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                Clinical TrialsHelping Your Child Who Is Overweight
**On this page:**
How common are overweight and obesity among children?
    What causes overweight and obesity in children?
    What are the health risks of being overweight or having obesity?
    How can I tell if my child is overweight?
    Does my child need to lose weight?
    How can I help my child reach and stay at a healthy weight?
    How can I support my child?
    What other treatments may help my child reach a healthy weight?
    Clinical Trials for Overweight and Obesity in ChildrenChildren gain weight as they grow and develop, so it’s not always easy to tell if your child is overweight. For some children, extra weight goes away as they grow taller. But some children who continue to gain too much weight over time may develop obesity. Obesity is a disease that increases the risk of developing many health problems. Having obesity as a child or teen also makes it more likely your child will have obesity and related health problems as an adult.1
Mother and son reading a book together at home.It’s not always easy to tell if your child is overweight.
As a parent or other caregiver, you may be able to help your child reach and stay at a healthy weight by working together to adopt healthy lifestyle habits, such as
consuming healthy foods and beverages
    being physically active every day
    limiting screen time
    getting enough sleepIf you’re not sure what changes to make, ask a health care professional for guidance. Your child’s doctor, a nurse practitioner, a registered dietitian, a weight-control specialist, or another health care professional can identify lifestyle habits that support healthy child growth and development. These habits may also help your child reach and stay at a healthy weight. A health care professional can also discuss other treatments for overweight and obesity that may help your child reach a healthy weight.
How common are overweight and obesity among children?
Overweight and obesity are common among children and teens in the United States. Among young people ages 2 to 19 years, about
16.1% are overweight2
    19.7% have obesity3Obesity rates increase as children get older. Obesity is also more common among children from certain racial and ethnic minority groups. Among children and teens ages 2 to 19, obesity affects about3
26.2% of Hispanic youth
    24.8% of non-Hispanic Black youth
    16.6% of non-Hispanic White youth
    9.0% of non-Hispanic Asian youthWhat causes overweight and obesity in children?
Many factors can contribute to overweight and obesity in children, including4,5
genes  and family history
    regularly taking in more calories from foods and beverages than their bodies need
    not getting enough physical activity
    not getting enough sleep
    some medical conditions and medicinesA child’s weight can also be affected by the mother’s pregnancy. If a mother has obesity or gains too much weight during pregnancy, it increases the chance that the child will be born larger than expected and develop obesity later in life.6
A man and woman who are overweight, sitting down, with a small child between them.Genes and family history can also affect your child’s weight.
What are the health risks of being overweight or having obesity?
Being overweight or having obesity can increase the chances that your child may develop health problems, such as4
breathing problems
    joint pain
    high blood pressure
    high cholesterol
    nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
    type 2 diabetesSome children who are overweight or have obesity may experience weight-related teasing or bullying, which can affect their mental health. Children with overweight or obesity may have a higher risk of developing mental health problems, including5
low self-esteem
    depression
    eating disordersHow can I tell if my child is overweight?
One way to find out if your child is at a healthy weight is by calculating his or her body mass index (BMI), a measurement based on a person’s height and weight. The next step is to compare your child’s BMI with the BMI of other children who are the same age and sex, based on growth charts from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). This will give your child’s “BMI-for-age percentile,” a number that can tell you if your child is underweight, is at a healthy weight, is overweight, or has obesity.
This online tool from the CDC lets you calculate your child’s BMI and BMI-for-age percentile.
Does my child need to lose weight?
If you are worried about your child’s weight, talk with your health care professional. In many cases, children who are overweight don’t need to lose weight, but they need to gain weight more slowly as they continue to grow in height. To determine if your child weighs too much or is gaining weight too quickly, your health care professional will consider many factors, such as4
your child’s age, weight, height, and BMI-for-age percentile
    your child’s overall health
    how fast your child is growing
    whether your child has any weight-related health problems, such as high blood pressure or high cholesterol
    your child’s family history of obesity and related health problemsA health care professional checks a boy’s blood pressure using a blood pressure monitor.If you’re worried about your child’s weight, talk with your health care professional.
How can I help my child reach and stay at a healthy weight?
Your child may be able to reach and stay at a healthy weight if you help them adopt healthier lifestyle habits, such as following a healthy eating plan, getting regular physical activity, limiting screen time, and getting enough sleep.
