COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Elder and Beales 

Argued at Chesapeake, Virginia 

ERIC RYAN, S/K/A 

 ERIC BERNARD RYAN 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION* BY 

v. Record No. 1818-05-1 CHIEF JUDGE WALTER S. FELTON, JR. 

 JULY 25, 2006 

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA 

 FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF VIRGINIA BEACH 

A. Bonwill Shockley, Judge 

 Aleasa D. Leonard, Assistant Public Defender (Office of the Public 

Defender, on brief), for appellant. 

 Rosemary V. Bourne, Assistant Attorney General (Robert F. 

McDonnell, Attorney General, on brief), for appellee. 

Eric Bernard Ryan (“appellant”) was convicted of killing a companion animal in 

violation of Code § 3.1-796.122. He was sentenced to five years imprisonment, with four years 

and eight months suspended.1

 Appellant argues the evidence was insufficient to convict him of 

violating Code § 3.1-796.122. He further argues that Code § 3.1-796.122 is ambiguous and 

permitted, at most, a conviction of a misdemeanor. 

BACKGROUND 

 The evidence at trial established that in January 2004, James Rainey (“Rainey”) and 

Denny Wagner (“Wagner”), neighborhood teenagers, were waiting for their school bus in front 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 

1

 Appellant was also convicted of “fail to pay tax, no rabies vaccine, and deposit 

maimed/disabled animal on street,” all misdemeanors. Those matters are not before the Court in 

this appeal. 
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of Wagner’s home. Appellant, who was standing with them, was temporarily residing with 

Wagner’s mother. He housed his dog “Jadis,” a fifty-pound female pit bull, in the fenced yard 

behind the house. 

Appellant lured a neighborhood cat into the home’s garage by calling “[c]ome here, 

kitty . . . [c]ome hear [sic] cat . . . [c]ome to the garage.” After the cat went into the garage, 

appellant closed the garage door and told Rainey he was going to “teach the cat a lesson.” 

Appellant then brought the pit bull into the closed garage. 

Appellant directed the pit bull to attack the cat, saying “get ‘em, Jadis, get the cat.” 

When the cat tried to escape by jumping on shelves and onto a car in the garage, appellant 

“knocked it off the shelf and car with a broom so his dog could get it.” Eventually, after chasing 

the cat for a “few minutes,” the pit bull caught it and “locked its jaws around its neck” for 

approximately thirty seconds, while the cat was “grunting and breathing heavy.” On appellant’s 

command, the pit bull released the cat, which thereafter “barely limped” under a vehicle parked 

in the garage. Appellant then pushed the cat out of the garage with the broom. The wounded cat 

made its way under another vehicle on the road outside the garage. Appellant then pushed it 

from underneath that vehicle, telling it to “get off the property.” The cat limped across the street 

and took refuge under another vehicle. Appellant “left it there and said it was gone.” Rainey 

observed that the cat “didn’t have much left” as it went underneath yet another car parked on the 

road. Appellant did not contact authorities or seek veterinary medical attention for the cat. 

After school, Rainey and his parents searched unsuccessfully for the cat but did see blood 

underneath the car where it previously took refuge. They contacted Animal Control. 

Officer D.W. Humphries (“Officer Humphries”), an Animal Control officer, eventually 

found the cat four houses down from appellant’s home “on the side of the road on the curb.” It 

was in “very bad condition” and “appeared to have been attacked by another animal or a dog.” 
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The “incapacitated” cat was examined by Dr. Mark Roberts (“Dr. Roberts”), a veterinarian, who 

observed that the cat “had several wounds above the neck and was disoriented . . . was unable to 

walk, unable to stand . . . [and had] difficult[y] breathing.” He determined that the injuries were 

untreatable and that it would be “inhumane to keep this cat alive.” He concluded the cause of the 

cat’s injuries to be blunt force trauma and “puncture wounds that entered into the skull above the 

neck that would appear to be associated with a bite wound.” 

