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                Your Kidneys & How They WorkHigh Blood Pressure & Kidney Disease
**On this page:**
What is high blood pressure?
    What are the kidneys and what do they do?
    How does high blood pressure affect the kidneys?
    How common are high blood pressure and kidney disease?
    Who is more likely to have high blood pressure or kidney disease?
    What are the symptoms of high blood pressure and kidney disease?
    How do health care professionals diagnose high blood pressure and kidney disease?
    How can I prevent or slow the progression of kidney disease from high blood pressure?
    How does eating, diet, and nutrition affect high blood pressure and kidney disease?
    Clinical Trials for Kidney DiseaseWhat is high blood pressure?
Blood pressure is the force of blood pushing against blood vessel walls as your heart pumps out blood. High blood pressure, also called hypertension, is an increase in the amount of force that blood places on blood vessels as it moves through the body.
What are the kidneys and what do they do?
Healthy kidneys filter about a half cup of blood every minute, removing wastes and extra water to make urine. The urine flows from each kidney to the bladder through a pair of thin tubes called ureters, one on each side of your bladder. Your bladder stores urine. Your kidneys, ureters, and bladder are part of your urinary tract system.
How does high blood pressure affect the kidneys
High blood pressure can constrict and narrow the blood vessels, which eventually damages and weakens them throughout the body, including in the kidneys. The narrowing reduces blood flow.
If your kidneys’ blood vessels are damaged, they may no longer work properly. When this happens, the kidneys are not able to remove all wastes and extra fluid from your body. Extra fluid in the blood vessels can raise your blood pressure even more, creating a dangerous cycle, and cause more damage leading to kidney failure.
How common are high blood pressure and kidney disease?
Almost 1 in 2 U.S. adults—or about 108 million people—have high blood pressure.1
More than 1 in 7 U.S. adults—or about 37 million people—may have chronic kidney disease (CKD).2
High blood pressure is the second leading cause of kidney failure in the United States after diabetes, as illustrated in Figure 1.2
Almost 1 in 2 U.S. adults—or about 108 million people—have high blood pressure.
View full-sized imageA pie chart showing the causes of kidney failure in the United States, with diabetes at 38%, high blood pressure at 26%, glomerulonephritis at 16%, other causes at 15%, and unknown causes at 5%.Figure 1. Causes of kidney failure in the United States2Who is more likely to have high blood pressure or kidney disease?
High blood pressure
You are more likely to have high blood pressure if you
**are older.** Blood pressures tends to increase with age. Our blood vessels naturally thicken and stiffen over time.
    **have family members with high blood pressure.** High blood pressure tends to run in families.
    **have unhealthy lifestyle habits.** Unhealthy habits such as eating too much sodium (salt), drinking too many alcoholic beverages, or not being physically active can increase your risk of high blood pressure.
    **are African American.** High blood pressure is more common in African American adults than in Caucasian, Hispanic, or Asian adults.
    **are male.**Men are more likely to develop high blood pressure before age 55; women are more likely to develop it after age 55.Kidney disease
In addition to high blood pressure, other factors that increase your risk of kidney disease are
diabetes
    a family history of kidney failure
    race or ethnicity—African Americans, Hispanics, and American Indians tend to have a greater risk for CKDHigh blood pressure can be both a cause and a result of kidney disease.
What are the symptoms of high blood pressure and kidney disease?
Most people with high blood pressure do not have symptoms. In rare cases, high blood pressure can cause headaches.
Early CKD also may not have symptoms. As kidney disease gets worse, some people may have swelling, called edema. Edema happens when the kidneys cannot get rid of extra fluid and salt. Edema can occur in the legs, feet, ankles, or—less often—in the hands or face.
Symptoms of advanced kidney disease can include
loss of appetite, nausea, or vomiting
    drowsiness, feeling tired, or sleep problems
    headaches or trouble concentrating
    increased or decreased urination
    generalized itching or numbness, dry skin, or darkened skin
    weight loss
    muscle cramps
    chest pain or shortness of breathHow do health care professionals diagnose high blood pressure and kidney disease?
