**USDA Forest Service**

### Communication Products

###                        (Month, Day), 2018

**Topic:  Modular Airborne Fire Fighting Systems (MAFFS) Activation**

**Issue:**The National Multi-Agency Coordinating Group (NMAC) at the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) in Boise, Idaho has activated (#) MAFFS from (WHERE) to assist in wildfire suppression in (WHERE) and elsewhere in the West. The aircraft will be operating from (WHERE).

**Key Messages:**

· The MAFFS program is a joint effort between the USDA Forest Service and Department of Defense (DoD). The USDA Forest Service owns the MAFFS equipment and supplies the fire retardant, while the DoD provides the C-130 H and J model aircraft, flight crews, and maintenance and support personnel to fly the missions.

· MAFFS are important because they provide a “surge” capability that can be used to boost wildfire suppression efforts when commercial Airtankers are fully committed or not readily available.

· Military C-130s equipped with MAFFs can drop up to 3,000 gallons of retardant on wildfires. They can discharge their entire load in less than five seconds, covering an area one-quarter of a mile long by 100 feet wide, or make variable drops. 

· MAFFS can be activated for use on state fires by the Governors of the states where the Air National Guard flight crews that operate them are based. They can be federally activated when needed for use on fires throughout the United States based on an agreement between the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Department of the Interior, and the DoD.

· Each year, an average of approximately 70,000 wildfires burn an average of about 6.5 million acres of land in the United States. Airtankers are used to drop fire retardant to reduce the intensity and slow the growth of wildfires so that firefighters on the ground can build containment lines around them. Airtankers are not typically used to drop fire retardant to suppress wildfires directly.  

· Professional Incident Commanders and fire managers decide whether to use Airtankers, and where to use them, to provide support to firefighters on the ground based on the objectives they have established to manage wildfires and the strategies they are using to achieve them.

**Draft quote for news releases:**

Given current fire and weather conditions, it’s essential we continue maintaining adequate 

Airtanker capability throughout the western U.S for initial attack and large fire support,” said 

(Name), Chair of the National Multi-Agency Coordinating Group at the National 

Interagency Fire Center in Boise, Idaho. “We anticipate weather conditions to remain dry and 

conducive to wildland fire ignitions in areas where large fires are occurring and wildfire potential 

is increasing in areas that have been relatively quiet.”

**Questions & Answers**

**What are MAFFS?**

MAFFS are portable fire retardant delivery systems that can be inserted into military C-130 aircraft without major structural modifications to convert them into Airtankers when needed. They can discharge their entire load of up to 3,000 gallons of retardant in less than five seconds, covering an area one-quarter of a mile long by 100 feet wide, or make variable drops. Once the load is discharged, it can be refilled in less than 12 minutes.  

**How long have MAFFS been used?**

2018 marks the 45th year of the MAFFS program.  

**When was the first MAFFS drop?**

The first drop by the MAFFS prototype was the Romero Fire, Los Padres National Forest, California, 1971. The first drop by the MAFFS production model was in 1973, the Lolo fire near Missoula, Montana. 

**How many MAFFS units are there and who owns them?**

There are a total of eight MAFFS ready for operational use. They are owned by the USDA Forest Service and are available for use in military C-130 H and J model aircraft by flight crews trained in this mission.

**How many military C-130s will fly with MAFFS in 2018?**

Up to eight military C-130s will fly with MAFFS this year. The USDA Forest Service is planning on temporarily installing one of the MAFFS (from the 152nd Airlift Wing, Nevada Air National Guard, Reno) into Tanker 116, an HC-130H aircraft. For additional information, contact Jennifer Jones at jejones@fs.fed.us or 208-387-5437.

**Is there a possibility that the MAFFS will be permanently installed in Tanker 116?**

No. For additional information, contact Jennifer Jones at jejones@fs.fed.us or 208-387-5437. 

