IN THE SUPREME COURT OF NORTH CAROLINA

2022-NCSC-55

No. 274A21

Filed 6 May 2022

IN THE MATTER OF: S.D.C.

Appeal pursuant to N.C.G.S. § 7B-1001(a1)(1) from order entered on 3 May 

2021 by Judge Clifton H. Smith in District Court, Catawba County. This matter was 

calendared in the Supreme Court on March 18, 2022 but determined on the record 

and briefs without oral argument pursuant to Rule 30(f) of the North Carolina Rules 

of Appellate Procedure.

Marcus P. Almond for petitioner-appellee Catawba County Department of 

Social Services.

Michelle FormyDuval Lynch for appellee Guardian ad litem.

Garron T. Michael for respondent-appellant mother.

BERGER, Justice.

¶ 1 Respondent-mother appeals from an order terminating her parental rights to 

S.D.C. (Scott),

1 born in September 2012.

I. Background

¶ 2 Scott was born in September 2012. In December 2012, Mecklenburg County

Department of Social Services obtained nonsecure custody of Scott and filed a petition 

 

1 A pseudonym is used in this opinion to protect the juvenile’s identity and for ease 

of reading.
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alleging Scott to be an abused and neglected juvenile. On March 27, 2013, Scott was 

adjudicated an abused and neglected juvenile based upon findings that he had 

suffered nonaccidental trauma while in the care of his father, including multiple rib 

fractures and brain injuries.

2 Scott remained in foster care from December 2012 until 

June 2014, when the court returned legal and physical custody to respondent.

¶ 3 On May 30, 2019, Catawba County Department of Social Services (DSS) filed 

a petition alleging Scott was a neglected and dependent juvenile.3 The petition

alleged that on February 9, 2018, respondent shot herself in the foot while preparing 

to go to a shooting range with Scott present in the home, sleeping in another room. 

Respondent took Scott with her to the emergency room, where tests confirmed that 

she had been consuming alcohol. Further, on October 27, 2018, respondent was 

involved in an automobile accident after drinking two small bottles of vodka. Scott 

was a passenger in the vehicle at the time of the accident. Both respondent and Scott

suffered injuries. After discharge from the hospital, respondent went to reside with 

the maternal grandparents and participated in substance abuse treatment.

¶ 4 DSS further alleged that on March 28, 2019, respondent was under the 

influence of alcohol while caring for Scott. An altercation occurred after respondent 

 

2 The father relinquished his parental rights to Scott on October 2, 2020, and is not a 

party to this appeal.

3 Jurisdiction over Scott and venue were transferred from Mecklenburg to Catawba 

County by orders entered in Mecklenburg County on August 2, 2019 and in Catawba County 

on August 5, 2019.
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was confronted by the maternal grandparents about her alcohol abuse. Respondent 

attempted to remove Scott from their home, and she was subsequently arrested.

¶ 5 The trial court adjudicated Scott a neglected and dependent juvenile on 

September 19, 2019. The trial court awarded custody of Scott to DSS and approved 

placement with the maternal grandparents. The trial court identified a host of 

requirements for respondent to complete to achieve reunification. On November 27, 

2019, the trial court found that, although respondent had been granted weekly 

supervised visitation with Scott for two hours, she missed three visits. Further, while 

respondent and Scott appeared to share a connection, additional observation was 

needed to better assess their bond. The trial court set the primary permanent plan 

as reunification, with a secondary plan of adoption. The trial court also established 

a visitation schedule that included supervised and unsupervised visits for the next 

three months.

¶ 6 After a subsequent permanency planning hearing held on January 22, 2020, 

the trial court entered another order on February 18, 2020. The trial court found that 

over a span of three months, respondent missed more than five visits, and she only 

rescheduled two. The trial court found that because respondent was observed as 

being “frustrated” during visits, continued observation was needed, and “healthier 

and more positive interactions” were necessary.
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¶ 7 On September 16, 2020, the trial court entered an order finding that 

respondent had incurred two new alcohol-related criminal charges. She was also 

arrested on March 10, 2020, for public intoxication, March 11, 2020, for misuse of 

emergency communication systems, and on July 28, 2020, for obtaining property by 

false pretenses. The trial court changed the primary permanent plan to adoption, 

with a secondary plan of reunification.

¶ 8 DSS filed a motion to terminate respondent’s parental rights to Scott on the 

grounds of neglect, willfully leaving Scott in foster care or placement outside the home

for more than twelve months without making reasonable progress to correct the 

conditions that led to his removal, and willfully failing to pay a reasonable portion of 

the cost of care for Scott although physically and financially able to do so. On May 3, 

2021, the trial court terminated respondent’s parental rights to Scott. The court 

adjudicated that grounds to terminate respondent’s parental rights existed under 

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1111(a)(1) and (2) and concluded that termination of respondent’s 

parental rights was in Scott’s best interests.

¶ 9 In the order, the trial court made the following findings of fact:

1. [Scott] is 8 years old.

