AFFIRM in Part, REVERSE in Part, and REMAND; Opinion Filed May 8, 2015.

S

In The

Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

No. 05-14-00355-CV

ERIC DRAKE, Appellant

V.

STEPHEN WALKER, D.D.S. AND MARSHAL GOLDBERG, D.D.S., Appellees

On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 4

Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. CC-13-06774-D

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Before Justices Brown, Stoddart, and O’Neill1

Opinion by Justice O’Neill

 Eric Drake appeals the trial court’s order dismissing this dental malpractice case under 

rule 91a of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure. In eleven issues, Drake (1) challenges the 

authority of various judges who determined motions in this case, (2) complains the trial court 

erred by dismissing his claims, and (3) contends the trial court erred by awarding attorney’s fees 

to appellees. We affirm in part, and reverse in part, the trial court’s judgment.

Factual and Procedural Background

Drake went to Dr. Stephen Walker for a periodontal examination and returned the next 

month for a scheduled “deep cleaning” appointment. Walker injected numbing medication into 

Drake’s right jaw, but Drake left Walker’s office before the treatment was done. Drake then 

 1 The Hon. Michael J. O’Neill, Justice, Court of Appeals, Fifth District of Texas at Dallas, Retired, sitting by assignment.
–2–

sued Walker and Dr. Marshal Goldberg, the owner of the dental clinic where the procedure was 

performed. 

In his original petition, Drake alleged causes of action for negligence, gross negligence, 

fraud, deceptive trade practices, and the willful intent to harm. Drake claimed that when he 

arrived at the clinic, he told the clinic staff (1) he wanted only “normal medications to numb 

teeth and the topical . . . used . . . to make the needle injections more comfortable,” and (2) he 

did not want the drug “Afrin.”

According to Drake, when Walker began to inject Drake’s right jaw, Drake “indicated as

best as he could with his mouth open that the injection was very painful by screaming out” but 

Walker continued to inject Drake with drugs, ignoring visible and obvious signs that he was in 

pain. Drake asserted Walker sent his dental assistant from the room prior to the injection 

because Walker intended to harm Drake. Drake claimed that as a result of the injection, his “jaw 

closed and he wasn’t able to consume solid foods for several months. Plaintiff was only able to 

consume baby food and pudding, and he wasn’t able to eat his Christmas dinner.” Drake also 

alleged that he was given Afrin, which caused him to become dizzy and suffer from chest pain. 

Within sixty days of the filing Drake’s original petition, appellees filed a motion to 

dismiss baseless causes of action pursuant to rule 91a of the rules of civil procedure. In the

motion, appellees sought dismissal of Drake’s negligence and gross negligence claims 

contending they had no basis in fact because no reasonable person could believe the facts 

pleaded. Appellees sought dismissal of Drake’s DTPA claims because all of the claims resulted 

from dental negligence and thus have no basis in law, and also because no reasonable person 

could believe the facts as pleaded. 

Thereafter, Drake amended his petition on March 10, 2014 and March 13, 2014. In his 

second amended petition, Drake claimed Walker and Goldberg were negligent and had violated 
–3–

the DPTA. Drake claimed Walker was negligent because (1) he ignored Drake’s screams as he 

was injecting him in the mouth and Walker pushed the needle into Drake’s jaw to the extent that 

it caused injury, (2) after Drake’s injury, Walker refused to treat Drake, and (3) Walker allowed 

Drake to leave the dental clinic when it was clear that he was dizzy and it was not safe for him to 

drive. With respect to his claims of deceptive trade practices, Drake alleged (1) the staff at the 

dental clinic refused or failed to provide Drake with the cost of the procedure, and (2) Walker 

misrepresented his qualification to perform the dental services provided to Drake and that 

Walker’s actions were unconscionable when Walker “sent the dental assistant from the room to 

make sure there were no witnesses to his causing injury to Drake.”

 Appellees did not withdraw the motion for dismissal or file an amended motion directed 

to the amended causes of action. More than three days after Drake filed his second amended 

petition, Judge Ken Tapscott held a hearing, and after reviewing the motion and pleadings, 

Tapscott granted appellees’ motion to dismiss, dismissed Drake’s claims, and awarded attorney’s 

fees to appellees.

