NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

OF FLORIDA

SECOND DISTRICT

ELAINE DAMIANAKIS, as Personal )

Representative of the Estate of )

Nikitas Damianakis, )

)

Appellant, )

)

v. ) Case No. 2D13-246

)

PHILIP MORRIS USA INC., )

)

Appellee. )

)

Opinion filed July 18, 2014.

Appeal from the Circuit Court for

Pinellas County; David A. Demers,

Judge.

Kent Whittemore of The Whittemore

Law Goup, P.A., St. Petersburg; Bruce

Denson of Bruce H. Denson, P.A., St.

Petersburg; Steven L. Brannock, 

Celene H. Humphries, Sara C. 

Pellenbarg, Tyler K. Pitchford of 

Brannock & Humphries, Tampa; and 

Howard M. Acosta, St. Petersburg,

for Appellant.

Daniel F. Molony, Terri L. Parker, 

Kristopher Verra, Emily R. Fedeles of

Shook, Hardy & Bacon L.L.P., Tampa;

Geoffrey J. Michael of Arnold & Porter

LLP, Washington, DC; and Joseph H.

Lang, Jr., of Carlton Fields Jorden 

Burt, Tampa, for Appellee.
- 2 -

WALLACE, Judge.

Elaine Damianakis, as Personal Representative of the Estate of Nikitas 

Damianakis, appeals a final judgment in favor of Philip Morris USA, Inc., which followed 

the trial court's grant of Philip Morris's motion for summary judgment. The trial court 

granted Philip Morris's motion for summary judgment on the ground that the statute of 

limitations barred Mrs. Damianakis's claims, based on its prerequisite finding that Mr. 

Damianakis was not a member of the common class of plaintiffs that had been 

established in R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Engle, 672 So. 2d 39 (Fla. 3d DCA), rev. 

denied, 682 So. 2d 1100 (Fla. 1996) (Engle I). The trial court reluctantly determined

that, in accordance with Rearick v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 68 So. 3d 944 (Fla. 3d 

DCA 2011), and Bishop v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 96 So. 3d 464 (Fla. 5th DCA 

2012), both of which interpreted the Florida Supreme Court's decision in Engle v. Liggett 

Group, Inc., 945 So. 2d 1246 (Fla. 2006), cert. denied, 552 U.S. 941, reh'g denied, 552 

U.S. 1056 (2007) (Engle III), it was required to grant the motion. We reverse the 

summary and final judgments, certify conflict with Rearick and Bishop, and remand for 

further proceedings.

In order to understand the issues in the case before us, it is necessary to 

have a basic understanding of the course of the Engle litigation. To this end, we 

provide a brief history of the pertinent portions of the Engle litigation in Section I of this 

opinion. 
- 3 -

I. BACKGROUND: THE ENGLE PLAINTIFFS' CLASS

In 1994, six individuals filed a class action complaint against several 

tobacco companies and other entities ("the Defendants"), including Philip Morris, Inc., 

the appellant here.1 See Liggett Group, Inc. v. Engle, 853 So. 2d 434, 440 (Fla. 3d 

DCA 2003) (Engle II). The plaintiffs sought damages for diseases and medical 

conditions brought on by their alleged addictions to nicotine. Id. The complaint alleged

causes of action for strict liability, fraud and misrepresentation, conspiracy to commit 

fraud and misrepresentation, breach of implied warranty of merchantability and fitness, 

negligence, breach of express warranty, intentional infliction of mental distress, and 

equitable relief. Engle I, 672 So. 2d at 40. In an order dated October 31, 1994, the 

Engle trial court certified the plaintiffs' class as follows:

All United States citizens and residents, and their survivors, 

who have suffered, presently suffer or have died from 

diseases and medical conditions caused by their addiction to 

cigarettes that contain nicotine. The class shall specifically 

exclude officers, directors and agents of the [d]efendants.

Id. The Defendants then filed an interlocutory appeal of the non-final order certifying the 

plaintiffs' class. In their appeal, the Defendants argued that individual issues 

predominated over common issues and that the plaintiffs had not proven that " 'the 

questions of law or fact common to the claim or defense of the representative party and 

the claim or defense of each member of the class predominate over any question of law 

 

1The other defendants were R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company; Lorillard 

Tobacco Company; Lorillard, Inc.; The American Tobacco Company; Brown & 

Williamson Tobacco Corporation; Liggett Group, Inc.; Dosal Tobacco Corporation; The 

Council for Tobacco Research-U.S.A., Inc.; The Tobacco Institute, Inc.; and Brooke 

Group Ltd., Inc. Engle I.
- 4 -

or fact affecting only individual members of the class.' " Id. at 41 (quoting Fla. R. Civ. P. 

1.220(b)(3)). The Third District disagreed: 

Although certain individual issues will have to be tried as to 

each class member, principally the issue of damages, the 

basic issues of liability common to all members of the class 

will clearly predominate over the individual issues. We also 

reject the defendant[s'] point on appeal that the class was 

not adequately defined, as well as the defendant[s'] point 

concerning the issue of providing notice to class members.

Id. However, the Third District agreed with the Defendants' argument that the class, as 

defined, "would unduly burden Florida courts and taxpayers," and that the litigation 

involving a plaintiffs' class of over one million addicted smokers would "overwhelm the 

resources of a state court [and that] such a broad-based class is totally unmanageable 

and cannot be certified." Id. at 41-42.

Nevertheless, the Third District concluded that decertification was not 

necessary. Id. at 42 ("It does not follow, however, that the entire class action should be 

disallowed in this case."). Accordingly, the Third District affirmed the trial court's class 

certification, but modified the class by replacing "[a]ll United States Citizens and 

residents" with "[a]ll Florida citizens and residents." Id. The Third District denied the

Defendants' subsequent motions for rehearing and for certification to the Florida 

Supreme Court. And, the supreme court denied the Defendants' petition for review. 

