IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

2022-NCCOA-207

No. COA21-204

Filed 5 April 2022

Mecklenburg County, No. 18 CVS 19752

PATRICK PRESTON, Plaintiff,

v.

TOSHIKO PRESTON, Defendant.

Appeal by defendant from order entered 2 September 2020 by Judge Karen D. 

McCallum in Mecklenburg County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals 26 

January 2022.

Hamilton Stephens Steele & Martin, PLLC, by Kyle W. LeBlanc, for PlaintiffAppellee.

Fleet Law, by Jennifer L. Fleet, for Defendant-Appellant.

CARPENTER, Judge.

¶ 1 Toshiko Preston (“Defendant”) appeals from an order granting sanctions and 

attorneys’ fees to Patrick Preston (“Plaintiff”). We dismiss Defendant’s appeal as 

interlocutory. 

I. Background

¶ 2 Plaintiff and Defendant were married on 25 July 1988. The facts leading to 

the imposition of sanctions against Defendant are as follows: Plaintiff filed a 
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

Opinion of the Court

complaint for absolute divorce in October 2018. On 12 July 2019, Defendant filed her 

answer as well as motions to dismiss for lack of subject matter jurisdiction, improper 

venue, insufficiency of process, failure to state a claim, and a motion for sanctions. A 

hearing on these motions was held on 15 January 2020 (“the motions to dismiss 

hearing”). At the motions to dismiss hearing, the trial court indicated Defendant 

argued “profusely” that Plaintiff was not a citizen or resident of Mecklenburg County, 

that venue was improper in Charlotte, North Carolina and that North Carolina 

lacked jurisdiction to proceed with Plaintiff’s complaint for absolute divorce. The trial 

court found Plaintiff was, in fact, a North Carolina resident, and jurisdiction was 

proper. Defendant appealed the trial court’s decision, and those matters were

resolved by this Court in the case of Preston v. Preston, 2021-NCCOA-670

(unpublished). In the appeal now before us, we review the imposition of sanctions 

against Defendant pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, R. 11 (2021) (“Rule 11”). 

¶ 3 On 14 January 2020, one day before the motions to dismiss hearing, Defendant 

signed a verification for her complaint for post separation support, alimony, equitable 

distribution, and attorneys’ fees. Contrary to the position she took at the motions to 

dismiss hearing, Defendant’s complaint stated Plaintiff was a resident of North 

Carolina and admitted jurisdiction was proper. The complaint was file stamped on 

15 January 2020, approximately one hour after the conclusion of the motions to 

dismiss hearing. In February 2020, Defendant also filed a motion to stay the divorce 
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

Opinion of the Court

proceeding, which was denied. Plaintiff subsequently filed a motion for sanctions and 

attorneys’ fees pursuant to Rule 11. The divorce had not been finalized at the time 

both parties’ briefs were filed.

¶ 4 On 1 September 2020, the trial court signed a written order granting Plaintiff’s

request for sanctions against Defendant and ordering Defendant to pay Plaintiff 

$15,000.00 in attorneys’ fees, to be remitted in monthly increments of $300.00 until 

paid in full. On 30 September 2020 Defendant filed a notice of appeal.

II. Jurisdiction

¶ 5 Defendant’s appeal is interlocutory. “An interlocutory order is one made 

during the pendency of an action, which does not dispose of the case, but leaves it for 

further action by the trial court in order to settle and determine the entire 

controversy.” Beasley v. Beasley, 259 N.C. App. 735, 738, 816 S.E.2d 866, 870 (2018) 

(citation omitted). “[N]o appeal lies to an appellate court from an interlocutory order 

or ruling of the trial judge unless such ruling or order deprives the appellant of a 

substantial right.” Waters v. Qualified Pers., Inc., 294 N.C. 200, 207, 240 S.E.2d 338, 

343 (1978) (internal citations and quotation marks omitted). This Court has 

previously held: “Certain sanctions have been deemed immediately appealable 

because they affect a substantial right . . . [h]owever, an order to pay attorney’s fees 

as a sanction does not affect a substantial right.” Long v. Joyner, 155 N.C. App. 129, 

134, 574 S.E.2d 171, 175, (2002) (emphasis added) (internal quotations and citations 
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

Opinion of the Court

omitted). As we stated in Long, “[t]he order granting attorney fees is interlocutory, 

as it does not finally determine the action nor affect a substantial right which might 

be lost, prejudiced, or be less than adequately protected by exception to entry of the 

interlocutory order.” Id. at 134, 574 S.E.2d at 175 (quoting Cochran v. Cochran, 93 

N.C. App. 574, 577, 378 S.E.2d 580, 582 (1989)). 

