II 

111TH CONGRESS 

1ST SESSION S. 2843 

To provide for a program of research, development, demonstration, and 

commercial application in vehicle technologies at the Department of Energy. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

DECEMBER 7, 2009 

Ms. STABENOW (for herself, Mr. BROWN, Mr. WYDEN, and Mr. NELSON of 

Florida) introduced the following bill; which was read twice and referred 

to the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources 

A BILL 

To provide for a program of research, development, demonstration, and commercial application in vehicle technologies at the Department of Energy. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS. 

4 (a) SHORT TITLE.—This Act may be cited as the 

5 ‘‘Advanced Vehicle Technology Act of 2009’’. 

6 (b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.—The table of contents of 

7 this Act is as follows: 

Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents. 

Sec. 2. Findings and purposes. 

Sec. 3. Definitions. 

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TITLE I—VEHICLE RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT 

Sec. 101. Program. 

Sec. 102. Sensing and communications technologies. 

Sec. 103. Manufacturing. 

Sec. 104. User testing facilities. 

Sec. 105. Reports. 

Sec. 106. Innovative Automotive Demonstration Program. 

TITLE II—MEDIUM AND HEAVY DUTY COMMERCIAL AND 

TRANSIT VEHICLES 

Sec. 201. Program. 

Sec. 202. Class 8 truck and trailer systems demonstration. 

Sec. 203. Technology testing and metrics. 

Sec. 204. Nonroad systems pilot program. 

TITLE III—AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS 

Sec. 301. Authorization of appropriations. 

1 SEC. 2. FINDINGS AND PURPOSES. 

2 (a) FINDINGS.—Congress finds that— 

3 (1) according to the Energy Information Ad4 ministration, the transportation sector accounts for 

5 approximately 28 percent of the United States pri6 mary energy demand and greenhouse gas emissions, 

7 and 24 percent of global oil demand; 

8 (2) the United States transportation sector is 

9 over 95 percent dependent on petroleum, and over 

10 60 percent of petroleum demand is met by imported 

11 supplies; 

12 (3) United States heavy truck fuel consumption 

13 will increase 23 percent by 2030, while overall trans14 portation energy use will decline by 1 percent; 

15 (4) the domestic automotive and commercial ve16 hicle manufacturing sectors have increasingly limited 

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1 resources for research, development, and engineering 

2 of advanced technologies; 

3 (5) domestic vehicle, engine, and component 

4 manufacturers are playing a more important role in 

5 vehicle technology development, and should be better 

6 integrated into Federal research efforts; 

7 (6) priorities for vehicle technologies research of 

8 the Department of Energy have shifted drastically in 

9 recent years among diesel hybrids, hydrogen fuel cell 

10 vehicles, and plug-in electric hybrids, with little con11 tinuity among the vehicle technologies; 

12 (7) the integration of vehicle, communication, 

13 and infrastructure technologies has great potential 

14 for efficiency gains through better management of 

15 the total transportation system; and 

16 (8) the Federal Government should balance the 

17 role of the Federal Government in researching 

18 longer-term exploratory concepts and developing 

19 nearer-term transformational technologies for do20 mestic-made vehicles. 

21 (b) PURPOSES.—The purposes of this Act are— 

22 (1) to develop and promote the deployment of 

23 technologies and practices that— 

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1 (A) improve the fuel efficiency and emis2 sions of all vehicles produced in the United 

3 States; and 

4 (B) reduce vehicle reliance on petroleum5 based fuels; 

6 (2) to support domestic research, development, 

7 demonstration, deployment, engineering, and com8 mercial application and domestic manufacturing of 

9 advanced vehicles, engines, and components; 

10 (3) to enable vehicles to move larger volumes of 

11 goods and more passengers with less energy and 

12 emissions; 

13 (4) to develop cost-effective advanced tech14 nologies for wide-scale utilization throughout the 

15 passenger, commercial, government, and transit ve16 hicle sectors; 

17 (5) to allow for greater consumer choice of do18 mestic-made vehicle technologies and fuels; 

19 (6) to shorten technology development and inte20 gration cycles in the domestic vehicle industry; 

21 (7) to ensure a proper balance and diversity of 

22 Federal investment in domestic-made vehicle tech23 nologies; 

24 (8) to promote the integration of intelligent ve25 hicle technologies with infrastructure-based informamstockstill on DSKH9S0YB1PROD with BILLS

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1 tion and communications systems and the electrical 

2 grid; and 

3 (9) to strengthen partnerships between Federal 

4 and State governmental agencies and the private 

5 and academic sectors. 

