of conduct of the 

relapse.” But it noted that probation intervened and took Goss for treatment, and Goss then 

chose to leave treatment. It found that someone leaving treatment is “different . . . than just 

generally relapsing because there was an intervention made.” Goss relapsed, which included using 

drugs and missing appointments, and then he refused or left treatment after an intervention. These 

are not the same acts or behaviors. Rather, as the trial court noted, these are “discrete decision 
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points.” At minimum, these are two separate courses of conduct, each of which can be treated as a 

single course of conduct for sentencing.5 See Canales, 78 Va. App. at 370.

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

Affirmed.

5 Even if the trial court was wrong in separating the conduct as it did, we nevertheless 

note that Goss’s technical violations included failed drug tests and missing appointments. These 

are the exact types of violations that this Court found constituted separate courses of conduct in 

Canales. Canales, 78 Va. App. at 369 (“Using controlled substances and missing appointments 

are not the same act or behavior.”). Thus, any error would be harmless because under Canales, 

Goss’s violations did not constitute a “single course of conduct” under Code § 19.2-306.1(C).