¶ 6 However, we have also held an order for a party to pay a “significant amount 

of money” may be immediately appealed if it can be shown by the appealing party to 

affect a substantial right. See Estate of Redden ex rel. Morely v. Redden, 179 N.C. 

App. 113, 116-17, 632 S.E.2d 794, 798 (2006) (“The Order appealed affects a 

substantial right of [the] Defendant . . . by ordering her to make immediate payment 

of a significant amount of money; therefore this Court has jurisdiction over the 

Defendant’s appeal pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1-277 and N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A27(d).” (citations omitted)), remanded on other grounds, 361 N.C. 352, 649 S.E.2d 638 

(2007); N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7A-27(b). Of course, “[t]he burden is on the appellant to 

establish that a substantial right will be affected unless he is allowed immediate 

appeal from an interlocutory order.” Embler v. Embler, 143 N.C. App. 162, 166, 545 

S.E.2d 259, 262 (2001) (citation omitted).

¶ 7 In Beasley v. Beasley, the plaintiff was ordered to pay $48,188.15 in attorneys’

fees to his former wife. 259 N.C. App. at 742, 816 S.E.2d at 873. The trial court had 

not determined and resolved the parties’ equitable distribution claims. Id. at 741, 
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

Opinion of the Court

816 S.E.2d at 872. In Beasley, the issue before this Court was “whether an order for 

attorney’s fees, which completely disposes of that issue as it relates to other 

substantive claims, is immediately appealable . . . particularly where . . . it arguably 

affects a substantial right.” Id. at 741, 816 S.E.2d at 872 (citations and internal 

quotation marks omitted). This Court held the plaintiff’s interlocutory appeal was 

entitled to immediate review and reasoned:

to delay plaintiff's appeal from the order regarding 

attorney’s fees until a final determination on the merits of 

all the parties’ remaining claims would jeopardize 

plaintiff’s substantial right not only because it is “an order 

which completely disposes of one of several issues in a 

lawsuit . . . but also because it orders plaintiff to pay a not 

insignificant amount—$48,188.15—in attorney’s fees.

Id. at 742, 816 S.E.2d at 872–73. 

¶ 8 The distinction between Beasley and the case at bar is two-pronged and lies in 

the manner in which the award for attorneys’ fees was requested. In Beasley, an 

award of attorneys’ fees was requested pursuant to statutory authority, specifically 

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-13.6 (2017) (“Counsel fees in actions for custody and support of 

minor children”) and N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-16.4 (2017) (“Counsel fees in actions for 

alimony, post-separation support”). Id. at 740, 816 S.E.2d at 871. In the case at bar, 

Plaintiff does not request an award of attorneys’ fees pursuant to North Carolina’s 

alimony or child support statutes, but requests the award in conjunction with Rule 

11, as part of a motion for sanctions against Defendant. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, 
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

Opinion of the Court

R. 11. 

¶ 9 As to the first distinction between Beasley and the case at bar, the grant of 

attorneys’ fees in Beasley involved the final disposal of an underlying issue, while the 

grant of attorneys’ fees in the case at bar stems from a Rule 11 motion for sanctions

intended to address Defendant’s conduct in the ongoing lawsuit. Id. at 741, 816 

S.E.2d at 872. “[A]n order which completely disposes of one of several issues in a 

lawsuit affects a substantial right.” Case v. Case, 73 N.C. App. 76, 78, 325 S.E.2d 

661, 663 (1985) (citing Oestreicher v. Stores, 290 N.C. 118, 225 S.E. 2d 797 (1976)). 

However, the sanctioning nature of the issue in the present case does not involve the 

disposal of an issue underlying the parties’ original divorce litigation; rather, it 

presents an entirely new question. The trial court ordered Defendant to pay Plaintiff 

$15,000.00 in attorneys’ fees, to be remitted in monthly increments of $300.00 until 

paid in full. The order of such a sanction, pursuant to Rule 11, was imposed to 

address and deter Defendant’s conduct, which the trial court found to be significant 

in the ongoing action. The imposition of the Rule 11 sanctions was clearly intended 

to serve as a continuing deterrent, not as a signifier of the disposal of an issue 

underlying the parties’ original divorce litigation. See Case, 73 N.C. App at 78, 325 

S.E2d at 663. 

