T hi s or derand j udgm enti s notbi ndi ng pr ece dentexce ptundert he * doctr i nes of l aw of the ca s e, r es j udi cat a and c ol l at er al es t oppel . I tm aybe ci t ed, how ever , fori t s per s uas i ve val ue cons i s t entw i th Fed. R . A pp. P. 32. 1 ( eff. D ec. 1 , 2 0 0 6 ) an d 1 0 th C ir . R . 3 2 . 1 (eff. Jan . 1 , 2 0 0 7 ).

T he H onor abl e A r t hurL . A l ar cón, Seni orC i r cui tJ udge, U ni t ed ** St at es C our tof A ppeal s , N i nt h C i r cui t , s i t t i ng bydes i gnat i on. 

## F I LED United States C ourt of Appeals Tenth Circuit 

### Jan u ary30,2007 Elisab eth A. Shumaker C l erk of C ourt 

### UNI TED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

T E N T H C IRC U IT

M ADI NA B UHE NDWA, P lain tiff-A p p e llan t, v. UNI VE RS I T Y OF CO L OR ADO AT BOULDER, D efe ndant - A ppel l ee. N o. 05- 1526 ( D . C ol or ado) ( D . C. N o. CI V - 03 - CV - 48 5- RE B- O ES)



### ORD ERAN D J UDG M EN T * B efor e KELLY , AL AR CÓ N , and L U C E R O , C i rcui tJudg es. **

M adi na B uhendw a appe al s fr om t he or derdi s m i s s i ng hercl ai m s of di s cr i m i nat i on, as s ert ed underSect i on 504 of the R ehabi l i t at i on A ctof 1973, 29 U . S. C . § 791 ets eq . ( “R ehabi l i t at i on A ct ”) , and Ti t l e V I of the C i vi l R i ght s A ct of 1964 ( “Ti t l e V I ”) agai ns tt he U ni ver s i tyof C ol or ado atB oul der( the- 2-

“U ni ver s i t y ”) . She cont ends t hatthe D i s tr i ctC our terr ed i n concl udi ng that( 1) she i s not di sabl ed u nd er the R ehab i l i t at i on A ctand w as not di scr i m i nated against so lelyo n th e b a sis o f

h e r d isa b ili ty ; an d (2 ) sh e w a s n o t su bjec ted to d is c ri m in a tio n o r d e n ie d b e n e fits p ro v id e d u n d e r T itle V I b e c a u s e o f h e r r a c e . W e affi r m beca us e w e conc l ude thats he has fai l ed t o demonstr at e thats he w as s ubj ect ed t o di s cr i m i nat i on bas ed s ol el yon heral l eged di s abi l i tyorthats he w as deni ed bene fi t s underT i t l e V I beca us e of he rr ace . I A tt he ti m e of the even t s gi ving ri se t o thi s l aw sui t , M s. B uh end w a w as a s tudentatt he U ni ver s i t yof C ol or ado atB oul der . She i s a nat i ve of the nat i on of Z ai r e and of

A fr i can e t hni ci t y , buti s now a l aw ful perm anentr es i dentof the U ni t ed St at es . H ernat i ve l anguage i s Sw ahi l i . She al s o s peaks M as hi , L i ngal a, Fr ench, and Engl i s h. M s . B uhendw a bega n t aki ng cl as s es att he U ni ver s i tyi n t he e a rly1 9 9 0 s. S h e e v e n tu a llyp u rsu e d p re -m e d ica l sc h o o l stu d ies w ith a trip le m aj o ri n k i n e s i o l o g y, c l a s s i c s , a n d p s yc h o l o g y. D ur i ng heraca demi c ca r eer , M s . B uhendw a att empt ed t o pas s cal cul us fi ve s epar at e t i m es . H erfi r s tfourat t empt s r es ul t ed i n cour s e w i thdr aw al ora fa i l i ng g ra d e . A In the spri ng sem est er of 20 01 , M s. B uh end w a enrol l ed in a cal culus cl ass t aug ht byP rofessorS t anis l aw S w i erczkow ski . W hil e enrol l ed in this cl ass, M s.- 3-

