UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

_____________________________________________

JOHN MINNICK,

Plaintiff,

v. 1:10-CV-2109

 (FJS)

KATRINA CARLILE,

Defendant.

_____________________________________________

APPEARANCES OF COUNSEL

ALSTON & BIRD, LLP MARIANNE R. CASSERLY, ESQ.

950 F Street, NW

Washington, D.C. 20004

Attorneys for Plaintiff

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT RHONDA LISA CAMPBELL, ESQ.

OF JUSTICE

555 Fourth Street, NW

E4412

Washington, D.C. 20001

Attorneys for Defendant

SCULLIN, Senior Judge

MEMORANDUM-DECISION AND ORDER

I. INTRODUCTION

Currently before the Court is the United States' motion on behalf of Defendant, its former

employee, pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1) and 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure to

dismiss the complaint on the grounds that sovereign immunity bars Plaintiff's claims and that

Plaintiff has failed to exhaust his administrative remedies. The United States also asks that the

Court formally substitute the United States for Defendant as the sole Defendant in this action. 
II. BACKGROUND

Plaintiff, an employee of the United States Department of Homeland Security ("DHS"),

filed a complaint in the Superior Court for the District of Columbia on October 19, 2010, against

Defendant, a former intern with DHS. In his complaint, Plaintiff asserted the following eleven

causes of action: (1) reckless disregard for the truth/fraud (oral statements); (2) reckless disregard

for the truth/fraud (written statements); (3) defamation; (4) negligent infliction of emotional

distress (oral statements); (5) negligent infliction of emotional distress (written statements); (6)

intentional infliction of emotional distress (oral statements); (7) intentional infliction of

emotional distress (written statements); (8) injurious falsehood (oral statements); (9) injurious

falsehood (written statements); (10) false light (oral statements); and (11) false light (written

statements). See generally Complaint.

Specifically, Plaintiff alleged that Defendant had made false and disparaging statements

to her supervisors about Plaintiff's work performance while he was assigned to work in Texas

and that these statements had led to an investigation by DHS's Office of Security ("OS"), the

suspension of his security clearance, and to his placement on unpaid administrative leave in

November 2009.1

On December 13, 2010, acting pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2679(d), Rudolph Contreras,

Chief of the Civil Division of the United States Attorney's Office for the District of Columbia,

certified that, at the time of the alleged incidents described in the complaint, Defendant was

acting within the scope of her employment as a United States employee. Based on this

 DHS's Chief Security Officer reinstated Plaintiff's security clearance on October 22, 1

2010, and he returned to work at DHS at that time.

-2-
certification, the United States removed the action to this Court.2

The United States bases its motion to dismiss on the following theories: (1) the United

States should be substituted as the sole Defendant in this action because Plaintiff sued Defendant

for conduct within the scope of her employment; and, thus, this action arises, if at all, under the

Federal Tort Claims Act ("FTCA") and federal employees cannot be sued personally for their

allegedly tortious conduct; (2) sovereign immunity bars Plaintiff's tort claims because the United

States has not waived its sovereign immunity under the FTCA with respect to claims arising

under, among other things, libel, slander, misrepresentation or deceit; and (3), even if the FTCA

encompassed claims such as Plaintiff's, he has not exhausted his administrative remedies under

the FTCA, which is a prerequisite to filing a complaint in federal court.

Plaintiff opposes this motion on the ground that Defendant was not acting within the

scope of her employment when the alleged actions occurred and, therefore, certification under 

§ 2679 was improper, and the United States should not be substituted as the defendant in this

case. Plaintiff does not address the United States' arguments concerning the FTCA.

The Court heard oral argument in support of, and in opposition to, the United States'

motion on August 29, 2012, and reserved decision at that time. The Court also provided the

parties with an opportunity to submit additional briefing on the issue of whether certification

under § 2679 was proper, which Plaintiff did on September 5, 2012, see Dkt. No. 13. The

following constitutes the Court's written resolution of the pending motion.

 The United States contends that Plaintiff has not filed an administrative claim with DHS 2

and has never served the United States Attorney as Rule 4(i) of the Federal Rules of Civil

Procedure requires.

-3-
III. DISCUSSION

A. Preliminary matters

During oral argument, the Court asked Plaintiff whether he conceded that, if the Court

were to find that the United States should be substituted as Defendant, the Court lacked subject

matter jurisdiction over his claims because he had not exhausted his administrative remedies

under the FTCA. In response, Plaintiff conceded this point.

B. Westfall Act certification

The Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988, also

known as the Westfall Act, "'accords federal employees absolute immunity from common-law

tort claims arising out of acts they undertake in the course of their official duties.'" Jackson v.