R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co. v. Engle, 682 So. 2d 1100 (Fla. 1996) (table decision). 

On November 21, 1996, the Engle trial court entered an Order on Class 

Notice, in which it memorialized the plaintiffs' class as modified by the Third District in 

Engle I. A legal notice identifying the plaintiffs' class in this manner and instructing 

members of the public how to register as a member of the class was subsequently 
- 5 -

published in sixty-eight Florida newspapers. In addition to announcing that the class 

would consist of "all Florida citizens and residents, and their survivors, who have 

suffered, presently suffer or have died from diseases and medical conditions caused by 

their addiction to cigarettes that contain nicotine," the notice also contained the following 

exclusionary language:

You are not a member of the class and there is no need to 

exclude yourself if you are a smoker or former smoker who 

has not manifested or been diagnosed with any disease or 

medical condition caused by your addiction to cigarettes that 

contain nicotine.

On December 17, 1997, the Defendants moved to decertify the class. In 

their motion, the Defendants again argued that common issues did not predominate 

over individual issues, that the class device was not superior to other available methods 

for adjudication of the controversy, and that the case was not manageable as a class 

action. On February 3, 1998, the Engle trial court denied the Defendants' motion to 

decertify the class. In its order, the trial court recognized that the size of the re-defined 

class could include as many as 200,000 to 500,000 members and that individual 

hearings would probably "be more extensive than was originally envisioned by the Third 

District." Nevertheless, the Engle trial court concluded that, "[d]espite this Court's 

reservations about the manageability of this case as a result of the increased emphasis 

on individual issues, this Court believes the Third District Court of Appeal's previous 

opinion in this case is persuasive." Accordingly, the trial court denied the Defendants'

motion to decertify the class. On the next day, February 4, 1998, the Engle trial court 

issued its Trial Plan. The Trial Plan divided the proceedings into three phases. Phase 

1 would be a trial on the common issues of liability and causation for all class members, 
- 6 -

and would include a preliminary determination as to which class members would 

ultimately be entitled to punitive damages. Phase II would be a trial on causation and, 

where causation was found, compensatory damages, with respect to the class 

representatives. The jury would also be asked to determine the amount of class-wide 

punitive damages. In Phase III, separate juries would determine issues unique to each 

individual class member, using the same process as described for Phase II. 

The Defendants appealed the trial court's February 3, 1998 order denying 

the motion to decertify the class. The Third District dismissed the appeal upon its 

determination that the order was a nonreviewable, nonfinal order, and that there was no 

alternative basis for review under common law certiorari. However, the order of 

dismissal reminded the Defendants that they could seek review of the order denying 

their motion to decertify the class by appeal from an adverse final judgment. 

Subsequently, the case went to trial. On July 7, 1999, at the conclusion of 

Phase I, the jury rendered a verdict for the plaintiff class on all counts. Engle III, 945 

So. 2d at 1256-57. On April 7, 2000, at the conclusion of Phase II, the jury awarded 

compensatory damages totaling $12.7 million to three class representatives. The jury 

also determined that the total amount of punitive damages for the entire class would be 

$145 billion. Id. at 1257. The Defendants filed post-verdict motions for a new trial or 

remittitur, to set aside the verdict, for a directed verdict, and to decertify the class. On 

November 6, 2000, the Engle trial court entered an "Amended Final Judgment and 

Amended Omnibus Order" in which it entered final judgment in favor of the Engle class 
- 7 -

plaintiffs2 on most of the counts, but granted the Defendants' motion for a directed 

verdict on count seven of the complaint because this count had been previously 

dismissed by the court. Id.

The Defendants appealed. On appeal, the Third District reversed the 

judgment in all respects and directed that the Engle class be decertified. Engle II, 853 

So. 2d 434. The pertinent points contained in the Third District's extensive and detailed 

opinion are as follows: (1) the trial court's order certifying the class was reversed, id. at 

442-50; (2) the trial court erred in allowing the jury to consider entitlement to punitive 

damages before the determination of compensatory damages, id. at 450-56; (3) 

judgment should have been entered in favor of the Defendants on all counts as to class 

representative Amodeo because all of his claims were barred by the statute of 

limitations, id. at 453 n.23; (4) judgment should have been entered in favor of the 

Defendants as to class representatives Farnan and Della Vecchia, because "their 

claims did not accrue until years after the cut-off date for class membership," id.; (5) the 

$145 billion punitive damages award was excessive as a matter of law, id. at 456-58; (6) 

the plaintiffs' counsel's improper and inflammatory arguments required reversal, id. at 

458-66; and (7) the class action punitive damages claims were barred as res judicata by 

the "Florida settlement agreement" (the FSA) between the State of Florida and several

of the defendants involved in the Engle litigation, id. at 467-70. Notably, the Third 

District also held that the cut-off date for class membership was October 31, 1994, the 

date of the Engle trial court's original certification order. Id. at 453 n.23.

 

2The trial court granted the Defendants' motion for a directed verdict as to 

several, but not all, of the claims made by the plaintiff Frank Amodeo based on a statute 

of limitations defense.
- 8 -

The Florida Supreme Court quashed Engle II in part and approved it in 

part. Engle III, 945 So. 2d 1246. The supreme court agreed with the Third District that 

that the jury improperly awarded class-wide punitive damages before the determination 

of total compensatory damages and that the award of punitive damages was "clearly 

excessive." Id. at 1265 n.8. It also agreed that the statute of limitations barred class 

representative Amodeo's claims. Id. at 1276. On the other hand, the supreme court 

found that Ms. Farnan and Ms. Della Vecchia were proper members of the class. Id.