 Officer J.E. Cason (“Officer Cason”), another Animal Control officer, went to appellant’s 

residence to investigate the incident the day following the incident. In the garage, he observed 

blood in “several spots” and a “small amount of blood . . . two to three feet up” on the wall. 

Appellant told Officer Cason that he was “unaware” that the cat was in the garage when he 

closed the door and brought his pit bull into the garage. Appellant was indicted for killing a 

companion animal in violation of Code §§ 3.1-796.122 and 18.2-10. 

ANALYSIS 

I. 

On appeal from a criminal conviction, we must view the evidence “in the light most 

favorable to the Commonwealth, the prevailing party at trial” and “[w]e also accord the 

Commonwealth the benefit of all inferences fairly deducible from the evidence.” Morrisette v. 

Commonwealth, 264 Va. 386, 389, 569 S.E.2d 47, 50 (2002) (citations omitted). We must 

“affirm the judgment of the circuit court unless that judgment is without evidence to support it or 

is plainly wrong.” Burns v. Commonwealth, 261 Va. 307, 337, 541 S.E.2d 872, 892 (2001) 

(citations omitted). See Code § 8.01-680 (“the judgment of the trial court shall not be set aside 

unless it appears from the evidence that such judgment is plainly wrong or without evidence to 

support it”). “The credibility of the witnesses and the weight accorded the evidence are matters 

solely for the fact finder who has the opportunity to see and hear the evidence as it is presented.” 
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Sandoval v. Commonwealth, 20 Va. App. 133, 138, 455 S.E.2d 730, 732 (1995) (citations 

omitted). 

 The record establishes that appellant, a convicted felon, told Rainey, a neighborhood 

teenager, that he was going to “teach the cat a lesson.” He lured the cat into the garage, closed 

the door, then released his fifty-pound pit bull into that confined space, directing it to “get the 

cat.” When the cat tried to escape from the pit bull by jumping onto shelves and the car parked 

in the garage, appellant knocked the cat down with a broom. After the dog attacked it, the cat 

“barely limped” under the car in the garage, from where appellant then “pushed it out of the 

garage” using a broom. Appellant made no effort to contact Animal Control officers or seek 

veterinary medical attention for the badly injured cat. Animal Control officers found the badly 

mutilated cat and took it to Dr. Roberts, a veterinarian, who determined that it would be 

“inhumane” to keep the cat alive. After euthanizing the cat, Dr. Roberts performed a necropsy,2

concluding that the cat’s lethal injuries were caused by blunt force trauma and “puncture wounds 

that entered into the skull above the neck that would appear to be associated with a bite wound.” 

 Although appellant testified that he was unaware that the cat was in the garage when he 

released his pit bull into that space, the trial court “was entitled to disbelieve the self-serving 

testimony of the accused and to conclude that the accused [was] lying to conceal his guilt.” 

Marable v. Commonwealth, 27 Va. App. 505, 509-10, 500 S.E.2d 233, 235 (1998) (citations 

omitted). The trial court noted that “[t]he Commonwealth’s evidence was blood on the wall in 

the garage, blood on the floor in the garage, the pictures which are hard to look at . . . . How 

anybody could think that animal in that condition wasn’t injured seriously is beyond me . . . . He 

is guilty beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

 2

 A necropsy is an “examination of a body after death.” Dorland’s Illustrated Medical 

Dictionary 1180 (29th ed. 2000). 
 - 5 -

 Appellant argues that “[t]he injury to the cat, which eventually led to its euthanization, 

was the direct result of the attack by the dog,” rather than by any direct act “by his own hand.” 

The evidence showed that appellant, through use of a broom to prevent the cat from escaping the 

pit bull’s attack, which he commanded, engaged in conduct that directly led to the cat’s death. 

Moreover, one who effects a criminal act through an instrumentality or unwitting agent is a 

principal in the first degree and may not escape criminal responsibility for a crime which he 

arranges to have committed through an instrumentality or by an unwitting agent. McAlevy v. 