High blood pressure
Blood pressure test results are written with the two numbers separated by a slash. The top number is called the systolic pressure and represents the pressure as the heart beats and pushes blood through the blood vessels. The bottom number is called the diastolic pressure and represents the pressure as blood vessels relax between heartbeats.
Your health care professional will diagnose you with high blood pressure if your blood pressure readings are consistently higher than 130/80 when tested repeatedly in a health care office.
Health care professionals measure blood pressure with a blood pressure cuff. You can also buy a blood pressure cuff to monitor your blood pressure at home.
A health care professional measures the blood pressure of an older patient using a blood pressure cuff.Health care professionals measure blood pressure with a blood pressure cuff.Kidney disease
To check for kidney disease, health care professionals use
a blood test that checks how well your kidneys are filtering your blood, called GFR, which stands for glomerular filtration rate.
    a urine test to check for albumin. Albumin is a protein that can pass into the urine when the kidneys are damaged.If you have kidney disease, your health care professional will use the same two tests to monitor your kidney disease.
How can I prevent or slow the progression of kidney disease from high blood pressure?
The best way to slow or prevent kidney disease from high blood pressure is to take steps to lower your blood pressure. These steps include a combination of medicines and lifestyle changes, such as
being physically active
    maintaining a healthy weight
    quitting smoking
    managing stress
    following a healthy diet, including less sodium (salt) intakeNo matter what the cause of your kidney disease, high blood pressure can make your kidneys worse. If you have kidney disease, you should talk with your health care professional about your individual blood pressure goals and how often you should have your blood pressure checked.
Medicines
Medicines that lower blood pressure can also significantly slow the progression of kidney disease. Two types of blood pressure-lowering medications, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), may be effective in slowing the progression of kidney disease.
Many people require two or more medications to control their blood pressure. In addition to an ACE inhibitor or an ARB, a health care professional may prescribe a diuretic—a medication that helps the kidneys remove fluid from the blood—or other blood pressure medications.
Physical activity
Regular physical activity can lower your blood pressure and reduce your chances of other health problems.
Aim for at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity aerobic activity. These activities make your heart beat faster and may cause you to breathe harder. Start by trying to be active for at least 10 minutes at a time without breaks. You can count each 10-minute segment of activity toward your physical activity goal. Aerobic activities include
biking (Don’t forget the helmet.)
    swimming
    brisk walking
    wheeling yourself in a wheelchair or engaging in activities that will support you such as chair aerobicsAn older couple biking in the countryside, wearing helmets.Biking is one type of moderate-intensity exercise that can help lower your blood pressure and weight.If you have concerns, a health care professional can provide information about how much and what kinds of activity are safe for you.
Body weight
If you are overweight or have obesity, aim to reduce your weight by 7 to 10 percent during the first year of treatment for high blood pressure. This amount of weight loss can lower your chance of developing health problems related to high blood pressure.
Body Mass Index (BMI) is the tool most commonly used to estimate and screen for overweight and obesity in adults. BMI is a measure based on your weight in relation to your height. Your BMI can tell if you are at a normal or healthy weight, are overweight, or have obesity.
**Normal or healthy weight.** A person with a BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 is in the normal or healthy range.
    **Overweight.** A person with a BMI of 25 to 29.9 is considered overweight.
    **Obesity.** A person with a BMI of 30 to 39.9 is considered to have obesity.
    **Severe obesity.** A person with a BMI of 40 or greater is considered to have severe obesity.Your goal should be a BMI lower than 25 to help keep your blood pressure under control.3
Smoking
If you smoke, you should quit. Smoking can damage blood vessels, raise the chance of developing high blood pressure, and worsen health problems related to high blood pressure.
If you have high blood pressure, talk with your health care professional about programs and products to help you quit smoking.
Stress
Learning how to manage stress, relax, and cope with problems can improve your emotional and physical health. Some activities that may help you reduce stress include
being physically active
    practicing yoga or tai chi
    listening to music
    focusing on something calm or peaceful
    meditatingOlder man and woman in exercise clothes stretching in a park.Physical activity can reduce stress and lower blood pressure.How does eating, diet, and nutrition affect high blood pressure and kidney disease?