Pertinent to the issues before us in the instant case, the supreme court also determined 

that the proper cut-off date for class membership was the date of the trial court's second 

order, November 21, 1996, not October 31, 1994. Id. at 1275. The supreme court also 

found that the FSA did not bar the instant litigation, id. at 1262; that the inappropriate 

arguments of the plaintiffs' counsel did not rise to the level of reversible error, id. at 

1274; and, most significantly for our purposes here, that the Third District's affirmance of 

the Engle trial court's certification of the class in Engle I was the law of the case. Id. at 

1266. Accordingly, a second appellate panel did not have the authority to substitute its 

judgment for that of a prior panel. Id. ("Rule 1.220(d)(1) was not designed to allow a 

district court to decertify a class, contrary to its previous affirmance of class certification 

and after notice to thousands of Floridians, a two-year trial, and an entry of a final 

judgment."). Finally, although the supreme court disapproved the Third District's 

reversal of the Engle trial court's certification of the class, it nevertheless found that the 

continued class action was not viable for Phase III of the Trial Plan. Id. at 1267-68. For 

this reason, the supreme court decertified the class as of the date the opinion was 

rendered. Id. at 1269, 1277. Nevertheless, the supreme court specifically held that
- 9 -

plaintiffs who qualified as class members as of the November 21, 1996, cut-off date "will 

be permitted to proceed individually with the findings set forth above given res judicata 

effect[3]in any subsequent trial between individual class members and the defendants, 

provided such action is filed within one year of the mandate in this case." Id. at 1277. 

The court's mandate issued on January 11, 2007. With this background in mind, we 

turn to the procedural history of the case before us.

II. THE PROCEEDINGS IN THE DAMIANAKIS CASE

Nikitas Damianakis was born in Athens, Greece in 1940. He began 

smoking socially while still in Greece as a young man, but did not become a "regular"

smoker until after he moved to the United States in early 1964. Once in the United 

States, he tried almost every available brand of cigarettes, but favored the Marlboro4

and Winston5 brands. Mr. Damianakis was soon smoking two or more packs a day. He 

eventually settled on Marlboro as his brand of choice.

In April 1994, a New Jersey doctor diagnosed Mr. Damianakis with 

emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); Mr. Damianakis

moved to Florida that same month. Doctors in Florida continued to treat Mr. 

 

3This refers to the jury's findings in Phase I as to questions 1 (general 

causation), 2 (that nicotine in cigarettes is addictive), 3 (strict liability; placing defective 

and unreasonably dangerous products on the market), 4(a) (fraud by concealment), 5(a) 

(conspiracy to conceal), 6 (breach of implied warranty), 7 (breach of express warranty), 

and 8 (negligence). Engle III, 945 So. 2d at 1276-77. See also Philip Morris USA, Inc. 

v. Douglas, 110 So. 3d 419, 428-30 (Fla. 2013) (holding that Engle common class 

action liability findings had res judicata effect on individual class plaintiffs' individual 

damages claims, and, coupled with the jury's findings in the Douglas trial, were 

sufficient to establish negligence on the part of the tobacco company defendants). 

4Marlboro is a product of Philip Morris USA, Inc.

5Winston is a product of R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Company.
- 10 -

Damianakis for his breathing problems until his death in 2011. Over the years, Mr. 

Damianakis attempted to quit smoking many times, but he was unable to do so. He 

often told his family and his doctors that he had quit when, in fact, he had not. Mrs. 

Damianakis testified in her deposition that she was aware that her husband continued to 

smoke and that she caught him smoking a few times. In 2007 or 2008, Mr. Damianakis 

finally quit smoking completely. 

Mr. Damianakis and his wife, Elaine, filed a personal injury lawsuit against 

the tobacco Defendants6 on November 29, 2007, in the Pinellas County Circuit Court. 

This was within the one-year window established by the supreme court in Engle III. 

While the litigation was running its course, Mr. Damianakis died on February 4, 2011. 

After the death of her husband, Mrs. Damianakis timely filed a wrongful death lawsuit 

that the trial court consolidated with the original personal injury action. 

III. THE DEFENDANTS' MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND THE TRIAL 

COURT'S RULING:

ROUND ONE

On October 12, 2010, the Defendants filed their first motion for summary 

judgment, arguing that Mr. Damianakis was not a member of the Engle class because 

his COPD and emphysema had been diagnosed before he moved to Florida. In their 

motion, the Defendants argued:

To prove that he qualifies as a class member, [Mr. 

Damianakis] must establish that he was (1) a Florida Citizen 

 

6The original complaint named essentially the same defendants as were 

named in the Engle cases, with some minor differences mostly resulting from interim 

mergers and acquisitions. However, by the time summary judgment was granted, all of 

the defendants had been dismissed from the instant action except Philip Morris. In this 

opinion, we continue to refer to "the Defendants" because there were multiple 

defendants for most of the procedural history of this case and because the motion for 

summary judgment at issue here was filed on behalf of multiple defendants. 
- 11 -

and resident, (2) who suffered or died from a disease or 

medical condition (3) caused by his addiction to cigarettes 

that contain nicotine, (4) which disease or medical condition 

first manifested itself on or before November 21, 1996, at a

time when the smoker was a citizen and resident of Florida. 

The undisputed evidence demonstrates that [Mr. 

Damianakis] was not a Florida citizen or resident in April of 

1994, when he was diagnosed with his alleged smokingrelated injuries.

As a result, the Defendants argued, summary judgment was proper (1) because Mr. 