Commonwealth, 270 Va. 378, 380, 620 S.E.2d 758, 759 (2005) (citations omitted). Appellant’s 

use of the broom to assure the cat would fall prey to the attacking pit bull was no different than 

had he used the broom to force the cat into the street in front of an oncoming car. 

The record reflects credible evidence to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant 

was guilty of violating Code § 3.1-796.122. 

II. 

 Appellant further contends that Code § 3.1-796.122 “creates ambiguity with regard to 

which subsection, and consequently, which penalty, is applicable to appellant’s conduct.” He 

argues that the trial court erroneously convicted him of violating Code § 3.1-796.122(H), a 

felony, rather than of violating Code § 3.1-796.122(A), a misdemeanor. 

Code § 3.1-796.122(H) provides, in relevant part, that: 

Any person who (i) tortures, willfully inflicts inhumane injury or 

pain not connected with bona fide scientific or medical 

experimentation or cruelly and unnecessarily beats, maims or 

mutilates any . . . cat that is a companion animal whether 

belonging to him or another and (ii) as a direct result causes the 

death of such . . . cat that is a companion animal, or the euthanasia 

of such animal on the recommendation of a licensed veterinarian 
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upon determination that such euthanasia was necessary due to the 

condition of the animal, shall be guilty of a Class 6 felony. 

(Emphasis added).3

Appellant was indicted for “kill[ing] a companion animal” in violation of Code 

§§ 3.1-796.122 and 18.2-10.4

 The indictment charged that appellant: 

[D]id torture, willfully inflict inhumane injury or pain . . . and 

unnecessarily beat, main [sic], or mutilate a (dog or cat) that was a 

companion animal and as a direct result caused the death of such 

animal on the recommendation of a licensed veterinarian who 

determined such euthanasia was necessary due to the condition of 

the animal, in violation of §§ 3.1-796.122; 18.2-10 of the Code of 

Virginia. 

The language of the indictment closely tracks the language of Code § 3.1-796.122(H), and 

specifically refers to a felony punishment as provided by Code § 18.2-10.5

As we have previously noted, “it is a matter of prosecutorial election whether the 

Commonwealth proceeds under the misdemeanor statute or the felony statute against an 

accused.” Brown v. Commonwealth, 30 Va. App. 243, 250, 516 S.E.2d 678, 682 (1999) (citing 

Mason v. Commonwealth, 217 Va. 321, 323, 228 S.E.2d 683, 684 (1976)). Although the 

Commonwealth could have elected to prosecute appellant for violating Code § 3.1-796.122(A), a 

misdemeanor, it chose instead to pursue a conviction under the more specific provisions of Code 

§ 3.1-796.122(H), and “we cannot gainsay its right to make that election.” Mason, 217 Va. at 

 3

 In 2002, the General Assembly amended Code § 3.1-796.122, adding subsection H, 

creating a Class 6 felony when a person “tortures” or “willfully inflicts inhumane injury or pain” 

upon a companion animal to such an extent that the animal must be euthanized. 

4

 Code § 18.2-10 provides punishments for each classified felony, including a Class 6 

felony. 

5

 Appellant did not allege that the indictment failed to provide him with adequate notice 

of the character and nature of the offense charged, nor did he seek any clarification of the 

charges by a bill of particulars. Hurd v. Commonwealth, 159 Va. 880, 885, 165 S.E. 536, 538 

(1932); see also Code § 19.2-230. 
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324, 228 S.E.2d at 684-85 (no error in prosecuting accused for felony escape under then Code 

§ 53-291(2) rather than misdemeanor escape under then Code § 18.1-290). 

The trial court did not err in finding that the indictment was not ambiguous and that it 

provided ample notice to the appellant that he was being charged with violating the felony 

provision of Code § 3.1-796.122(H). 

CONCLUSION 

 We conclude that the trial court did not err in finding the evidence sufficient to support 

appellant’s conviction under Code § 3.1-796.122(H). Further, the trial court did not err in 

convicting appellant of violating Code § 3.1-796.122(H), a felony, rather than Code 

§ 3.1-796.122(A), a misdemeanor. Accordingly, we affirm. 

 Affirmed.