U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 

National Institutes of Health 

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 

OPPORTUNITIES 

Research and Training Programs for 2019-2020 

NIAID Division of Intramural Research 

NIAID

OPPORTUNITIES 

Research and Training Programs for 2019-2020 

NIAID Division of Intramural Research 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 

National Institutes of Health 

NIH Publication No. 15-4948 

August 2019 

NIAID
CONTENTS 

Introduction ................................................ 2 

About DIR .................................................. 4 

Unparalleled Opportunities.................................. 5 

World-Class Facilities and Research Support ................... 5 

International Research ..................................... 6 

The	Edge	of	Scientific	Discovery ............................. 6 

Collaborative	Research..................................... 7 

DIR Training Programs ....................................... 8 

Postdoctoral Training ..................................... 10 

Predoctoral Training for Students............................ 12 

Clinical Training Opportunities ............................... 14 

Allergy and Immunology Training Program..................... 17 

Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program ...................... 18 

NIAID Transition Program in Clinical Research ................. 18 

Loan Repayment Programs .................................. 20 

General Research Intramural Loan Repayment Program .......... 20 

AIDS Research Intramural Loan Repayment Program ............ 21 

Clinical	Research	Loan	Repayment	Program	for	Individuals	From	

Disadvantaged	Backgrounds ............................. 21 

ACGME Fellows Loan Repayment Program .................... 21 

General Requirements for Loan Repayment Programs ........... 21 

Tenure and Tenure Track at NIAID ............................ 22 

Tenure / Non-Tenure ........................................ 23 

DIR Branches .............................................. 25 

Comparative	Medicine	Branch	. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 

Research	Technologies	Branch .................................. 28 

Rocky	Mountain	Veterinary	Branch .............................. 34 

DIR Laboratories and Independent Sections ................... 37 

Laboratory of Allergic Diseases ................................. 38 

Laboratory	of	Bacteriology ..................................... 42 

Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology ................ 48 

Laboratory of Immunogenetics.................................. 59 

Laboratory	of	Immune	System	Biology ............................ 64 

Laboratory of Immunoregulation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 

Laboratory of Infectious Diseases ............................... 77 

Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology................. 82 

Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research........................ 85 

Laboratory of Molecular Immunology............................. 91 

Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology............................ 94 

Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases ................................ 97 

Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases .......................... 103 

Laboratory of Viral Diseases................................... 107 

Laboratory of Virology........................................ 111 

Viral Immunology Section ..................................... 114 

Molecular HIV Host Interactions Section ......................... 115 

Acronyms ................................................ 117 

Index .................................................... 118 

Photo Credits ............................................. 123 

4 ii 
ABOUT	DIR 

NIAID DIVISION OF INTRAMURAL RESEARCH 

ORGANIZATIONAL CHART 

OFFICE OF THE DIRECTOR, DIR 

Comparative	

Medicine	Branch

Laboratory 

of Infectious 

Diseases 

Laboratory of Viral 

Diseases 

Laboratory of 

Allergic Diseases 

Laboratory of 

Malaria and 

Vector Research 

Laboratory of 

Virology 

Laboratory of 

Bacteriology

Laboratory of 

Malaria Immunology 

and Vaccinology 

Research 

Technologies 

Branch

Office	of	

Operations and 

Management 

Laboratory of 

Clinical Immunology 

and Microbiology 

Laboratory 

of Molecular 

Immunology 

Rocky	Mountain	

Veterinary	Branch

Office	of	Scientific	

Management 

Laboratory of 

Immunogenetics 

Laboratory 

of Molecular 

Microbiology 

Viral Immunology 

Section 

Office	of	Training	

and	Diversity

Laboratory of 

Immune System 

Biology

Laboratory of 

Parasitic Diseases 

Molecular HIV 

Host Interactions 

Section 

Laboratory of 

Immunoregulation 

Laboratory of 

Persistent Viral 

Diseases 

1 1
INTRODUCTION TO NIAID 

2 
	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

GREETINGS	from	the	Division	of	Intramural	

Research (DIR) at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious 

Diseases (NIAID). 

For	more	than	60	years,	our	twin	campuses	in	Bethesda,	Maryland,	

and	Hamilton,	Montana,	have	been	home	to	exceptional	scientists	

conducting integrated basic and clinical research in immunology, 

allergy,	and	infectious	diseases.	DIR	researchers	continue	to	discover	

new pathogens, decipher new immune system functions, identify new 

mechanisms	of	allergy	and	immunological	diseases,	and	develop	new

FDA-approved	vaccines	and	therapies.	

Technological	advances	in	imaging,	structural	biology,	systems	biology,	

and	the	“-omics”	help	DIR	pry	into	the	innermost	workings	of	the	

immune system and its pathogens and to search out their interactions. 

We	are	making	game-changing	discoveries	that	address	our	mission	to	

develop	and	improve	diagnostics,	drugs,	and	vaccines.

Training	is	a	central	theme	in	DIR.	We	seek	the	best	and	brightest	talent	

for our laboratories and clinical research programs, at all stages of their 

careers. Our programs range from summer internships for high school 

and college students to postbaccalaureate and postdoctoral training 

experiences	and	accredited	medical	fellowships	in	allergy/immunology	

and infectious diseases. 

Our	trainees	work	side-by-side	with	outstanding	scientists	and	

trainees	from	every	part	of	the	world.	DIR	investigators	are	leaders	

in	their	fields,	recognized	by	extensive	publications	and	prestigious	

awards.	Our	international	programs	offer	chances	to	gain	valuable	field	

experience	in	malaria,	tuberculosis,	and	tropical	diseases.	To	do	this,	

our	research	facilities	include	high-containment	laboratories;	advanced	

instrumentation; a robust animal program; and the NIH Clinical Center, 

the	world’s	largest	hospital	devoted	exclusively	to	clinical	investigation.

We	invest	in	our	trainees’	careers	by	providing	mentored	research	

experiences,	skill-building	workshops,	grant-writing	seminars,	special	

interest	groups,	scientific	lectures,	and	individual	counseling. We	seek	

to	make	you	the	best	you	can	be	at	whatever	you	decide	to	be,	whether	

in	research,	academia,	industry,	or	regulation.	In	addition,	we	have	staff,	

tenure-track,	and	tenured	positions.	Please	take	some	time	to	learn	

more	about	DIR	investigators	and	their	laboratories.	Don’t	hesitate	to	

reach	out	to	us	directly	or	to	any	investigator	as	you	go	through	the	next	

days.	This	is	where	we	work	on	the	science	and	medicine	of	tomorrow,	

today. 

L: Steven M. Holland, M.D., Director, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID

R: Karyl S. Barron, M.D., Deputy Director, Division of Intramural Research, NIAID

INTRODUCTION 3 
ABOUT DIR 

WE	BEGAN in 1887, as a oneperson lab housed in the attic of the Staten Island Marine 

Hospital	in	New	York.	Now,	the	National	Institutes	of	Health	

(NIH) encompasses 27 Institutes and Centers and a budget of 

more than $30 billion. The National Institute of Allergy and 

Infectious Diseases (NIAID) is one of the largest basic and 

clinical research Institutes at NIH. 

The	Division	of	Intramural	Research	(DIR)	is	a	major	

component	of	NIAID.	Our	focus	is	on	the	patients	who	have	

infectious, immune, and allergic diseases and the basic 

science	that	promotes	the	development	of	new	therapeutics,	

diagnostics,	and	vaccines.	

In pursuit of these goals, DIR researchers do the following: 

•	 Admit and treat patients with diseases under study, 

ranging from HIV to tuberculosis to rare immune 

deficiencies	and	allergic	diseases

•	 Expand	knowledge	of	immune-system	components	

and functions 

•	 Define	mechanisms	responsible	for	

immunodeficiency,	allergy,	and	autoimmunity

•	 Study	the	biology	of	infectious	agents	(viruses,	

bacteria, fungi, and parasites) and the host 

responses to them 

•	 Develop	novel	strategies	to	prevent	and	treat	

immunologic, allergic, and infectious diseases 

DIR scientists study all aspects of infectious diseases, 

including	causative	agents,	vectors,	and	pathogenesis	in	

humans and animals. Clinical research informs and responds 

to	key	lab	discoveries,	allowing	for	rapid	translation	into	

disease	prevention,	diagnosis,	and	treatment.	DIR	alone	has	

more	than	120	active	clinical	trials	at	the	NIH	Clinical	Center,	

Bethesda,	Maryland,	as	well	as	others	at	collaborating	U.S.	

and international sites. 

4 
Unparalleled Opportunities 

DIR	is	home	to	a	vibrant	research	community	of	about	120	principal	

investigators	who	lead	about	1,200	colleagues	composed	of	scientists,	

physicians, trainee fellows, technical personnel, and students. DIR 

principal	investigators	are	distinguished	in	their	fields,	as	reflected	in	

their preeminent publications, their numerous awards, and their election 

to prestigious societies, including the U.S. National Academies of 

Sciences and Medicine. Trainees, both pre- and postdoctoral physicians 

and scientists, constitute the largest staff group in DIR. 

DIR	is	collegial,	open,	and	collaborative.	At	the	heart	of	the	NIH	campus	

is	the	NIH	Clinical	Center,	a	unique	hospital	devoted	to	performing	

clinical	research	while	providing	outstanding	care.	Our	research	

facilities	are	within	and	adjacent	to	the	hospital	and	provide	access	

to state-of-the-art instrumentation in imaging, proteomics, genomics, 

structural biology, and cell analysis, as well as animal genetics. It is 

simply	an	ideal	place	to	train	and	work.

World-Class Facilities and Research Support 

Our	laboratories	conduct	peer-reviewed	research.	Several	of	our	

branches focus on research technologies and animal care. Most DIR 

labs	are	located	on	the	NIH	campus	in	Bethesda,	Maryland,	and	in

nearby	Rockville,	Maryland.	Our	other	Maryland	facilities	are	located	

in	Frederick,	about	40	miles	north	of	the	main	NIH	campus.	Our	large	

research	campus	in	Hamilton,	Montana,	is	Rocky	Mountain	Laboratories	

(RML).	RML	has	world-class	programs	in	virology,	emerging	infections,	

and prion diseases. The Montana campus has state-of-the-art biosafety 

level	(BSL)-2,	BSL-3,	and	BSL-4	laboratory	spaces.

DIR	employees	and	trainees	have	access	to	these	and	other	amenities:

•	 The	NIH	Clinical	Center,	the	world’s	largest	hospital	devoted	to	

clinical	investigation

•	 State-of-the-art	technology	development	facilities	for	protein	

chemistry,	flow	cytometry,	confocal	microscopy,	electron	

microscopy, genomics, and bioinformatics 

•	 Flow cytometry, cell sorting, and multiphoton confocal 

microscopy	technology	in	a	BSL-3	environment,	with	trained	

staff to operate the instrumentation safely 

•	 Small-group	and	individual	training	in	the	use	of	specialized	

instrumentation	and	the	development	of	research	applications

•	 In-house	facilities	to	design,	conduct,	and	analyze	results	from	

microarray	experiments	for	all	species,	including	microbial	

pathogens 

•	 Development	and	breeding	of	transgenic,	CRISPR,	and	

knockout	mice

•	 An animal care program, which manages all aspects of 

research	involving	laboratory	animals

•	 Computer	networking	and	teleconferencing	facilities,	including	

satellite	linkage	to	DIR-supported	facilities	at	national	and	

international sites 

ABOUT	DIR 5 
International Research 

DIR	is	a	leader	in	global	research.	Its	International	Centers	for	Excellence	in	Research	(ICER)	program	is	a	model	

for	the	development	of	sustainable	research	programs	in	resource-limited	countries	that	have	high	burdens	of	

infectious	diseases.	We	have	partnerships	with	local	scientists,	academic	centers,	and	hospitals	in	Peru,	Mali,	

Uganda,	South	Africa,	South	Korea,	Cambodia,	Thailand,	China,	and	India.	We	have	global	research	capacity	

to	train	young	scientists,	develop	laboratory	and	clinical	infrastructure,	and	enhance	information	technology	

capabilities. 

The ICER programs build on NIAID’s long-standing malaria research collaboration with scientists around the 

world.	For	instance,	Malian	researchers	collaborate	with	us	on	multiple	projects,	including	mosquito	vectors,	

malaria	drug	resistance,	and	candidate	malaria	vaccines;	research	on	neglected	tropical	diseases	such	as	

filariasis	and	leishmaniasis;	and,	more	recently,	other	vector-borne	diseases,	including	relapsing	fever,	Lassa	

fever,	and	Crimean-Congo	hemorrhagic	fever	virus.	Scientists	at	the	Mali	ICER	also	were	involved	in	the	

response	to	the	Ebola	virus	disease	cases	that	occurred	in	Mali.		

