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        Event Data Recorder


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  Overview
                          Bibliography and Research Resources
                          Research Sources
                          ReportsSince the term "EDR" can be used to cover many different types of devices, we believe it is important to define the term for purposes of this research site. When we use the term EDR in this site, we are referring to a device installed in a motor vehicle to record technical vehicle and occupant information for a brief period of time (seconds, not minutes) before, during and after a crash. For instance, EDRs may record (1) pre-crash vehicle dynamics and system status, (2) driver inputs, (3) vehicle crash signature, (4) restraint usage/deployment status, and (5) post-crash data such as the activation of an automatic collision notification (ACN) system. We are not using the term to include any type of device that either makes an audio or video record, or logs data such as hours of service for truck operators. EDRs are devices which record information related to an "event." In the context of this site the event is defined as a highway vehicle crash.

EDRs can be simple or complex in design, scope, and reach. They can make a major impact on highway safety, assisting in real-world data collection to better define the auto safety problem, aiding in law enforcement, and understanding the specific aspects of a crash.

In 1997, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) issued recommendations to "pursue crash information gathering using EDRs." NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, in April of the same year recommended that NHTSA "study the feasibility of installing and obtaining crash data for safety analyses from crash recorders on vehicles."

In early 1998, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration's Office of Research and Development formed a working group comprised of industry, academia, and other government organizations. The group's objective was to facilitate the collection and use of collision-avoidance and crashworthiness data from on-board EDRs. The working group published a report with 29 findings presenting an overview from users and manufacturers.

In 2000, NHTSA sponsored a second working group looking into EDRs specifically associated with trucks, school buses, and motor coaches based on 1999 safety recommendations by the NTSB.

NHTSA has been using EDRs to support its crash investigation program for several years. EDR data is routinely incorporated into NHTSA's crash databases.

The record of the first NHTSA EDR Working Group, including minutes of the meetings and the final report, is in Docket NHTSA-99-5218. See: Event Data Recorders: Summary of Findings by the NHTSA EDR Working Group, August 2001, Final Report (Docket No. NHTSA-1999-5218-9) at regulations.gov

People interested in additional information about EDRs can examine section 12 of the final report, which lists the bibliography and references.

The record of this second Working Group is in Docket NHTSA-2000-7699. The final report was published in May 2002. See Event Data Recorders, Summary of Findings by the NHTSA EDR Working Group, May 2002, Final Report, Volume II, Supplemental Findings for Trucks, Motorcoaches, and School Buses. (Docket No. NHTSA-2000-7699-6) at regulations.gov

On three occasions, the NHTSA has published documents in the Federal Register addressing particular questions about its role with respect to EDRs.

In 63 FR 60270, November 9, 1998, and 64 FR 29616, June 2, 1999, the agency denied petitions for rulemaking asking to require installation of EDRs in all new motor vehicles.

In responding to these petitions, NHTSA said EDRs could provide information that is very valuable to understanding crashes, and which can be used in a variety of ways to improve motor vehicle safety. The agency denied the petitions because the motor vehicle industry was already voluntarily moving in the direction recommended by the petitioners, and because the agency believed "this area presents some issues that are, at least for the present time, best addressed in a non-regulatory context."

The agency received a third petition asking it to require the installation of EDRs in new motor vehicles. The agency responded in 67 FR 63493 on October 11, 2002, via a "Request for Comments." 83 submissions are available for review in Docket No. NHTSA-2002-13546-3 at regulations.gov

In FR 69 32932 on June 14, 2004, the agency issued a Notice of Proposed Rulemaking (49 CFR Part 563). The 125 submissions are available for review in Docket #.NHTSA-2004-18029-2 at regulations.gov

As of February 2005, the agency was reviewing these submissions.

This Internet Web site is another EDR-related effort to promote the understanding and widespread use of these devices. It is designed to be a useful resource for anyone seeking knowledge of the emerging highway-based EDR technologies. By sponsoring this effort, NHTSA encourages dialogue, research and development in emerging EDR technologies with the goal of fewer crashes, injuries, and deaths.
**2005**

"**Crashed Cars May Soon be Able to Dial 999 for Help**," Ross, Sharon. The Scotsman, Feb. 4, 2005.**Telematics Development in the Vehicle Insurance Market.** Hughes, Clare Viewpoint Report Jan. 1, 2005. Strategy Analytics.com. 41 pgs.

**2004**

2004.**Traffic Safety Facts 2002: a compilation of motor vehicle crash data from the Fatality Analysis Reporting System and the General Estimates System.** National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, National Center for Statistics and Analysis, Washington, DC. 216 p. Report No. DOT HS 809 620. UMTRI-85015
"**AIA Urges Co-operative Effort Between AAA/Insurers to Use Standardized Event Data Recorders in Vehicles**." Insurance Advocate, Feb 16, 2004, Vol. 115 Issue 6, p16, 2/ 5pp.
Associated Press. “**Officials Deny Baldacci Rode Without Bel**t.” Press Herald, Portland, ME. March 2004.
“**Black Boxes Unlocks Car Crash Mysteries**.” State Legislatures, February 2004, Vol. 30 Issue 2, p7, 1/3pp.
Blower, D.; Matteson, A. 2004. **Evaluation of Missouri crash data reported to MCMIS crash file**; [Evaluation of Missouri crash data reported to Motor Carrier Management Information System crash file] Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute, Center for National Truck Statistics/ Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute, Transportation Safety Analysis Division/ Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute, Truck and Bus Safety Analysis Division. 27 p. MCMIS Crash File. Sponsor: Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. UMTRI-2004-5. UMTRI-97834
Blower, Daniel.; Matteson, Anne. 2004.**Evaluation of Michigan crash data reported to MCMIS crash file**; [Evaluation of Michigan crash data reported to Motor Carrier Management Information System crash file] Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute, Center for National Truck Statistics/ Michigan Univer­sity, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute, Transportation Safety Analysis Division/ Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute, Truck and Bus Safety Analysis Division. 30 p. MCMIS Crash File. Sponsor: Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. UMTRI-2004-32. UMTRI-98380
Fischetti, Mark. Data Driven Scientific American, Vol 290 Issue 2, p 90, 1 p, 1 graph, 2 c; February 2004
Fugger, T. F., Jr.; Randles, B. C.; Eubanks, J. J. 2004. **The efficacy of event data recorders in pedestrian-related accidents**. Accident Research and Biomechanics, Valencia, CA./ Automobile Collision Cause Analysis, San Diego, CA. 5 p. Accident recon­struction 2004. Warrendale, SAE, 2004, p. 89-93. Report No. SAE 2004-01-1195. UMTRI-98091 A05
Gabler, H. C.; Hampton, C. E.; Hinch, J. 2004. **Crash severity: a comparison of event data recorder measurements with accident reconstruction estimates**. Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ../ National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. 8 p. Accident reconstruction 2004. Warrendale, SAE, 2004, p. 81-88. Report No. SAE 2004-01-1194. UMTRI-98091
Haines, Lester. “Air bag grasses up killer.” The Register.co.uk. March 2004.
Kelly, Cathy. “Black box tells us plenty.” Toronto Star ( Canada) April 24, 2004.
Kowalick, Thomas M.  **Fatal Exit: The Automotive Black Box Debate**, John Wiley, Inc./ IEEE Press, Hoboken, New Jersey. ISBN 0-41-69807-5. 504 pp. 2004.
Lee, W.; Han, I. 2004. **Development of an event data recorder and reconstruction analysis**. HK e-Car, Seoul (Korea)/ Hongik University, Chochiwon, Choongnam ( Korea) 8 p. Accident reconstruction 2004. Warrendale, SAE, 2004, p. 1-8. Sponsor: Korea Transport Institute, Seoul. Report No. SAE 2004-01-1180. UMTRI-98091 A01.**National Transportation Safety Board & Society of Automotive Engineers Highway Vehicle Event Data Recorder Symposium Proceeding**s. NTSB Academy at George Washington University, Virginia Campus, Ashburn, Virginia. Topics include: state-of-the-art in technology, ongoing research and validation, privacy and legal issues, end users, the insurance industry perspective and EDR standards com­mittees. Draft 352 pp. Final report available athttp://www.sae.org.
Pitcher, G. “**Silent Witness.” New Electronics"**. ISSN 00479624, pp. 18–20, Findlay Pub­lications Limited, Franks Hall, Horton Kirby, Kent DA4 9LL, England. Jan. 27, 2004.
Reust, T. J. 2004. The accuracy of speed captured by commercial vehicle event data recorders. Accident Science, Newhall , CA. 8 p. Accident reconstruction 2004. Warrendale, SAE, 2004, p. 115-122. Report No. SAE 2004-01-1199. UMTRI-98091  
Thanh Ha, Tu. “Smart air bag proves man was speeding.” Globe and Mail, Toronto, Canada, March 2004.
“**U.S. Proposes Uniform Data on Car Crashes**.” New York Times. June 11, 2004. p. C4.

**2003**

Agent, K. R.; Pigman, J. G.; Barrett, M. L.; Green, E. R. 2003. **Analysis of traffic crash data in Kentucky (1998-2002)** Kentucky University , Lexington , Kentucky Transportation Center. 139 p. Report No. KTC-03-028/ KSP2-02-1F. UMTRI-87877 A11.
American Bar Association. “**Hot Legal Issues and Prominent Figures Featured at ABA Annual Meeting in San Francisco**.” News Release. July 24, 2003.
Augenstein, J. ; Perdeck, E. ; Stratton, J. ; Digges, K. ; Bahouth, G. ; Baur, P. ; Borchers, N. 2003. **Methodology for the Development and Validation of Injury Predicting Algorithms**. Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference of the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, May 19–22, 2003 in Nagoya, Japan. Paper Number 467, 13 pp.
Ayers, Ian, Nalebuff, Barry; “**Black Box For Cars.**” August 2003. Forbes.com
Bellion, P. “**Event Data Recorders: What Do They Tell Us?**” Monash University–Institute of Transport Studies. 10 pp. Monash University, Victoria, Australia.
"**Black Boxes**." Arizonia Republic Online. July 12, 2003.
"**Black Boxes Can Protect Against Litigation.**" NAFA Fleet Executive. Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company, V. 17, No. 8 (August 2003), pp. 10–12. Source of document: Northwestern University Transportation Library. 2003.
Bonilla, Denise. “**Behind the Wheel ; A Key Witness at Crash Scenes : the Black Box ; Helping their Investigators Reconstruct Accidents, Data Recorders are not just for Jets Anymore.**” Los Angeles Times June 24, 2003. p. B.2.
Butler, Matthew; “**Black Box is Standard Vehicle Technology.**” The Times Plus [Monroe, WI.] July 25, 2003.
Campo-Flores, Arian. “**Car Talk**” Newsweek [ New York]. May 26, 2003. Vol. 141, Issue 21. pg.10
Chambliss, John. “**Devices have Critics—Auto Recording Boxes Change Routine Cases**.” Online Ledger July 23, 2003.
Champion, H. ; Augenstein, J. ; Blatt, A. ; Cushing, B. ; Digges, K. ; Hunt, R. ; Lom­bardo, L. ; Siegel, J. 2003. **Reducing Highway Deaths And Disabilities with Automatic Wireless Transmission of Ser**. Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference of the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, May 19–22, 2003, at Nagoya, Japan. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Paper Number 406, 15 pgs.
Diamantopoulou, K.; Hoareau, E.; Oxley, P.; Cameron, M. 2003. The feasibility of identifying speeding-related and fatigue-related crashes in police-reported mass crash data. Monash University, Accident Research Centre, Clayton, Victoria (Australia) 76 p. Sponsor: Australian Department of Justice; Royal Automobile Club of Victoria, Melbourne (Australia); Roads Corporation, Victoria (Australia); Transport Accident Commission, Melbourne, Victoria (Australia) Report No. 0732614961/ 197. UMTRI-96582.
Dolan, Bill; **Melvinville Cop Black Box to Be Used in Probe of Fatal Motorcycle Crash—Witness Reports Spur Investigations to Determine Police Car Speed in Accident**. Times Online. Aug 4, 2003. 
Echegaray, Chris. “**Lake Avenue crash prompts call for black boxes**.” Telegram & Gazette. Worcester, Massachusetts: Sept. 3, 2003. p. A.10.
Frey, Joe; **Black Boxes Will Aide in Auto Collision Analysis**
Gabler, H. ; Hampton, C. ; Roston, T. 2003. **Estimating Crash Severity : Can Event Data Recorders Replace Accident Reconstruction ?** Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference of the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, May 19– 22, 2003 at Nagoya, Japan. Rowan University. USNHTSA. Paper Number 490, 12 pgs.
General Accounting Office Report: “**Highway Safety Research Continues on a Variety of Factors that Contribute to Motor Vehicle Crashes**.” Report No. GAO-03-436, HS- 043 537. 55 pages, March 2003. Available from General Accounting Office, 441 G Street, NW., Washington, DC. 20548.
Gilman, Don; **Automotive Black Box Data Recovery Systems**. Sept. 5, 2003. 
Hall, James E. “**Viewpoint**.” Aviation Week & Space Technology, Jan. 6, 2003, Vol 158 Issue 1, p54, 1p.
Hutchings, C. B.; Knight, S.; Reading , J. C. 2003. **The use of generalized estimating equations in the analysis of motor vehicle crash data**. Utah University, Intermountain Injury Control Research Center, Salt Lake City/ Utah University, Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, Salt Lake City. 6 p. Accident analysis and prevention. Vol. 35, no. 1 (January 2003) p. 3-8. UMTRI-63064 
Jenkins, Chris. “**Petty’s Crash at Bristol hardest recorded by NASCAR black box.**” USA Today. March 31, 2003.
Katz, David M. “**Privacy in the private sector: use of the automotive industry’s event data recorder and cable industry’s interactive television in collecting personal data.**” Rutgers Computer & Technology Law Journal, Spring 2003 v 29 i1 p163.
Kullgren, A. ; Krafft, M. ; Lie, A. ; Tingvall, C. 2003. **Combining Crash Recorder and Paired Comparisons Technique : Injury Risk Functions In**. Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference of the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Comfernece, May 19–22, 2003 in Nagoya, Japan. Folksam Research ( Sweden) / Monash University Accident Research Centre, Victoria ( Australia). Paper Number 404, 8 pgs.
Lawrence, J.M.; Wilkinson, C.C.; Heinrichs, B.E.; Siegmund, G.P. 2003. **The Accuracy of Pre-crash Speed Captured by Data Recorders**. MacInnis Engineering Associates, Richmond, British Columbia, Canada 5pp. Accident Reconstruction 2003. Warrendale, SAE, 2003, p211–215. Report No. 2003-01-0889. UMTRI-96371 A08
Leyden, John. “**Air Bag Black Box Nails Killer Driver**.” Register [ United Kingdom]
Linder, A,; Avery, M.; Krafft, M.; Kullgren, A. 2003. **Change of Velocity and Crash Pulse Characteristics in Rear Impacts: Real-World Data**. Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference of the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, May 19–22, 2003 at Nagoya, Japan. The Motor Insurance Research Centre, Thatchum,( United Kingdom)/ Folksam Research, Sweden. Paper Number 285, 9 pgs.
Makowski, Felicia; “**Vehicular Vision—Your Car May Be Tracking the Way You Drive.**” ABC NEWS. July 16, 2003.
Mohl, Bruce; “**Imagine a Black Box for Your Car—It’s There.**” Boston Globe Aug. 3, 2003. Section C1.
Murray, Charles J. “**Automakers face standards choice for black box recorders**.” Electronic Engineering Times, July 21, 2003 Issue 1279, p4, 1p, 1c.**NAII Encouraging NHTSA to Push Envelope in Development of EDRs for Automobiles**. Insurance Advocate, March 3, 2003, Vol 114 Issue 9, p22, 2p.
Newman, Richard. “**No place to hide: Technology tells about your driving habits— and who may have caused that accident.**” US NEWS & World Report July 14, 2003.Vol. 135, Issue 1. p. 32.
“**NTSB, in Conjunction with Automotive Engineers, Set Symposium on Transportation Vehicle Recorders**.” Insurance Advocate, May 5, 2003, Vol 114 Issue 17, p30, 1/3pp.
Pochna, Peter. “A**uto Manufacturers Increasingly Installing Event Recorders in Automobiles**.” Record [ New Jersey]. Jan. 20, 2003.
Sala, D.; Wang, J.T. 2003 **Continuously Predicting Crash Severity**. Proceedings of the 18th International Conference of the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, May 19–22, 2003 in Nagoya, Japan. General Motors Corporation ( USA).Paper Number 314, 8 pgs.
Schoeneburg, R.; Baumann, K.; Justen, R.; 2003. **Pre-Safe—The Next Step in the Enhancement of Vehicle Safety**. Proceedings of the 18th International Technical Conference of the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, May 19–22, 2003 in Nagoya, Japan. DaimlerChrysler (Germany). Paper Number 410, 8 pgs.
Sharp, Deborah. “**Autos’ Black Box Data Turning Up in Courtrooms.**” USA Today May 16, 2003, p. 3A.
Smith, Jeff. “**Snitch or Savior? Black Box for Cars Stores Crash Data: Most Drivers Unaware Tracking Device Could Be Under Their Hoods**.” Rocky Mountain News, CO June 28, 2003. p. 1C.
“**Trial of Student Charged in Student’s Death Postponed.**” The Clarion Ledger. July 8, 2003. 
“**Vetronix and Injury Sciences Announce Extension of Strategic Partnership for Crash Data Retrieval System**.” Business Wire [Ft. lauderdale, Fla.] July 23, 2003.
Wald, Matthew. “**Privacy Law in California Shields Drivers**.” New York Times, Sept. 23, 2003, Vol. 152 Issue 52615, pA18, Op.
Wales, Elspeth. “**Black Boxes Record Taxi Accidents—Special Report: Smart Garages.**” Australian April 15, 2003, pg.T08.
Wilso, Kevin A. “**Something to Think About**.” AutoWeek, June 9, /2003, Vol 53 Issue 23, p10.
Wright, Jeanne. “ **Wheels; Black Boxes Can Monitor Teen Drivers; Parents Can Install the Devices to Help Keep Tabs on the Kids Actions When They Are Behind the Wheel.**” Los Angeles Times. California Jan. 29, 2003 pg. G.1.
Zitter, Josh; Deely, Liam: “**Racing Toward Safer Cars—Ford Uses Crash Data Recorder in Race Cars to Build Safer Cars**.” TECH TV.