Eating plan
Children need meals and snacks that are high in nutrients to help them grow. The *Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020–2025*  recommend that children consume a variety of foods and beverages, including
fruits  and vegetables
    whole grains
    fat-free or low-fat dairy products or nondairy beverages fortified with added calcium, vitamin A, and vitamin D
    foods high in proteinThe guidelines also recommend children limit foods and beverages that are high in added sugars, saturated fat, and sodium  or salt. These foods and beverages can add a lot of extra calories without adding much nutrition. Here are some tips for replacing them with healthier options.
Eat fast food less often. When you do, order healthier side dishes—such as soup or fruit salad—instead of fries.
    Replace high-fat protein foods—such as sausage and fried chicken—with leaner options, such as turkey breast, beans, or tofu.
    Replace highly processed foods with whole foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, nuts, and seeds.
    Instead of sugary sodas, serve water, low-fat or fat-free milk, or fortified nondairy beverages.
    Place healthy foods and beverages where they are easy to see and reach. Keep high-calorie foods and beverages out of sight—or don’t buy them at all. Replace the cookie jar with a fruit bowl.If your child is overweight or is gaining weight too quickly, cutting back on high-calorie foods and beverages can help. Here are some ways to help your child cut back on extra calories.
To prevent snacking throughout the day, make sure your child eats regular meals, starting with a healthy breakfast.
    Learn about age-appropriate portion sizes and how to avoid serving oversized portions. Repackage high-calorie snacks in smaller containers.
    Avoid letting your child eat in front of the television, computer, or other electronic devices.Smiling girl eating a bowl of fruit salad.Make healthy food options available and within easy reach of your child.
Childhood is the ideal time to develop healthy eating habits that your child can carry into adulthood. To help your child develop a healthy attitude toward food and eating
Don’t make your child finish all the food on the plate.
    Don’t use food to reward or punish your child. Promising dessert for eating vegetables sends a message that vegetables are less valuable than dessert.The MyPlate website, from the U.S. Department of Agriculture, offers many other tips and resources  on healthy eating, including guidance on healthy eating on a budget.
Physical activity
The *Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition*(PDF, 14.5 MB) recommend that children ages 3 to 5 be physically active throughout the day to help them grow and develop.
Older children ages 6 to 17 should get at least 1 hour of physical activity every day. Their activities should include
aerobic activities, such as running, biking, or dancing.
    activities that strengthen the muscles, such as climbing on playground equipment or playing games such as tug of war. These muscle-strengthening activities should be part of your child’s physical activity at least 3 days a week.
    activities that strengthen the bones, such as jumping rope or playing basketball. Bone-strengthening activities should be part of your child’s physical activity at least 3 days a week.As a parent or other caregiver, you can play a key role in helping your child be more active. Options for adding more physical activity to your child’s daily routine include
organized sports—including team sports—and fitness activities
    active play, including group walks, biking, outdoor activities and chores, and dog walking
    walking or biking to nearby places, rather than driving or using public transportationGirl playing outdoors, kneeling on a wooden pathway over a pond.Help your child be more active by doing fun activities outdoors.
Screen time
Research suggests that kids who spend a lot of time watching television and who have a television in their bedrooms may have a higher risk of having childhood obesity.7 Experts recommend limiting how much time children spend watching television, playing video games, or using smartphones or other devices when not using them for schoolwork.
An easy rule of thumb is to limit screen time not spent on schoolwork to 1 to 2 hours per day.8 Another option is to set screen time limits for each person in your household. The American Academy of Pediatrics suggests that parents and other caregivers of children ages 5 and older work with a health care professional to create a Family Media Use Plan.9
To limit your child’s screen time7,9
Turn off televisions and other media when not in use.
    Turn off all entertainment while your child is doing homework.
    Keep bedrooms and mealtimes screen-free for everyone in your household.
    Don’t eat while watching television or using other screens.Sleep habits
Just like following a healthy eating plan and engaging in regular physical activity, getting enough sleep is important for your child’s mental and physical health. Getting enough sleep can help your child do well in school, fight off illnesses and infections, and reach and maintain a healthy weight.10,11
Children need more sleep than adults. Recommended sleep time varies by age.11 The table below shows the amount of sleep recommended for each age group.
**Recommended sleep time for children and teens**
**Age**
            **Recommended Hours of Sleep a Day**4 to 12 months
            12–16 hours1 to 2 years
            11–14 hours3 to 5 years
            10–13 hours6 to 12 years
            9–12 hours13 to 18 years
            8–10 hoursHaving a television, computer, or mobile device in the bedroom—or spending a lot of time using these devices during the day—may delay or disrupt your child’s sleep.7,9 The blue light from screens can block the production of a hormone called melatonin that supports healthy sleep, especially when children have screen time before bedtime. Viewing media content that is exciting or engaging may also keep children awake past their bedtimes.
