NO. 07-09-00102-CV IN THE COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS AT AMARILLO PANEL B APRIL 20, 2010

MICHELLE ROCHA, INDIVIDUALLY AND AS REPRESENTATIVE OF THE ESTATE OF RAYMOND DWAYNE BINGLE, APPELLANT

v. POTTER COUNTY, TEXAS, ET AL., APPELLEE

FROM THE 181ST DISTRICT COURT OF POTTER COUNTY; NO. 91,748-B; HONORABLE DA VID L. GLEASON, JUDGE

Before QUINN, C.J., a nd CAMPBELL and HANCOCK, JJ.

OPINION
Appellant, Michelle Rocha, appeals the tr ial court’s grant of appellee’s, Potter County, plea to the jurisdic tion and motion for summary judg ment relating to Rocha’s 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claims. 1 We affirm.

1 Further reference to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 will be to “§ 1983.”2 Factual and Procedural Background
On October 24, 2001, Raymond Bingle, the 19-year-old son of Rocha, was arrested on charges of aggravat ed sexual assault of a child and possession of drug paraphernalia. He was incarcerated in t he Potter County Detent ion Center while awaiting trial on these charges. In acco rdance with Potter Count y Detention Center policy, Bingle was screened to assess whether he presented any special housing, medical, or mental health issues. Duri ng this screening, Bingle denied having ever attempted to commit suicide and denied having suicidal thoughts at the time of the screening. Nonetheless, the screening office r concluded that Bingle presented special management concerns due to “psychological impairment,” “mental deficiency,” and “suicide risk.”
On or about December 11, 2001, Bingl e was involved in a fight with another inmate. As a result of this incident, Bingle was rescreened. The rescreening again classified Bingle as presenting manag ement concerns due to “psychological impairment,” “mental deficiency,” and “suicide risk.” Bingle was served with a review board notice for his involvement in the fight, but he waived his right to a hearing and accepted a sanction of ten days of lockdown and loss of privileges. Bingle was placed in a “fishbowl cell” that allowed officers to mo re closely observe the inmates in the cells. However, it appears that the r eason that Bingle was placed in this cell was due to his involvement in the fight rather th an because of his suicide risk.
On December 25, 2001, Bi ngle was denied the opportunity to visit with his family because the visitation list had be en filled. This upset Bingl e and he threatened to “throw3 a fit” or “do something” if he was not allowed to see his fam ily. However, Bingle did not expressly threaten to commit suicide.
On December 26, 2001, Officers Gas parovich and Dorranc e went on duty overseeing the A pod in which Bingle was being hous ed. Gasparovich and Dorrance were not aware that Bingle had been classifi ed as a suicide risk. As a result, Bingle was checked in the same manner as any other inmate housed in A pod. When Gasparovich and a trustee took Bingle his breakfast, the trus tee discovered that Bingle had hanged himself with a sheet that he had tied to the raili ng of his shower. Gasparovich called a medical officer, who c hecked Bingle for a pulse, but did not find

one.
On December 31, 2003, Roc ha, Bingle’s mother, filed her First Amended Petition wherein she claimed, inter alia , that appellees, Potter County and Sheriff Mike Shumate, were responsible for Bingle’s suicide pursuant to § 1983 and the Texas Tort Claims Act,

see T EX

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. C ODE A NN . ch. 101 (Vernon 2005). On May 23, 2008, as a result of a rule 11 agreem ent between the parties, Rocha filed her Second Amended Petition, which reasserted her § 1983 claims but omitted her claims under Texas law. On October 13, 2008, Potter County and Shumate filed their Plea to the Jurisdiction and Motion for Summary Judgment. In her res ponse, Rocha voluntar ily dismissed her claims against Shumate as being duplicative in nature. On February 28, 2009, the trial court entered its judgment gr anting Potter County’s Plea to the Jurisdiction and Motion for Summary Judgment, dismissing Rocha’s claims, and assessing costs of court against Rocha. On March 30, 2009, Rocha filed her Notice of Appeal.4 By one issue, Rocha appeals. Rocha contends that more than a scintilla of evidence was presented to raise a genuine i ssue of material fact on her § 1983 and Texas Tort Claims Act claims 2 and that there were insufficient grounds for the trial court to grant Potter County’s Plea to the Jurisdicti on. While Rocha’s appellate brief presents only one issue, we wi ll address the trial co urt’s grant of Potter County’s jurisdictional plea and summary judgment motion separately.