2. It is almost certain that [Scott] would be adopted by his 

maternal grandmother and grandfather once he is 

legally clear. They are his current placement providers 

and would like to adopt him once he is legally clear for 

adoption.
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3. Termination of Parental Rights will legally clear the 

child for adoption and will enable [DSS] to engage in the 

adoption process for [Scott]. Adoption is the primary 

permanent plan for the minor child.

4. It is clear that [Scott] loves [respondent], but the two 

struggle to bond. Due to [respondent’s] prolonged 

absences, [Scott] does not see her as a parental figure 

and feels as if he can make the decisions and be the 

“boss” of [respondent]. He does not listen to her well 

and continues to test to see how far or how long he can 

do something before she tells him “no.”

5. [Scott] and his maternal grandparents have a strong 

bond. [Scott] feels safe and comfortable in the home 

with his grandparents and respects and honors them as 

his parents.

6. If [respondent] works on becoming substance-free, she 

will have no greater cheerleaders than the maternal 

grandparents, . . . who will be more than happy to allow 

her to be around her son if she is safe and sober. 

Hopefully the day is coming when she will leave her 

current damaging lifestyle behind. In the meantime, 

the minor child is in need of a safe permanent home and 

his grandparents are willing to provide that for him.

¶ 10 Respondent appeals. On appeal, respondent challenges some of the trial 

court’s dispositional findings as not being supported by competent evidence and

contends that the trial court abused its discretion in determining that it was in Scott’s 

best interests that her parental rights be terminated.

II. Analysis

¶ 11 In a termination proceeding, when a trial court “determines that one or more 

grounds listed in section 7B-1111 are present, the court proceeds to the dispositional 
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stage, at which the court must consider whether it is in the best interests of the 

juvenile to terminate parental rights.” In re D.L.W., 368 N.C. 835, 842, 788 S.E.2d 

162, 167 (2016) (first citing In re Young, 346 N.C. 244, 247, 485 S.E.2d 612, 614–15

(1997); and then citing N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110). “The trial court’s dispositional findings 

of fact are binding on appeal if supported by the evidence received during the 

termination hearing or not specifically challenged on appeal.” In re K.N.L.P., 2022-

NCSC-39, ¶ 11. A trial court’s best interests determination “is reviewed solely for 

abuse of discretion.” In re A.U.D., 373 N.C. 3, 6, 832 S.E.2d 698, 700 (2019). “Abuse 

of discretion results where the court’s ruling is manifestly unsupported by reason or 

is so arbitrary that it could not have been the result of a reasoned decision.” In re 

T.L.H., 368 N.C. 101, 107, 772 S.E.2d 451, 455 (2015) (cleaned up).

¶ 12 Respondent first challenges the portion of finding of fact 4 which provides that 

Scott and respondent “struggle to bond.” She contends that this portion of the finding 

is directly refuted by the trial court’s oral statements made during the dispositional 

hearing and is not supported by the evidence.

¶ 13 Pursuant to Rule 58 of the North Carolina Rules of Civil Procedure, “a 

judgment is entered when it is reduced to writing, signed by the judge, and filed with 

the clerk of court[.]” N.C.G.S. § 1A-1, Rule 58 (2021). This Court has held that “a 

trial court’s oral findings are subject to change before the final written order is 

entered.” In re A.U.D., 373 N.C. at 9–10, 832 S.E.2d at 702. Therefore, respondent
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is unable to demonstrate error based merely on the fact that there were differences 

between the trial court’s orally rendered findings of fact at the dispositional hearing 

and those set forth in the written order. See, e.g., In re A.U.D., 373 N.C. at 9–10, 832 

S.E.2d at 702.

¶ 14 Moreover, finding of fact 4 is supported by the testimony of DSS social workers 

Kaitlyn Stutts and Kali Jacomine. Ms. Stutts testified that during visitations, Scott 

was “resistant and . . . trying to test” respondent. Ms. Jacomine further testified that

respondent struggled to keep Scott’s attention during visits, and Scott would “beg[i]n 

lashing out and really testing the limits with her.” In contrast, when Ms. Jacomine 

visited with the maternal grandparents alone, she described Scott as “constantly 

wanting to come in there and see and sit with his grandparents and talk to them and 

engage with them.” Thus, there is evidence in the record that supports the trial 

court’s finding.

¶ 15 Respondent also challenges the portion of finding of fact 4 referencing her 

“prolonged absences.” She argues that this finding is contrary to Ms. Jacomine’s 

testimony and that the “only cause for gaps in her contact with Scott were the direct 

result of the limited supervised visitation schedule.” While it is true that Ms. 

Jacomine testified that respondent only missed one visit with Scott, respondent

overlooks the DSS court report which was admitted into evidence at the termination 
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of parental rights dispositional hearing. This report highlights multiple gaps in her 

contact with Scott:

Between the initial court hearing on 8/19/2019, and the 

court hearing on 10/28/2019, [respondent] had missed 

three of her supervised visits due to either issues with her 

car or illness. Between the court date on 10/28/2019 and 

1/22/2020, [respondent] missed a total of six visits. 

