IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

2022-NCCOA-408

No. COA21-468

Filed 21 June 2022

Cumberland County, No. 17 CVD 3664

NEELIMA JAIN, Plaintiff,

v.

ASHOKKUMAR JAIN, AA BUSINESS PROPERTIES, LLC and INDIA 

FOUNDATION, and KIDZCARE PEDIATRICS PC KIDZ CARE PLAZA 

CONDOMINIUM OWNERS ASSOCIATION, INC. and JAIN PROPERTIES, LLC 

and JAIN STERLING PROPERTIES, LLC and 4A PROPERTIES, LLC and 

PEDIATRIC FRANCHISING INC., Defendants.

Appeal by Defendant Ashokkumar Jain from order entered 22 April 2021 by 

Judge Toni S. King in Cumberland County District Court. Heard in the Court of 

Appeals 9 February 2022.

The Armstrong Law Firm, P.A., by L. Lamar Armstrong, III, for 

Plaintiff-Appellee Neelima Jain.

Adams Burge & Boughman, by Harold Lee Boughman, Jr., for 

Defendant-Appellant Ashokkumar Jain.

COLLINS, Judge.

¶ 1 Defendant Ashokkumar Jain appeals from an order requiring him to pay 

$6,196.50 per month in child support to his former wife, Plaintiff Neelima Jain. 

Defendant argues that the trial court made unsupported findings of fact, failed to 

make sufficient findings of fact, and erred and abused its discretion in its award of 
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child support. Because the trial court’s findings of fact concerning the minor child’s 

reasonable needs for shelter, clothing, electricity, and utilities were unsupported by 

competent evidence adduced at the child support hearing, we vacate the order and 

remand to the trial court. 

I. Background

¶ 2 Plaintiff and Defendant married in October 1994, had two children during 

their marriage, and separated in March 2016. Plaintiff filed this action in May 2017 

seeking child support, equitable distribution, alimony, post separation support 

(“PSS”), and attorneys’ fees.1 Plaintiff and Defendant’s older child reached the age of 

majority before they separated but their younger child, the subject of the child 

support claim, reached the age of majority during the pendency of this appeal.

¶ 3 On 1 February 2018, the trial court entered an order obligating Defendant to 

pay Plaintiff $2,370.00 per month for temporary child support for their minor child

and $4,000 per month for PSS.

¶ 4 On 20 January 2021, the parties appeared before the trial court to address 

numerous issues. Plaintiff initially requested, “Administratively, can we proceed 

with the child support first since it’s by testimony?” The trial court answered 

affirmatively. Defendant noted that he had an oral motion to dismiss PSS review 

 

1 Plaintiff and Defendant have been divorced in a separate proceeding in Cumberland 

County.
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because there was no substantial change in circumstances. The trial court stated 

that it would hold Defendant’s motion until after addressing child support and 

confirmed that Plaintiff was “going to move forward with the permanent child 

support” claim. Plaintiff answered yes, and the trial court proceeded to hear

Plaintiff’s claim for permanent child support. The Exhibits/Evidence Log reflects that 

the trial court received the following as exhibits during the child support hearing: 

Defendant’s 2019 W-2, Defendant’s paystub for the first two weeks of May 2020, 

statements of Defendant’s 2019 K-1 distribution income, a statement of Plaintiff and 

Defendant’s joint BB&T account, a statement acknowledging payment of a First 

Citizens Bank loan, an insurance policy for a car driven by the minor child, copies of 

passports for Defendant and the minor child, a Wells Fargo credit card statement,

and documentation of travel and basketball expenses for the minor child. After 

hearing testimony and argument, the trial court stated that it would “have to take 

this under advisement.”

¶ 5 The trial court next held a hearing on motions to modify Defendant’s PSS 

payment.