**What military installations provide C-130s to fly MAFFS during fire season?**

Military installations in Wyoming, Nevada, California, and Colorado provide C-130s to fly MAFFS missions. Specifically, the 153rd Airlift Wing, Wyoming Air National Guard, Cheyenne; the 152nd Airlift Wing, Nevada Air National Guard, Reno; the 146th Airlift Wing, California Air National Guard, Port Hueneme; and the 302nd Airlift Wing, Air Force Reserve, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado.

**Why isn’t the 145th Airlift Wing, Charlotte North Carolina flying MAFFS missions anymore?**

The North Carolina Air National Guard converted from C-130Hs to C-17s. This change created the need to move the MAFFS unit from the 145th Air Wing to another C-130 unit. The 152nd Airlift Wing, Nevada Air National Guard, Reno was identified to take on the MAFFS mission. For more information contact the National Guard Bureau at 703-607-2584, 703-604-8486.

**Didn’t the 2014 National Defense Authorization Act (NDAA) provide funding for two  additional MAFFS?**

Yes, Congress provided $16 million to the National Guard Bureau in the 2014 NDAA for the procurement of 2 additional MAFFS II units. The USDA Forest Service and the National Guard Bureau are working with the Prototype Integration Facility in Huntsville, Alabama to design an improved or modernized MAFFS II unit (iMAFFS) with the C-130J as the primary aircraft and C-130H as a secondary aircraft. After the iMAFFS units are manufactured and certified, they will be transferred to the USDA Forest Service as with past MAFFS units. The two iMAFFS units will be assigned to the 146th Airlift Wing, California Air National Guard, Port Hueneme and the two MAFFS II units currently used by the 146th Airlift Wing will be placed in spare status,  so the total number of MAFFS available to fly wildfire suppression missions at any given time will remain at eight. Additional next generation MAFFS units will be manufactured for the other military installations as funding becomes available. For more information, contact Jerry Stoddard, NGB MAFFS Program Manager at 240-612-9304 or jerry.d.stoddard2.civ@mail.mil

**What is the nature of the agreement between the wildland fire agencies and the DoD regarding MAFFS?**

There is an “Interagency Agreement for the Provision of Temporary Support during Wildland Firefighting Operations between the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the U.S. Department of the Interior, and the Department of Defense.” Through this agreement, the DOD, through the Commander, U.S. Northern Command provides support to the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) in conducting Wildland Fire Fighting operations within the continental United States, Alaska, Puerto Rico and the US Virgin Islands as approved by the Secretary of Defense. It is a five-year agreement that was last signed in 2016. The Economy Act of 1932 governs when federal government agencies can order resources from one another and what expenses will be reimbursed when they do so.

**Could the DoD decline a Request for Assistance for MAFFS?**

Yes, but they never have.  

**What kind of training is held for MAFFS?**

Annual MAFFS training and certification of military crews to fly wildfire suppression missions is held in the spring. Before 2012, one large training and certification session was held for all of the participating military units. Starting in 2012, most years several smaller training and certification sessions are conducted near where the participating military units are located. However, approximately every five years, one large training and certification session for all of the participating military units is held to ensure standard training and operating procedures among military units, leadplanes, and ramp and Airtanker base personnel. Training includes both classroom and flight training for military flight crews, civilian lead plane pilots, and support personnel. During the training, practice flights are conducted in which military C-130s drop water only on target sites on wildlands.  

**When and where were MAFFS trainings held in 2017?**

In 2018, one large training and certification session for all of the participating military units will be held from April 23-27 at McClellan Airtanker Base in Sacramento, California.

**What does MAFFS training consist of?**

Training includes both classroom and flight training for military flight crews, civilian lead plane pilots, and support personnel.

