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                    Health Information
                    Urologic Diseases
                    Kidney Stones in Children
                    Eating, Diet, & Nutrition

    Related Topics
        Kidney Stones in Children
        Definition & Facts
                Symptoms & Causes
                Diagnosis
                Treatment & Prevention
                Eating, Diet, & Nutrition
                Clinical TrialsEating, Diet, & Nutrition for Kidney Stones in Children
Can what children eat or drink help prevent kidney stones?
Drinking enough liquid, mainly water, is the most important lifestyle change a child or teenager can make to prevent kidney stones. A teenager should drink six to eight 8-ounce glasses a day, unless he or she has kidney failure. Younger children can follow their health care professional’s guidance on how much liquid to drink to prevent kidney stones.
Studies have shown that the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet can reduce the risk of kidney stones. Learn more about the DASH diet.1
Studies have shown that being overweight increases a child’s risk of kidney stones. A dietitian can help plan meals to lose weight.
Does the type of kidney stone affect a child’s food choices?
Yes. If a child has already had kidney stones, ask what type he or she had. Based on the type of kidney stone, changing the amount sodium, animal protein, calcium, or oxalate eaten may help prevent kidney stones.
Specific diets may help with each of these types of kidney stones:
Calcium Oxalate Stones
    Calcium Phosphate Stones
    Uric Acid Stones
    Cystine StonesA dietitian who specializes in kidney stone prevention can help plan meals. Find a dietitian who can help.
Calcium Oxalate Stones
**Reduce oxalate**
Most children who have calcium oxalate stones don't need to limit how much oxalate they take in through food.  The best diet depends on the underlying causes of each child's kidney stones. However, when kidney stones are linked to the amount of oxalate eaten, a child may want to avoid these foods to help reduce oxalate in the urine:
nuts and nut products
    peanuts—which are legumes, not nuts, and are high in oxalate
    rhubarb
    spinach
    wheat branA health care provider can explain other food sources of oxalate and how much oxalate is safe to eat.
**Reduce sodium**
The chances of developing kidney stones increase when children eat more sodium. Sodium is a part of salt. Sodium is in many canned, packaged, and fast foods. It is also in many condiments, seasonings, and meats.
Talk with a health care professional about how much sodium is right for children who are trying to avoid kidney stones. See tips to reduce sodium intake.
**Limit animal protein**
Eating animal protein can make a child more likely to develop kidney stones.
A health care professional may recommend limiting animal protein, including
beef, chicken, and pork, especially organ meats
    eggs
    fish and shellfish
    milk, cheese, and other dairy productsAlthough a child may need to eat less animal protein each day, he or she needs enough protein for good health. Consider replacing some meat and animal protein with beans, dried peas, and lentils, which are plant-based foods that are high in protein and low in oxalate.
Talk with a health care professional about how much total protein a child may need—whether from animal or plant sources—depending on the child’s age, size, and activities.
**Get enough calcium from foods**
All children need a certain amount of calcium to remain healthy and to keep their bones strong. Talk with a health care professional about how much calcium to consume to prevent getting more calcium oxalate stones. Getting the recommended amount of calcium—from food, not supplements—is important to help prevent another kidney stone from developing.  In the right amounts, calcium can block other substances in the digestive tract that may lead to stones.
It may be best to get calcium from low-oxalate, plant-based foods such as calcium-fortified juices, cereals, breads, some kinds of vegetables, and some types of beans. Ask a dietitian or other health care professional which foods are the best sources of calcium.
Calcium Phosphate Stones
**Reduce sodium**
The chances of developing kidney stones increase when children eat more sodium. Sodium is a part of salt. Sodium is in many canned, packaged, and fast foods. It is also in many condiments, seasonings, and meats.
Talk with a health care professional about how much sodium is right for children who are trying to avoid kidney stones. See tips to reduce sodium intake.
**Limit animal protein**
Eating animal protein can make a child more likely to develop kidney stones.
