COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 02-17-00305-CV

IN THE MATTER OF W.Z.

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FROM THE 323RD DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

TRIAL COURT NO. 323-105051-17

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MEMORANDUM OPINION1

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I. Introduction

A jury found that Appellant W.Z., a juvenile, engaged in delinquent conduct 

by committing the state jail felony offense of theft in violation of penal code section 

31.03(e)(4)(B),

2 and the trial court adjudicated him accordingly. At W.Z.’s 

 1See Tex. R. App. P. 47.4.

2Theft occurs when a person unlawfully appropriates property with the intent 

to deprive the owner thereof; it is a state jail felony, as pertinent here, when the 

property, regardless of value, is “stolen from the person of another.” See Tex. 

Penal Code Ann. § 31.03(a), (e)(4)(B) (West Supp. 2017). At W.Z.’s August 2017 

delinquency trial, the complainant and two Arlington police officers testified about 

W.Z.’s May 15, 2017 theft of the complainant’s cell phone, and seventeen-year-
2

subsequent disposition hearing, W.Z. asked to be returned to his family “if the 

Court believe[d] that he c[ould] get the care and level of support and supervision 

that he need[ed] out on probation” or, if not, then to be placed in an out-of-state 

treatment facility. The trial court ordered the second option.

In a single issue, W.Z. now argues that the trial court abused its discretion 

by committing him to the out-of-state treatment facility because the evidence is 

legally and factually insufficient to support the trial court’s findings under family 

code section 54.04(i). We affirm.

II. Section 54.04(i) Findings

The trial court made the following findings in its order changing W.Z.’s 

custody, care, and control to the Glen Mills Schools in Pennsylvania: 

(1) reasonable efforts have been made to prevent or eliminate the need for W.Z. 

to be moved from his home and to make it possible for him to return to his home; 

(2) W.Z., in his home, cannot be provided the quality of care and the level of 

support and supervision that he needs to meet the conditions of probation; and 

(3) W.Z.’s best interest will be served by placing him outside of his home.3 See 

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 54.04(i)(1)(A)–(C) (West Supp. 2017). W.Z. complains 

 

old W.Z. stipulated to his mother’s custody and address and his age (sixteen) at 

the time of the theft.

3In its order, the trial court also found that the best interest of the community 

would be served by placing W.Z. outside of his home. In an addendum to the 

change of custody order, the trial court found that placing W.Z. at the Glen Mills 

Schools, outside of Texas, would not produce undue hardship.
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that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to support these findings such 

that the trial court abused its discretion by committing him to Glen Mills.

The State responds that W.Z. requested commitment to Glen Mills if the trial 

court decided that he should be placed outside of his home and that ample 

evidence supports the trial court’s residential placement decision.

A. Standards of Review

A trial court has broad discretion to determine a suitable disposition for a 

child who has been adjudicated as having engaged in delinquent conduct. In re 

C.C.B., No. 02-08-00379-CV, 2009 WL 2972912, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 

Sept. 17, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (citing In re H.G., 993 S.W.2d 211, 213 (Tex. 

App.—San Antonio 1999, no pet.)). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial

court acts unreasonably or arbitrarily without reference to any guiding rules or 

principles, but it does not abuse its discretion simply by basing its decision on 

conflicting evidence. See id.; In re C.J.H., 79 S.W.3d 698, 702 (Tex. App.—Fort 

Worth 2002, no pet.). And we will not find an abuse of discretion as long as some 

evidence of substantive and probative character exists to support the trial court’s 

decision. C.J.H., 79 S.W.3d at 702. In conducting our review, we engage in a twopronged analysis: (1) Was there sufficient information upon which to exercise 

discretion, and (2) did the juvenile court err in its application of discretion? C.C.B., 

2009 WL 2972912, at *3; see also In re C.C., No. 02-17-00216-CV, 2018 WL 

1865804, at *3 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr. 19, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.).
4

We apply the civil standards of review to W.Z.’s complaints about the 

sufficiency of the evidence. See In re D.M., No. 02-17-00059-CV, 2018 WL 

1630704, at *5 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth Apr. 5, 2018, no pet.) (mem. op.). When 

determining whether there is legally sufficient evidence to support the finding under 

review, we consider evidence favorable to the finding if a reasonable factfinder 

could and disregard evidence contrary to the finding unless a reasonable factfinder 

could not. In re M.E., No. 02-14-00051-CV, 2014 WL 7334990, at *2 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth Dec. 23, 2014, no pet.) (mem. op.). Anything more than a scintilla of 

evidence supporting a finding renders the evidence legally sufficient. D.M., 2018 

WL 1630704, at *5.

