[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

__________________

No. 19-11921

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 4:17-cv-00214-MW-CAS

CARL HOFFER, 

Individually and on behalf of a class of persons 

similarly situated, 

RONALD MCPHERSON, 

Individually and on behalf of a class of persons 

similarly situated, 

ROLAND MOLINA,

Individually and on behalf of a class of persons 

similarly situated, 

 Plaintiffs - Appellees,

 versus

SECRETARY, FLORIDA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, 

 Defendant - Appellant.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Florida

________________________

(August 31, 2020)

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Before MARTIN, NEWSOM, and BALDOCK,* Circuit Judges.

NEWSOM, Circuit Judge: 

This case principally presents the question whether the Eighth Amendment 

requires Florida prison officials to treat all inmates with chronic Hepatitis C—

including those who have only mild (or no) liver fibrosis—with expensive, stateof-the-art “direct acting antiviral” (DAA) drugs. The district court held that it does

and entered a permanent injunction mandating across-the-board DAA treatment. 

We hold, to the contrary, that the officials’ current treatment plan—pursuant to 

which they monitor all HCV-positive inmates, including those who have yet to 

exhibit serious symptoms, and provide DAAs to anyone who has an exacerbating 

condition, shows signs of rapid progression, or develops even moderate fibrosis—

satisfies constitutional requirements. Accordingly, we reverse the district court’s 

decision, vacate its injunction, and remand for further proceedings.

I

A

Hepatitis C—here, HCV—is a bloodborne virus that is commonly spread, 

among other means, by sharing contaminated needles, utilizing unsterilized tattoo 

equipment, and engaging in risky sexual behavior. Only about 1% of the general 

* Honorable Bobby R. Baldock, United States Circuit Judge for the Tenth Circuit, sitting by 

designation.

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population suffers from the disease, but its prevalence among prison inmates is 

much higher. Although estimates vary, it’s safe to say that thousands—and quite 

possibly tens of thousands—of inmates confined in Florida state prisons have

HCV. 

HCV primarily attacks the liver and, in particular, can cause liver scarring, 

or “fibrosis.” Liver fibrosis can be measured, or staged, on a five-step scale, in 

ascending order of severity, from F0 (no fibrosis) to F1 (mild fibrosis) to F2 

(moderate fibrosis) to F3 (severe fibrosis) to F4 (cirrhosis). Fortunately, many 

people afflicted with HCV will “spontaneously clear” the virus without treatment. 

At least 50% of HCV cases, though, are “chronic,” meaning that they can be cured 

only with medication. Among chronic HCV patients, the disease’s rate of 

progression varies: 30% are stable, meaning that they aren’t currently moving up

the fibrosis scale; 40% progress slowly, taking several years to advance from one 

level to another and more than 20 years to reach full-blown cirrhosis; and 30% 

progress rapidly, reaching cirrhosis in fewer than 20 years and possibly as few as 

one.

In years past, HCV patients were prescribed Interferon, a weekly injectable 

medication that had a number of drawbacks—among them that it required patients 

to remain sober, caused several unpleasant side effects, and succeeded in 

eradicating the virus only about 30% of the time. In 2013, a new HCV treatment 

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option arrived on the scene—direct acting antivirals. These DAAs brought great 

promise—the once- or twice-daily pills were easily administrable, had few side 

effects, and boasted a 95% cure rate. Unfortunately, and not surprisingly, they also 

came at great cost. Although the parties dispute the exact price tag of a single 12-

week course of DAA treatment—in 2017, the Secretary put it between $25,000 and 

$37,000 per inmate, while the plaintiffs insisted that discounts and rebates reduced

that cost—all agree that DAAs are very expensive.

B

In May 2017, Carl Hoffer, Ronald McPherson, and Roland Molina—

chronic-HCV inmates incarcerated in Florida prisons—sued the Secretary of the 

Florida Department of Corrections on behalf of a putative class in the United States 

District Court for the Northern District of Florida. Among other claims, the 

plaintiffs alleged, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983, that the Secretary’s HCV 

treatment plan—or, at the time, the lack thereof—was deliberately indifferent to 

inmates’ serious medical needs in violation of the Eighth Amendment. As 

particularly relevant here, the plaintiffs sought a class-wide injunction requiring the 

FDC to “develop and adhere to a plan to provide direct-acting antiviral medication 

to all FDC prisoners with chronic HCV, consistent with the standard of care.” 

Not long after the plaintiffs filed, the Secretary hired Dr. Daniel Dewsnup to 

formulate a treatment plan for HCV-infected inmates. Dr. Dewsnup, who had 

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earlier developed and implemented a similar HCV-treatment plan for the Oregon 

prison system, recommended treating some inmates with DAAs, but not all of 

them. In particular, he proposed (1) providing DAAs for all inmates at level F2 

and above and (2) monitoring F0- and F1-level inmates and treating them with 

DAAs if they (a) have or develop an exacerbating condition like HIV, (b) exhibit 

signs of rapid fibrosis progression, or (c) advance to F2. The Secretary adopted 

Dr. Dewsnup’s recommendations. 

In October 2017, the district court held a five-day evidentiary hearing, which

featured Dr. Dewsnup and the plaintiffs’ expert, Dr. Margaret Koziel. The experts 

testified concerning a range of topics, but for present purposes our focus is on their

dueling conclusions regarding the necessity of treating HCV-positive inmates who 

show little or no liver scarring—i.e., those at levels F0 and F1 on the fibrosis scale. 

Dr. Koziel “advocate[d]” in favor of treating all HCV-positive inmates with 

DAAs—even, she said, F0-level inmates, who have “no fibrosis.” Her view, she 

said, comports with guidelines published by the American Association for the 

Study of Liver Diseases and the Infectious Diseases Society of America, which 

recommend DAA treatment for all chronic HCV patients, regardless of staging. 

Dr. Koziel further testified that “there are clearcut economic benefits to treating 

all-comers with Hepatitis C”—in particular, she reported that one paper she had 

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recently reviewed estimated that “the U.S. health system would save about $13 

billion by treating everybody.” 

Regarding medical outcomes, though, Dr. Koziel was more circumspect. As 

particularly relevant here, the district court judge asked her the following question: 

“[I]n terms of scoring, F0 to F4, . . . what’s the tipping point where suddenly [a 

patient’s] chance of getting cancer is dramatically much greater [or his] chance of 

permanent damage in terms of liver function . . . is greater?” Dr. Koziel began her 

response by stating that “there is some increased risk of mortality even in the 

earlier stages” and emphasizing that she “will always advocate for people.” “But,” 

she went on, “when I really, really start to get agitated . . . is about at F3, and that’s 

when people really get into the irreversible complications because [of] the amount 

of scar tissue, and at that point I can no longer say to you that we are going to 

make you completely whole again.” Even so, Dr. Koziel reiterated later in her 

testimony that her job as a physician “is to advocate for the best medical care” and 

agreed with the district court that “treating everyone who has [HCV] with DAA 

medication is the best possible management.” 

For his part, Dr. Dewsnup opined that F0- and F1-level inmates “don’t need 

to be treated immediately” but, rather, “can be deferred.” Usually, he said, the 

FDC only “see[s] them for a few years.” At the same time, he recognized that it’s

different for “lifetime prisoners,” whom the FDC is “going to have to treat 

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eventually even if they are Stage 0 or Stage 1.” Dr. Dewsnup also explained that 

the evidence concerning the relationship between the eradication of HCV and F0-

and F1-level inmates’ “mortality rates” may suffer from confounding; he 

acknowledged Interferon-era studies that suggest a correlation between the two,

but clarified that “[w]e don’t have the scientific data that say[s] that it’s the viral 

eradication that does it.” The reason, he said, is because Interferon treatment 

required patients “to make huge lifestyle changes”—in particular, “[t]hey had to be 

sober.” Because “substance abuse . . . [is] the major reason” that HCV-positive 

inmates die, Dr. Dewsnup didn’t believe that the correlation between Interferon

treatment for F0s and F1s and decreased mortality rates established the necessary 

causal link. 

Shortly after the hearing, the district court certified a plaintiff class of “all 

current and future prisoners in FDC custody who have been, or will be, diagnosed 

with chronic HCV” and entered a preliminary injunction. “[W]ith limited 

exceptions,” the court ordered the FDC to “compl[y] with its own expert’s 

recommendations” and to “formulate a plan” to ensure the treatment of HCVpositive inmates in accordance with a specified schedule. Later, having received 

the Secretary’s plan, the court ordered DAA treatment for prisoners with 

decompensated cirrhosis (i.e., liver failure) within about a month, prisoners with 

F4-level cirrhosis within six months, and prisoners with F2 (moderate) and F3

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(severe) fibrosis within about a year. The court’s preliminary-injunction order did 

not require DAA treatment for F0- and F1-level inmates unless they had an

exacerbating condition. 

Several months later, the Secretary moved for summary judgment—in 

essence, against himself—seeking to make the district court’s preliminary 

injunction permanent. As particularly relevant here, the Secretary reiterated his 

position that the Eighth Amendment doesn’t require immediate DAA treatment of 

all F0- and F1-level inmates. As a general matter, the Secretary proposed to 

monitor F0s and F1s, to schedule infirmary visits and lab tests every six months, 

and, if necessary, to re-stage their fibrosis annually. F0s and F1s would be put on 

DAAs, however, if they (1) had or developed an exacerbating condition, 

(2) showed signs of rapid progression, or (3) advanced to F2. The plaintiffs crossmoved for summary judgment, seeking 15 additional forms of relief, all of which 

the Secretary opposed. Most significantly for present purposes, the plaintiffs asked 

the court to require the Secretary to provide DAA treatment for all F0- and F1-

level patients, regardless of underlying comorbidities or the pace of disease 

progression. 

The district court granted the plaintiffs’ summary-judgment motion in 

substantial part, denying or altering only a few of their additional requests, and 

entered a permanent injunction. See Hoffer v. Inch, 382 F. Supp. 3d 1288 (N.D. 

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Fla. 2019). As relevant here, the injunction requires the Secretary to treat all F0-

and F1-level inmates with DAAs. In its order, the district court found that the 

Secretary “ha[d] not put forth any medical reason (nor does the record otherwise 

reveal a medical reason) why F0 and F1 inmates should not be treated.” Id. at 

1302. Instead, the court agreed with the plaintiffs that “[t]he only reason why [the 

Secretary] is electing not to provide treatment” to F0 and F1 patients “is due to the 

cost of treatment, which is per se deliberate indifference.” Id. (first alteration in 

original) (quotation omitted). Accordingly, the court ordered the Secretary to begin 

DAA treatment of all F0s and F1s within two years of their initial staging. Id. at 

1302–03. 