6 SEC. 3. DEFINITIONS. 

7 In this Act: 

8 (1) DEPARTMENT.—The term ‘‘Department’’ 

9 means the Department of Energy. 

10 (2) SECRETARY.—The term ‘‘Secretary’’ means 

11 the Secretary of Energy. 

12 TITLE I—VEHICLE RESEARCH 

13 AND DEVELOPMENT 

14 SEC. 101. PROGRAM. 

15 (a) ACTIVITIES.—The Secretary shall conduct a pro16 gram of basic and applied research, development, engi17 neering, demonstration, and commercial application activi18 ties on materials, technologies, and processes with the po19 tential to substantially reduce or eliminate petroleum use 

20 by, and emissions from, passenger and commercial vehicles 

21 of the United States, including activities in the areas of— 

22 (1) hybridization or full electrification of vehicle 

23 systems; 

24 (2) batteries and other energy storage devices; 

25 (3) power electronics; 

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1 (4) vehicle, component, and subsystem manu2 facturing technologies and processes; 

3 (5) engine efficiency and combustion optimiza4 tion; 

5 (6) waste heat recovery; 

6 (7) transmission and drivetrains; 

7 (8) hydrogen vehicle technologies, including fuel 

8 cells and internal combustion engines, and hydrogen 

9 infrastructure; 

10 (9) aerodynamics, rolling resistance, and acces11 sory power loads of vehicles and associated equip12 ment; 

13 (10) vehicle weight reduction, including light14 weight materials; 

15 (11) friction and wear reduction; 

16 (12) engine and component durability; 

17 (13) innovative propulsion systems; 

18 (14) advanced boosting systems; 

19 (15) hydraulic hybrid technologies; 

20 (16) engine compatibility with and optimization 

21 for a variety of transportation fuels, including liquid 

22 and gaseous fuels; 

23 (17) predictive engineering, modeling, and sim24 ulation of vehicle and transportation systems; 

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1 (18) refueling and charging infrastructure for 

2 alternative fueled and electric or plug-in electric hy3 brid vehicles, including the unique challenges facing 

4 rural areas; 

5 (19) gaseous fuels storage system integration 

6 and optimization; 

7 (20) sensing, communications, and actuation 

8 technologies for vehicle, electrical grid, and infra9 structure; 

10 (21) efficient use and recycling of rare earth 

11 materials and reduction of precious metals and other 

12 high-cost materials in vehicles; 

13 (22) aftertreatment technologies; 

14 (23) thermal management of battery systems; 

15 (24) retrofitting advanced vehicle technologies 

16 to existing vehicles; 

17 (25) development of common standards, speci18 fications, and architectures for both transportation 

19 and stationary battery applications; 

20 (26) development of innovative materials, in21 cluding constructive, connective, and reinforcing ve22 hicle components; and 

23 (27) other research areas, as determined by the 

24 Secretary. 

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1 (b) TRANSFORMATIONAL TECHNOLOGY.—The Sec2 retary, in coordination with the Secretary of Transpor3 tation (if appropriate), shall ensure that the Department 

4 continues to support domestic research, development, en5 gineering, demonstration, and commercial application ac6 tivities and maintains competency in mid- to long-term 

7 transformational vehicle technologies with the potential to 

8 achieve deep reductions in petroleum use and emissions, 

9 including activities in the areas of— 

10 (1) hydrogen vehicle technologies, including fuel 

11 cells, internal combustion engines, hydrogen storage, 

12 infrastructure, and activities in hydrogen technology 

13 validation and safety codes and standards; 

14 (2) multiple battery chemistries and novel en15 ergy storage devices, including nonchemical batteries 

16 and electromechanical storage technologies such as 

17 hydraulics, flywheels, bipolar design, and compressed 

18 air storage; 

19 (3) communication and connectivity among ve20 hicles, infrastructure, and the electrical grid; 

21 (4) lightweight vehicles and materials; and 

22 (5) other innovative technologies research and 

23 development, as determined by the Secretary. 