When reviewing an argument that the evidence is factually insufficient to 

support a finding, we set aside the finding only if, after considering and weighing 

all of the evidence in the record pertinent to that finding, we determine that the 

credible evidence supporting the finding is so weak, or so contrary to the 

overwhelming weight of all the evidence, that the answer should be set aside and 

a new trial ordered. Id. at *6 (citing M.E., 2014 WL 7334990, at *2; C.J.H., 79 

S.W.3d at 703).

B. Evidence

The trial court admitted into evidence W.Z.’s social history by the juvenile 

probation department, including his psychological evaluations—the most recent of 

which was from August 2016—a discharge summary, and a placement summary. 
5

The trial court also heard testimony from W.Z.,4 W.Z.’s mother, W.Z.’s supervising

probation officer Peggy Joe Campos,5 and Tarrant County Juvenile Services 

placement supervisor Debbie Spoonts.6

The evidence at the disposition hearing reflected that W.Z. was from an

economically disadvantaged single-parent household7 in which English was not 

the primary language and that his IQ was on the “low end of the average range,”8

 4W.Z. testified that he understood that the trial court was going to decide 

whether he would go to prison, to the Texas Juvenile Justice Department (TJJD), 

to a placement outside of his home, or back to his mother’s home. The disposition 

hearing took place on September 11, 2017, which was W.Z.’s sixth appearance 

before the juvenile court. W.Z. was fourteen when he received his first referral.

5Campos had been a Tarrant County juvenile probation officer for nine-anda-half years at the time of the disposition hearing and had been W.Z.’s supervising 

probation officer since October 2015.

6Spoonts had been with the Tarrant County juvenile department for twentynine years and prepared the placement summary recommending that W.Z. be sent 

to Glen Mills.

7When W.Z. was one year old, his father was incarcerated for assaulting 

W.Z.’s mother and attempting to kidnap W.Z. He was deported when W.Z. was 

around six years old. W.Z.’s mother did not have a car; she walked to work and 

one of her friends drove her to court when her daughter was unavailable to drive 

her.

8According to W.Z.’s 2016 psychological evaluation, his academic 

achievement grade level was that of second or third grade in reading but fourth 

grade in math. W.Z., who was seventeen at the time of the disposition hearing, 

was in the ninth grade because of his history of truancy and refusal to attend 

school. His 2016 psychological evaluation noted that he also appeared to be 

below average in height and weight and mildly depressed “due to his ongoing poor 

decision-making” and poor impulse control. It was also noted that he did not 

appear to be trying his hardest during the academic testing.
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although some of his academic underachievement was attributed to his lack of 

proficiency in English as a second language and some was attributed to his 

excessive truancy and substance abuse.

Child Protective Services became involved in W.Z.’s life in 2010 when the 

agency received an allegation that then-nine-year-old W.Z.’s older half-brother C., 

a member of the Sur 13 gang, had tried to carve “13” into W.Z.’s arm.9 W.Z. looked 

up to C., who had a history with the juvenile probation department. C. gave drugs 

to W.Z. when W.Z. was around nine or ten years old. According to W.Z.’s mother, 

C. was not around much “because he was locked up often.”

As a teenager, W.Z. began coming and going as he pleased, was verbally 

aggressive with his mother, refused to obey her rules, and used drugs like he had 

seen C. do.10 According to Campos, W.Z.’s mother, who at times worked more 

than one job, had never shown an ability to control W.Z.’s behavior. Although 

W.Z.’s mother had seven children, her grandson and W.Z. were the only ones who 

lived with her. W.Z.’s home was described as “very chaotic” due to the lack of 

supervision, and his social history described his mother’s parenting skills as 

inadequate.11

 9According to W.Z.’s social history, C. only got as far as carving a “1.”

10W.Z. testified that when he got to junior high, he graduated from “the small 

drugs to the big drugs.”