Plea to the Jurisdiction

Standard of Review
A plea to the jurisdiction is a proper pl eading for challenging a court’s subject matter jurisdiction over a claim. See Bland Indep. Sch. Dist. v. Blue , 34 S.W.3d 547, 554 (Tex. 2000). When a plea to the jurisdiction is filed, the plainti ff bears the burden of alleging facts that affirmatively show that the trial court has subject matter jurisdiction over plaintiff’s claims. See Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd. , 852 S.W.2d 440, 446 (Tex. 1993). As such, consideration of a plea to the jurisdiction must begin by focusing on the plaintiff’s petition to determine whether the facts pled affirmatively demonstrate the trial court’s jurisdiction over the case. State v. Holland , 221 S.W.3d 639, 642-43 (Tex. 2007). However, in some instances, evidence may be relevant to the jurisdictional issue. Id . at 643. When evidence is relevant to the jurisdictional issue, the reviewing court must consider this evidence to determine whether the evidence raises a

2 While Rocha’s issue complains of the di smissal of her claims under the Texas Tort Claims Act, as previously noted, t hese claims were abandoned in Rocha’s live pleading. Consequently, at the time of the trial cour t’s dismissal, Rocha’s state law claims were no longer part of the case.5 fact question regarding the jurisdictional issue. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda , 133 S.W.3d 217, 227 (Tex. 2004). If t he evidence raises a fact question regarding the jurisdictional issue, the court cannot grant the plea and the fact question must be resolved by the fact finder. Id . at 227-28.
Generally, a county has no sovereign immunity from a § 1983 claim. County of Dallas v. Sempe , 151 S.W.3d 291, 299-300 (Tex.App.—Dalla s 2004, pet. dism’d w.o.j.). To present a valid claim for a violation of § 1983, a plaintiff must plead facts showing that: (1) a policy or custom existed, (2) the governmental policymakers actually or constructively knew of the policy’s existence, (3) a constitutional violation occurred, and (4) the custom or policy served as the moving force behind the violation. Meadowbriar Home for Children, Inc. v. Gunn , 81 F.3d 521, 532-33 (5 th Cir. 1996). A plaintiff’s description of the policy or custom and its relationship to the constitutional violation cannot be conclusory; it must contain specific facts. Spiller v. City of Texas City, Police Dep’t , 130 F.3d 162, 167 (5 th Cir. 1997).
Analysis
A review of Rocha’s live pleading rev eals that each of these elements of a § 1983 claim were alleged. She specifically alleges that Po tter County had eight policies or customs of which policymak ers were aware and that were the moving force behind a violation of Bingle’s Fourth and Fourteenth Amendment rights. However, our review of Rocha’s live pleading leads to the conclusion that the factual allegations do not support her claims of Potter County’s policies and cu stoms. The facts pled are not sufficient to support that Potter County had these claim ed policies or customs nor how these6 policies or customs were the moving force behi nd the violation of Bingle’s constitutional rights. Thus, we conclude that Rocha’s liv e pleading fails to provide specific facts sufficient to present a prima facie claim that Potter County violated Bingle’s constitutional rights. See id .; Meadowbriar , 81 F.3d at 532-33.
However, both parties presented significant amounts of evidence to the trial court that might be relevant to the jurisdictional issue. We must consider this evidence. See Miranda , 133 S.W.3d at 227. Since the issue of whether this evidence is sufficient to establish a prima facie case for a § 1983 claim is subs umed within the issue of whether Rocha has presented sufficient evidence to rais e a fact question on the elements of her claim, we will review this jurisdictional evidence in our analysis of Rocha’s issue regarding the trial court’s gr ant of summary judgment. See id . However, we will conclude that the evidence does not raise a fact issue regarding whether Rocha has sufficiently pled a cause of action under § 1983.
Consequently, we affirm the trial court’ s grant of Potter County’s Plea to the Jurisdiction.
Summary Judgment
By its summary judgment motion, Potter County asserted both no-evidence and traditional grounds. See T EX