**2002**

Architecture Development Team, Iteris, Inc.; Lockheed Martin. **Standards Requirements Documen**t. Washington DC.: Federal Highway Administration: April 2002.
“**Building a Black Box**.” Fleet Owner, June 1, 2002.
Chan, C. 2002. **On the Detection of Vehicular Crashes: System Characteristics and Architecture**. Partners for Advanced Transit and Highways, Berkeley, CA. 14 pp. IEEE Transactions on Vehicular Technology. Vol. 51, No. 1, January 2002, pp. 180–193. UMTRI-62788.
Clark, D. E. and Cushing, B. M. “**Predicted Effect of Automatic Crash Notification on Traffic Mortality**”. Accident Analysis & Prevention. Volume 34, Issue 4, July 2002, Pages 507–513.**Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) Guide to Electronic Screening**. Prepared by staff of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Labora­tory (JHU/APL). Washington, DC: Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, 2002. Baseline Version 1.0. POR-99-7193.  
Commercial Vehicle Information Systems and Networks (CVISN) **Guide to Safety Information Exchange**. Prepared by staff of the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL). Washington, DC: Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration, 2002.
Content, Thomas; Miller, Stanley A. “**Sensors Could Sketch out Crash—At Least two Cars Had Data Recorders That Investigators Can Tap for Clues.**” Milwaukee Journal Sentinel [Wisconsin]. Oct. 15, 2002.p. 01.
Evangelista, Benny. “**Car-Crash Recorders are Moving from Airliners to Autos**.” San Francisco Chronicle Sept. 2, 2002, p.E1.
Fay, R.; Robinette, R.; Deering, D.; Scott, J. 2002. **Using Event Data in Collision Recon­struction**. Fay Engineering Corporation, Denver, Colo. 13 pp. Accident Reconstruction 2002. Warrendale, SAE, 2002, pp. 1–13. Report No. SAE 2002-01-0535 UMTRI-95830 A01.
Flavelle, Dana. “**Black box takes shape**.” Toronto Star ( Canada) March 25, 2002.
FY 2003 **Performance Plan**. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2002. 
Garner, Dwight. **The Car Black Box**. New York Times Magazine, 15 Dec. 2002. Vol 152, Issue 52333, p.69, 1 p.
Gates, K; Rayner, G. “**Preliminary Results on the Use of Video Event Data Recorders as Part of a Driver Safety Training Program.**” 9th World Conference on Intelligent Transport Systems (Chicago, Illinois) sponsored by ITS America, ITS Japan, ERTICO (Intelli­gent Transport Systems and Services— Europe). 2002.
General Motors Corporation Delphi–Delco Electronic Systems. **Automotive Collision Avoidance Field Operational Test Warning Cue Implementation**. Summary Report. Washington, DC: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 2002. Report No. DTNH22-99-H-07019.  
Golob, T. F. and Regan, A. C. “**Trucking Industry Adoption of Information Technology: a Multivariate Discrete Choice Model**.” Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies. Volume 10, Issue 3, June 2002, pp. 205–228.
Hu, P., Boundy B., Truett, T., Chang, E. and Gordon, S. **Cross-Cutting Studies and State-of-the-Practice Reviews: Archive and Use of ITS-Generated Data**. Washington, DC: Federal Highway Administration, 2002.  
Kraft, M.; Kullgren, A.; Ydenius, A.; Tingvall, C. **Influence of crash pulse characteristics on whiplash associated disorders in rear impacts: crash recording in real life crashes**. Folksam Research, Stockholm ( Sweden) / Sweden, National Road Administration. 9 pp.
Lawrence, J. M.; Wilkinson, C. C.; King, D. J.; Heinrichs, B.E.; Siegmund, G.P. **The Accuracy and Sensitivity of Event Data Recorders in Low-speed Collisions**. MacInnis Engineering Associates. 11 pp. Advances in Safety Test Methodology, Warrendale, SAE, 2002, pp. 1–11. Report No. SAE 2002-01-0679. UMTRI-95613 A01.
Li, H; Ogle, J; and Bachman, W. “**Evaluating Driver Behavior and Safety with GPS Event Recorders and GIS**.” Proceedings of GIS-T 2002: Melting Down to the Stove Pipes. 18 pages. Available from American Association of State Highway & Transporta­tion Office, 444 North Capitol Street, NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.
Machrone, Bill.; **More Security, More Privacy**. PC Magazine, April 2003, Vol 21 Issue 14 p 65.
MacWilliams, Joel. “I**nvestigating Real-World Crashes: An Interview with UMTRI’s Crash Investigator, Joel MacWilliams**.” UMTRI Research Review. Vol. 33, Number 1, pp. 7–9, ISSN: 07397100. Available at University of Michigan Transportation research Institute, 2901 Baxter Road, Ann Arbor, MI., 48109. January. 2002.
McIntosh, Jil. “**Big Brother in a Box: Safety vs. Privacy**.” Toronto Star Mar. 16, 2002. pg. G28.
McKinnon, Julie. “**Little Black Box Hidden in GMC, other Vehicles.**” Blade [ Toledo, Ohio]. Oct. 13, 2002. p. A01.
McNamara, Mary. “**Drive Time; Growl if you Think Teenage Monitoring has gone too far**.” Los Angeles Times . July 17, 2002. p.E.2.
Media Release. **Anderson Launches Satellite Navigation Policy**. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia Department of Transport and Regional Services, Aug. 28, 2002. Note: *There is an associated policy document,* Positioning For The Future - Australia’s Satellite Navigation Strategic Policy. Canberra: Commonwealth of Australia Department of Transport and Regional Services, 2002.  
Murray, Charles J. “**Engineering Joins in the Push for Automotive Black Boxes**.” Electronic Engineering Times April 22, 2002. Issue 1215, p.1.
Mussa, R. N. and Upchurch, J. E. “**Simulator Evaluation of Incident Detection by Transponder-equipped Vehicles**.” Transportation. Vol. 29 (3): 287–305, August 2002.
“**NHTSA Wants Comments on Event Data Recorders**.” Transport Topics. Source of Document: Transport Topics, No 3508, Oct. 21, 2002, p. 31, Northwestern University Transportation Library. 2002.**National Transportation Safety Board Safety Recommendation, H-02-35**. NTSB Report No. HS-043 509, Dec. 19, 2002. 5 pages. Available from National Transportation Safety Board, 490 L’Enfant Plaza, SW., Washington, DC 20594.
Poellabauer, C. and Schwan, K. **Power-Aware Video Decoding Using Real-time Event Handlers. Session on Wireless and Mobile Networks**. Performance. Proceedings of the Fifth ACM international workshop on Wireless Mobile Multimedia. 2002. Atlanta, Georgia: ACM, 2002. Pages: 72–79. ISBN:1-58113-474-6.**Real Time Information—Sources and Applications**. London, U.K.: The Department for Transport. 2002. **2002 Safety in Numbers Conference Compendium**. Georgetown University, Conference Center, Washington, DC: Bureau of Transportation Statistics, U.S. Department of Transportation, 2002.  **Safety Report. Analysis of Intrastate Trucking Operation**s. Washington, DC: National Transportation Safety Board, 2002. NTSB/SR-02/01. NTIS PB2002-917001. Notation 7448.  **Technical Specifications for the Digital Tachograph**. Commission Regulation (EC) No 1360/2002 of June 13, 2002. Official Journal of the European Communities. Aug. 5, 2002.  
Wald, Matthew. “**Automakers Block Crash Data Recorders that Could Save Lives, Critics Say**.” New York Times. Dec. 29, 2002. p. 1.24.
White, Joseph B. “**How Much Information Should Cars Have? Black Box Technology Accelerates onto Roadways**.” Wall Street Journal March 20, 2002 Vol 239 Issue 55, p. B.5.F.
Ydenius, A. 2002. I**nfluence of Crash Pulse Duration on Injury Risk in Frontal Impacts Based on Real-Life Crashes**. Folksam Research, Stockholm ( Sweden) 12 p. International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts. Proceedings. Munich, Germany, 2002. UMTRI-96237 A12.

**2001**

Arai, Y; Nishimoto, T; Ezak, Y; Yoshmoto, K.  June, 2001. **Accidents and Near-Misses Analysis by Using Video Drive-Recorders in a Fleet Test**.  Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 225, 6 pgs.
Cameron, M.; Narayan, S.; Newstead, S.; Ernvall, T., Laine, V.; Langwieder, K. June, 2001. **Comparative Analysis of Several Vehicle Safety Rating Systems**.  Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 68, 12 pgs.

Carra, J.S.; Stern, S. D.  June, 2001.  **Large Truck Crash Data Collection**.   Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 209, 3 pgs.
Chidester, A.C.D; Hinch, J; Roston, T.A.  June, 2001.  **Real World Experiences With Event Data Recorders**.  Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 247, 11 pgs.
Chidester, A.C.D.; Isenberg, R. A.  June, 2001. **Final Report – The Pedestrian Crash Data Study**.  Proceedings of the 17thInternational Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.    National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 248, 12 pgs.
Chidester, A.C.D.; Roston, T.A.  June, 2001.  **Air Bag Crash Investigations**.  Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 246, 12 pgs.
Correia, J.T.; Iliadis, K.A.; McCarron, E.S.; Smolej, M.A. June, 2001.  **Utilizing Data From Automotive Event Data Recorders**. Hastings, Boulding, Correia Consulting Engineers. Proceedings of the Canadian Multidisciplinary Road Safety Conference XII; June 10-13, 2001; London, Ontario. 16 pgs.
Galganski, R.A.; Donnelly, B.R.; Blatt, A.; Lombardo, L.V.  June, 2001.  **Crash Visualization Using Real-World Acceleration Data**.  Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 357, 10 pgs.
Gabler, H.C.; DeFuria, J.; Schmalzel, J. L.  June 2001.  **Automated Crash Notification Via the Wireless Web: System Design and Validation**.  Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC.  DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 71, 5 pages.
Garthe, E. A.; Mango, N. K. 2001. **Conflicting Uses of Data from Private Vehicle Data Systems**. Garthe Associates, Marblehead, MA. 15 p. Intelligent Vehicle Initiative (IVI) Technology and Navigation Systems. Warrendale SAE, 2001, pp. 79-93. Report No. SAE 2001-01-804. UMTRI-94222 A10
German, A.; Comeau, J.L; Monk, B.; McClafferty, K.; Tiessen, P.F.; Chan, J. June, 2001. The **Use of Event Data Recorders in the Analysis of Real-World Crashes**,  Proceedings of the Canadian Multidisciplinary Road Safety Conference XII; June 10-13, 2001; London, Ontario.  15 pgs.
Hendrie, D.; Lyle, G.  June, 2001.  **Safety Benefits of Improvements in Vehicle Design Since the Introduction of the ANCAP Crash Test Program**.  Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 259, 10 pgs.
Hill, J.; Thomas, P.; Smith, M.; Byard, N.; Rillie, I.  June, 2001.  **The Methodology of On The Spot Accident Investigations in the UK**.   Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 350, 10 pgs.
Hook, P.  2001. **"Skunk in the Trunk?: Journey and Collision Data Recorders: Asset or Liability?**" Traffic Technology International 2001. (2001).
Kowalick, Thomas. M. May, 2001.  **Pros and Cons of Emerging Event Data Recorder (EDR) Technologies in the Highway Mode**.  Proceedings of The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE)  VTS 53rd  Vehicular Technology Conference, May 6-9, 2001 at Rhodes, Greece.  IEEE catalog number 01CH37202C, ISBN: 0-7803-6730-8. 10 pgs.
Kowalick. Thomas. M.  June, 2001. **Real-World Perceptions of Emerging Event Data Recorder (EDR) Technologies**.  Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.   National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 146, 8 pgs.
Krafft, M.; Kullgren, A.; Lie, A.; Tinggvall, C.  June, 2001.  **Injury Risk Functions for Individual Car Models**.  Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.   National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 168, 8 pgs.
Krafft, M.; Kullgren, A.; Ydenius, A.; Tingvall, C.  June, 2001.  **The Correlation Between Crash Pulse Characteristics and Duration of Symptoms to the Neck – Crash Recording in Real Life Rear Impacts**.  Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 174, 7 pgs. 
Laine, V.; Ernvall, T.; Cameron, M.; Newstead, S.  June, 2001.  **Agressivity Variables and Their Sensitivity in Car Agressivity Ratings**.  Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 190, 10 pgs.
Linder, A.; Avery, M.; Krafft, M.; Kullgren, A.; Swensson, M.Y.  June, 2001.  **Acceleration Pulses and Crash Severity in Low Velocity Rear Impacts – Real World Data and Barrier Tests**.   Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 216, 10 pgs.
K.;Fildes, B.; Ernvall, T; Cameron, M. June 2001. **Quality Criterial for Crashworthiness Assessment from Real-World Crashes**. Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001. Paper Number 389, 15 pgs.
Mooi, H.G.; Galliano, F.  June, 2001.  **Dutch In-Depth Accident Investigation: First Experiences and Analysis Results for Motorcycles and Mopeds**.   Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 236, 10 pgs.
Rosenbluth, W.   June 2001. **Investigation and Interpretation of Black Box Data in Automobiles: A Guide to the Concepts and Formats of Computer Data in Vehicle Safety and Control Systems**.  Jointly published by American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) West Conshohocken, PA, and Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE). 
Sporner, A.; Kramlick, T.  June, 2001.  **Motorcycle Braking and It’s Influence on Severity of Injury**. Proceedings of the 17thInternational Technical Conference on the Enhanced safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 303, 7 pgs.
Stewart, Gerald. R.  June, 2001.  T**he Role of Innovation and Statistical Methodology in Safety Assessment Projects**.  Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 412, 7 pgs.
Thompson, K.M.; Graham, J.D.; Zeeler, J.W.  June, 2001.  **Risk-Benefit Analysis Methods for Vehicle Safety Devices**.  Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.  National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 340, 7 pgs.
Ueyama, M. June, 2001.  **Driver Characteristic Using Driving Monitoring Recorder**.  Proceedings of the 17th International Technical Conference on the Enhanced Safety of Vehicles (ESV) Conference, June 4-7, 2001 in Amsterdam, The Netherlands.   National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. DOT HS 809 220, June 2001.  Paper Number 426, 10 pgs.

**2000**

**Record of the U.S. DOT/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Event Data Recorder (EDR) Working Group,**Docket NHTSA-00-7699**,** available at http://www.regulations.gov**Symposia Records of the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB)
Transportation Safety and the Law,** April 25-26, Washington, DC. The NTSB held a symposium on issues related to improving transportation safety and the available information in the 21st century.  
Grush, Ernie.  Ford Motor Company;**Research Opportunities With Automotive Crash Recorders**
Krafft, M.; Kullgren, A.; Tingvall, C.; Bostroem, O.; Fredriksson, R. 2000. **How Crash Severity in Rear Impacts Influences Short-and Long-term Consequences to the Neck**. Folksam Research and Development, Stockholm (Sweden)/ Monash University, Accident Research Centre, Clayton, Victoria (Australia)/ Autoliv AB, Vaargaarda (Sweden) 9 p. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 32, No. 2, March 2000, pp. 187-195. UMTRI-61502
Goebelbecker, J. M.; Ferrone, C. 2000**. Utilizing Electronic Control Module Data in Accident Reconstruction.** Triodyne Consulting Engineers, Niles, Ill. 7 p. Accident Reconstruction: Analysis, Simulation, and Visualization. Warrendale, SAE, 2000, pp. 83-89. Report No. SAE-2000-01-0466. UMTRI-93282 A07.
Kullgren, A.; Krafft, M.; Nygren, AA.; Tingvall, C. 2000. **Neck Injuries in Frontal Impacts: Influence of Crash Pulse Characteristics on Injury Risk.** Folksam Research and Development, Stockholm (Sweden)/ Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Family Medicine, Stockholm (Sweden)/ Monash University, Accident Research Centre, Clayton, Victoria (Australia) 9 p. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 32, No. 2, March 2000, pp. 197-205. UMTRI-61503.
Marsh J.  2000.**Ford’s New Taurus and Sable;** The Safety Network; pp. 4-5; November 2000.
Sabow, G. 2000. (IVU Inst)**. "Driving Data Recorders (FDS) and Young Drivers." Around the World in Two and a Half Days: Lessons from the UK Proceedings** (2000).
To, H; Choudhry, O.; April 2000.**Mayday Plus Operational Test Evaluation Report.** Minnesota Department of Transportation.
Wouters, P. I. J.; Bos, J. M. J. 2000. **Traffic Accident Reduction by Monitoring Driver Behavior with In-Car Data Recorders.**Institute for Road Safety Research SWOV, Leidschendam (Netherlands) 8 p. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 32, No. 5, September 2000, pp. 643-650. UMTRI-61880.

