CONGRESSIONAL JUSTIFICATION 

FY 2025

Department of Health and Human Services

National Institutes of Health

National Institute 

of Allergy and 

Infectious Diseases
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NIAID-1 

DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID)

FY 2025 Budget Table of Contents 

Director’s Overview .................................................................................................................... 3

IC Fact Sheet ............................................................................................................................... 5

Major Changes ............................................................................................................................ 7

Budget Mechanism Table ........................................................................................................... 8

Appropriations Language............................................................................................................ 9

Summary of Changes .................................................................................................................10 

Budget Graphs .......................................................................................................................... 11

Organizational Chart ................................................................................................................. 12

Budget Authority by Activity Table ......................................................................................... 13

Justification of Budget Request ................................................................................................ 14

Appropriations History ............................................................................................................. 26

Authorizing Language .............................................................................................................. 27

Amounts Available for Obligation ............................................................................................ 28

Budget Authority by Object Class ............................................................................................ 29

Salaries and Expenses ............................................................................................................... 30

Detail of Full-Time Equivalent Employment (FTE) ................................................................ 31

Detail of Positions ..................................................................................................................... 32

General Notes

1. FY 2024 funding levels cited in this document are based on the Continuing

Resolution in effect at the time of budget preparation (Public Law 118-35) and do

not include HIV/AIDS transfers.

2. Detail in this document may not sum to the subtotals and totals due to rounding.

Cover Page

Creative work featuring 3D renditions of three dangerous respiratory viruses: RSV (top 

right), SARS-CoV-2 (bottom center), and influenza (top left). Note: not to scale. Credit: 

NIAID
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NIAID-3 

DIRECTOR’S OVERVIEW

Director’s Overview

The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 

(NIAID) conducts and supports biomedical research to better 

understand, treat, and prevent infectious and immunemediated diseases. For more than 65 years, NIAID research 

has led to new therapies, vaccines, diagnostic tests, and other 

technologies that have improved the health of millions of 

people in the United States (U.S.) and worldwide. NIAID 

manages a complex and comprehensive research portfolio that 

aims to expand the breadth and depth of knowledge in its 

mission areas. As part of its mandate, NIAID also leads the 

research response to emerging and re-emerging disease threats 

by leveraging research capacities both within the U.S. and 

around the globe. Jeanne Marrazzo, M.D., M.P.H.

NIAID Director

NIAID is a global leader in the effort to combat the HIV/AIDS pandemic, one of humanity’s 

deadliest and most persistent epidemics. This year marks the 20th anniversary of the U.S. 

President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR), a transformational U.S. government 

initiative aimed at preventing, treating, and caring for people living with HIV and AIDS. Over 

the past two decades, NIAID research has played a pivotal role in demonstrating the 

effectiveness of interventions offered through PEPFAR. NIAID-supported programs, including 

the International epidemiology Databases to Evaluate AIDS (IeDEA) Cohort Consortium and the 

Centers for AIDS Research (CFAR), have been foundational in providing harmonized data sets 

and supporting the identification of strategies to treat and prevent HIV. NIAID research 

continues to inform best practices recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for 

preventing HIV. This includes the critical role of early initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) 

in reducing HIV transmission, the optimization of drug regimens to prevent mother-to-child 

transmission, and the important role of health practices, such as male circumcision, in reducing 

HIV acquisition. NIAID research also has been pivotal in the optimization of ART regimens, 

transforming HIV infection from an almost uniformly fatal infection into a manageable chronic 

condition. 

When COVID-19 emerged as a global public health threat, NIAID was at the forefront of the 

immediate public health response that led to the development of effective vaccine strategies. 

NIAID is continuing to advance SARS-CoV-2 research including addressing the detrimental 

longer-term sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 infection. One example of this effort is the Pandemic 

Autopsy Study, in which scientists performed autopsies on individuals who died from COVID19 in the first year of the pandemic to determine where in the body SARS-CoV-2 infects and 

persists. Findings from this study were critical in providing the rationale for a clinical study of 

the antiviral drug, Paxlovid, for treating Long COVID. NIAID also continues to support 

research to evaluate the long-term impacts of COVID-19 in children, including multisystem 

inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C). The Pediatric SARS-CoV-2 MIS-C Long-term 

Outcomes Study, or PECOS, established a cohort of pediatric patients with symptomatic and
 

 

 

 

asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection to study the long-term sequelae of acute infection and the 

evolution of the immune response over time. 

In addressing ongoing public health threats, NIAID continues to advance research and 

technology to develop more effective vaccines. NIAID and the Biomedical Advanced Research 

and Development Authority (BARDA) are leading the U.S. Department of Health and Human 

Services (HHS) initiative, “Project NextGen,” which prioritizes the development of nextgeneration COVID-19 vaccines, such as those with enhanced breadth of protection to SARSCoV-2 variants, improved durability, and enhanced ability to block infection or transmission. A 

key strategy for improving vaccine efficacy is the development of mucosal vaccines. Like other 

respiratory viruses, SARS-CoV-2 enters the body and infects through the mucosal tissue of the 

respiratory tract. Vaccines developed to promote an immune response at the mucosal surface 

may be better at blocking infection than traditional vaccines. In April 2023, NIAID published a 

workshop report summarizing key scientific gaps in and opportunities for advancing mucosal 

vaccine research. The workshop was a joint effort between NIAID, the Coalition for Epidemic 

Preparedness Innovation, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, BARDA, and the Wellcome 

Trust. Advances in mucosal vaccine development could lead to improved vaccines for other 

public health challenges, including respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), tuberculosis, and influenza. 

Moreover, NIAID is supporting clinical trials of promising next-generation vaccines for 

influenza, which could provide broad protection against many subtypes of influenza, negate the 

need for an annual influenza vaccine, and potentially prevent an influenza pandemic. 

NIAID is committed to prioritizing diversity as an essential element of optimizing the global 

biomedical research community. NIAID continues to prioritize support of an extramural 

research portfolio inclusive of the diverse populations it serves and works to enhance efforts to 

address health disparities, health equity and better understand the social determinants of health. 

NIAID-4 
IC Fact Sheet

ABOUT NIAID

NIAID supports research to better understand, treat, and prevent 

infectious, immunologic, and allergic diseases while continuing to 

respond rapidly to emerging and re-emerging diseases. For more than 65 

years, NIAID research has led to new therapies, vaccines, diagnostics, 

and other technologies that have improved the health of millions of 

people in the United States and around the world.

Director Profile: Jeanne Marrazzo, 

M.D., M.P.H., is the Director of NIAID. 

She began her tenure at NIAID in 

September 2023 after serving as the 

Director of the Division of Infectious 

Diseases at the University of Alabama 

at Birmingham. Dr. Marrazzo’s 

research focuses on HIV prevention 

and prevention and management of 

sexually transmitted infections.

FULL TIME EQUIV. 

EMPLOYEES

FUNDED PRINCIPAL 

INVESTIGATORS

FACTS AND FIGURES 

2,064

1,333

Averaged over FY 2020-FY 2023

RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS

Lenacapavir, a new long-acting HIV antiviral drug targeting the HIV-1 capsid, received FDA breakthrough 

therapy designation, expediting its development and review. Fundamental science conducted at NIAID 

structural biology centers provided the foundation for the development of lenacapavir. 

NIAID researchers have developed human tonsil organoids to examine immune responses to influenza 

vaccine candidates and adjuvants. Tonsil organoids are useful for defining essential cellular components 

of a vaccine response, and they provide a platform for testing in a non-animal model.

Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is a member of a group of mosquito-borne viruses that cause musculoskeletal 

disease (arthritogenic alphaviruses). NIAID-supported researchers showed that a CHIKV vaccine induced 

protective antibodies against CHIKV in humans, and the protection extended to other alphaviruses.

An NIAID-funded study showed a two-thirds reduction in the incidence of syphilis, gonorrhea, and 

chlamydia among men who have sex with men and transgender women when the oral antibiotic, 

doxycycline, was taken within 72 hours after unprotected sex.

NIAID scientists have developed an innovative COVID-19 vaccine for children that can be given as a 

single dose nasal spray. The vaccine offers protection against SARS-CoV-2 and human parainfluenza 

virus 3 – another viral cause of respiratory illness in children – and is proceeding to a Phase 1 clinical 

trial. 

Fiscal Year

FUNDING HISTORY

$6.049 $6.322 $6.562 $6.562 $6.581

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

2021 2022 2023 2024* 2025**

Fiscal Year

$ (in billions)

*Under Continuing Resolution **President’s budget request
Current flu vaccines can limit the severity of influenza, but they do not work against every flu 

strain and must be taken yearly. A universal flu vaccine could protect against a wide variety 

of strains and provide long-term immunity, eliminating the need for people to get an annual flu 

shot. Examples of progress towards this goal include:

► In May 2023, NIAID began a clinical trial of an H1ssF mRNA vaccine, testing its

safety and ability to induce an immune response. The vaccine targets the slowly

evolving stem part of the HA surface protein on the influenza virus.