**How often are MAFFS deployed during fire season?**

The number of MAFFS flights each year varies with wildfire activity. Over the last 10 years, military C-130s equipped with MAFFS have delivered a total of approximately 8.6 million gallons of fire retardant on wildfires, an average of approximately 860,000 gallons per year, as follows (note: following figures are rounded):

2008 – 1.3 million gallons

2009 – 0 gallons

2010 – 12,000 gallons*

2011 – 1.2 million gallons

2012 – 2.4 million gallons

2013 – 1.4 million gallons 

2014 – 250,000 gallons

2015 -  840,000 gallons

2016 -  396,000 gallons

2017 -  820,000 gallons

Total – 8,618,000 million gallons

**How many hours have MAFFS flown over the last 10 years?**

Over the last 10 years, MAFFS have flown a total of approximately 3,691.5 hours, an average of approximately 369.15 hours per year, as follows (note:  hours flown are available from 1973 – 2017):

2008 – 970.10

2009 – 0

2010 – 7.7

2011 – 479.7

2012 – 888.7  

2013 – 540.5

2014 – 89.6

2015 – 350.9

2016 – 125.5 

2017 -  238.8

Total – 3,691.5

**How did MAFFS activity in 2017 compare with previous years?**

In 2017, MAFFS were mobilized on a federal activation from July 27 through September 16, with the 153rd Airlift Wing, Wyoming Air National Guard, Cheyenne; the 146th Airlift Wing, California Air National Guard, Port Hueneme; the 152nd Airlift Wing, Nevada Air National Guard, Reno; and the 302nd Airlift Wing, Air Force Reserve, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado all participating to some degree within that time period. MAFFS flew 293 sorties and made 315 drops of a total of about 820,000 gallons of fire retardant on more than 24 wildfires, all in California. In 2017, MAFFs were also mobilized on state activations in California, for information about that, contact Major Kim Holman at kimberly.m.holman.mil@mail.mil or 805-986-7420. 

*Source: Lt. Col. Brad Ross*

**What is the earliest time of the year that MAFFS have ever been activated?**

It is believed that the earliest that MAFFS have been activated in a year was in March in 2006.  

**How dangerous is aerial firefighting?**

Aerial firefighting, specifically using Airtankers to drop fire retardant, is highly complex due to the fact that the aircraft fly very low (about 150 feet above the ground); very slow; in mountainous terrain often with dense air traffic and poor visibility due to smoke, flames, and thunderstorms; and heavy at takeoff when fully loaded with retardant. Aerial Firefighting has inherent risks and is very unforgiving. Procedures and expectations are established for these types of operations and each year military flight crews assigned to the MAFFS missions receive specific training to assure they are ready to perform the mission.  

**How many MAFFS accidents have there been?**

The only significant accident since the MAFFS program was created in the 1970s occurred on July, 1, 2012 when a C-130 from the 145th Airlift Wing, North Carolina Air National Guard, Charlotte (designated MAFFS 7) was working on the White Draw Fire on the Black Hills National Forest near Edgemont, South Dakota. Four airmen died in the crash and two others were seriously injured.  

**What was the cause of the accident?**

According to a U.S. Air Force Air Mobility Command news release issued November 14, 2012, an accident investigation determined the MAFFS C-130 cockpit crew’s inadequate assessment of operational conditions resulted in the aircraft flying into a microburst and impacting the ground.  The investigation also determined factors that substantially contributed to the mishap included the failure of the Lead Plane and Air Attack aircrews to communicate critical operational information; as well as conflicting operational guidance concerning thunderstorm avoidance.  The Accident Investigation report is available online at http://usaf.aib.law.af.mil  (under Fiscal Year 2012 Mishaps, Mishap Date 1 Jul 12). For additional information, contact Air Mobility Command Public Affairs at (618) 229-7843 or amc-pao@us.af.mil

**What changes have been made in the MAFFS program as a result of the accident?**

A comprehensive review of the MAFFS program was conducted as a result of the accident and led to a number of changes in policies, training, and operational procedures. These include review and clarification of policy for operations; a requirement for an Operational Risk Management Matrix to be completed for each sortie; assignment by DoD of an oversight command for MAFFS (Air Mobility Command – AMC); emphasis on weather avoidance in training; incorporation of additional training on microbursts in DoD simulator training;  and clarification of drop or dispensing altitudes. 