**1999**



**Record of the U.S. DOT/National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Event Data Recorder Working Group,** Docket NHTSA-99-5218, available at http://www.regulations.gov**Federal Register, 64 FR 29616** (June 2, 1999) **National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) International Symposium on Transportation Recorders.**May 3-5, 1999, Washington, DC**.** Goal: To Share Knowledge and Experience Gained from the Use of Recorded Information to Improve Transportation Safety and Efficiency.

***1.    Smiths Industries Flight Data/Cockpit Voice Recorders*** Jeffrey L. Brooks

***2.    An Autonomous Data Recorder for Field Testing*** ] Joseph A. Carroll, Michael D. Fennell

***3.    Reducing Highway Deaths and Disabilities with Automatic Wireless Transmission of Serious Injury Probability Ratings from Crash Recorders to Emergency Medical Services Providers***   Howard Champion, J.S. Augenstein, B. Cushing, K.H. Digges, R. Hunt, R. Larkin, A.C. Malliaris, W.J. Sacco, J.H. Siegel

***4.    Recording Automotive Crash Event Data***   Augustus Chidester, John Hinch, Thomas C. Mercer, Keith S. Schultz

***5.    Proactive Use of Recorded Data for Accident Prevention***  Ed Dobranetski, Dave Case

***6.    On-Board Recorders: The "Black Boxes" of the Trucking Industry***  Les Dole

***7.    Digital Audio Recorders Life Savers, Educators, and Vindicators***  Matthew Durkin

***8.    Transportation Event Recorder Data: Balancing Federal Public Policy and Privacy Rights***  Gregory L. Evans

***9.    Security of Recorded Information***  Lindsay Fenwick

***10.    Future Video Accident Recorder***  Mike Horne

***11.    Proactive Use of Highway Recorded Data Via an Event Data Recorder (EDR) to Achieve Nationwide Seat Belt Usage in the 90th Percentile by 2002***  Thomas M. Kowalick

***12.    The Contribution of Onboard Recording Systems to Road Safety and Accident Analysis***  Dr. Gerhard Lehmann, Tony Reynolds

***13.    Transportation Recorders on Commercial Vehicles***  Paul Menig and Cary Coverdill

***14.    The Benefits of Vehicle-Mounted Video Recording Systems***  R. Jeffrey Scaman

***15.    On-Board Recording for Commercial Motor Vehicles and Drivers:******Microscopic and Macroscopic Approaches***  Neill L. Thomas, Deborah M. Freund

***16.    A Vision of Future Crash Survivable Recording Systems***  Michael H. Thompson

Kowalick, Thomas. M.  June, 1999.**Perceptions of College Students Regarding Utilization of Transportation Recorders in the Highway Mode,** Sandhills Community College, Pinehurst, North Carolina, 651 pgs.
Kullgren, A. 1999**. Crash-Pulse Recorders in Real-Life Accidents: Influence of Change of Velocity and Mean and Peak Acceleration on Injury Risk in Frontal Impacts.** Folksam Research Foundation, Stockholm (Sweden) Karolinska Hospital, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm (Sweden) 8 p. Crash Prevention and Injury Control, Vol. 1, No. 2, October 1999, pp. 113-120. UMTRI-61230.
Kullgren, A. 1999. (Folksam Res, Sweden, Sweden Thompson, R. (Chalmers Univ Technol, and Sweden Krafft, T. M.  (Folksam Res. **"The Effect of Crash Pulse Shape on AIS1 Neck Injuries in Frontal Impacts."** Proceedings of the 1999  IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impact, Sept. 23-24, 1999, Sitges, Spain. 1999. pp 231-42: 18 Refs.
Popov, A. A.; Cole, D. J.; Cebon, D.; Winkler, C. B. 1999.**Energy Loss in Truck Tyres and Suspensions.** Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute, Engineering Research Division. 12 p. Sponsor: Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (United Kingdom); Dunlop Tyre and Rubber, Birmingham (England); Cambridge Vehicle Dynamics Consortium. UMTRI-93076
Roszbach, R.; Heidstra, J.; Wouters, P. I. J. 1999. **Data Recorders in Voertuigen; [Data Recorders in Vehicles]** Netherlands, Rijkswaterstaat, Delft. 61 p. Sponsor: Institute for Road Safety Research SWOV, Leidschendam (Netherlands) Report No. R-99-26. UMTRI-93452.
Ydenius, A.; Kullgren, A. 1999.**Pulse Shapes and Injury Risks in Collisions with Roadside Objects: Result from Real-Life Impacts with Recorded Crash Pulses.** Folksam Research Foundation, Stockholm (Sweden) 8 p. International IRCOBI Conference on the Biomechanics of Impacts. 1999. Proceedings. Bron (France), 1999. Pp. 435-442. UMTRI-92961 A26.**1998**

**Federal Register, 63 FR 60222270 (Nov. 9, 1998)** available at https://www.govinfo.gov/
Kullgren, A.; Ydenius, A.; Tingvall, C. 1998.**Frontal Impacts with Small Partial Overlap: Real Life Data from Crash Recorders.**Folksam Research (Sweden) Karolinska Institutet, Department of Clinical Neuroscience and Family Medicine, Stockholm (Sweden) Swedish National Road Administration. 10 p. International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles. Sixteenth. Proceedings. Volume I. Washington, DC., NHTSA, 1998. Pp. 259-268. Report No. 98-S1-O-13. UMTRI-92420 A38.
 
Krafft, M.; Kullgren, A.; Tingvall, C. 1998. **Crash Pulse Recorder in Rear Impacts -- Real Life Data.** Folksam Research Foundation, Stockholm (Sweden)/ Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm (Sweden) Statens Vaegoch Trafikinstitut, Linkoeping (Sweden) 7 p. International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles. Sixteenth. Proceedings. Volume II. Washington, DC., NHTSA, 1998. Pp. 1256-1262. Report No. 98-S6-O-10. UMTRI-92421 A50.
Matsumoto, K. 1998.**Trends and Priorities in Motor Vehicle Safety for the 21st century: Japan.** Japan Ministry of International Trade and Industry, Tokyo. 3 p. International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles. Sixteenth. Proceedings. Volume I. Washington, DC., NHTSA, 1998. Pp. 85-87. UMTRI-92420 A15.
Melvin, J. W.; Baron, K. J.; Little, W. C.; Gideon, T. W.; Pierce, J. 1998.**Biomechanical Analysis of Indy Race Car Crashes.**General Motors Corporation, Detroit, Mich./ Kestrel Advisors, Inc. 20 p. Stapp car crash conference. 42nd. Proceedings. Warrendale, SAE, 1998. Pp. 247-266. Report No. SAE 983161. UMTRI-91882 A17.
Phen, Dowdy, Ebbeler, Kim, Moore, and VanZandt**; Advanced Air Bag Technology Assessment; JPL Publication 98-3; April 1998.**This report can be found on the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory web site.
Ueyama, M.; Ogawa, S.; Chikasue, H.; Muramatu, K. 1998**. Relationship Between Driving Behavior and Traffic Accidents -- Accident Data Recorder and Driving Monitor Recorder.** National Research Institute of Police Science, Tokyo (Japan)/ Yazaki Meter Corporation (Japan) 8 p. International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles. Sixteenth. Proceedings. Volume I. Washington, DC., NHTSA, 1998. Pp. 402-409. Report No. 98-S1-O-06. UMTRI-92420 A53.
Wright, P. G. 1998.**The Role of Motorsport Safety.** Federation Internationale de l'Automobile (England) 6 p. International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles. Sixteenth. Proceedings. Volume II. Washington, DC., NHTSA, 1998. Pp. 1263-1268. Report No. 98-S6-O-12. UMTRI-92421 A51.**1997**

Anderson, U.; Koch, M.; Norin, H. 1997**. The Volvo Digital Accident research Recorder (DARR) Converting Accident DARR-Pulses into Different Impact Severity Measures.** Volvo Car Corporation, Automotive Safety Centre, Goeteborg (Sweden) 20 p. International IRCOBI conference on the biomechanics of impact. 1997 Proceedings. Hannover, IROCBI, 1997. Pp. 301-320. UMTRI-92418 A19.**“Colloquium on Monitoring of Driver and Vehicle Performance”** *Digest (Institution of Electrical Engineers) ; No* 1997, no. 122. (1997).
Anderson, U.; Koch, M.; Norin, H. 1997.**The Volvo Digital Accident research Recorder (DARR) Converting Accident DARR-Pulses into Different Impact Severity Measures.**
Berg, F.;  Alexander, M.  1997.  Uwe, Bergisch Gladbach Bundesanstalt Fursstrassenwesen, and Berichte Der Bundesanstalt Fur Strassenwesen.  Fahrzeugtechnik.**"Accident Data Recorders as a Source of Information for Accident Research in the Pre-Crash Phase”** (HEFT (1997).
Byrne, R. H.; Pletta, J. B.; Case, R. P.; Klarer, P. R.; Campbell, K. L.; Blower, D. 1997**. Commercial Vehicle Incident Monitors.**Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, N.M./ Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute, Center for National Truck Statistics. 243 p. Sponsor: Federal Highway Administration, Office of Motor Carriers, Washington, DC. UMTRI-91197.
Wouters, P.I.J.  1997.  (SWOV, Netherlands, and Netherlands BOS JMJ)**The Impact of Driver Monitoring With Vehicle Data Recorders on Accident Occurrence: Methodology and Results of a Field Trial in Belgium and The Netherlands.** (R-97-8) 64 pgs; 9 Refs.**1996**

Korner, J.  1996.  Volvo Car Corp, Sweden.**"The Safety Philosophy Guiding Car Design.” Proceedings of the Fifth World Congress of the International Road Safety Organization – Marketing Traffic Safety,** Held Oct.3-6, 1994, Cape Town, Republic of South Africa.  1996*.* pp 319-26 : 10 Refs.
Lehmann, G. 1996. **The Features of the Accident Data Recorder and its Contribution to Road Safety.** VDO Kienzle GmbH, Villingen-Schwenningen (Germany) 4 p. International Technical Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. 15th Proceedings. Volume 2. Washington, DC., National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1996. Pp. 1565-1568. Report No. 96-S9-W-34. UMTRI-91346 A54.
Melvin, J. W.; Baron, K. J.; Little, W. C.; Pierce, J.; Trammell, T. R. 1996.**Investigation of Indy Car Crashes Using Impact Recorders.** General Motors Corporation, Research and Development Center, Warren, Mich./ General Motors Corporation, Motorsports, Warren, Mich./ Championship Automobile Racing Teams. 17 p. Motorsports Engineering Conference Proceedings. 1996. Volume 1: Vehicle Design Issues. Warrendale, SAE, 1996. Pp. 127-143. Report No. SAE 962522. UMTRI-89565 A02.
 The 7th Westminister Lecture on Transport Safety. **“A Holistic View of Automotive Safety.” 1996 17P (1996).**
Ueyama, M.; Beppu, S.; Koura, M. 1996**. Automatic Recording System and Traffic Accidents at Uncontrolled Intersections.**National Research Institute of Police Science, Tokyo (Japan)/ Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (Japan) 11 p. International Technical Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. 15th Proceedings. Volume 2. Washington, DC., National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1996. Pp. 1476-1486. Report No. 96-S9-O-17. UMTRI-91346 A44.**1995**

Fincham, W.F; Kast. A.; Lambourn, R.F.  1995**.  The Use of a High Resolution Accident Data Recorder in the Field;** Paper No. 950351; SAE.

**1994**

Kullgren, A.; Lie, A.; Tingvall, C. 1994.**The Use of Crash Rcorders in Studying Real-Life Accidents.** Chalmers Tekniska Hoegskola, Goeteborg, Sweden. 7 p. International Technical Conference on Enhanced Safety of Vehicles. 14th Proceedings, Volume 1. Washington, DC., National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 1994. Pp. 856-862. UMTRI-88120 A79.
Norin, H.; Koch, M.; Magnusson, H. 1994.**Estimating Crash Severity in Frontal Collisions Using the Volvo Digital Accident Research Recorder (DARR).** Volvo Car Corporation, Goeteborg, Sweden. 7 p. ISATA International Symposium on Automotive Technology and Automation, 27th. Proceedings for the Dedicated Conference on Road and Vehicle Safety. Croydon, Automotive Automation Ltd., 1994. Pp. 409-415. Report No. 94SF024. UMTRI-87370 A28.
Williams, M.; Hoekstra, E. 1994**. Comparison of Five On-Head, Eye-Movement Recording Systems. Final report.** Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute. 88 p. Sponsor: Michigan University, Ann Arbor, IVHS Industrial Advisory Board. Report No. UMTRI-94-11. UMTRI-87344.

**1993**

Aldman, B.; Kullgren, A.; Lie, A.; Tingvall, C. 1993.**Crash Pulse Recorder (CPR) - Development and Evaluation of a Low Cost Device for Measuring Crash Pulse and Delta-V.** Folksam Research and Development, Stockholm, Sweden/ Chalmers Tekniska Hoegskola, Goeteborg, Sweden. 5 p. International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles. 13th Proceedings. Volume I. Washington, DC., NHTSA, 1993. Pp. 188-192. UMTRI-85231 A19.
Lambourn R. F.  1993.  525 School Street SW Suite 410 Washington DC 20024 USA Institute of Transportation Engineers.**"Road Accident Investigation as a Branch of Forensic Science."** Conference Title: Compendium of Technical Papers, ITE, 63rd Annual Meeting Location: The Hague, Netherlands. Sponsored by: Institute of Transportation Engineers. Held: 19930919-19930922. 1993, no. 09. Pp. 438-442 (1993): 21 Refs.

**1992**

Cheng, C.H., Nachtsheim, C.J. Benson , P. G. 1992.**Statistical Methods for Optimally Locating Automatic Traffic Recorders.** Ohio State University, Columbus / Minnestota University, Minneapolis. 132 p. Sponsor: Transportation Department, Washington, DC., Mountain-Plains Consortium. Report No. MPC 92-14. UMTRI-84774.

**1991**

Salomonsson, O.; Koch, M. 1991.**Crash Recorder for Safety System Studies and as a Consumer's Product.** Mannesmann Kienzle, Germany/ Volvo Car Corporation, Goeteborg, Sweden. 13 p. Frontal Crash Safety Technologies for the 90's. Warrendale, SAE, 1991. Pp. 21-33. Report No. SAE 910656. UMTRI-80924.

**1990**

Texas Department of Transportation, 125 East 11th Street Austin TX 78701 2483 USA. "National Traffic Data Acquisition Technologies Conference, Austin, Texas, Aug. 26-30, 1990.  Conference Title:**National Traffic Data Acquisition Technologies Conference: Austin, Texas.** Sponsored by: American Society for Testing and Materials; Texas A&M University; University of Texas; and Federal Highway Administration. August 26-30, 1990, no. 08. pp 432 1990.

**1989**

Adiv, A.; Ervin, R. D. 1989**. Examination of Features Proposed for Improving Truck Safety. Final report.** Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute. 95 p. Sponsor: Michigan Department of Transportation, Lansing, MI. Report No. UMTRI-89-2. UMTRI-78350.

**1988**

Panik, F. 1988**. Future Aspects in Automotive Electronics.** Daimler-Benz, AG, Stuttgart, Germany FR. 54 p. UMTRI-79073.
Tumbas, N.S; Smith, R.A.  1988. **Measuring Protocol for Quantifying Vehicle Damage from an Energy Basis Point of View**; SAE 880072.

**1987**

Panik, F.; Hamm, L.; Reister; Voy (1987) **Einfluss der Elektronik auf den Automobilverkehr der Zunkunft; Influence of Electronics on Automobile Traffic of the Future.** Daimler-Benz, AG, Stuttgart, Germany FR. 40 p. UMTRI-79072.
Wilson, F. R.  1987.  **Measurement of Collision Avoidance Times.** 1987 Annual Conference Proceedings: Roads and Transportation Association of Canada.  B41- B61 (14 Refs.)  Roads and Transportation Association of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

**1986**

Volkmar, H.; Koch, S.; Weber, R. 1986.**Erhebung und analyse von Pkw-Fahrleistungsdaten mit Hilfe eines mobilen Datenerfassungssystems.; Acquiring and Analyzing Passenger Car Performance Data Using a Mobile Data Acquisition System.**Infratest Sozialforschung, Germany FR/ Mannesman Kienzle, Germany FR. 76 p. Sponsor: Forschungsvereinigung Automobiltechnik e.V., Frankfurt, Germany FR. Report No. 61. UMTRI-76304.