Six days later, on March 25, 2014, Drake filed a motion to recuse and disqualify Judge 

Tapscott and 32 other judges. He did not, however, move to recuse either Regional 

Administrative Judge Mary Murphy or Judge Tanya Parker, the presiding judge of the 116th 

Judicial District Court. Judge Tapscott declined to recuse himself and referred the motion to 

Judge Murphy the same day. On March 27, 2014, the motion was set for a hearing before Judge 

Parker on April 11, 2014. On March 31, 2014, Drake filed a motion to recuse Judge Parker who,

in turn, declined to recuse herself and referred the matter to Judge Murphy. On April 1, 2014, 

Judge Murphy denied the motion to recuse Judge Parker. Thereafter, Drake amended his motion 

to again recuse Judge Parker, which Judge Murphy denied on April 3, 2014. After a hearing on 
–4–

Drake’s motion to recuse Judge Tapscott, Judge Parker denied the motion to recuse Judge 

Tapscott on April 16, 2014. Drake then timely filed a notice of appeal.

Rule of Civil Procedure 91a 

In his third issue, Drake contends the trial court erred by failing to follow the procedures 

set out in rule 91a. Specifically, Drake contends the hearing on the motion to dismiss was 

“canceled by statute once [he] filed an amendment to his pleadings three days before the 

hearing.” We disagree.

When, as here, the challenged causes of action are amended at least three days before the 

date of the hearing, the party moving for dismissal may either withdraw the motion to dismiss or 

file an amended motion to dismiss directed to the amended causes of action. TEX. R. CIV. P. 

91a.5(b). Except by agreement of the parties, the trial court must rule on a motion unless it has 

been withdrawn or the cause of action has been nonsuited. TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.5(c) (emphasis 

added). In ruling on the motion, the court “must not consider a nonsuit or amendment not filed as 

permitted by paragraphs (a) or (b)” of rule 91.a.5. TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.5(c). Here, Drake 

amended his petition as permitted by rule 91a.5. And, because rule 91a.5 requires the court to 

rule on a motion to dismiss that has not been withdrawn, we conclude Drake’s argument lacks 

merit. We overrule Drake’s third issue.

In his fourth issue, Drake contends the trial court erred by granting appellees’ motion to 

dismiss because his lawsuit did have a basis in law and fact. Here, because Drake amended his 

petition more than three days before the hearing, when the trial court considered appellees’

motion, it was required to do so in light of Drake’s second amended petition. See TEX. R. CIV.

P. 91a.5(c) (precluding trial court only from considering amendment not filed more than three 

days before hearing).
–5–

Rule 91a allows a party to move to dismiss a baseless cause of action on the grounds that 

it has no basis in law or fact. TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.1 “A cause of action has no basis in law if the 

allegations, taken as true, together with inferences reasonably drawn from them, do not entitle 

the claimant to the relief sought.” Id. “A cause of action has no basis in fact if no reasonable 

person could believe the facts pleaded.” Id. The motion must identify each cause of action to 

which it is addressed and specifically state the reasons the action has no basis in 

law, no basis in fact, or both. TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.2. The trial court must decide the motion based 

solely on the pleading of the cause of action, together with any exhibits permitted by rule 59. 

TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.6.

The Houston Fourteenth Court of Appeals recently considered the proper standard of 

review to apply to a trial court’s ruling on a rule 91a motion to dismiss. See Wooley v. Schaffer, 

447 S.W.3d 71, 73–77 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, pet. filed). After analogizing a 

motion to dismiss under rule 91a to a plea to the jurisdiction and looking to case law interpreting

rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the court determined that both 

determinations of whether a cause of action has any basis in law and in fact are legal questions to 

be reviewed de novo, based on the allegations of the live petition together with any permitted 

exhibits. Id. at 76. And, in conducting such a review, the court must construe the pleadings 

liberally in favor of the plaintiff, look to the pleader’s intent, and accept as true the factual 

allegations in the pleadings to determine if the cause of action has a basis in law or fact. Id.

We agree with the Houston Fourteenth Court of Appeals that when reviewing a 91a 

motion to dismiss alleging that a party’s claims have no basis in law, we review such claims de 

novo, construing the pleadings liberally in favor of the plaintiff, looking to the pleader’s intent, 

and accepting as true the factual allegations in the pleadings to determine if the cause of action 

has a basis in law. See City of Dallas v. Sanchez, 449 S.W.3d 645, 648–650 (Tex. App.—Dallas 
–6–

2014, pet. filed). And, while we agree that a review of a motion to dismiss based on no basis in 

fact is likewise reviewed de novo, also construing the pleadings liberally in favor of the plaintiff 

and looking to the pleader’s intent, we question whether, when determining whether no 

reasonable person could believe the facts pleaded, we must accept the pleaded facts as true. 