B uhendw a vi s i t ed the StudentA cade m i c Servi ces C ent er . She m etw i th D ani el W est , t he U niver si t y ’s E ng l i sh as a Se con d L ang uag e P rogram C oo rdi nator . M s. Bu h e n d wa c o mp l a i n e d t o M r . We s tth a ts h e e x p e r i e n c e d t e s t - t a k i n g a n x i e ty . At herr eques t , M r . W es taddr es s ed a l et t ert o Pr ofes s orN oel L ens ki . I tr eads as fo llo w s: M adi na B uhendw a r ece nt l yvi s i t ed the Student

A c a d e m ic S e rv ice s C e n ter (S A S C ) fo r h e lp w ith c e rta in aca demi c i s s ues , one bei ng t es tanxi ety . U pon y our a p p ro v a l th is le tter p ro v id e s s u p p o rt fo r M a d in a to r ece i ve addi t i onal t i m e fory ourcour s e exa m s . T hr ough dis cussi on w i t h M adina, she descri bes a co m m on t est anxi etyfors tudent ’ s [s i c] w hos e nat i ve l anguage i s not E ngl i s h. H ers econd l anguage pr ofi ci encydoes not al l ow hert o pr oces s r eadi ng and w r i t i ng i n E ngl i s h as e ffic ie n tly a s n a tiv e E n g lis h la n g u a g e s p e a k e rs . E xt ended t es t i ng t i m e ca n i m pr ove M adi na’ s exam perform ance o n a m ore equ al l evel w i th n at i ve E ng l i sh speake rs . Pl eas e not e thatt es tanxi etyi s nota r ecogni zed di s or der w i t hi n t he A D A . N onethel es s , i ti s a l egi t i m at e l earni ng chall eng e for cou ntl ess s tud ents on the B ou l der cam pu s, and for tho se w ho are non -nat i ve spea kers of E ng l i sh t hi s chal l enge i s exponent i al . U nfor tunat el y , budget c o n stra in ts p re v e n t th e S A S C f ro m o ffe rin g a ss ista n c e in t hi s ar ea be y ond hel pi ng s tudent s i dent i fythe pr obl em an d su p p o rt ing str ateg ies fo r he lp. A s M ad ina’s pr ofes s or , y ou coul d pr ovi de as s i s t ance w i thi n the t es t i ng envi r onm ent . A ddi t i onal t i m e and, w hen pos s i bl e, al t ernat i ve t es t i ng s pace have pr oved hel pful forot hers tudent s w i th s i m i l ardi ffi cul t i es . I f y ou el ect t o pr ovi de M adi na addi t i onal t i m e, w e s ugges t30 addi t i onal m i nut es foran hourexam and 45 addi t i onal mi n u t e s fo ra 7 5 mi n u t e e x a m.- 4-