2 During this hearing, the trial court reminded the parties, “Generally we 

do the post-separation support by affidavits.” The trial court and the parties referred 

to multiple financial affidavits including two executed by Plaintiff: a Post Separation 

 

2 The parties referred to multiple motions pertaining to PSS before the trial court, but 

those motions were not included in the record for the present appeal. 
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Support Affidavit filed in September 2020 (“2020 PSS Affidavit”) and another Post 

Separation Support Affidavit filed in July 2017 (“2017 PSS Affidavit”). The trial court 

marked the 2020 PSS Affidavit, 2017 PSS Affidavit, and other documents as “PSS 

Exhibits” in the Exhibits/Evidence Log under a separate heading from the exhibits 

received during the child support hearing. No live testimony was offered during the 

PSS hearing. At the conclusion of the PSS hearing, the trial court declined to modify

Defendant’s PSS payment. Immediately thereafter, the trial court rendered an oral 

ruling on child support. The trial court subsequently addressed issues concerning

scheduling, discovery, expert witnesses, and interim equitable distribution. 

¶ 6 On 22 April 2021, the trial court entered a Permanent Child Support Order 

and Interim Equitable Distribution Order (“Child Support Order”). The Child 

Support Order required Defendant to pay $6,196.50 per month for permanent child 

support, pay 70% of the minor child’s healthcare costs not covered by insurance,

provide private health insurance coverage for the minor child, and provide an insured 

vehicle for the benefit of the minor child. Defendant appealed.

II. Discussion

¶ 7 Defendant argues that the trial court made findings of fact unsupported by 

evidence properly before the trial court at the child support hearing; failed to make 

sufficiently specific findings concerning the minor child’s reasonable needs; and erred 

and abused its discretion by ordering Defendant to pay $6,196.50 for child support.
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¶ 8 Child support payments “shall be in such amount as to meet the reasonable 

needs of the child for health, education, and maintenance, having due regard to the 

estates, earnings, conditions, accustomed standard of living of the child and the 

parties, the child care and homemaker contributions of each party, and other facts of 

the particular case.” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.4(c) (2021). Ordinarily, the trial court 

“shall determine the amount of child support payments by applying the presumptive 

guidelines[.]” Id. However, where “the parents’ combined adjusted gross income is 

more than $30,000 per month ($360,000 per year), the supporting parent’s basic child 

support obligation cannot be determined by using the child support schedule.” 

Determination of Support in Cases Involving High Combined Income, N.C. Child 

Support Guidelines (2021). 

[W]here the parties’ income exceeds the level set by the 

Guidelines, the trial court’s support order, on a case-bycase basis, must be based upon the interplay of the trial 

court’s conclusions of law as to (1) the amount of support 

necessary to meet the reasonable needs of the child and 

(2) the relative ability of the parties to provide that 

amount. The determination of a child’s needs is largely 

measured by the accustomed standard of living of the child.

Smith v. Smith, 247 N.C. App. 135, 145-46, 786 S.E.2d 12, 21 (2016) (quotation marks 

and citations omitted). “[O]ur appellate courts have long recognized that a child’s 

reasonable needs are not limited to absolutely necessary items if the parents can 
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afford to pay more to maintain the accustomed standard of living of the child.” Id. at 

146, 786 S.E.2d at 22 (citations omitted). 

¶ 9 “[T]o determine the reasonable needs of the child, the trial court must hear 

evidence and make findings of specific fact on the child’s actual past expenditures and 

present reasonable expenses.” Jackson v. Jackson, 280 N.C. App. 325, 

2021-NCCOA-614, ¶ 16 (quotation marks and citation omitted). “These findings 

must, of course, be based upon competent evidence[.]” Atwell v. Atwell, 74 N.C. App. 

231, 234, 328 S.E.2d 47, 49 (1985). We review a trial court’s child support order for 

an abuse of discretion. Jonna v. Yarmada, 273 N.C. App. 93, 122, 848 S.E.2d 33, 54 

(2020). 