United States, 857 F. Supp. 2d 158, 160 (D.D.C. 2012) (quotation omitted). Under the Westfall

Act, "'when a federal employee is named in a tort suit, the Attorney General or his designees may

certify that the employee was "acting within the scope of his office or employment at the time of

the incident out of which the claim arose."'" Id. (quotation omitted). Pursuant to § 2679(d) of

Title 28 of the United State Code, 

[u]pon certification . . . any civil action . . . commenced upon such

claim in a State court shall be removed . . . to the district court of

the United States for the district . . . embracing the place in which

the action . . . is pending. Such action . . . shall be deemed to be an

action . . . brought against the United States under the provisions of

[the Federal Tort Claims Act] . . ., and the United States shall be

substituted as the party defendant. . . .

28 U.S.C. § 2679(d)(2).

A Westfall Act certification is conclusive for the purpose of removal, see 28 U.S.C. 

-4-
§ 2679(d)(2), but "'[a] plaintiff may contest the Attorney General's scope-of-employment

certification before a district court.'" Jackson, 857 F. Supp. 2d at 160 (quotation omitted). If a

plaintiff challenges the scope-of-employment certification, "the certification 'constitute[s] prima

facie evidence that the employee was acting within the scope of his employment.'" Id. (quotation

omitted). To rebut the certification and, thereby, obtain any necessary discovery, "a plaintiff

must 'alleg[e] sufficient facts that, taken as true, would establish that the defendant['s] actions

exceeded the scope of [his] employment.'" Wuterich v. Murtha, 562 F.3d 375, 381 (D.C. Cir.

2009) (quotation omitted). If a plaintiff meets this pleading burden, the court may, if necessary,

allow the plaintiff to conduct "limited discovery" to resolve any factual disputes over jurisdiction. 

See id. (citation omitted). However, "'[n]ot every complaint will warrant further inquiry into the

scope-of-employment issue.'" Id. (quotation omitted). Therefore, if "a plaintiff fails to allege

sufficient facts to rebut the certification, the United States must be substituted as the defendant

because the federal employee is absolutely immune from suit." Id.

To determine whether an employee was acting within the scope of her employment

within the meaning of the Westfall Act, "'courts apply the respondeat superior law of the state in

which the allege tort occurred.'" Taylor v. Clark, 821 F. Supp. 2d 370, 373 (D.C. Cir. 2011)

(quotation omitted). District of Columbia law, which governs this case, defines "scope of

employment" in accord with the Restatement (Second) of Agency. See id. (quotation omitted). 

Under the Restatement (Second) of Agency, 

"[c]onduct of a servant is within the scope of employment if, but

only if:

(a) it is of the kind he is employed to perform;

(b) it occurs substantially within the authorized time

and space limits;

-5-
(c) it is actuated, at least in part, by a purpose to

serve the master, and

(d) if force is intentionally used by the servant against another, the

use of force is not unexpectable by the master."

Id. (quoting Restatement (Second) of Agency § 228(1))

"'[T]he test for scope of employment is an objective one, based on all the facts and

circumstances.'" Id. (quotation omitted). "'Although scope of employment is generally a

question for the jury, it "becomes a question of law for the court, however, if there is not

sufficient evidence from which a reasonable juror could conclude that the action was within the

scope of the employment."'" Upshaw v. United States, 669 F. Supp. 2d 32, 40 (D.D.C. 2009)

(quotation omitted).

At the motion to dismiss stage, a plaintiff must allege facts that, if true, would establish

that the defendant acted outside the scope of her employment. See id. at 41 (citation omitted). 

Regarding the first prong of the scope-of-employment test (whether the alleged conduct is of the

kind the person is employed to perform), "'[t]o qualify as conduct of the kind [the individual

Federal Defendants were] employed to perform, the[ir] actions must have either been "of the

same general nature as that authorized" or "incidental to the conduct authorized."'" Id. (quotation

omitted). "'Conduct is "incidental" to an employee's legitimate duties if it is "foreseeable."'" Id.

(quotation omitted). Where the plaintiff has alleged an intentional tort, the defendant's claimed

tortious conduct "'must be "a direct outgrowth of the employee's instructions or job

assignment."'" Id. (quotation omitted). Courts construe the term "incidental" very broadly in this

context. See id. (citations omitted). Courts routinely find that a federal employee's statements

made during the course of government investigations fall within the scope of that employee's

-6-
duties, even when the statements are alleged to be false or defamatory. See id. at 42 (citing

Klugel v. Small, 519 F. Supp. 2d 66, 74 (D.D.C. 2007) (finding that federal employees were

acting in the scope of employment when they made allegedly defamatory statements to the

agency's inspector general during an investigation into plaintiff's improper use of official travel);

Hosey v. Jacobik, 966 F. Supp. 12, 14-15 (D.D.C. 1997) (finding that federal employee's

allegedly defamatory statements to investigator during a government security clearance

investigation were made within the scope of employment); Brumfield v. Sanders, 232 F.3d 376,

380-81 (3rd Cir. 2000) (finding under Restatement (Second) of Agency that employees were

acting within the scope of employment when they made allegedly false, defamatory statements

about plaintiff to government investigator during investigation regarding plaintiff's

unprofessional conduct)).