► Results are expected in FY 2024 for a NIAID-supported clinical trial evaluating

vaccine candidate, BPL-1357, a whole-virus vaccine made up of four strains of noninfectious, chemically inactivated, low-pathogenicity avian flu virus.

RESEARCH ADVANCES

NIAID Commitment to Diversity, Equity, 

Inclusion, and Accessibility (DEIA)

Foster a workplace that embodies and 

values the perspectives of a diverse staff

Fund an extramural research portfolio 

inclusive of the populations it serves

Prioritize health equity in all research that 

NIAID conducts and supports

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a life-threatening autoimmune disease that requires individuals to 

take insulin for the rest of their lives. FDA recently approved two T1D therapies, both of 

which originated from long-standing NIAID- and NIDDK-funded research efforts. 

► In November 2022, FDA approved teplizumab, an antibody that delays T1D onset,

after decades of NIH, academic, and industry investment in T1D research.

► In June 2023, FDA approved Lantidra, the first Purified Human Pancreatic Islet

(PHPI) therapy, for treating T1D. The NIH Clinical Islet Transplantation consortium, a

joint NIAID and NIDDK program, conducted critical Phase 3 clinical trials evaluating

PHPI efficacy.

► HIV CURE IN DIVERSE POPULATIONS. Supporting

HIV cure-related research in diverse cohorts of people

living with HIV to determine similarities and differences in

the establishment and dynamics of persistent viral

reservoirs.

► INFLUENZA IMMUNITY. Employing computational

modeling to advance understanding of the requirements

for improving anti-influenza immunity.

► ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE. Supporting research to

develop tools and countermeasures for rapid

identification and treatment of antibiotic resistant

infections.

► TICKBORNE DISEASES. Expanding understanding of

potential immune evasion mechanisms of tickborne

pathogens that contribute to human disease and death.

Selected Future Research Initiatives

Multimorbidity is common in older people with HIV (PWH). NIH studies are evaluating the 

intersection of age, co-infections, inflammation, and immune function and exploring 

interventions to prevent and treat these comorbidities.

► The Randomized Trial to Prevent Vascular Events in HIV (REPRIEVE) study, which

was a joint effort between NIAID and NHLBI, found that the lipid lowering medication,

pitavastatin, reduced major cardiovascular events by more than 30 percent in PWH.

► NIAID-supported IeDEA studies are examining the epidemiology of noncommunicable diseases and aging among PWH on antiretroviral therapy, specifically

focused on cardiovascular risk factors, mental health, substance use, and liver

diseases.
MAJOR CHANGES

Major Changes in the Budget Request

Major changes by selected budget mechanism are briefly described below. The FY 2025 

President’s Budget request for the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) 

is $6,581.3 million, an increase of $19.6 million or 0.3 percent compared to the FY 2023 Final 

level. Within this request level, NIAID will pursue its highest research priorities through 

strategic investments and careful stewardship of appropriated funds. 

Research Project Grants (RPGs) (+$91.0 million; total $3,824.5 million): 

NIAID will support a total of 5,450 RPG awards in FY 2025. The continued funding will 

support research in NIAID’s Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases, Infectious and 

Immunologic Diseases, and HIV/AIDS program areas. Funding for competing RPGs is expected 

to increase by $47.5 million or 6.1 percent in FY 2025, while noncompeting RPG funding will 

increase by $51.0 million or 1.9 percent. Overall RPG funding will increase by 2.4 percent.

Other Research (+$5.7 million, total $107.3 million):

NIAID will increase Other Research funding by 5.6 percent compared with the FY 2023 Final 

level. NIAID will continue to support the research resources needed to prevent, prepare for, and 

respond to infectious disease outbreaks. 

Research and Development Contracts (R&D) (-$119.6 million; total $1,161.6 million): 

NIAID will continue to support trans-NIH initiatives, including ongoing cybersecurity efforts, as 

well as other HHS-wide initiatives. Overall R&D Contract funding will decrease by 9.3 percent

to realign resources to support high priority research initiatives, such as maintaining a robust 

investigator-initiated grant portfolio while covering mandatory cost increases in other 

mechanisms. 

Intramural Research (IR) (+$23.6 million; total $879.9 million): 

NIAID will continue to support critical long-range priorities with funds carefully aligned to key 

research on infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), malaria, 

influenza, antimicrobial resistance/combatting antibiotic-resistant bacteria (CARB), and vectorborne diseases. Funding will also support the proposed FY 2025 pay increase for intramural 

research employees.

Research Management and Support (RMS) (+$17.3 million; total $436.0 million): 

NIAID will increase funding for RMS by 4.1 percent. This budget will support ongoing program 

management and administrative support. Funding will also support the proposed FY 2025 pay 

increase.

NIAID-7 
Subtotal, Competing 1,405 $775,425 1,498 $828,376 1,487 $822,924 82 $47,499 

Subtotal, RPGs 4,839 $3,553,494 5,097 $3,610,541 5,170 $3,652,006 331 $98,512 

SBIR/STTR 292 $180,045 280 $172,539 280 $172,539 -12 -$7,506 

Research Project Grants 5,131 $3,733,539 5,377 $3,783,081 5,450 $3,824,545 319 $91,006 

Research Centers 

Specialized/Comprehensive 37 $101,181 37 $101,181 37 $101,716 0 $535 

Clinical Research 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 

Biotechnology 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 

Comparative Medicine 0 $500 0 $500 0 $500 0 $0 

Research Centers in Minority Institutions 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 

Other Research 415 $101,540 427 $106,557 431 $107,264 16 $5,724 

Total Research Grants 5,583 $3,936,760 5,841 $3,991,318 5,918 $4,034,025 335 $97,265 

Ruth L Kirschstein Training Awards: FTTPs FTTPs FTTPs FTTPs 

Individual Awards 260 $12,251 260 $12,422 263 $12,596 3 $345 

Institutional Awards 915 $56,383 915 $57,172 915 $57,172 0 $789 

Mechanism FY 2023 Final FY 2024 CR FY 2025 President's 

Budget FY 2025 +/- FY 2023 

Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount Number Amount 

Research Projects: 

Noncompeting 3,434 $2,754,022 3,599 $2,758,118 3,683 $2,805,034 249 $51,013 

Administrative Supplements (181) $24,047 (181) $24,047 (181) $24,047 (0) $0 

Competing: 

Renewal 161 $117,291 172 $125,943 170 $125,083 9 $7,791 

New 1,244 $658,133 1,326 $702,433 1,317 $697,841 73 $39,708 

Supplements 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH 

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 

Budget Mechanism

(Dollars in Thousands) 

 * 

Research Centers 37 $101,681 37 $101,681 37 $102,216 0 $535 

Other Research: 

Research Careers 292 $49,801 293 $50,498 297 $51,205 5 $1,404 

Cancer Education 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 

Cooperative Clinical Research 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 

Biomedical Research Support 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 0 $0 

Minority Biomedical Research Support 0 $232 0 $232 0 $232 0 $0 

Other 123 $51,507 134 $55,827 134 $55,827 11 $4,319 

Total Research Training 1,175 $68,634 1,175 $69,594 1,178 $69,768 3 $1,135 

Research & Develop. Contracts 224 $1,281,252 204 $1,200,631 194 $1,161,607 -30 -$119,645 

SBIR/STTR (non-add) (25) ($20,053) (25) ($20,053) (25) ($20,053) (0) ($0) 

Intramural Research 947 $856,326 991 $871,167 991 $879,879 44 $23,553 

Res. Management & Support 1,162 $418,681 1,189 $429,568 1,189 $436,012 27 $17,331 

SBIR Admin. (non-add) ($1,476) ($2,100) ($2,100) ($624) 

Construction $0 $0 $0 $0 

Buildings and Facilities $0 $0 $0 $0 

Total, NIAID 2,109 $6,561,652 2,180 $6,562,279 2,180 $6,581,291 71 $19,639

 * All items in italics and brackets are non-add entries. 

