IN THE SUPREME COURT, STATE OF WYOMING

2022 WY 128

 OCTOBER TERM, A.D. 2022

October 17, 2022

IN THE INTEREST OF: BP and CS, 

minor children,

NP,

Appellant

(Respondent),

v.

THE STATE OF WYOMING,

Appellee

(Petitioner).

S-22-0073

Appeal from the District Court of Laramie County

The Honorable Peter H. Froelicher, Judge

Representing Appellant:

Melissa R. Theriault, Woodhouse Roden Ames & Brennan, LLC, Cheyenne, 

Wyoming. Argument by Ms. Theriault.

Representing Appellee:

Bridget Hill, Wyoming Attorney General; Misha Westby*, Deputy Attorney 

General; Christina F. McCabe, Senior Assistant Attorney General; Wendy S. Ross, 

Senior Assistant Attorney General. Argument by Ms. Ross. 

Guardian ad Litem:

Joseph R. Belcher, Director, Wyoming Office of Guardian ad Litem; Kimberly 

Skoutary Johnson, Chief Trial and Appellate Counsel. 

Before FOX, C.J., and KAUTZ, BOOMGAARDEN, GRAY, and FENN, JJ.

* An Order Allowing Withdrawal of Counsel was entered on July 26, 2022.
NOTICE: This opinion is subject to formal revision before publication in Pacific Reporter Third. Readers are 

requested to notify the Clerk of the Supreme Court, Supreme Court Building, Cheyenne, Wyoming 82002, of 

any typographical or other formal errors so that correction may be made before final publication in the 

permanent volume.
1

GRAY, Justice. 

[¶1] The Department of Family Services (DFS) recommended changing the permanency 

plan for minor siblings BP and CS from reunification to adoption. The juvenile court held 

an evidentiary hearing after which it ordered the permanency plan be changed to adoption. 

NP (Mother) appeals and we affirm. 

ISSUE

[¶2] Did the juvenile court abuse its discretion when it found that DFS made reasonable 

efforts to reunify Mother with her children and changed the permanency plan from 

reunification to adoption? 

FACTS 

[¶3] Mother, CS (age 13), and BP (age 10)1 have a long history with child protection 

agencies, starting in 2008, when a neglect case against Mother was opened in Colorado 

(CS was less than one year old at the time) and continuing through the present Wyoming 

case. This case commenced on February 4, 2021, when the Laramie County District 

Attorney’s office filed a petition alleging Mother neglected her children. At that time, 

Mother was incarcerated in Albany County, Wyoming. Her incarceration resulted from a 

vehicle pursuit that began in Colorado, when Mother, with her two younger children in her 

car, allegedly shot at a police officer, and then fled. The pursuit ended in Albany County, 

Wyoming, where Mother was arrested.2

 At some point after Mother’s arrest, CS and BP 

were being cared for by one of Mother’s friends in Laramie County. An emergency hearing 

to address custody of CS and BP was held in February 2021. The juvenile court placed the 

children in the legal and physical custody of DFS for placement in foster care. 

Approximately a month later, the juvenile court found the children were neglected by 

Mother. 

[¶4] In March 2021, DFS developed a case plan for the family. The case plan identified 

five areas for Mother to address: sobriety, a healthy support system, health care for the 

children, mental health, and parenting education. For each of those areas, the plan set forth 

discrete tasks for Mother to complete. Those tasks included: 

• Attending and participating in sobriety groups while incarcerated then obtaining 

documentation of her attendance and mailing it to DFS monthly; 

1 Mother has two other children, BN and DN. Those children came into DFS custody in Albany County

based on the same conduct underlying this case. Their case is the subject of a companion appeal, Interest 

of: BN & DN, 2022 WY ---, --- P.3d --- (Wyo. 2022) (S-22-0071). 

2 BN and DN were taken into protective custody in Albany County. 
2

• Working with DFS to obtain written resources, if sobriety groups were unavailable 

due to COVID-19, and detailing learning in monthly reports to DFS;

• Participating in drug testing after release to demonstrate sobriety;

• Working with DFS to identify supportive people in her life;

• Working with a therapist to identify characteristics of healthy, supportive 

relationships;

• Establishing primary care physicians, eye doctors, and dentists for CS and BP;

• Participating in individual therapy, beginning by July 1, 2021, and signing a release 

of information to DFS;

• Attending and participating in family therapy with CS when recommended by CS’s

therapist;

• Attending and participating in family therapy with BP when recommended by BP’s 

therapist; and 

• Working with DFS caseworker to obtain parenting education materials and writing 

a monthly letter detailing what she learned.