**1985**

Held, T. H. 1985.**The Potential Use of Optical Videodiscs in Automotive Navigational Systems: a Prototype System.** MetaMedia Systems, Inc., Germantown, MD. 3 p. Brown, I. D., Goldsmith, R., Coombes, K., and Sinclair, M. A., eds. Ergonomics International 85. Philadelphia, Taylor and Francis, 1985. Pp. 433-435. Report No. E5/3. UMTRI-74960.

**1984**

Winkler, C. B.; Campbell, J. D.; Hagan, M. R. 1984**. Vehicle Motion Measurement Technology. Final report.** Michigan University, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute. 63 p. Sponsor: General Motors Corporation, Proving Ground Section, Milford, MI. Report No. UMTRI-84-20. UMTRI-71951.

**1982**

Baker, W. T. 1982. **Photologging.** Federal Highway Administration, Washington, DC. 44 p. National Cooperative Highway Research Program Synthesis of Highway Practice, No. 94, November 1982. Sponsor: American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, DC. UMTRI-55285.
Fraser. P. J. 1982. **The ARRB Road Users Data Acquisition System (RUDAS)** Australian Road Research Board, Vermont South. 21 p. Report No. ATM No. 14. UMTRI-47931.**1981**

Blauvelt, A. A.; Klein, R. H.; Peters, R. A. 1981**. Instrumentation for Measuring Pavement-Vehicle Interaction. Volume III: Kennedy Co. Operation and Maintenance Manual, Formatter and Digital Tape Transport. Final report.** Systems Technology, Inc., Hawthorne, CA. 226 p. Sponsor: Federal Highway Administration, Structures and Applied Mechanics Division, Washington, DC. Report No. TM-1109-1/ FHWA-RD-80-077. UMTRI-46632.
Blauvelt, A. A.; Klein, R. H.; Peters, R. A. 1981**. Instrumentation for Measuring Pavement-Vehicle Interaction. Volume II: Digalog Systems Operation and Maintenance Manual, Data Acquisition System, model DLI 203. Final report.** Systems Technology, Inc., Hawthorne, CA. 98 p. Sponsor: Federal Highway Administration, Structures and Applied Mechanics Division, Washington, DC. Report No. TM-1109-1/ FHWA-RD-80-076. UMTRI-46631.
Blauvelt, A. A.; Klien, R. H.; Peters, R. A. 1981.**Instrumentation for Measuring Pavement-Vehicle Interaction. Volume I: System Description, Operation, Calibration and Maintenance Manual. Final report.** Systems Technology, Inc., Hawthorne, CA. 84 p. Sponsor: Federal Highway Administration, Structures and Applied Mechanics Division, Washington, DC. Report No. TM-1109-1/ FHWA-RD-80-075. UMTRI-46630.
Bowden, T. J.; Reichert, J. K.; Landolt, J. P. 1981. **The Data Acquisition System at the DCIEM Impact Studies Facility.** Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, Downsview, Ontario, Canada. 8 p. Report No. SAE 810812. UMTRI-46023.
Bowersock, R. G.; Dupree, J. F.; Bock, D. T. 1981. **A Microcomputer-Based On-Vehicle Data Acquisition System.** Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, MI. 11 p. Report No. SAE 810811. UMTRI-46024.

Fouts, P. G.; Griggs, G. A.; Holdren, E. J. 1981.**Digital Recording of Vehicle Crash Data.** Chrysler Corporation, Highland Park, MI. 13 p. Report No. SAE 810810. UMTRI-46006.
 
Klaber, K. 1981.**Advanced Automotive Crash Recorder Design Development and Test Analysis.** National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. 10 p. Report No. SAE 810809. UMTRI-46008.
Reichert, J. K.; Landolt, J. P. 1981. **Digital and Analog Filters for Processing Impact Test Data.** Defence and Civil Institute of Environmental Medicine, Downsview, Ontario, Canada. 11 p. Report No. SAE 810813. UMTRI-46022.
Thatcher, C. D. 1981**. Advanced Recorder Design and Development. Final report.** Dynamic Science, Inc., Phoenix, AR. 187 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. 8314-80-213/ DOT/HS 805 914. UMTRI-46293.

**1979**

O'Neill, B.; Wong, J. 1979. **A Laboratory Evaluation of a Low Cost Motor Vehicle Crash Recorder.** Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, Washington, DC. 7 p. Accident Analysis and Prevention, Vol. 11, No. 1, March 1979, pp. 43-49. UMTRI-54119.
Ruschmann, P. A.; Carroll, H. O.; Greyson, M.; Joscelyn, K. B. 1979. **An Analysis of the Potential Legal Constraints on the Use of Mechanical Devices to Monitor Driving Restrictions. Final report.** Highway Safety Research Institute, Ann Arbor, MI. 56 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. UM-HSRI-79-65/ DOT/HS 805 523. UMTRI-44938.
Sherwin, J. R.; Kerr, J. D. 1979**. Advanced Recorder Design Development. Final report.** Teledyne Geotech, Garland, TX. 46 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. DOT/HS 805 081. UMTRI-43051.
Wyman, J. H.  1979.**Event Recorder as a Turning Movement Indicator.** Maine Department of Transportation, Augusta, MA.  Report Number: IM-3, 18 pgs.

**1978**

Backaitis, S. H. 1978**. Evaluation of New Instruments for Measurement of Differential Crash Velocity and for Sensing the Threshold of Critical Crash Intensity.** National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Motor Vehicle Programs, Washington, DC. 20 p. International Congress on Automotive Safety. 5th Proceedings. Washington, DC., NHTSA, March 1978. Pp. 427-446. UMTRI-40399 A24.
Wolf, R. J. 1978.**A Solid-State Digital Data Recorder for Monitoring Automotive Crash Environments. Final report.** Kaman Sciences Corporation, Colorado Springs, Colo. 73 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. DOT/HS-803 666. UMTRI-41371.**1977**

Damkot, D. K.; Geller, H. A.; Whitmore, D. G. 1977**. Measuring Driver Performance: Instrumentation, Software, and Application.** Vermont University, Burlington. 7 p. Sponsor: National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, Rockville, MD. Report No. SAE 770813. UMTRI-38078.
Glen, M.G.M; Powell D.G. 1977.**A Low-Cost, Portable Event-Recording System.** Traffic Engineering Control. 1977. 11 pgs.
Gaye, A. M.; Sandover, J.; Thomas, P. D. 1977. **Apparatus for Field Studies of Man at Work.** London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, England/ Loughborough University of Technology, Leicestershire, England. 2 p. Journal of Physiology, Vol. 268, No. 1, June 1977, pp. 5P-6P. Sponsor: Medical Research Council, London, England; Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, England. UMTRI-38402.
Richter, V.; Kramer, M. 1977.**Digitale Messdatenaufnahme und -verarbeitung bei Fussgaenger - Fahrzeug-Unfallexperimenten; Digital Data Collection and Processing in Pedestrian/Vehicle Accident Experiments.** Berlin Technische Universitaet, Institut fuer Landverkehrsmittel, Germany FR. 3 p. ATZ, 79. Jahrgang, Nr. 11, November 1977, pp. 509-510, 513. UMTRI-53643.
Strickland, L. R.; Wood, P. 1977**. TRI-MET Automated Fare Billing System.** Mitre Corporation, Metrek Division, McLean, Va. 48 p. Sponsor: Urban Mass Transportation Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. MTR-7582 Rev. 2. UMTRI-40497.**1976**

Abromavage, J. C.; Beemer, R. L. 1976.**A Data Acquisition Method for Dynamic Vehicle Testing.** Amerco Technical Center, Phoenix, AZ. 7 p. Report No. SAE 760789. UMTRI-35914.
Backaitis, S. H.; Trout, E. M.; Wolf, R. J. 1976.**The Development and Performance of a Self-Contained Solid-State Digital Crash Recorder for Anthropomorphic Dummies.** National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC./ Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, DC./ Kaman Sciences Corporation, Colorado Springs, CO. 32 p. Report No. SAE 760013. UMTRI-33750.
Enserink, E. 1976. **Evaluation of Self-Contained Anthropomorphic Dummy Data Acquisition System. Final report.** Dynamic Science, Phoenix, AR. 141 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. 3961-75-178/ DOT/HS 801 827. UMTRI-33788.**Fundamental Consideration on the Generation of Data for the Relation Between Vehicle Handling and Accident Avoidance with the Aid of Drive Recorders. Revised.** International Organization for Standardization, Geneva, Switzerland. 16 p. Report No. ISO/TC 22/SC 9 Germany-6. UMTRI-34934.
Hofferberth, J. E. 1976. **User Data Needs.** National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. 6 p. Garrett, J. W., ed. Motor Vehicle Collision Investigation Symposium. Volume I: Proceedings. Buffalo, Calspan Corporation, August 1976. Pp. 143-148. UMTRI-35846 A08. 
Michalopoulos, P. G. 1976. **Bus Priority System Studies.** Florida University, Gainesville. 6 p. Traffic Engineering, Vol. 46, No. 7, July 1976, pp. 46-49, 52, 54. Sponsor: Transportation Department, Washington, DC.; Florida Department of Transportation, Tallahassee. UMTRI-52996.
O'Brien, C.; Paradise, M.G.A. 1976.**The Development of a Portable Non-Invasive Ssytem for Analyzing Human Movement.**Nottingham University, Department of Production Engineering and Production Management, England. 3 p. International Ergonomics Association. 6th Congress Proceedings. Santa Monica Human Factors Society, 1976. Pg 390-392 UMTRI-34935 A27.**On-Board Computer Testing.** 4 p. Automotive Engineering, Vol. 84, No. 11, Nov 1976, pp. 30-33. UMTRI-53122**Static Evaluation of Air Cushion Deployment Effects on the Memory Retention of the Solid-State Digital Recorder System. Final report.** Kaman Sciences Corporation, Colorado Springs, CO. 29 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. K-76-64-U(R)/ DOT/HS 802 040. UMTRI-35857.
Wolf, R. J. 1976. **A Solid-State Digital Data Recorder for Monitoring Anthropomorphic Dummy Impact Environments. Final report.** Kaman Sciences Corporation, Colorado Springs, CO. 74 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. K-76-28U(R)/ DOT/ HS 801 907. UMTRI-34533.

**1975**

**A New look at Tachs - Use of Sangamo Tachographs for Safety.** 3 p. Diesel Equipment Superintendent, Vol. 53, March 1975, pp. 32-34. UMTRI-33183.
Appleby, M. R.; Bintz, L. J. 1975**. Seat Belt Use-Inducing System Effectiveness. Final report.** Automobile Club of Southern California, Automotive Engineering Department, Los Angeles. 45 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Driver Performance Research, Washington, DC. Report No. DOT/HS 801 503. UMTRI-32135.**A Solid-State Recorder for Monitoring Anthropomorphic Dummy Impact Environments. Operator's manual for KSC recorder model ADO2T12. Preliminary edition.** Kaman Sciences Corporation, Colorado Springs, CO. 24 p. Report No. K-75-95U(R) UMTRI-33675.**American National Standard Guide for the Selection of Mechanical Devices Used in Monitoring Acceleration Induced by Shock.**American National Standards Institute, Inc., New York, N.Y. 23 p. Sponsor: Society of Packing and Handling Engineers, Chicago, IL. Report No. ANSI-S9.1-1975. UMTRI-33578.**Automobile Collision Data; An Assessment of Needs and Methods of Acquisition.** Economics and Science Planning, Inc., Washington, DC. 250 p. Sponsor: Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, Washington, DC. UMTRI-32144.
Enke, K. 1975.**On the Necessity of Employing Driver Recorders for Investigation of the Relation Between the Dynamic Performance of Passenger Cars and Accident Prevention.** Daimler-Benz AG, Stuttgart, Germany. 7 p. UMTRI-34939.
Enke, K. 1975.**The Relation Between Vehicle Handling and Accident Avoidance.** Daimler-Benz AG, Stuttgart, Germany. 3 p. International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles. Fifth. Report. Washington, DC., GPO, 1975. Pp. 815-817. UMTRI-32385 A58.
Gardner, J. A.; Soliday, S. M.; Williamson, G. A. 1975.**Design and Implementation of a System to Record Driver Lateral Positioning.** Honeywell, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn./ Midwest Research Institute, Kansas City, Mo./ North Carolina State University, Raleigh. 10 p. Transportation Research Record, No. 538, 1975, pp. 59-68. UMTRI-52600 A01.
Hoffer, W. 1975.**How They're Using On-Board Crash Recorders to Probe Puzzling Questions About Car Safety.** 3 p. Popular Science, Vol. 207, No. Oct 4, 1975, pp. 94-95, 154. UMTRI-32833.
Johnson, T. M.; Formenti, D. L.; Gray, R. F.; Peterson, W. C. 1975. **Measurement of Motor Vehicle Operation Pertinent to Fuel Economy.** General Motors Corporation, Noise and Vibration Laboratory, Milford, MI. 30 p. Report No. SAE 750003. UMTRI-41986.
Kidd, E. A. 1975. **A Discussion of Data Gathering Systems.** Calspan Corporation, Buffalo, NY. 7 p. Report No. SAE 750892. UMTRI-32932.
Priestas, E. L.; Mulinazzi, T. E. 1975. **Traffic Volume Counting Recorders.** Maryland University, College Park. 13 p. American Society of Civil Engineers. Transportation Engineering Journal, Vol. 101, No. TE2, May 1975, pp. 211-223. Sponsor: Maryland State Highway Administration, Brooklandville; West Virginia Department of Highways, Charleston. UMTRI-32857.
Soliday, S. M. 1975.**Lane Position Maintenance by Automobile Drivers on Two Types of Highway**. North Carolina State University, Raleigh, Department of Industrial Engineering. 9 p. Ergonomics, Vol. 18, No. March 2, 1975, pp. 175-183. UMTRI-52328.

**1974**

Baker, M. 1974.**Unattended Field Measurement Instrumentation.** General Motors Corporation, Proving Ground Section, Milford, MI. 5 p. Report No. SAE 740940. UMTRI-42070.
Fancher, P. S.; MacAdam, C. C. 1974. **Data Documentation for Vehicle Handling. Final report.** Highway Safety Research Institute, Ann Arbor, Mich. 208 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. UM-HSRI-PF-74-4. UMTRI-30757.
Larsson, L. E.; Rumar, K. 1974. **A Versatile Recorder of Visual Point of Regard.** Uppsala University, Department of Psychology, Sweden. 19 p. Sponsor: Trygg-Hansa Insurance Company, Sweden; Swedish Transport Research Delegation. Report No. 162. UMTRI-30513.
Machemehl, R.; Lee, C. E. 1974. **Dynamic Traffic Loading of Pavements. Final report.** Texas University, Center for Highway Research, Austin. 79 p. Sponsor: Texas Highway Department, Planning and Research Division, Austin. Report No. (TTI) 160-IF. UMTRI-34835.
O`Neill, J. F. 1974.**Multiplexing Takes the Measures of Crashes.** Data Control Systems, Inc., Danbury, Conn. 4 p. Instruments and Control Systems, Vol. 47, No. April 4, 1974, pp. 41-44. UMTRI-33005.
Ryder, M. O., Jr. 1974. **Development and Evaluation of Automobile Crash Sensors - Executive Summary.** Summary Final report. Calspan Corporation, Buffalo, NY. 33 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. CAL ZQ-5351-V-3/ DOT/HS 801 262. UMTRI-30722.

Teel, S. S.; Peirce, S. J.; Lutkefedder, N. W. 1974. **Automotive Recorder Research - Disc Recorder Pilot Project. Volume II: Results of Tests and Evaluations. Technical report.** National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Operating Systems Research, Washington, DC. 105 p. Report No. DOT/HS 801 156. UMTRI-29980.
Teel, S. S.; Peirce, S. J.; Lutkefedder, N. W. 1974.**Automotive Recorder Research - A Summary of Accident Data and Test Results.** National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. 57 p. International Conference on Occupant Protection. 3rd. Proceedings. SAE, New York, 1974. Pp. 14-70. Report No. SAE 740566. UMTRI-30029 A02.
Warner, C. Y.; Free, J. C.; Wilcox, B.; Friedman, D. 1974.**An Inexpensive Automobile Crash Recorder.** Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah/ Minicars, Inc., Goleta, CA. 9 p. International Conference on Occupant Protection. 3rd. Proceedings. SAE, New York, 1974. Pp. 71-79. Report No. SAE 740567. UMTRI-30029 A03.
Yurchevski, A. A., et al 1974.**[Recording of the Vehicle Trajectory During Tests.]** 3 p. July 7, 1974, pp. 21-23. UMTRI-52289.

**1973**

**Automotive Tape Recorder. Volume 3. Assembly, Inspection and Pre-Calibration. Final report.** Avco Corporation, Avco Systems Division, Wilmington, MA. 48 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. AVSD-0135-72-CR/ DOT/HS 800 807/ DOT/HS 800 954. UMTRI-27418.

