COLORADO COURT OF APPEALS 2016COA160 

Court of Appeals No. 14CA2409 

Baca County District Court No. 11CV14 

Honorable Douglas Tallman, Judge 

Red Flower, Inc., a Kansas corporation, 

Plaintiff-Appellant and Cross-Appellee, 

v. 

Kevin R. McKown, 

Defendant-Appellee and Cross-Appellant. 

JUDGMENT AFFIRMED IN PART, REVERSED IN PART, 

AND CASE REMANDED WITH DIRECTIONS 

Division IV 

Opinion by JUDGE HARRIS 

Hawthorne and Román, JJ., concur 

Announced November 3, 2016 

Shinn, Steerman & Shinn, Donald L. Steerman, Lamar, Colorado, for PlaintiffAppellant and Cross-Appellee 

Brett R. Lilly, LLC, Brett R. Lilly, Wheat Ridge, Colorado, for DefendantAppellee and Cross-Appellant 
1 

¶ 1 If a property owner fails to pay his or her property taxes, the 

county may sell a tax lien on the property to a third party. 

§§ 39-11-101 to -109, C.R.S. 2016. After three years, and upon 

notice to the owner, occupant, and other interested parties, the 

holder of an unredeemed lien may obtain a treasurer’s deed for the 

property. § 39-11-120(1), C.R.S. 2016. 

¶ 2 Plaintiff, Red Flower, Inc., bought tax liens on farmland owned 

by defendant, Kevin R. McKown. After the redemption period 

expired, the Baca County Treasurer issued the tax deeds to Red 

Flower. McKown subsequently challenged the validity of the deeds 

on the ground that the Treasurer had failed to provide notice to a 

tenant farmer who grew crops on the property. 

¶ 3 The district court ruled that unlike owners and other 

interested parties — who are subject to a “diligent inquiry” standard 

of notification — the occupant is entitled to actual notice of the 

issuance of the treasurer’s deed. Because the tenant farmer had 

not received actual notice, the court voided the deeds. 

¶ 4 We disagree with the district court’s interpretation of the 

relevant statute, but we affirm, in part, on the alternative ground 

that, with respect to one of the deeds, Red Flower’s publication 
2 

notice was deficient. With respect to the other deed, we remand to 

the district court to determine whether the Treasurer used diligent 

efforts to notify the tenant farmer of the issuance of the deed. 

I. Background 

¶ 5 McKown owned 320 acres of farmland in rural Baca County. 

There were no structures, fencing, corner posts, or other 

improvements on the property. Access to the property is by “field 

roads”; the nearest county road is two miles away. 

¶ 6 From 2004 until 2011, Don Lohrey farmed the property 

pursuant to an oral sharecrop agreement. He received the value 

from two-thirds of the harvest and McKown, as the owner, received 

the remaining one-third. 

¶ 7 Lohrey lived approximately ten miles away from McKown’s 

property, in Walsh, Colorado. During the winter months, Lohrey 

was present at McKown’s farm about once every two weeks. During 

the growing season, he was on the property more frequently — 

about once a week. Lohrey had similar oral agreements with six 

other property owners, and he farmed a total of 5000 acres in the 

general vicinity. 
3 

¶ 8 Though McKown’s agreement with Lohrey was not recorded 

with the county clerk and recorder’s office, it was documented in a 

form required by the United States Department of Agriculture and 

kept on file at the Baca County Farm Service Agency. 

¶ 9 After McKown failed to pay his county property taxes, the 

Treasurer sold tax liens for the real property and the mineral rights. 

Red Flower bought the tax lien certificates on November 15, 2007. 

In August 2010, a few months before the expiration of the 

redemption period, Red Flower applied for treasurer’s deeds. The 

Treasurer attempted to notify McKown, but her efforts were 

unsuccessful. She published a series of notices in the newspaper 

in September 2010 and, in December 2010, she issued the deeds to 

Red Flower. 