Damianakis was not a member of the Engle class and therefore could not take 

advantage of the window established in Engle III, and (2) since he filed his complaint

more than four years after his doctors diagnosed him with COPD, his individual claim 

was barred by the statute of limitations. 

On December 10, 2010, the trial court denied the Defendants' first motion 

for summary judgment. In its ruling, the trial court observed: 

According to the [Engle] order of November 21, 1996, the 

class includes: "All Florida citizens and residents, and their 

survivors, who have suffered, presently suffer, or have died 

from diseases and medical conditions caused by their 

addiction to cigarettes that contain nicotine . . . ." There is 

nothing in that order that excludes from the class Florida 

residents whose disease was diagnosed or manifested 

before they were Florida residents. In fact, the notice that 

was published and attached to the order does not include

any such limitation . . . . It does not indicate in any way that 

you are not a member of the class if your disease became 

apparent before you established Florida residency. That is 

simply not part of the class description in the order of 

November 21, 1996.

The trial also court observed that, in Engle III, 

The Florida Supreme Court gave anyone falling into that 

category one year after its mandate to pursue their claim. The 

Court specifically tied this period to the November 21, 1996 

order—not the November 21, 1996 order as modified by the 

January 6, 1998 order. Nor did the Court say members of the 
- 12 -

class whose disease was diagnosed or manifested while they 

were Florida residents have one year after the mandate to 

pursue their individual claims. They could have limited the 

protected class in that way—but they did not. And this Court 

is not inclined to amend the Florida Supreme Court's decision.

(Emphasis added.) Finally, the trial court concluded that based on the notice to the 

public approved by the Dade County Circuit Court in its November 21, 1996, order, and 

as approved by the supreme court in Engle III, 

[T]o hold that the one year grace period does not apply to a 

Florida resident like Damianakis would seem to permit some 

form of "gotcha justice." Everything, particularly the notice of 

the class circulated to the public, leads the reader to 

conclude that if you are or have been suffering from the 

involved diseases and it has been diagnosed or manifested, 

you are a member of the class. Thus, people in that position 

may reasonably have foregone filing an individual action in 

justifiable reliance on the notice only to discover too late that 

there was an additional hidden requirement—to be a 

member of the class, the diagnosis or manifestation had to 

have occurred when they were a resident of Florida. To their 

surprise they discover that they are not a member of the 

class and the time for their individual action has expired. It is 

likely that this is one type of unfair outcome that the [Florida] 

Supreme Court was attempting to prevent with the grace 

period in [Engle III].7

IV. THE DEFENDANTS' RENEWED MOTION FOR SUMMARY JUDGMENT AND 

THE TRIAL COURT'S RULING:

ROUND TWO

Following the trial court's order denying summary judgment, the Third 

District decided Rearick v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 68 So. 3d 944 (Fla. 3d DCA 

2011). The litigation in Rearick involved a wrongful death action brought on behalf of 

 

7We commend the trial court for its thorough analysis in both of the orders 

on the Defendants' motions for summary judgment that it entered in this case. The trial 

court's thoughtful approach to the issues presented has substantially assisted us in our 

task of appellate review.
- 13 -

the survivors of Lana Parzyszek. 68 So. 3d at 945. Ms. Parzyszek lived in Florida from 

about 1987 or 1988 until 1991 or 1992, at which time she moved to Illinois. Id. In 

August 1993, Ms. Parzyszek was diagnosed with lung cancer, and she died that same 

year. Id. Helen Rearick, Ms. Parzyszek's mother, filed a wrongful death action in 

Florida on January 11, 2008. Id. The Rearick defendants moved for summary 

judgment on the basis that Ms. Parzyszek was not an Engle class member because she 

was not a Florida citizen or resident when she was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1993. 

Id. Rearick countered that the claim was timely because it was filed within a year of the 

Engle III mandate, and that the decedent's smoking-related symptoms had indeed 

manifested during her Florida residency. Id. at 945-46. The trial court granted the 

defendants' motion for summary judgment on the ground that the record did not 

establish that Ms. Parzyszek's symptoms first manifested during her Florida residency. 

Id. at 946. The Third District agreed and affirmed. Id.

Bishop v. R.J. Reynolds, 96 So. 3d 464 (Fla. 5th DCA 2012), involved a 

wrongful death lawsuit brought on behalf of a decedent, Robert L. Ramsay. Mr. 

Ramsay was a resident of Florida when he was diagnosed with lung cancer in 1991. Id.

at 466. Mr. Ramsay did not respond to treatment, and in May of 1992, he was advised 

that he had weeks to live. Upon learning of this dire prognosis, Mr. Ramsay moved to 

Virginia Beach, where he died on June 14, 1992. Id. The representative of Mr. 

Ramsay's estate timely filed a wrongful death claim within a year of Engle III's mandate. 

Id. The trial court granted the Defendants' motion for summary judgment on the basis 

that Mr. Ramsay was not a Florida resident at the time of his death. Id. at 467. The 

Fifth District reversed this ruling. Id. 
- 14 -

Following the issuance of Rearick and Bishop, the Defendants in this case 

renewed their motion for summary judgment. They based their renewed motion, in 

pertinent part, on statements contained in the Rearick and the Bishop opinions. In 

Rearick, the Third District said:

The case was filed under Engle v. Liggett Group, Inc.,

945 So. 2d 1246 (Fla. 2006). Engle defined the class as 

"[a]ll Florida citizens and residents, and their survivors, who 

have suffered, presently suffer and who have died from 

diseases and medical conditions caused by their addiction to 

cigarettes that contain nicotine." Id. at 1274. The 

qualification for membership in the Engle class requires 

plaintiff to show that the decedent was a resident of the state 

of Florida at the time of a "medical diagnosis" of a smokingrelated disease or at the time evidence of the causal 

relationship of the cause of action had [otherwise] 

manifested itself. Id. We affirm because there is no record 

evidence that Parzyszek's disease manifested itself during 

her Florida residency so as to satisfy the criteria for 

membership into the Engle class.