Toward the end of its order, the district court included the following onesentence paragraph, addressing its obligation to ensure that the injunction complied 

with the Prison Litigation Reform Act: 

Finally, the permanent injunction satisfies the Prison Litigation 

Reform Act (“PLRA”) because it is narrowly drawn, extends no 

further than necessary to effect the changes this Court concludes are 

constitutionally required, and is the least intrusive means of effecting 

such changes. 

Id. at 1315 (citing 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(1)).

* * *

The Secretary now appeals the district court’s summary-judgment order and 

accompanying injunction, arguing (1) that his plan for monitoring F0- and F1-level

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inmates, and treating them with DAAs if they develop an exacerbating condition, 

exhibit rapid disease progression, or advance to F2, does not violate the Eighth 

Amendment, and (2) that the district court’s PLRA-related findings were not 

sufficiently particularized.1

 

II

A

The Eighth Amendment forbids the “inflict[ion]” of “cruel and unusual 

punishments.” U.S. Const. amend. VIII. And the Supreme Court has held that 

because the Cruel and Unusual Punishments Clause prohibits “the unnecessary and 

wanton infliction of pain,” it also prohibits “deliberate indifference to serious 

medical needs of prisoners.” Estelle v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 103–04 (1976) 

(quotation omitted). “Federal and state governments therefore have a 

constitutional obligation to provide minimally adequate medical care to those 

whom they are punishing by incarceration.” Harris v. Thigpen, 941 F.2d 1495, 

1504 (11th Cir. 1991). 

“To show that a prison official acted with deliberate indifference to serious 

medical needs, a plaintiff must satisfy both an objective and a subjective inquiry.” 

1 We review the district court’s decision to grant summary judgment de novo, Ellis v. England, 

432 F.3d 1321, 1325 (11th Cir. 2005), and its decision to enter an injunction for abuse of 

discretion, Prison Legal News v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 890 F.3d 954, 964 (11th Cir. 2018). 

“A district court by definition abuses its discretion when it makes an error of law.” Koon v. 

United States, 518 U.S. 81, 100 (1996).

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Farrow v. West, 320 F.3d 1235, 1243 (11th Cir. 2003). To meet the first prong, the 

plaintiff must demonstrate an “objectively serious medical need”—i.e., “one that 

has been diagnosed by a physician as mandating treatment or one that is so obvious 

that even a lay person would easily recognize the necessity for a doctor’s 

attention,” and, in either instance, “one that, if left unattended, poses a substantial 

risk of serious harm.” Id. (alteration adopted) (quotations omitted). To satisfy the 

second, subjective prong, the plaintiff must prove that the prison officials “acted 

with deliberate indifference to [his serious medical] need.” Harper v. Lawrence 

Cty., 592 F.3d 1227, 1234 (11th Cir. 2010) (quotation omitted). “To establish 

deliberate indifference,” a plaintiff must demonstrate that the prison officials 

“(1) had subjective knowledge of a risk of serious harm; (2) disregarded that risk; 

and (3) acted with more than gross negligence.” Id. (quotation omitted).2

 An 

2 We pause briefly to flag a tension within our precedent regarding the minimum standard for 

culpability under the deliberate-indifference standard. Although we have repeatedly noted that 

“a claim of deliberate indifference requires proof of more than gross negligence,” e.g., Townsend 

v. Jefferson Cty., 601 F.3d 1152, 1158 (11th Cir. 2010) (emphasis added), another line of our 

cases favors the phrase “more than mere negligence,” McElligott v. Foley, 182 F.3d 1248, 1255 

(11th Cir. 1999) (emphasis added). A panel of this Court recently suggested that “the ‘more than 

mere negligence’ standard in McElligott is more consistent with [Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 

825 (1994)] than the ‘more than gross negligence’ standard in Townsend.” Melton v. Abston, 

841 F.3d 1207, 1223 n.2 (11th Cir. 2016). These competing articulations—“gross” vs. “mere” 

negligence—may well represent a distinction without a difference because, as explained below,

the Supreme Court itself has likened the deliberate-indifference standard to “subjective 

recklessness as used in the criminal law.” Farmer, 511 U.S. at 839–40 (emphasis 

added). Accordingly, no matter how serious the negligence, conduct that can’t fairly be 

characterized as reckless won’t meet the Supreme Court’s standard.

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inmate-plaintiff bears the burden to establish both prongs. Goebert v. Lee Cty., 

510 F.3d 1312, 1326 (11th Cir. 2007). 

B

The Secretary seems to concede (we think wisely) that chronic HCV is, at 

least as a general matter, a “serious medical need” within the meaning of our 

precedents. See Reply Br. at 5 n.5. And although the parties spar over the 

subsidiary question whether chronic HCV constitutes a condition “that, if left 

unattended, poses a substantial risk of serious harm” to F0- and F1-level inmates, 

Farrow, 320 F.3d at 1243, we find that it is unnecessary to address that issue. For 

the reasons that follow, we conclude that even if the plaintiffs could satisfy the 

objective prong of the two-part Eighth Amendment standard, they haven’t shown 

that the Secretary’s response to F0- and F1-level inmates’ medical needs was 

deliberately indifferent in the subjective sense—in particular, that the Secretary 

“acted with more than gross negligence.” Harper, 592 F.3d at 1234.3 

3 First, a bit of housekeeping. Based on two stray statements in its summary-judgment motion, 

the plaintiffs assert that the Secretary has “conceded” that the Eighth Amendment requires DAA 

treatment for F0- and F1-level inmates. Br. of Appellees at 29. We don’t think so—seems to us 

like a game of gotcha. As for the first statement—that the “present-day standard of care is to 

treat” chronic HCV patients “with DAAs as long as there are no contraindications or exceptional 

circumstances”—the Secretary clarified on the very same page of the very same filing its 

position, which squares with Dr. Dewsnup’s testimony, that “[t]here has been no showing that 

delaying treatment with DAAs for inmates with fibrosis scores of F0 or F1, until they reach F2, 

will cause harm to those inmates.” As for the second—that “[i]t is inappropriate to only treat 

those with advanced levels of fibrosis”—the plaintiffs’ argument simply misunderstands the 

import of the word “advanced.” As Dr. Koziel herself explained, “advanced fibrosis” can be 

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1

We think it worth reiterating at the outset the stringency of the deliberateindifference standard—because, it seems to us, the district court here lost track of it 

and impermissibly evaluated the Secretary’s treatment plan against a negligence 

(or perhaps even more lenient) benchmark. It’s an easy enough mistake to make:

Confronted with an inmate who has a serious medical condition, a reviewing court

hears from experts about measures that (in their view) would provide the most 

effective treatment. When the court then sees evidence that prison authorities 

aren’t taking those measures—that perhaps they could be doing more, doing 

better—it concludes that liability must presumably follow.

Intuitive as that line of thinking may be—especially for lawyers and judges 

educated and trained in the common-law tradition—it does not reflect the 

constitutional standard. As we recently reiterated, “deliberate indifference is not a 

constitutionalized version of common-law negligence.” Swain v. Junior, 961 F.3d 

1276, 2020 WL 3167628, at *7 (11th Cir. June 15, 2020). “To the contrary, we 

(echoing the Supreme Court) have been at pains to emphasize that ‘the deliberate 

indifference standard . . . is far more onerous than normal tort-based standards of 

conduct sounding in negligence,’ and is in fact akin to ‘subjective recklessness as 

distinguished from F2-level fibrosis, which is “in the middle of the spectrum.” Notably, the 

district court didn’t rely on this so-called “concession” in its summary-judgment order.

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used in the criminal law.’” Id. (quoting, respectively, Goodman v. Kimbrough, 718 

F.3d 1325, 1332 (11th Cir. 2013), and Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 839–40

(1994)). With respect to prisoners’ medical care, in particular, we have held that 

the Eighth Amendment doesn’t require it to be “perfect, the best obtainable, or 

even very good.” Harris, 941 F.2d at 1510 (quotation omitted). Rather, we have 

emphasized, “[m]edical treatment violates the [E]ighth [A]mendment only when it 

is so grossly incompetent, inadequate, or excessive as to shock the conscience or to 

be intolerable to fundamental fairness.” Id. at 1505 (quotation omitted). 

The question here, therefore, isn’t whether, in the best of all possible worlds, 

F0- and F1-level HCV-positive inmates should receive treatment with DAAs. Nor 

is it whether, if we were doctors, we would prescribe DAAs to all F0 and F1 

patients. Nor, for that matter, is it even whether, if we were sitting as a commonlaw court, we might conclude that ordinary prudence requires across-the-board 

DAA treatment. Rather, because the plaintiffs here have invoked the Eighth 

Amendment, the sole question before us is whether the Secretary’s approach to the 

treatment of F0- and F1-level inmates is so reckless—so conscience-shocking—

that it violates the Constitution. As explained below, it is not. 

2

We should first recap briefly what the Secretary’s treatment plan is. For 

starters, the Secretary treats all HCV-positive inmates at the F2 level and above 

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with DAAs. Among those at the F0 and F1 levels, the Secretary monitors their 

conditions and provides DAA treatment to those who either (1) have an 

exacerbating illness, such as HIV, (2) exhibit signs of rapid fibrosis progression, or 

(3) advance to F2.

So, to be clear—and contrary to misimpressions that the district court’s 

opinion might leave, see Hoffer, 382 F. Supp. 3d at 1302–03—the Secretary isn’t 

refusing or denying medical care to any HCV-positive inmate. He may not be 

providing F0- and F1-level inmates the particular course of treatment that they and 

their experts want—or as quickly as they want it—but he isn’t turning a blind eye, 

either.

Two fundamental considerations—both of which reflect the steep hill that 

deliberate-indifference plaintiffs must climb—combine to demonstrate that the 

Secretary’s treatment of F0- and F1-level patients is neither criminally reckless nor 

conscience-shocking. First, we have recognized that “[w]here a prisoner has 

received some medical attention and the dispute is over the adequacy of the 

treatment, federal courts are generally reluctant to second guess medical judgments 

and to constitutionalize claims which sound in state tort law.” Harris, 941 F.2d at 

1507 (quoting Westlake v. Lucas, 537 F.2d 857, 860 n.5 (6th Cir. 1976)); accord, 

e.g., Hamm v. DeKalb Cty., 774 F.2d 1567, 1575 (11th Cir. 1985) (“Although [the 

inmate] may have desired different modes of treatment, the care the jail provided 

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did not amount to deliberate indifference.”). Here, as already explained, the 

Secretary is providing “some medical attention” to F0- and F1-level inmates—

diagnosing their illnesses, assessing their risk of future harm, and regularly 

monitoring and managing their disease progression. The plaintiffs’ complaint isn’t 

that the Secretary is providing no care, just that he isn’t providing the more 

aggressive—and they say better—care that they desire.