¶ 10 The following year, Red Flower filed a C.R.C.P. 105 action to 

quiet title in the property. McKown appeared and defended on the 

ground that the tax deeds were invalid, based on insufficient notice 

to McKown and also to Lohrey, whom the parties stipulated had 

been in actual possession or occupancy of the property but had not 

received notice. 
4 

¶ 11 The district court found that the Treasurer had made a 

“diligent inquiry” to find the owner, McKown, as required by the 

statute, and it entered judgment for Red Flower. A division of this 

court affirmed that ruling, Red Flower, Inc. v. McKown, (Colo. App. 

No. 12CA2128, July 11, 2013) (not published pursuant to C.A.R. 

35(f)) (Red Flower I), but remanded for a determination of whether 

the Treasurer had complied with the separate requirement to notify 

the occupant. 

¶ 12 On remand, the district court considered the plain language of 

the statute, which requires that, prior to issuance of a tax deed, the 

county treasurer serve, by personal service or mail, notice “on [1] 

every person in actual possession or occupancy” of the property, 

“and also on [2] the person in whose name [the property] was taxed” 

if, “upon diligent inquiry, such person can be found in the county 

or if his residence outside the county is known,” and on [3] “all 

persons having an interest or title of record in” the property if, 

“upon diligent inquiry, the residence of such persons can be 

determined.” § 39-11-128(1)(a), C.R.S. 2016. 

¶ 13 The court determined that the Treasurer’s obligation to make 

“diligent inquiry” applied only to notification of owners and other 
5 

interested parties, but not to actual occupants. It reasoned that the 

absence of the qualifier “if, upon diligent inquiry,” in the clause 

referring to occupants meant that the Treasurer was obligated to 

make all efforts necessary to notify the occupant. Indeed, according 

to the district court, there was no limit on the efforts required of the 

Treasurer to provide the occupant with notice of the issuance of the 

deed. 

¶ 14 The court determined — presumably based on the parties’ 

stipulation — that Lohrey qualified as a person in possession of the 

property. From there, it concluded that because the Treasurer had 

not complied with her statutory obligation to provide Lohrey with 

actual notice, the tax deeds were void. 

¶ 15 On appeal, Red Flower argues that the district court’s 

construction cannot be squared with the language or intent of the 

statutory scheme. McKown contends that the district court could 

have granted summary judgment in his favor for the additional 

reason that the Treasurer’s publication notice was deficient and 

therefore the deeds were void. 

¶ 16 Though we do not fully adopt Red Flower’s reasoning, we agree 

that the district court’s interpretation is incorrect. However, we 
6 

agree with McKown that, at least with respect to the real property 

deed, publication notice was deficient. 

II. The Notice Requirement 

¶ 17 Red Flower contends that the district court’s interpretation of 

the notification requirement in section 39-11-128(1)(a) places an 

illogically high burden on the Treasurer to notify persons in “actual 

possession or occupancy” of the property. It urges a reading of the 

statute that essentially adds a “diligent inquiry” element to the 

clause referring to actual possessors or occupants. Though we 

disagree with Red Flower’s reasoning, we conclude that section 

39-11-128 does not require actual notice to any of the listed 

persons. 

A. Standard of Review 

¶ 18 We review de novo the district court’s interpretation of a 

statute as well as its decision granting summary judgment. Klinger 

v. Adams Cty. Sch. Dist. No. 50, 130 P.3d 1027, 1031 (Colo. 2006); 

Collard v. Vista Paving Corp., 2012 COA 208, ¶ 16. 

¶ 19 Red Flower asks us to temper our de novo review by deferring 

to the Treasurer’s interpretation of the statute. We acknowledge the 

general principle on which Red Flower relies — that courts 
7 

traditionally defer to an agency’s interpretation of a statute it is 

entrusted to administer, Hertz Corp. v. Indus. Claim Appeals Office, 

2012 COA 155, ¶ 12 — but we conclude that it is inapplicable here. 

Under this general principle, courts ordinarily defer to the state 

property tax administrator’s interpretation of property tax statutes 

and the rules promulgated to implement those statutes. See 

Aberdeen Inv’rs, Inc. v. Adams Cty. Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs, 240 P.3d 