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. P. 166a(c), (i); Binur v. Jacobo , 135 S.W.3d 646, 650-51 (Tex. 2004) (permitting motions combin ing no-evidence and tr aditional grounds). We review both no-evidence and traditional grounds for summary judgment de novo. See Joe v. Two Thirty Nine Joint Venture , 145 S.W.3d 150, 156-57 (Tex. 2004).7 Standard of Review – No-Evidence

Because a no-evidence moti on for summary judgment is, essentially, a pretrial directed verdict, we apply the same legal sufficiency standard. Kelly v. Demoss Owners Ass = n , 71 S.W.3d 419, 423 (Tex.App.

B Amarillo 2002, no pet.). A no-evidence motion for summary judgment is properly granted unless the nonmovant brings forth more than a scintilla of evidence to raise a genuine issue of material fact on the elements challenged by the motion. See T EX

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. P. 166a(i); Ford Motor Co. v. Ridgway , 135 S.W.3d 598, 600 (Tex. 2004). More than a scintilla of evidence exists when the evidence A rises to a level that would enable reasonable and fai r-minded people to differ in their conclusions. @ Burroughs Wellcome Co. v. Crye , 907 S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex. 1995). On the other hand, less than a scintilla of evidenc e has been described as evidence A so weak as to do no more than create a mere surmise or suspicion. @ King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman , 118 S.W.3d 742, 751 (Tex. 2003). In reviewing a summary judgment, we must view all of the summary judgment eviden ce in the light most favo rable to the nonmovant and indulge every reasonable inference in his or her favor as well. See City of Keller v. Wilson , 168 S.W.3d 802, 824 (Tex. 2005). Howeve r, when the summary judgment does not specify the grounds asserted in the motion that it was premised upon, it will be affirmed if any of the grounds presented are meritorious. Kelly , 71 S.W.3d at 422.

Standard of Review – Traditional
In reviewing a traditional summary judgment, the following standards apply:

1. the movant has the burden of sho wing that there is no genuine issue of material fact and that it is entitl ed to judgment as a matter of law;8 2. in deciding whether there is a di sputed material fact issue precluding summary judgment, evidence favorabl e to the nonmovant will be taken as true; and 3. every reasonable inference must be indulged in favor of the nonmovant and any doubts resolved in its favor.

Am. Tobacco Co. v. Grinnell , 951 S.W.2d 420, 425 (Tex. 1997) (citing Nixon v. Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co. , 690 S.W.2d 546, 548-49 (Tex. 1985)). Summary judgment is proper if the defendant disproves at least one element of the plaintiff’s claims or establishes all elements of an affirmative defense to each claim. Id