With respect to the third prong of the scope-of-employment test (whether the alleged

conduct was actuated, at least in party, by a purpose to serve the master), the District of

Columbia Circuit has held that "'even a partial desire to serve the master is sufficient' to satisfy

this . . . prong." Upshaw, 669 F. Supp. 2d at 43 (quoting Council on Am. Islamic Relations, 444

F.3d at 664).

In challenging the Westfall Act certification, Plaintiff asserts that Defendant's statements

"assessing the legitimacy of the work that [he] performed while he was detailed to Texas were

[not] made within the scope of her duties as an unpaid student intern . . . ." See Dkt. No. 4 at 12. 

Plaintiff further contends that there are two sets of statements at issue in this case: (1)

Defendant's oral statements that she made in or about March 2009 to her supervisors when she

returned from her trip to Texas with Plaintiff and (2) the written declaration that Defendant

-7-
signed on September 28, 2009, five months after her internship with the DHS Office of Policy

ended. See id.

With respect to Defendant's oral statements, Plaintiff alleges that they were far outside the

realm of work that Defendant was employed to perform. See id. at 13. Her job function was to

learn the functions of the Agency and to gain professional work experience. See id. (citing

Martinez-Fonts Dec. ¶ 7). Furthermore, Defendant was invited on the Texas trip solely as a

courtesy because the DHS employees who invited her thought that she would be interested n

working on Hurricane Ike recovery efforts in light of the fact that she was from Texas. See id.

(citing Minnick Dec. ¶ 7). Her role on the trip was to attend meetings and then assist Marvin Fell

with any resulting economic analysis. See id. (citing Martinez-Fonts Dec. ¶ 10; Minnick Dec. 

¶ 7). Plaintiff argues that for Defendant to return from that trip and make statements assessing

the legitimacy of the work that Plaintiff was doing and opining, among other things, that Plaintiff

had no demonstrated record of any actual accomplishments during the entirety of his detail

assignment is clearly far beyond the scope of her employment and far beyond the duties that she

was employed to perform as an unpaid student intern. See id. at ¶ 14.

Plaintiff also notes that, based on the evidence that DHS has provided to him about its

investigation of him, there was no investigation until some point after March 27, 2009, when Mr.

Martinez-Fonts left DHS. See id. at 14 (citing Martinez-Fonts Dec. p 12). Thus, Plaintiff asserts

that Defendant's statements, which she made shortly after returning from Texas on March 6,

2009, were not made in connection with an ongoing investigation. See id. Rather, Plaintiff

claims that the evidence suggests that Defendant's complaints were the reason why DHS

commenced an investigation. See id.

-8-
With respect to whether Defendant's conduct was actuated, at least in part, by a purpose

to serve her employer, Plaintiff asserts that, because the conduct at issue is so clearly not of the

kind that Defendant was employed to perform, any analysis of this point may be unnecessary. 

See id. at 15. However, Plaintiff notes that, whatever Defendant's motives were, they appear to

be more aimed at defaming Plaintiff then serving any purpose of DHS. See id.

With respect to Defendant's September 2009 written statements, Plaintiff notes that, at the

time of these statements, Defendant was no longer employed at DHS. See id. at 15. Therefore,

Plaintiff argues that these statements cannot be the kind of work that she was employed to

perform. See id.

Finally, Plaintiff notes that, "[b]ecause the Westfall certification is invalid . . ., the United

States should not be substituted as the defendant [and] [c]onsequently, all remaining arguments

in the Motion to Dismiss should be denied as moot." See id. at 17.

In response to Plaintiff''s challenge to Westfall Act certification, the United States argues

that, during the course of an official investigation, DHS officials asked Defendant about her

observations of Plaintiff's conduct when she and Plaintiff were on temporary duty assignment in

Texas and that it was part of Defendant's duties to respond truthfully to those questions. See Dkt.

No. 5 at 7. 

