[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 12-11567 

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 8:10-cv-02886-TGW

ROBERT THOMAS, 

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

COMMISSIONER OF SOCIAL SECURITY, 

Defendant-Appellee.

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

________________________

(November 19, 2012)

Before CARNES, BARKETT and MARTIN, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:

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Robert Thomas appeals an order1 affirming the decision by the 

Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) to deny a period of disability, disability 

insurance benefits, and supplemental insurance income under Titles II and XVI of 

the Social Security Act. On appeal, Thomas argues that the ALJ erred by finding 

that he had a “limited education.” Thomas also argues that the ALJ erred by 

determining that “there were a significant number of jobs which existed in the 

national economy which the appellant could perform.” 

When an ALJ denies benefits and the Appeals Council denies review, we 

review the ALJ’s decision as if it is the Commissioner’s final decision. Doughty v. 

Apfel, 245 F.3d 1274, 1278 (11th Cir. 2001). We review to “determine whether 

the Commissioner’s decision is supported by substantial evidence and based on 

proper legal standards. Substantial evidence is more than a scintilla and is such 

relevant evidence as a reasonable person would accept as adequate to support a 

conclusion.” Winschel v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec., 631 F.3d 1176, 1178 (11th Cir. 

2001) (quotation marks omitted). “We may not decide facts anew [or] reweigh the 

evidence” and we must defer to the ALJs decision if it “is supported by substantial 

evidence . . . even if the proof preponderates against it.” Dyer v. Barnhart, 395 

F.3d 1206, 1210 (11th Cir. 2005) (quotation marks omitted). 

 1

 The parties consented to the jurisdiction of the Magistrate Judge. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(c).

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Eligibility for disability insurance benefits and supplemental security income 

requires that the claimant is under a disability. 42 U.S.C. §§ 423(a)(1), 1382(a)(1)-

(2). The ALJ must complete a five-step sequential evaluation process to determine 

whether a claimant is disabled. See 20 C.F.R. § 416.920. This evaluation looks to 

whether the claimant: (1) is engaged in substantial gainful activity; (2) has “a 

severe medically determinable physical or mental impairment,” or combination of 

impairments, “that meets the duration requirement”; (3) has an impairment that 

meets or equals a statutory listing and meets the duration requirements; (4) can 

perform his past relevant work in light of his residual functional capacity; and (5) 

can adjust to other work given his residual functional capacity, age, education, and 

work experience. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4), 416.920(a)(4). 

I.

Thomas first argues that the ALJ erred by determining that he had a “limited 

education.” A claimant’s education is one of the elements that the ALJ must 

consider when determining whether a claimant can adjust to other work under step 

five of the disability determination process. 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a)(4)(v). In 

evaluating a claimant’s education, formal schooling or training is the primary 

factor, but the ALJ may also consider past work experience and responsibilities, 

daily activities, and hobbies. 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1564(a), 416.964(a). “The term 

education also includes how well [the claimant] is able to communicate in 

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English.” Id. at §§ 404.1564(b), 416.964(b). A claimant who is determined to 

have a “limited education” has “ability in reasoning, arithmetic, and language 

skills, but not enough to . . . do most of the more complex job duties needed in 

semi-skilled or skilled jobs.” Id. at §§ 404.1564(b)(3), 416.964(a)(3). 

Thomas argues that the ALJ erred in her analysis of his educational level in 

several ways. First, Thomas says that the ALJ failed to “address[] his testimony in 

her decision.” However, the ALJ specifically mentioned portions of Thomas’s 

testimony in her opinion. For example, the ALJ’s opinion explains how Thomas 

testified that he “participated in special education classes in grade school,” “quit 

school in the ninth grade,” and “was unable to understand the questionnaires that 

were sent to him from the Social Security Administration.” While there were other 

parts of Thomas’s testimony that the ALJ did not specifically refer to, such as 

Thomas’s failing grades in school, the ALJ is not required to discuss every piece of 

evidence in her decision. See Dyer, 395 F.3d at 1211. The ALJ must only discuss 

enough evidence to demonstrate that she considered the claimant’s condition as a 

whole. See id. We conclude that the ALJ’s opinion does not demonstrate that she 

considered Thomas’s condition as a whole.

Second, Thomas argues that the ALJ erred by relying on Thomas’s 

numerical grade level. “[I]f there is no other evidence to contradict it,” an ALJ can 

use a claimant’s “numerical grade level to determine [his] educational abilities.” 

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20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1564(b), 416.964(b). Thomas’s ninth grade level put him in the 

“limited education” category, which generally includes individuals with “a 7th 

grade through the 11th grade level of formal education.” Id. §§ 404.1564(b)(3), 

416.964(b)(3). 

Thomas asserts that his testimony contradicted his numerical grade level and 

therefore, it was improper for the ALJ to rely on that level to presume that he had a 

“limited education.” However, there is substantial evidence to support the ALJ’s 

determination that Thomas had a “limited education” independent of his numerical 

grade level. For example, Dr. Mussenden, who observed and examined Thomas, 

concluded that he “had normal and appropriate speech; displayed moderate 

judgment and common sense; . . . . had a good recall for remote and recent events; 

. . . had a good fund of general knowledge and information; . . . had good 

mathematical skills; . . . and could interpret abstract concepts.” The ALJ’s 

decision was also supported by Thomas’s past work experience. Thomas worked 

as a “self-employed tree surgeon,” a semi-skilled position. This experience 

suggests that Thomas must have at least a “limited education” because even 

individuals with “limited education” generally cannot “do most of the more 

complex job duties needed in semi-skilled jobs.” See 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1564(b)(3), 

416.964(b)(3).

