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                    Health Information
                    Urologic Diseases
                    Kidney Stones
                    Eating, Diet, & Nutrition

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        Kidney Stones
        Definition & Facts
                Symptoms & Causes
                Diagnosis
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                Eating, Diet, & Nutrition
                Clinical TrialsEating, Diet, & Nutrition for Kidney Stones
Can I help prevent kidney stones by changing what I eat or drink?
Drinking enough liquid, mainly water, is the most important thing you can do to prevent kidney stones. Unless you have kidney failure, many health care professionals recommend that you drink six to eight, 8-ounce glasses a day. Talk with a health care professional about how much liquid you should drink.
Studies have shown that the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet can reduce the risk of kidney stones. Learn more about the DASH diet.2
Studies have shown that being overweight increases your risk of kidney stones. A dietitian can help you plan meals to help you lose weight.
Does the type of kidney stone I had affect food choices I should make?
Yes. If you have already had kidney stones, ask your health care professional which type of kidney stone you had. Based on the type of kidney stone you had, you may be able to prevent kidney stones by making changes in how much sodium, animal protein, calcium, or oxalate is in the food you eat.
You may need to change what you eat and drink for these types of kidney stones:
Calcium Oxalate Stones
    Calcium Phosphate Stones
    Uric Acid Stones
    Cystine StonesA dietitian who specializes in kidney stone prevention can help you plan meals to prevent kidney stones. Find a dietitian who can help you.
Calcium Oxalate Stones
**Reduce oxalate**
If you’ve had calcium oxalate stones, you may want to avoid these foods to help reduce the amount of oxalate in your urine:
nuts and nut products
    peanuts—which are legumes, not nuts, and are high in oxalate
    rhubarb
    spinach
    wheat branTalk with a health care professional about other food sources of oxalate and how much oxalate should be in what you eat.
**Reduce sodium**
Your chance of developing kidney stones increases when you eat more sodium. Sodium is a part of salt. Sodium is in many canned, packaged, and fast foods. It is also in many condiments, seasonings, and meats.
Talk with a health care professional about how much sodium should be in what you eat. See tips to reduce your sodium intake.
**Limit animal protein**
Eating animal protein may increase your chances of developing kidney stones.
A health care professional may tell you to limit eating animal protein, including
beef, chicken, and pork, especially organ meats
    eggs
    fish and shellfish
    milk, cheese, and other dairy productsAlthough you may need to limit how much animal protein you eat each day, you still need to make sure you get enough protein. Consider replacing some of the meat and animal protein you would typically eat with beans, dried peas, and lentils, which are plant-based foods that are high in protein and low in oxalate.
Talk with a health care professional about how much total protein you should eat and how much should come from animal or plant-based foods.
**Get enough calcium from foods**
Even though calcium sounds like it would be the cause of calcium stones, it’s not. In the right amounts, calcium can block other substances in the digestive tract that may cause stones. Talk with a health care professional about how much calcium you should eat to help prevent getting more calcium oxalate stones and to support strong bones. It may be best to get calcium from low-oxalate, plant-based foods such as calcium-fortified juices, cereals, breads, some kinds of vegetables, and some types of beans. Ask a dietitian or other health care professional which foods are the best sources of calcium for you.
Calcium Phosphate Stones
**Reduce sodium**
Your chance of developing kidney stones increases when you eat more sodium. Sodium is a part of salt. Sodium is in many canned, packaged, and fast foods. It is also in many condiments, seasonings, and meats.
Talk with a health care professional about how much sodium should be in what you eat. See tips to reduce your sodium intake.
**Limit animal protein**
Eating animal protein may increase your chances of developing kidney stones.
A health care professional may tell you to limit eating animal protein, including
beef, chicken, and pork, especially organ meats
    eggs
    fish and shellfish
    milk, cheese, and other dairy productsAlthough you may need to limit how much animal protein you have each day, you still need to make sure you get enough protein. Consider replacing some of the meat and animal protein you would typically eat with some of these plant-based foods that are high in protein:
legumes such as beans, dried peas, lentils, and peanuts
    soy foods, such as soy milk, soy nut butter, and tofu
    nuts and nut products, such as almonds and almond butter, cashews and cashew butter, walnuts, and pistachios
    sunflower seedsTalk with a health care professional about how much total protein you should eat and how much should come from animal or plant-based foods.
**Get enough calcium from foods**
Even though calcium sounds like it would be the cause of calcium stones, it’s not. In the right amounts, calcium can block other substances in the digestive tract that may lead to stones. Talk with a health care professional about how much calcium you should eat to help prevent getting more calcium phosphate stones and to support strong bones. It may be best to get calcium from plant-based foods such as calcium-fortified juices, cereals, breads, some kinds of vegetables, and some types of beans. Ask a dietitian or other health care professional which foods are the best sources of calcium for you.
Uric Acid Stones
**Limit animal protein**
Eating animal protein may increase your chances of developing kidney stones.
A health care professional may tell you to limit eating animal protein, including
beef, chicken, and pork, especially organ meats
    eggs
    fish and shellfish
    milk, cheese, and other dairy productsAlthough you may need to limit how much animal protein you have each day, you still need to make sure you get enough protein. Consider replacing some of the meat and animal protein you would typically eat with some of these plant-based foods that are high in protein:
legumes such as beans, dried peas, lentils, and peanuts
    soy foods, such as soy milk, soy nut butter, and tofu
    nuts and nut products, such as almonds and almond butter, cashews and cashew butter, walnuts, and pistachios
    sunflower seedsTalk with a health care professional about how much total protein you should eat and how much should come from animal or plant-based foods.
Losing weight if you are overweight is especially important for people who have had uric acid stones.
Cystine Stones
Drinking enough liquid, mainly water, is the most important lifestyle change you can make to prevent cystine stones. Talk with a health care professional about how much liquid you should drink.
**Tips to Reduce Your Sodium Intake**
Most Americans consume too much sodium. Adults should aim to consume less than 2,300 mg a day.3 One teaspoon of table salt has 2,325 milligrams (mg) of sodium. If you have had calcium oxalate or calcium phosphate stones, you should follow this guideline, even if you take medicine to prevent kidney stones.
Here are some tips to help you reduce your sodium intake:
Check the Percent Daily Value (%DV) for sodium on the Nutrition Facts label found on many foods. Low in sodium is 5% or less, and high in sodium is 20% or more.Image of a nutrition labelConsider writing down how much sodium you consume each day.
    When eating out, ask about the sodium content in the food.
    Cook from scratch. Avoid processed and fast foods, canned soups and vegetables, and lunch meats.
    Look for foods labeled: sodium free, salt free, very low sodium, low sodium, reduced or less sodium, light in sodium, no salt added, unsalted, and lightly salted.Check labels for ingredients and hidden sodium, such as
sodium bicarbonate, the chemical name for baking soda
    baking powder, which contains sodium bicarbonate and other chemicals
    disodium phosphate
    monosodium glutamate, or MSG
    sodium alginate
    sodium nitrate or nitriteReferences
[2] Taylor EN, Fung TT, Curhan GC. DASH-style diet associates with reduced risk for kidney stones. *Journal of the American Society of Nephrology.*2009;20(10):2253–2259.
[3] U.S. Department of Health and Human Services and U.S. Department of Agriculture. *Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2020—2025*. 9th ed. U.S. Department of Agriculture. Published December 2020. Accessed July 15, 2021. www.dietaryguidelines.gov        Last Reviewed May 2017
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