B efor e the D i s t r i ctC our t , t he U ni ver s i tynot ed thatM r . W es t ’ s l et t erw as a d d re ss e d to P ro fe ss o r L e n sk i, no t P ro fe ss o r S w ier c z k o w sk i, an d a rg u e d th a t it w a s u n a u th e n tica ted . H o w e v e r, b e fo re th is C o u rt, th e U n iv e rsityd o e s n o t d isp u te th a t P ro fe s s o r S w ie rc z k o w s k i h a d k n o w le d g e o f M r. W e s t’ s s u g g e s tio n . D ur i ng t he s emest eri n w hi ch s he w as enr ol l ed i n Pr ofes s or Sw i er czkow s ki ’ s cl as s , M s . B uhendw a di d notcons ul tthe U ni ver s i ty ’ s O ffi ce of D i s abi l i t ySer vi ces t o s eek a det erm i nat i on on w hethers he w as di s abl ed. T hat offi ce e val uat es s tudentdi s abi l i t i es and r eques t s foracc om m odat i ons underthe R e h a b ilita tio n A c t a n d th e A m e ri c a n s w ith D is a b iliti e s A c t o f 1 9 9 0 , 4 2 U .S .C . § 12101 ets eq . A l t hough M s . B uhendw a cl ai m s thats he i nj ur ed herback a nd t ook pain m edicat i on s w hil e she w as a m em ber of P rofessorS w i erczkow ski ’s cl ass, s he t es t i fi ed i n herdepos i t i on t hats he di d noti nform Pr ofes s orSw i er czkow s ki of th e s ym p to m s c a u s e d b yta k in g h e r m e d ic a tio n . S tu d e n ts in P ro fe ss o r S w ier c z k o w sk i’s c a lcu lu s c o u rse w e re re q u ire d to t ake fourexami nat i ons . Pur s uantt o M r . W es t ’ s s ugges t i on, Pr ofes s or S w i erczkow ski agreed to grantM s. B uh end w a add i t i on al t i m e t o co m plet e t hese e x a m in a tio n s . M s . B uhendw a fe l l as l eep be for e compl et i ng herfi nal exami nat i on. W hen Pr ofes s orSw i er czkow s ki di s cover ed thats he w as as l eep, he dec l i ned t o al l ow her extr a t i m e t o compl et e the exa m i nat i on. She r ece i ved a 58. 5% on the fi nal e x a m in a tio n .- 5- B Pr ofes s orSw i er czkow s ki ’ s cour s e al s o i ncl uded t en qui zze s . I n her depos i t i on, M s . B uhendw a t es t i fi ed thats he had i nform ed Pr ofes s or S w ier c z k o w sk i th a t th ro u g h o u t th e se m e ste r sh e w o u ld h a v e to m iss so m e o f h is qui zze s beca us e s he w oul d “nee d t o be atw or k. ” She furthert es t i fi ed that Pr ofes s orSw i er czkow s ki or i gi nal l yagr eed t o i gnor e herm i s s ed qui zze s w hen cal cul at i ng herfi nal gr ade. A ft ers he fe l l as l eep dur i ng the fi nal exami nat i on, how ever , he cha nged hi s m i nd and gave hera ze r o s cor e on ea ch of he rm i s s ed q u izz e s. M s. B u h e n d w a a lleg e s in h e r a ffid a v it th a t,

[ u ] p u n t i l t h e t i me I fe l l a s l e e p d u r i n g t h e fi n a l e x a m, Pr ofes s orSw i er czkow s ki had bee n abi di ng byour agr eementand ca l cul at i ng m y[qui z] gr ade on the w or k I per form ed. A ft erI fel l as l eep dur i ng the fi nal exam, he uni l at er al l yand arbi tr ar i l ychange d the met hod he us ed t o cal cul at e mygr ade a nd i ns t ead c al cul at ed mygr ade b a s e d u p o n th e to ta l n u m b e r o f q u iz z e s g iv e n . M s . B uhendw a t es t i fi ed i n herdepos i t i on thats he hea r d Pr ofes s or S w ier c z k o w sk i tell a n u n n a m e d b lo n d stu d e n t th a t sh e c o u ld tak e a q u iz in h is o ffice , an d sh e sa w a n o th e r u n n a m e d b lo n d stu d e n t tak in g a n e x a m in a tio n o r q u iz i n hi s offi ce. She al s o t es t i fi ed thats he hea r d Pr ofes s orSw i er czkow s ki t el l one of thes e bl ond s tudent s t hathe w oul d cal cul at e hergr ade w i thoutcons i der i ng t he fa c t th a t s h e m is s e d a q u iz . D es pi t e the fa ctt hatM s . B uhendw a neve rs cor ed hi ghert han 65% on any of herexami nat i ons and mi s s ed more t han hal f the qui zze s , Pr ofes s or- 6-