¶ 10 Secondly, according to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-16.4 (2021), “the court may, upon 

application of such spouse, enter an order for reasonable counsel fees, to be paid and 
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

Opinion of the Court

secured by the supporting spouse in the same manner as alimony.” N.C. Gen. Stat § 

50-16.4 (emphasis added). Based on the plain language of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-16.4, 

the legislature intended a dependent spouse should receive the award when a request 

for attorneys’ fees was made pursuant to the statute. 

¶ 11 There is a difference between the N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-16.4 scenario and a 

request for attorneys’ fees made pursuant to a Rule 11 motion for sanctions, as the 

purpose of an award for attorneys’ fees in conjunction with a Rule 11 motion for 

sanctions is to prevent a party’s injurious conduct, including harassment and causing 

unnecessary delay, from continuing during ongoing litigation. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 

1A-1, R. 11. Although Defendant admitted in her complaint for post separation 

support and alimony she is the “dependent spouse,” and Plaintiff is the “supporting 

spouse” pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-16.1A (2), (5) (2021), and stated she does not 

have adequate resources to meet her reasonable needs, Plaintiff’s request for 

attorneys’ fees in conjunction with a Rule 11 motion is not limited by a qualifier 

suggesting the receiver of the award should be the dependent spouse. Cf. Beasley, 

259 N.C. App. at 751, 816 S.E.2d at 877-78. 

¶ 12 Where Plaintiff’s request for attorneys’ fees was made in conjunction with a 

Rule 11 motion for sanctions, whether the sanction involved an immediate payment 

of a significant amount of money is important to the determination of whether the 

sanction affects a substantial right. See Estate of Redden ex rel. Morely at 116-17, 
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

Opinion of the Court

632 S.E.2d at 798. However, no case law exists to support the contention Defendant’s 

status as a dependent spouse affects whether Defendant has a substantial right to 

have this Court hear her interlocutory appeal. Defendant’s bare assertion she is 

unable to pay does not suffice to confer jurisdiction on this Court. See, e.g., Hoke Cty. 

Bd. of Educ. v. State, 198 N.C. App. 274, 277-78, 679 S.E.2d 512, 516 (2009) (“The 

appellants must present more than a bare assertion that the order affects a 

substantial right; they must demonstrate why the order affects a substantial right.”).

Defendant provides no argument in her brief attempting to meet her burden of 

establishing that a substantial right will be affected unless she is allowed an 

immediate appeal from an interlocutory order. See Embler v. Embler, 143 N.C. App. 

162, 166, 545 S.E.2d 259, 262 (2001) (citation omitted) (“The burden is on the 

appellant to establish that a substantial right will be affected unless he is allowed 

immediate appeal from an interlocutory order.”). “It is not the duty of this Court to 

construct arguments for or find support for appellant’s right to appeal from an 

interlocutory order[.]” Jeffreys v. Raleigh Oaks Joint Venture, 115 N.C. App. 377, 380, 

444 S.E.2d 252, 254 (1994). This Court therefore lacks jurisdiction to hear 

Defendant’s appeal based on the contention the award of attorneys’ fees affects a 

substantial right. 

III. Conclusion

¶ 13 The trial court’s award of Plaintiff’s request for attorneys’ fees in conjunction 
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

Opinion of the Court

with a Rule 11 motion for sanctions against Defendant does not dispose of an 

underlying issue involved in the parties’ divorce litigation and has not been shown by 

Defendant to affect a substantial right. This Court does not have jurisdiction to hear 

Defendant’s appeal from an interlocutory order, and Defendant’s appeal is therefore 

dismissed. 

DISMISSED. 

Judge ARROWOOD concurs.

Judge TYSON dissents by separate opinion. 
No. COA21-204 – Preston v. Preston

TYSON, Judge, dissenting

¶ 14 Plaintiff’s counsel’s anticipation of a potential adverse outcome on the issue of 

jurisdiction and the parties’ domicile and subsequent filing of claims in North 

Carolina does not support nor warrant Rule 11 sanctions. Plaintiff’s substantial 

rights are affected by the issuance of attorney’s fees as sanctions under Rule 11 to 

warrant an immediate review. I vote to address these substantial rights and to vacate 

the trial court’s order. I respectfully dissent. 