NIAID-8 

BUDGET MECHANISM TABLE
NIAID-9 

APPROPRIATIONS LANGUAGE

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF ALLERGY AND INFECTIOUS DISEASES

For carrying out section 301 and title IV of the PHS Act with respect to allergy and infectious 

diseases, $6,581,291,000. 
NIAID-10 

FY 2023 Final FY 2025 President's

Budget

Built-In Change from

FY 2023 Final

FY 2023 Final FY 2025 President's

Budget

Program Change from

FY 2023 Final

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Summary of Changes

(Dollars in Thousands)

CHANGES FTEs Budget

Authority FTEs BudgetAuthority FTEs BudgetAuthority

1. Intramural Research:

A. Built-in cost changes:

a. FY 2024 effect of FY 2023 pay & benefits increase $215,358 $244,720 $2,541

b. FY 2024 effect of FY 2024 pay & benefits increase $215,358 $244,720 $8,380

c. FY 2024 paid days adjustment $215,358 $244,720 $829

d. Differences attributable to FY 2024 change in FTE $215,358 $244,720 $10,006

e. FY 2025 effect of FY 2024 pay & benefits increase $215,358 $244,720 $2,973

f. FY 2025 effect of FY 2025 pay & benefits increase $215,358 $244,720 $4,043

g. FY 2025 paid days adjustment $215,358 $244,720 $0

h. Differences attributable to FY 2025 change in FTE $215,358 $244,720 $0

i. Payment for centrally furnished services $115,962 $124,340 $8,379

j. Cost of laboratory supplies, materials, other expenses, and nonrecurring costs $525,006 $510,818 $35,209

Subtotal, IR built-in cost changes $72,359

2. Research Management and Support:

A. Built-in cost changes:

a. FY 2024 effect of FY 2023 pay & benefits increase $226,342 $250,314 $2,676

b. FY 2024 effect of FY 2024 pay & benefits increase $226,342 $250,314 $8,806

c. FY 2024 paid days adjustment $226,342 $250,314 $871

d. Differences attributable to FY 2024 change in FTE $226,342 $250,314 $5,259

e. FY 2025 effect of FY 2024 pay & benefits increase $226,342 $250,314 $3,031

f. FY 2025 effect of FY 2025 pay & benefits increase $226,342 $250,314 $4,181

g. FY 2025 paid days adjustment $226,342 $250,314 $0

h. Differences attributable to FY 2025 change in FTE $226,342 $250,314 $0

i. Payment for centrally furnished services $22,822 $24,471 $1,649

j. Cost of laboratory supplies, materials, other expenses, and nonrecurring costs $169,406 $161,226 $11,035

Subtotal, RMS built-in cost changes $37,509

CHANGES No. Amount No. Amount No. Amount

B. Program:

1. Research Project Grants:

a. Noncompeting 3,434 $2,778,069 3,683 $2,829,081 249 $51,013

b. Competing 1,405 $775,425 1,487 $822,924 82 $47,499

c. SBIR/STTR 292 $180,045 280 $172,539 -12 -$7,506

Subtotal, RPGs 5,131 $3,733,539 5,450 $3,824,545 319 $91,006

2. Research Centers 37 $101,681 37 $102,216 0 $535

3. Other Research 415 $101,540 431 $107,264 16 $5,724

4. Research Training 1,175 $68,634 1,178 $69,768 3 $1,135

5. Research and development contracts 224 $1,281,252 194 $1,161,607 -30 -$119,645

Subtotal, Extramural $5,286,646 $5,265,400 -$21,245

6. Intramural Research 947 $856,326 991 $879,879 44 -$48,806

7. Research Management and Support 1,162 $418,681 1,189 $436,012 27 -$20,178

8. Construction $0 $0 $0

9. Buildings and Facilities $0 $0 $0

Subtotal, program changes -$90,229

Total built-in and program changes 2,109 $6,561,652 2,180 $6,581,291 71 $19,639

SUMMARY OF CHANGES
NIAID-11 

BUDGET GRAPHS

Fiscal Year 2025 Budget Graphs 

History of Budget Authority and FTEs: 

Distribution by Mechanism: 

Change by Selected Mechanisms

6,048.8 6,322.2 6,561.7 6,562.3 6,581.3

$0

$1,000

$2,000

$3,000

$4,000

$5,000

$6,000

$7,000

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

Funding Levels by Fiscal Year

(Dollars in Millions)

2078 2099 2109 2180 2180

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

2021 2022 2023 2024 2025

FTEs by Fiscal Year

Research Project 

Grants

$3,824,545

58%

Research Centers

$102,216

1%

Other Research

$107,264

2%

Research Training

$69,768

1%

R&D Contracts

$1,161,607

18%

Intramural Research

$879,879

RMS 13%

$436,012

7%

FY 2025 Budget Mechanisms

(Dollars in Thousands)

2.44%

0.53%

5.64%

1.65%

-9.34%

2.75%

4.14%

-12.00% -10.00% -8.00% -6.00% -4.00% -2.00% 0.00% 2.00% 4.00% 6.00% 8.00%

Research Project Grants

Research Centers

Other Research

Research Training

R&D Contracts

Intramural Research

RMS

FY 2025 Estimated Percent Change from FY 2023 Mechanism
NIAID-12 

ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

National Institutes of Health

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 

Organizational Structure

Deputy Director for 

ScienceManagement

Jill R. Harper, Ph.D.

I

Vaccine Research 

Center

Theodore Pierson, Ph.D. 

Director

Officeof the Director

Jeanne Marrazzo, M.D., M.P.H. 

Director

Hugh Auchincloss, Jr., M.D. 

Principal Deputy Director

Division of Intramural 

Research

Steven M. Holland, M.D. 

Director

Deputy Director for 

ClinicalResearchand 

Special ProjectsH. Clifford Lane, M.D.

I

Division of Microbiology 

and Infectious Diseases

Emily J. Erbelding, M.D., M.P.H. 

Director

DivisionofClinical 

Research

H. Clifford Lane, M.D.

Director

Division of Extramural 

Activities

Kelly Poe, Ph.D. 

Director

DivisionofAcquired 

Immunodeficiency 

Syndrome

Carl W. Dieffenbach, Ph.D. 

Director

Division of Allergy, 

Immunology,

and Transplantation

Daniel Rotrosen, M.D. 

Director
NIAID-13 

BUDGET AUTHORITY BY ACTIVITY TABLE

Extramural Research FTE Amount FTE Amount FTE Amount FTE Amount

Detail

HIV/AIDS 1 $1,533,969 $1,526,909 $1,521,706 -$12,263

Biodefense & Emerging Infectious Diseases $2,209,732 $2,199,783 $2,199,856 -$9,875

Infectious & Immunological Diseases $1,542,945 $1,534,852 $1,543,838 $893

Subtotal, Extramural $5,286,646 $5,261,544 $5,265,400 -$21,245

Intramural Research 947 $856,326 991 $871,167 991 $879,879 44 $23,553

Research Management & Support 1,162 $418,681 1,189 $429,568 1,189 $436,012 27 $17,331

TOTAL 2,109 $6,561,652 2,180 $6,562,279 2,180 $6,581,291 71 $19,639

 1 Reflects NIAID extramural for HIV/AIDS. NIAID HIV/AIDS total is (in thousands) $1,911,364 in FY 2023; $1,911,991 in FY 2024; and $1,911,364 in FY 2025.

FY 2023 Final FY 2024 CR FY 2025 President's 

Budget

FY 2025 +/- FY 

2023 Final

 * Includes FTEs whose payroll obligations are supported by the NIH Common Fund.

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Budget Authority by Activity *

(Dollars in Thousands)
$6,562,279,000 $6,581,291,000 

 

JUSTIFICATION OF BUDGET REQUEST 

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 

Authorizing Legislation: Section 301 and title IV of the PHS Act 

Budget Authority (BA): 

FY 2025 

President's 

Budget 

FY 2025 +/- FY 

FY 2023 Final FY 2024 CR 2023 

BA $6,561,652,000 +$19,639,000 

FTE 2,109 2,180 2,180 71 

Program funds are allocated as follows: Competitive Grants/Cooperative Agreements; 

Contracts; Direct Federal/Intramural and Other. 

Overall Budget Policy: 

The FY 2025 President’s Budget request seeks annual funding to continue support of the dual 

mandate of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) to conduct and 

support basic and applied research to better understand, treat, and ultimately prevent infectious, 

immunologic, and allergic diseases, while also supporting an infrastructure to respond to 

emerging and re-emerging public health and disease threats. 

The FY 2025 President’s Budget request is $6,581.3 million, an increase of $19.6 million or 

0.3 percent compared to the FY 2023 Final level. The Institute dedicates its annual resources to 

support biomedical research that aligns with its mission and addresses domestic and global 

health issues, such as continuing to advance research on SARS-CoV-2 infection. 

The Institute remains focused on high priority areas of research such as other emerging 

infectious diseases, agents with bioterrorism potential, HIV/AIDS, respiratory syncytial virus 

(RSV), influenza, tuberculosis, malaria, drug-resistant microbes, vector-borne diseases, 

autoimmune disorders, asthma, and allergies and continues to fund research to understand and 

develop medical countermeasures to address the COVID-19 pandemic. In FY 2025, NIAID will 

continue efforts to conduct foundational research on viruses and pathogens and to strengthen its 

infrastructure for investigating the origins of emerging infectious diseases and how they cause 

disease and illness. 

The FY 2025 request continues support for efforts to develop a universal influenza vaccine, 

trans-NIH initiatives, as well as other HHS-wide initiatives through the research and 

development contract mechanism. NIAID’s Intramural Research Program (IRP) will continue 

support for critical long-range priorities with resources aligned to key research on infectious 

diseases such as HIV/AIDS, malaria, and influenza. 