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Third, Thomas argues that the ALJ erred by “not stat[ing] whether she found 

[his] testimony credible” and by not fulfilling her “obligation to develop the record 

further on the issue of the Appellant’s actual educational level.” These arguments 

were not raised before the magistrate judge. Thus, they have been waived. See

Crawford v. Comm’r of Soc. Sec, 363 F.3d 1155, 1161 (11th Cir. 2004); Jones v. 

Apfel, 190 F.3d 1224, 1228 (11th Cir. 1999). 

We therefore conclude that substantial evidence supported the ALJ’s finding 

that Thomas had a “limited education.” 

II.

Thomas’ second argument is that the ALJ erred by “finding that there were a 

significant number of jobs which existed in the national economy which [he] could 

perform.” At the fifth step of the disability determination process the burden is on 

the Commissioner to show that, based on the claimant’s residual functional 

capacity, age, education, and work experience, there is other work available in 

significant numbers in the national economy that the claimant can perform. 

Doughty, 245 F.3d at 1278 & n.2. If the Commissioner shows that such jobs exist, 

“the claimant must then prove that he is unable to perform [those] jobs” in order to 

be considered disabled. Id. at 1278 n.2. The ALJ may use a vocational expert to 

determine whether there are jobs that the claimant can perform and that are 

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available in significant numbers in the economy. Phillips v. Barnhart, 357 F.3d 

1232, 1240 (11th Cir. 2004).

The ALJ in this case relied on a vocational expert. The vocational expert 

testified that several jobs are available in significant numbers for individuals with 

the “same age, education, past . . . relevant work,” and physical restrictions as 

Thomas. Specifically, the vocational expert listed new account clerk, rental clerk, 

cashier, and parking attendant as possibilities. Thomas argues that, contrary to the 

ALJ’s findings, he is unable to perform any of these jobs. 

First, with respect to the new account clerk and rental clerk positions, 

Thomas argues that “[t]he ALJ should have definitely excluded” these jobs

because the vocational expert testified that they require a high school diploma, 

which he does not have. Thomas is correct that these two jobs are not consistent 

with his educational level. However, as the magistrate judge suggested, it is not 

clear that the ALJ actually held that Thomas could perform these jobs. Further, 

this is, at most, a harmless error because, as discussed below, there was substantial 

evidence to support a finding that Thomas could work as a cashier and parking lot 

attendant, which are jobs available in significant numbers in the national economy.

Second, Thomas “takes issue with the District Court’s finding that the 

vocational expert testified that there were 115,000 cashier jobs in the United States 

and 1,300 in the State of Florida for persons with a limited education and who 

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needed a sit/stand option.” (emphasis added). This argument fails. The vocational 

expert explained that those figures represented cashier jobs “with a sit/stand 

option” that would accommodate Thomas’s need to “alternate positions at will.” 

While the vocational expert did not explicitly say that those same cashier jobs 

would also accommodate someone with a limited education, her later testimony 

clarified that they would. The vocational expert explained that when “looking at 

sit/stand cashiers that was [sic] basically working at the airport or a parking 

garage.” When asked about which jobs required a high school diploma, the 

vocational expert explained that the same category of cashier jobs, airport or 

parking garage cashiers, “normally would not need a high school diploma.” 

Therefore, substantial evidence supported a determination by the ALJ that there 

were 115,000 cashier jobs in the United States and 1,300 cashier jobs in Florida

that Thomas would be able to perform given both his physical and educational 

limits.2

 2 Thomas also argues that, based on his testimony, he did not have the educational ability and 

“reasoning level” required for the cashier position. As explained, substantial evidence supported 

the ALJ’s finding that Thomas had a “limited education.” The vocational expert acknowledged 

that Thomas had “a limited education” and explained that someone with his education level 

would be able to work as a cashier. Further, Thomas had previously worked in positions that had 

at least the same specific vocational preparation level as these types of cashier jobs, level 2. The 

vocational expert testified that airport or parking garage cashiers would likely require “basic 

math skills in order to give change,” but there is no reason to doubt that Thomas has those skills 

because Dr. Mussenden determined that Thomas has “good mathematical skills” and Thomas has

experience handling money from his time working as a self-employed tree surgeon.

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Third, Thomas argues that he is unable to work as a parking attendant 

because “it is obvious from reading the description of the job in the Dictionary of 

Occupational Titles, that there are parts of the job that are going to require standing 

and walking as needed by the employer and not at the option of the employee.”

The relevant section of the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, does not specifically 

discuss whether a parking attendant may sit and stand as he pleases. See

Department of Labor, Dictionary of Occupational Titles § 915.473 – 010 (rev. 4th 

ed. 1991). An ALJ can rely on a vocational expert to supplement the information 

in the Dictionary of Occupational Titles and where the two conflict the vocational 

expert’s testimony “trumps.” See Jones, 190 F.3d at 1229 – 30. Here, the 

vocational expert explained that an individual who “every 20, 30 minutes or so” 

must be able to “sit/stand at will” would be able to work as a parking lot attendant.

Therefore, there was substantial evidence supporting the ALJ’s conclusion that 

Thomas could work as a parking attendant. 

Finally, Thomas argues that the testimony was too “inaudible or at best 

vague” to support the ALJ’s determination. This argument was likely waived. See 

e.g., Crawford, 363 F.3d at 1161 (refusing to consider an argument that the 

claimant failed to raise in the district court). Even if it was not waived, it lacks 

merit because, as illustrated above, there was substantial evidence, clearly 

presented by the vocational expert, to support the ALJ’s conclusion. 

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III.

After a careful and thorough review of the administrative record and the 

parties’ briefs, we affirm the ALJ’s decision.

AFFIRMED.

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