[¶5] In early April 2021, DFS completed and filed a Predisposition Report (PDR). The 

PDR summarized Mother’s history of mental health issues, substance abuse, and law 

enforcement contacts. The PDR explained that “[w]ithout medication it seems based on 

[Mother’s] history she struggles with maintaining appropriate relationships, maintaining 

steady employment, substance abuse, . . . and has racing thoughts and manic behaviors.” 

The PDR lists thirty-two law enforcement contacts with Mother between February 2007 

and April 2018. Of those, ten related to domestic abuse, child abuse and neglect, or child 

endangerment. The remaining contacts referenced substance abuse, harassing conduct, and 

theft. 

[¶6] The PDR also summarized Mother’s history of contact with child protection 

agencies. Those contacts began in November 2008, when Mother was referred to Colorado 

Child Protective Services for methamphetamine use, exposing eleven-month-old CS to 

drugs, and using Tylenol and Benadryl to sedate CS, causing him to sleep up to twenty

hours per day. From 2008 to the present, there were approximately twenty-three child 

welfare reports related to Mother’s substance abuse, abuse and neglect of the children, 

domestic violence, criminal behavior, and mental health. Some of those reports resulted 

in the removal of CS and BP from Mother’s care. In Colorado, CS was removed from 

Mother’s care in 2008. CS and BP were removed again in 2012 and remained in the 

custody of Colorado Child Protective Services through 2013, when the children were 

placed in a permanent guardianship.3

 In November 2016, a review hearing was held in 

Colorado to consider a change of permanency plan to termination and adoption. At that 

hearing, the Colorado court placed the children with another friend of Mother’s in 

3 The record is devoid of details of the guardianship and does not reference its current status.
3

Wyoming.4 The children moved to Wyoming. Subsequently, two cases were opened. All 

four children were in foster care from November 2016 through November 2017, and again 

from March 2018 through early 2020. Both times, Mother substantially complied with her 

case plan and all four children were returned to her care. 

[¶7] When the case at issue here was opened, DFS recommended a permanency plan of 

adoption. This recommendation stemmed from Mother’s current criminal charges and her 

history with law enforcement and child protective services. After a disposition hearing in 

May 2021, the juvenile court rejected DFS’ recommendation, ordered a permanency plan 

of reunification, and adopted the recommendations of the case plan. 

[¶8] Multidisciplinary team (MDT) meetings were held in March, June, July, and 

October 2021. At these meetings, DFS noted Mother made progress on aspects of her case 

plan. Mother’s comments at MDT meetings were often “erratic and hard to follow.” At 

each of these meetings, DFS and the Guardian ad Litem recommended the permanency 

plan be changed to adoption. Mother disagreed, each time recommending the plan remain 

reunification. 

[¶9] Mother completed an Addiction Severity Index (ASI) evaluation in March 2021. 

The ASI recommended Mother complete a psychiatric evaluation and receive treatment for 

substance abuse. Mother was placed on a waiting list for an inpatient substance abuse 

treatment facility. 

[¶10] In May 2021, Mother was found incompetent to proceed to trial in the criminal case. 

She was admitted to the Wyoming State Hospital for inpatient psychiatric treatment to 

restore competency.5

 Mother engaged in some mental health treatment and therapy groups 

while at the Wyoming State Hospital. 

[¶11] At the November 2021 permanency hearing, Mother’s DFS caseworker testified that 

Mother had completed the parenting education materials DFS had sent her, and she 

continued to participate in therapy at the Wyoming State Hospital. She also testified that 

Mother’s incarceration was an obstacle to completion of the remaining tasks. Mother had 

not completed inpatient sobriety treatment, established a healthy family support system, or 

found primary care providers for her children. She had not participated in family therapy 

with the children—the children’s therapists had recommended against it. Mother’s 

caseworker explained, “the amount of time that she will spend incarcerated is a big 

unknown right now . . .” and testified Mother’s current status of “being detained in Albany 

[County] and then placed [in] the state hospital” is a barrier to achieving reunification. 

