[DO NOT PUBLISH] IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 17

- 10695 Non

- Argument Calendar

___________ _____________ D.C. Docket No. 5:12

- cv - 00459

- CAR

- MSH

WASEEM DAKER, Petitioner

- Appellant,

versus CO MMISSIONER, GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, ROBERT JONES, General Counsel, WARDEN, DEPUTY WARDEN, JAMES MCMILLAN, Unit Manager, JOHN YOUNG, LAW LIBRARIAN, et al., Respondents

- Appellees.

________________________ No. 17

- 12184 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________ D.C. Docket No. 5:12

- cv - 00459

- CAR

- MSH USCA11 Case: 17-10695 Date Filed: 04/06/2021 Page: 1 of 102 WASEEM DAKER, Petitioner

- Appellant,

versus COMMISSIONER, GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF CORRECTIONS, ROBERT JONES, General Counsel, WARDEN, DEPUTY WARDEN, JAMES MCMILLAN, Unit Manager, et al., Respondents

- Appellees.

________________________ Appeals from the United States District Court for the Middle District of Georgia

________________________ (April 6, 2021) Before NEWSOM , LAGOA, and ANDERSON , Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Waseem Daker, a Georgia prisoner , proceed s pro se in this consolidated appeal arising from a complaint brought under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 against seven defendants: the Georgia Department of Corrections (“GDC”); the Commissioner of the GDC; the director of the GDC’s legal office; and four employees of the Georgia Diagnostic and Classification Prison (“GDCP”) (collectively “the Defendants”). Daker challenges two district court orders : one denying multiple motions for

USCA11 Case: 17-10695 Date Filed: 04/06/2021 Page: 2 of 103 injunctive relief , and the other dismissing his complaint with prejudice for failing to comply with a court order. Liberally construing Daker’s arguments on appeal, he challenge s those two orders on four grounds: (1) the district court erred by denying his motions for injunctive relief regarding court access as moot; (2) the district court abused its discretion by denying him leave to amend his complaint; (3) the district

court a bused its discretion by dismissing his amended complaint with prejudice for failing to comply with a court order; and (4) the district court erred by dismissing his amended complaint before ruling on his motion to appoint counsel or holding an evidentiary hearing as ordered by the writ of mandamus we issued

. We address each of Daker’s arguments in turn.
I. We review the district court’s grant or denial of a preliminary injunction for abuse of discretion. Horton v. City of St. Augustine , 272 F.3d 1318, 1326 (11th Cir. 2001). In reviewing the district court’s entry of a preliminary injunction, we review historical findings of fact for clear error and constitutional facts and conclusions of law de novo . Bloedorn v. Grube , 631 F.3d 1218, 1229 (11th Cir. 2011)

. The grant or denial of a permanent injunction is subject to the same review as that of a preliminary injunction. Simmons v. Conger , 86 F.3d 1080, 1085 (11th Cir. 1996). A district court’s mootness determination is reviewed de novo , and any related findings of fa ct for clear error. Keohane v. Sec’y, Fla. Dep’t of Corr. , 952 F.3d 1257,

USCA11 Case: 17-10695 Date Filed: 04/06/2021 Page: 3 of 104 1265 n.2 (11th Cir. 2020). “[ A] legal claim or argument that has not been briefed before the court is deemed abandoned and its merits will not be addressed.” Access Now, Inc. v. Sw. Airlines Co. , 385 F.3d 1324, 1330 (11th Cir. 2004) (counseled action); see also Irwin v. Hawk , 40 F.3d 347, 347 n.1 (11th Cir. 1994) ( pro se action ). A federal court has no authority to issue opinions on moot questions or abstract propositions, or t o declare principles or rules of law that cannot affect the matter at issue in the case before it. Harrell v. Fla. Bar , 608 F.3d 1241, 1265 (11th Cir. 2010); Brooks v. Ga. State Bd. of Elections , 59 F.3d 1114, 1118 (11th Cir. 1995). Thus, “[a]ny decision on the merits of a moot case or issue would be an impermissible advisory opinion.” Fla. Ass’n of Rehab. Facilities, Inc. v. Fla. Dep’t of Health & Rehabilitative Servs. , 225 F.3d 1208, 1217 (11th Cir. 2 000). “A case becomes moot