I. Background

¶ 15 Defendant signed a verification for her complaint for post-separation support, 

alimony, equitable distribution, and attorney fees on 14 January 2019. That 

complaint was not filed until 15 January 2020, after the jurisdictional hearing and 

ruling. Defendant’s complaint stated Plaintiff was a resident of North Carolina, 

admitted jurisdiction was proper, and was filed one hour after the hearing concluded.

Defendant filed a motion to stay the divorce proceeding in February 2020 which was 

denied. Plaintiff then filed his motion for Rule 11 sanctions and for attorney fees. 

The divorce had not been finalized at the time both parties’ briefs were filed.

¶ 16 The trial court granted Plaintiff’s request for sanctions against Defendant and 

ordered Defendant to pay Plaintiff $15,000.00 in attorney fees. Defendant appeals. 

II. Jurisdiction

A. Interlocutory Appeal
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

TYSON, J., dissenting

¶ 17 “An interlocutory order is one made during the pendency of an action, which 

does not dispose of the case, but leaves it for further action by the trial court in order 

to settle and determine the entire controversy.” Beasley v. Beasley, 259 N.C. App. 735, 

738, 816 S.E.2d 866, 870 (2018) (citation omitted). “[N]o appeal lies to an appellate 

court from an interlocutory order or ruling of the trial judge unless such ruling or 

order deprives the appellant of a substantial right.” Waters v. Qualified Personnel,

Inc., 294 N.C. 200, 207, 240 S.E.2d 338, 343 (1978) (citations omitted). 

Admittedly the “substantial right” test for appealability of 

interlocutory orders is more easily stated than applied. It 

is usually necessary to resolve the question in each case by 

considering the particular facts of that case and the 

procedural context in which the order from which appeal is 

sought was entered.

Id. at 208, 240 S.E.2d at 343.

B. Substantial Right

¶ 18 As the majority’s opinion explains, in Beasley, the plaintiff was ordered to pay 

$48,188.15 in attorney fees to his former wife. Beasley, 259 N.C. App. at 742, 816 

S.E.2d at 873. The trial court had not determined and resolved the couple’s equitable 

distribution claims. Id. at 741, 816 S.E.2d at 872. On appeal, the issue before this 

Court was “whether an order for attorney’s fees, which completely disposes of that 

issue as it relates to other substantive claims, is immediately appealable . . . 

particularly where . . . it arguably affects a substantial right.” Id. (citations and 
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

TYSON, J., dissenting

internal quotation marks omitted). 

¶ 19 This Court held the plaintiff’s interlocutory appeal was entitled to immediate 

review and reasoned:

to delay plaintiff’s appeal from the order regarding 

attorney’s fees until a final determination on the merits of 

all the parties’ remaining claims would jeopardize 

plaintiff’s substantial right not only because it is “an order 

which completely disposes of one of several issues in a 

lawsuit but also because it orders plaintiff to pay a not 

insignificant amount—$48,188.15—in attorney’s fees[.]

Id. at 742, 816 S.E.2d at 872–73 (citation omitted). 

C. Award of Attorney Fees

¶ 20 “[A] trial court’s award of attorneys’ fees must be supported by proper findings 

considering ‘the time and labor expended, the skill required, the customary fee for 

like work, and the experience or ability of the attorney.’” ACC Const., Inc. v. SunTrust 

Mortg., Inc., 239 N.C. App. 252, 271, 769 S.E.2d 200, 213 (2015) (citation omitted). 

The North Carolina State Bar has issued a conjunctive eight-factor rule concerning 

the reasonableness of attorney fees: 

(a) A lawyer shall not make an agreement for, charge, or 

collect an illegal or clearly excessive fee or charge or collect 

a clearly excessive amount for expenses. The factors to be 

considered in determining whether a fee is clearly 

excessive include the following:

(1) the time and labor required, the novelty and 

difficulty of the questions involved, and the skill 

requisite to perform the legal service properly;

(2) the likelihood, if apparent to the client, that the 
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

TYSON, J., dissenting

acceptance of the particular employment will 

preclude other employment by the lawyer;

(3) the fee customarily charged in the locality for 

similar legal services;

(4) the amount involved and the results obtained;

(5) the time limitations imposed by the client or by 

the circumstances;

(6) the nature and length of the professional 

relationship with the client;

(7) the experience, reputation, and ability of the 

lawyer or lawyers performing the services; and

(8) whether the fee is fixed or contingent.