In	Uganda,	we	have	a	state-of-the-art	field	laboratory	in	the	Rakai	district,	facilities	at	Makerere	University	in	

Kampala, and the Uganda Virus Research Institute in Entebbe. There we conduct basic and clinical research on 

HIV	and	other	sexually	transmitted	infections,	including	studies	on	viral	pathogenesis,	transmission	kinetics,	

treatment,	and	prevention.	Researchers	at	the	ICER	site	in	India,	located	at	the	Tuberculosis	Research	Centre	in	

Chennai,	conduct	collaborative	studies	on	filariasis,	as	well	as	tuberculosis-filarial	and	HIV-filarial	co-infections	

and	the	interaction	between	filarial	infection	and	diabetes.	

In	addition	to	its	ICER	sites,	DIR	has	collaborative	research	programs	under	way	at	several	international	sites,	

including the following: 

•	 Brazzaville,	Republic	of	the	Congo—hemorrhagic	fever	viruses,	including	Ebola	virus

•	 Cape	Town,	South	Africa—tuberculosis	and	HIV-positive	to	HIV-positive	organ	donation	research

•	 Phnom	Penh	and	Pursat,	Cambodia—malaria	drug	resistance	and	mosquito	vector	studies

•	 Zhengzhou,	China—tuberculosis

•	 Yaounde	and	Buea,	Cameroon—filariasis	(lymphatic	filariasis,	onchocerciasis,	and	loiasis)

The Edge of Scientific Discovery

We remain at the forefront of research on immunologic, allergic, and infectious diseases. DIR scientists 

discovered	the	Lyme	disease	bacterium,	the	Norwalk	virus	responsible	for	epidemic	gastrointestinal	disease,	

several	chemokine	receptors,	and	the	cytokine	interleukin	4.	DIR	scientists	also	developed	vaccines	for	hepatitis	

A,	hepatitis	E,	and	rotavirus.	We	are	currently	conducting	clinical	studies	of	numerous	vaccine	candidates	for	

malaria,	dengue,	and	viral	respiratory	infections.

Our	clinical	research	on	the	immune	system	has	led	to	the	discovery	of	numerous	novel	diseases	known	

as	immunodeficiencies	and	their	underlying	genetic	and	acquired	causes.	In	addition,	we	are	leading	the	

development	of	gene	therapies	and	bone	marrow	transplantation	for	these	life-threatening	diseases.

From	the	very	start,	DIR	scientists	have	made	important	observations	about	the	etiology,	pathogenesis,	and	

treatment	of	HIV/AIDS.	This	same	expertise	and	strategy	has	been	brought	to	bear	on	new	and	re-emerging	

diseases,	such	as	Zika	and	Ebola	virus	infections.

6 
Collaborative Research 

Collaborative	research	is	essential	for	

scientists	in	different	laboratories	to	move	

their research forward by sharing common 

questions, resources, and information. We 

encourage collaboration across laboratories 

and outside of NIAID and NIH. Programs 

and	networks	formed	in	DIR	include	the	

following: • The	International	Collaborative

Network	for	the	Study	of	Human

Helminth Co-Infections ensures

that the necessary resources are

available	to	inform	policy	related

to helminth control.

• The Microbiome Program

explores	metaorganisms	using

microbiome sequencing facilities,

bioinformatics support, and a

gnotobiotic mouse facility.

• The Clinical Genomics Program

provides	human	genomic	analysis

for basic and clinical immunology

research.

• The Malaria Research Program

studies malaria parasites in the

mammalian host and the mosquito

vectors	that	transmit	them	in	the

lab and in malaria endemic areas.

• The Program in Global Neglected

Infectious Diseases promotes

interactions among NIAID

investigators	on	neglected	tropical

diseases (NTDs) and related

infections.

ABOUT	DIR 7 
DIR 

TRAINING PROGRAMS 

8 
	 	

NIAID OFFERS research training 

experiences	in	our	laboratories	in	Maryland	and	in	Hamilton,	Montana,	

through	the	DIR	Office	of	Training	and	Diversity	(OTD).	Mentored	research	

opportunities range from postdoctoral and clinical research fellowships 

to graduate partnership programs, postbaccalaureate traineeships, and 

summer internships. 

As the focal point for NIAID training, OTD designs and conducts programs 

to	enhance	the	learning	environment	for	trainees	at	all	levels. OTD

staff	emphasize	mentoring	and	individual	career	counseling	for	fellows	

transitioning	into	the	Institute	as	well	as	those	who	are	moving	to	the	

next	step	in	their	career	path.

NIAID research trainees participate in OTD’s numerous career 

development	activities,	such	as	the	annual	fellows	workshop,	grant	

writing,	career	options	seminars,	skill-building	workshops,	interview	

practice sessions, detail opportunities, and more. OTD’s orientation 

program	gives	incoming	fellows	support	in	navigating	NIAID	and	NIH	and

introduces them to critical timelines for planning their time at NIAID and 

their	next	career	step.	The	newest	program,	the	Rocky-Beth	Fellowship,	

is	a	competitive	program	that	offers	dual	mentorship	between	NIAID’s	

Montana and Maryland campuses. The program fosters collaborations 

among	DIR	labs,	enhances	research	knowledge	and	skills,	and	broadens	

understanding of career opportunities. 

OTD	is	committed	to	increasing	diversity	and	inclusion	among	NIAID’s	

workforce	and	in	its	training	community	through	a	variety	of	programs.	

An annual outreach program, Intramural NIAID Research Opportunities 

(INRO),	seeks	talented	students	from	diverse	backgrounds	who	are

senior-level	undergraduates	or	who	have	recently	completed	or	are	in	

their	final	year	of	a	master’s	degree	program.		The	OTD	Sponsorship	

Program	offers	competitive	research	training	stipends	to	trainees	from	

populations underrepresented in the biomedical sciences and those 

dedicated	to	promoting	diversity	and	inclusion,	as	defined	by	NIH’s	

Interest	in	Diversity	Notice.		The	program	also	provides	individual	

mentorship,	a	professional	development	seminar	series,	and	other	events	

to	support	an	inclusive	NIAID	research	community.	

DIR TRAINING PROGRAMS 9 
Intramural NIAID Research Opportunities (INRO) 

As	a	science	or	medical	student	from	a	diverse	background,	including	those	from	populations	

underrepresented	in	biomedical	research,	you	can	join	NIAID’s	research	community	for	a	two-day	

event	in	February	to	learn	about	the	research	training	experience	at	the	Institute,	a	leader	in	global	

health	research.	Find	out	what	it	is	like	to	train	as	a	researcher	at	a	leading	multi-disciplinary	

research	facility	and	interview	with	prospective	mentors.	NIAID	will	pay	expenses	for	travel,	hotel	

accommodations, and daily stipend. 

Applications	are	open	each	year	from	September	1	through	November	22.	Learn	more	about	INRO	by	

visiting	https://www.niaid.nih.gov/about/inro.	

Postdoctoral Training 

DIR	has	several	options	for	those	interested	in	postdoctoral	laboratory	research	training.		Our	

programs consist of a minimum of two to three years of research in one of the DIR labs, and Ph.D. and 

M.D. candidates can apply. 

Available	appointments	differ	slightly	in	their	requirements	for	citizenship	and	postdoctoral	

experience,	but	all	have	the	same	starting	point:	finding	the	best	research	fit	for	you.	Start	by	reading	

the	descriptions	of	the	labs	and	investigators	in	this	book	and	determining	which	lab	or	investigator	is	

conducting research in your area of interest. 

Appointment Mechanisms 

If you	are	selected	for	an	NIAID	DIR	postdoctoral	program,	you	may	be	appointed	under	one	of	several	

mechanisms,	depending	on	the	availability	of	funding,	type	of	research,	and	your	qualifications.	These	

appointment mechanisms include the following: 

Postdoctoral Fellowship, including the NIH Intramural Research Training Award (IRTA), requires 

that	you	be	a	U.S.	citizen	or	permanent	resident	with	a	doctoral	degree	and	five	or	fewer	years	of	

postdoctoral	experience.	Eligible	international	scholars	who	are	recent	doctoral	degree	recipients	can	

conduct	postdoctoral	research	as	visiting	fellows.

Research Fellowship 	is	for	highly	experienced	postdoctoral	scientists (generally	more	than	five	

years	of	postdoctoral	experience)	who	seek	further	research	training	and	professional	development.

Other Appointments 

Adjunct Investigator 	appointment	is	possible	if	you	have	outside	funding	and	want	to	enhance	your	

research	capabilities	in	a	DIR	laboratory.	U.S.	citizenship	is	not	required.

Special Volunteer appointment	is	suitable	if	you	have	funding	from	a	foundation	or	private	grant	

and wish to conduct research in an NIAID lab. 

Guest Researcher appointment allows you to use NIH facilities, equipment, and resources for your 

research	and	training;	however,	you	cannot	provide	services	to	NIH.

Malaria Research Program Collaborative Research Fellowship 

The	Malaria	Research	Program	Collaborative	Research	Fellowship	will	be	awarded	annually	to	a	

limited	number	of	top	applicants	who	aspire	to	improve	our	understanding	of	the	biology,	hostpathogen	interactions,	and	transmission	of	malaria	parasites.	Applicants	must	have	a	Ph.D.,	M.D.,	or	

equivalent	graduate	degree	awarded	within	five	years	of	the	fellowship	start	date.

10 
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

HOW TO APPLY 

INRO Program 

www.niaid.nih.gov/about/inro

Applications	are	open	from	September	1	to	November	22.

Postdoctoral Opportunities 

Visit	www.training.nih.gov/career_services/postdoc_jobs_nih,	search	

“NIAID,” and complete an online application for the program that interests 

you. 

OR 

After	reading	this	book,	send	the	following	information	to	the	NIAID	lab	chief	

or	investigator	with	whom	you	are	interested	in	working:

•	 A cover letter describing your background, research interests, career

goals, and the special training or experience you are seeking. Include

the date you can begin training, home address, home and office

telephone numbers, fax number, and email address.

•	 A copy of your curriculum vitae and bibliography. Representative

publications are welcome. 

Malaria Research Program Collaborative Research Fellowship 

Applicants will submit a complete application consisting of the following: 

•	 The	MRP	Collaborative	Research	Fellowship	application,	which	

includes curricular information and a description of the proposed 

research	project

•	 Three letters of recommendation, including one from the current 

advisor	

Promising	candidates	will	be	invited	to	interview	with	MRP	investigators	

within	two	months	of	submitting	their	application.	Interviews	will	be	held	at	

the	NIH	Twinbrook	laboratories	in	Rockville,	Maryland.

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/mrp-collaborative-fellowship

DIR TRAINING PROGRAMS 11 
Predoctoral Training for Students 

Postbaccalaureate Intramural Research Training Award (IRTA) 

enables you to postpone your application to graduate or medical school 

so you can get an introduction to biomedical research. To qualify, you 

must	be	a	U.S.	citizen,	have	graduated	from	a	fully	accredited	U.S.	

college	or	university,	and have	held	a	bachelor’s	degree	for	less	than	

three	years	or	a	master’s	degree	for	less	than	six	months.	During	your	

NIAID training, you must intend to apply to graduate or medical school 

in	biomedical	research.	You	may	also	qualify	if	you’ve	been	accepted

into	a	graduate,	other	doctoral,	or	medical	school	program	and	have	

written permission to delay entrance for up to one year. 

Graduate Partnerships Program 	links	NIH	to	national	and	

international	universities	in	the	training	of	graduate	students.	It	

combines	the	academic	environment	of	a	university	and	the	breadth	

and	depth	of	research	at	NIH.	This	includes	the	NIH	Oxford-Cambridge	

Scholars Program, an accelerated, international doctoral program in 

partnership	with	the	Universities	of	Oxford	and	Cambridge	in	the	United	

Kingdom.	It	is	open	to	exceptional	students	in	the	field	of	biomedical	

research. Students admitted to the program typically design an 

innovative	Ph.D.	project,	with	co-mentorship	by	at	least	one	NIH	and

one	university	principal	investigator.

Summer Internships in an NIAID laboratory can enhance your 

knowledge	and	understanding	of	the	world	of	biomedical	research	

and	help	you	plan	your	academic	goals.	DIR	offers	8-week	(minimum)	

summer internships for high school, college, graduate, and medical 

students.	An	online	application	is	available	in	early	November.	The	

application deadline is March 1. 

12 
HOW TO APPLY 

Learn more about predoctoral training programs by 

visiting	the	following	websites:

Postbaccalaureate IRTA 

www.training.nih.gov/programs/postbac_irta

Graduate Partnerships Program 

www.training.nih.gov/programs/gpp

NIH Oxford-Cambridge Scholars Program 

oxcam.gpp.nih.gov

Summer Internships 

www.training.nih.gov/programs/sip

Complete an online application for the program in 

which you are interested. Some programs encourage 

prospective	trainees	to	directly	contact	the	NIAID	lab	

chief	or	investigator	with	whom	you	are	interested	in	

working-	visit	the	program	websites	for	more	information	

about this process. 