24 (c) INDUSTRY PARTICIPATION.— 

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1 (1) IN GENERAL.—To the maximum extent 

2 practicable, activities under this Act shall be carried 

3 out in partnership or collaboration with— 

4 (A) automotive manufacturers; 

5 (B) heavy commercial and transit vehicle 

6 manufacturers; 

7 (C) qualified plug-in electric vehicle manu8 facturers; 

9 (D) vehicle and engine equipment and 

10 component manufacturers; 

11 (E) manufacturing equipment manufactur12 ers; 

13 (F) advanced vehicle service providers; 

14 (G) fuel producers and energy suppliers; 

15 (H) electric utilities; 

16 (I) institutions of higher education; 

17 (J) National Laboratories; and 

18 (K) independent research laboratories. 

19 (2) ADMINISTRATION.—In carrying out this 

20 Act, the Secretary shall— 

21 (A) determine whether a wide range of 

22 companies that manufacture or assemble vehi23 cles or components in the United States are 

24 represented in ongoing public private partner25 ship activities, including firms that have not 

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1 traditionally participated in federally sponsored 

2 research and development activities, and if 

3 practicable, partner with such firms that con4 duct a substantial portion of relevant research 

5 and development activities in the United States; 

6 (B) leverage the capabilities and resources 

7 of, and formalize partnerships with, industry8 led stakeholder organizations, nonprofit organi9 zations, industry consortia, and trade associa10 tions with expertise in the research and develop11 ment of, and education and outreach activities 

12 in, advanced automotive and commercial vehicle 

13 technologies; 

14 (C) develop more efficient processes for 

15 transferring research findings and technologies 

16 to industry; 

17 (D) give consideration to conversion of ex18 isting or former vehicle technology development 

19 or manufacturing facilities for the purposes of 

20 this Act, and support public-private partner21 ships dedicated to overcoming barriers in com22 mercial application of transformational vehicle 

23 technologies that use such industry-led facili24 ties; 

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1 (E) promote efforts to ensure that tech2 nologies developed under this Act are produced 

3 in the United States; and 

4 (F) establish public-private partnerships 

5 dedicated to overcoming barriers to the com6 mercial application of transformational vehicle 

7 technologies, using existing industry-led domes8 tic technology development facilities of entities 

9 with demonstrated expertise in successfully de10 signing and engineering precommercial genera11 tions of such transformational technology. 

12 (d) INTERAGENCY AND INTRAAGENCY COORDINA13 TION.—To the maximum extent practicable, the Secretary 

14 shall coordinate research, development, engineering, dem15 onstration, and commercial application activities among— 

16 (1) relevant programs within the Department, 

17 including— 

18 (A) the Office of Energy Efficiency and 

19 Renewable Energy; 

20 (B) the Office of Science; 

21 (C) the Office of Electricity Delivery and 

22 Energy Reliability; 

23 (D) the Office of Fossil Energy; 

24 (E) the Advanced Research Projects Agen25 cy—Energy; and 

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1 (F) other offices, as determined by the 

2 Secretary; and 

3 (2) relevant technology research and develop4 ment programs within the Department of Transpor5 tation and other Federal agencies, as determined by 

6 the Secretary. 

7 (e) COORDINATION AND NONDUPLICATION.—In co8 ordinating activities, the Secretary shall ensure, to the 

9 maximum extent practicable, that activities do not dupli10 cate activities of other programs within the Department 

11 or other relevant research agencies. 

12 (f) FEDERAL DEMONSTRATION OF TECH13 NOLOGIES.—The Secretary shall make information avail14 able to procurement programs of Federal agencies regard15 ing the potential to demonstrate technologies resulting 

16 from activities funded through programs under this Act. 