4 This hearing and placement were conducted under the Interstate Compact on the Placement of Children. 

Nothing in the record indicates how or why the children were placed with Mother’s friend. 5 Mother was diagnosed with “unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders” and was 

placed on antipsychotic and antianxiety medications at the Wyoming State Hospital. 
4

Mother’s caseworker also expressed reservations about Mother’s ability to manage her 

mental health and medications when not incarcerated. She was concerned with the family’s 

extensive history with child protection services. At the time of the hearing, CS had spent 

approximately forty-three months in foster care, and BP approximately thirty-four months. 

She testified that she did not believe Mother could provide a safe home for the children 

and that adoption was in the children’s best interests. 

[¶12] Both CS and BP testified that they wish to be adopted and would prefer not to see 

their mother.6

 

[¶13] Mother’s only witness was Dr. Anthony Delmonte, her psychiatrist at the Wyoming 

State Hospital. Dr. Delmonte testified that Mother was compliant with her medication 

treatment and was attending individual and group therapies. He testified that initially it 

was “difficult to have a conversation with” Mother, but by the time of the hearing, he could 

have productive conversations with her. Dr. Delmonte also testified that Mother would 

likely need to stay on her medication, and she may require treatment for the rest of her life. 

At the end of the hearing, the juvenile court took the matter under advisement. 

[¶14] On November 29, 2021, the juvenile court issued its oral ruling and subsequently 

issued a written order changing the permanency plan to adoption and relieving DFS from 

further reunification efforts. Mother timely appeals. 

STANDARD OF REVIEW

[¶15] “We review the juvenile court’s decision to change a permanency plan for an abuse 

of discretion.” Int. of AM, 2021 WY 119, ¶¶ 8–9, 497 P.3d 914, 918 (Wyo. 2021) (citing 

Int. of: AA, 2021 WY 18, ¶ 33, 479 P.3d 1252, 1261 (Wyo. 2021)). “A court does not 

abuse its discretion unless it acts in a manner which exceeds the bounds of reason under 

the circumstances.” Id. ¶ 9, 497 P.3d at 918 (quoting AA, ¶ 33, 479 P.3d at 1261). When 

a parent challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to support the juvenile court’s decision, 

“we examine the evidence in the light most favorable to the party prevailing below, 

assuming all favorable evidence to be true while discounting conflicting evidence 

presented by the unsuccessful party.” Id. (quoting Matter of JPL, 2021 WY 94, ¶ 21, 493 

P.3d 174, 180 (Wyo. 2021)). 

ANALYSIS 

[¶16] When the permanency plan is reunification, “the Department must make reasonable 

efforts to ‘eliminate the need to remove the child[ren] from the home, or to make it possible 

6 At MDT meetings, CS consistently indicated that he did not want to reunify with Mother and that he 

preferred to not have any contact with her. BP indicated that he did not want to live with Mother but had 

different opinions throughout the case as to whether he would like contact with her. 
5

for the child[ren] to safely return’ home.” Int. of MA, 2022 WY 29, ¶ 29, 505 P.3d 179, 

186 (Wyo. 2022) (quoting AM, ¶ 15, 497 P.3d at 920 (citing Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 14-3-

440(a))). Pursuant to Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 14-3-431(k)(i), the juvenile court must assess the 

DFS’ efforts at permanency hearings, and it must determine “whether the permanency plan 

is in the best interest of the child and whether the [DFS] has made reasonable efforts to 

finalize the plan[.]” The statutes do not define reasonable efforts, but we have held that 

the juvenile court’s “[r]easonable efforts determination[] shall include whether or not 

services to the family have been accessible, available and appropriate,” Int. of SW, 2021 

WY 81, ¶ 20, 491 P.3d 264, 270 (Wyo. 2021) (quoting Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 14-3-440(e)), 

and whether efforts were “tailored to the distinct circumstances of each case.” MA, ¶ 30, 

505 P.3d at 186. “[T]o demonstrate that its efforts were reasonable, [DFS] must make clear 

the reasons that necessitated the out of home placement in the first place, and then show 

how its efforts were directed at remedying those reasons.” Id. At the same time, the 

juvenile court must evaluate the DFS’ efforts on a “case-by-case basis, taking into 

consideration the totality of the circumstances.” Id. ¶ 31, 505 P.3d at 186 (citing 1 Thomas 

A. Jacobs, Children and the Law: Rights and Obligations § 3:10, Westlaw (database update

May 2021); SW, ¶ 20, 491 P.3d at 270). 