¶ 10 Here, the trial court made the following pertinent findings of fact in support of 

its award of $6,196.50 in monthly child support:

12. . . . Defendant’s gross yearly income for 2019 is 

$1,945,664.60, giving Defendant a gross monthly income of 

$162,138.71. 

13. The court has reviewed the financial affidavits, the 

prior order and findings, and the court further explained 

that it is taking judicial notice of the findings in prior 

orders in addition to the evidence presented. 

14. The Court finds the minor child does have reasonable 

needs with regards to shelter, clothing, electricity and 

utilities. 

15. The minor child also has reasonable needs for food, 

transportation, subscriptions to gym memberships and 

other recreational activities that the child was accustomed 
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to when the parties had an intact marriage. 

16. The minor child has reasonable expenses to travel to 

include trips to India at approximately $4,000.00 a ticket 

per year, trips to different countries of an average cost of 

$1,500.00 per year, and local trips within the United States 

at an average yearly cost of approximately $600.00. 

17. The court finds the reasonable expenses for shelter for 

the minor child is approximately $1,850.00, and the minor 

child does reside with the Plaintiff mother, as well as the 

utilities expenses incurred in the home. 

18. The minor child has a reasonable expense for a vehicle 

payment for a Nissan Altima. That the minor child 

previously had a vehicle, a 2020 Honda Civic, that 

Defendant was paying $434.48 per month, but that vehicle 

has since been sold. The current vehicle payment for the 

Altima is approximately $300.00. 

19. There is a vehicle insurance premium of $342.80 per 

month, and that the Court concludes the premium is based 

on the minor child’s maturity and lack of experience in 

driving. 

20. That the minor child does have issues with his knee 

since he is an avid basketball player. The minor child has 

been referred to physical therapy for his knee, where there 

is [a] $70 co-pay for each visit. The minor child needs to go 

twice a week, but has been going one time per week. 

21. The Court will find that the minor child has reasonable 

expenses that suit his accustomed standard of living of 

approximately $6,885.00 and therefore the court is going to 

order said amount. 

22. The Court will find that Defendant has the means and 

ability to pay the child support based on the income that he 

earns. And the court will enter an order requiring the 

parties share in the minor child’s reasonable expense. 
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. . . .

24. The Court finds the Defendant’s share of the minor 

child’s expenses will be 90% which is $6,196.50. . . .

¶ 11 Defendant challenges Finding 14 and Finding 17 as unsupported by competent 

evidence. We agree. Both Plaintiff and Defendant testified at the child support 

hearing, but neither testified concerning the minor child’s expenses for shelter, 

clothing, electricity, or utilities. Plaintiff instead argues that values listed in her 2020 

PSS Affidavit support the trial court’s findings and underscores the trial court’s 

statement that it “reviewed the financial affidavits” prior to making the child support 

award.3

¶ 12 This Court has recognized that parties may introduce affidavits in support of 

claims for child support. See Smith, 247 N.C. App. at 151, 786 S.E.2d at 25

(“Affidavits are acceptable means by which a party can establish” past expenditures 

for a child); Row v. Row, 185 N.C. App. 450, 460, 650 S.E.2d 1, 7 (2007) (holding that 

the parties’ financial affidavits “were competent evidence [] which the trial court was 

allowed to rely on in determining the cost of raising the parties’ children”); Savani v. 

Savani, 102 N.C. App. 496, 502, 403 S.E.2d 900, 904 (1991) (“[A]n affidavit is 

recognized by this court as a basis of evidence for obtaining support.”). However, such 

 

3 Plaintiff’s argument that the trial court’s findings of fact are properly supported does 

not rely on the 2017 PSS Affidavit. 
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affidavits must be properly before the trial court because the trial court is constrained 

to “determine what pertinent facts are actually established by the evidence before it[.]”

Coble v. Coble, 300 N.C. 708, 712, 268 S.E.2d 185, 189 (1980) (emphasis added). 