398, 403 (Colo. App. 2009) (courts generally defer to the Board of 

Assessment Appeals’ and the Property Tax Administrator’s 

interpretations of tax statutes because “they are charged with 

administering the tax code”). But county treasurers are not the 

“agency” charged with administering the state tax code, and so we 

will not defer to the Treasurer’s interpretation of her own 

obligations under section 39-11-128(1)(a). Moreover, because 

statutory construction is a question of law, we would not be bound 

by the agency’s interpretation of the statute in any event. Bd. of 

Cty. Comm’rs v. Colo. Pub. Utils. Comm’n, 157 P.3d 1083, 1088 

(Colo. 2007). 
8 

B. Interpretation of Section 39-11-128(1)(a) 

¶ 20 Our efforts to interpret a statute must always begin with the 

language of the statute itself. People v. Cooper, 27 P.3d 348, 354 

(Colo. 2001). If the statutory language is unambiguous, we look no 

further and apply the words as written. People v. Summers, 208 

P.3d 251, 254 (Colo. 2009). The plainness or ambiguity of statutory 

language is determined by reference to the language itself, the 

specific context in which that language is used, and the broader 

context of the statute as a whole. Robinson v. Shell Oil Co., 519 

U.S. 337, 341 (1997). The statutory scheme is read as a whole to 

give consistent, harmonious, and sensible effect to all of its parts, in 

accordance with the presumption that the legislature intended the 

entire statute to be effective. Bryant v. Cmty. Choice Credit Union, 

160 P.3d 266, 274 (Colo. App. 2007). We avoid constructions that 

are at odds with the legislative scheme or that lead to illogical or 

absurd results. Id.

¶ 21 The supreme court has construed section 39-11-128(1)(a)’s 

notice requirement in this way: 

With regard to notice, the General Assembly 

requires that several steps be taken. Prior to 

the issuance of a tax deed, the county 
9 

treasurer must serve, by personal service or 

mail, notice “on every person in actual 

possession or occupancy” of the property. The 

treasurer must also serve notice “on the 

person in whose name [the property] was 

taxed,” and on “all persons having an interest 

or title of record in” the property, if they can be 

located through “diligent inquiry.” 

Lake Canal Reservoir Co. v. Beethe, 227 P.3d 882, 889 (Colo. 2010) 

(alteration in original) (citations omitted). 

¶ 22 There is no serious dispute that, as a matter of plain language, 

the “diligent inquiry” qualifier does not apply to notification of the 

actual possessor or occupant. Red Flower suggests that “and” 

might mean “or” in the provision, and that the “diligent inquiry” 

term modifies each clause of the provision, but neither argument is 

developed or persuasive. 

¶ 23 We agree with the district court that the “diligent inquiry” 

standard does not apply to notice to actual possessors or 

occupants. The provision lists three categories of persons entitled 

to notice. The “diligent inquiry” qualifier is connected, spatially and 

grammatically, to only two of those categories. Generally, qualifying 

or modifying words and phrases refer to the word, phrase, or clause 

with which they are grammatically connected. Moreover, where 
10 

qualifying words are in the middle of a sentence, and apply to a 

particular branch of it, they are not to be extended to that which 

precedes or follows. See 73 Am. Jur. 2d, Statutes § 128 (2d ed. 

2015). In addition, the provision uses the singular “person” to 

signify that the qualifier applies only to the preceding category or 

persons: “The treasurer shall serve . . . a notice . . . on every person 

in actual possession or occupancy of [the property] . . . and also on 

the person in whose name [the property] was taxed . . . if, upon 

diligent inquiry, such person can be found in the county . . . .” 

§ 39-11-128(1)(a) (emphasis added). If the “diligent inquiry” 

qualifier covered the preceding reference to an actual occupant, the 

next clause would refer to “persons” — both the occupant and the 

person in whose name the property was taxed. 