**Wasn’t there some kind of an incident in 2014?**

Yes, on Sunday, August 17, MAFFS 3 operated by the 153rd Airlift Wing, Wyoming Air National Guard, Cheyenne experienced a hard landing at Hill Air Force Base in Utah. No one was injured but the aircraft did sustain damage. For more information, contact Deidre Forster, 307-631-4153, deidre.m.forster.nfg@mail.mil

**Who pays for MAFFS?**

The USDA Forest Service reimburses the military for all costs associated with MAFFS per the Economy Act.

**How much do MAFFS cost?**

These figures include all of the costs of training, testing, and other expenses as well as mobilizations.  

2017 – *requested figure 4/16/18*

2016 - $5.6 million  

2015 - $6.9 million (note that beginning in 2015, costs include MAFFS support and agency personnel costs so cannot be compared “apples to apples” to previous year costs which do not include that.) 

2014 - $4.1 million 

2013 - $9.6 million 

2012 –$12.4 million

2011 - $9.3 million

2010 - $3.4 million

2009 - $3.5 million

2008 – $16.1 million

2007 – $1.8 million

**How is MAFFS funded by the USDA Forest Service?**

All funds for MAFFS (training and flying wildfire suppression missions) are allocated from the USDA Forest Service Fire and Aviation Management Suppression (SU) account.  

**Who has operational control over MAFFS while they are flying wildfire suppression missions?**

The DoD always maintains military operational control of MAFFS aircraft and crews but the civil authorities (USFS, BLM, CalFire, etc) direct the tactical use during firefighting. Military Operational control is provided by an Air Expeditionary Group (AEG). Responsibility for the AEG rotates each year between the four MAFFS participating wings. When the AEG is activated, the AEG command cell operates near the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC), usually using office space at Gowen Field.  ****

**What wing has the responsibility for the AEG in 2018?**

This year,****the 302nd Airlift Wing, Air Force Reserve, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado has responsibility for the AEG.  

**Are there any limitations on MAFFS?**

MAFFS aircraft are configured with a radio for communications with other aircraft and ground personnel on scene. All MAFFS missions require a qualified lead plane. MAFFS aircraft are authorized to drop retardant only during daylight hours. On international activations, lead plane pilots deploy with military crews and assist them in tactics and coordination with other on scene resources.

**Who can activate MAFFS?**

MAFFS can be activated by:  1) the National Multi-Agency Coordinating Group (NMAC) at the National Interagency Fire Center (NIFC) in Boise, Idaho for use on wildfires burning on land under the jurisdiction of any agency anywhere in the U.S. and; 2) the Governors of states where Air National Guard Airlift Wings tasked with the MAFFS mission are located, for use on wildfires burning on land under state jurisdiction in their states.   

**What is NMAC and how do they decide when to activate MAFFS?**

NMAC is comprised of representatives of federal, state, and local wildland firefighting agencies and organizations. Incident Commanders request Airtankers from local dispatch centers, which request them from Geographic Area Coordination Centers, which request them from the National Interagency Coordination Center at NIFC. When requests for Airtankers nationally exceed the availability of existing commercial Airtankers NMAC may decide to activate MAFFS by submitting a Request for Assistance to DoD.

NMAC considers several criteria in determining whether to activate MAFFS. The most important criteria is that the commercial Airtanker fleet is committed or not readily available.  Other criteria relate to national and geographic area preparedness levels; the amount of ongoing and anticipated initial attack activity; and availability of other aviation assets including single engine Airtankers and heavy and medium helicopters.