— and therefore no longer a ‘Case’ or ‘Controversy’ for purposes of Article III

— when the issues presented are no longer ‘live’ or the parties lack a legally cognizable interest in the outcome.” Atheists of Fla., Inc. v. City of Lakeland , 713 F.3d 577, 593

- 94 (11th Cir. 2013) (quotation marks omitted). Here, Daker is mistaken that the district court denied all his motions for preliminary injunctive relief concerning “court access”

— which included motions regarding access to a law library, legal materials, and a photocopier

— as moot. The magistrate judge recommended that Daker’s motions for preliminary injunctive relief concerning access to a law library and photocopier be denied because th e

USCA11 Case: 17-10695 Date Filed: 04/06/2021 Page: 4 of 105 district court had previously denied motions seeking the same relief. Daker has abandoned any argument that the district court erred by adopting that portion of the report and recommendation. See Irwin , 40 F.3d at 347 n.1. We further conclude that t he district court properly denied as moot Daker’s motions regarding access to legal materials. The magistrate judge limited his inquiry to Daker’s access to the legal materials necessary to conduct discovery and prepare for the evidentiary hearing in this ca se
. Daker conceded that the Defendants had complied with the magistrate judge’s order to grant him access to those materials. Accordingly, as limited by the magistrate judge, Daker’s motions regarding access to legal materials no longer present s a “live” issue. See Atheists of Fla., Inc. , 713 F.3d at 593

- 94. A dditionally, Daker has abandoned on appeal the argument that the magistrate judge’s order was too limited. See Irwin , 40 F.3d at 347 n.1. Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.
II.
We generally review the denial of a motion to amend a complaint for an abuse of discretion but review questions of law de novo . Williams v. Bd. of Regents of Univ. Sys. of Ga. , 477 F.3d 1282, 1291 (11th Cir. 2007).
Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 15(a)(1) states that: A party may amend its pleading once as a matter of course within: (A) 21 days after serving it, or (B) if the pleading is one to which a responsive pleading is required, 21 days after service of a responsive USCA11 Case: 17-10695 Date Filed: 04/06/2021 Page: 5 of 106 pleading or 21 days after service of a motion under Rule 12(b), (e), or (f), wh ichever is earlier.
Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)(1). In all other cases, “a party may amend its pleading only with the opposing party’s written consent or the court’s leave. The court should freely give leave when justice so requires.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 15(a)( 2). A district court can grant leave to amend subject to reasonable conditions and limitations to avoid prejudice to the opposing party. Garfield v. NDC Health Corp. , 466 F.3d 1255, 1271 (11th Cir. 2006). A district court does not abuse its discretion by ruling on a motion to amend even if the plaintiff had the right to amend his complaint as a matter of course because, by filing a motion to amend, the plaintiff “waive[s] the right to amend as a matter of course and . . . invite[s] the Distri ct Court to review [his] proposed amendments.” Coventry First, LLC v. McCarty , 605 F.3d 865, 869

- 70 (11th Cir. 2010). Here, Daker’s arguments that he was denied leave to amend are meritless because he was granted leave to amend

. Furthermore, the district court had discretion to limit Daker’s amended complaint given that several of his proposed amendments concerned separate incidents at a different facility in a different district

. See Garfield , 466 F.3d at 1271. Daker’s argume nts that his first four motions to amend were never ruled on or that he was denied his right to leave as a matter of course are also without merit. The magistrate judge made clear at both the status conference and in his order that Daker’s amended complai nt would

USCA11 Case: 17-10695 Date Filed: 04/06/2021 Page: 6 of 107 supersede all of his previously filed amendments and motions to amend, not just the three specifically cited to in his order. Lastly, the magistrate judge did not abuse his discretion by ruling on Daker’s first motion to amend , as Daker waived hi s right to amend as a matter of course b y moving to amend his complaint. See Coventry First, LLC , 605 F.3d at 869