DIR Training Director: 

Katie Soucy, M.S. 

301-761-6199 

skathryn@niaid.nih.gov

www.niaid.nih.gov/about/fellowships-internships-andtraining 

DIR TRAINING PROGRAMS 13 
14 

CLINICAL TRAINING 

OPPORTUNITIES 
NIAID OFFERS three-year ACGMEapproved	fellowship	programs	in	infectious	diseases	and	in	allergy	and	

immunology.	These	programs	aim	to	develop	clinical	and	basic	research	

skills	in	physicians	who	are	well-grounded	in	clinical	medicine and	are	

pursuing a career in biomedical research. 

Before	beginning	a	fellowship,	applicants	must	have	completed	three	

years	of	residency	training	in	an	approved	internal	medicine	program	

(or in pediatrics for the allergy and immunology training program) in the 

United	States	or	Canada.	Qualified	individuals	may	apply	for	a	student	

loan repayment program that currently repays up to $35,000 per year of 

eligible student debt. 

The three-year NIAID programs comprise one year of clinical training 

and	two	years	of	research.	All	trainees	spend	up	to	six	months	of

the	first	year	caring	for	patients	in	the	NIAID	inpatient	ward	at	the

NIH Clinical Center, where all NIAID patients participate in research 

protocols	conducted	by	DIR	investigators.

Patients	enter	the	Clinical	Center	with	various	conditions,	including	the	

following: 

•	 Autoimmune diseases 

•	 Genetic	and	acquired	immunodeficiencies

•	 Disorders of neutrophil and monocyte function 

CLINICAL TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES 15 

•	 Severe,	acute,	and	chronic	viral	infections,	including	herpes	

simplex,	Epstein-Barr	virus,	and	HIV

•	 Hypereosinophilic syndromes and eosinophilic gastrointestinal 

disorders 

•	 Allergic	diseases,	including	atopic	dermatitis,	anaphylaxis,	and	

mast cell disorders 

•	 Parasitic diseases 

•	 Mycoses 

•	 Bacterial	infections

During	the	remainder	of	clinical	training,	fellows	join	traditional	

consultation	services	and	didactic	rotations	at	NIH	and	other	medical	

institutions in the surrounding area. Following clinical training, fellows 

conduct research in any one of the intramural laboratories at NIAID or in 

other NIH laboratories or programs. 
	

HOW TO APPLY 

Applicants to the allergy and immunology and infectious diseases training 

programs should follow the instructions in Electronic Residency Application 

Service	(ERAS)	at	www.aamc.org/students/medstudents/eras.	In	addition	to	

what	is	included	in	the	application	package,	DIR	requests	the	following:

•	 A personal statement describing the program to which you wish to 

apply,	your	background,	your	research	interests,	your	career	goals,	and	

the	special	training	or	experience	you	are	seeking	at	NIH

•	 Copies	of	your	medical	school/graduate	school	transcripts

Allergy and Immunology Training Program

Candidates should apply for the program 12 months prior to entry in July. The 

application	deadline	in	ERAS	is	September	15.	Applicants	must	be	on	track	to		

complete	an	ACGME-approved	residency	in	internal	medicine	or	pediatrics	at	the

time	they	enter	the	program.	Interviews	are	held	between	late	August	and	early		

November.	

www.niaid.nih.gov/about/allergy-and-immunology-training-program

Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program 

Applications	are	accepted	only	via	ERAS.	The	program	participates	in	the	

National	Resident	Matching	Program.	Interviews	are	held	from	September	to	

October prior to the fellowship match. 

Julie Hoehl, Program Coordinator 

Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program 

10	Center	Drive,	Room	12C103,	MSC	1899

Bethesda,	MD	20892-1899

301-761-6720/301-480-0050	(fax)

jhoehl@nih.gov

Selection Process 

Candidates	are	selected	for	interviews	on	the	basis	of	their	clinical	and/or	

research	credentials	and	research	interests.	Interview	visits	to	the	NIH	campus	

are	designed	to	introduce	potential	trainees	to	NIH	preceptors	and	to	provide	the	

candidates	with	the	opportunity	to	explore	the	clinical	setting and	the	research	

they might conduct. 

16 
Allergy and Immunology Training 

Program 

The Allergy and Immunology Training Program is designed to train 

fellows in the care of children and adults with immunologic diseases, 

including	allergy,	immunodeficiency,	and	autoimmune	diseases.	Fellows	

have	a	well-rounded	clinical	experience	in	their	first	year	of	training	and	

subsequently	develop	a	research	program	to	advance	the	care	of	these	

patients. 

The program accepts applications from residents in internal medicine or 

pediatrics	who	have	completed	training	in	the	United	States	or	Canada	

and	who	are	not	J-1	visa	holders.	H-1	visa	holders	may	apply.

Applications for the program are made through the Electronic Residency 

Application System (ERAS), and the program participates in the National 

Resident Matching Program. 

Trainees who wish to become board-eligible in allergy and immunology 

are required to do the following: 

• Complete inpatient and outpatient rotations at the NIH

Clinical Center, Children’s National Medical Center, George

Washington	University,	Johns	Hopkins	Hospital,	and	the

Institute	for	Asthma	and	Allergy	during	their	first	year	of

training

• Participate in monthly continuity clinics during their second

year of training

• Provide	allergy	and	immunology	consultation	to	the	NIH

Clinical Center

• Attend the core basic and clinical immunology conferences and

case conferences of the training program

• Attend	monthly	journal	clubs

• Take	American	Board	of	Allergy	and	Immunology	certification

preparatory courses

CLINICAL TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES 17 
Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program 

The Infectious Diseases Fellowship Program accepts applications from residents in 

internal	medicine	who	have	completed	training	in	the	United	States	or	Canada.

Three years of residency training are required. Applicants who wish to pursue 

the	ABIM	Research	Pathway,	and	who	have	the	approval	of	the	director	of	their	

respective	internal	medicine	residency	program,	may	apply	for	fellowship	to	

begin	after	two	years	of	residency.	Applicants	accepted	under	the	ABIM	Research	

Pathway	must	spend	four	years	in	fellowship	to	be	eligible	for	certification	in	both	

internal medicine and infectious diseases. 

The	first	year	of	the	training	program	is	entirely	clinical	and	comprises	11	months	of	

rotations	at	NIH	and	five	outside	sites.	Fellows	also	rotate	on	the	NIAID	Inpatient	

Ward	and	spend	two	to	three	weeks	at	a	private	practice	infectious	diseases	clinic.	

Fellows	receive	training	in	hospital	epidemiology	and	diagnostic	microbiology.

Fellows	are	required	to	attend	a	weekly	continuity	clinic	and	participate	in	teaching	

conferences	during	the	first	two	years	of	the	training	program.	Fellows	take	the	

IDSA	Infectious	Diseases	In-Training	Examination	during	their	first	and	second	years	

and	are	eligible	to	take	the	Infectious	Diseases	Board	Examination	in	their	third	year	

(fourth	year	for	ABIM	Research	Pathway	fellows).

NIAID Transition Program in Clinical Research 

The	NIAID	Transition	Program	in	Clinical	Research	provides	opportunities	for	

physicians	to	gain	clinical	and	translational	research	experience	in	association	with	

a DIR laboratory. NIAID conducts a national search to identify participants for this 

program.	Participants	are	appointed	as	assistant	clinical	investigators.	Applicants	

must	have	an	M.D.	or	an	M.D./Ph.D.,	be	board-eligible	or	board-certified	in	a	

subspecialty	(or	equivalent),	and	qualify	for	credentialing	at	the	NIH	Clinical	Center.

Candidates may choose the laboratory in which they will carry out their 

program,	contingent	upon	approval	from	the	lab	chief	and	the	DIR	director.	

Appointments	are	for	three	to	five	years;	accepted	participants	will	be

reviewed	throughout	their	appointments	by	a	committee	composed	of	DIR	

senior	investigators	with	clinical	research	interests.	Participants	also	will	be	

paired	with	a	senior	clinical	investigator	who	will	serve	as	a	mentor.

The	application	package	must	include	a	curriculum	vitae/bibliography,	three	

letters of reference sent directly from the referee to NIAID, a two-page 

research proposal, and a letter of support from the accepting NIAID lab chief. 

Submit application materials to the following email address: 

NIAIDDIRSearch@niaid.nih.gov

For	questions	about	the	program,	contact	Karyl	S.	Barron,	M.D.,	at	kbarron@

niaid.nih.gov.

Competitive	candidates	will	be	asked	to	present	their	research	

accomplishments	and	plans	to	the	search	committee.	Visit	www.niaid.nih.gov/

research/transition-program-clinical-research	for	more	information.

18 
CLINICAL TRAINING OPPORTUNITIES 19 
20 

LOAN REPAYMENT 

Scientists employed by NIH, as well as fellows accepting an 

NIH	full-time	equivalent	(FTE)	appointment	into	the	infectious	

diseases or allergy and immunology training program, are 

eligible to apply for student loan repayment. There are 

competitive	and	noncompetitive	repayment	programs.

General Research Intramural 

Loan Repayment Program

The NIH General Research Intramural Loan Repayment 

Program (General ILRP) was established to attract highly 

qualified	professionals,	particularly	physicians,	to	conduct	

research	at	NIH.	Unlike	previously	authorized	programs	that	

targeted	specific	areas	or	types	of	research,	such	as	AIDS	or	

clinical	research,	this	program	supports	research	in	a	variety	

of	scientific	disciplines.

The	general	competitive	ILRP	may	repay	up	to	a	maximum	of	

$35,000 per year toward participants’ outstanding eligible 

education	loans.	NIH	also	will	make	payments	to	cover	the	

increased	federal	taxes	incurred	as	a	result	of	receiving	

program	benefits,	as	loan	repayments	are	considered	income	

for	tax	purposes.	In	return,	participants	must	sign	a	contract	

agreeing	to	conduct	qualified	research	activities	as	NIH	FTE	

employees	for	a	minimum	of	three	consecutive	years.

Continuation contracts for additional years may be entered. 

Quick Reference 

NIH Loan Repayment Programs 

866-849-4047

www.lrp.nih.gov

lrp@nih.gov
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

AIDS Research Intramural Loan Repayment Program

This loan repayment program was established to enable highly qualified physicians, nurses, and scientists to enter AIDS

research. In exchange for loan repayment benefits, researchers with NIH FTE appointments must agree to participate in

AIDS research for a minimum of two consecutive years. Continuation contracts for additional years may be entered.

Clinical Research Loan Repayment Program for Individuals From 

Disadvantaged Backgrounds 

The NIH Clinical Research Loan Repayment Program (CR-LRP) is designed to recruit highly qualified health professionals

from disadvantaged backgrounds to serve as clinical researchers. Eligibility requirements for the CR-LRP are the same as

those for the other LRPs, with two additional criteria: 1) You must be from a disadvantaged background, and 2) You must be

awarded clinical privileges by the Clinical Center Medical Board or other credentialing board upon NIH employment.

An individual from a disadvantaged background is defined as one who comes from a family with an income below lowincome thresholds. The income level considers family size and Bureau of the Census statistics, with annual adjustments for

changes in the Consumer Price Index. HHS adjusts this level for use in all health professions programs and publishes this

information periodically in the Federal Register. You must certify your disadvantaged background status by submitting at

least one of the following documents: 

• A written statement from your former school • Documentation	that	you	received	scholarships

that	you	qualified	for	federal	disadvantaged from the U.S. Department of Health and Human

assistance during attendance Services	(HHS)	under	the	Scholarship	for

Individuals	With	Exceptional	Financial	Need • Documentation	that	you	received	Health

Professions Student Loans (HPSL) and Loans for

Disadvantaged	Students

ACGME Fellows Loan Repayment Program

NIH	offers	student	loan	repayment	benefits	to	qualified	candidates	who	join	one	of	its	Accreditation	Council	for	

Graduate Medical Education (ACGME)-accredited residency or fellowship training programs through the General 

Research	ILRP.	The	ACGME	Loan	Repayment	Program	(ACGME-LRP)	can	repay	a	maximum	of	$17,000	of	eligible	student	

loans	for	each	year	of	the	three-year	fellowship	program	(maximum	guarantee	of	$51,000).	The	program	also	covers	

the	federal	taxes	on	the	loan	amounts.	Individuals	who	have	been	accepted	to	an	ACGME	program	at	NIH	can	receive	

these	benefits	upon	completion	of	a	short	electronic	application.	These	benefits	are	available	to	ACGME	fellows	noncompetitively.

Fellows in non-ACGME subspecialty and residency training programs with an NIH FTE appointment can apply to the 

competitive	General	ILRP	or	the	AIDS	or	Clinical	ILRP.