S w ier c z k o w sk i g a v e h e r a p a ss in g g ra d e o f “ C -.” M s. B u h e n d w a h a d a n o v e ra ll gr ade poi ntaver age ( “G PA ”) of 1. 98 atthe end of the s pr i ng s emest er . She as s er t s i n herbr i ef thatbeca us e s he di d notm ai nt ai n a 2. 0 orgr eat erG PA , s he w a s d e n ie d fin a n c ia l a id fo r t h e fa ll s e m e s te r. II T h is C o u rt re v iew s a g ra n t o f su m m a ryju d g m e n t de novo. McG ui nnes s v. Uni vers i t

y of New Mexi co Schoolof Medi ci ne , 1 7 0 F . 3 d 9 7 4 , 9 7 7 (10 th C ir . 1 9 9 8 ). S u m m a ryju d g m e n t is a p p ro p ria te w h e n th e re is “ n o g e n u in e iss u e a s to anym at er i al fac tand [] t he movi ng par tyi s ent i t l ed t o a j udgm entas a mat t erof l aw . ” F ed. R . C i v. P . 56 (c) . “T here i s no g enu i ne is sue of m at eri al factun l ess th e e v id e n c e , co n stru e d in th e lig h t m o st fa v o ra b le to th e n o n -m o v in g p a rty , is s uch thata r eas onabl e j ur ycoul d r eturn a ver di ctfort he non- m ovi ng par ty . ” B ones v. Honeywel lInt ’ l, Inc. , 3 6 6 F . 3 d 8 6 9 , 8 7 5 (10 th C ir . 2 0 0 4 ). T o es t abl i s h a genui ne i s s ue of mat er i al fac t , a pl ai nt i ff must“go bey ond th e p lea d in g s a n d d e sig n a te s p e c ific fa c ts s o a s to m a k e a sh o w in g su fficie n t to es t abl i s h t he exi s t ence of an e l ementes s ent i al t o thatparty ’ s cas e[. ] ” Seal ock v . C ol or ado , 218 F. 3d 1205, 1209 ( 10th C i r . 2000) . “U ns ubs t ant i at ed al l egat i ons carr yno pr obat i ve w ei ghti n s um m aryj udgm entpr ocee di ngs . ” Sel f v. C r um , 439 F. 3d 1227, 1230 ( 10t h C i r . 2006) ( i nt ernal quot at i on m arks om i t t ed) ( quot i ng P hi l l i ps v. C alhoun , 9 5 6 F . 2 d 9 4 9 , 9 5 1 n . 3 (10 th C ir . 1 9 9 2 )). III- 7- A M s . B uhendw a ar gues t hatt he D i s tr i ctC our terr ed w hen i tgr ant ed s u m m a ry ju d g m e n t in fa v o r o f th e U n iv e rs ity o n h e r R e h a b ilita tio n A c t c la im . She cont ends t hatt he D i s t r i ctC our terr ed i n concl udi ng thathert es t - t aki ng anx i et ydid not quali fyas a di sabi l i tyand t hat s he w as not di scr i m i nated against bas ed on heral l eged di s abi l i t y . W e not e, how ever , t hatt he D i s tr i ctC our tm ade no rul i ng r egar di ng w hetherM s . B uhendw a i s di s abl ed undert he R ehabi l i t at i on A ct . T he D i s t r i ctC our ts t at ed i n the adopt ed R eportand R ecomm endat i on that “[f] orpurpos es of the M ot i on forSum m aryJ udgm ent , t he U ni ver s i tydoes not di s put e thatpl ai nt i ff i s di s abl ed[. ] ” W e nee d notdet erm i ne i n thi s appea l w hether t es t - t aki ng anxi etyi s a ment al orphy s i cal i m pai r m entbeca us e M s . B uhendw a has conce ded thats he w as notal l ow ed addi t i onal t i m e t o compl et e herfi nal e x a m in a tio n b e c a u s e s h e fe ll a s le e p d u ri n g th e tim e a llo tte d fo r t h e e x a m in a tio n . T o est abli sh a cau se of acti on un der the R ehab i l i t at i on A ct , a plai nti ff m ust s how “( 1) t hathe [ors he] i s a handi cappe d i ndi vi dual undert he A ct , ( 2) t hathe [ors he] i s ot herw i s e qual i fi ed fort he [be nefi t ] s ought , ( 3) t hathe [ors he] w as [di s cr i m i nat ed aga i ns t ] s ol el ybyr eas on of hi s [orher ] handi cap, and ( 4) t hatt he pr ogr am or a ct i vi t yi n ques t i on r ece i ves fede r al fi nanci al as s i s t ance . ” Johns on by Johns on v. Thomps on , 971 F. 2d 1487, 1492 ( 10th C i r . 1992) ( i nt ernal quot at i on m arks om i t t ed) ( al t er at i ons added a nd i n or i gi nal ) . M s . B uhendw a bas es her- 8-

