[Cite as State v. Waters, 2012-Ohio-2360.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO 

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT 

SHELBY COUNTY 

 

STATE OF OHIO, 

 PLAINTIFF-APPELLEE, CASE NO. 17-11-37 

 v. 

NICHOLAS WATERS, O P I N I O N 

 DEFENDANT-APPELLANT. 

 

Appeal from Shelby County Common Pleas Court 

Trial Court No. 11CR000167 

Judgment Affirmed 

Date of Decision: May 29, 2012 

 

APPEARANCES: 

Christopher R. Bucio for Appellant 

Ralph Bauer and Jeffrey J. Beigel for Appellee 
Case No. 17-11-37 

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SHAW, P.J. 

{¶1} Defendant-appellant Nicolas Waters (“Waters”) appeals the 

September 16, 2011 judgment of the Common Pleas Court of Shelby County, 

Ohio finding him guilty of escape in violation of R.C. 2921.34(A)(1), a felony of 

the fifth degree. 

{¶2} The facts relevant to this appeal are as follows. On May 27, 2011 

Waters went to his appointment with the Shelby County Adult Probation 

Department having previously been granted Intervention in Lieu of Conviction. 

At the appointment, Probation Officer Justin Tidwell (“Tidwell”) notified Waters 

that he failed a drug test and that Waters was under arrest.1

 When Tidwell got up 

to escort Waters to a holding cell, Tidwell turned right outside his office to go 

toward the holding cells and Waters took off running to the left in the opposite 

direction. While running, Waters ran into a doorway with “extreme force” 

knocking the locking mechanism off. Subsequently Tidwell apprehended Waters 

with the assistance of Deputy John Shepherd (“Shepherd”). 

{¶3} On June 23, 2011 Waters was indicted for escape in violation of R.C. 

2921.34(A)(1), a felony of the third degree, and vandalism in violation of R.C. 

2909.05(B)(2), a felony of the fifth degree. 

 

1

 According to Tidwell’s testimony, Waters was notified twice that he was under arrest. 
Case No. 17-11-37 

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{¶4} The case proceeded to a bench trial on August 30, 2011. Upon the 

case being called, the State of Ohio moved to dismiss the vandalism charge, and 

that motion was granted. Therefore only the charge of escape remained to be 

adjudicated. 

{¶5} At trial the State put on testimony of Tidwell and Shepherd, then 

rested. Following the denial of Waters’ Rule 29 motion for acquittal, Waters took 

the stand. Waters testimony of events was similar to Tidwell’s except Waters 

claimed that when he was told he was under arrest he jumped up and ran out of the 

office whereas Tidwell testified that Waters ran as Tidwell was in the process of 

escorting Waters to a holding cell. (Tr. at 9, 34). 

{¶6} After Waters testified, he called Bengie Waters, his father, and Ruth 

Day, his normal probation officer, and then Waters rested. The State called one 

witness in rebuttal, Andrea Lambert, who testified to overhearing the conversation 

between Tidwell and Waters. 

{¶7} On September 16, 2011, the trial court filed its “Decision/Judgment on 

Trial to Court” finding Waters guilty of escape. (Doc. 39). Further, the trial court 

stated, 

[t]his court must also consider another legal issue not raised by 

counsels. That is the degree of offense proved. Where the 

degree of the offense is dependent upon proof of another offense 

of prior conviction it is an essential element and must be proved 

by the State beyond a reasonable doubt. The Defendant may 

only be convicted of the least serious degree of offense proved. 
Case No. 17-11-37 

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In an Escape charge, the degree of the offense is determined by 

the underlying offense. The only evidence presented regarding 

the underlying offense was by Probation Officer Tidwell. On 

cross-examination, Tidwell was asked what Waters was on 

community control for. The response of Tidwell was, 

“Trafficking.” No further testimony or evidence was presented 

describing the nature of the Trafficking charge. “A trial court 

may not take judicial notice of prior proceedings in the court, 

but may only take judicial notice of prior proceedings in the 

immediate case.” (Citation omitted). 

“The rule is well established in Ohio that trial courts may not 

take judicial notice of their own proceedings in other cases, even 

though between the same parties, and even though the same trial 

judge may have presided.” (Citation omitted). Accordingly, this 

Court cannot take judicial notice of the underlying case 

resulting in the Defendant being granted intervention in lieu of 

conviction, but, rather, must only look to the evidence presented 

in this case. 

Ohio Revised Code Section 2925.03 is the Trafficking statute. 

The degree of the offense is dependent upon the nature and 

quantity of the drugs involved in Trafficking. Since no evidence 

was presented as to the nature of the Trafficking, this court is of 

the opinion that it must give the benefit to the Defendant and 

consider the least serious form of Trafficking. Revised Code 

Section 2925.03(C)(3)(g) provides that a gift of twenty (20) 

grams or less of Marijuana is Trafficking in Marijuana, a minor 

misdemeanor. 