General Requirements for Loan Repayment Programs

You	must	be	a	U.S.	citizen,	U.S.	national,	or	permanent	resident	of	the	United	States.

You	must	have	a	health	professional	doctoral	degree	(Ph.D.,	M.D.,	D.O.,	D.D.S.,	D.M.D.,	Pharm.D.,	or	equivalent	doctoral	

level	degree)	or	a	P.A.,	B.S.N.,	or	A.D.N.	degree	from	an	accredited	institution.

You	must	have	qualifying	educational	debt	in	excess	of	20	percent	of	your	annual	NIH	base	salary	on	the	expected	date	

of program eligibility. 

You	must	have	an	NIH	FTE	appointment	prior	to	submitting	your	application.

LOAN REPAYMENT PROGRAMS 21 
TENURE 

AND TENURE-TRACK AT NIAID 

THE PRIMARY 

PURPOSE OF an NIH

fellowship	is	to	provide	time-limited	research	training,	

clinical	training,	and/or	career	development	opportunities	

to postdoctoral scientists. At the end of the training period, 

the	majority	of	fellows	will	leave	NIH	to	pursue	careers	

at institutions in the United States or abroad. Longer 

appointment	positions	may	be	available	through	tenure-track	

or tenured positions. Opportunities for such appointments 

arise	when	research	in	a	specific	area	is	needed	to	fulfill	the	

NIAID mission. 

Tenure at NIAID consists of a permanent position and a 

long-term commitment of salary, personnel, and the research 

resources needed to conduct an independent research 

program within the scope of the NIAID mission. Scientists at 

NIAID obtain tenure in one of two ways: 1) The scientist is 

recruited from a national search for a tenured position after 

compiling	an	extensive	research	record	at	another	institution	

or at NIH, or 2) The scientist successfully competes for 

and	completes	a	tenure-track	appointment	at	NIAID	and	is	

advanced	to	tenure.

Following nationwide recruitment efforts, candidates for 

tenured	and	tenure-track	positions	are	selected	by	a	search	

committee	and	a	recommending	official	and	approved	

by the NIH deputy director of intramural research. While 

traditional	tenured	and	tenure-track	positions	are	created	

by	the	hiring	laboratory,	DIR’s	Clinical	Tenure-Track	Program	

will periodically conduct searches for outstanding clinical 

researchers.	Selected	clinical	tenure-track	candidates	are	

then matched to an NIAID laboratory. 

22 
Tenure-track	investigators	in	basic	research	are	given	seven	years	to	

establish	themselves	as	independent	scientists	before	being	evaluated	

for tenure;	clinical	tenure-track	candidates	are	given	up	to	nine	years.	

At	the	midpoint,	the	NIAID	Board	of	Scientific	Counselors	(BSC)	reviews	

the	candidate’s	and	the	lab’s	performance	and	qualifications	for	tenure	

and	decides	whether	the	candidate	should	continue	in	tenure	track	

or	advance	for	an	accelerated	tenure	decision.	The	BSC	reviews	the

candidate’s	performance	again	at	the	completion	of	the	tenure-track	

period and decides if the candidate should be recommended for tenure. 

If	a	candidate	is	recommended	for	tenure	by	the	BSC	and	the	NIAID	

Promotion and Tenure Committee or by a search committee, and if the 

DIR	director	concurs,	the	request	is	forwarded	for	approval	to	the	NIH	

Central Tenure Committee, which is chaired by the NIH deputy director 

for intramural research. 

The initial fellowship appointment is for a period of two to three 

years. This may be renewed at the request of the host laboratory, 

if	it	is	mutually	beneficial	to	do	so.	It	is	the	usual	policy	of	NIH	that	

postdoctoral	trainees	should	not	remain	at	NIH	for	more	than	five

years.	The	overall	limitation	is	eight	years,	regardless	of	appointment	

mechanism,	unless	the	postdoctoral	trainee	is	approved	for	tenure

track	or	a	permanent	appointment.

TENURE	/	NON-TENURE 23 

TENURE/NON-TENURE

DIR	BRANCHES
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

COMPARATIVE MEDICINE BRANCH

Randy Elkins, D.V.M., Diplomate, ACLAM, Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/comparative-medicine-branch 

USE OF ANIMALS in biomedical research is necessary to expand our ability to curtail infectious diseases, characterize new

diseases, combat bioterrorism, and discover new ways to augment or harness the body’s immune system. The mission of the Comparative

Medicine Branch (CMB) is to provide the animals in our care with	a	comfortable, stable environment that eliminates research variables, to

serve as	a	resource for Division of Intramural Research investigators, and to support research activities.

The	CMB	is	composed	of	eight	animal	facilities	and	is	responsible	for	animal	care	and	research	support	of	animal	activities	conducted	

by	the	various	NIAID	investigators.	Animal	use	ranges	from	basic	research	support	to	pre-clinical	trials.	Species	used	include	rodents,	

rabbits,	ferrets,	old	world	nonhuman	primates,	new	world	nonhuman	primates,	and	chickens.	CMB	also	has	two	animal	biosafety	level	

(ABSL)-3	facilities	for	conducting	animal	studies	using	infectious	agents,	including	select	agents	that	have	the	potential	for	aerosol	

transmission	and	require	appropriate	respiratory	protection.	CMB	provides	animal	care	and	also	provides	research	support	activities.	

CMB	PROVIDES 	guidance	to	the	Institute’s	intramural	scientists	using	animals	in	research	projects.	This	guidance	includes

• Assisting	with	the	development,	annual	review,	and	renewal	of	animal	study	proposals

• Developing	standard	operating	procedures

• Purchasing animals

• Importing	and	exporting	animals	from	and	to	locations	all	over	the	world

• Performing technical procedures on laboratory animals

• Diagnosing, treating, and controlling infectious agents

• Using NIH shared and central animal facilities

• Selecting and properly administering anesthetics and analgesics

• Tracking	animal	cage	information	through	an	interactive	website

NIAID	investigators	maintain	production	colonies	of	more	than	100	different	strains	of	mice	within	government	animal	facilities.	Many	

of	these	animals	are	unavailable	anywhere	else	in	the	world	or	are	available	only	after	long	delays.

26 
ABOUT DIR 27 

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

INFECTIOUS DISEASE PATHOGENESIS SECTION 

Randy Elkins, D.V.M, Diplomate, ACLAM 

Chief, Comparative Medicine Branch 

Chief, Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section, CMB 

Associate Director, Laboratory Animal Resources 

Director, Animal Program, Division of Intramural Research 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/randy-elkins-dvm-diplomate-aclam

relkins@niaid.nih.gov

The Infectious Disease Pathogenesis Section provides pathology research support that has led to publications in

highly respected, peer-reviewed journals; uses equipment that permits state-of-the-art pathology analytics; can

process, analyze, and generate data to support NIAID investigators; and offers training and hands-on support to NIAID

laboratories related to animal model education, study design, necropsy tissue collection methods and protocols, and 

micro-anatomical training/refresher training, in preparation for local and international scientific meetings.

AREAS OF SUPPORT 

• Biostability of research models • Adventitious infections and • Nonhuman primate-modeled

and issues related to animal inherent disease conditions of infectious diseases and vaccine

welfare laboratory animals development support

BIOGRAPHY 

Dr. Elkins obtained his D.V.M. from the University of Missouri College of Veterinary Medicine

in 1974. He then completed a one-year internship in large animal surgery at the University of

California, School of Veterinary Medicine, Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital. Following 

several years of clinical practice in California, he completed a residency in comparative

pathology at the U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Ft. Detrick,

Maryland. He joined the NIAID Division of Intramural Research (DIR), Laboratory of Infectious

Diseases (LID), Immunodeficiency Viruses Section, as a senior staff laboratory animal

veterinarian in 1992 and was promoted to head of the Experimental Primate Virology Section,

LID, in 1997. Dr. Elkins was appointed DIR associate director for nonhuman primate research in

2000 and DIR associate director for laboratory animal resources and animal program director 

in December 2001. He became specialty board-certified by the American College of Laboratory

Animal Medicine in 1996. 

EXPERIMENTAL PRIMATE VIROLOGY UNIT 

The Experimental Primate Virology Unit provides research support to NIAID investigators using a variety of nonhuman

primate—both old world and new world—species in infectious disease studies, such as simian immunodeficiency

virus, influenza, dengue, and respiratory syncytial virus. The section provides comprehensive research support from

initial review and protocol development to conclusion of the study. They also collect research data including blood,

lymph nodes, cerebral spinal fluid, bronchoalveolar lavages, and necropsy/post-mortem samples and provide services

for surgical procedures, endoscopy, digital radiography, and ultrasound for NIAID investigators requiring ante-mortem

sample collection. 

MOUSE GENETICS AND GENE MODIFICATION UNIT 

The Mouse Genetics and Gene Modification (MGGM) Unit provides in vivo gene modification and gene editing services

using state-of-the-art technologies such as CRISPR/cas9 for functional genomics to NIAID scientists; provides services

for sperm cryopreservation, embryo cryopreservation, and rederivation of mouse lines for NIAID laboratories; provides

gene targeting in embryonic stem (ES) cells to create gene knockout and gene knock in animal models; and generates

new ES cell lines from gene-targeted animals. 

COMPARATIVE MEDICINE BRANCH
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 		

RESEARCH TECHNOLOGIES BRANCH

Robert J. Hohman, Ph.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/research-technologies-branch 

The Research Technologies Branch (RTB) allows investigators in the Division of Intramural Research access to state-of-the-art

research technologies. During the past 30 years, the advent of the biotechnology industry and the development of new scientific

disciplines have resulted in an explosion of new technologies. In addition, advances in optics, lasers, and computer technology

have revolutionized well-established disciplines such as microscopy (both light and electron), flow cytometry, and genomics. These

technologies require very expensive instrumentation and, even more important, highly trained and specialized scientists to adapt

these new technologies to the research needs of the Institute’s diverse research agenda. The branch develops cutting-edge research

technologies and project-specific applications for the NIAID intramural research program through a network of facilities located in

Bethesda and Rockville, Maryland, as well as Hamilton, Montana. Scientists in RTB also provide expert training and consultation

in experimental design, laboratory protocols, and analysis of results. Through different areas of expertise, RTB provides a variety of

sections that investigators and trainees can access.

MAJOR AREAS OF SUPPORT 

• Develop project-specific applications using state-of-the-art • Offer formal and informal training, support, and troubleshooting.

technologies. • Evaluate new technology and applications.

• Provide technology consultation. • Support investigators’ bioinformatics needs.

AREAS OF EXPERTISE 

• Light microscopy (confocal, multiphoton, colocalization, TIRF, • Protein chemistry (peptide synthesis, protein sequencing, mass

FRET, high-resolution 3D imaging, laser microcapture, correlative spectrometry, protein identification, protein separation, and

techniques, and post-collection imaging processing) assay development)

• Electron microscopy (high-resolution scanning and transmission, • Genomics (Agilent Sure-print custom spotted, Illumina BeadChip,

cryoimmobilization/viewing, and immunolocalization of selected and Affymetrix microarrays; microarray design; Illumina and

antigens) Roche next-generation DNA sequencing; and Q-PCR)

• Flow cytometry (up to 13-color sorting, up to 14-color analysis, • Bioinformatics and biostatistics (experiment design, data

BSL-3 sorting and analysis, multispectral imaging cytometry, and management, statistical analysis, exploratory analysis, data

multiplex bead array assays) mining, and database integration)

• Custom antibodies (hybridoma expansion, purification, and labeling)

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PROTEIN CHEMISTRY SECTION 

Robert J. Hohman, Ph.D.

Chief, Protein Chemistry Section 

Chief, Research Technologies Branch 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/robert-j-hohman-phd

rhohman@niaid.nih.gov

The Protein Chemistry Section offers the use of cutting edge applications in mass spectrometry, bioinformatics, peptide 

synthesis and analysis, and protein sequencing in their research programs. 

MAJOR AREAS OF SUPPORT 

• Edman (N-terminal) • Analytical mass • Protein separation • Bioinformatics

protein sequencing spectrometry (MS) • Assay development

• Peptide synthesis • Protein identification • Proteomics

BIOGRAPHY 

Dr. Hohman received his Ph.D. in microbiology from NIH and the University of Maryland

in 1982. After a three-year postdoctoral position in the laboratory of biochemistry at the 

Pasteur Institute in Paris, he returned to NIH for a second postdoctoral appointment. In 

1992, he joined Oncor Inc., a biotechnology company that specialized in DNA diagnostics,

and became the vice president of research and development. In 2000, he was recruited

back to NIH to become the DIR associate director for research technologies and chief of

the Research Technologies Branch.

BIOLOGICAL IMAGING SECTION 

Owen M. Schwartz, Ph.D.