R e h a b i l i t a t i o n A c tc l a i m a g a i n s tth e U n i v e r s i ty a s a s tu d e n ta tth e U n i v e r s i ty, w hi ch r ece i ves fede r al fundi ng. M s . B uhendw a foc us es m uch of he rar gum enton the fi r s tel ementof her cl ai m , r egar di ng w hethers he i s “a ha ndi cappe d i ndi vi dual undert he A ct . ” H ow ever , M s . B uhendw a has fai l ed t o demonstr at e thats he w as di s cr i m i nat ed agai ns ts ol el ybyr eas on of heral l eged ha ndi cap – the thi r d es s ent i al el ementof h e r c la im . M s . B uhendw a t es t i fi ed i n herdepos i t i on thatPr ofes s orSw i er czkow s ki gr ant ed herextr a t i m e t o compl et e al l of herexami nat i ons , exce ptfort he fi nal exami nat i on. She t es t i fi ed thathe di d notal l ow herextr a t i m e on the fi nal exami nat i on beca us e he di s cover ed thats he had fal l en as l eep. T he al l eged di s cr i m i nat i on s he expe r i ence d w as notbas ed on l anguage - i nduced t es t - t aki ng anxi ety , butw as i ns t ead c aus ed byt he fa ctt hats he fe l l as l eep dur i ng the e x a m in a tio n . T h u s , s u m m a ry ju d g m e n t w a s a p p ro p ri a te o n th is c la im . B M s. B uh end w a al so chall eng es the d i sm i ssal of h er Tit l e V I cl ai m against t he U ni ver s i t y . She as s ert s t hats he es t abl i s hed a p rim a fa c ie cas e of d i s c r i m i n a t i o n b y s h o w i n g t h a tt w o “ b l o n d ” s tu d e n t s w e r e g i v e n a n o p p o r tu n i t y, notaffor ded t o her , t o t ake qui zze s and exa m i nat i ons i n Pr ofes s or Sw i er czkow s ki ’ s offi ce, and thatone of the s tudent s w as t ol d byPr ofes s or S w ie rc z k o w s k i th a t, in c a lc u la tin g h e r g ra d e , h e w o u ld ig n o re h e r m is s e d q u iz z e s .- 9-

T i t l e V I of the C i vi l R i ght s A ctof 1964 pr ovi des , i n per t i nentpart“thatno per s on s hal l , ‘ on t he gr ound of r ace , col or , ornat i onal or i gi n, be exc l uded fr om par t i ci pat i on i n, be deni ed the bene fi t s of, orbe s ubj ect ed t o di s cr i m i nat i on under anypr ogr am or a ct i vi t y ’ cover ed byT i t l e V I . ” A l exande rv. Sandoval , 53 2 U. S. 275, 278 ( 2001) . “[P] r i vat e i ndi vi dual s m ays ue t o enfor ce § 601 of T i t l e V I and obt ai n bot h i nj unct i ve r el i ef a nd damages . ” Id. a t 2 7 9 . A T itl e V I c laim is a n a ly z e d u sin g th e b u rd e n -sh if tin g a n a ly sis o u tli n e d in Texas D ep’ tof