17 (g) INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION.—The 

18 Secretary shall seek opportunities to leverage resources 

19 and support initiatives of State and local governments in 

20 developing and promoting advanced vehicle technologies, 

21 manufacturing, and infrastructure. 

22 SEC. 102. SENSING AND COMMUNICATIONS TECH23 NOLOGIES. 

24 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, in coordination 

25 with the Secretary of Transportation and relevant remstockstill on DSKH9S0YB1PROD with BILLS

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1 search programs of other Federal agencies, shall conduct 

2 research, development, engineering, and demonstration ac3 tivities on connectivity of domestic vehicle and transpor4 tation systems, including on sensing, computation, com5 munication, actuation, and information technologies that 

6 allow for reduced fuel use, optimized traffic flow, improved 

7 freight logistics, and vehicle electrification, including tech8 nologies for— 

9 (1) onboard vehicle, engine, and component 

10 sensing and actuation; 

11 (2) vehicle-to-vehicle sensing and communica12 tion; 

13 (3) vehicle-to-infrastructure sensing and com14 munication; 

15 (4) vehicle integration with the electrical grid; 

16 and 

17 (5) driver-to-vehicle integration and commu18 nication. 

19 (b) COORDINATION.—The activities carried out under 

20 this section should supplement, and not duplicate, activi21 ties under the intelligent transportation system research 

22 program of the Department of Transportation. 

23 SEC. 103. MANUFACTURING. 

24 The Secretary shall carry out a research, develop25 ment, engineering, demonstration, and commercial applimstockstill on DSKH9S0YB1PROD with BILLS

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1 cation program of domestic advanced vehicle manufac2 turing technologies and practices, including innovative 

3 processes to— 

4 (1) increase the production rate and decrease 

5 the cost of advanced battery manufacturing; 

6 (2) vary the capability of individual manufac7 turing facilities to accommodate different battery 

8 chemistries and configurations; 

9 (3) reduce waste streams, emissions, and en10 ergy-intensity of vehicle, engine, advanced battery, 

11 and component manufacturing processes; 

12 (4) recycle and remanufacture used batteries 

13 and other vehicle components for reuse in vehicles or 

14 stationary applications; 

15 (5) produce cost-effective lightweight materials, 

16 such as advanced metal alloys, polymeric composites, 

17 and carbon fiber; 

18 (6) produce lightweight high pressure storage 

19 systems for gaseous fuels; 

20 (7) design and manufacture purpose-built hy21 drogen and fuel cell vehicles and components; 

22 (8) improve the calendar life and cycle life of 

23 advanced batteries; and 

24 (9) produce permanent magnets for advanced 

25 vehicles. 

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1 SEC. 104. USER TESTING FACILITIES. 

2 Activities under this Act may include domestic con3 struction, expansion, or modification of new and existing 

4 vehicle, engine, and component research and testing facili5 ties for— 

6 (1) testing or simulating interoperability of a 

7 variety of vehicle components and systems; 

8 (2) subjecting whole or partial vehicle platforms 

9 to fully representative duty cycles and operating con10 ditions; 

11 (3) developing and demonstrating a range of 

12 chemistries and configurations for advanced vehicle 

13 battery manufacturing; and 

14 (4) developing and demonstrating test cycles for 

15 new and alternative fuels and other advanced vehicle 

16 technologies. 

17 SEC. 105. REPORTS. 

18 (a) TECHNOLOGIES.—Not later than 18 months after 

19 the date of enactment of this Act and annually thereafter 

20 through calendar year 2015, the Secretary shall submit 

21 to Congress a report regarding the technologies developed 

22 as a result of the activities authorized by this title, with 

23 a particular emphasis on— 

24 (1) whether the technologies were successfully 

25 adopted for commercial applications; and 

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1 (2) if so, whether those technologies are manu2 factured in the United States. 

3 (b) ACTIVITIES.—At the end of each fiscal year the 

4 Secretary shall submit to the relevant Congressional com5 mittees of jurisdiction an annual report on activities un6 dertaken during the fiscal year under this title, includ7 ing— 

8 (1) active industry participants; 

9 (2) efforts to recruit new participants; 

10 (3) progress of the program in meeting goals 

11 and timelines; and 

12 (4) a strategic plan for funding of activities 

13 across agencies. 