Furthermore, the United States contends that Plaintiff's argument that, because Defendant

made her written statement after she left employment at DHS, that statement was not within the

authorized time and space limits of her employment lacks merit. See id. at 8. First, Defendant

provided her oral statement to DHS officials during normal duty hours shortly after she returned

to D.C. from Texas. See id. The United States claims that Defendant's written statements simply

-9-
memorialize her prior oral statements and thus were substantially within the authorized time and

space limits of her employment. See id. at 9 (citations omitted).

With regard to the third prong of the scope-of-employment test, the United States asserts

that Defendant's allegedly defamatory statements focused solely on Plaintiff's work performance

in Texas. See id. Furthermore, Deputy Director Tracy Hannah was concerned about the ability

of DHS's budget to sustain Plaintiff's continuing presence in Texas, coupled with his activities in

Texas during the seven month period he was assigned to Texas because he had not provided his

supervisors with any work product or reports related to his activities in Texas. See id. at 9-10

(citing Decl. Hannah at ¶¶ 3-5). Therefore, the United States contends that Defendant's

statements were motivated, at least in part, by her desire to serve DHS. See id. at 10. 

Furthermore, the United States asserts that Plaintiff has not pled any facts that Defendant's

conduct was not motivated in any way by a desire to serve DHS. See id.

Based on all the evidence in the record, the Court concludes that Plaintiff has not alleged

sufficient facts to rebut the presumption that the Westfall Act certification is valid. In reaching

this conclusion, the Court has carefully considered all three prongs of the scope-of-employment

test: (1) whether Defendant's conduct was of the kind she was employed to perform; (2) whether

Defendant's conduct occurred substantially within the authorized time and space limits; and (3)

whether Defendant's conduct was actuated, at least in part, by a purpose to serve her employer,

DHS.

With regard to the first prong, Plaintiff does not allege or argue that Defendant's oral and

written statements were unsolicited. Nor does Plaintiff argue that Ms. Hannah's rendition of the

circumstances under which Defendant made these statements was false. Based on the

-10-
uncontroverted record, it is clear that Ms. Hannah asked Defendant some specific questions about

her observations of Plaintiff's performance during the trip that Defendant made to Texas with

Plaintiff, and Defendant responded to those questions. Clearly, responding to the questions of

her supervisor was incidental to Defendant's employment at DHS. In other words, Defendant's

answers to Ms. Hannah's questions were a direct outgrowth of the instructions Defendant

received from Ms. Hannah, i.e., to provide her observations and impressions about Plaintiff's

performance during their trip to Texas.

With respect to the second prong, Defendant clearly made her oral statements to Ms.

Hannah while in the DHS office while she was an intern in that office. Furthermore, although

she made her written statements after she had returned to school, those statements merely

memorialized her previous statements, a fact that Plaintiff does not dispute. The Court finds that,

under these circumstances, Defendant's written statements satisfy the time and space

requirements.

Finally, with respect to the third prong, Plaintiff has not alleged facts, which accepted as

true, would support a finding that Defendant's conduct was not actuated, at least in part, by a

purpose to serve DHS. Although Plaintiff conjectures about possible personal motives for

Defendant's statements, the facts demonstrate that none of Defendant's statements were

unsolicited. Her supervisor questioned her about her impressions of Plaintiff's performance

during her trip to Texas, and she responded to those questions. Plaintiff has not alleged any facts

to demonstrate that Defendant's actions were not, at least in part, actuated by a purpose to serve

DHS.

In sum, for all of the above-stated reasons, the Court concludes that the Westfall Act

-11-
certification is valid. Therefore, the Court will substitute the United States as the sole Defendant

in this case and convert this action to one under the Federal Tort Claims Act. As noted, Plaintiff

acknowledged at oral argument that, if the Court reached this conclusion, the Court would lack

subject matter jurisdiction over his claims because he failed to exhaust his administrative

remedies. Therefore, the Court must dismiss this case for lack of jurisdiction. Alternatively,

even if Plaintiff had exhausted his administrative remedies, the Court would have to dismiss

Plaintiff's claims because the United States has not waived its sovereign immunity under the

Federal Tort Claims Act for the type of claims that Plaintiff asserts in this action.

IV. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, having reviewed the entire file in this matter, the parties' submissions and

oral arguments, and the applicable law, and for the above-stated reasons, the Court hereby

ORDERS that the United States' motion to dismiss Defendant from this case and

substitute the United States as the only Defendant is GRANTED; and the Court further

ORDERS that the United States' motion to dismiss this case pursuant to Rules 12(b)(1)

and 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure is GRANTED; and the Court further

ORDERS that the Clerk of the Court shall enter judgment in favor of the United States

and close this case.

IT IS SO ORDERED.

Dated: May 28, 2013

Syracuse, New York

-12-