C om m uni t

y Af f ai rs v. B ur di ne , 4 5 0 U .S . 2 4 8 , 2 5 2 -5 3 (1 9 8 1 ). B r y a n tv . In d e

p . Sc h . Dis t . No . I- 3 8 o f Ga r v i n Co u n t

y , OK , 334 F. 3d 928, 929- 30 (1 0 th C ir . 2 0 0 3 ).

Fi r s t , t he pl ai nt i ff ha s the bur den of pr ovi ng bythe pr eponder ance of the evi dence a pr i m a fa ci e ca s e of d isc rim in a tio n . S e c o n d , if th e p lain tiff su c c e e d s in pr ovi ng t he pr i m a fa ci e ca s e, the bur den s hi ft s t o the defe ndantt o ar t i cul at e s om e l egi t i m at e, nondi s cr i m i nat or yr eas on for[the di s char ge] . T hi r d, shou l d the defen dan tcarrythis bu rden, the p l ai nti ff m ust t hen have an oppor tuni tyt o pr ove bya pr eponder ance of t he evi dence t hatt he l egi t i m at e r eas ons offe r ed bythe defe ndantw er e noti t s true r eas ons , butw er e a pr et ext fordi s cr i m i nat i on. . . . T he ul t i m at e bur den of per s uadi ng t he tr i erof fa ctthatthe defendant i nt ent i onal l ydi s cr i m i nat ed aga i ns tthe pl ai nt i ff r emai ns atal l t i m es w i t h t he pl ai nt i ff. Id. at930 ( quot i ng B ur di ne , 4 5 0 U . S . at 25 2 -53 ). I n t he cont extof empl oym entdi s cr i m i nat i on cas es , a p rim a fa c ie cl ai m of dis parat e t reatm ent i s est abli shed w hen a plai nti ff sho w s: (1) that he or she i s a- 10-

m emberof a pr ot ect ed cl as s ; ( 2) thathe ors he w as di s ci pl i ned; and ( 3) that s i m i l ar l ys i tuat ed compar at or s w er e tr eat ed di ffe r ent l yforthe s ame ors i m i l ar c o n d u c t. MacKenz i e v. C i t y & C ount

y of D enve r , 4 1 4 F . 3 d 1 2 6 6 , 1 2 7 7 (10 th C ir . 2 0 0 5 ). “I n d iv id u a ls a re c o n sid e re d ‘sim ilarly -situ a ted ’ w h e n th e y(1 ) h a v e d e a lt w i t h t he s ame supe r vi s or ; ( 2) w er e s ubj ect ed t o the s ame w or k s t andar ds ; and ( 3) had enga ged i n t he s ame conductw i thouts uch di ffe r ent i at i ng orm i t i gat i ng ci r cumst ance s t hatw oul d di s t i ngui s h thei rconductorthe empl oy er ' s tr eatm entof t hem for i t . ” Id. M s . B uhendw a cont ends t hat , as a per s on of A fr i can e thni ci ty , s he w as t r eat ed di ffe r ent l yfort he s ame conductas w er e hers i m i l ar l ys i tuat ed c o m p a ra to rs w h o w e re b lo n d . S h e te s tifie d in h e r d e p o s itio n th a t,