. Law Applicable to Rocha’s § 1983 Claims

To establish a violation of § 1983, a plaintiff must prove that: (1) a policy or custom existed, (2) the gover nmental policymakers actually or constructively knew of the policy’s existence, (3) a constitutional violation occurred, and (4) the custom or policy served as the moving force behind the violation. Meadowbriar , 81 F.3d at 532- 33. Liability for violations of constitutional rights may be established by a § 1983 claim, but § 1983 will not provide a remedy for violati ons of duties of care arising out of tort law, such as negligence. Baker v. McCollan , 443 U.S. 137, 146, 99 S.Ct. 2689, 61 L.Ed.2d 433 (1979). Pretrial detainees possess a constitutional right to basic needs, such as medical care and safety, that fl ows from the procedural and substantive due process guarantees of t he Fourteenth Amendment. Hare v. City of Corinth , 74 F.3d 633, 639 (5 th Cir. 1996). The failure to provide adequate protection against a pretrial detainee’s known suicidal impul ses is actionable under § 1983. Rhyne v. Henderson County , 973 F.2d 386, 391-92 (5 th Cir. 1992).9 Rocha contends that her claims stat e challenges to both a condition of confinement and an episodic act or omission. Each of these types of challenges is governed by a different standard of review. See Flores v. County of Hardeman , 124 F.3d 736, 738 (5 th Cir. 1997). The Fifth Circuit ha s interpreted § 1983 to prohibit plaintiffs from conflating claims concerning a prison official’s act or omission with a condition of confinement complaint. See Anderson v. Dallas County , 286 F.App’x 850, 858 (5 th Cir. 2008) (unpub. op.) (citing Flores , 124 F.3d at 738). A condition of confinement claim “is a constitutional attack ‘ on general conditions, pr actices, rules[,] or restrictions of pretrial confinement.’” Flores , 124 F.3d at 738 (quoting Hare , 74 F.3d at 644). By contrast, a claim is an episodi c act or omission claim when the harm complained of arises from a particular ac t or omission of one or more officials. Id . (citing Hare , 74 F.3d at 645).
Rocha appears to premise her contention that she has stat ed a condition of confinement claim on Potter County’s inade quate training and superv ision and failure to comply with the policies in place when Bi ngle was assessed to be a suicide risk. However, proof of a single in cident generally will not s upport a finding of inadequate training as a matter of custom or policy. Forgan v. Howard County , 494 F.3d 518, 522 (5 th Cir. 2007). Looking at Rocha’s complaints as a whole reveals that she does not contend that Potter County did not have policie s in place that, if followed, would have prevented Bingle’s suici de. Rather, Rocha’s contentions relate to the failure of Potter County’s employees to follow th e policies that were in plac e. Rocha’s contentions are very similar to the claims asserted in other § 1983 claims based on suicides committed by detainees, and claims based on these sorts of contentions have consistently been10 determined to present episodi c act or omission claims. See Forgan , 494 F.3d at 522 (claims of deviation from suicide policy require proof of deliberate indifference); Anderson , 286 F.App’x at 859 (f ailure to follow policies is a “classic episodic-act-oromission case”); Flores , 124 F.3d at 738 (failure to take precautions under policy is an episodic act or omission case); Hare , 74 F.3d at 647-48 (failure to take a suicide threat seriously states an episodic act or omi ssion case). Therefore, we will apply the standard applicable to episodic act or omission cl aims in our review of Rocha’s § 1983 claims.
Having concluded that Rocha’s § 1983 cl aims are episodic act or omission claims, to overcome summary judgment, Ro cha must prove that a genuine issue of material fact exists that (1) a county employ ee violated Bingle’s constitutional rights with subjective deliberate indifference, and (2) th e violation resulted fr om a county policy or custom adopted or mainta ined with objective deli berate indifference. Scott v. Moore , 114 F.3d 51, 54 (5 th Cir. 1997).
A prison official acts with subjective indi fference if he knows that an inmate faces a substantial risk of serious bodily harm, yet disregards that risk by failing to take reasonable measures to abate it. Gobert v. Caldwell , 463 F.3d 339, 346 (5 th Cir. 2006). Stated another way, a plaintiff must show both that the employee was aware of facts from which an inference of an excessive risk to the prisoner’s safety could be drawn, and that the employee actually drew an inference that such potential for harm existed. Bradley v. Puckett , 157 F.3d 1022, 1025 (5 th Cir. 1998). Deliberat e indifference is an extremely high sta ndard to meet. Gobert , 463 F.3d at 346. It is the subjective11 culpability that is key; mere ly finding that a reasonable pers on would have known or that the defendant should have known is insufficient. Farmer v. Brennan , 511 U.S. 825, 837-38, 114 S.Ct. 1970, 128 L.Ed.2d 811 (1994).
If a plaintiff is unable to show that a county employee acted with subjective deliberate indifference, the c ounty cannot be held liable for an episodic act or omission. See Flores , 124 F.3d at 739. However, proof of an employee’s subjective indifference is insufficient without showing that the employee’s act re sulted from a county policy adopted and maintained with objective deliberat e indifference to the inmate’s rights. See Scott , 114 F.3d at 54. A county acts with obj ective deliberate indifference if it promulgates or fails to promulgate a policy or custom despite “the known or obvious consequences that constitutional violations would result.” Piotrowski v. City of Houston , 237 F.3d 567, 579 (5 th Cir. 2001) (internal quotations om itted). Further, there must be a direct causal link between the county po licy and the constitutional violation. Id . at 580.
Analysis
In the present case, Rocha contends that the district court erred in granting summary judgment because genuine issues of fact exist. Rocha contends that Potter County employees were deliberately indiff erent to Bingle’s medical needs because, while Bingle was assessed to be a suicide risk, this risk was not communicated to the officers on duty and, as a result, those office rs did not comply with the county’s suicide prevention policy. In addition , Rocha contends that the fa ilures of the officers on duty were the result of Potter County’s policy or custom of allowing o fficers with inadequate training and supervision to be responsible for implementing these policies.12 Because establishment of subjective del iberate indifference requires proof that the county’s employee was actua lly aware of a substantial risk of serious bodily injury, we conclude that Rocha has failed to pres ent more than a scintilla of evidence to establish her § 1983 claim. No evidence rais ed a fact issue regarding whether Officers Gasparovich and Dorrance were ev er made aware that Bingle was on a suicide watch. In fact, Rocha complains that the officers were not aware of Bingle’s suicide risk. 3 In addition, Rocha has presented no evidence that Bingle acted in a manner that would give rise to an inference t hat he was a risk to commit su icide. Because Rocha has presented no evidence that either officer on duty knew that there was a substantial health risk, Officers Gasparovich and Dorr ance could not have been deliberately indifferent toward such risk. See Calton v. Dallas County , No. 3:05-CV-2022-N, 2007 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 97628, at *16-*17 (N.D. Te x. June 25, 2007) (not ice of suicide risk contained in medical record is insufficient without evidence of actual knowledge of suicide risk). Even if the evidence were sufficient to raise a fact issue regarding whether the officers should have known that Bingle was a suicide risk, at best, a fact issue would be raised as to whether the offi cers were negligent in failing to follow Potter County’s suicide prevention policy, but negligenc e will not support liability under § 1983. See Farmer , 511 U.S. at 837-38.
Further, while not named in Rocha’s pet ition, Rocha seems to contend that certain Potter County employees were aware of the suicide risk posed by Bingle, yet failed to ensure that the suicide prevent ion policy was implemented. However, the