NIAID-14 
NIAID-15 

Program Descriptions

HIV/AIDS

Over the past several decades, advances in 

antiretroviral therapy (ART) regimens and 

treatment paradigms have substantially 

reduced morbidity and mortality resulting 

from HIV infection. Early detection and 

promotion of adherence to ART are 

proven strategies to mitigate HIV 

transmission; however, HIV/AIDS 

remains a global health crisis, with more 

than one million new infections occurring 

globally each year. NIAID is a key 

component of the HHS initiative “Ending 

the HIV Epidemic in the United States” 

(EHE), which aims to reduce new HIV 

infections in the U.S. by 90 percent by 

2030. Social and structural determinants 

of health, including poverty, stigma, and 

discrimination, combined with factors 

such as mental health and substance use 

disorders (i.e., alcohol, drug, and 

polysubstance), underlie and contribute to 

inequities in HIV prevention, linkage to 

care, and optimal uptake of ART. The 

EHE initiative works to address these 

inequities by prioritizing efforts in U.S. 

localities where more than 50 percent of 

new HIV diagnoses occur, as well as 7 

states with a substantial rural HIV burden. 

1

Efforts to end the HIV/AIDS pandemic 

will be greatly enhanced by the development of a safe and effective HIV vaccine. To advance 

this goal, NIAID supports high-impact, innovative research for HIV vaccine discovery. These 

efforts include the advancement and testing of promising technologies such as mRNA, 

nanoparticle, and vector-based vaccine candidates. In 2023, the NIAID-supported HIV Vaccine 

Trials Network (HVTN) launched a study to examine the safety and immunogenicity of three 

experimental mRNA vaccines. The HVTN also initiated a clinical trial examining an 

investigational T cell vaccine, called VIR-1388, that recognizes different parts, or epitopes, of 

HIV. VIR-1388 uses a viral vector, which researchers hope can deliver the vaccine immunogen 

so that the body would retain it for a prolonged period and overcome waning immunity seen with 

other vaccine strategies. Another NIAID-sponsored study is testing a nanoparticle-based vaccine 

candidate that displays multiple copies of HIV proteins arranged in a repetitive pattern to 

stimulate the immune system. This vaccine aims to coax B cells to produce broadly neutralizing 

1 who.int/teams/global-hiv-hepatitis-and-stis-programmes/hiv/strategic-information/hiv-data-and-statistics

Multimorbidity in Older People with HIV

People living with HIV (PWH) experience agerelated diseases earlier and at higher rates than 

those without HIV. To address this, NIAID 

supports research evaluating the intersection of 

age, co-infections, co-morbidities, inflammation, 

and immune function. The Randomized Trial to 

Prevent Vascular Events in HIV (REPRIEVE) 

study, a joint effort between NIAID and the 

National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute 

(NHLBI), revealed that the lipid lowering 

medication, pitavastatin, reduced major 

cardiovascular events by more than 30 percent in 

PWH. Additional studies are in development to 

explore treatments for conditions such as 

vasomotor symptoms (hot flashes), frailty, 

obesity, and cardiovascular disease. 

Domestically, the Centers for AIDS Research 

Network of Integrated Clinical Systems (CNICS) 

is following more than 30,000 PWH and studying 

outcomes across multiple major systems: 

cardiovascular, lung, frailty, mental health, liver, 

kidney, and cancer. The Multicenter AIDS 

Cohort study and Women’s Interagency HIV 

study Clinical Cohort Study (MWCCS), led by 

NHLBI with support from other NIH Institutes, 

Centers, and Offices (ICOs) including NIAID, 

conducts in-depth assessments of pathogenic 

mechanisms in aging and HIV using decades of 

clinical data and specimens. Globally, IeDEA is 

following more than 2.25 million PWH across 44 

countries. One IeDEA study is examining the 

epidemiology of non-communicable diseases 

and aging among PWH on ART, specifically

focused on cardiovascular risk factors, mental 

health, substance use, and liver diseases.
NIAID-16 

antibodies (bNAbs), which can neutralize many HIV strains. Researchers are testing two 

different modes of delivery – a single injection given twice over three months and “fractionated” 

dosage, where the vaccine is given in six smaller amounts over three weeks – to determine the 

most effective administration. Additionally, NIAID is advancing innovative methods to recruit 

highly vulnerable persons for HIV vaccine studies through the application of mobile technology 

and social networking apps. 

NIAID is investing in multiple approaches to prevent HIV in women, pregnant and postpartum 

people, infants, and children. The NIAID-supported International Maternal Pediatric Adolescent 

AIDS Clinical Trials Network (IMPAACT) recently completed multiple studies showing that 

medications in commonly used ART regimens are safe and effective in adolescents (doravirine), 

pregnant people (dolutegravir), and postpartum individuals for perinatal transmission prevention 

(tenofovir alafenamide). IMPAACT network studies also were pivotal in lowering the age limit 

for use of dolutegravir to six months. Prior to this study, administration of dolutegravir was 

limited to adults and children weighing enough to take the adult tablet formulation. Additional 

IMPAACT studies resulted in the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of an 

extended indication for Triumeq PD (abacavir, dolutegravir, and lamivudine) in children less 

than 12 years of age and demonstrated that long-acting ART was safe and effective in 

adolescents 12 to 18 years of age. NIAID also has supported several multipurpose prevention 

therapies (MPTs), products developed with multiple active drugs to simultaneously prevent HIV, 

other sexually-transmitted infections (STIs), or unintended pregnancy. Current promising MPTs 

supported by NIAID include an implant with potential to provide two years of contraception and 

pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and an easier-to-use long-acting injectable MPT to provide 

high-efficacy contraception with sustained PrEP. 

One of the major NIAID priorities in HIV research is achieving a cure. One definition of a cure 

is controlling the HIV “reservoir,” pockets of virus that lie dormant in certain cells in the body, 

without the need for continuous ART. To advance the goals of achieving an HIV cure, NIAID 

supports the Martin Delaney Collaboratories for HIV Cure Research program, which fosters 

multidisciplinary collaborations between basic, applied, and clinical researchers studying HIV 

persistence. As one strategy to target latent HIV, NIAID is evaluating several bNAbs that might 

be used either by themselves or in combination with compounds that reactivate latent HIV. A 

vaccine candidate supported by NIAID, Trimer 4571, is designed to stimulate the development 

of bNAbs to HIV and is being tested in early studies to evaluate whether it is safe, well-tolerated, 

and can induce the intended effects on the immune system. Another NIAID-supported study is 

investigating the safety, tolerability, and efficacy of N-803, a protein complex designed to 

reactivate latent HIV, with and without the addition of bNAbs. The goal of this combination 

approach is to enhance the body’s ability to destroy reservoirs of HIV by both reactivating latent 

HIV and then inducing powerful immune responses to destroy infected cells. These studies mark 

progress towards the development of a cure for HIV.

Budget Policy: 

The FY 2025 President’s Budget request for the extramural component of the HIV/AIDS 

research is $1,521.7 million, which is a decrease of $12.3 million from the FY 2023 Final level. 

NIAID will continue to support basic, translational, and clinical research aimed at reducing 

incidence of infection. Research priorities will focus on development of an effective vaccine and 
NIAID-17 

biomedical prevention strategies, development of novel approaches for the treatment and cure of 

HIV infection, and development of interventions to treat and/or prevent co-infections and comorbidities. The FY 2025 request sustains FY 2023 Final funding levels for the Centers for 

AIDS Research (CFAR) activities and similar efforts to support ongoing research in support of

the Ending the HIV Epidemic in the U.S. (EHE) initiative. The Centers and related efforts offer 

evidence-based practices on prevention and treatment to initiative partners and support for 

evaluating the initiative. 

Biodefense and Emerging Infectious Diseases

NIAID continues to be a leader in supporting biomedical research on emerging and re-emerging 

disease threats, including the persistent challenge of influenza. Each year, seasonal influenza 

sickens millions and leads to thousands of hospitalizations and flu-related deaths. Influenza can 

be particularly dangerous in children, immunocompromised people, and older adults, 

underscoring the need for vaccines that stimulate vigorous and long-lasting immune responses. 

NIAID-supported Collaborative Influenza Vaccine Innovation Centers (CIVICs) have developed 

animal models simulating vulnerable people, including aged, obese, type 1 diabetic, and pregnant 

animals. Through the CIVICs program, NIAID has advanced five novel influenza vaccine 

candidates into manufacturing for use in Phase 1 clinical trials planned through calendar year 

2025. NIAID also is continuing research to improve currently available influenza vaccines with 

the addition of adjuvants, which can enhance the immune response. NIAID is assessing 

adjuvants in vaccines targeting a strain of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus that can infect 

humans, H5N8. In pre-clinical studies, the addition of an adjuvant to the H5N8 vaccines 

increased immune responses and resulted in significantly better immune protection compared to 

unadjuvanted versions. 

Even though the immediate COVID-19 public health emergency has lessened, research to better 

understand the disease and improve medical countermeasures (MCMs) for SARS-CoV-2 is 

ongoing. For example, NIAID researchers evaluated potential allergic reactions associated with 

FDA-licensed COVID-19 mRNA vaccines and found that individuals who reported moderate to 

severe allergic reactions to their first dose of COVID-19 mRNA vaccines were able to safely 

tolerate subsequent doses. This finding may help individuals who are hesitant to receive a 

subsequent immunization after an initial allergic response to an mRNA COVID-19 vaccines. 