To be clear, “some medical attention” doesn’t necessarily demand curative 

care. Rather, medical intervention exists along a spectrum. At one end is ignoring 

medical needs entirely, which our decisions have rightly and repeatedly 

condemned: “‘Choosing to deliberately disregard’ an inmate’s complaints of pain 

‘without any investigation or inquiry,’” we have held, constitutes deliberate 

indifference. Taylor v. Hughes, 920 F.3d 729, 734 (11th Cir. 2019) (quoting 

Goebert, 510 F.3d at 1328). The plaintiffs here, understandably, demand care at 

the other end of the spectrum—a prompt and an effective, albeit expensive, cure. 

There is, though, a range of responsible treatment options between the two poles

that will satisfy the Eighth Amendment.

Consider an inmate with kidney disease. Surely the Constitution doesn’t 

require prison authorities to schedule an immediate transplant, even though that 

might be the most effective, and permanent, solution. Rather, even for an inmate 

with end-stage renal disease, a regular course of dialysis treatments would 

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doubtlessly pass constitutional muster. And for those whose condition hasn’t 

progressed to near-complete kidney failure, even less aggressive measures—say, 

monitoring and managing diet and exercise—would presumably suffice. Or 

consider an inmate in the early stages of progressive hearing loss. Prison 

authorities needn’t jump straight to cochlear implants, or even hearing aids. At 

least for a spell—until his condition worsens, anyway—the inmate may have to 

content himself with asking people to speak up. The long and short of it is that 

diagnosing, monitoring, and managing conditions—even where a complete cure 

may be available—will often meet the “minimally adequate medical care” standard 

that the Eighth Amendment imposes. Harris, 941 F.2d at 1504. 

Second, and relatedly, we have emphasized—as have our sister circuits—

that “a simple difference in medical opinion between the prison’s medical staff and 

the inmate as to the latter’s diagnosis or course of treatment [fails to] support a 

claim of cruel and unusual punishment.” Id. at 1505; accord, e.g., Lamb v.

Norwood, 899 F.3d 1159, 1162 (10th Cir. 2018) (“We have consistently held that 

prison officials do not act with deliberate indifference when they provide medical 

treatment even if it is subpar or different from what the inmate wants.”); Kosilek v.

Spencer, 774 F.3d 63, 82 (1st Cir. 2014) (en banc) (“[The Eighth Amendment] 

does not impose upon prison administrators a duty to provide care that is ideal, or 

of the prisoner’s choosing.”). That, at bottom, is exactly what we have here. The 

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plaintiffs’ expert, Dr. Koziel, opined that all F0- and F1-level inmates should be 

treated with DAAs, regardless of underlying condition or disease progression.4 

The Secretary’s expert, Dr. Dewsnup, testified, to the contrary, that it is sufficient 

to prescribe DAAs to inmates at level F2 and above, to monitor F0- and F1-level 

inmates, and to provide DAAs to F0s and F1s who either have underlying coconditions or whose disease seems to be progressing rapidly.

Because the plaintiffs here are receiving medical care—and because the 

adequacy of that care is the subject of genuine, good-faith disagreement between 

healthcare professionals—we are hard-pressed to find that the Secretary has acted 

in so reckless and conscience-shocking a manner as to have violated the 

Constitution. “Measured against constitutional minima,” the Secretary’s plan 

“evidence[s] at least tolerable and responsive medical treatment.” Harris, 941 

F.2d at 1507

4 The Secretary disputes the upshot of Dr. Koziel’s testimony. In particular, the Secretary

emphasizes (1) that all Dr. Koziel really said was that treating all HCV patients with DAAs is the 

“best possible management for Hepatitis C”—not that doing so is the only permissible course of 

action—and (2) that she acknowledged that she only “really, really start[s] to get agitated” when 

a patient reaches F3. See Br. of Appellant at 20. In response, the plaintiffs (1) challenge the 

Secretary’s “implication” that Dr. Koziel’s testimony suggests “that there is some other adequate 

form of treatment that is not the ‘best’”—which, they insist, “is simply untrue”—and (2) that the 

Secretary has taken Dr. Koziel’s “agitat[ion]” remark out of context. Br. of Appellees at 35. For 

present purposes, the parties’ debate is beside the point. We can simply assume for present 

purposes that Dr. Koziel believes that all HCV-positive inmates should be treated with DAAs.

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C

In just two short pages, the district court reached the opposite conclusion. It 

did so principally on two bases. First, the court accepted the plaintiffs’ contention 

that “[t]he only reason why FDC is electing not to provide [DAA] treatment is due 

to the cost of treatment, which is per se deliberate indifference.” Hoffer, 382 F. 

Supp. 3d at 1302 (alteration in original) (quotation omitted). And second, it 

emphasized that the “FDC has not put forth any medical reason (nor does the 

record otherwise reveal a medical reason) why F0 and F1 inmates should not be 

treated.” Id.

We conclude that the district court erred on both counts. We take up its 

errors in reverse order, because the second—concerning the Secretary’s supposed 

failure to demonstrate a medical basis for declining DAA treatment for F0s and 

F1s—is easy to explain, while the first—regarding the role of “cost” in a 

deliberate-indifference analysis—will take bit of unpacking.

1

So first, the easy(ish) part. In stating that the Secretary “ha[d] not put forth 

any medical reason . . . why F0 and F1 inmates should not be treated,” the district 

court triply erred. As an initial matter, the court impermissibly flipped the burden 

of proof. Our precedent is clear that an inmate bears the burden of proving all 

aspects of his Eighth Amendment claim—as relevant here, he “must satisfy the 

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subjective component by showing that the prison official acted with deliberate 

indifference to h[is] serious medical need.” Goebert, 510 F.3d at 1326; accord, 

e.g., Hill v. Dekalb Reg’l Youth Ctr., 40 F.3d 1176, 1190 (11th Cir. 1994) (noting 

that the plaintiff “submitted no medical evidence explaining how the four-hour 

delay in taking [him] to the hospital detrimented or worsened his medical 

condition”), abrogated on other grounds by Hope v. Pelzer, 536 U.S. 730 (2002). 

So it wasn’t the Secretary’s burden to demonstrate that treatment of F0s and F1s 

isn’t medically necessary; it was the plaintiffs’ burden to prove that such treatment 

is necessary. See H.C. by Hewett v. Jarrard, 786 F.2d 1080, 1086 (11th Cir. 1986) 

(“[T]he failure to provide diagnostic care and medical treatment known to be 

necessary [i]s deliberate indifference.”).5

To compound matters, in connection with its determination that the 

Secretary had failed to discharge its phantom burden, the district court 

misconstrued Dr. Dewsnup’s testimony in two key respects. First, immediately 

5 To be sure, our decisions have said—incanted, really—that “a defendant who delays necessary 

treatment for non-medical reasons may exhibit deliberate indifference.” Bingham v. Thomas, 

654 F.3d 1171, 1176 (11th Cir. 2011) (citing Hill, 40 F.3d at 1187. That rule, of course, isn’t 

absolute. It seems to us inconceivable, for instance, that the Eighth Amendment could be read to 

disable prison administrators from refusing an inmate’s treatment request (no matter how 

medically sound) on the ground that it would threaten institutional security. To take just one 

example, would the Constitution require prison authorities to allow an inmate with severe 

allergies to keep an EpiPen® in his cell? If only “medical” considerations counted, then the 

answer would have to be yes—but of course the answer is no. In any event, none of our 

decisions has ever formally imposed a burden on prison officials to prove a medical reason for 

delaying or withholding an inmate’s preferred treatment, let alone suggested that the failure to 

discharge that burden is fatal.

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after faulting the Secretary for “not put[ting] forth any medical reason” for 

delaying DAA treatment for F0- and F1-level inmates, the court stated that Dr. 

Dewsnup had “explicitly noted . . . [that] F0 and F1 inmates must be treated 

eventually”—thereby implying that even the Secretary’s own expert believed that 

medical considerations counsel in favor of treating all inmates. Hoffer, 382 F. 

Supp. 3d at 1302. Context, though, reveals the district court’s error. As already 

explained, what Dr. Dewsnup actually said was (1) that in the main, F0s and F1s 

“don’t need to be treated immediately” and instead “can be deferred,” but (2) that 

“there are others who are lifetime prisoners that . . . [the FDC is] going to have to 

treat eventually even if they are Stage 0 or Stage 1.” In context, it’s clear that Dr. 

Dewsnup simply meant to acknowledge that many inmates who are currently at F0 

or F1 will, if they remain incarcerated long enough, “eventually” progress to F2 

and need DAA treatment.

Second, and even more conspicuously, as part of the same discussion, the 

district court emphasized that “both Dr. Koziel and Dr. Dewsnup agreed that—

even for F0 and F1 inmates—successful treatment of HCV tends to decrease 

mortality rates.” Hoffer, 382 F. Supp. 3d at 1302. That is demonstrably incorrect. 

In fact, Dr. Dewsnup said precisely the opposite. As already explained, he testified 

that (1) because the only available studies were from the Interferon era, when 

treatment required HCV patients “to be sober,” and (2) because “substance 

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abuse . . . [is] the major reason” that HCV-positive inmates die, there is simply no 

way to know whether it was the HCV treatment, the “huge lifestyle changes” that 

the Interferon regimen required, or some combination of the two that led to a 

decrease in mortality rates. 

For all these reasons—legal and factual—we conclude that the district court 

erred in concluding that the Secretary had somehow failed to prove a medical 

justification for delaying DAA treatment to F0- and F1-level inmates.

2

Now for the tougher part—the role of “cost.” Again, although the parties 

squabble over the exact price of a single DAA course of treatment—the Secretary

pegged it at between $25,000 and $37,000 per inmate in 2017, while the plaintiffs 

insisted that it was lower as a result of discounts and rebates—there is no dispute

that DAAs are expensive. The parties’ real debate is over the legal questions 

whether, at what point, and to what extent the cost of a particular medical 

treatment should factor into an Eighth Amendment deliberate-indifference 

analysis.

As already noted, the district court agreed with the plaintiffs that “[t]he only 

reason why FDC is electing not to provide [DAA] treatment is due to the cost of 

treatment, which is per se deliberate indifference.” Hoffer, 382 F. Supp. 3d at 1302

(alteration in original) (quotation omitted). On appeal, the parties can’t even agree 

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on how to interpret the court’s order. For his part, the Secretary complains that the 

district court here improperly held that “consideration of the ‘cost of treatment’ in 

making medical decisions is ‘per se deliberate indifference.’” Br. of Appellant at 

16. In response, the plaintiffs insist that the district court merely—and properly—

held that “[t]he Eighth Amendment prohibits the refusal of medical treatment 

solely because of costs.” Br. of Appellees at 22. Because the issue of cost has 

become such a bone of contention in this case—and because the district court’s 

decision and the parties’ arguments reflect confusion about the meaning and 

application of our precedent—we will examine it in some detail. 