¶ 24 The harder issue though, and where the views diverge, is in 

discerning the effect of the omission of the “diligent inquiry” 

qualifier with respect to actual possessors or occupants. The 

district court concluded, though it questioned the rationale, that 

the effect was a requirement that the Treasurer use whatever 

inquiry is necessary — potentially beyond diligent and into 

extraordinary — to notify the actual occupant of the issuance of the 
11 

deed. Red Flower counters that this effect is so illogical that it 

would be better to ignore the plain language and to imply the 

addition of the “diligent inquiry” qualifier to all actual possessors 

and occupiers. 

¶ 25 We find both alternatives unsupportable. Red Flower’s 

proposal requires us to rewrite the statute, treating the omission of 

the “diligent inquiry” qualifier as a legislative error that we can 

remedy through judicial interpretation. But in interpreting a 

statute, we must “accept the General Assembly’s choice of language 

and not add or imply words that simply are not there.” People v. 

Benavidez, 222 P.3d 391, 393-94 (Colo. App. 2009); see also Dep’t 

of Labor & Emp’t v. Esser, 30 P.3d 189, 196 (Colo. 2001) (“We do 

not presume that the General Assembly used language idly; rather, 

we give effect to the statute’s words and terms.”). 

¶ 26 On the other hand, we decline to adopt the district court’s 

construction because it is inconsistent with the overall statutory 

scheme and leads to absurd results. We start by noting that “the 

notice requirement has long been understood to primarily protect 

the interests of owners of record.” Lake Canal, 227 P.3d at 890; see 

also Mitchell v. Espinosa, 125 Colo. 267, 272, 243 P.2d 412, 414 
12 

(1952) (“The only purpose of the law in requiring the publication of 

notice . . . is to protect the interest of the fee-title owner and afford 

him an opportunity for redemption . . . .”). It is indeed 

incongruous, as Red Flower points out, that the occupant of the 

property would be entitled to demand that the county treasurer 

make extraordinary efforts to notify him or her when the owner is 

entitled only to reasonable efforts. We do not mean to suggest that 

service on the occupant is a mere “technicality,” as Red Flower 

insists, see Meyer v. Haskett, 251 P.3d 1287, 1291 (Colo. App. 

2010) (in the absence of “full compliance” with notification 

requirements, treasurer’s deed is subject to invalidation), but, if the 

legislature had intended to require a heightened notification 

standard for one category of people under section 39-11-128(1)(a), it 

is unlikely that it would have chosen occupants over owners. 

¶ 27 We are confident, though, that the legislature did not intend to 

create a heightened standard for any category of persons entitled to 

notice under the statute. A division of this court has previously 

noted the “unbroken line of Colorado cases” interpreting section 

39-11-128 to require no more than those efforts that comport with 

minimum due process standards. Schmidt v. Langel, 874 P.2d 447, 
13 

451 (Colo. App. 1993). Indeed, as the court observed in Schmidt, 

the adoption of more expansive standards of diligence would 

“provide little guidance as to when the inquiry must cease and little 

assurance that the efforts required would be fruitful or within the 

limits of practicality.” Id. These concerns are highlighted here: the 

district court’s construction of the statute requires a potentially 

never-ending inquiry that could easily exceed the limits of 

practicality for county treasurers. 

¶ 28 McKown contends that the district court’s interpretation is 

compelled by Taylor v. Lutin, 106 Colo. 170, 102 P.2d 484 (1940), 

but we are not convinced. In Taylor, the issue presented was 

whether the lessee of the property owner qualified as an occupant 

entitled to notice. When the treasurer’s sole attempt to serve the 

lessee failed, she argued he was not an occupant under the statute. 

But at a trial to determine the validity of the deed, the treasurer 

conceded that the lessee “had the occupancy of the land,” a 

concession the court deemed generally dispositive of the issue. Id. 

at 173, 102 P.2d at 485. Taylor did not address the efforts required 

of a treasurer in notifying an occupant of a tax sale or issuance of a 
14 

deed, and we therefore do not read the case to establish a 

requirement of actual notice. 

¶ 29 Accordingly, we must reject the district court’s interpretation 

of the statute to require nothing short of actual notice — no matter 

the efforts necessary — to the actual possessor or occupant. 