27 N.C. Admin. Code 2.1.05 (Supp. 2021) (emphasis supplied). 

¶ 21 Here, Plaintiff’s counsel’s fee affidavit covers the time period from the 

inception of Plaintiff’s divorce action in September 2018 up to and including 

Plaintiff’s motion for sanctions in 2020. The affidavit highlights Plaintiff’s counsel’s 

time working for Plaintiff. The trial court did not make these findings prior to award. 

The eight factors listed above to determine reasonable attorney fees are unaffected 

by the actions of the opposing party. ACC Const., Inc., 239 N.C. App. at 271, 769 

S.E.2d at 213. Defendant’s substantial rights are affected to warrant immediate 

review. 

D. Rule 11

¶ 22 Further, Rule 11 provides: 

If a pleading, motion, or other paper is signed in violation 

of this rule, the court, upon motion or upon its own 

initiative, shall impose upon the person who signed it, a 

represented party, or both, an appropriate sanction, which 
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

TYSON, J., dissenting

may include an order to pay to the other party or parties 

the amount of the reasonable expenses incurred because of 

the filing of the pleading, motion, or other paper, including 

a reasonable attorney’s fee.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 11(a) (2021) (emphasis supplied). If sanctions are 

warranted in this case, a reasonable fee must be calculated from the filing of the 

sanctioned complaint on 15 January 2020 pursuant to Rule 11, not for Defendant’s 

actions prior to the filing of the sanctioned complaint.

¶ 23 Defendant and Plaintiff each filed a myriad of complaints and motions 

throughout the preceding three years. Plaintiff argues Defendant’s jurisdictional 

challenges unreasonably caused delays. The evidence, findings, and conclusions do 

not support this assertion. Plaintiff failed to provide the proper petition and the trial 

court findings do not support a conclusion holding Defendant financially responsible 

for nearly 30 months of legal fees prior to Defendant’s purported sanctionable 

conduct. See id. 

¶ 24 Defendant asserted in her complaint for post-separation support and alimony 

that she is the dependent spouse and asserts Plaintiff is the supporting spouse 

pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 50-16.1A(2),(5) (2021). Defendant stated she does not 

have adequate resources to meet her reasonable needs. The underlying divorce has 

not been finalized, which further complicates the issue of marital and non-marital 

property from which the $15,000 fee could be taken. 
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

TYSON, J., dissenting

¶ 25 Considering the particular facts of this case, Defendant’s substantial rights are 

affected by the trial court’s order to pay a “not insignificant amount” before the final 

determination of the divorce judgment. Beasley, 259 N.C. App. at 742, 816 S.E.2d at 

872-73. I vote to allow Defendant’s interlocutory appeal under a substantial right. 

III. Argument 

A. Standard of Review

The trial court’s decision to impose or not to impose 

mandatory sanctions under N.C.G.S. § 1A–1, Rule 11(a) is 

reviewable de novo as a legal issue. In the de novo review, 

the appellate court will determine (1) whether the trial 

court’s conclusions of law support its judgment or 

determination, (2) whether the trial court’s conclusions of 

law are supported by its findings of fact, and (3) whether 

the findings of fact are supported by a sufficiency of the 

evidence.

. . . .

[I]n reviewing the appropriateness of the particular 

sanction imposed, an “abuse of discretion” standard is 

proper[.]

Turner v. Duke Univ., 325 N.C. 152, 165, 381 S.E.2d 706, 714 (1989).

B. Imposition of Rule 11 Sanctions

¶ 26 Defendant argues the trial court erred in issuing Rule 11 sanctions against 

her. Plaintiff argues Defendant’s signature and date on the verification de facto

violates Rule 11 and requires sanctions as a matter of law. Rule 11 states in relevant 

part:
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

TYSON, J., dissenting

The signature of an attorney or party constitutes a 

certificate by him that he has read the pleading, motion, or 

other paper; that to the best of his knowledge, information, 

and belief formed after reasonable inquiry it is well 

grounded in fact and is warranted by existing law or a good 

faith argument for the extension, modification, or reversal 

of existing law, and that it is not interposed for any 

improper purpose, such as to harass or to cause 

unnecessary delay or needless increase in the cost of 

litigation.

N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 11(a) (emphasis supplied). 