**How does NMAC order MAFFS?**

NMAC submits a “Request for Assistance” to the DoD for MAFFS capable aircraft and flight crews, not for a specific aircraft platform or a specific military unit. The DoD determines how to provide the capability. For federal activation, MAFFS adheres to an established call-out schedule. The DoD has the ability to decline a Request for Assistance but has never done so.  NMAC directs the manager at the National Interagency Coordination Center to coordinate the activation thru DoD. This requires a Request for Assistance that identifies the number, location, expected duration, and time needed.

**Does the Economy Act require commercial Airtankers to be mobilized before MAFFS are mobilized?**

No, the Economy Act does not require commercial Airtankers to be mobilized before MAFFS are mobilized. Item 4 of the Economy Act enables agencies to order goods and services from other agencies if “...they cannot be provided by contract as conveniently or cheaply by a commercial enterprise.”  

Commercial Airtankers are generally mobilized before MAFFS, even if MAFFS are located closer to a wildfire, for several reasons, including:  1) the USDA Forest Service pays a daily availability rate for commercial Airtankers on Exclusive Use contracts whether they are flying or not; 2) commercial Airtankers can be moved pretty quickly, even between states and; 3) MAFFS have some limitations that commercial Airtankers do not (i.e. they require a lead plane, while commercial Airtankers are initial attack certified; they can’t operate out of all existing Airtanker bases; they require fairly large flight and maintenance crews; and it is more time consuming to move MAFFS to different locations than commercial Airtankers).  

The written agreement between the Department of Defense, Department of Agriculture, and Department of the Interior was amended in 2010 to clarify that MAFFS may be used if they are more readily available than commercial Airtankers, even if all commercial Airtankers are not committed.

**How quickly can MAFFs be mobilized?**

The National Interagency Coordination Center (NICC) at the National Interagency Fire Center in Boise, Idaho will coordinate response times with the AEG/CC (Air Expeditionary Group/Commander) or their staff. At a minimum, MAFFS will be loaded on to the C-130s and a qualified leadplane and operational retardant base will be identified prior to mission operations.  In most cases, MAFFS will be operational within 48 to 72 hours from notification. Under circumstances where expedited response is necessary, the NICC in concurrence with the AEG/CC may request a specific MAFFS Airtlift Wing in lieu of the established callout plan.****

**Why were the MAFFS from the 302nd Airlift Wing, Air Force Reserve, Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado activated so much faster in 2013 than in 2012?**

When the Black Forest fire in Colorado started in June, 2013, commercial Airtankers were either fully committed elsewhere or not reasonably available. Due to the emergent circumstances of the fire, NMAC specifically requested response from the 302nd Airlift Wing in Colorado Springs.  The Office of the Secretary of Defense honored the request and the 302nd provided support until the next unit came up in the call-out schedule.  

**What agency support is needed when MAFFS are activated?**

Requests for civilian management personnel and re-positioning of lead planes occur simultaneously and are planned to coincide with the arrival of the military aircraft. Specific airports are designated for these operations with concurrence of the military and the USDA Forest Service. Civilian management personnel include a MAFFS liaison, Airtanker base manager, and  mixmaster for retardant. MAFFS use different aircraft and different retardant delivery systems than commercial aircraft and some Airtanker base managers and mixmasters for retardant may not be familiar with them.  

**Why can’t the Governor of Colorado activate MAFFS for state fires when a flight crew that operates it is based in that state?**

The Airlift Wing that operates MAFFS in Colorado is an Air Force Reserve unit, which is a federal resource that cannot be directly activated by a state Governor. The Governor of Colorado can make a request to NIFC for the MAFFS in Colorado if thought to be of immediate need. 

**Who decides where MAFFS will be located?**

MAFFS are activated and placed based on the national priorities and strategy. The activation base(s) is determined with consideration to current and potential wildfire activity and the overall mix of Airtankers in play.  