¶ 30 Instead, in our view a harmonious reading of the provision’s 

language establishes that the “diligent inquiry” qualifier was 

omitted from the occupant clause because the statute contemplates 

that a person “in actual possession or occupancy” of the property 

will be found on the property, obviating the need for any inquiry as 

to the person’s whereabouts. 

¶ 31 The statute does not define the term “actual possession or 

occupancy.” § 39-11-128(1)(a). The addition of the word “actual” 

suggests that the legislature intended a narrower meaning than the 

word “possession” or “occupancy” would have on its own. Vigil v. 

Franklin, 103 P.3d 322, 327 (Colo. 2004) (in construing statutes, 

courts must give effect to every word). In the absence of a statutory 

definition, we may refer to a dictionary definition to determine the 

meaning of a word or phrase. City of Arvada v. Colo. 

Intergovernmental Risk Sharing Agency, 988 P.2d 184, 187 (Colo. 
15 

App. 1999) (ruling that it was appropriate for district court to look 

to Black’s Law Dictionary to determine definition of legal term), 

aff’d, 19 P.3d 10 (Colo. 2001). 

¶ 32 Black’s Law Dictionary defines “actual possession” as 

“[p]hysical occupancy or control over property,” as distinguished 

from “constructive” possession, meaning “[c]ontrol or dominion over 

a property without actual possession,” or possession that is 

“[l]egally imputed; existing by virtue of legal fiction though not 

existing in fact.” Black’s Law Dictionary 380, 1351 (10th ed. 2014). 

The term “occupancy” is defined as “[t]he act, state, or condition of 

holding, possessing, or residing in or on something; actual 

possession, residence, or tenancy, esp. of a dwelling or land.” Id. at 

1247. 

¶ 33 Brown v. Davis, 103 Colo. 110, 83 P.2d 326 (1938), is 

instructive on this point. In Brown, the purchaser of the tax deed 

failed to notify the occupant of the property, but argued that, 

because the owner had been served and the owner was legally in 

possession of the property, notice to the actual occupant was 

unnecessary. The supreme court disagreed, explaining that “the 

status of the property as to its actual physical occupancy, as 
16 

distinguished from the constructive possession thereof, to a major 

degree controls the procedure with reference to the required notice.” 

Id. at 113, 83 P.2d at 327. Where the property is “actually 

occupied,” the court instructed, 

the statute clearly contemplates . . . that 

service of notice not only must be made upon 

the [owner], if he can be found in the county, 

and upon those having an interest in or title of 

record to the premises when their residence 

can be learned, but also upon the person in 

the actual possession or occupancy of the 

premises. 

Id. at 113, 83 P.2d at 327-28. 

¶ 34 It makes sense, then, that the statute would not require the 

county treasurer to make a “diligent inquiry” to find a person who is 

physically possessing or occupying the premises. “No such 

provision [the “diligent inquiry” requirement] is made with respect 

to occupants of the property [because they] presumably may be 

found at the property.” In re Application for Tax Deed, 675 N.E.2d 

285, 286 (Ill. App. Ct. 1997).1

 

1 The Colorado and Illinois statutes are identical in all relevant 

respects, the Colorado statute having originally been adopted from 

the Illinois law. Brown v. Davis, 103 Colo. 110, 114, 83 P.2d 326, 

328 (1938). Under 35 Ill. Comp. Stat. 200/22-15 (2016), notice 

shall be served “upon owners who reside on any part of the property 
17 

¶ 35 The district court was therefore correct in concluding that the 

“diligent inquiry” standard does not apply to notification of actual 

possessors or occupants, but it erred in determining that some 

limitless duty to find and notify the occupants applied instead. 

Rather, when the premises are actually occupied, the county 

treasurer may serve notice on the occupants at the property. 

¶ 36 The wrinkle in this case is that the parties appear to have 

stipulated, and the district court found, that Lohrey — who neither 

lives on the property nor can be found there on more than an 

occasional basis — was an actual occupant.2 It is undisputed that 

 

sold by leaving a copy of the notice with those owners personally,” 

and “upon all other owners and parties interested in the property, if 

upon diligent inquiry they can be found in the county, and upon 

the occupants of the property.” 