Revised Code Section 2921.34 provides that the offense of 

Escape is a felony of the fifth degree when the most serious 

offense for which the person was under detention is a 

misdemeanor. The State of Ohio, at best, proved that the 

underlying offense was a misdemeanor. Therefore, the degree of 

Escape offense proved by the State is a felony of the fifth degree. 

(Doc. 39). 
Case No. 17-11-37 

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{¶8} Thus, as the state had only presented testimony that the underlying 

charge related to the escape in this case was “trafficking,” with no specifics as to 

the severity of the offense, the trial court found that Waters could only be 

convicted of escape as a fifth degree felony under R.C. 2921.34. 

{¶9} It is from this conviction that Waters appeals, asserting the following 

assignments of error for our review. 

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR I 

THE TRIAL COURT ABUSED ITS DISCRETION BY 

ANALYZING THE INCORRECT LEGAL ISSUE. 

ASSIGNMENT OF ERROR II 

THE TRIAL COURT’S VERDICT IS AGAINST THE 

MANIFEST WEIGHT OF THE EVIDENCE AND THE 

EVIDENCE IS LEGALLY INSUFFICIENT TO SUPPORT 

THE TRIAL COURT’S VERDICT. 

{¶10} In the interests of clarity, we elect to address the assignments of error 

out of order. 

Second Assignment of Error

{¶11} In Waters’ second assignment of error he argues that there was 

legally insufficient evidence to support his conviction for escape and that his 

conviction was against the manifest weight of the evidence. Specifically Waters 

argues that the element of “detention” in his escape charge was not proven in that 

the State was unable to establish that Waters was under arrest when he ran from 
Case No. 17-11-37 

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Tidwell and that none of the other definitions of detention apply to him. 

Therefore, according to Waters, the State was unable to satisfy the element of 

detention for purposes of the escape charge. 

{¶12} Reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence requires this 

court to examine the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution. The 

Ohio Supreme Court has set forth the sufficiency of the evidence test as follows: 

[a]n appellate court’s function when reviewing the sufficiency of 

the evidence to support a criminal conviction is to examine the 

evidence admitted at trial and determine whether such evidence, 

if believed, would convince the average mind of the defendant’s 

guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. The relevant inquiry is 

whether, after viewing the evidence in a light most favorable to 

the prosecution, any rational trier of fact could have found the 

essential elements of the crime proven beyond a reasonable 

doubt. 

State v. Jenks, 61 Ohio St.3d 259 (1991), superseded by state constitutional 

amendment on other grounds as stated in State v. Smith, 80 Ohio St.3d 89 (1997). 

{¶13} Unlike our review of the sufficiency of the evidence, an appellate 

court’s function when reviewing the weight of the evidence is to determine 

whether the greater amount of credible evidence supports the verdict. State v. 

Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d 380, 387 (1997). In reviewing whether the trial court’s 

judgment was against the weight of the evidence, the appellate court sits as a 

“thirteenth juror” and examines the conflicting testimony. Id. In doing so, this 

Court must review the entire record, weigh the evidence and all of the reasonable 
Case No. 17-11-37 

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inferences, consider the credibility of witnesses, and determine whether in 

resolving conflicts in the evidence, the factfinder “clearly lost its way and created 

such a manifest miscarriage of justice that the conviction must be reversed and a 

new trial ordered.” State v. Andrews, 3d Dist. No. 1-05-70, 2006-Ohio-3764, ¶ 30, 

citing Thompkins, 78 Ohio St.3d at 387, quoting State v. Martin, 20 Ohio App.3d 

172, 175 (1983). 

{¶14} Waters was convicted of escape in violation of R.C. 2921.34(A)(1) 

which reads 

(A)(1) No person, knowing the person is under detention * * * or 

being reckless in that regard, shall purposely break or attempt 

to break the detention[.] * * * 

{¶15} The culpable mental states for criminal conduct related to this charge 

are codified in R.C. 2901.22. R.C. 2901.22 provides that: 

(A) A person acts purposely when it is his specific intention to 

cause a certain result, or, when the gist of the offense is a 

prohibition against conduct of a certain nature, regardless of 

what the offender intends to accomplish thereby, it is his specific 

intention to engage in conduct of that nature. 

(B) A person acts knowingly, regardless of his purpose, when 

he is aware that his conduct will probably cause a certain result 

or will probably be of a certain nature. A person has knowledge 

of circumstances when he is aware that such circumstances 

probably exist. 