The contest over cost’s proper place in a deliberate-indifference analysis 

centers on our decision in Harris v. Thigpen. There, in the course of rejecting 

Eighth Amendment claims brought by HIV-positive inmates, the panel offered the 

following observations in dicta:

[W]e are troubled by and reject any suggestion . . . that a state’s 

comparative wealth might affect an HIV-infected prisoner’s right to 

constitutionally adequate medical care. We do not agree that 

“financial considerations must be considered in determining the 

reasonableness” of inmates’ medical care to the extent that such a 

rationale could ever be used by so-called “poor states” to deny a 

prisoner the minimally adequate care to which he or she is entitled.

941 F.2d at 1509. 

We agree with the Secretary that nothing in Harris—or in any of our other 

decisions—precludes prison authorities from “consider[ing] . . . the cost of 

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treatment in making medical decisions.” Br. of Appellant at 16 (quotation 

omitted). Although we have never had occasion to say so expressly, other courts 

have recognized the commonsense notion that “the civilized minimum” level of 

care required by the Eighth Amendment “is a function both of objective need and 

cost.” Ralston v. McGovern, 167 F.3d 1160, 1162 (7th Cir. 1999).

6 Need and cost 

are correlated, such that the more serious and exigent an inmate’s need, the more 

likely it is that “the civilized minimum” might be deemed to require expensive 

treatment—and vice versa. See id.

The First Circuit’s recently addressed this very issue in Zingg v. Groblewski, 

907 F.3d 630 (1st Cir. 2018). There, an inmate suffering from severe psoriasis 

asked prison officials to give her Humira, an injectable “systemic treatment that 

targets the immune system,” which she had been taking before her detention and to 

which she had responded well. Id. at 633. The prison officials denied her requests, 

treating her instead—and unsuccessfully—with topical steroids. See id. 

Eventually, after the inmate’s psoriasis continued to deteriorate, the officials

approved treatment with Humira, which led to “significant improvement in her 

6 Cf. also Woodall v. Foti, 648 F.2d 268, 272 (5th Cir. Unit A 1981) (holding that in deciding 

whether denial or deferral of medical treatment constitutes deliberate indifference, a court should 

“take into account a number of competing considerations,” among them “the seriousness of the 

prisoner’s illness [and] the need for immediate treatment” and the “availability and expense” of 

the requested care, keeping in “mind[] that the essential test is one of medical necessity and not 

simply of desirability”).

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condition.” Id. The inmate sued under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, alleging that by delaying 

the authorization of Humira, the officials had acted with deliberate indifference in 

violation of the Eighth Amendment. Id. at 634. The district court granted 

summary judgment for the officials, and the inmate appealed. Id.

As particularly relevant here, the First Circuit addressed the inmate’s 

contention that a jury could find that the prison officials “denied Humira because 

of its cost and that such a finding would suffice to permit a jury to find that [the 

prison officials were] deliberately indifferent to her serious medical needs.” Id. at 

638. For support, the inmate cited evidence, for instance, that Humira “is an 

expensive medication,” that “cost containment was important to” prison 

administrators, and, indeed, that she had been told—point blank—that “Humira 

would not be approved because of its high cost.” Id. Notwithstanding that 

smoking-gun evidence, the First Circuit rejected the inmate’s legal argument: “We 

are not aware of any authority . . . to support the proposition that there is a per se 

Eighth Amendment prohibition against corrections officials considering cost, even 

when considered only in the course of selecting treatment that is aimed at attending 

to an incarcerated person’s serious medical needs.” Id. 

We agree. Indeed, the law could hardly be otherwise. It is surely 

uncontroversial that “the deliberate indifference standard . . . does not guarantee 

prisoners the right to be entirely free from the cost considerations that figure in the 

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medical-care decisions made by most non-prisoners in our society.” Reynolds v. 

Wagner, 128 F.3d 166, 175 (3d Cir. 1997) (Alito, J.). Every minute of every day, 

ordinary Americans forgo or delay beneficial—and even life-altering—medical 

treatment because it’s just too expensive. A couple decides to pass on in vitro 

fertilization in favor of less expensive (if also less effective) fertility treatment. A 

woman suffering from an autoimmune condition postpones an intravenousimmunoglobulin infusion because her insurance hasn’t come through. Parents opt 

to delay reconstructive surgery for a physically disabled child. Healthcare can be 

expensive—sadly, sometimes prohibitively so. What a topsy-turvy world it would 

be if incarcerated inmates were somehow immune from that cold—and sometimes 

cruel—reality. See Maggert v. Hanks, 131 F.3d 670, 671 (7th Cir. 1997) (“A 

prison is not required by the Eighth Amendment to give a prisoner medical care 

that is as good as he would receive if he were a free person, let alone an affluent 

free person.”). 

So, to be clear, the Eighth Amendment does not prohibit prison officials 

from considering cost in determining what type (or level) of medical care inmates 

should receive. Nor, correlatively, are cost considerations off-limits to reviewing 

courts charged with determining whether prison officials have acted in so reckless 

and conscience-shocking a manner as to violate the Constitution.

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Now, having said that, our cases do recognize an outer limit. While it is 

clear that cost can (and often will) be a relevant criterion in determining what the 

Eighth Amendment requires in a particular circumstance—what “minimally 

adequate care” entails in the first instance, Harris, 941 F.2d at 1509—it is also 

clear that cost can never be an absolute defense to what the Constitution otherwise 

requires. Put differently, if a particular course of treatment is indeed essential to 

“minimally adequate care,” prison authorities can’t plead poverty as an excuse for 

refusing to provide it. See, e.g., Anderson v. City of Atlanta, 778 F.2d 678, 688 

n.14 (11th Cir. 1985) (“Lack of funds for facilities cannot justify an 

unconstitutional lack of competent medical care or treatment of inmates.”). 

But importantly, that outer-limit principle itself has limits. Cost isn’t a 

sufficient excuse for failing to provide “minimally adequate care” only (and 

precisely) because “minimally adequate care” is—as Harris itself repeatedly 

emphasized and as we have reiterated here—quite minimal. See Harris, 941 F.2d 

at 1505 (observing that an inmate’s “[m]edical treatment violates the [E]ighth 

[A]mendment only when it is so grossly incompetent, inadequate, or excessive as 

to shock the conscience or to be intolerable to fundamental fairness” (quotation 

omitted)). If the Constitution required prison authorities to provide all inmates 

with “perfect, the best obtainable, or even very good” care, id. (quotation omitted), 

then a rule prohibiting the state from raising cost as a defense would be 

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inconceivable—and unsustainable. It would also impermissibly (and perversely) 

create a world—already discussed and dismissed—in which incarcerated prisoners 

would be constitutionally entitled to medical care, at taxpayer expense, that many 

private citizens can’t get; there are, as already explained, countless instances in 

which ordinary Americans forgo particular medical treatments for the sole and 

exclusive reason that they can’t afford them. 

Accordingly, the two—the constitutionally required level of care and the 

propriety of a cost defense—necessarily go hand in hand. Here, because we have 

held that the Eighth Amendment’s “minimally adequate care” does not require the 

Secretary to prescribe DAAs to all F0- and F1-level inmates, without respect to comorbid conditions or disease progression, the issue of a cost “defense” never 

arises.

* * *

Because the Secretary has implemented a treatment plan that provides 

“minimally adequate care,” we cannot say that his conduct is so reckless or 

conscience-shocking as to constitute deliberate indifference. Accordingly, the 

plaintiffs’ Eighth Amendment claim fails as a matter of law. We reverse the 

district court’s decision inasmuch as it requires DAA treatment for all F0- and F1-

level inmates, vacate that portion of the injunction, and remand with instructions to 

grant summary judgment for the Secretary on that issue. 

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III

In addition to requiring DAA treatment of all F0- and F1-level HCV-positive 

inmates, the district court’s permanent injunction also granted, in whole or in part, 

many of the plaintiffs’ 14 other requests for relief. Although the Secretary 

challenged those additional items in the district court, he has narrowed his appeal

(insofar as the Eighth Amendment is concerned) to the DAA issue. Even so, the 

Secretary maintains, with respect to all 15 items, that the district court’s single

“threadbare recitation” that its injunction satisfied the Prison Litigation Reform 

Act’s narrowness, necessity, and non-intrusiveness requirements was insufficiently 

particularized. Accordingly, he insists, we must remand so that the district court 

can make (and explain) the PLRA-mandated findings with respect to all aspects of

the permanent injunction other than the (now vacated) directive that all F0 and F1 

inmates be treated with DAAs. We agree.7

Under 18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(1)(A), a “court shall not grant or approve any 

prospective relief unless the court finds that such relief is narrowly drawn, extends 

7 We respectfully disagree with our dissenting colleague, see Dissenting Op. at 50–51, that the 

Secretary has in any way “conce[ded]” or “stipulate[ed]” that the district court’s injunction 

satisfies the PLRA’s narrowness, necessity, and non-intrusiveness requirements. See Cason v. 

Seckinger, 231 F.3d 777, 785 n.8 (11th Cir. 2000). In the district court, the Secretary vigorously

(if largely unsuccessfully) challenged all 15 forms of additional relief that the plaintiffs sought 

on summary judgment. The fact that the Secretary has narrowed his merits appeal to the 

question whether the Eighth Amendment requires DAA treatment of all F0- and F1-level inmates 

does not mean that he must forgo his separate argument that the district court’s injunction—even 

as it pertains to other issues—violates the PLRA.

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no further than necessary to correct the violation of the Federal right, and is the 

least intrusive means necessary to correct the violation of the Federal right.” As 

we have explained, § 3626(a)(1)(A) “require[s] particularized findings that each 

requirement imposed by the preliminary injunction satisfies each of the neednarrowness-intrusiveness criteria.” United States v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 778 

F.3d 1223, 1228 (11th Cir. 2015). And, as we have also explained, the 

particularity required by § 3626(a)(1)(A) is the same as that required by 

§ 3626(b)(3), which applies when a district court declines to lift an injunction. See 

id. (“We see no reason why the term ‘finds’ in § 3626(a)(1) does not require the 

same particularity as the term ‘findings’ in § 3626(b)(3).”). 

In Cason v. Seckinger, we considered § 3626(b)(3) and concluded that 

“summary conclusion[s]” regarding the required PLRA requirements are 

“seriously deficient.” 231 F.3d 777, 785 (11th Cir. 2000). We explained that the 

PLRA “requir[es] particularized findings, on a provision-by-provision basis,” 

meaning that “[p]articularized findings, analysis, and explanations should be made 

as to the application of each criteria to each requirement imposed.” Id. 