11One portion of the social history stated that W.Z.’s mother “lacks the

parenting skills and ability to parent youth. Mother works hard to get others to 

parent her child.” Another portion stated, “Historically, mother calls PO constantly 
7

W.Z.’s mother said that W.Z. was a good child at home but not when he 

went “out in the streets,” where he paid more attention to his friends than to what 

she told him to do. W.Z.’s mother said that she had told him that she did not like

for him to hang out with those friends and that he listened sometimes.

W.Z. started using drugs in 2014, the same year that his offense history 

began.12 He frequently ran away from home and was placed on an electronic 

monitor on four occasions from September 2015 to March 2017 but cut it off each 

time only days later. W.Z.’s mother agreed that if W.Z. decided to run away, he 

would do it, regardless of what she or anyone else told him to do. His social history 

reflected that despite the Tarrant County Juvenile Department’s efforts, W.Z.’s 

“non-compliance on supervision makes continued supervision difficult. [W.Z.] has 

demonstrated both in detention and while in residential treatment at G4S in 

Brownwood twice that he excels in a structured environment.”

W.Z. tested positive for at least one drug—marijuana, methamphetamine, 

cocaine, opiates, or benzodiazepine13—every time he was tested, and even after 

 

wanting the department to give youth consequences and place her child in a 

secure facility. Mother has had the expectation that JPD (or other agency) should 

be parenting her child.”

12Beginning in July 2014, W.Z. was charged with evading arrest or detention 

and criminal trespass, and from 2014 to 2016, he acquired charges for resisting 

arrest, interference with public duties, running away, and failure to identify, in 

addition to frequently violating court orders.

13Xanax is a common brand name of benzodiazepine.
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completing two residential drug treatment programs, he relapsed within two weeks 

to a month of his return home.14 W.Z. had used marijuana, heroin, “crystal meth,”

and cocaine over the years, but he said that the last time he used the harder drugs 

(heroin, methamphetamine, and cocaine)15 was before he turned fifteen.

As of May 16, 2017, the day after the cell phone theft,16 W.Z. had been 

confined in the Tarrant County Detention Center. His participation in the Tarrant 

County Youth Recovery drug program ended on June 5, 2017, with a 

recommendation of an “involuntary long-term substance abuse treatment facility” 

due to his prior lack of success in voluntary treatment programs. According to the 

discharge summary recommendation, W.Z. “would benefit from a safe, controlled, 

and monitored environment where his actions and behaviors could be more closely 

modified and mentored” and “a structured living environment where his focus could 

be directed and redirected more successfully.”17

 14W.Z. was placed in G4S, a residential substance abuse treatment facility 

in Brownwood, Texas, from February 2016 to August 2016 but tested positive for 

marijuana and cocaine two weeks after his release. He went back to G4S from 

September 15, 2016, to January 10, 2017, but tested positive for marijuana and 

benzodiazepine within a month after his release. W.Z. acknowledged that when 

he was fifteen years old, one of his friends had died from a heroin overdose but 

that this had not stopped him from using drugs.

15W.Z. said that he did not consider cocaine to be a “hard” drug.

16W.Z. testified that he did not know why he had stolen the cell phone but 

denied that he had planned to sell it for drugs or to give it to a friend who was 

affiliated with Sur 13.

17W.Z. said that he had failed on probation because of drugs and his peers, 

stating, “[W]hen people text me it would be hard to say no to, like, to go there and 
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Campos testified that a placement was available to W.Z. at Glen Mills in 

Pennsylvania. Spoonts testified that Glen Mills was not a locked-down facility, 

even though W.Z. had successfully finished secure programs, because the juvenile 

department felt that Pennsylvania was far enough away and because “the amount 

of structure” in the program might be able to meet W.Z.’s needs better than another 

secure program. Spoonts said that the department felt like the most appropriate 

program in which to place W.Z. was Glen Mills, although she acknowledged that 

children in an unsecure placement in Arizona had run away. AMI Rio Grande,

another program, had declined to consider W.Z. based on his runaway history.

Spoonts stated that the Glen Mills program usually lasted around a year, but 

because W.Z. would turn eighteen in less than a year, he could only stay there

nine to ten months, until the day before his eighteenth birthday. Spoonts conceded 

that the Glen Mills program usually could not be completed in nine to ten months 

but said that it was possible to finish in less than nine months because the 

department had had a client who had done so.