14 SEC. 106. INNOVATIVE AUTOMOTIVE DEMONSTRATION 

15 PROGRAM. 

16 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall establish an 

17 Innovative Automotive Demonstration Program, within 

18 the Vehicle Technologies Program, to encourage the intro19 duction of new domestic-made advanced technology vehi20 cles into the marketplace that are designed in their en21 tirety to achieve very high energy efficiency but still pro22 vide the capabilities required by consumers in the United 

23 States. 

24 (b) ADMINISTRATION.—The Program established 

25 under this section shall encourage— 

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1 (1) the introduction of new light duty vehicles 

2 into the marketplace that are capable of achieving 

3 energy efficiencies significantly greater than required 

4 under applicable and pending corporate average fuel 

5 economy standards; and 

6 (2) the use of materials and manufacturing 

7 techniques that minimize environmental impacts. 

8 (c) AWARDS.—Awards under this section shall be 

9 made on a competitive basis for demonstration of domes10 tic-made vehicles that— 

11 (1) are primarily for use on public streets, 

12 roads, and highways and are not manufactured pri13 marily for off-road use; 

14 (2) meet all Federal safety requirements; 

15 (3) achieve at least 70 miles per gallon or the 

16 equivalent on drive cycle of the Environmental Pro17 tection Agency; 

18 (4) provide vehicle performance that is judged 

19 acceptable to consumers in the United States; 

20 (5) be affordable to consumers in the United 

21 States; 

22 (6) use materials and manufacturing processes 

23 that minimize environmental impacts; 

24 (7) meet all Federal and State emission re25 quirements; and 

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1 (8) provide new high technology engineering 

2 and production employment opportunities. 

3 TITLE II—MEDIUM AND HEAVY 

4 DUTY COMMERCIAL AND 

5 TRANSIT VEHICLES 

6 SEC. 201. PROGRAM. 

7 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary, in partnership 

8 with relevant research and development programs in other 

9 Federal agencies and a range of appropriate industry 

10 stakeholders, shall carry out a program of cooperative re11 search, development, demonstration, and commercial ap12 plication activities on advanced technologies for medium13 to heavy-duty commercial, recreational, and transit vehi14 cles, including activities in the areas of— 

15 (1) engine efficiency and combustion research; 

16 (2) onboard storage technologies for compressed 

17 and liquefied natural gas; 

18 (3) development and integration of engine tech19 nologies designed for natural gas operation of a vari20 ety of vehicle platforms; 

21 (4) waste heat recovery and conversion; 

22 (5) improved aerodynamics and tire rolling re23 sistance; 

24 (6) energy and space-efficient emissions control 

25 systems; 

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1 (7) heavy hybrid, hybrid hydraulic, plug-in hy2 brid, and electric platforms, and energy storage 

3 technologies; 

4 (8) drivetrain optimization; 

5 (9) friction and wear reduction; 

6 (10) engine idle and parasitic energy loss reduc7 tion; 

8 (11) electrification of accessory loads; 

9 (12) onboard sensing and communications tech10 nologies; 

11 (13) advanced lightweight materials and vehicle 

12 designs; 

13 (14) increasing load capacity per vehicle; 

14 (15) thermal management of battery systems; 

15 (16) recharging infrastructure; 

16 (17) complete vehicle modeling and simulation; 

17 (18) hydrogen vehicle technologies, including 

18 fuel cells and internal combustion engines, and hy19 drogen infrastructure; 

20 (19) retrofitting advanced technologies onto ex21 isting truck fleets; and 

22 (20) integration of those and other advanced 

23 systems onto a single truck and trailer platform. 

24 (b) DIRECTOR.— 

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1 (1) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall appoint 

2 a full-time Director to coordinate research, develop3 ment, demonstration, and commercial application ac4 tivities in medium- to heavy-duty commercial, rec5 reational, and transit vehicle technologies. 