3 Actually, the facts known to the officers in charge at the time of Bingle’s suicide would lead to the more likely inference that he was housed in the A pod because of his recent involvement in a fight rather than because he was under a suicide watch.13 evidence would establish only that an Officer A. Moore and Shift Sergeant James Cook were aware of the suicide risk noted in the assessment and reassessment. However, there is no evidence that ei ther of these officers ignored the risk of harm to Bingle. These officers prepared or acknowledged that the appropriate documentation was completed so that Bingle would be appropriately treated as a suicide risk. In addition, Rocha’s pleading states that she advised an unnamed duty nurse about the possibility that Bingle was a suicide risk. However, Rocha’s pleading acknowledges that she was reassured that Bingle would be screened for suicide risk, which the evidence establishes was done. Rocha further c ontends that she advised “several” unnamed members of the Detention Center’s personnel that Bingle was afraid of other inmates. She was assured that Bingle wo uld be placed in a cell by hi mself for his safety and wellbeing. Bingle was, in fact, placed in a cell by himself. Finally, Rocha contends that she informed unnamed Detention C enter personnel that Bingle had discussed suicide during the 2001 holidays. However, because Rocha does not id entify the individual or individuals to whom she gave this informati on, there is no evidence presented that those individuals failed to take appropriate precautions. We reit erate that a person having subjective knowledge that a detai nee poses a substantial suicide risk is insufficient to establish subjective deliberat e indifference without further proof that the person disregarded the risk by failing to take reasonable precautions. Gobert , 463 F.3d at 346.
It appears, from her live pleading and app ellate brief, that Rocha’s contentions are predicated on the concept of collective knowledge. While the doctrine of collective knowledge does apply to some actions of law enforcement, see Woodward v. State ,14 668 S.W.2d 337, 345-46 (Tex.C rim.App. 1984) (probable cause determination may be based on what all officers knew rather than what the arresting officer personally knew), it does not apply to § 1983 claims. See Meadours v. Ermel , 483 F.3d 417, 421-22 (5 th Cir. 2007). Further, it is clear that the test for deliber ate indifference requires an analysis of what the individual actors knew and how they acted in the face of this information. See Gobert , 463 F.3d at 346.
Rocha bases her claims, in large part, on Potter County’s alleged violations of Texas Jail Standards. However, violations of state law are not ac tionable under § 1983. See San Jacinto Sav. & Loan v. Kacal , 928 F.2d 697, 701 n.4 (5 th Cir. 1991) (citing Jones v. Diamond , 594 F.2d 997, 1011 (5 th Cir. 1979)). Administrative protocols do not establish constitutional rights for treatment of detainees. Whitt v. Stephens County , 236 F.App’x 900, 902-03 (5 th Cir. 2007).
Rocha presents specific arguments that Potter County’s acts or omissions were the moving force behind Bingle’ s suicide and that Potter County’s failure to follow its suicide prevention policy constituted a “S tate-Created Danger.” Both of these arguments go to the causation element necessary for a § 1983 claim and, as addressed above, if a plaintiff fails to establish that the defendant was bot h subjectively and objectively deliberately indiffer ent, causation is not reached.
Additionally, while Rocha has failed to present any evidence that would support her claim that any Potter County employee ac ted with subjective del iberate indifference in regard to Bingle’s suicid e, we will address Rocha’s co ntention that Potter County failed to properly train or supervise its empl oyees and that such fa ilure was the moving15 force behind Bingle’s suicide. 4 To establish a claim for failure to train or supervise under § 1983, Rocha must show that: (1) Potte r County failed to train or supervise the officers involved, (2) there is a causal connection between the alleged failure to supervise or train and the alleg ed violation of Bingl e’s rights, and (3) the failure to train or supervise constituted delib erate indifference to Bingle’s constitutional rights. Thompson v. Upshur County , 245 F.3d 447, 459 (5 th Cir. 2001). Delib erate indifference cannot be inferred merely from a negligent or even grossly negligent response to a substantial risk of harm. Id . This is so because to hold a county liable for the negligent acts of its employees would state a claim for respondeat superior , which is not actionable under § 1983. Ashcroft v. Iqbal , 2009 U.S. LEXIS 3472, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1948, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009); Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs. , 436 U.S. 658, 691, 98 S.Ct. 2018, 56 L.Ed.2d 611 (1978). To estab lish that Potter County was deliberately indifferent in its training and supervisi on, Rocha “must demonstrate a pattern of violations and that the inadequacy of the training and supervision is ‘obvious and obviously likely to result in a constitutional violation.’” Cousin v. Small , 325 F.3d 627, 637 (5 th Cir. 2003) (quoting Thompson , 245 F.3d at 459).