2 The district court referred to Lohrey as a “tenant,” and the parties 

sometimes refer to him as a “tenant farmer.” The record, however, 

is not clear as to Lohrey’s precise legal status. Lohrey testified that 

he had a verbal sharecrop arrangement with McKown that began in 

2004 and continued without formal renewal until about the time 

Lohrey retired from farming in 2012. Under the terms of the 

arrangement, Lohrey farmed the land, paid two-thirds of the 

expenses and took two-thirds of the crops, while McKown paid onethird of the expenses and took one-third of the crops. A tenant 

typically has a right of exclusive possession of the property 

whereas, in a sharecropper arrangement, the owner retains the 

right to enter and occupy the land subject only to the rights of the 

sharecropper with respect to the crops. Hampton v. Struve, 70 

N.W.2d 74, 79 (Neb. 1955); see also Burton v. Miller, 86 Colo. 166, 
18 

Lohrey lived nearly ten miles away from the property, he visited 

McKown’s field somewhere between once every two weeks and once 

a week for the limited purpose of checking on his crops, and his 

right to enter on the property derived exclusively from a verbal 

sharecropper arrangement with McKown. 

¶ 37 Still, we will assume, though we decline to decide that the 

statute readily contemplates it, that there could be a category of 

occupants who do not in fact occupy the premises; in other words, 

persons, like Lohrey and like many owners and others with an 

interest in the property, who must be found before they can be 

served with notice. 

¶ 38 But whenever the person entitled to notification is not on the 

premises, section 39-11-128(1)(a) requires the county treasurer to 

make only a “diligent inquiry” to determine the person’s 

whereabouts and then to notify him of the sale. See Milroy v. 

McFerran, 270 P.2d 329, 331 (Okla. 1954) (holding that statute did 

 

168, 279 P. 51 (1929) (sharecropper is not a tenant); Warner v. 

Hoisington, 42 Vt. 94, 96-97 (1869) (sharecropper arrangement 

“does not amount to a lease of the land”). The distinction might be 

relevant as to whether Lohrey qualifies as an actual possessor or 

occupant of the property, but we need not decide that issue 

because, as we have noted, the parties stipulated that Lohrey was 

an occupant for purposes of section 39-11-128(1)(a), C.R.S. 2016. 
19 

not include “diligent inquiry” qualifier for notice to occupant but, 

where occupant was tenant farmer who lived on adjoining property, 

“diligent inquiry” standard applied); cf. Dohrn v. Mooring Tax Asset 

Grp., L.L.C., 743 N.W.2d 857, 861 (Iowa 2008) (stating that statute 

did not include “diligent inquiry” standard but, where occupant was 

not on premises and had to be located to be served, a reasonable 

efforts standard might apply). 

¶ 39 The statute contemplates three categories of persons entitled 

to notice, who fall into two broad classifications: (1) persons who 

can be found on the property (ordinarily, actual possessors and 

occupants and, often, owners) and (2) persons likely to be found off 

the property (sometimes owners and, often, other persons with an 

interest in the property). Those are the classifications that matter 

for purposes of determining the county treasurer’s burden. If the 

person is on the property, the statute presumes no real burden on 

the treasurer to locate the person. If the person is off the property, 

the statute requires the treasurer to make a “diligent inquiry” to 

find the person. 

¶ 40 But under no circumstances is the treasurer held to a higher 

standard than the use of efforts reasonably calculated to effectuate 
20 

notice. See Jones v. Flowers, 547 U.S. 220, 229 (2006); see also 

Schmidt, 874 P.2d at 451 (“[E]xtraordinary efforts at locating an 

address are not demanded by principles of due process.”); cf.

Klingsheim v. Cordell, 2016 CO 18, ¶ 20 (“[T]he purpose of section 

39-11-128(1) is to forbid the issuance of a treasurer’s deed absent 

reasonably diligent efforts to notify persons with an interest in the 

property, especially those with a right to redeem.”). 