The Multisite Observational Maternal and Infant Study for COVID-19 (MOMI-Vax) study 

characterized the immune responses elicited by FDA-licensed COVID-19 mRNA vaccines in 

pregnant people. Participants received a primary two-dose series or the primary series plus a 

booster dose. Results from this study showed that vaccination during pregnancy produced robust 

immune responses and protective antibodies that were transferred to the newborn. Boosting 

during pregnancy significantly increased antibody concentration in the pregnant person’s blood 

and antibodies transferred to the newborn supporting the addition of boosters during pregnancy. 

NIAID also is working to develop therapeutics to treat SARS-CoV-2 infection. NIAID, along 

with the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS), recently initiated a 

multi-site clinical trial evaluating an investigational antiviral known as S-217622. The trial is 

assessing whether S-217622 can improve clinical outcomes for patients who are hospitalized 

with COVID-19. This is the first agent to be evaluated in a new NIAID-funded global clinical 

research protocol known as Strategies and Treatments for Respiratory Infections & Viral 
NIAID-18 

Emergencies (STRIVE), which can be adapted to rapidly assess multiple therapeutic 

interventions during outbreaks of respiratory diseases. 

Filoviruses can cause severe hemorrhagic fever and are highly lethal, with notable recent 

outbreaks of Ebola virus, Sudan virus (SUDV), and Marburg virus (MARV). NIAID continues 

to prioritize research on developing vaccines and treatments for these re-emerging diseases of 

concern. In one study, NIAID researchers showed that an experimental vaccine, VSV-SUD, 

completely protected non-human primates (NHP) from developing SUDV disease. This research 

group is also optimizing dosing and timing of a promising MARV vaccine. Likewise, an 

experimental MARV vaccine candidate developed at the NIAID Vaccine Research Center 

(VRC) was recently evaluated in a Phase 1 study. This vaccine, known as cAd3-Marburg, 

induced strong, long-lasting immunity, with 95 percent of participants in the trial exhibiting a 

robust antibody response after vaccination and 70 percent maintaining that response for more 

than 48 weeks. A similar vaccine strategy against SUDV showed equally promising results in 

early clinical trials. 

Bacteria can develop resistance to antimicrobial drugs, sometimes making them difficult or 

impossible to treat. NIAID continues to make advances in research on antimicrobial resistance 

(AMR) with support of the government-wide National Action Plan for Combatting AntibioticResistant Bacteria and the Antibacterial Resistance Leadership Group (ARLG), a global 

consortium leading a comprehensive clinical research agenda. AMR is particularly problematic 

in some high-risk settings, such as in health care facilities, low-resource locations, and in 

populations with chronic medical conditions. For example, AMR bacteria are commonly found 

in the airways of people with cystic fibrosis (CF) and can lead to patient death. In a clinical trial 

launched in FY 2023, adults with CF were given bacteriophage, or “phage,” therapy – viruses 

that directly infect and destroy bacteria, bypassing bacterial antibiotic resistance mechanisms. 

This trial, conducted by ARLG scientists, is evaluating whether phage therapy is safe and 

reduces the amount of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria in patients’ lungs. 

Another NIAID-supported study is examining how Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) bacteria 

colonize the human body. A clinical trial found an orally-delivered probiotic, Bacillus subtilis, 

eliminated more than 95 percent of S. aureus bacteria in volunteers’ bodies without altering the 

existing community of non-harmful microorganisms in the body, known as the microbiome. 

This research holds potential for controlling severe S. aureus infections common in high-risk 

settings. NIAID also is supporting innovative research that pursues vaccine development for 

Clostridioides difficile infection, the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea, and for 
NIAID-19 

preclinical development of MCMs against 

AMR bacteria and fungi that are significant 

threats to public health. 

Mosquitoes and ticks are the most important 

vectors of pathogens causing human diseases 

such as malaria, dengue fever, Zika, and 

Lyme. NIAID supports research to better 

understand and respond to these pathogens. 

Recently, an NIAID-supported study 

identified a highly potent neutralizing 

antibody against Zika with potential to be a 

safe and effective treatment, particularly 

during pregnancy, where individuals 

experience the most severe consequence of 

the disease. Some mosquito- and tick-borne 

viruses pose unique challenges to vaccine 

design due to their complex interactions with 

the immune system. An NIAID-sponsored 

clinical trial of a new dengue vaccine, 

DENV3, is assessing whether side effects and 

immune responses are different depending on 

a person’s previous exposure to dengue virus. 

Additionally, NIAID scientists and colleagues 

are working to develop safe and effective 

therapies with broad protection against 

multiple alphaviruses, including Venezuelan 

equine encephalitis virus and chikungunya 

virus. Alphaviruses are spread primarily by 

mosquitos and can cause disease that can 

manifest as severe neurological disease or 

crippling muscle pain. A monoclonal 

antibody, SKT05, that targets multiple 

alphaviruses provided protection from both 

manifestations of disease in animal studies. 

NIAID is also supporting research to better 

understand Post-Treatment Lyme Disease 

Syndrome (PTLDS), a collection of symptoms that linger following standard treatment for Lyme 

disease. The bacterium that causes Lyme disease, Borrelia burgdorferi, is spread by the 

blacklegged tick, Ixodes scapularis. 

As part of its dual mandate, NIAID maintains readiness to respond to disease threats when they 

emerge or re-emerge. As part of its ongoing preparedness efforts, NIAID is funding a new 

Research and Development of Vaccines and Monoclonal Antibodies for Pandemic Preparedness 

(ReVAMPP) Network. The goal of this network is to develop vaccine and monoclonal antibody 

strategies for representative viruses from families of pandemic concern. Another NIAID 

Universal Influenza Vaccines

Seasonal influenza, or flu, continues to kill thousands 

of people in the U.S. each year. Although current flu 

vaccines limit severity of influenza, they do not work 

against every flu strain and must be taken on an 

annual basis. An effective universal flu vaccine could 

protect against a wide variety of strains and provide 

durable long-term immunity, eliminating the need for 

people to get a flu shot yearly.

Flu vaccines teach the immune system to recognize 

and respond to a protein found on the surface of the 

influenza virus, called hemagglutinin (HA). The head 

of the HA protein can vary year to year and within 

strains, but the stem of the HA protein is similar across

many different strains. NIAID researchers are 

developing vaccines to target this more consistent 

stem portion of the HA protein to induce long-term 

immunity against a broad range of flu viruses. A 

clinical trial of one such vaccine, H1ssF (influenza H1 

hemagglutinin stabilized stem ferritin nanoparticle 

vaccine), showed it was safe, well-tolerated, and 

induced broad antibody responses. Based on these 

positive results, NIAID recently began a separate 

clinical trial of an H1ssF vaccine – this time using a 

mRNA delivery system – to test its safety and ability to 

induce an appropriate immune response. NIAID also 

is conducting a Phase 1 clinical trial of FluMos-v2, 

designed to provide long-lasting protection against 

multiple flu virus strains by displaying part of six 

different HA proteins on self-assembling nanoparticle 

scaffolds.

Using a different vaccine approach, NIAID recently 

completed a Phase 1 clinical trial for a vaccine 

candidate, BPL-1357, a whole-virus vaccine made up 

of four strains of non-infectious, chemically inactivated, 

low-pathogenicity avian flu virus. This vaccine was 

administered intramuscularly or intranasally to assess 

the importance of mucosal immunity against flu. By 

developing and testing multiple platform and antigen 

combinations for a universal flu vaccine, researchers 

increase the chances that they find one that is both 

safe and provides strong and broad immunity against 

a variety of strains.
NIAID-20 

preparedness program, the Centers for Research in Emerging Infectious Diseases (CREID) 

Network, brings together multidisciplinary teams to conduct integrated research for detecting, 

controlling, and preventing emergence or re-emergence of viral infectious diseases. The CREID 

network focuses on surveillance studies to identify previously unknown viral causes of febrile 

illnesses in humans, including the animal sources of, and genetic changes within, these 

pathogens that allow them to infect humans. At the NIAID VRC, the Pandemic REsponse 

REpository through Microbial and Immune Surveillance and Epidemiology (PREMISE) 

program uses both pathogen surveillance and immunological surveillance to develop stockpiles 

of immunobiological MCMs. The Antiviral Drug Discovery (AViDD) Centers conduct 

innovative, multidisciplinary research to develop drugs targeting specific viral families with high 

potential to cause a future pandemic. AViDD is a part of the Antiviral Program for Pandemics 

(APP), which awarded contracts in FY 2023 to develop antivirals for filoviruses (e.g., Ebola), 

chikungunya virus, and yellow fever virus. 

Budget Policy: 

The FY 2025 President’s Budget request for the extramural component of Biodefense and 

Emerging Infectious Diseases research supported by NIAID is $2,199.9 million, which is a 

decrease of $9.9 million from the FY 2023 Final level. NIAID will continue to conduct and 

support research to better understand, prevent, and treat infectious diseases of public health 

concern. 