Baker, R. C. 1973**. Automotive Tape Recorder. Volume 4. Installation, Maintenance and Removal. Final report.** Avco Corporation, Avco Systems Division, Wilmington, MA. 78 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. AVSD-0135-72-CR/ DOT/HS 800 808/ DOT/HS 800 955. UMTRI-27419.

Conlon, C. M., Jr. 1973.**Automotive Tape Recorder. Volume 1. Design and Preliminary Development. Final report.** Avco Corporation, Avco Systems Division, Wilmington, MA. 163 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. DOT/HS 800 677/ DOT/HS 800 952. UMTRI-19102.

Dunham, T. D.; Scheidt, D. C. 1973. **Automotive Disc Recorder Environmental Tests. Final report.** Southwest Research Institute, San Antonio, Tex. 110 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. 02-3701/ DOT/HS 801 015. UMTRI-28936.
Holmstrom, F. R.; Hopkins, J. B. 1973.**Microwave Crash Sensor for Automobiles.** Transportation Department, Washington, DC. Published by Patent Office, Washington, DC. 7 p. Report No. Patent 3,760,415. UMTRI-35566.

Kanaya, O.; Sakai, H.; Inokuchi, N. 1973**. A VTR System, Which Records On-the-Spot Accident Scenes.** Japan Automobile Research Institute, Inc., Ibaragi. 16 p. International Conference on the Biokinetics of Impacts. Proceedings. Organisme National de Securite Routiere, Laboratoire des Chocs, Lyon-Bron, May 25, 1973. Pp. 171-186. UMTRI-28048 A12.

LeFevre, D.; D'Auteuil, R. 1973.**Automotive Tape Recorders. Volume 5. Data Processing and Post-calibration. Final report.**Avco Corporation, Avco Systems Division, Wilmington, MA. 43 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. AVSD-0135-72-CR/ DOT/HS 800 809/ DOT/HS 800 956. UMTRI-27420.
Lutkefedder, N. W.; Teel, S. S. 1973.**Automotive Recorder Research and its Effects on Future Vehicle Safety.** National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. 21 p. Vehicle Safety Research Integration Symposium. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC., 1973. Pp. 353-373. UMTRI-29031 A20.

Merik, B.; Gittery, V. H. 1973.**A New Detection System for Automotive Headlamp Photometry**. General Electric Company, Cleveland, OH. 6 p. Illuminating Engineering Society Journal, Vol. 3, No. 1, Oct 1973, pp. 77-82. UMTRI-51455.

Moscarini, F. 1973. **The Italian Technical Presentation - Progress Report for the Experimental Institute for Motor Vehicles (ISAM). Effect of Vibrations by Air and by Solid Bodies on the Human Organism.** Alfa Romeo, Institute for Experiments on Automobiles and Motors, Milan, Italy. 5 p. International Technical Conference on Experimental Safety Vehicles. Fourth. Report. NHTSA, Washington, DC., 1973. Pp. 411-415. UMTRI-29313 A48.

Trenka, A. R. 1973.**Basic Research in Crashworthiness II - Comparison of Teledyne-Geotech Crash Recorder Data and Accelerometer Data. Interim technical report.** Calspan Corporation, Buffalo, NY. 111 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. CAL YB-2987-V-15/ DOT/HS 800 873. UMTRI-29610.

Teel, S. S.; Peirce, S. J.; Lutkefedder, N. W. 1973. **Automotive Recorder Research - Disc Recorder Pilot Project. Volume I: Fleet Status and Data System Procedures. Technical report.** National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Office of Operating Systems Research, Washington, DC. 69 p. Report No. DOT/HS 801 019. UMTRI-28935.

Trenka, A. R. 1973. **Basic Research in Crashworthiness II - Instrumentation and Data Handling Techniques. Interim technical report.** Calspan Corporation, Buffalo, N.Y. 217 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. CAL YB-2987-V-5/ DOT/HS 800 865. UMTRI-28071.

1973. **Automotive Tape Recorder. Volume 2. Development Test Report. Final report.** Avco Corporation, Avco Systems Division, Wilmington, MA. 167 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. AVSD-0135-72-CR/ DOT/HS 800 806/ DOT/HS 800 953. UMTRI-27724.

**1972**

Cheeseman, M.; Nelson, P. M. 1972.**A Data Logging System for the Measurement of Road Traffic Noise.** Transport and Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, England. 18 p. Report No. TRRL LR 479. UMTRI-19484.
Hackbarth, E. W. 1972.**Production Engineering of Automotive Triaxial Crash Recorder, Model 35500. Final report. T**eledyne Geotech, Garland, Tex. 46 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. TR 72-5/ DOT/HS 800 733. UMTRI-19864.
Hackbarth, E. W. 1972.**Production Engineering of Automotive Triaxial Crash Recorder, Model 35500. Final report**. Teledyne Geotech, Garland, Tex. 103 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. TR 72-5/ DOT/HS 800 732. UMTRI-19863.
Hudson, C. L. 1972.**Development of a Vehicle Mounted Crash Recorder. Final report.** EG&G, Inc., Santa Barbara Division, Goleta, CA. 65 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. S-564-R/ DOT/HS 800 664. UMTRI-17675.

Lundstrom, L. C. 1972.**Progress in Vehicle Safety (through electronics)** General Motors Corporation, Environmental Activities Staff, Milford, Mich. 21 p. UMTRI-28233.
Romeo, D. J. 1972. **Crash Test Evaluation of Crash Recorder and Inflatable Driver Restraint.** Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., Buffalo, NY. 53 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. CAL ZM-5207-K-1. UMTRI-27417.

Sewell, R. 1972. **A Data Acquisition System for Studies of Driver and Vehicle Performance Parameters in Real Traffic.**

**Conditions.** National Research Council, National Aeronautical Establishment, Ottawa, Canada. 16 p. Report No. LTR-ST.533. UMTRI-28425.

Shirk, B. I. 1972. **Maryland Takes a New Look at Highway Accident Reporting.** Maryland Department of Public Safety and Correctional Services, Data Center, Pikesville. 2 p. Police Chief, Vol. 39, No. 8, August 1972, pp. 28-29. UMTRI-50779.

**1971**

1971**. Recorder Aids Blood Alcohol Program.** Honeywell, Inc., Industrial Division, Fort Washington, PA. 4 p. Instrumentation, Vol. 24, No. 1, 1971, pp. 11-14. UMTRI-19295
Forbes, R. T. 1971.**A New F.M. Recording System.** Motor Industry Research Association, Lindley, England. 2 p. M.I.R.A. Bulletin, No. 2, April/June 1971, pp. 8-9. UMTRI-16714
Ohtake, K. 1971.**Development of a New Eye Mark Recorder.** NAC Inc., Engineering Section, Yokohama, Japan. 6 p. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers Seminar Proceedings, Vol. 22, 1971, pp. 83-88. UMTRI-27163.
Waszkewitz, B. 1971. **Der Fahrtschreiber als Hilfsmittel der Fahrerkontrolle; Driving Diagrams as a Means to Supervise Drivers.**4 p. Zeitschrift fuer Verkehrssicherheit, 17. Jahrgang 1971, II. Quartal, Heft 2, pp. 120-123. UMTRI-50388.

**1970**

Adams, J. E.; Collins, C. C. 1970.**Implanted Monitors. California University,** San Francisco, Medical Center, Division of Neurological Surgery/ Institute of Medical Sciences, San Francisco, CA. 16 p. Gurdjian, E. S., Lange, W. A., Patrick, L. M., Thomas, L. M., eds., comps., Impact Injury and Crash Protection, Charles C. Thomas, 1970, pp. 180-195. UMTRI-12268 A08.
Klasky, P. S. 1970.**Development of an Automotive Crash Recorder. Final report.** Teledyne Geotech, Garland, Tex. 121 p. Sponsor: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, Washington, DC. Report No. TR 70-37/ DOT/HS 800 547. UMTRI-16215.
Lamorlette, P. 1970.**Systeme de collecte digitale et traitement automatique de donnees de circulation par ruban perfore; Digital Collection and Automatic Processing of Traffic Data by Punched Tape System.** Societe E.V.R., Paris, France. 9 p. Trafic Maritime et Fluvial et Trafic Urbain, AFCET, Centre Universitaire Dauphine, Paris, 1970, pp. 3a.27-3a.35. UMTRI-15514 A01.

**1969**

1969. **Detector Locations; an ITE Informational Report.** Institute of Traffic Engineers, Washington, DC. 11 p. Traffic Engineering, February 1969, pp. 20-30. UMTRI-04580.

**1968**

1968. **Instrumented Car Aids in Research for Merging Control System.** 2 p. Texas Transportation Researcher, Vol. 4, No. 24, April 1968, pp. 3-4. UMTRI-09370.
Calkins, C. D. 1968.**Controlling Driver Physical Exams by Data Processing.** Pacific Motor Trucking Company, San Francisco, CA. 2 p. Commercial Car Journal, Vol. 116, No. 4, December 1968, pp. 90-91. UMTRI-07930.

Koller, H. D.; Spindler, A.M. 1969. **Messung von Lastkollektiven an Fahrzeugdieselmotoren, Evaluation of Lord Aggregates of Motor Vehicle Diesel engines.** 19 p. FISITA 1968. Congres Internationalel des Techniques de l`Automobile. 12th, Sociedad de Technicos de Automocion, 1968, 1-11. UMTRI-07854 A10.

Van Deusen, B. D. 1968. **Human Response to Vehicle Vibration.** Chrysler Corporation, Defense Engineering Department, MI.. 20 p. Report No. SAE 680090. UMTRI-04219.

**1967**

1967. **Test Facility Inventory Data Processing System - Procedure. W**yle Laboratories, Huntsville, Ala. 14 p. Sponsor: National Highway Safety Bureau, Washington, DC. Report No. Procedure No. 54600-1/ DOT/HS 800 068. UMTRI-07091.**New Control Center Modernizes Communications.** 2 p. Public Safety Systems, Nov-Dec 1967, pp. 16-17. UMTRI-05141.

Howard, D. W.; Winge, J. L. 1967.**An Automatically Programmed Quadruple Dynamometer for Vehicle Brake Testing.** Bendix Corporation, Bendix Products Automotive Division, South Bend, IN. 14 p. Report No. SAE 670144. UMTRI-05350.

Seddon, P. A. 1967.**A General-Purpose Data Acquisition System.** Sanford University, England. 4 p. Traffic Engineering and Control, Vol. 9, No. 7, November 1967, pp. 339-342. UMTRI-07726.

Vincent, R. A. 1967. **Traffic Survey Equipment for Measuring Journey Time and Stopped Time.** Road Research Laboratory, Crowthorne, England. 20 p. Report No. RRL LR65. UMTRI-03627.

**1966**

Blackmore, D. H. 1966. **Operation and Maintenance of the Fischer and Porter Punched-Tape Counter.** Road Research Laboratory, Harmondsworth, England. 32 p. Report No. RRL Report 9. UMTRI-01803.

Dockerty, A. 1966.**Instrumentation for Road Traffic Studies.** Birmingham University, Department of Transportation and Environmental Planning. 6 p. Roads and Road Construction, August. 1966, pp. 218-223. UMTRI-02854.

McCasland, W. R.; Drew, D. R.; Wattleworth, J. A. 1966.**Houston Freeway Surveillance and Control Project; 1966 progress report.** Texas Transportation Institute, College Station. 15 p. Research and Development of Traffic Systems; Program Review Meeting. Proceedings. Washington, DC., Bureau of Public Roads, 1966. Pp. 318-332. UMTRI-01505 A28.

Nossett, J. D.; Burlison, J. R. 1966. **Evaluation of a Device for Checking the Speed of a Moving Automotive vehicle.** Indiana State Police Department, Indianapolis, IN. 7 p. UMTRI-05260.

Tindall, J. I. 1966. **Methods of Measuring Variables Along a Highway.** New South Wales University, School of Traffic Engineering, Australia. 11 p. Australian Road Research, Vol. 2, No. 9, September 1966, pp. 3-14. UMTRI-02322.

Williston, R. M. 1966.**Manual for Coding Roadway Geometrics.** Connecticut State Highway Department, Bureau of Traffic. 27 p. Sponsor: Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, DC. UMTRI-02079.

**1965**

Barter, N. F. 1965.**The Handling and Stability of Motor Vehicles. Part 2: An Instrumentation System for Vehicle Lateral Stability Measurements.** Motor Industry Research Association, Lindley, England. 16 p. Report No. MIRA Report 1965/8. UMTRI-06241.
Gillespie, T. D. 1965. **Pavement Surface Characteristics and their Correlation with Skid Resistance.** Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Joint Road Friction Program. 100 p. Report No. Report No. 12. UMTRI-04228.

Stillman, I. L. 1965. **Accident Sensing and Surveillance system. Phase I. Final report.** Cornell Aeronautical Laboratory, Inc., Buffalo, NY. 68 p. Sponsor: Bureau of Public Roads, Washington, DC. Report No. CAL Report No. YB-1957-X-1. UMTRI-01047.
Gross, A. G. 1965.**Dynamic Force-Distance Data Recording--a Method.** Institute of Transportation and Traffic Engineering, Los Angeles, CA. 3 p. Severy, D. M., ed., Stapp Car Crash Conference. Seventh. Proceedings, Charles C. Thomas, Publisher, 1965, p. 174-176. UMTRI-00566 A14.

Petraitis, R. A. 1965. **Punched Card Traffic Accident Records System Used in Vermont.** 4 p. Traffic Engineering, Vol. 36, No. 3, December 1965, pp. 14-16, 60. UMTRI-22778.

**1964**

Greenshields, B. D.; Platt, F. N. (1964) **Objective Measurements of Driver Behavior: the Objective Evaluation of Traffic Stream Flow by B. D. Greenshields, Objective measurements of individual driver behavior by F. N. Platt.**University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Transportation Research Institute/ Ford Motor Company, Traffic Safety and Highway Improvement Department. 16 p. Report No. SAE 809A. UMTRI-01514.
Greenshields, B. D. 1964.**Method and Apparatus for Recording Road Appearance, Geometry and Surface Characteristics.** 14 p. UMTRI-01494.
1964.**California Driver Record Study. Part I; An Introduction and Methodological Description. 1964.** California State Department of Motor Vehicles, Division of Administration, Research and Statistics Section. 15 p. Report No. 20. UMTRI-00473.

**1963**

Alexander, A. L. 1963.**Vehicle Performance Recording. Some Notes on Instrumentation for Measuring the Brake Pressures, Deceleration, Wheel Motions, Vehicle Attitudes and Other Quantities.** Road Research Laboratory, Harmondsworth, England. 6 p. Automobile Engineer, December 1963, pp. 526-531. UMTRI-02045.

Dreaver, T. E. 1963. **Simple Apparatus for Accumulating Vehicle Operation Data.** Ford Motor Company, Dearborn, MI. 15 p. Report No. SAE 669c. UMTRI-01877.

Engels, H. R. 1963. **Investigations Into Directional Stability.** Daimler-Benz AG, Germany. 27 p. UMTRI-22005.

Howes, W. F. 1963. **Photogrammetric Analysis of Traffic Flow Characteristics on Multilane Highways.** Purdue University, Lafayette, IN. 147 p. Sponsor: Purdue and Indiana State Highway Commission Joint Highway Research Project, Lafayette, IN. UMTRI-00916.

**1962**

Auer, J. H., Jr. 1962**.** **A System for the Collection and Processing of Traffic Flow Data by Machine Methods.** General Railway Signal Company, Research Department, New York, NY. 11 p. Highway Research Board Bulletin, 324, 1962, pp. 85-95. UMTRI-06179 A04.

**1960**

Hopkins, R. C. 1960. **Standard Electronic Units Interconnect to Provide Flexible Digital Recording.** Bureau of Public Roads, Traffic Operations Division, Washington, DC. 6 p. Highway Research Board Bulletin, 261, 1960, pp. 44-49. UMTRI-08663 A04.

**1956**

Tutt, P. R.; Welty, W. R. 1956. **Highway Accident Analysis Through Use of IBM Punch Cards.** Texas Highway Department, Traffic Engineering Section, Austin. 10 p. Highway Research Board Bulletin, 142, 1956, pp. 29-38. UMTRI-06196 A04.