Chief, Biological Imaging Section, RTB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/owen-m-schwartz-phd

oschwartz@mail.nih.gov

The Biological Imaging Section offers state-of-the art microscopy in their research programs. The section provides

expertise, instruction, and instrumentation, as well as assistance in experiment design and in the collection and analysis

of images of living and fixed material.

MAJOR AREAS OF SUPPORT 

• Confocal microscopy

• Fluorescence microscopy

• Video microscopy

• Post-collection quantification and deconvolution

RESEARCH TECHNOLOGIES BRANCH
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

ELECTRON MICROSCOPY UNIT 

Elizabeth Fischer, M.A. 

Chief, RML Microscopy Unit, RTB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/beth-fischer-ma

efischer@niaid.nih.gov

The Electron Microscopy (EM) Unit, located in Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), provides sample preparation and

analysis ranging from basic to high-resolution structural studies to immuno-localization of selected antigens for a wide

array of specimens. A variety of methods, protocols, and equipment are employed to accommodate different preparative

and imaging needs. Real-time viewing of samples by video image-sharing is also available to NIAID users, enabling

scientists at distant locations the ability to view samples simultaneously with microscopy staff.

MAJOR AREAS OF SUPPORT 

•	 3D tomography and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) 

•	 Confocal microscopy 

•	 Correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM)

•	 Cryo-electron microscopy 

•	 Immuno-electron microscopy 

•	 Microwave-assisted freeze substitution

•	 Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) 

•	 TEM 

FLOW CYTOMETRY SECTION 

Tom Moyer

Acting Chief, Flow Cytometry Section, RTB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/tom-moyer

tmoyer@niaid.nih.gov

The Flow Cytometry Section specializes in state-of-the-art flow cytometric analysis and sorting technologies. The section

provides expertise, instrumentation, and analysis. In addition, the staff is accessible for consultation in the design of

experiments and in interpretation of high-quality data.

MAJOR AREAS OF SUPPORT 

•	 Flow cytometric analysis (up to 13-color sorting, up to 14-color analysis, BSL-3 sorting and analysis, multispectral

imaging cytometry, and multiplex bead array assays)

•	 Sorting technologies 

30 
ABOUT DIR 31 

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

GENOMIC TECHNOLOGIES SECTION 

Timothy G. Myers, Ph.D. 

Chief, Genomic Technologies Section, RTB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/timothy-g-myers-phd

tgmyers@mail.nih.gov

The Genomic Technologies Section provides microarray and next-generation sequencing technology. They also provide

statistical and bioinformatics data analysis support. 

MAJOR AREAS OF SUPPORT 

•	 Genome-wide assays of mRNA, micro-RNA, and DNA copy (Copy Number Variation (CNV), Comparative Genomic

Hybridization (CGH))

•	 Detection of DNA aberrations, DNA methylation, Epigenetics 

•	 Human disease biomarker discovery

•	 Statistical analysis of microarray and high-throughput screening data 

•	 Bioinformatics, database mining, pathway and network analysis

•	 Data management and analysis pipelines, “reproducible data analysis” protocols 

•	 Experiment design for microarray and other massively parallel assays

RML FLOW CYTOMETRY UNIT 

Aaron Carmody, M.S.

Chief, RML Flow Cytometry Unit, RTB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/aaron-carmody-ms

acarmody@mail.nih.gov

The RML Flow Cytometry Unit offers flow cytometric analysis and sorting technologies in their research programs.

The unit provides expertise, experiment design, data analysis, and data interpretation involving cell sorting or multiparameter experiments. Staff is accessible for consultation in design and running of experiments and in interpretation of

data. 

MAJOR AREAS OF SUPPORT 

•	 Flow cytometric analysis 

•	 Sorting technologies 

RESEARCH TECHNOLOGIES BRANCH
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	

	 	

	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

RML GENOMICS UNIT 

Craig Martens, Ph.D. 

Chief, RML Genomics Unit, RTB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/craig-martens-phd

martensc@niaid.nih.gov

Located in the Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML), RML Genomics Unit enables the use of state-of-the-art applications

in microarray and sequencing technologies in their research programs. As well, staff provide expertise, instrumentation,

and analysis and interpretation of data. 

MAJOR AREAS OF SUPPORT 

• High-throughput Capillary/Sanger DNA sequencing

• Affymetrix microarray technologies

• Next-generation DNA/RNA sequencing

• High-throughput TaqMan (Q-RtPCR) analysis

• Human and pathogen genotyping

• Advanced bioinformatics and biostatistics (experiment design, data management, statistical analysis, exploratory

analysis, data mining, and database integration) for all of the above

STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY UNIT 

David N. Garboczi, Ph.D.

Chief, Structural Biology Unit, RTB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/david-n-garboczi-phd

dgarboczi@niaid.nih.gov

The Structural Biology Unit facilitates use of state-of-the-art applications in X-ray crystallography. They provide

expertise, instruction, and instrumentation in X-ray crystallography of macromolecules. Staff is available to assist in

producing the highly purified macromolecules required for growing crystals, in acquiring X-ray data from the crystals, and

in using the X-ray data to determine three-dimensional crystal structures.

MAJOR AREAS OF SUPPORT 

• Production of large amounts of highly purified, correctly folded macromolecules

• Preparation of diffraction-quality crystals

• Determination of structures by X-ray crystallography and other macromolecules

32 
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VISUAL AND MEDICAL ARTS UNIT 

Anita Mora 

Team Lead, Visual and Medical Arts Unit, RTB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/anita-mora

amora@niaid.nih.gov

The Visual and Medical Arts Unit (VMA) at Rocky Mountain Laboratories enables investigators to communicate complex

phenomena to both the scientific community and the general public. The VMA operates in all venues of modern

communication, including YouTube, Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, and Flickr to ensure scientific achievements reach the

widest possible audience. The unit uses a state-of-the-art comprehensive suite of illustration, design, photography, 3D

animation, and video technology.

MAJOR AREAS OF SUPPORT 

•	 Scientific illustration

•	 Photography 

•	 3D animation 

•	 Video technology 

RESEARCH TECHNOLOGIES BRANCH
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

ROCKY MOUNTAIN VETERINARY BRANCH

Donald J. Gardner, D.V.M., Interim Chief 

406-375-7415

RESEARCH SUPPORT ACTIVITIES 

The major research and support activities of the Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch include basic immunology, molecular biology, and

pathogenesis of bacterial, viral, and prion diseases in laboratory animal models; developing new animal models of emerging infectious

diseases; vaccine development; increasing the efficiency and safety of animal biosafety level (ABSL)-4 research; and evaluating new

caging systems for high-containment research. 

MAJOR AREAS OF SUPPORT 

• Biosafety level-4 pathogen animal models and molecular reagents

• Testing novel vaccine candidates for ABSL-4 select agents

• Clinical care and animal model development

• Developing standard operating procedures for high-containment animal research environments

• Full pathological services for infectious disease animal models

• Novel histopathology techniques for laboratory animal models

• Training programs for laboratory animal procedures and biosafety in animal facilities

• Imaging techniques in the high-containment animal research environment

34 
35 

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

VETERINARY PATHOLOGY SECTION 

Dana Scott, D.V.M.

Chief, Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch 

Chief, Veterinary Pathology Section, RMVB 

dscott@niaid.nih.gov

BIOGRAPHY 

Dr. Scott earned his D.V.M. from Washington State University in 1987. He served for 22

years in the U.S. Army Veterinary Corps. During that time he completed his residency at the 

Armed Forces Institute of Pathology and became a diplomate of the College of Veterinary 

Pathologists in 1997. He earned a master’s degree in national resource strategy at the 

National Defense University in 2006. He joined the Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch

(RMVB) in 2011 and currently serves as its chief.

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Imaging

• Surgical modeling

ROCKY MOUNTAIN VETERINARY BRANCH

DIR	LABORATORIES

& INDEPENDENT SECTIONS 
LABORATORY OF ALLERGIC DISEASES 

Joshua Milner, M.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/lab-allergic-diseases 

The Laboratory of Allergic Diseases (LAD) conducts basic and clinical research on immunologic diseases with an emphasis on disorders of 

immediate hypersensitivity, which include the spectrum of classic allergic diseases. LAD is composed of an interactive group of Ph.D.s, M.D.s, 

research nurses, technicians, and administrative staff, who work in contemporary laboratories adjacent to NIAID’s clinical facilities. Scientific 

personnel are engaged in basic and translational research aimed at elucidating events in mast cell-dependent, IgE-mediated allergic inflammatory 

reactions, including anaphylaxis, eosinophilic gastrointestinal diseases, and systemic mast cell disorders. Studies are focused on the role of mast 

cells, basophils, eosinophils, T lymphocytes, and their cytokines in these disorders. 

Food Allergy Research Unit 

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH SECTIONS AND UNITS 

•	 Study the growth, differentiation, and activation of mast cells, basophils, 

and eosinophils Pamela A. Guerrerio, M.D., Ph.D. •	 Elucidate signal transduction pathways in inflammation 

•	 Understand the biological manifestations of effector-cell activation in Genetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section tissues Joshua D. Milner, M.D.

•	 Perform clinical/translational research directed at understanding the 

pathogenesis of allergic inflammation Inflammation Immunobiology Section 

•	 Find novel immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory approaches to the Helene F. Rosenberg, M.D., Ph.D. treatment of allergic and immunologic disorders

Mast Cell Biology Section 

Dean D. Metcalfe, M.D.

Molecular Signal Transduction Section 

Kirk M. Druey, M.D.

Translational Allergic Immunopathology Unit 

Jonathan Lyons, M.D. 

38 
JOSHUA D. MILNER, M.D. 

Chief, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases 

Chief, Genetics and Pathogenesis of Allergy Section, LAD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/joshua-d-milner-md	

jdmilner@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Investigation	of	defects	in • Clinical and pathophysiologic • Search	for	novel	genetic

T-cell receptor signaling and analysis	of	patients	with	known diseases associated with

repertoires genetic diseases associated atopy

with atopy

BIOGRAPHY

Joshua	Milner	graduated	with	an	S.B.	in	biology	from	the	Massachusetts	Institute	of	

Technology (MIT) in 1995 and an M.D. with distinction in immunology from the Albert 

Einstein	College	of	Medicine	in	2000.	He	finished	his	residency	in	pediatrics	at	the	

Childrens National Medical Center in Washington, DC, in 2003. He was the recipient of 

the	Pediatric	Scientist	Development	Program	Fellowship	and	did	his	fellowship	in	allergy	

and immunology at NIAID. He completed a postdoctoral fellowship with Dr. William 

Paul,	examining	issues	of	mouse	T-cell	receptor	repertoires	before	beginning	as	a	clinical	

tenure-track	investigator	in	LAD.	He	was	named	chief	of	LAD	in	2017.	

KIRK M. DRUEY, M.D. 

Chief, Molecular Signal Transduction Section, LAD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/kirk-m-druey-md	

kdruey@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Signaling mechanisms of G • Role of airway smooth muscle • The	Systemic	Capillary	Leak

protein-coupled receptors abnormalities in asthma Syndrome

(GPCRs)

BIOGRAPHY

Dr. Druey obtained his M.D. from Rush Medical College in Chicago, Illinois. In 

1992,	following	a	residency	in	internal	medicine	at	The	New	York	Hospital/Cornell	

Medical Center, Dr. Druey became a postdoctoral fellow in the NIAID Laboratory of 

Immunoregulation.	He	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Allergic	Diseases	in	1997	to	become	chief	

of the Molecular Signal Transduction Section. 

LABORATORY	OF	ALLERGIC DISEASES 39 
PAMELA A. GUERRERIO, M.D., PH.D. 

Chief, Food Allergy Research Unit, LAD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/pamela-guerrerio-md-phd	

pamela.guerrerio@nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Identification	of	genetic	disorders	associated	with	the	development	of	food	allergy	and	related	conditions

•	 Investigation	of	the	key	cellular	and	biochemical	pathways	critical	in	the	development	of	tolerance	to	food	

antigens using human and murine models 

•	 Development	of	novel	therapies	for	food	allergy

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Guerrerio	graduated	with	a	B.S.	degree	in	biology	from	the	University	of	Iowa	

and	entered	the	Medical	Scientist	Training	Program	at	The	Johns	Hopkins	University,	

where she completed medical school and a Ph.D. in human genetics. She also did her 

residency	in	pediatrics	and	fellowship	in	allergy	and	immunology	at	Johns	Hopkins.	She	

subsequently	joined	the	faculty	at	Johns	Hopkins	and	was	the	recipient	of	the	2011	

ARTrust	Faculty	Development	Award	from	the	American	Academy	of	Asthma,	Allergy,	and	

Immunology. In 2014, Dr. Guerrerio was appointed chief of the Food Allergy Research Unit. 