63 So. 3d at 945 (emphasis added). In Bishop, the Fifth District said: 

In Engle III, the supreme court held that the Engle class 

included Florida residents who have suffered, presently 

suffer, or who have died from diseases and medical 

conditions caused by their addiction to cigarettes that 

contain nicotine, and that the "cut-off" date for class inclusion 

was November 21, 1996. In considering whether certain 

putative class representatives qualified as class members, 

the supreme court, looking to the plain language of the trial 

court's revised class description, held that the "critical event 

[to qualify for Engle class membership] is not when an illness 

was actually diagnosed by a physician, but when the disease 

or condition first manifested itself." Engle III, 945 So. 2d at 

1276. We believe it necessarily follows that inclusion in the 

Engle class requires Florida residence or citizenship when 

the disease or condition first manifests itself, not at the time 

of death. See Rearick v. R.J. Reynolds Tobacco Co., 68 So.

3d 944, 945 (Fla. 3d DCA 2011).
- 15 -

96 So. 3d at 467-68 (emphasis added). The Defendants argued that according to 

Reardon and Bishop, a claimant had to prove that he or she was a resident of Florida at 

the time his or her disease manifested in order to qualify as a member of the Engle 

class of plaintiffs. Relying on these two new cases, they repeated their earlier 

arguments that because Mr. Damianiakis was diagnosed with COPD before he moved 

to Florida, he could not take advantage of the window provided for in Engle III, and he 

could not file an independent lawsuit because the statute of limitations had expired. 

The trial court disagreed with the Defendants' arguments but, concluding that it was 

bound to follow Rearick and Bishop, reluctantly granted the Defendants' summary 

judgment motion. After the entry of final judgment for the Defendants, Mrs. Damianakis 

filed this appeal.

V. DISCUSSION

A. The Standard of Review.

Our standard of review of an order granting final summary judgment is de 

novo. Volusia Cnty. v. Aberdeen at Ormond Beach, L.P., 760 So. 2d 126, 130 (Fla. 

2000). If no factual issues exist, appellate review focuses on whether the trial court 

correctly determined that the moving party was entitled to prevail as a matter of law. Id. 

B. Manifestation/Certification of Conflict.

First, we note that we have no disagreement with the results in either 

Rearick or Bishop. We would reach the same result in both cases under our own 

analysis. However, we disagree with the suggestions contained in both of these 

opinions that in order to qualify as an Engle class plaintiff, a claimant must have been a 

citizen or resident of Florida at the time his or her smoking-related illness manifested 
- 16 -

itself. Without a doubt, an individual cannot be a member of the Engle class if his or her 

smoking-related illness first manifested after November 21, 1996 (the cut-off date), 

regardless of whether that person was a Florida resident at the time. However, it does 

not follow that because a person's smoking-related illness first manifested before that 

person became a Florida resident, he or she is excluded from the class. On the 

contrary, the only requirements for membership in the Engle class are that (1) the 

individual's smoking-related illness manifested before the cut-off date, and (2) he or she 

was a resident or citizen of Florida on or before the cut-off date.

We must examine the statement in Rearick upon which the Defendants 

rely: "The qualification for membership in the Engle class requires plaintiff to show that 

the decedent was a resident of the state of Florida at the time of a 'medical diagnosis' of 

a smoking-related disease or at the time evidence of the causal relationship of the 

cause of action had [otherwise] manifested itself." 68 So. 3d at 945. The Third District 

discerned this purported requirement of the supreme court's opinion in Engle III at 1274. 

However, no statement in Engle III supports such a requirement. Nowhere in the Engle

III opinion, let alone on page 1274, does the supreme court hold that a smoking-related 

illness must have been diagnosed or manifested while the plaintiff was a resident of 

Florida.

The closest the supreme court came to making such a statement was, 

"the critical event is not when an illness was actually diagnosed by a physician, but 

when the disease or condition first manifested itself." Engle III, 945 So. 2d at 1276. In 

the section where this statement appears, the supreme court was explaining why the 

Third District's rationale for reversing the final judgments in favor of certain individual 
- 17 -

class representatives after Phase II was error. The Third District had held that "[s]ince 

Farnan was diagnosed in April 1996, and Della Vecchia was diagnosed in February 

1997, they are clearly excluded from the class and the judgment in their favor must be 

reversed." Engle II, 853 So. 2d at 454 n.23. In other words, the Third District's 

reasoning for finding that Ms. Farnan and Ms. Della Vecchia were not members of the 

Engle class was because their diagnoses had occurred after the class cut-off date, 

which it said was October 31, 1994. 

The supreme court disagreed for two reasons. First, the applicable cut-off 

date was November 21, 1996, not October 31, 1994. Engle III, 945 So. 2d at 1275. 

Second, the critical fact was not diagnosis but manifestation. Id. at 1276. Because Ms. 

Farnan had been diagnosed with lung cancer in March 1996, this "clearly 

demonstrate[ed] her disease had manifested by [the cut-off date]." Id. With regard to 

Ms. Della Vecchia, the supreme court found that "it was noted by her doctors in early 

1997 that she had a past medical history of 'COPD' and significant hypertension. Thus, 

Della Vecchia's medical records indicate that she had been suffering from a tobaccorelated disease prior to the time of certification and is also properly included as a class 

member." Id. Moreover, there was evidence in the Engle trial record that Ms. Della 

Vecchia had begun and had continued to smoke for much of her life while she was a 

resident of New York. See Engle II, 853 So. 2d at 448 n.14. We are unable to 

determine from the available records or from Engle II or Engle III whether Ms. Della 

Vecchia's "past medical history" of COPD and hypertension had actually "manifested"
- 18 -

before her move to Florida. However, there are enough references to her having lived 

most of her life outside of Florida to suggest that this may have been the case.