¶ 13 In this case, the trial court held a child support hearing and a PSS review 

hearing on the same day. But, as both the parties and the trial court acknowledged

on that day, the child support and PSS hearings were distinct proceedings. The trial 

court first held the child support hearing, took the issue under advisement, and then 

heard motions to modify PSS. While the parties and the trial court relied on the PSS 

Affidavits at the PSS hearing, neither Plaintiff nor Defendant sought to admit either 

affidavit during the child support hearing. As a result, the affidavits were not before 

the trial court during the child support hearing and cannot be considered competent 

evidence in support of the trial court’s findings concerning the minor child’s 

reasonable needs. 

¶ 14 Plaintiff contends that a “plethora of cases hold that financial affidavits . . . are 

proper filings from which trial courts may compute child support.” While true, none 

of the cases cited by Plaintiff stand for the proposition that a financial affidavit relied 

upon during a different proceeding, and not submitted at the hearing on child 

support, is sufficient to support findings in an order for permanent child support. See

Koufman v. Koufman, 330 N.C. 93, 98-99, 408 S.E.2d 729, 731-32 (1991) (holding that

the trial court’s adjustment of eleven fixed expenses claimed by the plaintiff was 
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supported by plaintiff's affidavit of financial standing, filed with the trial court prior 

to the completion of the child support hearing); Smith, 247 N.C. App. at 151-52, 786 

S.E.2d at 25-26 (affirming the trial court’s findings of fact because the inconsistency 

in defendant’s testimony explaining her financial affidavits was “only [a] credibility 

issue[] to be resolved by the trial court” and the “evidence before the court otherwise 

established [defendant’s] expenditures for the relevant time period”); Savani, 102 

N.C. App. at 501-02, 403 S.E.2d at 903-04 (rejecting “defendant’s assertion that 

plaintiff’s affidavit did not constitute evidence of actual expenditures” where plaintiff 

testified in explanation of the figures in the affidavit); Byrd v. Byrd, 62 N.C. App. 438, 

440-41, 303 S.E.2d 205, 207-08 (1983) (rejecting plaintiff’s argument that findings in 

the child support order were not sufficiently specific where the trial court “made 

specific reference to the defendant’s affidavit” itemizing the children’s expenses 

“rather than setting forth the specific facts regarding the needs of the children”); 

McLeod v. McLeod, 43 N.C. App. 66, 66-68, 258 S.E.2d 75, 76-77 (1979) (affirming 

child support and alimony awards where the trial court made findings “[o]n the basis 

of extended exhibits and testimony,” including an affidavit of the wife’s expenses, and 

“[n]o exception was taken from these findings of fact”). 

¶ 15 Plaintiff characterizes Defendant’s argument as a “highly technical 

evidentiary argument.” We recognize that trial courts may hear motions for child 

support and PSS concurrently, or may hear such motions consecutively with the 
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parties agreeing, explicitly or implicitly, to have the trial court consider all evidence 

presented for both issues. See, e.g., Gilmartin v. Gilmartin, 263 N.C. App. 104, 

106-07, 822 S.E.2d 771, 773 (2018) (concluding it was clear from the conduct of the 

parties that the trial court heard claims for alimony and equitable distribution during 

the same hearing). But here, the trial court held clearly distinct child support and

PSS review hearings on the same day and nothing in the record supports a conclusion 

that the parties agreed to have the trial court consider all evidence presented at each 

hearing for both issues. It is far from a technicality, and in fact it is a requirement, 

that the trial court is bound to “determine what pertinent facts are actually 

established by the evidence before it[.]” Coble, 300 N.C. at 712, 268 S.E.2d at 189.

¶ 16 For the same reasons, we strike Plaintiff’s supplement to the record on appeal 

pursuant to N.C. R. App. P. 9(b)(5)(a), containing (1) an 18 November 2021 affidavit 

of her trial counsel seeking to explain the proceedings before the trial court, (2) the 

2020 PSS Affidavit, and (3) the 2017 PSS Affidavit, and deny Plaintiff’s motion to 

amend the record to incorporate these documents pursuant to N.C. R. App. P. 