6 (2) DUTIES.—The Director shall— 

7 (A) improve coordination and develop con8 sensus between government agency and indus9 try partners, and propose new processes for 

10 program management and priority setting to 

11 better align activities and budgets among part12 ners; 

13 (B) regularly conduct workshops, site vis14 its, demonstrations, conferences, investor fo15 rums, and other events in which information 

16 and research findings are shared among pro17 gram participants and interested stakeholders; 

18 (C) develop a budget for activities of the 

19 Department regarding the interagency program 

20 established under this title, and provide con21 sultation and guidance on vehicle technology 

22 funding priorities across agencies; 

23 (D) determine a process for reviewing pro24 gram technical goals, targets, and timetables 

25 and, if applicable, aided by life-cycle impact and 

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1 cost analysis, propose revisions or elimination 

2 based on program progress, available funding, 

3 and rate of technology adoption; 

4 (E) evaluate ongoing activities of the pro5 gram and recommend project modifications, in6 cluding the termination of projects, if applica7 ble; 

8 (F) recruit new industry participants to 

9 the interagency program, including truck, trail10 er, and component manufacturers who have not 

11 traditionally participated in federally sponsored 

12 research and technology development activities; 

13 and 

14 (G) other responsibilities, as determined by 

15 the Secretary, in consultation with interagency 

16 and industry partners. 

17 (c) REPORTS.—At the end of each fiscal year, the 

18 Secretary shall submit to Congress an annual report that 

19 describes activities undertaken during the fiscal year 

20 under this title, including— 

21 (1) active industry participants; 

22 (2) efforts to recruit new participants; 

23 (3) progress of the program in meeting goals 

24 and timelines; and 

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1 (4) a strategic plan for funding of activities 

2 across agencies. 

3 SEC. 202. CLASS 8 TRUCK AND TRAILER SYSTEMS DEM4 ONSTRATION. 

5 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall conduct a 

6 competitive grant program to demonstrate the integration 

7 of multiple advanced technologies on Class 8 truck and 

8 trailer platforms with a goal of improving overall freight 

9 efficiency, as measured in tons and volume of freight 

10 hauled or other work performance-based metrics, by 50 

11 percent, through a combination of technologies described 

12 in section 201(a). 

13 (b) APPLICANT TEAMS.—Applicant teams may be 

14 comprised of truck and trailer manufacturers, engine and 

15 component manufacturers, fleet customers, information 

16 and communications technology manufacturers and pro17 viders, researchers of institutions of higher education, and 

18 other applicants, as appropriate, for the development and 

19 demonstration of integrated Class 8 truck and trailer sys20 tems. 

21 SEC. 203. TECHNOLOGY TESTING AND METRICS. 

22 The Secretary, in coordination with the partners of 

23 the interagency research program described in section 

24 201(a)— 

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1 (1) shall develop standard testing procedures 

2 and technologies for evaluating the performance of 

3 advanced heavy vehicle technologies under a range of 

4 representative duty cycles and operating conditions, 

5 including heavy hybrid propulsion systems; 

6 (2) shall evaluate heavy vehicle performance 

7 using work performance-based metrics other than 

8 metrics based on miles per gallon, including— 

9 (A) metrics based on units of volume and 

10 weight transported for freight applications; and 

11 (B) appropriate metrics based on perform12 ance on nonroad systems; and 

13 (3) may construct heavy duty truck and bus 

14 testing facilities. 

15 SEC. 204. NONROAD SYSTEMS PILOT PROGRAM. 

16 (a) IN GENERAL.—The Secretary shall carry out a 

17 pilot program of research, development, demonstration, 

18 and commercial applications of technologies to improve 

19 total machine or system efficiency for nonroad mobile 

20 equipment, including agricultural and construction equip21 ment. 

22 (b) INFORMATION TRANSFER.—In carrying out this 

23 section, the Secretary shall seek opportunities to transfer 

24 relevant research findings and technologies between the 

25 nonroad and on-highway equipment and vehicle sectors. 

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1 TITLE III—AUTHORIZATION OF 

2 APPROPRIATIONS 

3 SEC. 301. AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS. 

4 There are authorized to be appropriated to the Sec5 retary such sums as are necessary to carry out this Act. 

Æ 

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