¶ 27 When a party acts in “good faith and upon the advice of counsel” our Supreme 

Court has held that such conduct is objectively reasonable. Bryson v. Sullivan, 330 

N.C. 644, 662, 412 S.E.2d 327, 336 (1992). Counsel bears a duty to zealously advocate 

for her client. 27 N.C. Admin. Code 2.0.1(b) (2021).

¶ 28 Here, Defendant’s attorney had prepared a summons, draft complaint, and 

verification, which Defendant signed on 14 January 2020, to be filed in the event of 

an adverse ruling by the trial court the next day. During the hearing, Defendant, a 

resident of the state of Maryland, had argued North Carolina did not have proper 

jurisdiction over the parties’ divorce proceedings. The parties stipulate the trial 

court’s determination that subject matter and personal jurisdiction were proper in

North Carolina did not occur until 15 January 2020.

¶ 29 Defense counsel signed the summons and complaint and filed them 

approximately one hour after conclusion and ruling on the hearing on 15 January 
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

TYSON, J., dissenting

2020. Plaintiff argues one hour after the hearing, Defendant acknowledged North 

Carolina courts have jurisdiction in her filed compliant for post-separation support, 

alimony, equitable distribution, and attorney fees. Defense counsel claimed she 

followed this protocol to preserve Defendant’s answer to and claims on the merits of 

Plaintiff’s complaint for divorce.

¶ 30 The trial court’s Rule 11 findings of fact stated Defendant’s actions warrant 

sanctions because she “was duly sworn and... acknowledged that the contents of the 

Complaint were true of her own personal knowledge.” When the complaint and 

verification were filed, the trial court had already determined jurisdiction was proper 

in North Carolina. Defendant acknowledged North Carolina’s jurisdiction as the 

court had ruled. 

¶ 31 Defendant acted in good faith following the guidance of her counsel in signing

the corresponding complaint and verification, which was filed only after the adverse 

ruling on jurisdiction. Defendant accepted the trial court’s ruling after the hearing 

and moved forward with her legal strategy to preserve her claims and defenses on 

the merits. Defendant is not required to agree with the trial court’s determination 

before she signs and her counsel files a complaint. 

¶ 32 It is not sanctionable for counsel to alternatively anticipate an adverse outcome

and to plan accordingly. Defendant’s acknowledgement of North Carolina

jurisdiction only occurred after her attorney filed her complaint to protect her marital 
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

TYSON, J., dissenting

interests in North Carolina. Whether it was filed an hour, day, or week later after 

the court ruled is immaterial.

¶ 33 Even if sanctions were appropriate, the trial court made an error of law and 

abused its discretion by ordering Defendant to pay for the entirety of Plaintiff’s 

attorney fees. Both parties filed a myriad of complaints and motions throughout the 

preceding. Plaintiff failed to show why Defendant should be financially responsible 

for more than two years of legal fees prior to Defendant’s purported sanctionable 

conduct. See N.C. Gen. Stat. § 1A-1, Rule 11(a).

¶ 34 The majority’s opinion acknowledges the implementation of Rule 11 sanctions 

is the basis to award attorney fees in this case. The imposition of Rule 11 sanctions 

against Defendant which resulted in ordering her to pay Defendant’s attorney’s fees 

from inception is unreasonable and invalid. Plaintiff’s arguments are without merit.

IV. Conclusion

¶ 35 Defendant has asserted and shown a substantial right to merit immediate 

review. Defendant’s counsel acted zealously and pre-emptively in preparing 

summons, a complaint, and a verification to be signed by an out-of-state party in 

anticipation of a potential adverse ruling on jurisdiction and domicile. Rule 11 is not 

violated by preparing drafts of pleadings in anticipation of an unfavorable ruling, 

which are not filed until after the court’s decision. Defendant acted in good faith 

under advice of counsel. See Bryson, 330 N.C. at 662, 412 S.E.2d at 336 
PRESTON V. PRESTON

2022-NCCOA-207

TYSON, J., dissenting

¶ 36 Substantial attorney fees awarded as Rule 11 sanctions are immediately 

appealable and are not warranted under these facts. The award of Plaintiff’s 

substantial attorney fees for other and non- jurisdictional matters against Defendant, 

a dependent spouse, is also unwarranted. I vote to vacate the sanctions order and 

remand to the trial court for further proceedings. I respectfully dissent.