Following a healthy eating plan can help lower your blood pressure. Reducing the amount of sodium in your diet is an important part of any healthy eating plan. Your health care professional may recommend the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) eating plan. DASH focuses on fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and other foods that are healthy for your heart and lower in sodium, which often comes from salt. The DASH eating plan
is low in fat and cholesterol
    features fat-free or low-fat milk and dairy products, fish, poultry, and nuts
    suggests less red meat, sweets, added sugars, and sugar-containing beverages
    is rich in nutrients, protein, and fiberA variety of healthy, nutritious foods including vegetables, fruits, whole grains, cheese, eggs, milk, and chicken.A healthy eating plan includes a variety of healthy, nutritious foods.A registered dietitian can help tailor your diet to your kidney disease. If you have congestive heart failure or edema, a diet low in sodium intake can help reduce edema and lower blood pressure. Reducing saturated fat and cholesterol can help control high levels of lipids, or fats, in the blood.
People with advanced kidney disease should speak with their health care professional about their diet.
What should I avoid eating if I have high blood pressure or kidney disease?
If you have kidney disease, avoid foods and beverages that are high in sodium.
Additional steps you can take to meet your blood pressure goals may include eating heart-healthy and low-sodium meals, quitting smoking, being active, getting enough sleep, and taking your medicines as prescribed. You should also limit alcoholic drinks—no more than two per day for men and one per day for women—because consuming too many alcoholic beverages raises blood pressure.
In addition, a health care professional may recommend that you eat moderate or reduced amounts of protein.
Proteins break down into waste products that the kidneys filter from the blood. Eating more protein than your body needs may burden your kidneys and cause kidney function to decline faster. However, eating too little protein may lead to malnutrition, a condition that occurs when the body does not get enough nutrients.
If you have kidney disease and are on a restricted protein diet, a health care professional will use blood tests to monitor your nutrient levels.
Clinical Trials for Kidney Disease
The NIDDK conducts and supports clinical trials in many diseases and conditions, including kidney diseases. The trials look to find new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease and improve quality of life.
What are clinical trials for high blood pressure and kidney disease?
Clinical trials—and other types of clinical studies—are part of medical research and involve people like you. When you volunteer to take part in a clinical study, you help doctors and researchers learn more about disease and improve health care for people in the future.
Researchers are studying many aspects of high blood pressure and kidney disease, such as
managing high blood pressure through diet, education, and counseling in patients with kidney disease
    testing new medications to treat high blood pressure and kidney diseaseFind out if clinical studies are right for you.
What clinical studies for high blood pressure and kidney disease are looking for participants?
You can view a filtered list of clinical studies on high blood pressure and kidney disease that are federally funded, open, and recruiting at www.ClinicalTrials.gov. You can expand or narrow the list to include clinical studies from industry, universities, and individuals; however, the National Institutes of Health does not review these studies and cannot ensure they are safe. Always talk with your health care professional before you participate in a clinical study.
What have we learned about high blood pressure and kidney disease from NIDDK-funded research?
The NIDDK has supported many research projects to learn more about the effects of high blood pressure on kidney disease including identifying genes related to a cholesterol protein that causes African Americans to be at higher risk for kidney disease.
References
[1]  Facts about hypertension. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Last reviewed February 25, 2020. Accessed February 2020. www.cdc.gov/bloodpressure/facts.htm.
[2] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. *Chronic Kidney Disease in the United States, 2019*. Atlanta, GA: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2019.
[3] Assessing your weight and health risk. National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Accessed October 2019. www.nhlbi.nih.gov/health/educational/lose_wt/risk.htm.        Last Reviewed March 2020
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                This content is provided as a service of the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
(NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health. NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public. Content produced by NIDDK is carefully reviewed by NIDDK scientists and other experts.
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Raymond R. Townsend, M.D., Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, and Matthew Weir, M.D., University of Maryland School of Medicine Contact Us
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