[t ] he bl ond gi r l w as – w hen s he di d notdo her– her qui zze s , Pr ofes s orSw i er czkow s ki t ol d herthats he ca n d o – s h e c o u l d c o m e t o th e o ffi c e t o d o i t . A n d th e d a y I w a s in h is o ffice , the g e n tlem a n w h o w a s s itt in g in h is offi ce w as t aki ng t he exa m , w as al s o w hi t e, w as a bl ond, y oung m al e, w as t aki ng – A nd he had t ol d m e thathe wo u l d d o t h a t , h e wo u l d a tl e a s t– h e wo u l d c a l c u l a t e my qui z bas ed on the gr ade, bas ed on the qui z thatI have done. T hen af

t erI fal l as l eep, he gave m e the ze r o. M s . B uhendw a t es t i fi ed thats he w as neveroffe r ed the oppor tuni tyt o t ake qui zze s i n Pr ofes s orSw i er czkow s ki ’ s offi ce, and, des pi t e s t at i ng hi s i nt ent i on t o do ot herw i s e, he count ed al l of herm i s s ed qui zze s as zer os w hen ca l cul at i ng her fi nal gr ade.- 11-

M s. B uh end w a ci t es B r yantin su p p o rt o f

h e r a rg u m e n t th a t su c h sta tem e n ts s uffi ci ent l yes t abl i s h a pr i m a f aci e cas e of di s cr i m i nat i on. I n B r yant , this C o u rt acknow l edged thatt he bl ack- s tudentpl ai nt i ffs had s etfor th a p rim a fa c ie cas e of d iscri m ination w h en “[ t] h eyall eg ed that theyw ere su sp en d ed af ter th e F eb rua ry 8, 2000, fi ghtw hi l e C auca s i an s tudent s w ho part i ci pat ed i n the fi ghtw er e not s us pended. ” 334 F. 3d at930. T hus , M s . B uhendw a mai nt ai ns thatherdepos i t i on t es t i m onyr egar di ng t he unnamed “bl ond” s tudent s s at i s fi es the p rim a fa c ie case r equi r ement s art i cul at ed i n B r yant . H err el i ance on B r yantis m is p la c e d . U nl i ke the ci r cumst ance s i n B r yant , M s. B u h e n d w a h a s fa iled to demonstr at e thats he w as t r eat ed di ffe r ent l yfr om the “bl ond” s tudent s forthe s ame conduct . Fi r s t , s he t es t i fi ed thatPr ofes s orSw i er czkow s ki ’ s s anct i on of s cor i ng herm i s s ed qui zze s as zer os w as bas ed upon the fa ctthats he fe l l as l eep dur i ng t he fi nal exami nat i on. I n herdepos i t i on, M s . B uhendw a s t at ed that “[Pr ofes s orSw i er czkow s ki ] had t ol d m e that . . . he w oul d cal cul at e myqui z bas ed on t he gr ade, bas ed on the qui z thatI have done . T hen af t erI fal l as l eep, he gave m e th e z e ro .” M s. B u h e n d w a h a s p re se n ted n o e v id e n c e th a t th e “ b lo n d ” stu d e n ts fel l as l eep dur i ng an exa m i nat i on and r ece i ved no s anct i on, orw hetherPr ofes s or S w ie rc z k o w s k i u ltim a te ly ca lc u la te d a “ b lo n d ” s tu d e n t’ s g ra d e d iffe re n tly. S e c o n d , M s. B u h e n d w a h a s p re se n ted n o e v id e n c e th a t th e “ b lo n d ” stu d e n ts m i s s ed anyqui zze s , ort hata “bl ond” mal e s tudentw as , i n fac t , m aki ng up a m iss e d q u iz in P ro fe ss o r S w ier c z k o w sk i’s o ffice . S h e h a s a lso fa iled to- 12-

d em o n str ate the circu m stan ce s tha t m o ti v ated P rofesso r S w ierczk o w sk i t o o ffer a

“ b lo n d ” fe m a le s tu d e n t th e o p p o rt u n ity to ta k e a q u iz in h is o ffic e . A ccor di ngl yw e conc l ude thatthe D i s tr i ctC our tdi d noterri n gr ant i ng sum m aryj ud gm ent on each of M s. B uh end w a’s cl ai m s. AF F I RMED .
E n tered fo r th e c o u rt

A r thurL . A l ar cón Seni orC i r cui tJ udge