(C) A person acts recklessly when, with heedless indifference to 

the consequences, he perversely disregards a known risk that his 

conduct is likely to cause a certain result or is likely to be of a 
Case No. 17-11-37 

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certain nature. A person is reckless with respect to 

circumstances when, with heedless indifference to the 

consequences, he perversely disregards a known risk that such 

circumstances are likely to exist. 

{¶16} Waters argues that he was not under detention at the time he ran from 

Tidwell as detention is defined in R.C. 2921.01(E) since, as he claims, there was 

no valid arrest. One way detention is defined in R.C. 2921.01(E) is as an “arrest.”2

 

A valid arrest requires the following four elements to be met: (1) an intent to 

arrest, (2) under a real or pretended authority, (3) accompanied by an actual or 

constructive seizure of the person, (4) which is so understood by the person 

arrested. State v. Barker, 53 Ohio St.2d 135 (1978), at syllabus. Waters concedes 

in his brief that the first two elements of arrest are met in this case leaving only the 

remaining two elements to be examined. 

{¶17} At trial, Tidwell testified that Waters came into his office for a 

scheduled appointment. (Tr. at 8). Tidwell testified that he informed Waters that 

Waters was under arrest for failing a drug test, thereby violating the terms of a 

previous sentence giving Waters Intervention in Lieu of Conviction. (Tr. at 9). 

Tidwell testified that Waters protested, saying that he could not be under arrest 

that weekend as he had a baseball tournament. Id. Tidwell testified that he 

repeated to Waters that Waters was under arrest. Id. According to Tidwell, they 

 

2

 Arrest is just the first of many ways “detention” is defined pursuant to R.C. 2921.01(E). However, in this 

case “arrest” was the means argued by the State for detention. As a result, we elect to focus only on 

whether Waters was under arrest to satisfy the element of detention in the escape charge. 
Case No. 17-11-37 

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both then got up from their chairs and Tidwell moved to escort Waters to a 

holding cell. Id. When the two reached the hallway, Tidwell turned right to go 

toward the holding cells, and Waters took off running to the left, pushing through 

a doorway in the process. Id. Waters was thereafter tackled by Tidwell and 

Deputy Shepherd before he could leave the building. The testimony of Tidwell 

was largely corroborated by the State’s rebuttal witness, Andrea Lambert, who had 

overheard parts of the conversation in Tidwell’s office. (Tr. at 53-54). 

{¶18} Although Waters claims that he ran at an earlier point in time, the 

trial court explicitly found Tidwell’s version of events more credible than Waters’. 

(Doc. 39). While Waters argues that the evidence did not establish that he was 

under arrest, and therefore was not detained to satisfy the elements of escape, the 

court specifically found otherwise, holding, “that [Waters] had been placed under 

arrest and was under detention, albeit however slightly, before he ran from Tidwell 

* * * in his effort to leave the probation office and the Courthouse.” Id. 

{¶19} In support of this holding, the court reasoned, 

[i]n this case, the testimony from Probation Officer Tidwell was 

that he was in the process of escorting the Defendant to a 

holding cell when, instead of turning right, the Defendant turned 

left and ran out the door of the probation office. The fact that 

both got up from chairs to go to the holding cell demonstrates 

control over the Defendant by Tidwell. 

Id. 
Case No. 17-11-37 

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{¶20} We find that there is sufficient evidence in the record that there was a 

constructive seizure, understood by Waters, thereby satisfying the remaining 

elements of arrest that Waters did not concede in his brief. Therefore, we find that 

the trial court did not commit error in ruling that an arrest occurred, and in turn 

finding that the element of “detention” was established for purposes of the escape 

charge. 

{¶21} Based upon the foregoing discussion, we find that the trial court’s 

decision in this case was based upon sufficient evidence and was not against the 

manifest weight of the evidence. Accordingly, Waters’ second assignment of 

error is overruled. 

First Assignment of Error

{¶22} In Waters’ first assignment of error he argues that the trial court 

analyzed the incorrect legal issue. Specifically Waters argues that the trial court 

did not analyze whether the facts presented showed beyond a reasonable doubt 

that a valid legal arrest actually occurred before Waters ran. We disagree. 

{¶23} Waters argues that the court only looked at whether an arrest 

occurred in the context of whether there was a “detention” as an element of 

escape. However, as stated above, the trial court explicitly found that Waters had 

been placed under arrest. Moreover, the trial court also found Tidwell’s version of 

events more credible than Waters’. Based upon the foregoing, we do not find that 
Case No. 17-11-37 

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the trial court analyzed the incorrect legal issue. Accordingly, Waters’ first 

assignment of error is overruled. 

{¶24} For the foregoing reasons, Waters’ assignments of error are 

overruled. 

Judgment Affirmed 

PRESTON and WILLAMOWSKI, J.J., concur. 

/jlr