¶ 41 Here, the parties tell us that Lohrey was an occupant who was 

found off the property — a curious designation, but one we accept 

for purposes of our decision. In that case, he was entitled to have 

the Treasurer make “diligent inquiry” to locate and serve him with 

notice of the issuance of the deed. 

¶ 42 Our conclusion is supported by another provision of the 

statute. See People v. Yoder, 2016 COA 50, ¶ 17 (We “look at the 

statute as a whole in order to interpret the meaning and purpose of 

its language.”). Under subsection 128(1)(b), when the value of the 

property exceeds $500, the Treasurer is required to publish notice 

of the issuance of the tax deed. A copy of such notice must be sent 

to “each person not found to be served whose address is known or 

can be determined upon diligent inquiry.” § 39-11-128(1)(b). 
21 

¶ 43 This provision confirms that any person who must be “found” 

off the property in order to be notified by mail of the issuance of the 

deed is entitled to have the Treasurer make a “diligent inquiry” to 

determine his or her whereabouts. At the same time, the provision 

makes clear that there is no category of persons who must be 

“found” for notification purposes entitled to actual notice. 

¶ 44 The district court determined that McKown was entitled to 

demand that the Treasurer go to any lengths necessary to locate 

and serve Lohrey. Using that standard, the district court 

determined that Lohrey did not have actual notice of the transfer of 

the deeds and entered summary judgment for McKown. We 

conclude that the court applied the wrong standard. 

¶ 45 Red Flower opposes a remand, arguing that, as a matter of 

law, the Treasurer made a “diligent inquiry” to determine Lohrey’s 

whereabouts. In our view, whether efforts amount to a “diligent 

inquiry” and were reasonably calculated to effectuate notice 

depends on the circumstances of each case. Cf. Sandstrom v. Solen, 

2016 COA 29, ¶ 22 (“‘Diligent’ means a ‘steady, earnest, attentive, 

and energetic application and effort in a pursuit’ . . . .” (quoting 
22 

Schmidt, 874 P.2d at 450)). Therefore, we determine that a remand 

is necessary. 

¶ 46 However, we need not remand with respect to both deeds. The 

real property deed, unlike the mineral deed, could not be issued 

until the Treasurer published notice of its impending issuance. 

McKown contends that the publication notice was deficient and, for 

the reasons discussed below, we agree. Therefore, we affirm the 

district court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of McKown on 

the real property deed on this alternative basis. See Colo. Pool Sys., 

Inc. v. Scottsdale Ins. Co., 2012 COA 178, ¶ 71 (we may affirm 

summary judgment for any reason supported by the record, even 

reasons not decided by the trial court) (cert. granted in part Sept. 3, 

2013). We remand, therefore, only with respect to the mineral deed. 

C. Interpretation of Section 39-11-128(1)(b) 

¶ 47 In all cases where the assessed value of the property is $500 

or more, the Treasurer must publish notice of the issuance of the 

deed in the following manner: “three times, at intervals of one 

week, . . . not more than five months nor less than three months 

before the time at which the tax deed may issue.” 

§ 39-11-128(1)(b). 
23 

¶ 48 According to the Treasurer’s testimony, she published the first 

notice in the newspaper on September 2, 2010, and the third and 

final notice on September 16, 2010. (She did not provide the date 

of the second notice.) The tax deed issued to Red Flower on 

December 8, 2010 — less than three months after the last notice. 

¶ 49 Red Flower reads the provision to require that only the first 

notice be published three months before issuance of the deed. But 

we cannot square that construction with the plain language of the 

statute. 

¶ 50 In our view, the provision creates a window within which the 

notices must be published: sometime between five and three 

months before the deed is issued, the Treasurer must publish three 

notices, once each week. Our reading gives full effect to all of the 

words in the provision, see Bd. of Cty. Comm’rs v. Vail Assocs., Inc., 

19 P.3d 1263, 1273 (Colo. 2001) (we construe statutory provision as 

a whole, giving effect to every word and term, whenever possible), 

while Red Flower’s interpretation disregards the “three times” 

language. 
24 

¶ 51 Accordingly, we conclude that the Treasurer’s publication 

notice was statutorily deficient.3

¶ 52 McKown argues that the deficient notice renders the deed void. 