The district court’s one-sentence, boilerplate paragraph here regarding 

PLRA compliance was “seriously deficient.” Id. Even where, as in this case, a 

district court issues a lengthy order that carefully considers each requested form of 

relief on the merits, it cannot just append a rote, catch-all assertion that “the 

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permanent injunction satisfies the Prison Litigation Reform Act . . . because it is 

narrowly drawn, extends no further than necessary to effect the changes this Court 

concludes are constitutionally required, and is the least intrusive means of effecting 

such changes.” Hoffer, 382 F. Supp. 3d at 1315. As we held in Cason, “[i]t is not 

enough to simply state in conclusory fashion that the requirements of the 

[injunction] satisfy” the PLRA’s narrowness, necessity, and non-intrusiveness 

standards. 231 F.3d at 785. Rather, our precedent makes clear that if a district 

court’s injunction grants 15 separate forms of relief, the court must make—and 

explain—15 separate PLRA-related findings.8

 

8 Contrary to our dissenting colleague’s contention, Thomas v. Bryant, 614 F.3d 1288 (11th Cir. 

2010), does not suggest otherwise. See Dissenting Op. at 52–57. Nor could it, as the court there 

expressly declined to consider the question whether the injunction at issue satisfied the PLRA’s 

particularized-findings requirement. See 614 F.3d at 1323 n.33 (“[T]he defendants do not 

specifically argue that the district court erred by not making the required particularized findings 

that the proposed injunction satisfies the PLRA’s need-narrowness-intrusiveness requirement. . . 

. Because this issue is abandoned, we need not decide whether the district court’s order satisfied 

our circuit’s interpretation of § 3626(a)(1)(A).”).

In response to our dissenting colleague’s objection that enforcement of the PLRA’s 

explicit findings requirement is “formalistic,” see Dissenting Op. at 57, we can say only (1) that 

the Act requires what it requires and (2) that the statute’s formalism serves one of its principal 

(and undisputed) purposes—namely, to require district courts to dot their i’s and cross their t’s 

before issuing or maintaining injunctions that interfere with prison administration. Cf. 

Harrington v. Richter, 562 U.S. 86, 102 (2011) (observing that if 28 U.S.C. § 2254’s stringent 

standard for habeas corpus relief “is difficult to meet, that is because it was meant to be”).

One final point: The PLRA’s narrowness, necessity, and non-intrusiveness requirements 

also defeat the plaintiffs’ alternative argument that a district court can grant an injunction broader 

than necessary to correct an Eighth Amendment violation. Whatever “substantial flexibility” 

district courts may enjoy to fashion Eighth Amendment relief, Brown v. Plata, 563 U.S. 493, 538 

(2011), it does not countenance violation of the PLRA’s explicit requirements. 

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IV

For the foregoing reasons, we reverse the district court’s order inasmuch as 

it mandates DAA treatment of all F0- and F1-level HCV-positive inmates and 

remand to the district court with instructions to award summary judgment to the 

Secretary on that issue. We likewise vacate the district court’s permanent 

injunction to the extent that it requires such treatment. We vacate the remainder of 

the order and injunction and remand to the district court so that it can make the 

findings required by the PLRA. 

Order REVERSED IN PART, injunction VACATED IN PART, and case 

REMANDED.

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MARTIN, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

People who are incarcerated are stripped of “virtually every means of selfprotection” and have no “access to outside aid.” Farmer v. Brennan, 511 U.S. 825, 

833, 114 S. Ct. 1970, 1977 (1994). Recognizing this, the Supreme Court told us 

decades ago that “prison officials must ensure that inmates receive adequate . . . 

medical care, and must take reasonable measures to guarantee the safety of the 

inmates.” Id. at 832, 114 S. Ct. at 1976 (quotation marks omitted); see also Estelle 

v. Gamble, 429 U.S. 97, 103, 97 S. Ct. 285, 290 (1976) (“[E]lementary principles 

establish the government’s obligation to provide medical care for those whom it is 

punishing by incarceration. An inmate must rely on prison authorities to treat his 

medical needs; if the authorities fail to do so, those needs will not be met.”). 

Our Court’s ruling today reverses the District Court’s ruling on summary 

judgment that found the Secretary of the Florida Department of Corrections (the 

“Secretary”) to be deliberately indifferent to the medical needs of the Plaintiffs, 

Florida prisoners in the early stages of the chronic hepatitis C virus (“cHCV”).1

 I 

do not share my colleagues’ view of this case, and I would have affirmed the 

District Court. Beyond that, I am concerned that recent decisions of this Court will 

1 HCV is a viral infection, which is spread by exposure to blood or blood products. “The most 

common way of contracting HCV is through intravenous drug use, but a person can also get 

infected through tattooing or blood transfusions.” R. Doc. 153 at 2. I am concerned that a reader 

of the majority opinion might understand it to say this disease spreads only among people who 

engage in risky or deplorable behavior. See Maj. Op. at 2. 

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undermine the rights of our incarcerated citizens to maintain their health and safety 

while they serve their sentences.2

 

I take issue with four main points in the majority’s deliberate indifference 

holding. First, the majority says that the disagreement between the parties’ 

respective experts is “a simple difference in medical opinion.” Maj. Op. at 17

(quotation marks omitted). In contrast, my reading of the expert testimony reveals 

more agreement than disagreement. The expert offered by the Secretary 

affirmatively acknowledged that all cHCV-positive prisoners need treatment. 

Second, the majority concludes the Secretary “isn’t refusing or denying medical 

care to any HCV-positive inmate.” Id. at 15 (emphases omitted). Yet it appears to 

me that refusing treatment is precisely what the Secretary is doing—at least up to a 

certain point. It is not until an cHCV-positive prisoner reaches the F2 stage3 that 

the Secretary provides treatment. This delay in treatment ignores the progression 

2 See, e.g., Swain v. Junior, 961 F.3d 1276, 1286–89, 1294 (11th Cir. 2020) (overturning the 

District Court’s conclusion that prison officials were deliberately indifferent to serious risk of 

harm posed by COVID-19 and vacating preliminary injunction); Keohane v. Fla. Dep’t of Corr. 

Sec’y, 952 F.3d 1257, 1264–65, 1277 (11th Cir. 2020) (overturning the District Court’s 

conclusion that prison officials were deliberately indifferent to a prisoner’s gender dysphoria 

because prisoners aren’t constitutionally entitled to medical care “that is great, or even very 

good” (quotation marks omitted)); Marbury v. Warden, 936 F.3d 1227, 1238 (11th Cir. 2019) 

(per curiam) (declining to hold a prison official was deliberately indifferent to an attack on a 

prisoner because to do so based on “only some risk of harm” would erode “the ‘subtle 

distinction’ between deliberate indifference and mere negligence”).

3 HCV attacks the liver and, in particular, can cause liver scarring called “fibrosis.” Fibrosis can 

be measured, or staged, on a five-step scale in ascending order of severity, from F0 (no fibrosis) 

to F1 (mild fibrosis) to F2 (moderate fibrosis) to F3 (severe fibrosis) to F4 (cirrhosis). 

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of the disease and the underlying damage that cHCV-positive prisoners experience 

in the meantime. Third, I think the majority gets it wrong when it says the District 

Court shifted the burden of proof from Plaintiffs to the Secretary. See id. at 19–22. 

As someone who once wrote opinions in a busy district court, I say the majority’s 

judgment rests too heavily on a single sentence in the District Court’s order. In 

directing so much attention to a summary sentence, the majority opinion fails to 

acknowledge the evidence of harm Plaintiffs did present to demonstrate that 

treatment of F0- and F1-stage patients is medically necessary. Fourth, I do not 

agree with the discussion in Section II.C.2 relating to the Secretary’s cost 

arguments. My review of the record reveals no evidence of any reason, other than 

cost, for delaying treatment to F0- and F1-stage patients. Cost may be considered 

in determining whether a prison official is deliberately indifferent. However, in 

light of the Secretary’s years-long delay in providing treatment for cost reasons, 

and the evidence showing the standard of care here is to treat everyone with cHCV, 

I would affirm the District Court’s finding of deliberate indifference.

And generally, I do not join the majority’s strict application of the Prison 

Litigation Reform Act’s narrowness-need-intrusiveness requirements. It is evident 

when reviewing the entirety of District Court’s order that the court made proper 

findings. I view the majority’s decision to remand for the District Court to further 

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explain its findings as elevating form over substance. I also think it ignores the 

findings the District Court has already made.

I.

For years, the Florida Department of Corrections (“FDOC”) denied Carl 

Hoffer, Ronald McPherson, and Roland Molina, along with thousands of others, 

proper medical treatment for their cHCV.4

 The Secretary does not dispute this 

fact. In an attempt to remedy this wrong, the District Court ordered the Secretary 

to provide treatment to Florida prisoners suffering from cHCV. Everyone agreed 

that the proper standard of care was to treat cHCV-positive prisoners with direct 

acting antivirals, or DAAs.5

 So that’s what the District Court ordered—at least, 

with respect to prisoners at the more advanced stages of cHCV, who needed to be 

prioritized in the treatment queue at the preliminary injunction stage. See R. 465 at 

24 (explaining that Secretary’s expert “never testified that F0 and F1 inmates 

4 Sadly, Mr. Hoffer succumbed to his illness before seeing the resolution of his case. 

5 The majority does not view the Secretary as having conceded that DAA treatment is required 

for F0- and F1-stage patients. See Maj. Op. at 12 n.3. This view is apparently based on the 

Secretary’s “clarifi[cation]” that “there has been no showing that delaying treatment with DAAs 

for inmates with fibrosis scores of F0 or F1, until they reach F2, will cause harm to those 

inmates.” Id. (quotation marks omitted and alteration adopted). To support this position, the 

Secretary points to the purported lack or insignificance of symptoms experienced by F0- and F1-

stage patients. But I cannot square either the Secretary’s arguments or the majority’s conclusion 

with the concessions the Secretary made in this case. While it may be true that some of the 

symptoms experienced by F0- and F1-stage patients, alone, may not rise to the level of a serious 

medical need requiring treatment, the Secretary has acknowledged that cHCV—which presents 

various symptoms that do not necessarily correlate with the seriousness of the underlining 

condition and risk to the health of the patient—is itself a serious medical condition. See R. 270 

at 17 (“[T]he Court has concluded that cHCV constitutes a serious medical need. Defendant 

does not dispute this.”).

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should never be treated,” and that his statement that “it’s safe to wait for a bit” for 

the treatment of F0- and F1-stage patients “was simply made in the context of a 

preliminary-injunction hearing and faced with the need to triage thousands of 

inmates”).

This record reflects that the Secretary agreed that cHCV-positive patients 

must be treated with DAAs, until Plaintiffs asked the District Court to order the 

Secretary to provide treatment with DAAs to every cHCV-positive prisoner, as 

opposed to just the F2-, F3-, and F4-stage patients covered by the preliminary 

injunction. It was only then, when the Secretary realized the cost of these 

treatments, that this dispute arose. The Secretary draws the line—in my view, 

arbitrarily and without support from this record—between prisoners at lessprogressed stages of cHCV and prisoners at stages that have progressed further. 