**Who decides what fires MAFFS fly on?**

Regional dispatch centers (Geographic Area Coordination Centers) determine which fires MAFFS and other Airtankers fly on based on requests for air support from fire managers on the ground. All suppression assets are dispatched to wildfires based on the concepts of “closest available forces” and “total mobility.” This means that assets located closest to wildfires are dispatched first and that assets can be dispatched to wildfires anywhere.

**Why aren’t MAFFS always mobilized when wildfires occur near the military units that provide the C-130s?**

Since the program was created in the 1970s, the role of MAFFS has been to provide a “surge” capability that can be used to boost wildfire suppression efforts when commercial Airtankers are fully committed or not readily available. The role of MAFFS is based on laws, primarily the Economy Act; policies, such as the Defense Support to Civil Authority (DSCA); and agreements between the USDA Forest Service and the DoD. MAFFS take longer to mobilize, and are less mobile, than commercial Airtankers due to their required support structure and are often mobilized and positioned when and where there is an expectation of sustained wildfire activity.

**Why are MAFFS moved from one Airtanker base to another?**

MAFFS units are positioned and re-positioned, as are other wildfire suppression assets, to ensure that they are in the right place at the right time to meet needs for air support based on current and predicted wildfire activity.

**Why can’t MAFFS operate out of all of the same Airtanker bases as commercial Airtankers?**

The DoD and USDA Forest Service criteria for Airtanker bases for C-130s equipped with MAFFS are different than the criteria for Airtanker bases for commercial Airtankers. The criteria for Airtanker bases for C-130s equipped with MAFFS include the weight bearing capacity of the runway, taxiway, and retardant loading area; the height of objects on the “apron,” or retardant loading area; space for clear areas around the aircraft; the availability of MAFFS-qualified personnel; and adequate logistical support. Many Airtanker bases for commercial Airtankers cannot meet some or all of these criteria.

**How many Airtanker bases can MAFFS operate from?**

Due to military operational constraints, MAFFS can operate from 39 out of the 60 available Large Airtanker bases. 

**Can MAFFS overnight at Airtanker bases that they are not based at?**

Yes, MAFFS can reload retardant and stay overnight at Airtanker bases located away from the activation base and closer to wildfires when needed.  

**Why are cooperator aircraft sometimes mobilized before MAFFS?**

Cooperator aircraft are sometimes determined to be the most appropriate way to meet needs for additional Airtankers because they can often be mobilized faster than MAFFS and can work from any existing Airtanker base. This provides greater flexibility in responding to wildfires occurring over a large geographic area.  

**Can MAFFS be activated internationally?**

MAFFS can be – and have been – made available to assist foreign governments when requested through the Department of State or other diplomatic Memorandum of Understanding (MOU). For example, MAFFS flew wildfire suppression missions in Mexico in 2011. However, international activations of MAFFS may be limited by lack of capability to stand up an adequate support structure. While the military is prepared for rapid international deployments, the USDA Forest Service and other government agencies that provide the support structure for MAFFS are not. For example, the USDA Forest Service and other government agencies require a request for international assistance through the U.S. Department of State; development of a risk assessment for personnel; and that personnel travel with the military on DoD aircraft if possible so that they arrive together.  

**What is the difference between Legacy MAFFS systems and MAFFS II systems?**

In 2011, the USDA Forest Service, which owns the MAFFS systems, successfully transitioned from systems developed in the 1970s, known as “Legacy” systems, to new systems, known as “MAFFS II.” MAFFS II systems incorporate new design features and technology that provide a number of advantages over the Legacy MAFFS systems. While Legacy MAFFS relied on specialized ground-based equipment, the MAFFS II is more self contained. This allows the MAFFS II to use existing agency tanker bases and reduce flight time to and from fires. Ultimately, this results in more efficient use with potentially reduced costs and more retardant on the fire in a timely manner. The MAFFS II provides the capability for higher concentrations of retardant that can be more effective in creating fire containment lines than the Legacy MAFFS.  