A health care professional may recommend limiting animal protein, including
beef, chicken, and pork, especially organ meats
    eggs
    fish and shellfish
    milk, cheese, and other dairy productsAlthough a child may need to eat less animal protein each day, he or she needs enough protein for good health. Consider replacing some meat and animal protein with these plant-based foods that are high in protein:
legumes such as beans, dried peas, lentils, and peanuts
    soy foods, such as soy milk, soy nut butter, and tofu
    nuts and nut products, such as almonds and almond butter, cashews and cashew butter, walnuts, and pistachios
    sunflower seedsTalk with a health care professional about how much total protein a child may need—whether from animal or plant sources—depending on the child’s age, size, and activities.
**Get enough calcium from foods**
All children need a certain amount of calcium to remain healthy and to keep their bones strong. Talk with a health care professional about how much calcium to consume to prevent getting more calcium phosphate stones. Getting the recommended amount of calcium—from food, not supplements—is important to help prevent another kidney stone from developing.  In the right amounts, calcium can block other substances in the digestive tract that may lead to stones.
It may be best to get calcium from plant-based foods such as calcium-fortified juices, cereals, breads, some kinds of vegetables, and some types of beans. Ask a dietitian or other health care professional which foods are the best sources of calcium.
Uric Acid Stones
**Limit animal protein**
Eating animal protein can make a child more likely to develop kidney stones.
A health care professional may recommend limiting animal protein, including
beef, chicken, and pork, especially organ meats
    eggs
    fish and shellfish
    milk, cheese, and other dairy productsAlthough a child may need to eat less animal protein each day, he or she needs enough protein for good health. Consider replacing some meat and animal protein with these plant-based foods that are high in protein:
legumes such as beans, dried peas, lentils, and peanuts
    soy foods, such as soy milk, soy nut butter, and tofu
    nuts and nut products, such as almonds and almond butter, cashews and cashew butter, walnuts, and pistachios
    sunflower seedsTalk with a health care professional about how much total protein a child may need—whether from animal or plant sources—depending on the child’s age, size, and activities.
Cystine Stones
Drinking enough liquid, mainly water, is the most important lifestyle change children can make to prevent cystine stones. Talk with a health care professional about how much liquid a child may need, depending on the child’s age, size, and activities.
**Tips to Reduce Sodium Intake**
Most Americans consume too much sodium. Adults and children age 14 and older should consume less than 2,300 mg a day.2 Younger children should consume even less sodium, as shown in the table below. Children who’ve had calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate stones need to limit sodium, even if they also take medicine to prevent kidney stones.
One teaspoon of table salt has 2,325 milligrams (mg) of sodium.3
Age
            Maximum daily sodium intake21-3 years
            1,200 mg4-8 years
            1,500 mg9-13 years
            1,800 mg14 years and older
            2,300 mgHere are some tips to help reduce sodium intake:
Check the Percent Daily Value (%DV) for sodium on the Nutrition Facts label found on many foods. Low in sodium is 5% or less, and high in sodium is 20% or more.Image of the Percent Daily Value (%DV) for sodium on the Nutrition Facts labelConsider writing down the total sodium consumed each day.
    Ask about the sodium content in restaurant meals.
    Cook from scratch. Avoid processed and fast foods, canned soups and vegetables, and lunch meats.
    Look for foods labeled: sodium free, salt free, very low sodium, low sodium, reduced or less sodium, light in sodium, no salt added, unsalted, and lightly salted.Check labels for ingredients and hidden sodium, such as
sodium bicarbonate, the chemical name for baking soda
    baking powder, which contains sodium bicarbonate and other chemicals
    disodium phosphate
    monosodium glutamate, or MSG
    sodium alginate
    sodium nitrate or nitriteReferences
[1] Taylor EN, Fung TT, Curhan GC. DASH-style diet associates with reduced risk for kidney stones. *Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.* 2009;20(10):2253–2259.
[2] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. *Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020—2025*. 9th ed. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Published December 2020. Accessed July 15, 2021. www.dietaryguidelines.gov
[3] National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Basic Report: 02047, Salt, table. *Agricultural Research Service, National Nutrient Database for Standard Reference, Release 27.* United States Department of Agriculture. Accessed May 8, 2017.        Last Reviewed May 2017
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