Nevertheless, after reviewing the pleadings in this case, we conclude a reasonable person could 

believe them. Therefore, we need not determine whether we must always accept facts as true 

when determining a rule 91a motion based on an allegation that a claim has no basis in fact. 

 Beginning with Drake’s claim for negligence, we must determine whether, as alleged in 

appellees’ 91a motion, Drake’s claim for negligence had a basis in fact. Specifically, we must 

determine whether a reasonable person could believe the facts pleaded. Drake’s live petition 

claimed Walker was negligent because (1) he ignored Drake’s screams as he was injecting him 

in the mouth and Walker pushed the needle into Drake’s jaw to the extent that it caused injury, 

(2) after Drake’s injury, Walker refused to treat Drake, and (3) Walker allowed Drake to leave 

the dental clinic when it was clear that he was dizzy and it was not safe him to drive. According 

to appellees, these facts are so “outlandish no reasonable person could believe them.”2

 In making such a determination, we do not consider whether such allegations are likely,

or even if the conduct alleged is outlandish, but only if a reasonable person could believe the

alleged conduct. Reasonable people can believe conduct has been so outrageous in character, 

and so extreme in degree, as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be regarded as 

atrocious, and utterly intolerable in a civilized community. Cf. Twyman v. Twyman, 855 S.W.2d 

619, 622 (Tex. 1993) (adopting the tort of intentional infliction of emotional distress as set out in 

section 46(1) of the RESTATEMENT (SECOND) OF TORTS). And, we note that cases in the context 

 2 In their brief, appellees maintain Drake’s negligence claims have no basis in fact because “the alleged facts are so outlandish that no 

person could believe them as pleaded. Further, the ‘facts’ as asserted by Drake fail to set forth reasonable support for a claim for medical 

negligence.” We do not consider the second of these claims, as it is a claim that Drake’s claims lack a basis in law, which appellees did not assert 

in their rule 91a motion.
–7–

of criminal law are replete with cases in which trial courts and juries have believed conduct 

much more extreme and “outlandish” than the conduct alleged in this case. After reviewing the 

pleadings in this case, we conclude it is possible a reasonable person could believe the facts as 

pleaded. Thus, we conclude the trial court erred by granting appellees’ 91a motion to dismiss 

Drake’s negligence claims as having no basis in fact.

With respect to his claims of deceptive trade practices, Drake alleged (1) the staff at the 

dental clinic refused or failed to provide Drake with the cost of the dental procedure, (2) Walker 

misrepresented his qualifications to perform the dental services provided to Drake, and (3) 

Walker’s actions were unconscionable when Walker “sent the dental assistant from the room to 

make sure there were no witnesses to his causing injury to Drake.” According to appellees, these 

allegations of deceptive trade practices lack a basis in both law and fact.

The Texas Supreme Court has determined that there can be no deceptive trade practices 

claim against a dentist for damages for personal injury if the damages result or are alleged to 

result from the dentist’s negligence. Gormley v. Stover, 907 S.W.2d 448, 450 (Tex. 1995). 

Drake’s claims are inseparable from the rendition of health care services and therefore constitute 

a health care liability claim. Thus, there can be no claim under the deceptive trade practices act. 

See id. Further, to the extent that Drake’s deceptive trade practice claim regarding failure to 

provide him with the cost of the dental procedure is separable from the dental negligence, 

Drake’s claims for injury or damages have no relation to the failure to tell Drake the cost of the 

procedure. Thus, that claim fails as a matter of law. See Doe v. Boys Clubs of Greater Dallas, 

Inc. 907 S.W.2d 472, 479 (Tex. 1995) (to recover under the DTPA, plaintiff must show (1) he is 

a consumer, (2) the defendant engaged in false, misleading or deceptive acts, and (3) these acts 

constituted a producing cause of the consumer’s damages). Accordingly, we conclude the trial 

court properly dismissed Drake’s deceptive trade practices claims pursuant to appellees’ rule 91a 
–8–

motion as having no basis in law. We overrule Drake’s fourth issue with respect to his claims 

under the DTPA, and sustain his fourth issue with respect to his negligence claims. Because of 

our disposition of this issue, each party has prevailed in part and the award of attorney’s fees is 

subject to reconsideration on remand. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 91a.7. Thus, we need not determine 

Drake’s first, second, and sixth issues concerning Drake’s complaints regarding attorney’s fees.