[Respondent] stated those visits were missed either due to 

car issues, injuries from a fall at work, miscommunication 

due to the holidays, or illness. From 1/22/20 through 

3/30/20, [respondent] missed 9 out of 21 possible visits.

[Respondent] did not show up for the visit on 1/23/20, so no 

visits were held from 1/26/20 [through] 2/1/20. 

[Respondent] did not show up for the visit on 2/23/20 or 

2/27/20, so no visits were held from 3/1[/2020 through 

3/]7/2020. [Respondent] did not confirm her visit on 3/6/20, 

so no visits were held from 3/8[/2020 through 3/]14/2020.

¶ 16 The trial court could reasonably infer from this evidence that respondent’s 

“prolonged absences” resulted in Scott not viewing her “as a parental figure.” See In 

re D.L.W., 368 N.C. at 843, 788 S.E.2d at 167–68 (stating that it is the trial court’s 

duty to consider all the evidence, pass upon the credibility of the witnesses, and 

determine the reasonable inferences to be drawn therefrom).

¶ 17 In addition, respondent contests the portion of finding of fact 6 regarding the 

maternal grandparents’ intentions of allowing respondent to be a part of Scott’s life 

after her parental rights are terminated. The trial court found that the maternal 

grandparents “will be more than happy to allow [respondent] to be around [Scott] if 

she is safe and sober.” While this appears to be an aspirational statement to 
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encourage respondent, we agree with her that there is no evidence of record to support 

this challenged portion of finding of fact 6, and thus, we disregard it. See, e.g., In re 

S.M., 375 N.C. 673, 691, 850 S.E.2d 292, 306 (2020) (disregarding a finding of fact 

based on a guardian ad litem report not included in the record on appeal). 

¶ 18 Next, respondent argues the trial court abused its discretion by concluding that 

it was in Scott’s best interests to terminate her parental rights. Specifically, 

respondent argues that the trial court disregarded the alternative of guardianship 

and that the trial court’s oral statements praising respondent’s case plan efforts cut 

against the necessity of terminating her parental rights.

¶ 19 In determining whether termination of parental rights is in the best interests 

of a juvenile, a court shall consider

(1) The age of the juvenile.

(2) The likelihood of adoption of the juvenile.

(3) Whether the termination of parental rights will aid in 

the accomplishment of the permanent plan for the 

juvenile.

(4) The bond between the juvenile and the parent.

(5) The quality of the relationship between the juvenile and 

the proposed adoptive parent, guardian, custodian, or 

other permanent placement.

(6) Any relevant consideration.

N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a) (2021). This Court has previously observed that 
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[t]he purpose of termination of parental rights proceedings 

is to address circumstances where parental care fails to 

“promote the healthy and orderly physical and emotional 

well-being of the juvenile,” while also recognizing “the 

necessity for any juvenile to have a permanent plan of care 

at the earliest possible age.” N.C.G.S. § 7B-1100. In North 

Carolina, the best interests of the child are the paramount 

consideration in termination of parental rights cases. See 

In re Montgomery, 311 N.C. 101, 109, 316 S.E.2d 246, 252 

(1984). Thus, when there is a conflict between the interests 

of the child and the parents, courts should consider actions 

that are within the child’s best interests over those of the 

parents. N.C.G.S. § 7B-1100(3).

In re F.S.T.Y., 374 N.C. 532, 540, 843 S.E.2d 160, 165–66 (2020).

¶ 20 The trial court is not precluded from determining that termination of 

respondent’s parental rights is in Scott’s best interests merely because it made 

statements during the dispositional hearing acknowledging respondent’s efforts at 

reunification. In re A.U.D., 373 N.C. at 9–10, 832 S.E.2d at 702 (stating that “[a] trial 

court’s oral findings are subject to change before the final written order is entered”).

Furthermore, N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a) “does not require the trial court to make written 

findings regarding any dispositional alternatives it considered.” In re M.S.E., 378 

N.C. 40, 2021-NCSC-76 ¶ 51. Here, the trial court’s findings demonstrate that it 

considered the dispositional factors set forth in N.C.G.S. § 7B-1110(a) and “performed 

a reasoned analysis weighing those factors.” In re Z.A.M., 374 N.C. 88, 101, 839 

S.E.2d 792, 801 (2020). Thus, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it 

determined that termination of respondent’s parental rights was in Scott’s best 
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interests.

III. Conclusion

¶ 21 The trial court did not err in terminating respondent’s parental rights. The 

trial court’s findings of fact were supported by the evidence presented to the trial 

court at the dispositional hearing. In addition, the trial court was not bound by its 

oral statements made regarding Scott’s best interests, and the written findings 

support the trial court’s conclusion that termination of respondent’s parental rights 

was in Scott’s best interests. As such, we affirm the trial court’s order terminating

parental rights.

AFFIRMED.