Vick, A., III 1956.**Virginia's Cooperative Accident Analysis System.** Virginia Department of Highways, Charlottesville. 12 p. Highway Research Board Bulletin, 142, 1956, pp. 39-50. UMTRI-06196 A05

**1953**

1953. **Road Supervision of Drivers.** American Trucking Associations, Inc., Committee on Driver Supervision and Training, Washington, DC. 26 p. UMTRI-05839
Research Sources:

National Highway Traffic Safety Administration

NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory

Office of Technology Assessment

National Transportation Safety Board

Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration

Federal Highway Administration

National Academies of Science Transportation Research Board

National Cooperative Highway Research Program

Society of Automotive Engineers

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers

Enhanced Safety Vehicle Conference

Docket Management System

American Trucking Associations - The Maintenance Council

State Initiatives

Universities & Colleges

Vehicle and aftermarket Manufacturers

Global Initiatives - Europe, Asia, Australia

Research Reports

Preliminary Evaluation of Advanced Air Bag Field Performance using Event Data Recorders
	by H. Clay Gabler (Virginia Tech), Craig P. Thor (Virginia Tech), and John Hinch (NHTSA), August 2008, DOT HS 811 01
	ABSTRACT: This report describes a preliminary evaluation of the field performance of occupant restraint systems designed with advanced air bag features including those specified in the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard No. 208 for advanced air bags, through the use of event data recorders. Although advanced restraint systems have been extensively tested in the laboratory, we are only beginning to understand the performance of these systems in the field. Because EDRs record many of the inputs to the advanced air bag control module, these devices can provide unique insights into the characteristics of field performance of air bags. This research program investigates the feasibility of using EDR data to evaluate advanced air bags. Specifically, this report discusses (1) the development of an expanded EDR dataset based on data retrieved from NASS/CDS 2005, SCI, and CIREN in-depth crash investigations, (2) the validation of the accuracy of EDRs in full-scale crash tests, and (3) the feasibility of using EDRs to monitor the performance of advanced air bag restraints in real-world crashes
	Final Report [PDF]

Analysis of Event Data Recorder Data for Vehicle Safety Improvement
	by Marco P. daSilva, Volpe National Transportation Systems Center (VRTC), Cambridge, MA., April 2008, DOT HS 810 935 Analysis of Event Data Recorder Data for Vehicle Safety Improvement
	ABSTRACT: The Volpe Center performed a comprehensive engineering analysis of Event Data Recorder (EDR) data supplied by NHTSA to assess its accuracy and usefulness in crash reconstruction and improvement of vehicle safety systems.  The Volpe Center gathered and analyzed 2,541 EDR files downloaded from the National Automotive Sampling System (NASS), Special Crash Investigations (SCI), and Crash Injury Research & Engineering Network (CIREN) databases supplied by NHTSA.  The analyses focused on EDR file format and potential improvements, assessment of crash types where EDR data exists, review of EDR data for accuracy and completeness, EDR data comparisons with existing crash data, review of pre-crash, crash, and post-crash data for usefulness in better understanding the crash reconstruction, identification of error sources, and determination of methods by which researchers could use the EDR data to improve their crash case information. The results of the engineering analysis show that EDR data can objectively report real-world crash data and therefore be a powerful investigative and research tool, by providing very useful information to crash reconstructionists and vehicle safety researchers.  Due to significant limitations however, EDR data should always be used in conjunction with other data sources.

Final Report [PDF]

National Cooperative Highway Research Program Research Project Statement, Project 17-24, FY 2002 Use of Event Data Recorder Technology for Roadside Crash Data Analysis
	ABSTRACT: An important function of the Transportation Research Board is the stimulation of research toward the solution of problems facing the transportation community. One of the techniques employed by technical committees in support of this function is the identification of problems, and the development and dissemination of research problem statements. The aim of this activity is to provide information to governmental agencies, research institutes, industry, the academic community and others in allocating scarce resources to the solution of transportation problems. There is a critical need to obtain accurate and reliable real-world crash data to improve vehicle and highway safety. The use of event data recorder information has the ability to profoundly affect roadside safety. EDRs are capable of capturing vehicle dynamics data, such as vehicle speed; lateral and longitudinal acceleration-time histories; principal direction of force on the vehicle; the status of braking, steering, seat belt usage, and air bag deployment; and other valuable crash information. This represents a new source of objective data for the highway and vehicle safety community because it will provide a real-world connection between controlled test results and actual field performance of vehicles and highway design features. EDRs have the potential to capture a large number of crash-related and other data elements for a wide range of users with different data needs. The data elements related to improving vehicle safety and driver performance are being used, but little has been done to apply the data elements to roadside safety analysis. Research can identify data elements relevant to roadside safety and improve methods to retrieve, store, and access these data.(Source: Transportation Research Board)

Project Statement
	Final Report

Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Press Release Announcing World's First Automotive Black Box Standard (9/28/04)

ABSTRACT: Driven by a lack of uniform scientific crash data needed to make vehicle and highway transportation safer and reduce fatalities, the IEEE has created IEEE 1616, the first universal standard for motor vehicle event data recorders (MVEDRs) much like those that monitor crashes on aircraft and trains.

Sponsor: IEEE Vehicular Technology/Land Transportation

Title: IEEE 1616: Standard for Motor Vehicle Event Data Recorders (MVEDRs)

Status: Approved Publication of IEEE, Published Date: Dec 10, 2004

Contact: For non technical questions, including pricing, availability and ordering, please contact IEEE Customer Service at 800-678-IEEE (in the U.S.and Canada); or 732-981-0060 (outside the U.S. and Canada); or send a detail email to customer- service@ieee.org. To purchase this standard, or for pricing and availability go to http://shop.ieee.org/ieeestore and type in the standard number.

History: PAR APP: Dec. 06, 2001, BD APP: Sept. 23, 2004

Project scope: Motor Vehicle Event Data Recorders (MVEDRs) collect, record, store and export data related to motor vehicle pre-defined events. This standard defines a protocol for MVEDR output data compatibility and export protocols of MVEDR data elements. This standard does not prescribe which specific data elements shall be recorded, or how the data are to be collected, recorded and stored. It is applicable to event data recorders for all types of motor vehicles licensed to operate on public roadways, whether offered as original or aftermarket equipment, whether stand-alone or integrated within the vehicle.

Project purpose: Many light-duty motor vehicles, and increasing numbers of heavy commercial vehicles, are equipped with some form of MVEDR. These systems, which are designed and produced by individual motor vehicle manufacturers and component suppliers, are diverse in function, and proprietary in nature. The continuing implementation of MVEDR systems provides an opportunity to voluntarily standardize data output and retrieval protocols to facilitate analysis and promote compatibility of MVEDR data. Adoption of the standard will therefore make MVEDR data more accessible and useful to end users.

Press Release FULL DOCUMENT

ITSC 2004 -- Automotive Black Box Panel - All Things Considered, 7th International IEEE Conference on Intelligent Transportation Systems, October 3-6, Washington, DC.

ABSTRACT: This presentation provides an overview of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Standards Association Motor Vehicle Event Data Recorder Standards Initiatives. It also provides insight on this emerging technology from the perspective of a panel of experts from government, industry and advocates.

Link: http://www.itsc2004.org/

Society of Automotive Engineers Standards

Document Number: J1698 - Vehicle Event Data Interface - Vehicular Output Data Definition (December 2003)

Scope: This recommended practice aims to establish a common format for displaying and presenting crash-related data recorded and stored within certain electronic components currently installed in many light-duty vehicles. This recommended practice pertains only to the post-download format of such data and is not intended to standardize the format of the data stored within any on-board storage unit, or to standardize the method of data recording, storing, or extraction. Historically, crash data recording technology in light-duty vehicles has developed and evolved based on differing technical needs of manufacturers and their customers without industry standards or government regulation. As a result, wide variations currently exist among vehicle manufacturers regarding the scope and extent of recorded data. For this reason, this recommended practice is not intended to standardize or mandate the recording of any specific data element or to specify a minimum data set. Rather, it is intended to be a compilation of data elements and parameters that various manufacturers are currently recording, as well as those elements reasonably predicted to be recorded in the foreseeable future, and to establish a common format for display and presentation of that data so recorded. This version of the recommended practice is limited in application to vehicular data recorded in single frontal-impact events. Provisions for multiple-impact events may be included in the next version. Side-impact and rollover events may be addressed at a later time.

Document Number: J1698/1 - Vehicle Event Data Interface Vehicular Output Data Definition

Scope: This document is part of the J1698 document family, and provides the definitions for event-related data items.

Document Number: J1698/2 - Vehicle Event Data Interface-Vehicular Data Extraction (May 2004)

Scope: This Recommended Practice is intended to define a common method for determining how to extract Event Data from a motor vehicle, including the Event Data Set needed to output the Event Record of data elements defined in SAE J 1698. It is intended for use by those developing tools for the purpose of Event Data Set extraction. This Recommended Practices aims to utilize existing industry standards to define a common physical interface and the protocols necessary to Event Data Set extraction. To accomplish this, the SAE J 1962 Diagnostics Connector has been designed the primary physical interface and associated industry standard diagnostic protocols have been designated for communications.

Link: http://www.sae.org

NHTSA Notice of Proposed Rulemaking - Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards - Event Data Recorders - Document NHTSA-2004-18029-2 06/14/04

ABSTRACT: This proposal addresses event data recorders that record safety information about motor vehicles involved in crashes. Manufacturers have been voluntarily installing EDRs as standard equipment in increasingly larger numbers of light vehicles in recent years. They are now being installed in the vast majority of new vehicles. The information collected by EDRs aids investigations of the causes of crashes and injuries, and makes it possible to better define and address safety problems. The information can be used to improve motor vehicle safety systems and standards. As the use and capabilities of EDRs increase, opportunities for additional safety benefits, especially with regard to emergency medical treatment, may become available. We are not presently proposing to require the installation of EDRs in any motor vehicles. We are proposing to (1) require that the EDRs voluntarily installed in light vehicles record a minimum set of specified data elements useful for crash investigations, analysis of the performance of safety equipment, e.g., advanced restraint systems, and automatic collision notification systems; (2) specify requirements for data format; (3) increase the survivability of the EDRs and their data by requiring that the EDRs function during and after the front, side and rear vehicle crash tests specified in several Federal motor vehicle safety standards; (4) require vehicle manufacturers to make publicly available information that would enable crash investigators to retrieve data from the EDR; and (5) require vehicle manufacturers to include a brief standardized statement in the owner's manual indicating that the vehicle is equipped with an EDR and describing the purposes of EDRs.

FULL DOCUMENT

NHTSA Request for Comments Regarding--Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards -- Event Data Recorders -- Document NHTSA-2002-13546-1 10/11/02
	ABSTRACT: Over the past several years, NHTSA has been actively involved with Event Data Recorders (EDRs) in motor vehicles. EDRs collect vehicle and occupant based crash information. The agency's involvement has included sponsoring two working groups, using data from EDRs in crash investigations, and conducting research and development. Particularly since the two working groups have completed their work, we request comments on what future role the agency should take related to the continued development and installation of EDRs in motor vehicles.
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EDRs - Summary of Findings - NHTSA EDR Working Group (8/01)

ABSTRACT: This report documents the findings of the Event Data Recorder (EDR) working group established by the NHTSA's Motor Vehicle Safety Research Advisory Committee. In 1997, the National Transportation Safety Board issued recommendations to pursue vehicle crash information-gathering using event data recorders. In early 1998, NHTSA's Office of Research and Development launched a new effort to form a working group comprised of industry, academia, and governmental organizations. The members of the working group participated in the forum to study the state-of-the-art of EDRs. Meetings were held on a regular basis, culminating in this EDR findings report.
	The following selected findings present the highlights of the report:

EDRs have the potential to greatly improve highway safety, for example, by improving occupant protection systems and improving the accuracy of crash reconstructions.

EDR technology has potential safety applications for all classes of motor vehicles.

A wide range of crash-related and other data elements have been identified which might usefully be captured by future EDR systems.

NHTSA has incorporated EDR data collection in its motor vehicle research databases.

Open access to EDR data (minus personal identifiers) will benefit researchers, crash investigators, and manufacturers in improving safety on the highways.

of EDRs in Europe and the U.S. have shown that driver and employee awareness of an onboard EDR reduces the number and severity of crashes.

Given the differing nature of cars, vans, SUVs, and other lightweight vehicles, compared to heavy trucks, school buses, and motor coaches, different EDR systems may be required to meet the needs of each vehicle class.

The degree of benefit from EDRs is directly related to the number of vehicles operating with an EDR and the current infrastructure's ability to use and assimilate this data.

Automatic crash notification (ACN) systems integrate the on-board crash sensing and EDR technology with other electronic systems, such as global positioning systems and cellular telephones, to provide early notification of the occurrence, nature, and location of a serious collision.

Most systems use proprietary technology and require the manufacturer to download and analyze the data.

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NHTSA Event Data Recorders Summary of Findings by the NHTSA EDR Working Group, Volume II: Supplemental Findings for Trucks, Motor coaches, and School Buses, May 2002 Final Report DOT HS 809 432

ABSTRACT: Event Data Recorders (EDRs) are devices that record information related to highway vehicle crash. EDRs could have a major impact on highway safety, assisting in real-world data collection, better defining the auto safety problem, aiding law enforcement in understanding the specific aspects of a crash. This report summarizes the activities and findings of the NHTSA sponsored Truck and Bus Event Data Recorder Working Group (T&B EDR WG).

The T&B EDR WG focused its findings in three areas: data elements, survivability of the EDR data, and discussion on when data should be collected. Twenty-eight data elements were highlighted for inclusion in EDRs. These were subdivided as follows: 13 Priority 1 elements, 13Priority 2 elements, and 2 optional elements. Based on input from the WG members, manufacturers should focus on collecting the Priority 1 data elements and include Priority 2 data elements only as sensors to measure these characteristics become more commonplace, or as technology develops that would make them more feasible for large vehicles.

The T&B EDR WG felt that technology was now sufficiently developed for the two optional data elements, but chose not to include them at this time. The T&B EDR WG assessed the need for EDR data survivability and event description. They found that typical highway-vehicle crash characteristics were different from other modes, such as airplanes and trains, and as such, found that a unique set of survivability requirements were needed.

Generally, the T&B EDR WG found that EDR data should be collected when a substantial crash occurs, and thus advised that triggering the EDR should occur when the vehicle’s deceleration exceeded 2-4 g. In the process of developing the data elements, survivability, and event description findings, the T&B EDR WG felt the need for some research effort in certain areas. These areas have been identified. In the current fleet of large vehicles, very few employ EDR technology. Summary findings include: 1) EDRs have the potential to greatly improve truck, motor coach, and school bus vehicle safety, 2) Many manufacturers of engines for use in large vehicles have included memory modules in the engine’s electronic control unit (ECU) that collect vehicle data, and 3) Manufacturers of aftermarket EDRs have had limited success in deploying EDR technology into large vehicle fleets.

FULL DOCUMENT:

Performance of Selected Event Data Recorders
	ABSTRACT: This report describes the findings of a study to compare the performance of selected event data recorders in recording the crash environment for severe impact conditions.

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Air Bag Crash Investigations (18th ESV paper)

ABSTRACT: The performance of occupant protection systems, especially air bags, is of high interest to NHTSA. Since 1972, NHTSA has operated a Special Crash Investigations (SCI) program, which provides the agency with the flexibility to acquire detailed engineering information quickly on high visibility traffic crashes of special interest. The SCI collects in-depth crash data on new and rapidly changing technologies in real world crashes. NHTSA uses the data collected in this program and others to evaluate rulemaking actions. The data are also used by the automotive industry and other organizations to evaluate the performance of motor vehicle occupant protection systems such as air bags. This paper presents information from NHTSA's SCI program concerning crash investigations on air bag equipped vehicles. The paper provides information on data collection and findings in the NHTSA-sponsored air bag crash investigations, updating and expanding findings from the 17th Enhanced Safety of Vehicles paper “Air Bag Crash Investigations” by Chidester and Roston [Ref. 3]. Topics include air bag-related fatalities as a whole and by certification status; physical characteristics of occupants fatally injured by a deploying air bag; and an overview of special case studies available on NHTSA’s Web site.

FULL DOCUMENT

Assessing the Safety Benefit of Automatic Collision Avoidance Systems (18th ESV Paper)

ASTRACT: Throughout the last decade a number of advanced system concepts for improving safety, efficiency, environmental compatibility and comfort of driving have emerged. One of these, Automatic Collision Avoidance Systems (ACAS) aims to help drivers avoid accidents by alerting them to a potential collision and initiating braking. This paper assesses the safety effects of ACAS by examining driver response during emergency braking situations.

FULL DOCUMENT

Change of Velocity and Crash Pulse Characteristics in Rear Impacts: Real-World Data and Vehicle Tests (18th ESV Paper)

ASTRACT: Impact severity in collisions that can cause soft-tissue neck injuries are most commonly specified in terms of change of velocity. However, it has been shown from real-world collisions that mean acceleration influences the risk of these injuries. For a given change of velocity this means an increased risk for shorter duration of the crash pulse. Furthermore, dummy response in crash tests has shown to vary depending on the duration of the crash pulse for a given change of velocity. The range of duration for change of velocities suggested for sled tests that evaluate the protection of the seat from soft-tissue neck injuries are still to be established. The aim of this study was to quantify the variation of duration of the crash pulse for vehicles impacted from the rear at change of velocities suggested in test methods that evaluate the protection from soft-tissue neck injuries. Crash pulses from the same vehicle models from different generations in real-world collisions producing a similar change of velocity were also analyzed. The results from the crash tests show that similar changes of velocity can be generated with various durations of crash pulses for a given change of velocity in rear impacts. The results from real-world collisions showed that a similar change of velocity was generated with various durations and shapes of crash pulses for the same vehicle model.