Random Assignment

In his seventh issue, Drake contends this case was not randomly assigned to County 

Court at Law Number 4. According to Drake, “it is highly unlikely” his case was randomly 

assigned, but rather “it would appear” the trial court was deliberately chosen. It has long been a 

cardinal rule of appellate procedure in Texas that the appellate court must indulge every 

presumption in favor of the regularity of proceedings and documents in the trial court. See 

Sparkman v. Microsoft Corporation, No. 12-13-00175-CV, 2015 WL 1244538, at *2 (Tex. 

App.—Tyler Mar. 18, 2015, no pet. h.) (mem. op.). The presumption of regularity is a judicial 

construct that requires a reviewing court, absent evidence of impropriety, to indulge every 

presumption in favor of the regularity of the trial court’s judgment. Id. Therefore, we must 

uphold the presumption of regularity of the judgment and the proceedings absent a showing to 

the contrary. Id. The burden is on the complaining party to overcome this presumption. See id.

Here, Drake does not cite this Court to any evidence in the record to support his 

contention that the case was improperly assigned to County Court at Law Number 4. Because 

Drake did not carry his burden to show otherwise, based on the presumption in favor of the 

regularity of the trial court’s judgment and proceedings, we presume this case was properly 

assigned to County Court at Law Number 4. We overrule Drake’s seventh issue.
–9–

Continuance

In his ninth and eleventh issues, Drake contends (1) Judge Parker abused her discretion 

by not allowing him adequate time to prepare for the recusal hearing, and (2) Judge Murphy and 

Judge Parker erred by failing to continue the recusal hearing conducted by Judge Parker because 

the date of the recusal hearing interfered with Drake’s religious observations of Easter.

Rule 251 of the Texas Rules of Civil Procedure provides that a motion for continuance 

shall not be granted except for sufficient cause supported by affidavit, or by consent of the 

parties or by operation of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 251. If a motion for continuance is not made in 

writing and verified, it will be presumed that the trial court did not abuse its discretion by 

denying the motion. In re E.L.T., 93 S.W.3d 372, 375 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2002, 

no pet.). 

Drake’s motion for continuance requesting more time to prepare for the recusal hearing 

was not sworn or supported by affidavit. And, Drake’s request for a continuance regarding 

interference with his religious observations of Easter is found in a paragraph in his amended 

objection and motion to recuse and disqualify Judge Parker, not in a motion for continuance. 

However, even assuming that the paragraph in the amended motion to recuse is sufficient to be 

considered a written motion for continuance, the amended motion to recuse is likewise not 

sworn or supported by affidavit. Because Drake did not comply with the requirements of rule 

251, we conclude Drake’s arguments lack merit. See Villegas v. Carter, 711 S.W.2d 624, 626

(Tex. 1986). We overrule Drake’s ninth and eleventh issues.

Recusal

In his fifth and eighth issues, Drake complains about Judge Tapscott’s bias and prejudice 

toward him, and that Judge Tapscott and Judge Parker should have been recused in this case.
–10–

We review an order denying a motion to recuse for an abuse of discretion. See In re 

H.M.S., 349 S.W.3d 250, 253 (Tex. App.––Dallas 2011, pet. denied); Sommers v. Concepcion, 

20 S.W.3d 27, 41 (Tex. App.––Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, pet. denied). The movant bears the 

burden of proving recusal is warranted, and the burden is met only through a showing of bias or 

impartiality to such an extent that the movant was deprived of a fair trial. See H.M.S., 349 

S.W.3d at 253–54. The test for recusal is “whether a reasonable member of the public at large, 

knowing all the facts in the public domain concerning the judge’s conduct, would have a 

reasonable doubt that the judge is actually impartial.” Hansen v. JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A., 

346 S.W.3d 769, 776 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.).

A judge must recuse in any proceeding in which (1) the judge’s impartiality might 

reasonably be questioned, or (2) the judge has a personal bias or prejudice concerning the subject 

matter or a party. TEX. R. CIV. P. 18b(b)(1), (2). Bias by an adjudicator is not lightly 

established. In re City of Dallas, 445 S.W.3d 456, 467 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2014, orig. 