See R. 270 at 8 (The Secretary says “the present-day standard of care is to treat 

cHCV patients with DAAs . . . . There has been no showing that delaying 

treatment with DAAs for inmates with fibrosis scores of F0 or F1, until they reach 

F2, will cause harm to those inmates . . . .”). In other words, despite 

acknowledging that all cHCV-positive prisoners should be treated with DAAs, and 

that cHCV—which all Plaintiffs and class members have—is a serious medical 

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need to which the Secretary was deliberately indifferent,6 the Secretary is now 

drawing lines between the stages of symptoms of the underlying disease. 

To its credit, the majority refuses to engage in the arbitrary line-drawing for 

which the Secretary advocates. See Maj. Op. at 12–13. Instead, I gather that the 

majority agrees with the Secretary’s ultimate outcome because treating prisoners at 

the less-progressed stages of cHCV is the “best obtainable” care, rather than the 

“minimally adequate care” they are owed. Id. at 27 (quotation marks omitted). 

But the majority opinion’s holding that the Secretary was not deliberately 

indifferent overlooks one important fact: the District Court found, and the 

Secretary did not contest, that the only reason cHCV patients were not treated was 

due to lack of funding. The District Court found—twice, in fact—that the 

Secretary admitted the failure to treat prisoners with cHCV, a serious medical 

need, was based solely on cost. And now, the Secretary draws lines between what 

stages of cHCV should receive treatment on the same rationale: cost. So even 

though the District Court found that the Secretary was deliberately indifferent by 

not providing treatment for the underlying disease that the Plaintiffs and class 

members all have, the Secretary now argues that he was not deliberately indifferent 

6 See R. 465 at 7–8 (“This Court previously found that chronic HCV is a serious medical need. 

Defendant does not dispute that finding. . . . This Court also previously found that Defendant 

was deliberately indifferent to Plaintiffs’ serious medical needs. Defendant does not dispute that 

either.” (citations omitted)).

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to F0- and F1-stage patients. It is on this basis that the Secretary seeks to limit the 

injunction entered by the District Court. 

The majority finds it unnecessary to rule on this argument made by the 

Secretary. But in making its ruling, I fear the majority is rejecting facts found by 

the District Court and instead providing its own interpretation of the facts in the 

record. See Maj. Op. at 12–13. By reversing the District Court’s order, the 

majority effectively denies treatment to prisoners who “plainly proved an unsafe, 

life-threatening [medical] condition . . . on the ground that nothing yet had 

happened to them.” See Helling v. McKinney, 509 U.S. 25, 33, 113 S. Ct. 2475, 

2481 (1993). Because this holding offends contemporary standards of decency and 

is also contrary to the Secretary’s own expert testimony on the proper standard of 

care, I cannot join it. See id. at 32, 113 S. Ct. at 2480 (citing Estelle, 429 U.S. at 

103–04, 97 S. Ct. at 290–91).

A. THE PARTIES’ EXPERTS AGREE THAT F0- AND F1-STAGE 

PATIENTS MUST BE TREATED.

The majority says that the parties’ differing expert testimony reflects “a 

simple difference in medical opinion.” Maj. Op. at 17 (quotation marks omitted). 

I don’t think this view properly characterizes the testimony of the Secretary’s 

expert. Indeed, neither Dr. Daniel Dewsnup, the Secretary’s expert, nor Dr. 

Margaret Koziel, Plaintiffs’ expert, dispute that the standard of care is to treat all

cHCV-positive prisoners with DAAs. 

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Dr. Koziel gave a statement explaining that “[a]lthough the standard of care 

is to treat all persons with chronic HCV with DAA drugs, the choice of the 

regimen is dictated by . . . the progression (staging) of fibrosis and/or cirrhosis.” 

She explained that “[t]he HCV guidelines call for all individuals with Hepatitis C 

to be treated [with DAAs] unless there is a contraindication to treatment.”7

 She 

reiterated that “all” patients, including those at the F0- and F1-stage, “need to be 

treated.” However, when determining how “to set up a priority system for 

treatment,” Dr. Koziel said that she would treat those with more advanced fibrosis 

and cirrhosis, which typically fall within the F3 and F4 stages, and then keep 

treating the next, less-advanced cHCV stages in descending order, from the F2 to 

F1 to F0. Dr. Koziel put it this way: “So if you have a list of 5,000 patients, it is 

reasonable to think I can’t see 5,000 patients tomorrow. Let’s find[,] of those 

5,000[,] the individuals who are sickest and treat those first because they are most[] 

like[ly] to suffer the complications of liver disease.” 

Dr. Dewsnup’s testimony seems to align with that of Dr. Koziel. Dr. 

Dewsnup agreed that the HCV Guidelines recommend “treating everyone with 

chronic hepatitis C” with DAAs, and that this recommendation represents the 

7 These “HCV Guidelines” refer to the report published by the American Association for the 

Study of Liver Disease and Infectious Disease Society of America, entitled “HCV Guidance: 

Recommendations for Testing, Managing, and Treating Hepatitis C,” and available at 

https://www.hcvguidelines.org/contents.

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standard of care. He noted that “in the correctional setting,” the standard of care is 

“a goal that we should strive for.” He recognized that in practice, due to the sheer 

number of prisoners, patients must be triaged and then prioritized “to treat the 

sickest first.” Dr. Dewsnup admitted “this is the reality” of things, and he would 

treat less-advanced cHCV-positive prisoners “as soon as we can.” He suggested 

prioritizing treatment as follows: people with decompensated cirrhosis “need to be 

prioritized for urgent, immediate treatment”; people with cirrhosis (F4-stage) 

“need to be treated very soon”; people at the F3- and F2-stages are slotted next; 

and “it’s safe to wait for a bit” to treat the F0- and F1-stage patients, but they 

would need to be treated “eventually.”8

 

Based on this testimony, the experts’ opinions do not differ in the ways the 

majority seems to think. See Maj. Op. at 17–18. Rather, both experts agree that 

the standard of care requires treating all cHCV-positive prisoners and, while F0-

and F1-stage patients need not be treated immediately, the goal is to treat them 

with DAAs.

8 The majority views Dr. Dewsnup’s testimony as meaning that treatment will eventually be 

required as a matter of disease progression, such that “many inmates who are currently at F0 or 

F1 will, if they remain incarcerated long enough, ‘eventually’ progress to F2 and need DAA 

treatment.” See Maj. Op. at 19–21. This conclusion is not supported by the record. Dr. 

Dewsnup never testified that F0- and F1-stage patients should never be treated. And, while it 

might be true that many F0- and F1-stage patients may progress to the F2 stage slowly, neither

expert said withholding treatment until a patient’s condition deteriorates is appropriate. And, 

importantly, the experts did not recommend treating only F0- and F1-stage patients sentenced to 

longer prison terms.

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B. THE MAJORITY OPINION FAILS TO ADDRESS EVIDENCE 

SHOWING F0- AND F1-STAGE PATIENTS ARE AT RISK DURING 

THE PERIOD DAA TREATMENT IS DELAYED.

I agree, based on the expert testimony described above, that the FDOC’s 

current policy of monitoring F0- and F1-stage patients is appropriate for some 

period of time. Notably, however, neither expert testified that treatment with 

DAAs could be delayed indefinitely for the F0- and F1-stage patients. The 

question thus becomes whether delaying DAA treatment for F0- and F1-stage 

patients is “tolerable”; and that “depends on the nature of the medical need and the 

reason for the delay.” Farrow v. West, 320 F.3d 1235, 1247 (11th Cir. 2003) 

(quotation marks omitted). Courts have recognized that if symptoms of a disease 

get progressively worse, this factors into whether the delay constitutes gross 

negligence. See Goebert v. Lee County, 510 F.3d 1312, 1327 (11th Cir. 2007) 

(“Where the prisoner has suffered increased physical injury due to the delay, we 

have consistently considered: (1) the seriousness of the medical need; (2) whether 

the delay worsened the medical condition; and (3) the reason for the delay.”). 

Again, the Secretary admits both that cHCV is a serious medical need and the 

reason for the delay is the cost of treatment. See Ancata v. Prison Health Servs., 

Inc., 769 F.2d 700, 704 (11th Cir. 1985) (concluding prison was deliberately 

indifferent when “necessary medical treatment ha[d] been delayed for non-medical 

reasons”). We therefore must examine the risks posed to F0- and F1-stage patients 

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when their treatment is delayed, and whether, during the delay, Plaintiffs’ 

conditions worsen such that treatment with DAAs is medically “necessary.” See

id. 

First, no one here disputes that the “principal consequence” of HCV is 

“infection of the liver, which causes inflammation that in turn may result in 

scarring of the liver (fibrosis).” R. 270 at 4 (quotation marks omitted); see also R. 

153 at 2. Neither is there any dispute that a patient’s symptoms do not necessarily 

match up with the extent of liver scarring they are experiencing, or that a patient’s 

symptoms correlate to their risk of liver failure. A person “can be completely 

asymptomatic and present with cirrhosis.” R. 270 at 6 (quotation marks omitted); 

see also R. 153 at 5. Consistent with this, Dr. Dewsnup testified that he has 

measured the progression of F2- and F3-stage patients’ symptoms from none “to 

end-stage liver disease.” This record thus shows that symptoms are not indicative 

of the progression of the virus and the underlying damage to the liver. This 

matters because the Secretary is proposing delaying treatment until a patient 

reaches a more advanced stage. But because there is no dispute that once a patient 

reaches this higher F2 stage, scarring of the liver is already present, the Secretary is 

in essence waiting for F0- and F1-stage patients’ condition to deteriorate to begin 

treatment. R. Doc. 270 at 4–5 (describing the F2 stage as “moderate fibrosis” and 

defining fibrosis as “scarring of the liver”); Doc. 153: 2–3 (same). 

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The Secretary’s approach does not come with a precise time frame. The 

delay in treatment could be one year, or it could be twenty years. Either way, the 

experts’ testimony provides evidence that treating cHCV patients is medically 

necessary and, in the absence of treatment, cHCV-positive prisoners experience 

liver inflammation that may progress to liver scarring. The Secretary’s proposed 

outcome, adopted in the majority opinion, banks on the chance that some F0- and 

F1-stage patients may not ever progress to F2 while they are incarcerated and that 

some may not progress to the most serious fibrosis stage—cirrhosis—until 20 

years from now. But the fact that a disease may progress slowly does not mean 

that prison officials may refuse to treat it. The Supreme Court has said as much, 

warning that prison officials cannot ignore harm “that is sure or very likely to 

cause serious illness and needless suffering the next week or month or year.” See

Helling, 509 U.S. at 33, 113 S. Ct. at 2480 (reconciling standard for conditions of 

confinement with deliberate indifference standard). 