8

The supreme court's holding about class representatives Farnan and Della 

Vecchia was related to the Third District's ruling that they were excluded from the class 

based on an erroneous finding that the diagnosis and/or manifestation of their 

symptoms occurred after the class cut-off date. But this does not invoke a corollary that 

persons whose symptoms manifested before they became Florida residents should be

excluded from the class. In fact, the supreme court repeated at least twice that the 

class included all persons who were Florida residents as of the class cut-off date of 

November 21, 1996. Engle III, 945 So. 2d at 1255-57 (general discussion), at 1277 

("The class consists of all Florida residents fitting the class description as of the trial 

court's order dated November 21, 1996."), and at 1275 ("The plain language of the class 

certification indicates that the trial court anticipated that the class would be cut off or 

limited to the date of final certification. The phrase 'who have suffered, presently suffer 

or have died' supports the view that the class should include only those people who 

were affected in the past or who were presently suffering at the time the class was 

recertified by the trial court."). Nothing about these statements compels the result for 

which Philip Morris contends.

We also note that when a plaintiff's smoking-related illness first manifested 

is usually a jury question. For example, the Florida Supreme Court held that in a case 

 

8As noted by the supreme court, the Defendants in Engle "did not argue 

that any of the proposed class representatives, including Farnan and Della Vecchia, 

were not proper members of the class because of the class cut-off date." Engle III, 945 

So. 3d at 1256 n.2.
- 19 -

involving a latent or "creeping" disease, like COPD, "the cause of action accrues when 

the accumulated effects of the deleterious substance manifest themselves to the 

claimant in a way which supplies some evidence of a causal relationship to the 

manufactured product." Carter v. Brown & Williamson Tobacco Corp., 778 So. 2d 932, 

934 (Fla. 2000). The supreme court also held that whether the symptoms had 

manifested themselves in a way that would put a reasonable person on notice that the 

injury was caused by smoking (thus triggering the running of the statute of limitations) 

was a question for the jury and not a proper subject for summary judgment. Id. at 938-

39; see also Frazier v. Philip Morris, 89 So. 3d 937, 946 (Fla. 3d DCA 2012) ("The issue 

was not whether Ms. Frazier 'had' the creeping, stealthy disease of COPD/emphysema 

before May 5, 1990; the issue was whether she knew, or reasonably should have 

known, enough to permit her to commence a non-frivolous tort lawsuit against the 

appellees on the basis of those physical, observable, patent symptoms and effects 

('manifestations') before that date.").

However, in this case, Philip Morris has not argued that Mr. Damianakis's 

preliminary diagnosis of COPD in April 1994 placed him on notice then that his disease 

was causally related to his smoking "enough to permit [him] to commence a nonfrivolous tort lawsuit against the appellees." See Frazier, 89 So. 3d at 946. In fact, 

Philip Morris, based on its arguments in the trial court and on appeal, has essentially 

stipulated to the critical fact in this case: that Mr. Damianakis's smoking-related illness 

first manifested in April 1994, the same month he moved to Florida and a year and onehalf before the cut-off date. Because we have determined that this fact places Mr. 
- 20 -

Damianakis squarely in the Engle class, there is no issue of material fact to revisit on 

remand. 

C. The January 6, 1998, Choice-of-Law Order.

In their briefs, both in the trial court and on appeal, the Defendants argue 

that a January 6, 1998, trial court order changed the definition of Engle class 

membership. The order to which they refer was the culmination of several motions and 

affidavits filed by the Engle Defendants attacking the "adequacy of class notice" and 

arguing that choice-of-law issues rendered certification of the class unworkable. One of 

the motions asked the trial court to take judicial notice of the applicability of foreign law 

to the proceedings. In its appellate brief, Philip Morris refers to this sequence of events 

as follows: "The issue then arose whether Florida law could be applied to the members 

of that class . . . ."

During a hearing held by the Engle trial court on November 17, 1997, the 

Defendants' counsel argued that "the class is likely gone if we are correct on choice-oflaw. So it is a decertification issue."

9 Counsel then said that he would not address the 

decertification issue because that issue was not yet before the trial court. However, 

counsel went on to argue extensively about how the class, as certified, involved choiceof-law issues potentially involving several states. Counsel concluded that even though 

the class of plaintiffs had been limited to Florida residents and citizens, it still included 

individuals who had a more significant relationship with other states, implicating 

 

9As conceded by counsel for the defendants at the November 17, 1997, 

hearing, the choice-of-law issue was argued in the defendants' briefs to the Third 

District in the first appeal, but the Third District did not find those issues worthy of 

discussion in Engle I. 
- 21 -

complex choice-of-law issues and making the class excessively large and unwieldy. As 

the Engle trial court observed, the obvious point of counsel's argument was that the 

court should consider decertification. 

Following these hearings, on January 6, 1998, the Engle trial court issued 

an order on the choice-of-law arguments presented in the November 17 and December 

5, 1997, hearings. In its untitled order, the trial court held that it would only apply 

Florida law to all of the class plaintiffs, regardless of whether their exposure to tobacco 

may have initially occurred in some other state. The court based its rationale on its 

analysis of the significant relationship test as applied to choice-of-law issues. See

Proprietors Ins. Co. v. Valsecchi, 435 So. 2d 290, 294 (Fla. 3d DCA 1983) (holding that 

the place of injury would take precedence only when it is the state that is most 

significantly connected to a particular issue in litigation). The Engle trial court reasoned:

In the present case, the Defendants do business in 

Florida, the Plaintiffs reside in Florida, the place of 

injury/manifestation has, in some measure, taken place in 

Florida, therefore the state where the initial exposure has 

also taken place bears comparatively little in relation to the 

occurrence (medical diagnosis/causal connection) and the 

parties. . . . [I]t is difficult to see what interest a foreign state 

would have in the action concerning both Florida plaintiffs 

and defendants.