Spoonts added that there would be a substance abuse component to Glen 

Mills that W.Z. would be enrolled in, but “[i]t’s not going to be substance abuse 

treatment like going to rehab.” Glen Mills mainly had a very strong education 

 

smoke with them.” He successfully completed G4S twice but lapsed back into drug 

use once returned to his mother because when he got his phone back, he would 

receive constant messages from his friends “to come and smoke with them,” and 

it was hard to resist their peer pressure.
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program, which W.Z. needed because he was “really behind in his education. His 

skills are at a very low level, and . . . [Glen Mills had] about 40 vocations, so he 

could get some job training [and] . . . could go all the way to get his diploma or his 

GED.”

W.Z.’s mother wanted W.Z. to be placed in Pennsylvania because she 

wanted him to get the help that he needed, to get his high school education or a 

GED, and to overcome his drug problems.

W.Z. testified that he wanted to get his GED or high school diploma and to 

start working. W.Z. stated, “If the judge sends me to Pennsylvania I’m going to 

ask for all the help that I need, for me to get my GED and a trade for a job, and so 

when I get out of placement, I can apply for a company and work and get my GED.” 

He noted that most of his former drug-using friends were “in jail or prison.” W.Z. 

told the trial court that he wanted to develop skills so that he could get a job and 

help his mother and that he wanted to get help with his drug problem; if the trial 

court sent him to Pennsylvania, he knew that he would not be bothered by his old 

friends “because it’s far away from home.”

C. The Trial Court’s Ruling

The trial court observed that it had been proven “beyond a shadow of a 

doubt” that the resources available in the community while W.Z. lived at home were 

“clearly not sufficient for [W.Z.] to get successfully through a term of probation,”

and based on the evidence set out above, we agree with the trial court’s 
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assessment.18 Notwithstanding many opportunities to comply with his probation 

requirements, W.Z. continued to use drugs, remove his electronic monitor, and 

commit offenses, and no one contradicted the evidence that W.Z.’s mother could 

not parent him effectively. Accordingly, we overrule W.Z.’s argument that the 

evidence is insufficient to support the trial court’s finding that he could not be 

provided with the quality of care and level of support and supervision in his home

needed to meet the conditions of probation.

We likewise agree with the trial court’s finding that reasonable efforts had 

been made to prevent or eliminate the need for W.Z. to be moved from his home

and to make it possible for him to return home, particularly considering his two 

previous residential stays for drug treatment and four different opportunities on an 

electronic monitor. In light of the evidence above and W.Z.’s relapse rate into 

negative habits and drug use when in his unstructured home environment and 

around negative peers, the trial court’s only clear options were either to send W.Z. 

 18The trial court ruminated as follows at the hearing,

Now the dilemma is what on earth to do with you because I 

have an obligation to protect this community, which I live in, from you. 

I also have to try to figure out what on earth the juvenile probation 

department has left for it to do for you because we’ve tried everything. 

We’ve tried -- I mean I personally allowed you [to] get a GED. I don’t 

even know if you remember that, but you were in my court and I was 

hearing the same arguments from you that school wasn’t your thing, 

and so I ordered for you to go get your GED through JJAEP. Do you 

remember that?

W.Z. acknowledged that he did recall and said that he had failed the test.
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out of state to Glen Mills—which W.Z., his mother, and the probation department 

all agreed would be in his best interest—or to confine him to TJJD, as argued by 

the prosecutor.19 Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion by finding 

that W.Z.’s best interest would be served by placing him outside of his home. We 

overrule W.Z.’s sole issue.

III. Conclusion

Having overruled W.Z.’s sole issue, we affirm the trial court’s judgment.

/s/ Bonnie Sudderth

BONNIE SUDDERTH

CHIEF JUSTICE

PANEL: SUDDERTH, C.J.; KERR and PITTMAN, JJ.

DELIVERED: August 9, 2018

 19The State argued that W.Z. should be placed in TJJD because Glen Mills 

was not a secure, lockdown facility or drug placement program and because TJJD 

would be able to keep him for longer—until he turned nineteen.