[¶17] To change a permanency plan, the State must prove by a preponderance of the 

evidence that the current plan is not in the child’s best interests and that DFS has made 

reasonable, but unsuccessful, efforts to finalize the plan. Wyo. Stat. Ann. § 14-3-431(k)(i); 

AM, ¶ 11, 497 P.3d at 918; SW, ¶ 17, 491 P.3d at 269; In Int. of JW, 2018 WY 22, ¶ 19, 

411 P.3d 422, 426 (Wyo. 2018) (“to change a permanency plan from one aimed at family 

reunification to one directed toward adoption, the DFS must show that it made reasonable 

efforts to achieve unification without success”). “If the juvenile court determines the State 

has met its burden, it may order a change in the permanency plan.” AM, ¶ 11, 497 P.3d at

918 (citing SW, ¶ 17, 491 P.3d at 269). 

[¶18] Here, the juvenile court found that DFS established it had made reasonable efforts 

to reunify the family, stating DFS had “done as much as [it] can at this point based upon 

the current status of the case and [the] current status of [Mother’s criminal matter],” and 

determined that adoption is in the best interests of CS and BP. Mother does not contest the 

juvenile court’s findings regarding CS’s and BP’s best interests. Rather, she contends that 

the juvenile court abused its discretion when it found that DFS made reasonable efforts to 

reunify her with her children. Mother argues that DFS’ efforts were not “accessible, 

available and appropriate.” See SW, ¶ 20, 491 P.3d at 270. We find that the juvenile court 

did not abuse its discretion when it determined DFS made reasonable, albeit unsuccessful, 

efforts to reunite CS and BP with Mother. 

[¶19] The “reasonableness” of the DFS’ efforts must be assessed in the context of each 

case. In re DRS, 2011 WY 128, ¶ 33, 261 P.3d 697, 706 (Wyo. 2011) (“Reasonable efforts 

are determined on a case-by-case basis.”). Here, from the inception of the case, Mother 

was incarcerated or at the Wyoming State Hospital and, at the permanency hearing, the 
6

duration of her incarceration was unknown. A parent’s incarceration does not relieve DFS 

of its obligation to make efforts to finalize the permanency plan, even a plan of 

reunification. See JW, ¶ 26, 411 P.3d at 427 (finding reasonable efforts where DFS adapted 

its efforts after father went to prison in order to assist him in working toward his case 

objectives); In re FM, 2007 WY 128, ¶¶ 12–14, 163 P.3d 844, 848 (Wyo. 2007) (DFS did 

not establish reasonable efforts to reunify when it did not update the case plan after mother 

went to jail and when it made no attempts to facilitate contact once mother was 

incarcerated.). 

[¶20] At the beginning of this case, DFS identified the family’s needs to include individual

therapy, family therapy, sibling therapy, substance abuse treatment, and parenting 

education. In accordance with the juvenile court’s order requiring reunification efforts, 

DFS made efforts to address the family’s needs and reunify, including: 

• Referring Mother for a substance abuse evaluation (ASI), which was completed in 

March 2021;7

• Offering to work with Mother to find sobriety support groups while incarcerated (or 

to obtain written materials if groups were not available); 

• Referring Mother for counseling services and accepting her counseling at Wyoming 

State Hospital as satisfying this requirement;8 

• Obtaining psychiatric evaluations of and counseling for the children; 

• Searching for a male therapist for CS; 

• Involving Mother in treatment decisions for the children; 

• Providing Mother with parenting education materials and receiving her completion 

reports via Mother’s attorney; 

• Meeting regularly with Mother about the case, her progress, and facilitating monthly 

family team meetings and MDT meetings; 

• Attempting to locate CS’s and BP’s fathers; and 

• Providing Mother’s partner with a foster care application (as requested by Mother), 

which was ultimately denied, and then facilitating visits between the children and

Mother’s partner. 

[¶21] DFS was simultaneously making efforts and providing services to Mother in a 

separate Albany County case. See Interest of: BN & DN, 2022 WY ---, --- P.3d --- (Wyo. 