proceeding). Judicial rulings alone almost never constitute a valid basis for a motion to recuse 

based on bias or partiality. In re H.M.S, 349 S.W.3d at 253 (citing Liteky v. United States, 510 

U.S. 540, 555 (1994)). Rather, a party’s remedy for unfair rulings is to assign error regarding the 

adverse rulings. In re City of Dallas, 445 S.W.3d at 467; Sommers, 20 S.W.3d at 41. Judicial 

remarks, even those that are critical or disapproving of, or even hostile to, parties or their cases, 

do not ordinarily support a bias or partiality challenge. Hansen, 346 S.W.3d at 776.

With respect to Judge Parker, Drake contends Judge Parker should have recused herself 

because of statements Drake made regarding Judge Parker. Both the record and Drake’s brief 

contain numerous egregious, offensive, and biased statements regarding Judge Parker. However, 

the record is devoid of any evidence showing Judge Parker’s bias toward Drake. Consequently, 
–11–

we conclude Drake has failed to meet his burden of proving the recusal of Judge Parker was 

warranted. We overrule Drake’s eighth issue. 

With respect to Drake’s complaints regarding Judge Tapscott, we likewise conclude 

Drake has failed to meet his burden to show recusal was warranted. Although difficult to 

ascertain, it appears Drake contends Judge Tapscott should have been recused because Judge 

Tapscott (1) required Drake to give his address at an indigency hearing only because of Drake’s 

race, (2) refused to require two doctors to testify before conducting the hearing on appellees’ rule 

91a motion to dismiss, and (3) determined certain testimony was admissible as an exception to 

the hearsay rule. All of these complaints are judicial rulings, and none of these rulings show a 

valid basis for a determination of bias or partiality. Drake’s remedy for his complaints regarding 

these rulings was to assign error regarding the adverse rulings, and he has failed to do so in this 

appeal. See In re City of Dallas, 445 S.W.3d at 467; Sommers, 20 S.W.3d at 41. Because Drake 

has failed to establish Judge Tapscott was unable to rule impartially, we overrule Drake’s fifth 

issue. 

Objection to Assigned Judge

In his tenth issue, Drake contends Judge Murphy abused her discretion by denying his 

objection to Judge Parker pursuant to section 74.053 of the Texas Government Code. According 

to Drake, he “timely objected to Judge Parker being assigned” to hear his motion to recuse the 

trial court. In support of this statement, Drake cites to his objection and motion to recuse and 

disqualify Judge Parker. However, in that motion, Drake argued Judge Parker should recuse and 

disqualify herself under “Rule 18b(2)(a) and for other reasons stated herein” Drake does not cite 

or refer to section 74.053 of the government code. An error raised on appeal that does not 

comport with the objection made at trial is waived. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1.
–12–

Regardless, section 74.053 provides that “an active judge assigned under this chapter is 

not subject to an objection.” Judge Parker is an active judge in Dallas County, presiding over the 

116th Judicial District Court, and is not subject to an objection under section 74.053. We 

overrule Drake’s tenth issue.

Accordingly, we affirm the portion of the trial court’s judgment dismissing Drake’s 

claims for violations of the DTPA, reverse the portion of the trial court’s judgment dismissing

Drake’s dental malpractice claims, and remand for further proceedings consistent with this 

opinion.

140355F.P05

/Michael J. O'Neill/

MICHAEL J. O'NEILL

JUSTICE, ASSIGNED
–13–

Court of Appeals

S

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

JUDGMENT

ERIC DRAKE, Appellant

No. 05-14-00355-CV V.

STEPHEN WALKER, D.D.S. AND 

MARSHAL GOLDBERG, D.D.S., 

Appellees

On Appeal from the County Court at Law 

No. 4, Dallas County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. CC-13-06774-D.

Opinion delivered by Justice O'Neill. 

Justices Brown and Stoddart participating.

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is 

AFFIRMED in part and REVERSED in part. We REVERSE that portion of the trial court's 

judgment dismissing Drake's claims for dental malpractice and AFFIRM that portion of the trial 

court’s judgment dismissing Drake’s claims for violations of the Deceptive Trade Practices Act. 

We REMAND this cause to the trial court for further proceedings consistent with this opinion.

It is ORDERED that each party bear its own costs of this appeal.

Judgment entered this 8th day of May, 2015.