The FY 2025 request will support the development of MCMs for SARS-CoV-2 and new 

platform technologies as part of a strategy to address emerging and re-emerging infectious 

disease pathogens. This budget includes funding to sustain development of a safe and effective 

universal influenza vaccine that would provide long-lasting protection against multiple strains of 

the virus, including strains with the potential to cause a pandemic. NIAID is advancing several 

promising universal influenza vaccine candidates into clinical trials. 

Infectious and Immunologic Diseases

NIAID conducts and supports basic and clinical research to better understand, diagnose, treat, 

and prevent infectious and immune-mediated diseases, many of which have far-reaching global 

consequences. These diseases include malaria, neglected tropical diseases, hepatitis, sexually 

transmitted infections (STIs, including genital herpes, gonorrhea, and syphilis), fungal diseases, 

autoimmune diseases, asthma, and allergic diseases. In addition, NIAID conducts research to 

improve the long-term success of organ, tissue, and cell transplantation by better understanding 

the role the immune system plays in transplant success or failure.

Allergic diseases and asthma affect more than 20 percent of the U.S. population and 

disproportionally impact various racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. NIAID is funding 

studies to compare the presentation, causes, course, and management of food allergy in children 

of diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. NIAID also continues its long history of research on 

the causes and management of asthma in children living in low-income, urban communities. A 

recent study identified a strong relationship between airway pollution and asthma exacerbations 

in these children in the absence of a respiratory viral infection. In its efforts to understand the 

early causes of asthma in the U.S., an NIAID-funded birth cohort study has determined that 

15 percent of cases of asthma at age 5 may be preventable if infection due to respiratory 
NIAID-21 

syncytial virus (RSV) in the first year of life is avoided. Eczema is often unpredictable, and 

symptoms can worsen from exposure to multiple substances or without any obvious trigger. 

NIAID scientists recently compared a database that collects information from clinic visits for 

eczema with two resources from the Environmental Protection Agency that track environmental 

exposures and found a previously undiscovered association between eczema and diisocyanates 

and xylene, chemicals found in clothing, to treat furniture, and in building materials. These 

studies highlight the need to comprehensively assess environmental exposures and 

sociodemographic factors that may impact risk of allergic conditions. 

Celiac disease is an autoimmune disease that affects the gastrointestinal tract and occurs in 

genetically susceptible individuals who develop an immune response after ingesting gluten. 

Although the disease affects slightly over one percent of the U.S. population, the incidence has 

been rising over the last few decades. NIAID is supporting a NIH-wide funding opportunity, 

“Accelerating Progress in Celiac Disease Research,” that will fund research to define the cause 

and pathogenesis of celiac disease, as well as projects to identify and develop strategies for celiac 

disease prevention and treatment. 

Gut health also can impact other inflammatory conditions, including asthma, allergy, and 

autoimmune diseases. NIAID-funded researchers discovered that ILC2s cells, immune cells 

found in multiple tissues, are essential for protecting the gastrointestinal tract from parasitic 

infections but have also been associated with inflammation in allergy and asthma. 

Understanding the beneficial activities of ILC2s, as well as their undesirable roles in 

development of inflammatory diseases, is a critical new area of future research. Separately 

funded research identified a novel species of gut bacteria that may be involved in some cases of 

rheumatoid arthritis (RA), where the immune system attacks joints. While it has long been 

hypothesized that there is an association between bacteria and autoimmune disease, this study is 

among the first to demonstrate a strong connection between a specific bacterial species and 

development of RA.2

Malaria continues to be a significant global health burden. Approximately 247 million cases of 

malaria occurred worldwide in 2021, resulting in an estimated 619,000 deaths, mostly in children 

in sub-Saharan Africa.3

 Until recently, only one malaria vaccine (RTS,S) was recommended by 

the WHO. In October, WHO recommended a new vaccine, R21/Matrix-M, for the prevention of 

malaria in children. Nevertheless, WHO has called for further development of highly safe and 

efficacious malaria vaccines to reduce mortality and community-level transmission. NIAIDfunded researchers tested a three-dose regimen of a whole-parasite vaccine, the Plasmodium 

falciparum sporozoite (PfSPZ) vaccine, and showed it was safe and effective in adults who have 

previously experienced malaria. NIAID also is studying how monoclonal antibodies may protect 

against malaria infection. An NIAID clinical trial showed that a single intravenous (IV) infusion 

of the antibody CIS43LS provided up to 88.2 percent efficacy against malaria infection over a 6-

month malaria season in Mali. Another NIAID study identified, isolated, and modified a 

naturally occurring antibody to extend the length of time it could remain in the bloodstream. 

This antimalarial monoclonal antibody, L9LS, was still highly effective when give as an 

injection rather through IV administration. Phase 2 trials for L9LS are underway in Africa. 

2 ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9804515/

3 who.int/teams/global-malaria-programme/reports/world-malaria-report-2022
NIAID-22 

STIs have a devastating impact on long-term 

health, particularly when left untreated. The 

incidence of many STIs has been on the rise 

in the last decade in the U.S. and worldwide, 

and NIAID remains committed to addressing 

this lingering public health threat. One such 

threat, Neisseria gonorrhoeae (N. 

gonorrhoeae) – the causative agent of 

gonorrhea – is becoming resistant to most 

antibiotics. However, new Phase 3 clinical 

trial results show that a single dose of 

zoliflodacin, a novel, “first-in-class” oral 

antibiotic, is safe and effective as a treatment 

for gonorrhea. NIAID sponsored the Phase 1 

and Phase 2 clinical trials that evaluated the 

safety and antimicrobial activity of 

zoliflodacin. These trials enabled the Phase 3 

study, which was led by private sector 

partners. NIAID also recently funded research 

projects to study the clinical history (i.e., 

infection diagnosis through post-treatment 

follow-up) of syphilis, gonorrhea, and 

chlamydia to inform the development of 

vaccines and diagnostics for these STIs. 

Furthermore, NIAID plans to support efforts 

to develop vaccines for certain STI pathogens 

that have limited candidates in the product 

development pipeline: N. gonorrhoeae

(gonorrhea), Chlamydia trachomatis

(chlamydia), and Treponema pallidum

(syphilis). In response to the persistent health 

challenges of herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) 

and HSV-2, NIAID led the development of an 

NIH-wide Strategic Plan for Herpes Simplex 

Virus Research. The plan outlines an HSV 

research framework with four strategic 

priorities: improving fundamental knowledge of HSV biology, pathogenesis, and epidemiology; 

accelerating research to improve HSV diagnosis; improving strategies to treat HSV while 

seeking a curative therapeutic; and advancing research to prevent HSV infection. 

A recent WHO report on tuberculosis (TB) noted that the estimated numbers of new TB cases 

and deaths increased in 2021 for the first time in more than a decade. Mycobacterium 

tuberculosis, the bacterium that causes TB, is highly contagious and transmitted in aerosolized 

droplets that are inhaled by a nearby individual. Recent NIAID research revealed that even 

4

4 who.int/news/item/14-10-2021-tuberculosis-deaths-rise-for-the-first-time-in-more-than-a-decade-due-to-the-covid19-pandemic

Type 1 Diabetes Treatments

Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a life-threatening 

autoimmune disease that requires individuals to 

take insulin for the rest of their lives to manage 

their blood sugar levels and reduce the risk of 

severe complications. The FDA approved two 

T1D therapies in the past year, both of which 

originated from long-standing NIAID-funded 

research efforts on T1D prevention and 

treatment. 

In November 2022, after decades of NIH, 

academic, and industry investment in T1D 

prevention research, the FDA approved the first 

disease-modifying drug, teplizumab, to delay 

T1D. NIAID-funded investigators identified a 

human antibody, anti-CD3, that binds to T cells 

and prevents them from attacking beta cells, 

which produce insulin. Anti-CD3 was found to 

prevent T1D in mice but caused negative side 

effects in human patients, leading to studies to 

reengineer anti-CD3. The reengineered 

antibody, called teplizumab, was evaluated in 

two NIAID-supported clinical trials. It was shown 

to be safe and delayed progression of T1D in 

children. 

In June 2023, the FDA approved Lantidra, the 

first Purified Human Pancreatic Islet (PHPI) 

therapy to treat individuals with T1D that is 

difficult to manage with conventional methods. 

Lantidra, licensed by CellTrans, is based on a 

PHPI product developed by the Clinical Islet 

Transplantation (CIT) consortium, a joint venture 

between NIAID and the National Institute of 

Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases. 

The CIT Consortium conducted the Phase 3 trial 

of PHPI, demonstrating its safety and efficacy in 

maintaining blood glucose levels and preventing 

severe low blood sugar events.
NIAID-23 

normal breathing can aerosolize TB bacteria, suggesting that TB may be transmitted more 

readily than previously thought. NIAID is funding research on the primary drivers of TB 

transmission and is supporting the development of safe and effective TB vaccines. A recent 

Phase 1 trial found that a freeze-dried version of an experimental TB vaccine was safe and 

induced an immune response in healthy adults. This vaccine candidate has the advantage of 

being stable at room temperatures, making it easier to transport to remote parts of the world than 

conventional vaccines. Ongoing TB treatment efforts include Phase 1 clinical trials by the Gates 

Medical Research Institute on a new TB-selective antibacterial drug candidate that was 

developed jointly by NIAID and Merck scientists. The drug, designed to be taken once daily by 

mouth, likely will not cause the side effects triggered by a similar TB drug, linezolid. NIAID 

continues to support improvements in diagnosing TB, including support for the development of 

improved drug susceptibility tests, conducting the first evaluation of the Cepheid HR cartridge as 

a blood-based triage test, and supporting the development of diagnostic assays that use easy to 

obtain samples, including blood, urine, and oral swabs.