Though we disagree that the deed is void, we determine that it is 

voidable and, therefore, the court properly set it aside. 

¶ 53 A deed is void when the taxing entity had no jurisdiction or 

authority to issue it. Lake Canal, 227 P.3d at 886. By contrast, a 

deed is voidable when the county treasurer’s notice is statutorily 

insufficient. Id. at 887. As the supreme court explained, 

 

3 Red Flower contends that the sufficiency of the publication notice 

was resolved in its favor in Red Flower I and that we are bound by 

the prior division’s determination under the law of the case 

doctrine. True enough, the prior division concluded, “the 

undisputed facts show that the county treasurer fulfilled 

[subsection (1)(b)’s] requirements by publishing the notice for three 

weeks in a Baca County newspaper in September 2010, four 

months before the deed to the real property was issued in 

December.” No. 12CA2128, slip op. at 5 (footnote omitted). But as 

the division had just noted, the issue was not raised by McKown; 

rather, he argued that the Treasurer failed to comply with 

subsection (1)(a) by not making a diligent effort to discover his 

address. Consequently, the division’s observations about the 

Treasurer’s compliance with subsection (1)(b) were not necessary to 

its ruling and were dicta. In general, dictum does not become law 

of the case. Hardesty v. Pino, 222 P.3d 336, 340 (Colo. App. 2009). 

But even if we construe the prior division’s determination as law of 

the case, we may decline to apply the doctrine if we discern a 

factual error. Here, Red Flower itself concedes that notice was not 

published four months before the deeds issued. 
25 

inadequate notice does not implicate jurisdiction or authority, but 

rather “the manner in which the authority was exercised.” Id. at 

889. 

¶ 54 We are not persuaded by McKown’s argument that Gomer v. 

Chaffee, 6 Colo. 314 (1882), compels a different conclusion. In 

Gomer, the treasurer sold the tax lien on April 17th, in violation of 

the statute that authorized the sale of tax liens only after April 20th 

of each year. Id. at 316. Because the treasurer’s authority to sell 

tax liens is purely statutory, he had no power to sell the liens prior 

to the date authorized by statute. Id. at 315. 

¶ 55 Here, if the Treasurer had issued the deeds before the 

expiration of the redemption period, we would be presented with an 

analogous issue. But the statutory redemption period ended on 

November 15, 2010, and the Treasurer had the power to issue the 

deed at any time thereafter. The defect in this case was procedural, 

not jurisdictional. See Sandstrom, ¶ 24 (insufficient notice is a 

procedural defect that renders tax deed voidable, not void). 

¶ 56 Still, the point of publication notice is to encourage 

redemption and protect the owner’s interest in his or her property, 

see Lake Canal, 227 P.3d at 890, and, as we noted earlier, it is no 
26 

mere technicality. The taxpayer is entitled to redeem until the end 

of the redemption period or three months after the last publication 

notice, whichever comes later. See § 39-11-128(1)(a) (Notice must 

state “when the time of redemption will expire or when the tax deed 

shall be issued.”). The Treasurer did not publish the last notice 

until September 16, 2010; thus, McKown should have had until 

December 16, 2010, to redeem the lien. 

¶ 57 A voidable deed may be set aside so long as the claim to 

recover property is brought within five years after the issuance of 

the deed. Sandstrom, ¶ 30. Here, McKown’s counterclaim was filed 

well within the statute of limitations. 

¶ 58 The district court voided the tax deed for a different reason, 

but we may affirm its decision on an alternative ground supported 

by the record. Id. Because the Treasurer failed to comply with 

section 39-11-128(1)(b), the district court properly set aside the real 

property deed. 

III. Conclusion 

¶ 59 The district court’s entry of summary judgment in favor of 

McKown is affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded for 

further proceedings. On remand, the district court should 
27 

determine, with respect to the mineral deed only, whether the 

Treasurer used diligent efforts to notify Lohrey of the issuance of 

the deed. 

JUDGE HAWTHORNE and JUDGE ROMÁN concur.