. . . .

Florida therefore has the most intimate relationship 

with the instant case based on the fact that the Plaintiffs and 

Defendants are Florida residents. The states in which 

members of the Plaintiff class were previously domiciled has 

little to do with the parties or the cause of the accident. Its 

ties to the litigation are too insignificant to warrant the 

application of foreign state law. 

. . . .

In light of the above this court believes that any class 

members, who were previously domiciled in another state, 

cause of action arose in Florida if 1) the Plaintiffs were first 

medically diagnosed or the Plaintiffs' condition supplies 
- 22 -

some evidence of the causal relationship to the 

manufactured production and 2) the Plaintiffs were residents 

of the state of Florida at the time of said medical diagnosis or 

at [the] time said evidence of the causal relationship of the 

cause of action had manifested itself.

[10]

The Court's rationale being that if such 'previously 

domiciled' members of the Plaintiff class were allowed to 

participate in the instant litigation without their injury having 

occurred or have been diagnosed while being domiciled in 

Florida, potential plaintiffs, who have not established Florida 

as their domicile, would be free to exercise forum shopping. 

The court believes this ruling brings to the legal community 

the responsibility and the authority to uniformly resolve any 

choice-of-law controversies while at the same time providing 

legal norms for safeguarding the needs of the interstate 

system. 

Given that the Defendants' place of business occurs 

in Florida, the relevant policies of Florida, and most 

importantly, the certainty, predictability and uniformity of 

result, the greater weight of these factors which are listed in 

the Restatement (Second) [of Conflict of Laws §146 (1971)] 

compels this court to apply Florida law. 

(Emphasis added.) As we see it, the language quoted above in italics is the crux of the 

legal conundrum with which the trial court grappled in this case and that is now before 

us for resolution.

More than once in its appellate brief, Philip Morris claims that the Florida 

Supreme Court relied on the italicized language from the January 6, 1998 order in Engle 

III. After a thorough review of the proceedings leading up to the Engle trial court's order, 

the order itself, and the supreme court's opinion in Engle III, we are convinced that this 

is not the case. The supreme court's lone comment that might plausibly be referable to 

that order occurs in the course of the court's discussion about why the Third District's 

 

10This may be the source of the statement in Rearick that the Third District 

discerned in the supreme court's Engle III opinion.
- 23 -

first Engle opinion affirming the certification of the class was the law of the case. We 

quote the comment here: "[T]he Engle II court ignored the trial court's pretrial ruling that 

only Florida law would apply when it stated that the 'choice-of-law analysis in the 

present case will require examination of numerous significantly different state laws 

governing the different plaintiffs' claims.' " Engle III at 1267 (quoting Engle II, 853 So.

2d at 449). Concerning this comment, we cannot be sure whether the supreme court 

was referring to the January 6, 1998 order, or some other pretrial order. The supreme 

court never cites to or mentions the January 6, 1998 order at all. We conclude that 

nothing in Engle III indicates that the supreme court endorsed or approved the 

statement contained in the January 6, 1998 order upon which Philip Morris relies so 

heavily. Moreover, the supreme court's reference—in 2006—to the Third District's 

affirmance of the class definition resulting in the November 21, 1996 Order on Class 

Notice as the law of the case confirms our conviction that the statement relied upon by 

Philip Morris in the trial court's 1998 order—issued more than a year after the class 

definition was approved and published for the benefit of potential class members—did

not operate to modify or further restrict the Engle plaintiffs' class beyond the limitations

imposed by Engle I.

Philip Morris also repeats the Engle trial court's concerns about possible 

forum shopping. With all due respect to the busy trial judge who had to manage the 

initial litigation in Phases I and II of the Engle case, we find this concern unpersuasive, 

especially as applied to the plaintiff in the instant case. In order to forum shop, Mr. 

Damianakis would have had to have known—in April 1994—that twelve years later the 

supreme court would acknowledge November 21, 1996, as the correct cut-off date. 
- 24 -

Such a feat would presuppose that Mr. Damianakis had the ability to predict the future. 

In fact, given the unlikely procedural history of the Engle litigation, we suggest that it 

would have been impossible for anyone intentionally to move to Florida before 

November 21, 1996, just to become an Engle class plaintiff. Moreover, when the class 

was first certified in 1994, the class consisted of "all United States citizens and residents 

. . . ." Thus, in 1994, without knowing that the Third District would later restrict the class, 

an individual who was aware of the pending Florida litigation would have had no reason 

to move to Florida at all. For these reasons, we think that forum shopping in this case is 

not—and never was—a legitimate concern. 

D. Philip Morris's Choice-of-Law Argument is a Red Herring.

Philip Morris finds additional support for its position in the choice-of-law 

quagmire that it contends will result if the Engle class is not limited to smokers whose 

disease manifested while they were residents of Florida. According to Philip Morris, the 

Florida Supreme Court in Engle III "implicitly approved of this limitation" in reliance on 

the Engle trial court's January 6, 1998 order. Philip Morris concludes: "If the class 

definition had not been limited to people whose claims could be governed by Florida 

law, the Phase I trial would have violated due process for failure to apply substantive 

choice-of-law rules." We disagree. The purported choice-of-law problem is just a red 

herring.