Organ transplantation is the treatment of choice for individuals with end-stage disease of the 

kidneys, heart, lungs, or liver. More than 100,000 Americans are currently on the transplant 

waiting list.5

 While organ transplantation extends and improves quality of life, it does not 

restore normal life expectancy: the immunosuppressive drugs currently required to protect the 

transplanted organ are associated with serious conditions including diabetes, cardiovascular 

disease, and kidney injury. NIAID aims to improve health and prolong survival in transplant 

recipients. To achieve this, NIAID supports basic and preclinical research and clinical trials that 

evaluate the role of the immune system in successful and failed organ transplants and develop 

approaches to selectively control or eliminate unwanted immune responses following 

transplantation. For example, NIAID-funded studies in NHPs have demonstrated the efficacy of 

novel B-cell directed therapies for the treatment of pre-sensitization, a condition in which 

individuals develop antibodies against proteins found on the surface of donor cells. This 

condition significantly interferes with the ability to find a compatible donor for a person with 

end-stage kidney disease. A therapy to prevent or treat pre-sensitization could improve 

outcomes for affected transplant recipients. These preclinical studies are the basis for recent 

NIAID-sponsored clinical trials intended to diminish pre-sensitization and enable more patients 

on the waiting list to receive a compatible organ. These studies are part of a broader portfolio 

evaluating novel interventions including cellular therapies and biologic agents for organ 

transplantation. 

Budget Policy: 

The FY 2025 President’s Budget request for the extramural component of Infectious and 

Immunologic Diseases research is $1,543.8 million, which is an increase of $0.9 million from the 

FY 2023 Final level. NIAID will continue to advance long-range research priorities in infectious 

and immunologic diseases. The FY 2025 request will support NIAID’s commitment and longterm interest in fundamental immunology, as well as research on malaria, neglected tropical 

diseases, hepatitis, TB, sexually transmitted infections (STIs), fungal diseases, autoimmune 

diseases, organ transplantation, asthma, and allergic diseases.

5 optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/data/
IRP investigators continue to advance research on diseases with broad public health impact, 

including those spread by vectors such as ticks and mosquitoes. For example, DIR researchers 

recently used an NHP model to evaluate a DNA plasmid-based vaccine candidate regimen 

targeting Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV), a tick-borne febrile illness that can 

progress to severe, hemorrhagic disease. The vaccine offered robust protection against CCHFV 

through antibody-dependent and antibody-independent mechanisms. DIR researchers also have 

made headway against the transmission of malaria, a devastating global health problem. 

Transmission-blocking vaccine candidates targeting the development of the Plasmodium 

falciparum parasite in the mosquito host have shown promise in pre-clinical studies. NIAID also 

plans to establish an intramural research program on vector-borne pathogens in Uganda that will 

include ecological studies, pathogen characterization, disease modeling in animals, and 

development of MCMs.

NIAID-24 

Intramural Research Program

The NIAID Intramural Research Program (IRP) remains at the forefront of efforts to translate 

basic science discoveries into new tools and strategies to improve human health and address 

urgent public health needs. The IRP has three components: 1) the Division of Intramural 

Research (DIR), with more than 124 principal investigators in Maryland and at the Rocky 

Mountain Laboratories in Montana who lead a wide range of basic, translational, and clinical 

research efforts in infectious diseases, allergy, and immunology; 2) the Vaccine Research Center 

(VRC), which applies fundamental advances in immunology, virology, and vaccine science to 

discover new and improved vaccines for human diseases; and 3) the Division of Clinical 

Research (DCR), which facilitates efficient and effective NIAID clinical research programs in 

the U.S. and internationally. 

The unique nature of the IRP, along with access to the NIH Clinical Center and longstanding 

domestic and international partnerships, allows NIAID to execute high-risk and long-term 

studies, conduct research on rare diseases, and rapidly respond to global public health 

emergencies. For example, NIAID scientists played key roles in the discovery and development 

of the first FDA-approved RSV vaccines for people aged 60 and older and pregnant individuals. 

NIAID scientists discovered that the RSV surface F protein induced a protective immune 

response and that the F protein altered its shape between two conformations, known as the 

prefusion and postfusion states. “Locking” the RSV F protein in its prefusion state induced a 

stronger immune response than the “unlocked” F protein. Beginning in 2017, NIAID VRC and 

other NIAID-funded scientists tested a vaccine using this “locked” prefusion F protein in early 

clinical trials and demonstrated that it was safe and induced a protective immune response. After 

further development and testing by private industry, the FDA approved two separate RSV 

vaccines in 2023, both based on the “locked” prefusion F immunogen. The IRP also developed

an RSV vaccine candidate for children 6-24 months of age, who are at risk of severe respiratory 

illness from RSV. This intervention, which is a live-attenuated vaccine candidate delivered 

intranasally, was developed by DIR researchers and offers protection by inducing systemic and 

mucosal immunity in the respiratory tract. DIR investigators partnered with academic and 

industry partners to advance its development. 
NIAID-25 

Budget Policy: 

The FY 2025 President’s Budget request for Intramural Research is $879.9 million, which is an 

increase of $23.6 million from the FY 2023 Final level. The FY 2025 Intramural Research plan 

supports NIAID’s critical long-range research priorities with funding carefully aligned to support 

key research activities. These activities include continued support for all aspects of research on 

infectious diseases such as HIV/AIDS, RSV, malaria, and influenza, with a focus on causative 

agents, vectors, and the human host. In addition, NIAID is developing countermeasures against 

bioterrorism through basic research and its strong clinical research component, allowing vital lab 

discoveries to be rapidly translated into methods to prevent, diagnose, or treat disease. The 

budget increase will support the January 2024 pay increase as well as the proposed January 2025 

pay increase for intramural staff. 

Research Management and Support 

RMS activities provide administrative, budgetary, logistical, and scientific support in the review, 

awarding, and monitoring of research grants, training awards, and research and development 

contracts. RMS also facilitates NIAID-wide coordination, evaluation of programs, and strategic 

planning, which is coordinated through the NIAID Policy, Planning, and Evaluation (PP&E) 

Branch. In September 2022, NIAID published the Strategic Plan for Research to Develop a 

Valley Fever Vaccine with three strategic priorities to advance Valley fever vaccine research. 

Led by NIAID, NIH published the Strategic Plan for Herpes Simplex Virus (HSV) Research in 

September 2023. RMS activities also provide regulatory compliance, international coordination, 

and liaison activities with other federal agencies, Congress, and the public. 

Budget Policy: 

The FY 2025 President’s Budget request for RMS is $436.0 million, an increase of $17.3 million 

from the FY 2023 Final level. The budget increase will support mandatory increases in NIH 

assessments and personnel costs. 
NIAID-26 

APPROPRIATIONS HISTORY

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Appropriations History

Fiscal Year Budget Estimate

to Congress

House

Allowance

Senate

Allowance Appropriation

2016 $4,614,779,000 $4,512,918,000 $4,710,342,000 $4,629,928,000

Rescission $0

2017 1 $4,715,697,000 $4,738,883,000 $4,961,305,000 $4,906,638,000

Rescission $0

2018 $3,782,670,000 $5,005,813,000 $5,127,866,000 $5,260,210,000

Rescission $0

2019 $4,761,948,000 $5,368,029,000 $5,506,190,000 $5,523,324,000

Rescission $0

2020 $4,754,379,000 $5,811,268,000 $5,937,816,000 $5,885,470,000

Rescission $0

Supplemental $1,542,000,000

2021 $5,885,470,000 $6,013,087,000 $6,142,540,000 $6,069,619,000

Rescission $0

2022 $6,245,926,000 $6,557,803,000 $6,342,756,000 $6,322,728,000

Rescission $0

2023 $6,268,313,000 $6,642,608,000 $6,449,804,000 $6,562,279,000

Rescission $0

2024 $6,561,652,000 $5,062,279,000 $6,562,279,000 $6,562,279,000

Rescission $0

2025 $6,581,291,000

 1 Budget Estimate to Congress includes mandatory financing.
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Authorizing Legislation

PHS Act/

Other Citation

U.S. Code

Citation

2024 Amount

Authorized

FY 2024 CR 2025 Amount

Authorized

FY 2025 President's

Budget

Research and Investigation Section 301 42§241 Indefinite Indefinite

$6,562,279,000 $6,581,291,000

National Institute of Allergy

and Infectious Diseases Section 401(a) 42§281 Indefinite Indefinite

Total, Budget Authority $6,562,279,000 $6,581,291,000

AUTHORIZING LANGUAGE

NIAID-27 
NIAID-28 

AMOUNTS AVAILABLE FOR OBLIGATION

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Amounts Available for Obligation 1