Boy lying on his stomach in bed, under the covers, with the lights turned off, looks at a screen that emits blue light.Exposure to blue light from screens before bedtime can make it harder for your child to fall asleep.
To help your child get enough sleep at night
Keep televisions, video games, mobile phones, and other screens out of your child’s bedroom.
    Set a bedtime that will allow your child to get a full night of sleep.
    Provide a calm atmosphere for sleep before bedtime.
    Help your child avoid screen time in the hour before bedtime.How can I support my child?
There are several things you can do to help your child adopt healthy lifestyle habits.
Teach your child about healthy choices
Talk with your child about health, including
how regular physical activity, healthy eating, and getting enough sleep help our bodies get strong and stay healthy
    how to make healthy choices about food, drinks, and activities at school, at friends’ houses, and at other places outside your home
    how balancing the amount of food and beverages we take in with how active we are during the day will help us reach and maintain a healthy weightBe a good role model
Children are good learners, and they often copy what they see. Be a good role model by making healthy lifestyle choices yourself.
Adopt healthy lifestyle habits, and encourage your loved ones to do the same.
    Buy fewer foods and beverages that can lead to weight gain, including sugar-sweetened drinks and snacks high in fat and sugar. When buying these items for a special event, remove them as soon as the event is over.
    Get the whole family involved in building healthy eating, drinking, physical activity, and sleep habits. Everyone benefits, and your child won’t feel singled out.Father and child sitting in the kitchen eating healthy foods.Help your child build healthy eating habits by being a role model.
Be supportive
Children need support, understanding, and encouragement from caring adults. Their feelings about themselves are often based on how they think their parents and other caregivers feel about them. Tell your child that they are loved, special, and important.
Studies suggest that a parenting style that combines setting rules and limits with warmth—called authoritative parenting—may help children adopt healthy behaviors that support a healthy weight.5,12 Children in homes that use this style of parenting tend to understand authority and rules, but also feel comfortable seeking support from their caregivers.
Motivate your child to make healthy lifestyle choices by
listening to your child’s concerns
    encouraging healthy behaviors and setting limits for less healthy choices
    making it easier to choose healthy foods and beverages by keeping less healthy options out of your home
    helping your child set goals for physical activity and healthy eating, and tracking their progress
    rewarding your child’s successes with praise and love
    sharing information about these lifestyle choices with other caregivers, such as babysitters or grandparents, so they can also help your child adopt the new behaviorsWhat other treatments may help my child reach a healthy weight?
Your health care professional may recommend a weight-loss plan tailored to your child’s needs or refer you to a weight-management specialist or a registered dietitian. Your local hospital, a community health clinic, or the health department may offer weight-management programs for children and teens or have information about where your child can enroll in one. Don’t put your child on a weight-loss plan without the help of your health care professional.
If your child is 12 or older and has obesity, ask your health care professional about other treatment options, such as
weight-management medicines for children ages 12 and older
    weight-loss surgery, also called bariatric and metabolic surgery, for teens ages 13 and olderTreatments such as medicines and surgery don’t replace lifestyle changes as a way for your child to lose weight. These treatments work best when your child is physically active and consumes healthy foods and beverages.13
Woman carrying a child on her back.Tell your child that they are loved, special, and important.
Clinical Trials for Overweight and Obesity in Children
NIDDK conducts and supports clinical trials in many diseases and conditions, including overweight and obesity. The trials look to find new ways to prevent, detect, or treat disease and improve quality of life.
Why are clinical trials with children important?
Children respond to medicines and treatments differently than adults. The way to get the best treatments for children is through research designed specifically for them.
We have already made great strides in improving children’s health outcomes through clinical trials and other types of clinical studies. Vaccines, treatments for children with cancer, and interventions for premature babies are just a few examples of how this targeted research can help. However, we still have many questions to answer and more children waiting to benefit.
The data gathered from trials and studies involving children help health care professionals and researchers
find the best dose of medicines for children
    find treatments for conditions that only affect children
    treat conditions that behave differently in children than in adults
    understand the differences in children as they growHow do I decide if a clinical trial is right for my child?
We understand you have many questions, want to weigh the pros and cons, and need to learn as much as possible. Deciding to enroll in a study can be life changing for you and for your child. Depending on the outcome of the study, your child may find relief from their condition, see no benefit, or help to improve the health of future generations.
Talk with your child and consider what would be expected. What could be the potential benefit or harm? Would you need to travel? Is my child well enough to participate? While parents or guardians must give their permission, or consent, for their children to join a study, the children must also agree to participate, if they are capable (verbal). In the end, no choice is right or wrong. Your decision is about what is best for your child.