- 70. Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue

. III.
A district court can dismiss a case sua sponte under Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b) if the plaint iff fails to comply with a court order. Betty K Agencies, Ltd. v. M/V
MONADA , 432 F.3d 1333, 1337 (11th Cir. 2005). We review for abuse of discretion a district court’s dismissal under Rule 41(b). Id. We review d ismissal s with prejudice more strictly than dismissal s without prejudice because dismissal with prejudice is “a sanction of last resort, applicable only in extreme ci rcumstances.” Zocaras v. Castro , 465 F.3d 479, 483 (11th Cir. 2006) (quotation marks omitted). Dismissal with prejudice is proper only when: “(1) a party engages in a clear pattern of delay or willful contempt . . . and (2) the district court specificall y finds that lesser sanctions w ould not suffice.” Betty K Agencies, Ltd. , 432 F.3d at 1337

- 38 (quotation marks omitted). A finding that lesser sanctions will not suffice may be implicit. Zocaras , 465 F.3d at 484. A dismissal with prejudice under Rule 4 1(b) “upon disregard of an order, especially

USCA11 Case: 17-10695 Date Filed: 04/06/2021 Page: 7 of 108 where the litigant has been forewarned, generally is not an abuse of discretion.”
Moon v. Newsome , 863 F.2d 835, 837 (11th Cir. 1989). We conclude that t he district court did not abuse its discretion by dismis sing Daker’s complaint with prejudice under Rule 41(b). See Betty K Agencies, Ltd. , 432 F.3d at 1337. Daker made no attempt to comply with the court order limiting his amended complaint to the original defendants and claims, nor did he attempt to partial ly comply with that order. See Moon , 863 F.2d at 837. Moreover, he engaged in a pattern of delay or willful contempt by filing a voluminous amended complaint and several motions to supplement it. See Betty K Agencies, Ltd. , 432 F.3d at 1337

- 38. Specifically, Daker filed an amended complaint raising over 50 claims against 60 defendants after a court order limiting him to 3 claims and 7 defendants , and rather than allow the district court to take action, Daker continued to make filings to the point where the district court allowed the Defendants to stop replying to his pleadings

. Under those “extreme circumstances,” the district court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing Daker’s amended complaint with prejudice. See Zocaras , 465 F. 3d at 483. Lastly, despite Daker’s argument to the contrary, the district court did find that lesser sanctions would not suffic e. I n any event, the record supports an implicit finding that lesser sanctions would not adequately address Daker’s blatant dis regard of a court order or his excessive,

USCA11 Case: 17-10695 Date Filed: 04/06/2021 Page: 8 of 109 vexatious filing s
. See Zocaras , 465 F.3d at 484. Accordingly, we affirm as to this issue.
IV. We review the denial of a motion for appointment of counsel in a civil case for abuse of discretion. Bass v. Perrin , 170 F.3d 1312, 1320 (11th Cir. 1999). We
may affirm the judgment of the district court on any ground supported by the record, regardless of whethe r that ground was relied upon or even considered by the district court. Kernel Records Oy v. Mosley , 694 F.3d 1294, 1309 (11th Cir. 2012). Appointment of counsel in a civil case is not a constitutional right and is only justified in exceptional circumstances, including where the facts and legal issues are so novel or complex as to require the assistance of a trained practitioner. Fowler v.
J

ones , 899 F.2d 1088, 1096 (11th Cir. 1990). U nder the law of the case doctrine, both district and appellate courts are generally bound to follow a prior appellate decision in the same case. Thomas v. United States , 572 F.3d 1300, 1303 (11th Cir. 2009). We conclude that t he district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Daker’s motion for appointment of counsel. See Bass , 170 F.3d at 1320. Daker had no constitutional right to counsel in this civil case, a nd the re were not exceptional circumstances warranting appointment of counsel

. See Fowler , 899 F.2d at 1096.

USCA11 Case: 17-10695 Date Filed: 04/06/2021 Page: 9 of 1010 Nor did the district court err in cancelling the evidentiary hearing, as the reason for that hearing became mo o t when Daker dismissed his amended complaint.
See Kernel Records Oy , 694 F.3d at 1309. Specifically, that dismissal rendered moot the issue of whether his claims had merit. See Atheists of Fla., Inc. , 713 F.3d at 593

- 94. Accordingly, we affirm both of the district court’s orders and the dismissal of
Da ker’s amended complaint with prejudice.
AFFIRMED. USCA11 Case: 17-10695 Date Filed: 04/06/2021 Page: 10 of 10