FULL DOCUMENT

Combining Crash Recorder and Paired Comparison Techniques: Injury Risk Functions in Frontal and Rear-End Impacts with Special Reference to Neck Injuries (18th ESV Paper)

ASTRACT:   Knowledge from real-world crashes is important in the design of a crashworthy road transportation system. Such design must be based on the human injury tolerance limits. Links between impact severity and injury outcome are important and could be used in order to achieve such tolerance limits. Traditionally impact severity has been calculated with retrospective reconstruction technique, although recently, injury risk functions have been presented where impact severity has been measured with crash pulse recorders. The aims of this paper were to present injury risk functions, with special reference to neck injuries, calculated with crash recorder and paired comparison technique, and to propose a way of combining the two methods. By combining comprehensive statistical material with in depth crash recorder information, injury risk functions for injuries to different body regions were established. Risk functions for AIS1 neck injuries both in frontal and rear-end impacts have also been established. It was found that the data from the crash pulse recorder generated risk functions could be used to validate and calibrate risk functions based on the matched-paired technique. Moreover, it was found that the shape of the injury risk curves differed significantly for injuries to different body regions. It was also found that the neck injury risk differed significantly for frontal and rear-end impacts. It is concluded, that adding new techniques to the existing techniques based on reconstruction can further refine generating risk functions. The injury risks found are important for the understanding of injury tolerance limits for injuries to different body regions, but also for the understanding of injury mechanisms for different injury types.

FULL DOCUMENT

Crash Pulse Modeling for Vehicle Safety Research (18th ESV Paper)

ASTRACT: Computer simulation, component testing, and sled tests often require the generation of suitable, derived acceleration time histories to define a collision event. These time histories have shape, amplitude, and duration characteristics. Suitable, derived acceleration time histories should be based on a particular vehicle’s response in a staged full-scale crash test. A staged crash test includes instrumentation in order to measure acceleration time histories, force time histories and other engineering parameters. Analytical techniques are developed to derive acceleration time histories at different collision severities based on the measured acceleration time history in a particular crash test.

FULL DOCUMENT

Continuously Predicting Crash Severity (18th ESV Paper)

ASTRACT: In this paper we describe a preliminary version of a frontal impact crash sensing algorithm capable of continuously predicting the severity of a crash in real time. This kind of algorithms could be used to control an air bag system with a variable output inflator, which supplies a variable amount of gas into the air bag on demand. The algorithm consists of two parts linked in series. The first part categorizes the class of an event. The second part predicts the severity of the crash using a function of the occupant free flight displacement and time. Linear regression and neural network analyses were performed separately to determine the coefficients for the severity function of each crash mode. The algorithm was implemented in Simulink and validated with test data. While both analyses achieved reasonably good correlation between the severity of each event and its corresponding severity function, the neural network analysis generally provided a better correlation.

FULL DOCUMENT

Estimating Crash Severity: Can Event Data Recorders Replace Accident Reconstruction? (18th ESV Paper)

ASTRACT: The primary description of crash severity in most crash databases is vehicle delta-v. Delta-v has been traditionally estimated through crash reconstruction techniques using computer codes, e.g. Crash3 and WinSmash. Unfortunately, delta-v is notoriously difficult to estimate in many types of collisions including sideswipes, collisions with narrow objects, angled side impacts, and rollovers. Indeed, approximately 50 percent of all delta-v estimates in the National Automotive Sampling System / Crashworthiness Data System (NASS/CDS) 2000 are reported as unknown. The event data recorders now being installed as standard equipment by several automakers, have the potential to provide an independent measurement of crash severity, which avoids many of the difficulties of crash reconstruction techniques. This paper evaluates the feasibility of replacing delta-v estimates from crash reconstruction with the delta-v computed from EDRs. The analysis is based on 225 NASS/CDS cases from 1999 - 2001, which have corresponding EDR data sets. The potential of extracting manual seat belt use from EDRs is also discussed and compared with the corresponding results from NASS/CDS gathered by crash investigators. Although EDRs are expected to greatly enhance the investigation of a crash, it should be noted however that current EDRs are not perfect. The paper discusses the limitations of current EDR technology and the need for enhancement of future event data recorders.

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Large-Truck Crash Causation Study in the United States (18th ESV Paper)

ASTRACT: The United States Department of Transportation has been conducting a major study on the causes of large-truck crashes. An unprecedented database containing highly detailed data (over 1,000 data elements) on 1,000 serious large-truck crashes is being created. When completed, it will be the most comprehensive database on large-truck crashes in existence. The database will be made widely available to researchers around the world. This paper will describe the many pieces of information in the database and the countless uses of the data. Specific examples will be discussed that illustrate the richness, depth, quality, and the variety of the data. The paper will also discuss the methods being used to capture and describe the contributing factors and the events that led up to each crash, as well as illustrate the added value of collecting data on-scene, immediately after the crash.

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IEEE-Standards Association Project 1616 Report: Summary of Swedish Research Using Crash Recorder Data (12-04-02)

ABSTRACT: During the ninth IEEE Project 1616 meeting conducted December 3-4 in McLean, VA, Dr. Robert Thompson and Helen Fagerlind, from the Chalmers University of Technology in Sweden, gave a presentation. This research shows that where the EDR is mounted in the vehicle is important as different mounting locations will produce different "crash signatures."

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Vetronix CDR Information

ABSTRACT: Vetronix manufactures and sells tools to download EDR data from many vehicles. To answer questions related to their tools and applications, this is being provided on the EDR Web site. The United States Government does not endorse products or manufacturers. See: www.vetronix.com

"Speed Racers": Study to Monitor Driver Behavior to Determine the Role of Speed in Crashes

ABSTRACT: The Georgia Institute of Technology's Drive Atlanta study, which began in the spring of 2000, got into full swing in early 2002 when technicians began installation of event data recorders and telecommunications equipment in the cars of 1,100 metro drivers randomly recruited by researchers. Researchers expect that equipment installation in participating vehicles will be completed by the summer of 2002. In exchange for their participation, drivers have been assured of the privacy of data collected from their vehicles, and given the benefits of a vehicle theft-tracking system and automated 911 notification in the event of a crash.
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A Report to Congress on Electronic Control Module Technology for Use in Recording Vehicle Parameters During a Crash.

ABSTRACT: In February 2002, the Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration submitted its Report to Congress on Electronic Control Module Technology for Use in Recording Vehicle Parameters During a Crash. The report responds to the FY2000 Senate Appropriations Committee request, Senate Report 106-55, dated May 27, 1999, that the agency work with interested parties to explore a standard of protocol for relevant operational data to be recorded on electronic control modules in trucks, and for access to that data. Among the findings are standards of protocol that should be considered for controlling access to the data. These include: (1) vehicle owner at any given time should own the collected data, and (2) the storage and retrieval of such data must protect the privacy rights of individuals in accordance with Federal and State laws.
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Advanced Air Bag Technology Assessment; JPL Publication 98-3; April 1998.

ABSTRACT: In 1997, NHTSA, under a joint agreement with NASA's Jet propulsion Laboratory and NHTSA, contracted with JPL to evaluate air bag performance, establish the technological potential for improved air bag systems, and identify key expertise and technology within NASA that can potentially contribute significantly to the improved effectiveness of air bags. In the final report on this project, JPL recommended (see number six) that NHTSA investigate event data recorders.

References:

Phen, R.L., et al. 1998. Advanced Air Bag Technology Assessment. Pasadena, Calif.: Jet Propulsion Laboratory.

Real World Experience with Event Data Recorders

ABSTRACT: The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration acquires detailed engineering information on new and rapidly changing technologies in real-world crashes utilizing the National Automotive Sampling System Crashworthiness Data System (NASS CDS), Special Crash Investigations (SCI) and Crash Injury Research and Engineering Network (CIREN) programs. The data are used by NHTSA, the automotive industry, and consumer groups to evaluate the performance of motor vehicles in crashes. Currently, the primary metric used to represent crash severity in NHTSA programs in the delta in velocity (delta-v). The principle source for the delta-v estimates in the NHTSA programs is a computer algorithm. The reconstruction computer program has a number of limitations. As a result, only about 38 percent of the NASS cases have reported DV. Beginning with its 1994 model year vehicles, General Motors began producing a fleet of vehicles that recorded the DV. With the assistance of GM, SCI began collecting the DV from these vehicles' Event Data Recorders (EDR) on crashes of special interest to the Agency. In early 2000, a commercially available tool to read the output from General Motors vehicles' event data recorders became publicly available. NHTSA has implemented 50 of these units into their field data collection. In 2000, NHTSA and Ford Motor Company initiated a collaborative effort to perform case-by-case evaluation of the real world performance of Ford's advanced occupant protection technologies. Particularly noteworthy is the technical analysis of the information relating to occupant status, severity assessment and deployment control in researching crashes with advanced occupant protection systems. NHTSA is expanding its databases to allow event data to be stored. For the 2000 data collection year, variables were added to NASS to identify if a vehicle is equipped with an on board recorder and, if data was downloaded. Additionally, an open-format field was provided for recording the data collected. Future enhancement will include the automation of all EDR output. This paper will present information from NHTSA's NASS and SCI data collection programs concerning crash investigations of vehicles equipped with event data recorders. The focus of the paper will be to provide information on specific findings from the event data recorder compared to the physical evidence and computer reconstruction models. (Source: Augustus Chidester; John Hinch; Thomas A. Roston; National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, United States of America; Paper Number 247)
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Real-World Experience with Event Data Recorders - Presentation

ABSTRACT: Event Data Recording Topics

EDR Working Group EDR Field Data Collection

Future EDR Programs at NHTSA

(Source: Augustus Chidester, John A. Hinch, National Highway Traffic Safety Administration)
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Lumina Civic Crash - A Case Study in Offset Frontal Collision

ABSTRACT: This PowerPoint presentation looks at a crash between a 1998 Chevy Lumina 4-door and a 1999 Honda Civic 2-door. It notes specific details of the accident, the drivers, their injuries, the vehicle statistics, the accident situation and dynamics, and the data from the accident recorders. Many photos of the crash site, the vehicles and the damage they sustained are included. A listing of injuries and their severity for each driver is also included. (Source: Source: Ford, Inova Fairfax Hospital CIREN Team)
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Recording Automotive Crash Event Data - Presentation No.5

ABSTRACT: This 32 slide PowerPoint presentation, presented at the National Transportation Safety Board Symposium on Recorders on May 5th, 1999, discusses the need for collecting real-world crash data in order to improve safety. Also noted are concerns of privacy, potential uses of crash data, a comparison of accident data collected by an EDR versus standard practices, and a look at the GM EDR system and its data collected, via an example. Finally, a MVSRAC objectives analysis is presented. (Source: NHTSA, May 5, 1999, National Transportation Safety Board Symposium on Recorders)
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Black Box Study Shows a Reduction in the Number of Accidents

ABSTRACT: The goal of the study (R-97-8) was to investigate whether if road safety could actually be increased by creating the possibility of confronting drivers when necessary with objective data about their own driving behavior being recorded by telematic monitoring devices mounted inside their vehicles. For this purpose, a study would monitor whether using this feedback mechanism would result in fewer and/or less severe road traffic accidents in actual everyday experience.
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Crash Pulse Recorders for Impact Severity and Injury Risk Assessments in Real-Life Frontal Impacts

ABSTRACT: The general objectives of this thesis were to study the importance of valid and reliable data from real-life collisions, especially the effects of inaccurate data on analyses of leg injury risks. Furthermore an objective was to develop and validate an on-board measurement device for acceleration measurements, to be used in reconstructions of primarily frontal impacts. The final objective was to conduct a large fleet field study to evaluate parameters influencing injury risks in real-life frontal car collisions. Neck injuries in frontal impacts, and frontal impacts with small partial overlap were examined more in depth. (Source: Kullgren, Anders; Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet)
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Utilizing Data from Automotive Event Data Recorders

ABSTRACT: In March of 2000, Vetronix Corporation unveiled a Crash Data Retrieval (CDR) system that allows users to download data from certain GM vehicles subjected to a crash event involving the deployment or near deployment of an air bag. The recording of crash event data is a by-product of the introduction of air bags and the need to measure or sense the severity of a crash by automobile manufacturers. GM has been using a sensing and diagnostic module (SDM) to measure crash severity since 1994 and started recording pre-crash data, such as vehicle speed, engine rpm, throttle position, and brake status with some 1999 model year vehicles. This paper reviews the evolution of automatic recoding devices in transportation, including the automatic EDR. The recording and retrieval of data in the GM and Vetronix system are examined with particular attention on using the data for accident reconstruction purposes. Twelve low-speed tests investigate the current threshold and sensitivity for recording data, while five case studies investigate the usefulness and limitations of the recorded data. (Source: Joe T. Correia, Ken A. Iliadis, Ed S. McCarron, Mario A. Smolej, Hastings, Boulding, Correia Consulting Engineers)
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The Use of Event Data Recorders in the Analysis of Real-World Crashes

ABSTRACT: Event data recorders are installed on many late-model cars and light trucks as an adjunct to air bag sensing and control systems. These devices offer tremendous potential to traffic safety researchers, affording access to a wealth of new data, enabling better understanding of on-road traffic safety issues, and providing opportunities for the development of new and effective countermeasures. The authors report on a series of test programs and pilot studies of collisions involving vehicles equipped with event data recorders. These include instrumented crash-tests which can be used to validate the quantitative results obtained from onboard recorders, and in-depth investigations of real world collisions where results obtained using standard reconstruction techniques can be compared to the electronic data relating to crash severity. Our current studies also include an evaluation of pre-crash factors involved in real-world situations, based on in-depth investigation techniques, detailed occupant interviews, and analysis of a variety of pre-crash data elements obtained from event data recorders in collision-involved vehicles. A lack of standardization as to the nature of the data recorded, the formats in which it is currently stored, the proprietary means by which data can be retrieved, and concerns relating to individual privacy, may provide substantial roadblocks to wide data accessibility. It is imperative therefore, that the traffic safety community considers the utility of these data systems at an early stage, and actively champions their further development and use if they are seen to be beneficial to the cause of furthering safe transportation. (Source: Alan German, Jean-Louis Comeau, Brian Monk, Road Safety and Motor Vehicle Regulation Directorate Transport Canada; Kevin J. McClafferty, Paul F. Tiessen, Multi-Disciplinary Accident Research Team University of Western Ontario; Joseph Chan, Transportation Centre University of Saskatchewan)
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Breed's Sensing Diagnostic Module (SDM)

ABSTRACT: Breed is a leader in the design, development, and manufacture of automotive safety systems and components. The company's core product divisions - Air bags inflators, seatbelts, steering wheels, and electronics - reflect its commitment to developing and producing world-class occupant safety systems. Breed's Sensing Diagnostic Module (SDM) is a single point electronic crash sensor with circuitry that implements the company's proprietary crash recognition algorithm.