This record shows that all cHCV patients—no matter the stage—are at risk 

of suffering liver damage. At least one other circuit has reached the same 

conclusion based on similar cHCV evidence. In Gordon v. Schilling, 937 F.3d 348 

(4th Cir. 2019), the Fourth Circuit critiqued the prison’s decision to simply monitor 

a plaintiff diagnosed with acute HCV. Id. at 359. That court recognized that even 

though the plaintiff’s lab tests were “normal,” he “could be suffering from ongoing 

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liver damage.” Id. The Fourth Circuit concluded “it is inconsistent with the 

Eighth Amendment for a prison official to withhold treatment from an inmate who 

suffers from a serious, chronic disease until the inmate’s condition significantly 

deteriorates.” Id. I agree and would hold the same here.

The majority also takes issue with District Court’s statement that the 

Secretary “ha[d] not put forth any medical reason . . . why F0 and F1 inmates 

should not be treated.” Maj. Op. at 19. The majority says the District Court 

improperly removed the burden of proof from Plaintiffs and put it on the Secretary. 

See id. at 19–22. To arrive at this judgment, the majority seizes on one sentence in 

the District Court’s order and ignores that Plaintiffs had already established that 

cHCV is a “serious medical need” within the meaning of our precedent. The 

majority’s approach also overlooks that Plaintiffs did provide evidence to 

demonstrate that treatment of F0- and F1-stage patients is no less medically 

necessary—though perhaps less urgent—than treatment for F2-, F3-, and F4-stage 

patients. I believe the District Court properly found that Plaintiffs presented 

evidence sufficient to show that treatment of F0- and F1-stage patients is 

necessary, and that withholding necessary treatment based solely on cost 

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demonstrates the Secretary acted with more than gross negligence. In fact, 

testimony from the Secretary’s own expert compels this conclusion.9

To summarize, a review of this record, drawing all inferences in favor of the 

District Court’s factual and credibility determinations, see Fla. Int’l Univ. Bd. of 

Trs. v. Fla. Nat’l Univ., Inc., 830 F.3d 1242, 1253 (11th Cir. 2016), supports the 

District Court’s finding of deliberate indifference. I would uphold the District 

Court’s decision to require the Secretary provide F0- and F1-stage patients with 

DAA treatment.10 The Secretary is here seeking to avoid paying for DAA 

treatment for a portion of cHCV-positive prisoners it is charged with caring for. 

9 When asked if “it’s not that big of deal” for patients at less-progressed stages to wait for 

medical treatment, Dr. Dewsnup responded, “I wouldn’t put it exactly that way . . . a medical 

way that we could put it [is] . . . , look, I’ve got to treat the sickest first. You’re not the sickest, 

but we’re watching you. We’re looking at your labs. We are going to do it as soon as possible. . 

. . We’ll treat you as soon as we can.” He further stated that, “to the extent that [the HCV 

Guidelines] can be applied, if we had the money and we have the system capacity, I agree with 

them. However, in Stage 0 and Stage 1, . . . I think those people don’t need to be treated 

immediately.” This testimony does not, as the majority seems to believe, establish that the 

Secretary’s expert thought that denying DAA treatment to F0- and F1-stage patients is a 

medically acceptable practice. I also disagree with the majority’s comparison of F0- and F1-

stage cHCV patients to people in the early stages of hearing loss. See Maj. Op. at 17. The 

majority reasons that withholding treatment to F0- and F1-stage patients is like accommodating 

an individual with early hearing loss by speaking up. Id. Setting aside the gravity of initial 

hearing loss, the majority’s analogy fails because Plaintiffs have established, and the Secretary 

admits, that cHCV is a “serious medical need” deserving of treatment. 

10 Affirming the District Court’s findings of fact is especially warranted in this case, where the 

Secretary sought to get a final judgment by, among other things, asking the court to convert the 

preliminary injunction into a permanent injunction. The Secretary disputed none of the findings 

of facts made by the District Court at the preliminary injunction stage. See Fla. Int’l Univ. Bd. 

of Trustees, 830 F.3d at 1253 (applying deferential standard of review to resolution of crossmotions for summary judgment when “the parties intended to submit the case to the district court 

for final resolution”).

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But the Secretary should be required to fund this treatment because delaying it 

until the F2 stage, when a patient’s condition has certainly deteriorated from liver 

inflammation to scarring of the liver, is inconsistent with the Eighth Amendment. 

C. THE DISTRICT COURT PROPERLY APPLIED HARRIS V. THIGPEN.

Finally, the majority gives costs too large a role in determining whether the 

Secretary is deliberately indifferent. See Maj. Op. at 22–28. The rule is this: 

nothing precludes a prison from considering cost, but “cost can never be an 

absolute defense to what the Constitution otherwise requires.” Id. at 27. Based on 

what the Secretary has actually argued in this case, it is not necessary for the 

majority to go to the lengths it does to emphasize the role costs play in its analysis.

The Secretary argues that the District Court incorrectly applied Harris v. 

Thigpen, 941 F.2d 1495 (11th Cir. 1991), when it “agree[d]” with an advocacy 

statement from the Plaintiffs’ brief, which used the term “per se deliberate 

indifference.” In Harris, our Court rejected “any suggestion in the [district] court’s 

reasoning that a state’s comparative wealth might affect an HIV-infected prisoner’s 

right to constitutionally adequate medical care.” 941 F.2d at 1509. The Harris

court said it did “not agree that financial considerations must be considered in 

determining the reasonableness of inmates’ medical care to the extent that such a 

rationale could ever be used . . . to deny a prisoner the minimally adequate care to 

which he or she is entitled.” Id. (quotation marks omitted). To the extent the 

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majority recognizes Harris as standing for this principle, see Maj. Op. at 27, I 

agree.

Contrary to the Secretary’s argument, the District Court’s analysis was in 

keeping with Harris. Although the District Court reordered the Harris analysis, it 

said that evidence supported the finding that “F0 and F1 inmates face substantial 

suffering and harm.” The Court then noted, as the Secretary claims is required by 

Harris, that FDOC did not provide “any medical reason” why, contrary to the 

experts’ conclusions, F0 and F1 inmates should not be treated. See Appellant’s Br. 

at 18 (“Properly understood, Harris establishes that a state’s inability to pay for 

constitutionally required care is not a defense to an Eighth Amendment 

violation.”). Thus, the Secretary’s argument that there is no precedent supporting 

the idea that “there is a per se Eighth Amendment prohibition” against prison 

officials “considering cost” does not address the findings actually made by the 

District Court. See id. at 17.

The Secretary’s cost justification raises the question of whether its actions 

amount to more than gross negligence.11 Again, the Secretary admits that the 

11 The majority says that because Plaintiffs are not entitled to treatment “in the best of all 

possible worlds,” the Secretary’s actions do not rise to the level of “subjective recklessness as 

used in the criminal law.” See Maj. Op. at 13–14 (quotation marks omitted). Even accepting the 

majority’s formulation of the level of negligence required to show deliberate indifference, the 

Secretary’s cost justification and lack of other evidence to support withholding treatment rises 

above what is required to prove an Eighth Amendment violation.

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reason for delaying treatment of F0- and F1-stage patients is the cost of DAAs. 

See Ancata, 769 F.2d at 704 (concluding prison was deliberately indifferent when 

“necessary medical treatment has been delayed for non-medical reasons”). This 

record contains no other medical reason for delay.12

* * *

I understand this record to support the District Court’s factual findings that 

the Secretary was deliberately indifferent to the serious medical needs of F0- and 

F1-stage cHCV patients. I would therefore affirm the District Court’s summary 

judgment order.

II.

The Prison Litigation Reform Act of 1995 (“PLRA”) “imposes limits on the 

scope and duration of preliminary and permanent injunctive relief.” Nelson v. 

Campbell, 541 U.S. 637, 650, 124 S. Ct. 2117, 2126 (2004). These limits include a 

requirement that, before issuing such relief,

[t]he court shall not grant or approve any prospective 

relief unless the court finds that such relief is narrowly 

drawn, extends no further than necessary to correct the 

violation of the Federal right, and is the least intrusive 

12 To the extent the Secretary suggests Dr. Dewsnup testified about medical reasons for delaying 

treatment, that view misconstrues the record. As discussed above, Dr. Dewsnup testified about 

the practical reasons for prioritizing patients according to capacity and resources. While such a 

consideration is appropriate with respect to fashioning the scope of the remedy, it is not a 

medical reason that precludes a deliberate indifference finding. See Thomas v. Bryant, 614 F.3d 

1288, 1324 (11th Cir. 2010) (“[T]he injunction appropriately balances respect for the DOC’s 

administration of its own affairs with the need to ensure that [plaintiff] is not further subjected to 

[constitutional violations].”).

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means necessary to correct the violation of the Federal 

right.

18 U.S.C. § 3626(a)(1). The Secretary argues, and the majority holds, that the 

District Court’s order contained only a “threadbare recitation” of the PLRA’s 

narrowness-need-intrusiveness requirements, which is insufficient as a matter of 

law. See Appellant’s Br. at 27; Maj. Op. at 29. I believe this holding is flawed in 

two respects. First, I do not agree that the Secretary has properly challenged any 

prospective relief other than the District Court’s direction to treat F0- and F1-stage 

patients. Second, the record reflects that the District Court did indeed balance the 

concerns for redressing the Secretary’s constitutional violation with the Secretary’s 

authority to run the FDOC. I would therefore hold that the District Court met the 

PLRA requirements. 

The first step in examining whether the District Court properly made the 

narrowness-need-intrusiveness findings is to determine what findings the Secretary 

is challenging. We do not require the District Court to make particularized 

findings “concerning any facts or factors about which there is no dispute” or which 

the Secretary has conceded. Cason v. Seckinger, 231 F.3d 777, 785 n.8 (11th Cir. 

2000). Even though the majority opinion agrees that the Secretary doesn’t 

challenge any of those additional items under the Eighth Amendment, it vacates 

the entire injunction and instructs the District Court to make the narrowness-needintrusiveness findings on all relief ordered. See Maj. Op. at 29, 31. And it does so 

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without acknowledging Plaintiffs’ argument that the Secretary conceded the 

District Court’s findings satisfied the PLRA. The majority should have resolved 

this dispute first. Because it did not, the majority opinion is based on a flawed 

premise, and its resulting narrowness-need-intrusiveness analysis overturns 

findings the Secretary has conceded.

To properly analyze the Secretary’s claim, we first must determine what 

findings the Secretary has properly challenged. See Cason, 231 F.3d at 785 n.8. 

The Secretary claims it did not concede the District Court’s findings satisfied the 

PLRA “for any of the additional relief” ordered by the court at summary judgment. 