JONATHAN LYONS, M.D. 

Chief, Translational Allergic Immunopathology Unit, LAD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/jonathan-lyons-md

lyonsjj@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 To	investigate	the	 •	 To study the structural •	 To	develop	novel	targeted	

consequences of altered variation,	altered	expression,	 therapeutic approaches for 

glycosylation in atopy and and function of the glycoprotein individuals	with	severe	allergy	

allergic	inflammation tryptase, a mediator released and mast cell-associated 

by	mast	cells	and	involved	in	 disorders 

allergic reactions 

BIOGRAPHY

Jonathan	Lyons	graduated	with	a	B.A.	in	chemistry	from	Pomona	College	in	2003	and	

received	an	M.D.	from	the	University	of	Southern	California	in	2007.	Dr.	Lyons	completed	

residency	training	in	internal	medicine	at	the	University	of	California,	San	Diego,	in	

2010, remaining an additional year as a chief medical resident. He concluded his formal 

medical training in 2014 at NIAID as a clinical fellow in allergy and immunology. Following 

completion of a fellowship, he was selected for the NIAID Transition Program in Clinical 

Research	and	is	currently	an	assistant	clinical	investigator	in	the	Laboratory	of	Allergic	

Diseases.	Dr.	Lyons	is	board	certified	in	internal	medicine	and	allergy/immunology,	a	

member of the Clinical Immunology Society, and a member of the American Academy of 

40 

Allergy,	Asthma	&	Immunology,	where	he	serves	on	the	Genetics,	Molecular	Biology,	and	

Epidemiology Committee. 
DEAN D. METCALFE, M.D. 

Chief, Mast Cell Biology Section, LAD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/dean-d-metcalfe-md	

dmetcalfe@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Identification	of	mutations	 •	 Characterization	of	key	 •	 Application of this information 

and polymorphisms in human signaling pathways in human to the diagnosis and treatment 

disease that affect the mast mast cells that control mast of	anaphylaxis	and	other	

cell compartment cell responses allergic and immunologic 

diseases 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Metcalfe	received	his	M.D.	at	the	University	of	Tennessee	and	an	M.S.	in	microbiology	

at	the	University	of	Michigan,	where	he	also	did	a	residency	in	internal	medicine.	Dr.

Metcalfe then trained in allergy and immunology during a fellowship at NIAID, followed 

by	training	in	rheumatology	while	a	fellow	in	immunology	at	the	Robert	Brigham	Hospital	

in	Boston.	In	1995,	he	was	appointed	as	the	first	chief	of	the	newly	created	Laboratory	

of Allergic Diseases at NIAID. He is a past president of the American Academy of 

Allergy,	Asthma,	and	Immunology	and	a	past	chair	of	the	American	Board	of	Allergy	

and Immunology. Dr. Metcalfe is a fellow of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma, 

and Immunology and a member of the Association of American Physicians, Collegium 

Internationale Allergologicum, and American Clinical and Climatological Association. 

HELENE F. ROSENBERG, M.D, PH.D. 

Chief, Inflammation Immunobiology Section, LAD

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/helene-f-rosenberg-md-phd	

hrosenberg@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Respiratory	viruses,	 •	 Eosinophils and their role in •	 Diversity	and	biology	of	RNase	

inflammation,	and	 innate immune responses A family ribonucleases 

immunomodulatory therapies 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr. Rosenberg was awarded both M.D. and Ph.D. degrees from the Medical Scientist 

Training	Program	at	The	Rockefeller	University/Cornell	University	Medical	College	(1984,	

1985).	Following	postdoctoral	research	at	Harvard	University,	she	joined	NIH	in	1991,	was	

granted tenure in 1998, and became a section chief in 2002. 

LABORATORY	OF	ALLERGIC DISEASES 41 
SECTIONS AND UNITS 

Coxiella Pathogenesis Section 

Robert A. Heinzen, Ph.D.

Gene Regulation Section 

Frank Gherardini, Ph.D. 

Host-Parasite Interactions Section 

David W. (Ted) Hackstadt, Ph.D.

LABORATORY OF BACTERIOLOGY 

Frank R. DeLeo, Ph.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/lab-bacteriology 

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

The Laboratory of Bacteriology (LB) studies bacteria that cause important 

human infections, including Chlamydia, Coxiella, Francisella, Rickettsia, and 

Salmonella. In addition, LB conducts research with pathogens listed as serious 

or urgent threats in the National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant 

Bacteria, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and 

carbapenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae. The ultimate goal of our research 

is to identify novel or improved strategies to control bacterial diseases, including 

development of diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics. LB maintains a 

flexible laboratory and theoretical infrastructure to permit analysis of bacterial 

pathogens of special interest. Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section 

Catharine (Katy) Bosio, Ph.D.

Molecular Genetics Section 

Patricia Rosa, Ph.D. 

Pathogen-Host Cell Biology Section 

Frank R. DeLeo, Ph.D. 

Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section 

Michael Otto, Ph.D. 

Plague Section 

B. Joseph Hinnebusch, Ph.D.

Salmonella-Host Cell Interactions Section 

Olivia Steele-Mortimer, Ph.D. 

42 
FRANK R. DELEO, PH.D. 

Chief, Laboratory of Bacteriology 

Chief, Pathogen-Host Cell Biology Section, LB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/frank-r-deleo-phd	

fdeleo@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Neutrophil biology and function • Evasion	of	innate	immunity	by • Host interactions with

bacterial pathogens antibiotic-resistant bacteria

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	DeLeo	received	his	Ph.D.	in	microbiology	from	Montana	State	University	in	1996,	

studying	the	molecular	basis	of	superoxide	generation	by	human	neutrophils.	He	did	

his postdoctoral training in the area of innate immunity and infectious diseases in the 

department	of	medicine	at	the	University	of	Iowa	(1996	–	2000). Dr.	DeLeo	joined	the	staff	

at	the	NIAID	Rocky	Mountain	Laboratories	in	2000	and	served	previously	as	acting	chief	of	

the	Laboratory	of	Human	Bacterial	Pathogenesis	(2007	–	13).	He	was	appointed	to	the	NIH	

Senior	Biomedical	Research	Service	in	2011	and	is	chief	of	the	Laboratory	of	Bacteriology.	

OLIVIA STEELE-MORTIMER, PH.D. 

Deputy Chief, Laboratory of Bacteriology 

Chief, Salmonella-Host Cell Interactions Section, LB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/olivia-steele-mortimer-phd	

omortimer@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Host-cell	proteins	involved	in	invasion • Biogenesis	of	the	Salmonella-containing	vacuole

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Steele-Mortimer	received	her	Ph.D.	in	cell	biology	from	the	European	Molecular	

Biology	Laboratory	in	1994.	From	1995	to	1999,	she	did	postdoctoral	research	on	

Salmonella-host	cell	interactions	in	the	laboratory	of	B.	Brett	Finlay	at	the	University	of	

British	Columbia	in	Vancouver,	followed	by	one	year	at	Washington	University,	St.	Louis,	

with	Phillip	D.	Stahl.	She	came	to	NIH	in	2001	and	became	a	tenured	senior	investigator	

in 2007. Dr. Steele-Mortimer is an associate editor of Microbial Pathogenesis and is a 

member of the editorial board of Traffic. 

LABORATORY	OF	BACTERIOLOGY 43 
CATHARINE (KATY) BOSIO, PH.D. 

Chief, Immunity to Pulmonary Pathogens Section, LB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/catharine-katy-bosio-phd	

bosioc@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Innate immunity to Francisella •	 Vaccine	development	for	 •	 Modulation of human cells by F. 

tularensis pneumonic tularemia tularensis 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Bosio	graduated	from	Washington	State	University	cum laude with	a	B.Sc.	in	1993.	

Following	completion	of	her	Ph.D.	at	Colorado	State	University	in	1998,	Dr.	Bosio	

completed postdoctoral fellowships at the Food and Drug Administration Center for 

Biologics	Evaluation	and	Research	and	at	the	U.S.	Army	Medical	Research	Institute	

for Infectious Diseases, studying innate immunity to Mycobacterium tuberculosis, F. 

tularensis,	Marburg	virus,	and	Ebola	virus.	Prior	to	joining	NIAID	in	2007,	Dr.	Bosio	was	

an	assistant	professor	at	Colorado	State	University	in	the	department	of	microbiology,	

immunology,	and	pathology.	Dr.	Bosio’s	laboratory	studies	the	host	response	to	

pulmonary	pathogens,	with	special	emphasis	on	virulent F. tularensis and dendritic cells, 

macrophages, and monocytes. 

FRANK GHERARDINI, PH.D. 

Chief, Gene Regulation Section, LB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/frank-gherardini-phd	

frank.gherardini@nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Physiology, biochemistry, gene regulation, and pathogenesis of Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia hermsii 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Gherardini	received	his	doctorate	in	1987	from	the	University	of	Illinois,	studying	

enzymes	involved	in	the	utilization	of	galactomannans	by	Bacteroides ovatus. From 1991 

to	2001,	he	was	a	tenured	professor	in	the	department	of	microbiology	at	the	University	of	

Georgia.	In	2001,	Dr.	Gherardini	joined	the	Rocky	Mountain	Laboratories,	where	he	is	chief	

of	the	Gene	Regulation	Section	and	a	senior	investigator	in	the	Laboratory	of	Zoonotic	

Pathogens. 

44 
DAVID W. (TED) HACKSTADT, PH.D. 

Chief, Host-Parasite Interactions Section, LB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/david-w-ted-hackstadt-phd	

thackstadt@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Chlamydia interactions with • Vesicle	trafficking	pathways • Biology	of	Rickettsia

host cells

the American Academy of Microbiology in 2005. 

ROBERT A. HEINZEN, PH.D. 

Chief, Coxiella Pathogenesis Section, LB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/robert-heinzen-phd	

rheinzen@niaid.nih.gov

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Hackstadt	received	his	Ph.D.	from	Washington	State	University.	His	postdoctoral	work	

was	in	the	NIAID	Laboratory	of	Microbial	Structure	and	Function.	Dr.	Hackstadt	then	

assumed an associate professorship in the departments of pathology and microbiology at 

the	University	of	Texas	Medical	School	in	Galveston.	In	1990,	he	returned	to	NIAID,	where	

he was appointed chief of the Host-Parasite Interactions Section, awarded tenure in 1995, 

and	appointed	to	the	NIH	Senior	Biomedical	Research	Service	in	2005.	He	currently	serves	

on the editorial boards of Traffic, Cellular Microbiology, and Infection and Immunity. He is 

a	past	president	of	the	American	Society	for	Rickettsiology	and	was	elected	a	fellow	of	

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Genomics and genetic systems • Developmental	biology • Host interactions

recognition of his studies on Coxiella and Rickettsia pathogenesis. 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Heinzen	received	his	Ph.D.	in	microbiology	from	Washington	State	University	in	1991.	

After completing an Intramural Research Training Award fellowship in the Laboratory of 

Intracellular	Parasites	at	NIAID	in	1996,	Dr.	Heinzen	joined	the	faculty of	the	molecular	

biology	department	at	the	University	of	Wyoming,	where	he	was	awarded	tenure	in	

2002.	Dr.	Heinzen	was	recruited	to	NIH	in	2003	as	head	of	the	new	Coxiella Pathogenesis 

Section,	where	he	was	awarded	tenure	in	2010	and	promoted	to	senior	investigator.	Dr.

Heinzen	has	served	on	the	executive	council	for	the	American	Society	for	Rickettsiology.	

In	2011,	Dr.	Heinzen	was	elected	fellow	of	the	American	Academy	of	Microbiology	in	

LABORATORY	OF	BACTERIOLOGY 45 
B. JOSEPH HINNEBUSCH, PH.D.

Chief, Plague Section, LB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/b-joseph-hinnebusch-phd	

jhinnebusch@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Interactions between the bacterium Yersinia pestis • Aspects	of	the	flea-bacteria-host	transmission

and	its	rat-flea	vector	Xenopsylla cheopis that lead interface	that	influence	nascent	infection	and

to transmission immunity

• Mechanisms of Y. pestis pathogenicity and immune • Characterization	of	a	protective	immune	response	to

evasion plague;	new	plague	vaccines	and	diagnostics

from the Ellison Medical Foundation. 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Hinnebusch	received	his	Ph.D.	in	microbiology	in	1991	from	the	University	of	Texas	

Health Science Center at San Antonio, studying the molecular structure and replication 

of linear plasmids of Borrelia burgdorferi, the	bacterial	agent	of	Lyme	disease.	He	joined	

Rocky	Mountain	Laboratories	as	a	postdoctoral	fellow	in	1992,	where	he	developed	model	

systems to study the transmission of Yersinia pestis, the bacterial agent of bubonic and 

pneumonic	plague.	He	advanced	to	a	tenure-track	position	in	2001	and	is	now	a	senior	

investigator	and	chief	of	the	Plague	Section	in	the	Laboratory	of	Zoonotic	Pathogens.	From	

2002 to 2006, he was the recipient of a New Scholar Award in Global Infectious Diseases 

MICHAEL OTTO, PH.D. 