(Dollars in Thousands)

Source of Funding FY 2023 Final FY 2024 CR

FY 2025 

President's 

Budget

Appropriation $6,562,279 $6,562,279 $6,581,291

Mandatory Appropriation: (non-add)

Type 1 Diabetes ($0) ($0) ($0)

Other Mandatory financing ($0) ($0) ($0)

Subtotal, adjusted appropriation $6,562,279 $6,562,279 $6,581,291

OAR HIV/AIDS Transfers -$627 $0 $0

Subtotal, adjusted budget authority $6,561,652 $6,562,279 $6,581,291

Unobligated balance, start of year $0 $0 $0

Unobligated balance, end of year (carryover) $0 $0 $0

Subtotal, adjusted budget authority $6,561,652 $6,562,279 $6,581,291

Unobligated balance lapsing -$110 $0 $0

Total obligations $6,561,542 $6,562,279 $6,581,291

1

 Excludes the following amounts (in thousands) for reimbursable activities carried out by this account: 

 FY 2023 - $36,425 FY 2024 - $40,000 FY 2025 - $40,000
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Budget Authority by Object Class

(Dollars in Thousands)

 1

FY 2024 CR FY 2025 President's

Budget

Total compensable workyears:

Full-time equivalent 2,180 2,180

Full-time equivalent of overtime and holiday hours 0 0

Average ES salary $223 $229

Average GM/GS grade 12.7 12.7

Average GM/GS salary $136 $140

Average salary, Commissioned Corps (42 U.S.C. 207) $118 $121

Average salary of ungraded positions $175 $179

OBJECT CLASSES FY 2024 CR FY 2025 President's

Budget

Personnel Compensation

11.1 Full-Time Permanent $218,498 $224,616

11.3 Other Than Full-Time Permanent $90,877 $93,421

11.5 Other Personnel Compensation $15,498 $15,932

11.7 Military Personnel $4,576 $4,790

11.8 Special Personnel Services Payments $29,958 $30,797

11.9 Subtotal Personnel Compensation $359,408 $369,557

12.1 Civilian Personnel Benefits $120,315 $124,343

12.2 Military Personnel Benefits $1,083 $1,134

13.0 Benefits to Former Personnel $0 $0

Subtotal Pay Costs $480,806 $495,034

21.0 Travel & Transportation of Persons $7,152 $7,331

22.0 Transportation of Things $1,921 $1,995

23.1 Rental Payments to GSA $82 $84

23.2 Rental Payments to Others $2 $2

23.3 Communications, Utilities & Misc. Charges $2,119 $2,117

24.0 Printing & Reproduction $10 $10

25.1 Consulting Services $228,683 $231,404

25.2 Other Services $183,378 $176,365

Purchase of Goods and Services from Government 25.3 Accounts $685,281 $674,419

25.4 Operation & Maintenance of Facilities $10,243 $10,400

25.5 R&D Contracts $840,883 $805,840

25.6 Medical Care $6,362 $6,740

25.7 Operation & Maintenance of Equipment $35,678 $36,317

25.8 Subsistence & Support of Persons $0 $0

25.0 Subtotal Other Contractual Services $1,990,508 $1,941,485

26.0 Supplies & Materials $63,938 $66,525

31.0 Equipment $23,724 $24,473

32.0 Land and Structures $5,353 $5,471

33.0 Investments & Loans $0 $0

41.0 Grants, Subsidies & Contributions $3,985,952 $4,036,052

42.0 Insurance Claims & Indemnities $0 $0

43.0 Interest & Dividends $712 $712

44.0 Refunds $0 $0

Subtotal Non-Pay Costs $6,081,473 $6,086,257

Total Budget Authority by Object Class $6,562,279 $6,581,291

 1 Includes FTEs whose payroll obligations are supported by the NIH Common Fund.

BUDGET AUTHORITY BY OBJECT CLASS

NIAID-29 
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Salaries and Expenses

(Dollars in Thousands)

Object Classes FY 2024 CR

FY 2025

President's

Budget

Personnel Compensation

Full-Time Permanent (11.1) $218,498 $224,616

Other Than Full-Time Permanent (11.3) $90,877 $93,421

Other Personnel Compensation (11.5) $15,498 $15,932

Military Personnel (11.7) $4,576 $4,790

Special Personnel Services Payments (11.8) $29,958 $30,797

Subtotal, Personnel Compensation (11.9) $359,408 $369,557

Civilian Personnel Benefits (12.1) $120,315 $124,343

Military Personnel Benefits (12.2) $1,083 $1,134

Benefits to Former Personnel (13.0) $0 $0

Subtotal Pay Costs $480,806 $495,034

Travel & Transportation of Persons (21.0) $7,152 $7,331

Transportation of Things (22.0) $1,921 $1,995

Rental Payments to Others (23.2) $2 $2

Communications, Utilities & Misc. Charges

(23.3) $2,119 $2,117

Printing & Reproduction (24.0) $10 $10

Other Contractual Services

Consultant Services (25.1) $228,683 $231,404

Other Services (25.2) $183,378 $176,365

Purchase of Goods and Services from

Government Accounts (25.3) $521,224 $509,887

Operation & Maintenance of Facilities (25.4) $10,243 $10,400

Operation & Maintenance of Equipment (25.7) $35,678 $36,317

Subsistence & Support of Persons (25.8) $0 $0

Subtotal Other Contractual Services $979,205 $964,373

Supplies & Materials (26.0) $63,938 $66,525

Subtotal Non-Pay Costs $1,054,347 $1,042,352

Total Administrative Costs $1,535,153 $1,537,386

SALARIES AND EXPENSES

NIAID-30 
NIAID-31 

DETAIL OF FULL-TIME EQUIVALENT EMPLOYMENT (FTE)

NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Detail of Full-Time Equivalent Employment (FTE)

Office FY 2023 Final FY 2024 CR FY 2025 President's Budget

Civilian Military Total Civilian Military Total Civilian Military Total

Division of Clinical Research

Direct: 92 4 96 96 4 100 96 4 100

Total: 92 4 96 96 4 100 96 4 100

Division of Extramural Activities

Direct: 256 2 258 262 2 264 262 2 264

Total: 256 2 258 262 2 264 262 2 264

Division of Intramural Research

Direct: 746 7 753 766 7 773 766 7 773

Total: 746 7 753 766 7 773 766 7 773

Office of the Director

Direct: 427 - 427 447 - 447 447 - 447

Total: 427 - 427 447 - 447 447 - 447

Division of Allergy, Immunology, and

Transplantation

Direct: 98 1 99 101 1 102 101 1 102

Total: 98 1 99 101 1 102 101 1 102

Division of Microbiology and Infectious Diseases

Direct: 188 8 196 198 8 206 198 8 206

Total: 188 8 196 198 8 206 198 8 206

Division of Acquired Immunodeficiency

Direct: 162 4 166 166 4 170 166 4 170

Total: 162 4 166 166 4 170 166 4 170

Vaccine Research Center

Direct: 113 1 114 117 1 118 117 1 118

Total: 113 1 114 117 1 118 117 1 118

Total 2,082 27 2,109 2,153 27 2,180 2,153 27 2,180

Includes FTEs whose payroll obligations are supported by the NIH Common Fund.

FTEs supported by funds from Cooperative Research

and Development Agreements. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

FISCAL YEAR Average GS Grade

2021 12.6

2022 12.7

2023 12.6

2024 12.7

2025 12.7
NATIONAL INSTITUTES OF HEALTH

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Detail of Positions 1

GRADE FY 2023 Final FY 2024 CR FY 2025

President's Budget

Total, ES Positions

Total, ES Salary

2

$424,200

2

$445,622

2

$458,100

General Schedule

GM/GS-15 213 231 231

GM/GS-14 434 447 447

GM/GS-13 422 438 438

GS-12 256 266 266

GS-11 132 141 141

GS-10 1 5 7

GS-9 62 65 67

GS-8 25 27 29

GS-7 50 52 56

GS-6 12 12 12

GS-5 4 5 6

GS-4 4 5 6

GS-3 3 3 3

GS-2 1 1 1

GS-1 4 4 4

Subtotal 1,623 1,702 1,714

Commissioned Corps (42 U.S.C.

207)

Assistant Surgeon General 0 0 0

Director Grade 7 8 9

Senior Grade 6 7 8

Full Grade 8 8 9

Senior Assistant Grade 3 4 4

Assistant Grade 0 0 0

Junior Assistant 0 0 0

Subtotal 24 27 30

Ungraded 501 509 509

Total permanent positions 1,628 1,639 1,650

Total positions, end of year 2,150 2,240 2,255

Total full-time equivalent (FTE)

employment, end of year 2,109 2,180 2,180

Average ES salary $212,100 $222,811 $229,050

Average GM/GS grade 12.6 12.7 12.7

Average GM/GS salary $129,755 $136,308 $140,125

 1 Includes FTEs whose payroll obligations are supported by the NIH Common Fund.

NIAID-32 

DETAIL OF POSITIONS