It is common knowledge that the majority of Florida's citizens were not 

born in Florida. As a result, it is probable that many of the potential Engle class 

plaintiffs spent most of their "smoking" lives in another state or country. As the Third 

District said in Engle II:
- 25 -

During pretrial proceedings, undisputed evidence showed 

that nearly 50% of Florida residents who are over 50 years 

old—those most likely to be class members—moved to 

Florida after reaching age 50. Moreover, more than 65% of 

all current and former smokers in Florida moved here after 

they became regular smokers. The demographic evidence 

presented at trial strongly suggested many class members 

were not Florida residents at the time of diagnosis or 

manifestation.

853 So. 2d at 448. The parties were well aware early on in the Engle proceedings that 

the class included many individuals who were not Florida residents at the time of 

diagnosis or manifestation; nevertheless, these persons were members of the class.

The Defendants raised this issue again in their brief on their second 

appeal to the Third District. They argued: 

In an effort to sidestep such [choice-of-law] problems and 

salvage class certification, the trial court improperly shortcircuited Florida's "most significant relationship" rule for 

choice-of-law. Before the trial began, the court announced 

that Florida's substantive law would apply to all class 

members who resided in Florida at the time they were 

diagnosed with, or manifested, a smoking-related illness, 

regardless of their smoking histories and prior states of 

residence. 

(Emphasis added.) The Third District agreed with the Defendants:

If diagnosis or manifestation did not occur during residency 

in Florida, each court in the Phase 3 proceedings will have to 

perform a full choice-of-law analysis and apply the law of the 

state with the most significant relationship to the parties and 

the occurrence. Especially in a state which has a highly 

transient population, choice-of-law problems present an 

insuperable roadblock to smokers' class actions, even where 

the class is limited to one state's residents.

Engle II, 853 So. 2d at 448. Based, in part, on its determination that choice-of-law 

analyses would "require examination of numerous significantly different state laws," the 

Third District concluded that common questions did not predominate over individual 
- 26 -

issues, and as a result, the class should be decertified. Id. at 449-50. But the Florida 

Supreme Court expressly rejected this analysis and result, observing that the Third 

District had "ignored the trial court's pretrial ruling that only Florida law would apply." 

Engle III, 945 So. 2d at 1267. In this regard, the supreme court further explained:

This case came before the Third District in Engle II after it 

had affirmed the class certification and after the conclusion 

of a trial on all common issues. Thus, there is no need to 

engage in an abstract analysis of the propriety of separate 

proceedings on common limited liability issues.

Id. (emphasis added). Moreover, as the supreme court also said, the claims of all 

plaintiffs in this case are governed by Florida law. See id. This conclusion does not 

compel the additional requirement that the plaintiff must have been a citizen or resident 

of Florida when his or her smoking-related illness first manifested.

Philip Morris's injection of choice-of-law issues into this case is either an

argument for decertification of the class that comes far too late, or, more probably, an 

attempt to reduce drastically the size of the class by excluding a large number of 

otherwise eligible individuals from it. The repeated discussion of how choice-of-law 

issues can cause problems in a large class action is unpersuasive. To underline the 

obvious, both Phase I and Phase II of the class action are over.

To summarize, Mr. Damianakis, like Ms. Della Vecchia and many other 

members of the plaintiffs' class, spent most of his adult, "smoking" life in another state

or country. The possibility that some of them—including Mr. Damianakis and possibly 

Ms. Della Vecchia—may have had symptoms that "manifested" before they moved to 

Florida, does not necessarily exclude them from the class. Nothing in Engle III requires 

such a conclusion. Accordingly, we conclude that as long as an individual was a citizen 
- 27 -

or resident of Florida as of the cut-off date of November 21, 1996, and his or her 

smoking-related illness "manifested" on or before that date, then he or she is a member 

of the Engle class. The first manifestation of a smoking-related illness in a state or 

country other than Florida is not relevant to this determination. Finally, to the extent that 

the parties do not agree on the date of "manifestation," this would be an issue for the 

jury to decide. As noted above, this issue has been conceded in the instant case.

VI. CONCLUSION

When the Defendants renewed their motion for summary judgment, in the 

absence of controlling precedent from this court, the trial court was obliged to follow 

Rearick and Bishop and to grant the renewed motion. See System Components Corp. 

v. Fla. Dep't of Transp., 14 So. 3d 967, 973 n.4 (Fla. 2009); Scottsdale Ins. Co. v. 

Desalvo, 666 So. 2d 944, 946 (Fla. 1st DCA 1995); State v. Hayes, 333 So. 2d 51, 53 

(Fla. 4th DCA 1976). However, we think that the trial court got it right the first time when 

it denied the Defendants' motion.

We hold that the January 6, 1998 order that the Engle trial court entered

more than a year after it had defined the class and issued and arranged for the 

publication of the class notice, did not modify the already existing Engle class. In 

addition, we hold that Mr. Damianakis was a member of the Engle class and that he

was entitled to take advantage of the one-year filing window created in Engle III. In 

support of our holding, we observe that Mr. Damianakis was a citizen and resident of 

Florida on or before the cut-off date of November 21, 1996, and note that Philip Morris 

has conceded for the purpose of this litigation that Mr. Damianakis's smoking-related 

illness manifested before the cut-off date. Accordingly, we reverse the order granting 
- 28 -

summary judgment and the final judgment in favor of Philip Morris and we remand for 

further proceedings consistent with this opinion. We certify conflict with Rearick and 

Bishop to the extent that the holdings in those cases are inconsistent with this opinion.

Reversed and remanded for further proceedings; conflict certified.

KHOUZAM and SLEET, JJ., Concur.