FIRST DIVISION

PHIPPS, C. J.,

ELLINGTON, P. J., and MCMILLIAN, J.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules/

October 24, 2014

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A14A1043. STRAUSS v. CITY OF LILBURN.

MCMILLIAN, Judge.

Carole M. Strauss appealsthe summary judgment granted to the City of Lilburn

in this “trip and fall” action, asserting that genuine issues of material fact exist with

respect to her knowledge of the specific hazard causing her fall. For the reasons set

forth below, we agree and reverse the trial court’s grant of summary judgment. 

Summary judgment is appropriate when no genuine issues of material fact

remain and the moving party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. We review the

grant of summary judgment de novo, construing the evidence and all reasonable

inferences in favor of the nonmoving party. E.g., McLemore v. Genuine Parts Co.,

313 Ga. App. 641 (722 SE2d 366) (2012). So viewed, the record shows that on June

1, 2010, Strauss drove to downtown Lilburn (the “City”) with two visiting relatives
to eat lunch at the Blue Rooster Café (the “Café”). At the time, the Café was located

along a sidewalk owned by the City at 107 Main Street. In 2007, the City contracted

with a third party to renovate the sidewalk area on Main Street.

1 Following the

renovation, the upper area of the sidewalk, closest to the Café, wasseparated fromthe

lower area towardsthe street, but was connected by a single-step riser; brick columns

flanked the riser. Both the upper and lower areas of the sidewalk are constructed of

the same, light-colored concrete. 

Although Strauss had previously been to the Café, she testified thatshe usually

parked in a lot beside the Café and reached the sidewalk through that parking lot.

2

However, on this occasion, she parked on the street across from the Café. She and her

companions then crossed the street and approached the single-step riser connecting

the lower sidewalk to the upper sidewalk where the Café’s entrance was located.

However, they could not proceed that way because there were people blocking that

portion of the sidewalk. Instead, they went around to the right and entered the upper

sidewalk area from the end near the parking lot. 

1

 That developer is not a party to this litigation. 

2 At that location, there is no step, but rather a small, sloping handicap ramp

that leads to the sidewalk.

2
After finishing their lunch at approximately 2:00 p.m., they left the Café, and

Strauss made her way toward the single-step riser to cross the street to return to her

car. Strauss explained at her deposition,

I knew I was coming up to the steps, so I paid attention. I just didn’t see

the step there. . . . The next thing, I just sort of – I was going – I just shot

out like that, and my head was going towards the car that was parked

there, and I thought I was going to hit the car head-on. And then I just

splatted on the sidewalk. 

Strauss conceded that there was nothing slick or anything else that caused her to trip,

and the weather wassunny and bright that day. Strauss could not remember if she had

ever walked down that step on her previous visits, but maintained that “historically”

she “tried to park in that parking lot . . . [o]n the side.” As a result of her fall, Strauss

sustained significant injuries to her right shoulder, and she subsequently filed this

action against the City. 

Jeffrey Gross, an expert witnessretained byStrauss, testified by deposition that

the single-step riser where Strauss fell is a “camouflaged hazard” due to the fact that

there is no delineation of the step. Thus, according to Gross, the change in elevation

at the step “is not readily apparent, especially when viewed in descent.” Grossfurther

opined that the step should have been properly delineated with nosing or other visual

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cues such as signage or handrails in order to alert pedestrians to the change in

elevation. Gross also testified that single steps such asthe one at issue in this case are

a “well-known, well-documented hazard.” The owner of the Café, who contacted 911

following Strauss’sfall, likewise testified at her deposition that the step is “invisible”

on sunny days, so much so that it appears “continuous” or like “one flat surface”

when walking down towards the street. 

After extensive discovery, the City moved for summary judgment. The trial

court found that under the undisputed material facts, “Plaintiff had equal knowledge

of the static condition which she contends was a hazard,” and thus granted summary

judgment to the City. This appeal followed. 

1. In her sole enumeration of error, Strauss argues that the trial court erred in

granting summary judgment in favor of the City because genuine issues of material

fact exist with respect to whether the City had superior knowledge of the hazard that

caused her fall. We agree. 

As a general rule, owners or occupiers of land are not insurers of

the safety of invitees. In a premises liability case, such as this one, the

mere fact that [Strauss] fell, without more, does not give rise to liability

on the part of [the City]. The true basis of the proprietor’s liability for

an injury to its invitee is the proprietor’s superior knowledge of a

condition that may expose the invitees to an unreasonable risk of harm.

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Recovery is allowed only when the proprietor had knowledge and the

invitee did not. 

(Citations, punctuation, and emphasis omitted.) Orff v. StonewoodRestaurant Group,

LLC, 285 Ga. App. 488, 489 (646 SE2d 702) (2007). 