**When was the first operational MAFFS II drop?**

The first operational MAFFS II drop was on Thursday, July 15, 2010 on the Skinner incident in Southern California, 3,000 gallons of retardant was dropped. The drop was made by the California Air National Guard using a C-130 J model aircraft.   

**What if the MAFFS II onboard compressors fail?**

If the onboard compressors fail, the MAFFS II systems can be operated like Legacy systems with ground support equipment.

**How do C-130 pilots know where to drop retardant?**

Firefighters on the ground make requests for retardant drops to a dispatch center. Dispatchers determine which aircraft to assign to the drops, based on the “closest available resources” concept. A lead plane pilot guides the C-130 aircraft to the site and communicates with firefighters on the ground to identify the location of the retardant drop. The lead plane and C-130 typically do a “dry run” over the site before actually dropping retardant. 

**What other aircraft will be available for wildfire suppression this year?**

In 2018, the USDA Forest Service will have up to 25 Next Generation Airtankers available for wildfire suppression nationwide (13 through Exclusive Use Contracts, up to 11 through Call When Needed Contracts, and 1 USDA Forest Service) as follows:

*13 Next Generation Airtankers through Exclusive Use Contracts (7 awarded through Next Generation 2.0 Exclusive Use Contracts in 2015 [2 RJ85s, 4 BAe-146s, 1 DC-10]; 6 awarded through Next Generation 1.0 Exclusive Use Contracts in 2013 [1 DC-10, 1 C-130Q, 2 RJ85s, 2MD87s]

*Up to 11 Next Generation Airtankers through Call When Needed Contracts awarded in 2015 (4 RJ85s, 2 DC-10s, 1 L-382G, 4 Bae-146s)  

*1 USDA Forest Service Airtanker (HC-130H) 

The USDA Forest Service will also have the capability to mobilize up to 8 military C-130s equipped with Modular Airborne Fire Fighting Systems (MAFFS) and additional CV580 Airtankers through an agreement with the state of Alaska.

In addition, in 2018, the USDA Forest Service will have available for wildfire suppression nationwide 4 CL415 Water Scoopers through a Call When Needed Contract, up to 9 Water Scoopers available through an agreement with Canada, and 1 Single Engine Airtanker (SEAT) through an Exclusive Use contract.

In 2018, the USDA Forest Service expects to have the ability to mobilize up to 200 helicopters. This includes: 

· 28 heavy, 34 medium (including the night flying helicopter in southern California), and 43 light helicopters through Exclusive Use Contracts**

· Approximately 200 helicopters of all types may be available through Call When Needed Contracts  

In 2018, additional aircraft are expected to be available through U.S. Department of the Interior contracts.  

**What does fire retardant do?**

Retardant is a water-based product designed to alter the way the fire burns, decreasing the fire intensity and slowing the advance of the fire, even after the water it originally contained has evaporated. This enables ground crews to access the area and construct fireline, which is the way wildland fires are suppressed. 

**What is fire retardant made of?**

Long term retardants, mixed for delivery to the fire, contain about 85% water, 10% fertilizer, and 5% minor ingredients:  colorant (iron oxide – rust, or fugitive color that fades with exposure to sunlight), thickener (natural gum and clay), corrosion inhibitors, stabilizers, and bactericides. 

**Why is fire retardant red?**

Colorants are added so that retardant drops are visible.

**Is retardant dropped for political purposes?**

Professional fire managers determine and implement strategies and tactics to suppress wildland fires based on the objectives they are trying to achieve.

**Is video of MAFFS available?**

Video of MAFFS is available on the military Defense Video and Imagery Distribution System (DVIDS) site at

http://www.dvidshub.net/feature/MAFFSAEG

**Information Contact:**

***USDA Forest Service***

Jennifer Jones

Public Affairs Specialist

Washington Office, Fire and Aviation Management

jejones@fs.fed.us

208-387-5437

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