4 While the failure to train or supervise a specific individual could state a claim for an episodic act or omission, Rocha’s claims, as pled, would seem to require proof of a systemic failure and, therefore, be more properly classified as a condition of confinement. However, the Fi fth Circuit has addressed clai ms of inadequate training and supervision as part of epis odic act or omission cases. See Brumfield v. Hollins , 551 F.3d 322, 327-29 (5 th Cir. 2008); Anderson , 286 F.App’x at 859-63 (5 th Cir. 2008); Flores , 124 F.3d at 738-39. Thus, without expr essing any opinion on whether Rocha’s training and supervision claims constitute episodic act or omission claims, we will address these claims.16 The evidence does not raise a genuine issue of material fact regarding the training and supervision of Gasparovich or Dorrance. 5 The evidence establishes that Gasparovich had received a temporary jailer’s license prior to the date of Bingle’s suicide. Rocha’s complaints focus on the fa ct that, on the date of Bingle’s suicide, Gasparovich had not received classroom trai ning in suicide prevention or even in performing cell checks. However, there is no ev idence in the record that Gasparovich’s “on-the-job” training did not include practical instruction in performing these tasks. Further, Rocha has identified no statute or regulat ion that prohibits temporary jailer’s license holders from performing the tasks r equired of a fully licensed jailer. In fact, the law authorizes the holder of a temporary ja iler’s license to perform the functions of a jailer. See T EX