FULL DOCUMENT

Delphi - Accident Data Recorder 2

ABSTRACT: This two-page product announcement/advertisement provides a general product description, additional key features statistics, and drawings with dimensions. (Source: Delphi Automotive Systems)
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ComCARE ACN System

ABSTRACT: Thousands of Americans die each year and far more suffer severe and lasting injuries because emergency responders do not know when an auto crash or medical incident has occurred. Precious minutes and lives are lost because emergency responders cannot automatically locate a wireless 911 caller or dispatch appropriate emergency care. New technologies exist that can save minutes and lives. Automatic Crash Notification (ACN) is the next major advancement in auto safety. Telecommunications, automotive, and location technologies are converging to quickly and automatically notify emergency responders as soon as a vehicle is in a serious collision. ACN systems use wireless telecommunication technologies to immediately alert a private emergency call center when a passenger presses the car's Mayday button or the car's air bag deploys. 
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Indy Race Cars Equipped with Crash Data Recorders to Improve Safety

ABSTRACT: Not many of us make our living driving an automobile 220+ miles per hour, for hours at a time, in a high-speed, high-stakes, high-risk racing competition. But for those of us who do, the issues of safety, protection, and survivability in the event of a crash or mishap are important ones. This year for the first time Indy race cars are being equipped with onboard crash recorders for use during time trials and actual races. The Instrumented Sensor Technology, Inc.(IST) model EDR-3 environmental data recorder was selected by the GM Motorsports Technology Group late last year for installation on all 1993 Indy cars. The recorders were widely used on most Indy cars for the first time during the Indianapolis 500 race in May 1993. They are now being used regularly in all subsequent Indy car races, including the recent Detroit Grand Prix at Belle Isle, Michigan. The recorder was originally designed for environmental measurement of packaging/handling shock, drop, and vibration.
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RAMTRON

ABSTRACT: In essence FRAM is a nonvolatile RAM. Ferro-electric random access memories (FRAM) are proprietary high-performance semiconductors that retain information even when power is lost. Many believe it is the ideal memory device for a multitude of applications. FRAM has the speed of DRAM and SRAM, and unlike those memories, it needs no battery power to store data. FRAM is nonvolatile like a ROM (read-only) technology. However, ROM- based technologies such as EEPROM and Flash are very slow to write, wear out after being written a small number of times, and use a large amount of power to write. FRAM writes faster, has higher endurance, and virtually never wears out.
	FULL DOCUMENT

Seat-Belt-Event Data Recorder, Click Inc., Southern Pines, NC

ABSTRACT: This is a slide from a presentation depicting a visual flow chart, of sorts, for the operation of the seat belt - event data recorder.
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NHTSA-99-5737 Denial of Petition - Marie Birnbaum

ABSTRACT: In this document, NHTSA denies a petition for rulemaking submitted by Marie E. Birnbaum, a private individual. The petitioner asked NHTSA to initiate rulemaking to require passenger cars and light trucks to be equipped with ''black boxes'' (data recorders) analogous to those found on commercial airliners. NHTSA agrees with the petitioner that the recording of crash data can provide information that is very valuable in understanding crashes, and which can be used in a variety of ways to improve motor vehicle safety. However, NHTSA is denying the petition because the motor vehicle industry is already voluntarily moving in the direction recommended by the petitioner. Further, NHTSA believes this area presents some issues that are, at least for the present time, best addressed in a non-regulatory context. (Source: National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, 49 CFR Part 571 Docket No. NHTSA-99-5737)
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NHTSA Denies Petition to Open Rulemaking on Crash Recorders

ABSTRACT: The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration denied a petition to open a rulemaking that would require air bag sensors to be designed so data from a crash is recorded and can be read by investigators. The agency said the auto industry is already moving in that direction. NHTSA also cited a test under way on automated collision notification that uses single-point crash sensors, a global positioning system receiver and a cellular telephone to facilitate emergency services dispatch. This document denies a petition for rulemaking submitted by Price T. Bingham, a private individual. The petitioner requested that the agency initiate rulemaking to require air bag sensors to be designed so that data is recorded during a crash and can be read by crash investigators. The agency agrees that the recording of crash data from air bag sensors, as well as other vehicle sensors, can provide information that is very valuable in understanding crashes. This information can then be used in a variety of ways to improve motor vehicle safety. The agency is denying the petition because the auto industry is already voluntarily moving in the direction recommended by the petitioner. Further, the agency believes this area presents some issues that are, at least for the present time, best addressed in a non -regulatory context. (Source: NHTSA, 49 CFR Part 571, Docket No. NHTSA 98-4672)
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EDRs by Mode of Transportation

ABSTRACT: This matrix demonstrates the recommendations and initiatives in four modes of transportation (aviation, marine, railway and highway) to require devices that will automatically record specified information. These devices have various names in each mode, but all are categorized as automatic information recording devices. The matrix is useful in tracing the evolution of the technologies. Devices in the highway mode are commonly called event data recorders. The National Transportation Safety Board includes these devices on its list of Most Wanted Transportation Safety Improvements. Currently action is needed by the Federal Highway Administration, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, the Federal Aviation Administration, the Federal Railroad Administration, various trucking associations, The United States Coast Guard, and the American Public Transit Association. (Source: J.T. Correia, E.S. McCarron, M.A. Smolejj, Hastings, Boulding, Correia Consulting Engineers)
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Appendix B: ITS Standards Documents

ABSTRACT: The following research was conducted in response to a request from the U.S. Department of Transportation's Joint Program Office that the National Research Council's Transportation Research Board undertake a review of JPO's Intelligent Transportation Systems Standards Program. This compendium includes one (1) section, Appendix B: ITS Standards Documents from the final report titled Standards for Intelligent Transportation Systems: A Review of the Federal Program. The entire report provides information that may be useful to researchers interested in understanding the standards development process, identifying critical standards, and detailing the existing standards. This research offers insight towards establishing standards for emerging event data recorder technologies. The entire report published by the National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2000 is available online at: http://nationalacademies.org/trb/publications/reports/its_standards_review.pdf (Source: The National Academy Press, Washington, DC)
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Model Minimum Uniform Crash Criteria

ABSTRACT: The purpose of MMUCC is to provide a minimum, standardized data set for describing crashes of motor vehicles that will generate the information necessary to improve highway safety within each state and nationally.

Format of the MMUCC Guideline: The MMUCC Guideline, 2nd Edition (2003) consists of five major sections. The first section is an introduction to the importance of crash data and the factors that are related to the development, implementation and update of MMUCC during the past five years. The second section summarizes the changes to the MMUCC Guideline, 1st Edition (1998). The third section presents the MMUCC data elements. The fourth section provides a glossary that defines the acronyms and MMUCC terminology used in the MMUCC Guideline. The fifth and final section presents appendices that include reference information useful for MMUCC training and implementation efforts.

Importance of Crash Data: A motor vehicle crash report includes information that describes characteristics of the events, vehicles, and persons (drivers, injured and uninjured occupants, injured pedestrians and bicyclists, etc.) involved in the crash. Law enforcement investigates the crash at the scene and documents the information on the crash report. By using evidence found at the scene, and by interviewing participants and witnesses, the investigating officer may answer such questions as:

“In what directions were the involved vehicles and pedestrians moving prior to impact?”

“What occurred at the time of impact?”

“What factors may have contributed to the crash?”

Data recorded on crash reports are computerized and merged into a central, electronic crash data file at the State level. These statewide motor vehicle crash databases provide the basic information necessary for developing effective highway and traffic safety programs. Data from state crash data systems are used by local, State and Federal agencies to:

Identify and prioritize highway and traffic safety problem areas;

Initiate and evaluate the effectiveness of laws and policies intended to reduce deaths, injuries, injury severity and costs; and,

Assess the relationship between vehicle and highway characteristics, crash propensity, and injury severity to support either the development of countermeasures or their evaluation.

At the Federal level, individual crash reports also provide the basis for national crash information systems, either as the sampling frame or as a source of data. Data from these national systems are utilized in highway safety decision making by agencies at all levels of government. By promoting MMUCC, the highway safety community is making an explicit statement that comparable data from all states is crucial to our ability to identify problems and make improvements. The MMUCC data elements, along with the state-specific data elements and the officer’s narratives and diagrams, provide critical highway safety information. Information technology is capable of capturing this data electronically, regardless of whether the data is in narrative, graphic or coded formats.

Automotive Black Box Data Recovery Systems

ABSTRACT: For years, airplane crash investigations have had the benefit of retrieving data from the flight-data recorder, or "black box." This data has proven invaluable for helping to determine what happened in the seconds before a crash. Now, in order to improve vehicle safety, General Motors is using similar technology in about 40 percent of its Model Year 1999 vehicles. This seven- page document provides background leading up to the current state-of-the-art from Vetronix Corp., information on how it is collected, and details thereof, figures showing data collected, a drawing of an EDR system, and availability of said system. (Source: Don Gilman, Vetronix Corp.)
	FULL DOCUMENT

SAMOVAR - Safety Assessment Monitoring On-Vehicle with Automatic Recording

ABSTRACT: SAMOVAR is a project within the DRIVE II program. It focuses on low-cost in-vehicle electronic systems for recording data related to vehicle and its communications to other systems and databases. A SAMOVAR system will comprise a central interface that integrates several sub-systems as needed by any vehicle or fleet operator. The complete system will include any of the following functions:

monitor and record vehicle system parameters monitor and guide a driver's performance or condition, warn a driver of unsafe vehicle, driving or environment, advise a driver of location, route, other information

detect and record details of an accident

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The Automated Collision Notification System

ABSTRACT: The NHTSA-sponsored Automated Collision Notification (ACN) Project was initiated in October 1995 to design, develop, test, and evaluate a system that can detect and characterize crashes and then automatically send a data message to the public safety answering point (PSAP). The system also opens a cellular telephone voice line between the PSAP and the vehicle occupants after the data message has been received. The system detects crashes in all directions and stores the acceleration time history experienced. The ACN system is able to determine the crash change in velocity, the principle direction of crash force, whether a rollover occurred and the potential for injury in the crash. The system also includes GPS equipment and provides PSAP dispatchers with a mapped location of the crash. The ACN system has been installed in 700 vehicles in Western New York and real-world crash data and time of EMS response is being collected and analyzed. Specific details of the system are included, and analyses of incidents discussed. (Source: Bruce R. Donnelly, David Schabel, Alan J. Blatt, Verdian Arthur Carter, NHTSA)

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Accidents and Near-Misses Analysis by Using Video Drive-Recorders in a Fleet Test - 17th ESV CD

ABSTRACT: The drive-recorder records automobile accidents and/or near-misses data. To realize the practical use of drive-recorders in automobiles, a fleet test was conducted on 202 cars and trucks in regular use on roads. Some of the tested drive-recorders were video drive-recorders (VDR) equipped with a video recording unit to obtain visual data on accidents and near-misses from the driver's viewpoint. This was the first time for VDRs to be included in a fleet test on drive-recorders. During the fleet test period a total of 30 actual accidents occurred and were recorded, enabling the significance of adding a video recording unit to drive-recorders for obtaining useful data for accident analysis to be examined. It was found that the data collected by VDR enabled traffic accidents to be analyzed chronologically and quantitatively. It was therefore concluded that VDRs are an effective means of analyzing accidents in greater detail.
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Proactive Use of Highway Recorded Data via an Event Data Recorder (EDR) to Achieve Nationwide Seat Belt Usage in the 90th Percentile by 2002

ABSTRACT: This 20 page document is a paper on the needs for improving safety in automobiles by increasing safety belt use, on the reasons behind using safety belts, on promoting emerging technologies to improve safety belt use.
	By combining simple technologies and incorporating these within the event data recorder program it would be feasible and possible to introduce a nationwide plan of implementation that can willfully increase seat belt usage and make our roads the safest in the world. It will be further argued in this paper that the EDR program and implementation plan could and should include positive incentives and reward the motorist and occupants for wearing safety belts while at the same time decreasing the annual costs of negligence to society.

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Real-World Perceptions of Emerging Event Data Recorder (EDR) Technologies - 17th Enhanced Safety Vehicles CD

ABSTRACT: This research focuses on what college-age motorists perceive to be the positive and negative aspects of implementing on board event data recorders in the highway mode of transport. The achievements and findings offer safety researchers insight as to which societal issues need to be addressed and overcome to assure successful implementation. A number of key issues ranging from perceived safety benefits versus fear of privacy invasion are included.

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Recording Automotive Crash Event Data

ABSTRACT: The National Transportation Safety Board has recommended that automobile manufacturers and the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration work cooperatively to gather information on automotive crashes using on-board collision sensing and recording devices. Since 1974, General Motors' air bag equipped production vehicles have recorded air bag status and crash severity data for impacts that caused a deployment. Many of these systems also recorded data during "near-deployment" events, i.e., impacts that are not severe enough to deploy the air bag(s). GM design engineers have used this information to improve the performance of air bag sensing systems and NHTSA researchers have used it to help understand the field performance of alternative air bag system designs. Beginning with the 1999 model year, the capability to record pre-crash vehicle speed, engine RPM, throttle position, and brake switch on/off status has been added to some GM vehicles. This paper discusses the evolution and contents of the current GM event data recording capability, how other researchers working to develop a safer highway transportation system might acquire and use the information, and the status of the NHTSA Motor Vehicle Safety Research Advisory Committee's Event Data Recorder Working Group effort to develop a uniform approach to recording such data. (Source: NHTSA)
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Reducing Highway Deaths and Disabilities with Automatic Wireless Transmission of Serious Injury Probability Ratings from Crash Recorders to Emergency Medical Services Providers

ABSTRACT: In 1997, NTSB made three particular recommendations that are helping to build an "Automatic Lifesaving System for a Safer America." The NTSB is to be commended for its recommendations on crash recorders (H-97-18 and H-97-21), for holding this symposium, and for its recommendation (H-96-13) to increase funding for motor vehicle safety efforts at the State level. To the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration:

H-97-18 "Develop and implement, in conjunction with the domestic and international automobile manufacturers, a plan to gather better information on crash pulses and other crash parameters in actual crashes, using current or augmented crash sensing and recording devices." [1]

To the Domestic and International Automobile Manufacturers:

H-97-21 "Develop and implement, in conjunction with the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, a plan to gather better information on crash pulses and other crash parameters in actual crashes, using current or augmented crash sensing and recording devices." [2]

To the Governors and legislative leaders of the 50 States and territories, and to the mayor and chairman of the Council of the District of Columbia:

H-96-13 "Emphasize the importance of transporting children in the back seat of passenger vehicles through educational materials disseminated by the State. Consider setting aside one-tenth of 1 percent from all motor vehicle insurance premiums for policies written to establish a highway safety fund to be used for this and other safety efforts. (Urgent)" [3]

The first two are on the NTSB's list of "Most Wanted Transportation Safety Improvements." The third recommendation, when fully implemented will generate about $100 million per year for State highway safety efforts. These funds can be used to organize a nationally compatible Automatic Lifesaving System in each State. This paper addresses the building of a national Automatic Life-Saving System based on these pioneering NTSB recommendations to realize the full potential of new technologies as soon as possible. The work described herein is the result of efforts of a multidisciplinary team of trauma surgeons, emergency physicians, crashworthiness engineers and statisticians. The team examined the safety potential of communicating crash recorder data via wireless telecommunications with automatic crash notification (ACN) technology to improve emergency transport and treatment of crash victims.

The research team developed software named "urgency" for automatic and instant conversion of crash recorder data into a crash severity rating that calculates the probability of the presence of serious injuries in any given crash. Urgency software version 1.0, now in the public domain, can improve triage, transport, and treatment decision-making for highway crash victims.
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Safety in Numbers - Safety Data Action Plan - 10/13/00

ABSTRACT: A BTS newsletter which addresses statistics in improving safety in the highways. (Source: Prepared by the Bureau of Transportation Statistics under the direction of the DOT Safety Council)
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The Contribution of On Board Recording Systems to Road Safety and Accident Analysis

ABSTRACT: This paper presents onboard computer systems (black boxes), that

contribute to road safety by helping to reduce the number of accidents

provide data for accident analysis based on field experiences in the U.S. and Europe with case studies.

There are several versions of onboard computers that record the performance of drivers and vehicles. Field experiences and case studies show that feed back of these records lead to a favorable modification of drivers' behavior. Further these objective and accurate recordings allow detailed reconstruction and analysis of accidents. Discussed are aspects of EDRs, case studies involving EDRs, and conclusions. (Dr. Gerhard Lehman, Mannesmann VDO AG and Tony Reynolds, VDO North America LLC)
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Transportation Recorders on Commercial Vehicles

ABSTRACT: Information has been sensed, recorded and off-loaded from commercial vehicles for almost 20 years, excluding the recording of speed by tachographs. The recording devices include trip recorders, engine controls, on-board computers, wireless communications equipment, radar collision warning devices and instrument clusters. The information is used to improve driver safety, help diagnose problems, improve the efficiency of logistics for the fleet, and reduce operating costs. This paper will provide a brief history of recorders on commercial vehicles, an overview of presently available products, examples of the information available, and a projection of future recording capabilities. (Source: Paul Menig and Cary Coverdill, Freightliner Corporation)
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Event Data Recorders - A New Resource for Traffic Safety Research

ABSTRACT: The use of on board electronic recorders in the aviation industry is well known. In the event of a crash, the recovery of in-flight recording systems is a priority for collision investigators, and the data obtained becomes an integral part of the crash reconstruction process. Less well known is the fact that event data recorders are present on most late-model cars and light trucks. These systems offer tremendous potential to traffic safety researchers, affording access to a wealth of new data, enabling better understanding of on-road traffic safety issues, and providing opportunities for the development of new and effective countermeasures. (Source: Alan German, Transport Canada)
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FHWA Tech Brief - Electronic Recorder Study - FHWA-MCRT-99-007

ABSTRACT: The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) petitioned the Federal Highway Administration in 1986 to initiate rulemaking to mandate the use of electronic recorders in all commercial motor vehicles required to maintain logbooks. The FHWA considered the request and a rulemaking was initiated the next year to allow the use of "automatic on board recording devices" instead of paper logbooks on a voluntary basis. In August 1995, several other organizations joined the IIHS to renew the petition for mandatory use of on board electronic recorders. The petition asserted that required use of ERs would improve CMV driver compliance with the FHWA hours-of- service regulations. This tech brief summarizes an FHWA research project initiated in response to this petition; the final report of the study is now available from the National Technical Information Service. (Contacts: Ron Knipling, HCS-30, (202)-366-2981; Neill Thomas, HCS-10, (202)-366-4009)

Note: The following research is dated (1970s) but useful in understanding an earlier attempt towards implementing automatic crash recording technologies in surface transportation.

Automobile Collision Data - An Assessment of Needs and Methods of Assessment, OTA - February 1975

ABSTRACT: At the request of the House Appropriations Committee, the Office of Technology Assessment, through contract OTA-C1l, engaged Economics & Science Planning, Inc. in 1975, to undertake a study of the need for and means to assemble detailed data on actual automobile collisions so as to develop realistic automobile design standards. The study examined the desirability, utility, design and cost of crash recorders and of the alternative approaches to gathering collision data, including computer crash simulation, controlled laboratory crashes and their correlation with observed vehicle deformations, and methods to improve the accuracy of accident crash files. Specific data collection programs previously proposed to Congress by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration were studied and evaluated. This report contains the result of this effort. Several of the findings have relevance to current event data recorder initiatives.
	FULL DOCUMENT:     Part 1     File: 618KB        Part 2    File: 2.4MB
Vehicle Database: Event Data Recorder Reports

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