2022) (S-22-0071). Both Wyoming and Colorado have provided reunification services to 

Mother. The prior Wyoming cases were initiated in 2016 and 2018. In November 2016, a 

7 The ASI recommended a psychiatric evaluation and inpatient treatment services. Mother was accepted at 

a treatment facility and was placed on its waitlist pending her release from incarceration. 8 It was in the context of her criminal matter that Mother was found incompetent to stand trial and was 

placed at the Wyoming State Hospital where she was diagnosed and treated for schizophrenia. That 

diagnosis had not been made during evaluations in her other DFS and out-of-state child protective services 

interactions. 
7

neglect proceeding was commenced and all four of Mother’s children were placed in 

protective custody until January 2018, when the family was reunited after fifteen months 

of efforts. Just two months later, in March 2018, law enforcement again took protective 

custody of the children after Mother left the children without a caretaker. Shortly 

thereafter, independent of the events that led to this case, Mother was involved in a vehicle 

pursuit with law enforcement which led to her arrest. The neglect case arising from those 

incidents remained open until March 2020, when Mother was again reunited with the 

children. By the end of September 2021, CS and BP had been placed in Wyoming DFS 

custody three times. DFS had made three different attempts to reunify the family and had 

expended more than $190,000 providing services to the family. By any account, DFS’ 

efforts have been substantial. 

[¶22] Mother argues that DFS’ efforts were not “accessible, available and appropriate.” 

See SW, ¶ 20, 491 P.3d at 270. She relies on MA, ¶¶ 30–31, 505 P.3d at 186. 

[¶23] Mother asserts that, as in MA, DFS’ efforts failed because they did not address the 

underlying reasons for the conduct leading to her arrest, and DFS failed to tailor its efforts 

to address Mother’s mental health issues.9 In MA, we found DFS “provided minimal, 

informational assistance and was inflexible and disengaged from Mother and her unique 

circumstances.” MA, ¶ 33, 505 P.3d at 187. Mother’s reliance on MA is out of context. In 

MA, there were no allegations of abuse or neglect against the mother, and DFS never set 

forth its reasons for removing the children from the mother’s home. Id. ¶¶ 32–33, 505 P.3d 

at 187. Among other paucities, DFS did not assist the mother with enrolling in parenting 

or counseling services. Its efforts consisted of providing “one list of providers and a 

handful of reminders.” Id. ¶ 35, 505 P.3d at 188. While in MA, we found of “particular 

concern . . . the lack of evidence from the Department that it considered how Mother’s 

mental health affected her ability to comply with the court ordered requirements,” id. ¶ 36, 

505 P.3d at 188, this was one factor which cannot be viewed in isolation. The mother in 

MA enrolled in and attended counseling. She communicated with her caseworker, 

attempted visitation, and attended parenting classes. In these efforts, she received little to 

no assistance from DFS. Id. ¶¶ 37–48, 505 P.3d at 188–90. On review of the entire record, 

we concluded that DFS “failed to show that it tailored its efforts to Mother’s unique 

circumstances.” Id. ¶ 36, 505 P.3d at 188. 

[¶24] As detailed in the preceding paragraphs, here, in contrast to MA, Mother was 

adjudicated neglectful. She received extensive services (from Wyoming DFS and from 

child protective services in other states) over a period of twelve years. See In Int. of JG, 

9 To the extent Mother argues that to meet its statutory requirement to provide reasonable efforts to reunify 

the family DFS had to obtain a diagnosis of and treatment for schizophrenia, we disagree. Over the years, 

and in this case, DFS required Mother to obtain mental health evaluations and to seek therapy. DFS has no 

obligation to second guess diagnoses made by professionals. 
8

742 P.2d 770, 773–74 (Wyo. 1987) (Trial court could rely upon evidence of unsuccessful 

rehabilitative efforts in Oklahoma to terminate parental rights of father.). 

[¶25] In her current case, these services include parenting education using a book and 

reporting in lieu of classes, and recommended counseling which Mother received at the 

Wyoming State Hospital. DFS provided services to CS and BP including counseling. 

Despite these efforts, CS’s and BP’s counselors did not recommend contact with Mother. 

Both CS and BP testified they did not want to return to Mother. It appears DFS provided 

all the services that it could, given Mother’s incarceration, her hospitalization, and the 

children’s status. What is reasonable must take into account Mother’s incarceration and 

what services are available under the circumstances. See JW, ¶ 21, 411 P.3d at 426 n.8 

(citing In re Doe, 60 P.3d 285, 295 (Haw. 2002); In re M.T., 613 N.W.2d 690, 692 (Iowa 

Ct. App. 2000) (both holding that any limitation on the scope of efforts is attributable not 

to DFS, but to the parent’s criminal behavior and subsequent incarceration)). In the context 

of Mother’s long history with child protective services in Colorado and Wyoming and her 

incarceration, the juvenile court did not abuse its discretion when it concluded DFS made 

reasonable efforts to reunify Mother with CS and BP. 

[¶26] We affirm.