9(b)(5)(b). See State v. McGaha, 274 N.C. App. 232, 238, 851 S.E.2d 659, 663 (2020) 

(holding that a form which had never been filed with or presented to the trial court 

“could not supplement the record on appeal pursuant to Rule 9(b)(5)(a)” and “cannot 

be added to the record on appeal pursuant to Rule 9(b)(5)(b)”).
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¶ 17 Because the 2020 PSS Affidavit was not introduced during the child support 

hearing, it is not competent evidence in support of the trial court’s findings concerning 

the minor child’s reasonable needs. No other evidence in the record supports the trial 

court’s findings concerning the minor child’s reasonable needs for shelter, clothing, 

electricity, and utilities. 

¶ 18 Even if we consider all the findings of fact, including those challenged by 

Defendant, the findings do not support the trial court’s finding of $6,885.00 in 

reasonable expenses for the minor child and the consequent $6,196.50 award of 

monthly child support payments. Our Supreme Court has emphasized that in an 

order for child support,

[e]vidence must support findings; findings must support 

conclusions; conclusions must support the judgment. Each 

step of the progression must be taken by the trial judge, in 

logical sequence; each link in the chain of reasoning must 

appear in the order itself. Where there is a gap, it cannot 

be determined on appeal whether the trial court correctly 

exercised its function to find the facts and apply the law 

thereto.

Coble, 300 N.C. at 714, 268 S.E.2d at 190. Here, the trial court found the following 

specific expenses for the minor child: travel expenses of $4,000 per year for trips to 

India, $1,500 per year for trips internationally, and $600 per year for trips 

domestically; shelter expenses of $1,850 per month; a $300 monthly car payment; a 

$342.80 monthly car insurance premium; and a $70 copay for physical therapy, which 
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the minor child needed to attend twice weekly. These values total only $3,561.13 

monthly. While the trial court found that “the minor child does have reasonable 

needs with regards to . . . clothing, electricity and utilities[,]” as well as “food, 

transportation, subscriptions to gym memberships and other recreational activities,”

the trial court did not find what those needs were. Contrary to Plaintiff’s suggestion 

that the trial court’s permanent child support award is supported in part by her

testimony that the $2,370 in temporary support was insufficient to meet the minor 

child’s needs, there is no indication that the expenses found by the trial court in the 

Child Support Order were additional to, and not overlapping with, the expenses 

reflected in the previous award of temporary child support.

¶ 19 As Defendant argues, “there is no indication of any methodology applied by the 

trial court” to reach the finding of $6,885 in reasonable expenses for the minor child 

and the award of $6,196.50 in monthly child support payments. See Diehl v. Diehl, 

177 N.C. App. 642, 653, 630 S.E.2d 25, 32 (2006) (concluding that it was “impossible 

to determine on appeal where the figures used by the trial court came from at all” 

where the trial court found only lump sum values for the children’s reasonable needs 

and there was “no indication of what methodology or facts the trial court considered”). 

III. Conclusion

¶ 20 The trial court’s findings concerning the minor child’s reasonable needs for 

shelter, clothing, electricity, and utilities were unsupported by competent evidence in 
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the record before the trial court in the child support hearing. Additionally, the trial 

court’s findings concerning the minor child’s reasonable needs did not support its 

award of child support. Accordingly, we vacate the Child Support Order and remand 

to the trial court. “On remand, the trial court, in its discretion, may enter a new order 

based on the existing record, or may conduct further proceedings including a new 

evidentiary hearing if necessary.” Kaiser v. Kaiser, 259 N.C. App. 499, 511, 816 

S.E.2d 223, 232 (2018) (citation omitted).

VACATED AND REMANDED.

Judges ZACHARY and CARPENTER concur.