The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is committed to ensuring you get all the information you need to feel comfortable and make informed decisions. The safety of children remains the utmost priority for all NIH research studies. For more resources to help decide if clinical trials are right for your child, visit Clinical Trials and You: Parents and Children.
What aspects of overweight and obesity are being studied in children?
Researchers are studying many aspects of overweight and obesity, such as
parenting approaches that can prevent infants from developing overweight or obesity
    eating behaviors of teens who have overweight or obesity
    how a mother’s weight during pregnancy may affect the child’s weight
    how changes in the brain affect the weight of children
    how children from low-income families are affected by overweight and obesity
    how treatments such as medicines or surgery may help teens with severe obesityWatch a video of NIDDK Director Dr. Griffin P. Rodgers explaining the importance of participating in clinical trials.

What clinical studies for overweight and obesity are available for child participants?
You can view a filtered list of clinical studies on overweight or obesity in children that are federally funded, open, and recruiting at www.ClinicalTrials.gov. You can expand or narrow the list to include clinical studies from industry, universities, and individuals; however, NIH does not review these studies and cannot ensure they are safe. If you find a trial you think may be right for your child, talk with your child’s health care provider about how to enroll.
References
[1] Drozdz D, Alvarez-Pitti J, Wójcik M, et al. Obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors: from childhood to adulthood. *Nutrients*. 2021;13(11):1–20. doi:10.3390/nu13114176
[2] Fryar CD, Carroll MD, Afful J. Prevalence of overweight, obesity, and severe obesity among children and adolescents aged 2–19 years: United States, 1963–1965 through 2017–2018. *NCHS Health E-Stats*. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2020. www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/obesity-child-17-18/overweight-obesity-child-H.pdf (PDF, 352 KB)
[3] Stierman B, Afful J, Carroll MD, et al. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017–March 2020 prepandemic data files: Development of files and prevalence estimates for selected health outcomes. *National Health Statistics Reports*. 2021;(158):1–20. doi:10.15620/cdc:106273
[4] Kohut T, Robbins J, Panganiban J. Update on childhood/adolescent obesity and its sequela.*Current Opinion in Pediatrics*. 2019;31(5):645–653. doi:10.1097/MOP.0000000000000786
[5] Smith JD, Fu E, Kobayashi MA. Prevention and management of childhood obesity and its psychological and health comorbidities. *Annual Review of Clinical Psychology*. 2020;16:351–378. doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-100219-060201
[6] Godfrey KM, Reynolds RM, Prescott SL, et al. Influence of maternal obesity on the long-term health of offspring. *Lancet Diabetes Endocrinology*. 2017;5(1):53–64. doi:10.1016/s2213-8587(16)30107-3
[7] Council on Communications and Media. Media and young minds. *Pediatrics*. 2016;138(5):1–6. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2591
[8] Styne DM, Arslanian SA, Connor EL, et al. Pediatric obesity—assessment, treatment, and prevention: an Endocrine Society clinical practice guideline. *Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism*. 2017;102(3):709–757. doi:10.1210/jc.2016-2573
[9] Hill D, Ameenuddin N, Chassiakos YLR, et al. Media use in school-aged children and adolescents. *Pediatrics*. 2016;138(5):1–6. doi:10.1542/peds.2016-2592
[10] Daniels SR, Hassink SG, Abrams SA, et al. The role of the pediatrician in primary prevention of obesity. *Pediatrics*. 2015;136(1):e275–e292. doi:10.1542/peds.2015-1558
[11] Paruthi S, Brooks LJ, D'Ambrosio C, et al. Recommended amount of sleep for pediatric populations: a consensus statement of the American Academy of Sleep Medicine. *Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine*. 2016;12(6):785–786. doi:10.5664/jcsm.5866
[12] Kiefner-Burmeister A, Hinman N. The role of general parenting style in child diet and obesity risk.*Current Nutrition Reports*. 2020;9(1):14–30. doi:10.1007/s13668-020-00301-9
[13] Hampl SE, Hassink SG, Skinner AC, et al. Clinical practice guideline for the evaluation and treatment of children and adolescents with obesity. *Pediatrics*. 2023;151(2):e2022060640. doi:10.1542/peds.2022-060640        Last Reviewed March 2023
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(NIDDK), part of the National Institutes of Health. NIDDK translates and disseminates research findings to increase knowledge and understanding about health and disease among patients, health professionals, and the public. Content produced by NIDDK is carefully reviewed by NIDDK scientists and other experts.
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