Chief, Pathogen Molecular Genetics Section, LB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/michael-otto-phd	

motto@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Physiology	of	staphylococcal	biofilms	and	biofilm- • Community- and hospital-associated methicillinassociated infection resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA):	virulence

determinants and epidemiology • Molecular	basis	of	immune	evasion	mechanisms

in Staphylococci:	exopolymers,	proteases,	toxins, • Gene regulatory processes during pathogen-host

antimicrobial peptide resistance, etc. interaction

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Otto	received	his	M.S.	in	biochemistry	in	1993	from	the	University	of	Tuebingen,	

Germany. In 1998, he earned his Ph.D. in microbiology from the same institution. Dr. 

Otto	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Human	Bacterial	Pathogenesis	in	July	2001	as	a	principal	

investigator.	In	2008,	he	became	a	tenured	senior	investigator	and	moved	his	laboratory	to	

the	NIH	Bethesda	main	campus	(Building	33).	In	2015,	his	section	became	part	of	the	new	

Laboratory	of	Bacteriology.

46 
PATRICIA ROSA, PH.D. 

Chief, Molecular Genetics Section, LB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/patricia-rosa-phd	

prosa@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Development	of	a	genetic	system	for	Borrelia • Determination	of	the	roles	of	specific	plasmids,

burgdorferi, the spiral-shaped bacterium that causes genes, and proteins during the natural infectious

Lyme disease cycle of B. burgdorferi

• Analysis of the structure and function of the plasmid • Cultivation	and	genetic	manipulation	of	free-living

component of the highly segmented B. burgdorferi and pathogenic Leptospira

genome

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Rosa	received	her	doctorate	in	1980	from	the	Institute	of	Molecular	Biology	at	the	

University	of	Oregon.	In	1988,	following	research	fellowships	at	Washington	University	

School of Medicine in St. Louis and at the Research Institute of Scripps Clinic, Dr. Rosa 

joined	Rocky	Mountain	Laboratories.	She	became	a	tenured	investigator	in	2000.	Dr.	Rosa	

is	a	fellow	of	the	American	Academy	of	Microbiology	and	an	internationally	recognized	

leader	in	the	field	of	bacterial	molecular	genetics.

LABORATORY	OF	BACTERIOLOGY 47 
 

 

 

LABORATORY OF CLINICAL IMMUNOLOGY AND 

Luigi Daniele Notarangelo, M.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research//lab-clinical-immunology-and-microbiology

The Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology (LCIM) conducts clinical and basic

science, and epidemiologic research into human immunologic, inflammatory, and infectious

diseases. 

Primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) that arise from a variety of mutations in genes involved

in the immune system are a major focus area of the laboratory. To develop a comprehensive

understanding of the natural history and pathogenesis of PIDs, the LCIM integrates clinical

studies with laboratory investigations at molecular-, cellular-, and systems-level scales.

Clinical and basic science aspects of bacterial, fungal, and viral microbiology and

pathogenesis are another major concentration of LCIM investigators. Vaccine development

and drug discovery efforts have led to several international clinical trials that aim to lessen

the global impact of microbial diseases and prevent or minimize the emergence of drugresistant microbes. 

Training of physicians and scientists is central to the LCIM mission. The NIAID Infectious

Disease Fellowship Training Program, the NIAID Primary Immune Deficiency Clinic, and the

NIH Clinical Center Infectious Disease Consultation Service are integral components of the

LCIM and facilitate the reciprocal education of basic scientists and clinical fellows alike.

SECTIONS AND UNITS 

Antibacterial Host Defense Unit 

Robert S. Munford, M.D.

Bacterial Pathogenesis and 

Antimicrobial Resistance Unit 

John P. Dekker, M.D., Ph.D. 

Chlamydial Diseases Section 

Harlan D. Caldwell, Ph.D. 

Clinical Pathophysiology Section 

John I. Gallin, M.D. 

Fungal Pathogenesis Section 

Michail S. Lionakis, M.D., Sc.D. 

Genetic Immunotheraphy Section 

Harry L. Malech, M.D. 

MAJOR AREAS OF 

RESEARCH 

• Discovery of the gene mutations causing

primary immune deficiencies and autoimmune

disorders

• Bacterial pathogenesis (e.g., Mycobacterium,

Borrelia, Chlamydia, Granulibacter)

• Fungal pathogenesis (e.g., Cryptococcus,

Candida, Aspergillus)

• Viral pathogenesis (e.g., Herpes simplex and

zoster, Vaccinia, Zika, Epstein-Barr)

• Development and testing of novel antimicrobial

drugs, gene therapy, stem cell transplant,

cytokines, monoclonal antibodies, and other

therapeutics to modify or correct immune

function, prevent infection, and reduce

inflammation

Mucosal Immunity Section 

Warren Strober, M.D. 

Neuroimmunolgical Diseases Section 

Bibi Bielekova, M.D. 

Translational Autoinf lammatory 

Disease Studies Unit 

Raphaela T. Goldbach-Mansky, M.D., M.H.S. 

Translational Mycology Section 

Peter Williamson, M.D., Ph.D. 

Tuberculosis Research Section 

Clifton E. Barry III, Ph.D.

Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit 

Heather Hickman, Ph.D. 

Human Immunological 

Diseases Section 

Helen C. Su, M.D., Ph.D.

Immune Deficiency 

Genetics Section 

Luigi Daniele Notarangelo, M.D.

Immunopathogenesis Section 

Steven M. Holland, M.D. 

Inflammation and Innate 

Immunity Unit 

Katrin D. Mayer-Barber, Dr. Rer. Nat. 

Molecular Defenses Section 

Thomas L. Leto, Ph.D. 

Molecular Microbiology Section 

Kyung (June) Kwon-Chung, Ph.D.

48 
MICROBIOLOGY 

LUIGI DANIELE NOTARANGELO, M.D. 

Chief, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology 

Chief, Immune Deficiency Genetics Section

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/luigi-d-notarangelo-md

luigi.notarangelo2@nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Defining	the	molecular	and	cellular	bases	of	novel	forms	of	human	primary	immune	deficiency

• Understanding the mechanisms underpinning manifestations of immune dysregulation in patients with RAG

deficiency	and	other	forms	of	combined	immune	deficiency

• Developing	novel	approaches	to	correct	primary	immune	deficiency	gene	defects

BIOGRAPHY

Luigi	D.	Notarangelo	received	his	M.D.	from	the	University	of	Pavia,	Italy.	After	completing	

training	in	pediatrics,	subspecialty	training	in	allergy/immunology,	and	human	genetics	

at	the	University	of	Pavia	and	a	postdoctoral	internship	with	David	Nelson,	M.D.,	at	the	

Metabolism	Branch,	National	Cancer	Institute,	he	was	appointed	associate	professor	

and	subsequently	full	professor	of	pediatrics	at	the	University	of	Brescia,	Italy,	where	

he	chaired	the	department	of	pediatrics	between	2000	and	2006.	In	November	2006,	he	

joined	the	division	of	immunology	at	Boston	Children’s	Hospital,	Harvard	Medical	School,	

as	professor	of	pediatrics.	In	October	2016,	he	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Host	Defenses.

LABORATORY	OF	CLINICAL	IMMUNOLOGY	AND	MICROBIOLOGY 49 
CLIFTON E. BARRY III, PH.D. 

Chief, Tuberculosis Research Section, LCIM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/clifton-e-barry-iii-phd	

cbarry@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• TB	drug	discovery • Drug resistance in • Clinical trials of therapies in

• Mechanism	of	action	of	anti-TB Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug-resistant	TB	patients

agents • Chemical biology of the • Advanced	diagnostic	solutions

interaction	of	TB	and	humans for	TB

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Barry	received	his	Ph.D.	in	organic	and	bio-organic	chemistry	in	1989	from	Cornell	

University.	He	joined	NIAID	following	postdoctoral	research	at	The	Johns	Hopkins	

University.	In	1998,	he	was	tenured	as	chief	of	the	Tuberculosis	Research	Section.	Dr.

Barry	is	a	member	of	several	editorial	boards,	has	authored	more	than	120	research	

publications	in	tuberculosis,	and	is	the	most	cited	researcher	in	the	field,	according	to	

ScienceWatch.com. 

JOHN E. BENNETT, M.D. 

Senior Investigator, LCIM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/john-e-bennett-md	

jbennett@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Cryptococcosis	in	previously • Idiopathic CD4 • Clinical trials of antifungal

normal patients lymphocytopenia agents

American College of Physicians-American Society of Internal Medicine, U.S. Public Health 

Association, Food and Drug Administration, and U.S. Department of Defense. 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Bennett	received	his	B.S.	in	chemistry	(cum laude)	from	Stanford	University.	He	earned	

his	M.D.	(Alpha	Omega	Alpha)	from	The	Johns	Hopkins	University	School	of	Medicine.	Dr.

Bennett	is	board	certified	in	internal	medicine	and	infectious	disease.	His	other	honors	

include master in the American College of Physicians; former president of the Infectious 

Diseases Society of America; charter president of the Greater Washington Infectious 

Diseases	Society;	member	of	the	American	Society	for	Clinical	Investigation	and	the	

American	Association	of	Physicians;	co-editor	of	seven	editions	of	Principles and Practice 

of Infectious Diseases; 	and	consultant	to	the	Centers	for	Disease	Control	and	Prevention,	

50 
BIBI BIELEKOVA, M.D. 

Chief, Neuroimmunological Diseases Section, LCIM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/bibi-bielekova-md	

bielekovab@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Development	of	combinatorial	biomarkers	for	reliable	measurement	of	pathophysiological	processes	(e.g.,	

inflammation,	neurodegeneration)	in	patients	with	immune-mediated	diseases	of	the	central	nervous	system,	

especially multiple sclerosis (MS) 

•	 Validation	of	MS	disease	mechanisms	and	therapeutic	targets	within	the	context	of	interventional	clinical	trials	

and	longitudinal	follow-up	of	patients	on	FDA-approved	disease-modifying	treatments

•	 Identification	of	biomarker	signatures	that	can	predict	a	drug’s	efficacy	on	clinical	outcomes	and	development	of	

algorithms	that	optimize	therapeutic	selections	

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Bielekova	received	an	M.D.	in	1993	from	Comenius	University	in	Bratislava,	

Slovakia.	After	a	medical	internship	at	SUNY	Downstate	Medical	Center	in	Brooklyn	

and	a	neurology	residency	at	Boston	University,	she	did	a	3-year	postdoctoral	research	

fellowship	at	the	NINDS	Neuroimmunology	Branch	(NIB).	She	remained	at	NIB	for	an	

additional	5	years	as	a	staff	physician,	focusing	on	development	of	novel	therapies	for	

MS. In 2005, she became associate professor of neurology with tenure and director of the 

Waddell	Center	for	MS	at	University	of	Cincinnati.	In	2008,	she	moved	back	to	NINDS	as	

an	investigator.	In	2018,	Dr.	Bielekova	transferred	as	a	senior	investigator	to	NIAID.

HARLAN D. CALDWELL, PH.D. 

Chief, Chlamydial Diseases Section, LCIM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/harlan-d-caldwell-phd	

hcaldwell@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Pathogenesis of chlamydial •	 Immunity to chlamydial •	 Chlamydia	vaccine	

infection infection development

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Caldwell	received	his	Ph.D.	in	pathobiology	from	the	University	of	Washington	in	

1976. After completing a senior research fellowship in the department of medicine at 

the	University	of	Washington	in	1978,	Dr.	Caldwell	joined	the	faculty	of	the	University	of	

California, San Francisco, as an assistant professor of microbiology and immunology. In 

1980,	he	was	recruited	to	NIH	as	a	tenure-track	investigator	in	the	Laboratory	of	Microbial	

Structure	and	Function.	He	became	a	tenured	investigator	in	1986	and	chief	of	the	

Laboratory of Intracellular Parasites in 1990. He is a recipient of the NIH Director’s Award, 

NIH	Merit	Award,	and	PHS	Superior	Service	Award.	He	was	appointed	to	the	NIH	Senior	

Biomedical	Research	Service	in	1997.	Dr.	Caldwell	is	a	member	of	the	editorial	board	of	

Infection and Immunity and a fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology. He is an 

internationally	recognized	leader	in	the	fields	of	chlamydial	pathogenesis	and	immunology.

LABORATORY	OF	CLINICAL	IMMUNOLOGY	AND	MICROBIOLOGY 51 
JOHN P. DEKKER, M.D., PH.D. 