And, to survive a motion for summary judgment in a “trip and fall” case, the

plaintiff must come forward with evidence that, viewed in the most favorable light

for the plaintiff, would enable a rational trier of fact to find that the defendant had

actual or constructive knowledge of the hazard. Only then does the burden of

production shift to the defendant to produce evidence that the plaintiff’s injury was

caused by his or her own negligence. And finally, should the defendant succeed in

doing so, the burden shifts back to the plaintiff to come forward with evidence that

creates a genuine issue of material fact on the question of negligence by the plaintiff

or that tends to show that any such negligence resulted from the defendant’s own

actions or conditions under the defendant’s control. See American Multi-Cinema, Inc.

v. Brown, 285 Ga. 442, 444-445 (2009); Robinson v. Kroger Co., 268 Ga. 735, 746-

749 (493 SE2d 403) (1997).

Thus, we turn first to whether Strauss has shown that the City had actual or

constructive knowledge of the hazard. An owner has a duty to exercise ordinary care

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in inspecting the premises to discover possible dangerous conditions of which the

owner does not have actual knowledge and must take reasonable precautions to

protect invitees from dangers foreseeable from the arrangement or use of the

premises. See Cocklin v. JC Penney Corp., 296 Ga. App. 179, 182-183 (674 SE2d 48)

(2009). And, in cases such as this, where the plaintiff alleges that a static condition

caused her to fall, the landowner’s notice of the hazard is presumed.

3

Id. at 182. See

also Barton v. City of Rome, 271 Ga. App. 858, 861 (610 SE2d 566) (2005). Indeed,

there is no dispute that the City was aware of the single-step riser and the conditions

under which it existed. 

The City argues, nonetheless, that it did not have knowledge of the hazard

because it had no knowledge or record of any other falls related to the step.

4

“In other

words, [the City] claims that while it knew the [step] was there, it did not know the

[step] was a hazard.” Brown, 285 Ga. at 446 (emphasisin original). Like the Supreme

Court in Brown, we are not persuaded. Strauss has produced evidence thatsingle-step

3

“A static condition is one that does not change and is dangerous only if

someone fails to see it and walks into it.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.)

Bullard v. Marriott International, Inc., 293 Ga. App. 679, 681 (2) (667 SE2d 909)

(2008). 

4 While there is evidence that one person tripped while walking up the step in

2009, it is undisputed that she did not report the incident to the City. 

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risers that are the same color on both elevations and are not otherwise marked are a

well-known hazard. “The decision whetherto recognize [Strauss’s]theory of recovery

as valid under Georgia premises liability law is precisely the type of legal policy

judgment [the Court] instructed in Robinson must be left to a jury to decide in light

of all the attendant circumstances.” Id. (“Given [plaintiff’s] evidence of the risk posed

by this particular . . . sign . . . , we cannot say, as a matter of law, that [defendant]

fulfilled its legal duty to avoid creating an unreasonable risk of foreseeable harm to

the public.”). 

In attempting to shift the burden back to Strauss, the City also argues that she

had actual knowledge of the hazard because she admitsthatshe knew there was a step

in the area. However, although the single-step riser is a static condition, there is no

evidence that Strauss had actually walked either up or down the single-step riser

before her fall. The cases relied upon by the City are readily distinguishable; nearly

all involve instancesin which the plaintiff had previously traversed the same specific

hazard under the same circumstances and/or admitted that she was not paying

attention at the time of the fall. See, e.g., LeCroy v. Bragg, 319 Ga. App. 884 (739

SE2d 1) (2013); Orff, 285 Ga. App. at 488; Echols v. Whisker’s Food & Spirits, Inc.,

229 Ga. App. 240 (493 SE2d 722) (1997) (physical precedent only). 

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Moreover, “the rule imputing knowledge of a danger to a person who has

successfully negotiated an alleged dangerous condition before applies only to cases

involving a static condition that is readily discernible to a person exercising

reasonable care for his own safety.” (Citation and punctuation omitted; emphasis

supplied.) Perkins v. The Val D’Aosta Co., 305 Ga. App. 126, 128-129 (699 SE2d

380) (2010) (finding a question of fact remained where plaintiffs presented evidence

that the step down from the curb was difficult to see when approached from above

due to lighting conditions, darkened surfaces and lack of warning). Here, the evidence

showsthat, although Strauss was paying attention to where she was walking, she was

unable to see the step down because the change in elevation was essentially

camouflaged from her vantage point, which was supported by the testimony of both

Gross and the Café’s owner. Thus, whether Strauss exercised ordinary care for her

own safety and whether she had greater or equal knowledge of the specific hazard

posed by the single-step riser are questions of fact to be resolved at trial. See Pinder

v. H & H Food Services, LLC, 326 Ga. App. 493, 502 (2) & n. 9 (756 SE2d 721)

(2014) (physical precedent only) (citing cases in which summary judgment improper

where evidence supported that static condition was camouflaged or not readily

discernible by plaintiff); Cocklin, 296 Ga. App. at 182 (material issue of fact as to

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whether the specific hazard precipitating plaintiff’sfall wasreadily observable to her

in the exercise of ordinary care); Jackson v. Waffle House, Inc., 245 Ga. App. 371,

375 (2) (537 SE2d 188) (2000) (question of fact remained where plaintiff had never

traversed that specific area of the parking lot before). Accordingly, the trial court’s

grant of summary judgment to the City must be reversed. 

Judgment reversed. Phipps, C. J., and Ellington, P. J., concur.

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