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. C ODE A NN . § 1701.310 (Vernon Supp. 2009). Thus, the evidence establishes that Potter County was in co mpliance with the applicable law in allowing Gasparovich to oversee the A pod of the Po tter County Detention Ce nter on the night of Bingle’s suicide. Further, Rocha’s evidence in no way establishes a pattern of violations such that the inadequacy of training and supervision is obvi ous and obviously likely to result in a constitutional violation. See Cousin , 325 F.3d at 637.
Rocha additionally argues that a genuine i ssue of material fact is raised as to Potter County’s training and supervision bas ed on Potter County’s ratification of Gasparovich’s actions that is the result of Potter County failing to take corrective or disciplinary action against Gaspar ovich. Ratification of an o fficer’s actions or omissions can impact whether a single incident can support a claim of inadequate training and

5 Actually, Dorrance is identified by Ro cha not as an individual that lacked sufficient training, but rather as the individual t hat had been trained su fficiently that she could have prevented Bingle’s suicide if she had properly supervised Gasparovich.17 supervision. See Grandstaff v. City of Borger , 767 F.2d 161, 171 (5 th Cir. 1985). However, as addressed above, there is no evidence that Ga sparovich was aware that Bingle posed a suicide risk. As such, ther e is no evidence that her actions were not appropriate for a pretrial detainee that was not classified as a suicide risk.
For the foregoing reasons, we conclude that Rocha has fa iled to provide any evidence that would raise a gen uine issue of material fact regarding her § 1983 claims. Consequently, we affirm the tr ial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Potter County.
Spoliation of Evidence
Finally, Rocha contends that Potter County was guilty of spoliation of evidence. Rocha’s allegation is that Potter County destroyed videotaped evidence that would establish how often officers checked Bingle ’s cell. But, assuming that we were to conclude that Potter County wa s guilty of spoiling this ev idence, such evidence would have no bearing on whether Gasparovich was aw are that Bingle posed a suicide risk. Thus, even if we assume that Potter Count y spoiled this evidenc e and, therefore, presume that the evidence was unfavorable to Potter County, see Brumfield v. Exxon Corp. , 63 S.W.3d 912, 920 (T ex.App.—Houston [14 th Dist.] 2002, pet. denied), Rocha has still not presented evidence that raises a genuine issue of ma terial fact regarding her § 1983 claim.18 Conclusion
Having overruled Rocha’s sole appellate issue, we affirm the trial court’s judgment granting Potter County’s Plea to t he Jurisdiction and Motion for Summary Judgment.

Mackey K. Hancock Justice