Appellant’s Reply Br. at 17 n.17. The problem with this assertion is that the 

Secretary does not specify what “additional relief” it is actually challenging. See

Thomas, 614 F.3d at 1323 (upholding injunction because, in part, “[t]he defendants 

d[id] not articulate any particular aspect of the injunction that they claim extends 

beyond the violation found by the district court”). Indeed, the Secretary’s 

arguments focus only on whether it should be required to treat F0- and F1-stage 

patients. It has not referenced its challenge to any other “additional relief.” It is 

thus clear from the Secretary’s briefing that its aim in this appeal is to get the F0 

and F1 patient-directive reversed, and I would analyze this claim as challenging 

only the portion of the order requiring the Secretary to treat F0- and F1-stage 

patients.

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I now move to the next step of the analysis. Our Court has read the PLRA 

“as requiring particularized findings, on a provision-by-provision basis, that each 

requirement imposed by the [district court] satisfies the need-narrownessintrusiveness criteria.” Cason, 231 F.3d at 785.13 We may look to the entire record 

to determine whether a district court made these specific findings. See Sec’y, Fla. 

Dep’t of Corr., 778 F.3d at 1228 (“Neither the December 6 [preliminary 

injunction] order nor any of the court’s later orders contained specific findings . . . 

.”). After reviewing the record, I believe the District Court made the findings 

required by the PLRA. 

13 Cason applied § 3626(b)(3) of the PLRA, which describes the standards for terminating 

prospective relief. 231 F.3d at 785. However, this Court extended the Cason particularity 

requirement to the term “finds” in § 3626(a)(1), which sets forth the standards for granting 

prospective relief, i.e., the standard that must apply in this case. See United States v. Sec’y, Fla. 

Dep’t of Corr., 778 F.3d 1223, 1228 (11th Cir. 2015); see also Johnson v. Breeden, 280 F.3d 

1308, 1326 (11th Cir. 2002) (same).

I question the viability of this extension. Based on my reading of the statute, § 3626(a)(1) does 

not on its face require “written findings” in the way that § 3626(b)(3) does. Beyond that, most 

other circuits only apply the narrowness-need-intrusiveness findings requirement when there is a 

motion to terminate prospective relief under § 3626(b)(3). See Gates v. Cook, 376 F.3d 323, 336 

n.8 (5th Cir. 2004) (rejecting the conclusion that § 3626(a)(1) requires particularized written 

findings); Morales Feliciano v. Rullan, 378 F.3d 42, 54–55 (1st Cir. 2004) (denying motion to 

terminate because “[t]he need for continued prospective injunctive relief is patent”); Jones-El v. 

Berge, 374 F.3d 541, 545 (7th Cir. 2004) (“So long as the underlying consent decree remains 

valid—and the defendants here have not (yet) made a § 3626(b) motion to terminate or modify 

the decree—the district court must be able to enforce it.”). However, we are bound to follow 

Cason under our prior precedent rule. See United States v. Archer, 531 F.3d 1347, 1352 (11th 

Cir. 2008) (“[A] prior panel’s holding is binding on all subsequent panels unless and until it is 

overruled or undermined to the point of abrogation by the Supreme Court or by this court sitting 

en banc.”).

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As this Court has previously recognized, a district court is “keenly aware” of 

the PLRA narrowness-need-intrusiveness requirements when its order “seemingly 

has fashioned a narrow injunction” targeting the constitutional violation. Thomas, 

614 F.3d at 1323. In Thomas, this Court found no flaw in the District Court’s 

order because it discussed the balance between “redressing the constitutional 

violation and recognizing that it is primarily defendants’ job, and not the Court’s, 

to run the prison system.” Thomas v. McNeil, 2009 WL 605306, at *1 (M.D. Fla. 

March 9, 2009) (unreported), aff’d sub nom. Thomas v. Bryant, 614 F.3d 1288 

(11th Cir. 2010); see Thomas, 614 F.3d at 1323 (citing district court order). The 

District Court in Thomas explained that it asked the defendants to submit a 

proposal for injunctive relief and found their refusal “puzzling” because it thought 

the defendants “would be in the best position to suggest the least intrusive 

injunctive relief,” and the Supreme Court has strongly encouraged soliciting the 

defendants’ views on the scope of relief. 2009 WL 605306, at *1. Based on this 

discussion (and because the defendants did not point to any specific deficiency), 

our Court upheld the injunction imposed by the District Court in Thomas. Id. Like 

that court, the District Court in this case made the appropriate narrowness-needintrusiveness findings.14

14 As the majority points out, the Thomas court noted that the defendants did not argue that the 

PLRA findings were not particularized enough. Maj. Op. at 31 n.8. In Thomas, the defendants 

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Here, after the District Court explained why the permanent injunction 

requirements were met, it summarized in one sentence that the injunction satisfied 

the PLRA “because it is narrowly drawn, extends no further than necessary to 

effect the changes this Court concludes are constitutionally required, and is the 

least intrusive means of effecting such changes.” But in its explanation preceding 

that summary language, the District Court considered the balance of requiring 

treatment for F0- and F1-stage patients in light of the magnitude of the existing 

constitutional violations, the available remedial alternatives, and the prison’s 

interest in administering its own affairs. Our Court has endorsed the very approach 

employed by the District Court here. See Thomas, 614 F.3d at 1323–24. Other 

courts have as well. See, e.g., Morales Feliciano, 378 F.3d at 54–55 (upholding 

injunction fashioned to remedy constitutional violations “substantial in both scope 

and degree” in light of the prison’s “abject failure” to cure such violations).

First, the District Court acknowledged that the Secretary was taking steps to 

treat the prisoners, but that over 2,200 prisoners still required treatment. The 

made conclusory arguments that the injunction was too broad: “The defendants do not articulate 

any particular aspect of the injunction that they claim extends beyond the violation found by the 

district court or is overly intrusive.” 614 F.3d at 1323. A panel of this Court reviewed the scope 

of the injunction anyway and upheld it. Id. In contrast to the way the majority frames the 

Secretary’s arguments here, see Maj. Op. at 29 n.7, the Secretary does not articulate any 

particular aspect of the injunction that is too broad. And this is the same as was done by the 

defendants in Thomas. I say the Secretary’s framing of the argument matters. In light of its

“failure to articulate any specific deficiency,” together with the findings the District Court did 

make here (as explained below), the record does not support a finding that the District Court 

abused its discretion in fashioning the injunctive relief . See Thomas, 614 F.3d at 1323.

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District Court thus considered that “the level of improvement still falls well short 

of bringing serious violations into constitutional compliance.” See Morales 

Feliciano, 378 F.3d at 55.

Next, the District Court considered the Secretary’s past actions, as well as 

the fact that he “continues to oppose relief” the District Court found to be 

constitutionally required. See id. at 54 (“The constitutional violations . . . . have 

defied correction for more than two decades.”). Based on these considerations, the 

District Court found the Secretary was deliberately indifferent. In addressing the 

additional relief Plaintiffs asked for, the District Court found that some forms of 

relief were not constitutionally required and denied them. The District Court 

therefore implicitly addressed the narrowness and intrusiveness of the injunction 

when it fashioned the scope of the injunction. And, in granting the Plaintiffs 

certain forms of relief, the District Court noted it was “mindful of its role not to 

supervise prisons but to enforce the constitutional rights of prisoners,” and gave the 

Secretary its choice of two options in implementing a remedy. See id. at 55 

(upholding choice of one of three possible remedies when second was ineffective 

and third was undesirable).

In ordering the Secretary to treat F0- and F1-stage patients, the District 

Court found that not treating those patients amounted to a constitutional violation. 

The Secretary’s own expert never testified that F0- and F1-stage patients should 

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never be treated. Rather, the state’s expert recognized that such patients must be 

treated with DAAs “eventually.” In light of that fact, tailoring the remedy came 

down to timing: how quickly should F0- and F1-stage patients be treated? 

Plaintiffs proposed they be treated within two years, and the District Court 

recognized that the Secretary never “propose[d] an alternative date (other than 

never).” The District Court then weighed Plaintiffs’ proposed timeline against the 

Secretary’s progress in treating prisoners to date—over 4,900 prisoners treated 

over a 15-month period—and found the two-year timeline to be reasonable. 

Like in Thomas, the order in this case reflects that the District Court was 

“keenly aware” of the PLRA requirements. 614 F.3d at 1323. Rather than 

focusing on the District Court’s summary paragraph citing to the PLRA, we should 

more fairly look to the record to determine if it made the required findings. See

Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr., 778 F.3d at 1228 (scanning the entire record for 

evidence of PLRA findings). This circuit, like others,15 has upheld orders of 

prospective relief where the narrowness-need-intrusiveness findings are 

interwoven with the analysis of the facts and legal issues of the underlying case. 

15 See, e.g., Morales Feliciano, 378 F.3d at 55 (“In 2003, the district court was keenly aware of 

its duty to ensure that prospective remediation complies with the PLRA’s requirements.” (citing

Morales Feliciano v. Calderon Serra, 300 F. Supp. 2d 321, 331 (D.P.R. 2004)); see also

Armstrong v. Schwarzenegger, 622 F.3d 1058, 1071 (9th Cir. 2010) (“[W]e have upheld as 

sufficient under the PLRA overall statements by the district court that the need-narrownessintrusiveness standard has been met . . . .”).

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See Thomas, 614 F.3d at 1323. Based on this record, I would affirm the District 

Court’s injunction. This District Court did not “simply state in conclusory 

fashion” that the F0- and F1-stage treatment required by the injunction satisfied the 

PLRA requirements. See Cason, 231 F.3d at 785. Rather, it made particularized 

findings and explained its reasons for arriving at those conclusions. See Thomas, 

614 F.3d at 1323.

The majority’s holding poses practical problems by placing a rigid 

requirement on district courts in this circuit. It says that “if a district court’s 

injunction grants 15 separate forms of relief, the court must make—and explain—

15 separate PLRA-related findings.” Maj. Op. at 31. But district courts carry 

substantial caseloads and our district judges are quite busy.16 Imposing a formulaic 

requirement about how district judges must set out factual findings that are not, in 

my view, required by the statute itself, forces courts to prioritize formalistic 

concerns. I view the majority’s holding as impractical and wasteful of precious 

judicial resources.

* * *

The evidence in this record shows cHCV is a progressive disease that 

inherently puts all patients at risk of liver complications. Even patients at the F0 

16 For example, for the year ending March 31, 2020, there were over 95,000 filings in the district 

courts in this circuit. 

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and F1 stages are at a serious risk of harm without eventual treatment. The 

Secretary’s challenge to the District Court’s finding of deliberate indifference, in 

an attempt to ultimately limit the scope of the injunction, runs contrary to the 

medical testimony in this case and our precedent. Because the majority opinion 

effectively allows the Secretary to withhold treatment indefinitely, I dissent. 

I also dissent from the majority’s holding that the District Court did not 

make particularized findings required under the PLRA. Although the District 

Court did not formulaically reference the narrowness-need-intrusiveness criteria, it 

performed the factual analysis our circuit and others have upheld. The majority’s 

holding to the contrary is impractically rigid and places an unnecessary burden on 

our hard-working district judges.

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