Chief, Bacterial Pathogenesis and Antimicrobial Resistance Unit, LCIM 

Director, Genomics Section, Microbiology Service, Dept Lab Medicine, NIH Clinical Center 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/john-p-dekker-md-phd-fcap

john.dekker@nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Genomics of antimicrobial resistance •	 Pathogenesis of bacterial infections in patients with 

primary	immunodeficiencies •	 Adaptive	evolution	of	bacterial	infections	in	the	

context	of	acute	or	chronic	infection	 •	 Development	of	novel	approaches	for	rapid	

antimicrobial resistance diagnostics 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Dekker	received	his	M.D.	from	Harvard	Medical	School	and	Ph.D.	from	Harvard	

University	in	ion	channel	biophysics	through	the	NIH	Medical	Scientist	Training	Program.	

He	is	board-certified	in	Clinical	Pathology	and	Medical	Microbiology.	Since	2013,	he	has	

been	a	Senior	Staff	member	at	the	NIH	Clinical	Center.	In	2018,	Dr.	Dekker	was	named	

as	a	Lasker	Clinical	Research	Scholar	and	recruited	to	NIAID,	where	he	established	

the	Bacterial	Pathogenesis	and	Antimicrobial	Resistance	Unit.	Dr.	Dekker	serves	on	

the Clinical Center Hospital Infection Control Committee and the NIAID Infectious Disease 

Fellowship Committee. He is a member of the editorial board for Journal of Clinical 

Microbiology.	In	2016,	Dr.	Dekker	received	the	Beckman-Coulter	Young	Investigator	award	

from	the	American	Society	for	Microbiology,	and	he	received	an	NIH	Clinical	Center	CEO	

Award in 2017. 

JOHN I. GALLIN, M.D., M.A.C.P. 

Chief Scientific Officer, Clinical Center, NIH

Chief, Clinical Pathophysiology Section, LCIM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/john-i-gallin-md-macp	

jgallin@cc.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Gallin	received	his	medical	training	at	Cornell	University	Medical	College	in	New	York	

City	followed	by	residency	in	internal	medicine	at	Bellevue	Hospital.	In	1971,	he	first	came	

to	NIH	as	a	clinical	associate	in	Sheldon	Wolff’s	Laboratory	of	Clinical	Investigation.	In	

1974	he	served	as	senior	chief	resident	in	medicine	at	Bellevue	Hospital	before	returning	

to	NIH	in	1976	as	a	senior	investigator.	Dr.	Gallin	served	as	the	director	of	the	NIAID	

Intramural	Research	Program	(1985–1994),	the	chief	of	the	Laboratory	of	Host	Defenses	

(1991–2003),	and	the	director	of	the	NIH	Clinical	Center	(1994–2017).	Currently,	Dr.	Gallin	

is	the	chief	scientific	officer	of	the	NIH	Clinical	Center	and	the	NIH	associate	director	for	

•	 Inflammation •	 Phagocyte dysfunction 

clinical research. Among his honors are membership in the National Academy of Medicine 

and a master of the American College of Physicians. 

52 
	 	

	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

RAPHAELA T. GOLDBACH-MANSKY, M.D., M.H.S. 

Chief, Translational Autoinflammatory Disease Studies Unit, LCIM

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/raphaela-t-goldbach-mansky-md-mhs	

goldbacr@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Study pathogenesis and immune-dysregulatory • Identify molecular and genetic causes (using

mechanisms of interleukin-1-mediated next-generation sequencing methods) of as-yetautoinflammatory diseases including NOMID, DIRA, undifferentiated autoinflammatory diseases

and the IL-1/IL-18-mediated disease NLRC4-MAS • Find drug targets for better treatment approaches

• Study pathogenesis and immune-dysregulatory • Implement pilot treatment studies with targeted mechanisms of Type I interferon-mediated therapeutics autoinflammatory diseasesincluding CANDLE and SAVI

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Goldbach-Mansky	received	her	medical	degree	from	the	University	Witten-Herdecke,	

Germany, in 1990. She completed her rheumatology fellowship training at NIAMS 

in	1999	and	served	as	a	staff	clinician	at	NIAMS	through	2008.	She	leads	the	NIAID	

autoinflammatory	disease	clinic	and	has	built	a	translational	research	program	focusing	

on	clinical	and	translational	studies	in	children	with	early-onset	autoinflammatory	

diseases. Together with Dr. Daniel Kastner (NHGRI) she founded the Translational 

Autoinflammatory	Research	Initiative	(TARI)	at	NIH	to	improve	research	in	patients	with	

rare	autoinflammatory	diseases.		

HEATHER HICKMAN, PH.D. 

Chief, Viral Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, LCIM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/heather-hickman-phd	

hhickman@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Anatomy	of	antiviral	immune	responses	in	infected • Role	of	chemotactic	factors	in	antiviral	T-cell

peripheral tissue effector function

• Impact	of	lymph	node	anatomy	on	priming	antiviral • Viral pathogenesis and immune clearance of

T- and	B-cells infected tissues

an	Earl-Stadtman	tenure-track	investigator	in	the	Viral	Immunity	and	Pathogenesis	Unit	in	

2017. 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Heather	Hickman	received	her	Ph.D.	(Microbiology	and	Immunology)	from	the	

University	of	Oklahoma	Health	Sciences	Center	in	2003.	While	training	in	the	lab	of	

Dr.	William	Hildebrand,	she	investigated	the	presentation	of	viral	ligands	by	major	

histocompatibility	class	I	molecules.	In	2004,	she	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Viral	Diseases	

(LVD)	(NIAID),	first	as	a	postdoctoral	fellow	with	Dr.	Jonathan	Yewdell	and	later	as	a	

senior	associate	scientist.	In	the	LVD,	Dr.	Hickman	developed	a	research	program	aimed	

at	better	defining	the	mechanisms	of	adaptive	immunity	to	viral	infections	using	a	number	

of	different	viruses	as	models	(such	as	vaccinia,	Zika,	and	influenza).	Dr.	Hickman	became	

LABORATORY	OF	CLINICAL	IMMUNOLOGY	AND	MICROBIOLOGY 53 
STEVEN M. HOLLAND, M.D. 

Chief, Division of Intramural Research 

Chief, Immunopathogenesis Section, LCIM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/steven-m-holland-md	

sholland@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Immune	defects	of	phagocytes:	GATA2	deficiency	(MonoMAC),	nontuberculous	mycobacterial	infections,	chronic	

granulomatous	disease,	hyper	IgE	(Job’s) syndrome,	leukocyte	adhesion	deficiency

•	 Cytokines	and	their	receptors	in	the	pathogenesis	and	therapy	of	infections

•	 Susceptibility to disseminated mycobacterial infections, such as GATA2, autoantibodies to interferon gamma, and 

defects	in	the	interferon	gamma/IL-12	pathway

•	 Mechanisms of mycobacterial pathogenesis, bacterial pathogenesis (e.g., Burkholderia), Coccidioides immits 

pathogenesis, and airway dysfunction leading to mycobacterial and fungal infection 

KYUNG (JUNE) KWON-CHUNG, PH.D. 

Chief, Molecular Microbiology Section, LCIM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/kj-kwon-chung-phd	

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Holland	received	his	M.D.	from	The	Johns	Hopkins	University	School	of	Medicine	in	

1983. He came to NIH in 1989 as a National Research Council fellow in the Laboratory of 

Molecular	Microbiology,	working	on	transcriptional	regulation	of	HIV.	In	1991,	Dr.	Holland	

joined	the	Laboratory	of	Host	Defenses,	shifting	his	research	to	the	host	side,	with	a	focus	

on phagocyte defects and their associated infections. He was chief of LCID from 2004 to 

2016 and was selected as DIR director in 2016. 

jkchung@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Virulence determinants of Cryptococcus neoformans •	 The	mechanism	of	cryptococcal	adaptive	resistance	

and Aspergillus fumigatus to	azole	drugs	and	flucytosine

•	 Mechanism by which neoformans invades	the	brain •	 Pathobiological differences between neoformans 

and gattii •	 Mechanism by which cryptococci adapt to the brain 

environment	and	produce	fulminating	disease •	 Host	factors	that	predispose	patients	to	invasive	

aspergillosis 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Kwon-Chung	received	her	B.S.	and	M.S.	in	biology	from	Ewha	Womans	University	

in	Seoul,	South	Korea,	prior	to	receiving	a	Fulbright	Scholarship	to	pursue	her	doctoral	

work	in	the	bacteriology	department	at	the	University	of	Wisconsin,	Madison.	After	

receiving	her	Ph.D.,	she	joined	the	Medical	Mycology	Section	of	the	NIAID	Laboratory	

of	Microbiology	as	a	visiting	fellow.	She	became	a	senior	investigator	in	the	NIAID	

Laboratory	of	Clinical	Investigation	in	1973	and	has	been	the	chief	of	the	Molecular	

Microbiology Section, Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases, since 1995. 

54 
THOMAS L. LETO, PH.D. 

Chief, Molecular Defenses Section, LCIM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/thomas-l-leto-phd	

tleto@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Nox	family	NADPH	oxidases •	 Role	of	reactive	oxygen	in	health	and	disease	(host	

defense,	inflammation,	adaptive	immunity	and	 •	 Reactive	oxygen-dependent	innate	immune	 cellular signaling) mechanisms in phagocytic cells and on mucosal 

surfaces 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Leto	received	his	Ph.D.	in	biochemistry	from	the	University	of	Virginia	for	studies	on	

mechanisms	of	cell	membrane	assembly.	He	followed	this	work	with	postdoctoral	studies	

at	Yale	University	on	membrane	cytoskeleton	interactions.	Dr.	Leto	joined	NIAID	in	1988	

and	became	a	senior	investigator	in	the	Laboratory	of	Host	Defenses	in	1996.

MICHAIL S. LIONAKIS, M.D., SC.D. 

Chief, Fungal Pathogenesis Section, LCIM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/michail-s-lionakis-md-scd	

lionakism@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Host	defense	against	invasive	 •	 Immunological mechanisms •	 Novel	genetic	defects	in	

candidiasis and mucosal and of susceptibility: systemic patients with inherited 

systemic fungal challenge fungal infections in patients susceptibility to Candida, 

•	

•	

Genetic susceptibility to 

infection in mice and patients 

with candidiasis 

Organ-specific	immunity	in	

invasive	candidiasis •	

with	CARD9	deficiency,	chronic	

mucocutaneous candidiasis 

(CMC) in patients with APECED 

syndrome 

Pathogenesis of antibioticinduced	vaginal	candidiasis

Aspergillus, and other mold 

infections 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Lionakis	obtained	his	M.D.	and	Sc.D.	from	the	University	of	Crete	in	Greece.	After	

completing	his	clinical	training	in	internal	medicine	at	Baylor	College	of	Medicine	and	

infectious	diseases	at	NIAID,	Dr.	Lionakis	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Molecular	Immunology	

(LMI)	in	2008.	In	2012,	Dr.	Lionakis	was	recruited	as	a	tenure-track	investigator	in	the	

NIAID intramural research program and established the Fungal Pathogenesis Unit within 

the Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases. 

LABORATORY	OF	CLINICAL	IMMUNOLOGY	AND	MICROBIOLOGY ABOUT DIR 55 
	 	

HARRY L. MALECH, M.D. 

Chief, Genetic Immunotherapy Section, LCIM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/harry-l-malech-md	

hmalech@nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Clinical trials and basic research of gene therapy •	 WHIM syndrome 

•	 Allogeneic transplantation using hematopoietic •	 Acute	and	chronic	graft	versus	host	disease

stem cell grafts •	 Biology	of	engraftment	of	hematopoietic	stem	cells	

•	 Chronic granulomatous disease and	the	role	of	the	CXCR4	chemokine	receptor

•	 X-linked	severe	combined	immune	deficiency •	 Primary	immune	deficiencies	

•	 Leukocyte	adhesion	deficiency •	 Induced pluripotent stem cells to model human 

immune	deficiencies	to	develop	of	novel	treatments

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Malech	received	his	medical	degree	from	Yale	University	in	New	Haven,	Connecticut,	

in	1972.	He	completed	clinical	residency	training	at	the	University	of	Pennsylvania	in	

Philadelphia, followed by basic research postdoctoral fellowship training at NIH in 

Bethesda,	Maryland.	After	then	completing	clinical	fellowship	training	in	infectious	

diseases	at	Yale	University,	he	remained	at	Yale as assistant	and	then	associate	professor	

until	1986.	In	1986,	he	returned	to	NIH	as	a	senior	investigator	in	NIAID.	He	is	currently	

chief of the Laboratory of Host Defenses (LHD). Dr. Malech’s research and clinical program 

within LHD is the Genetic Immunotherapy Section. 

KATRIN D. MAYER-BARBER, DR. RER. NAT. 

Chief, Inflammation and Innate Immunity Unit, LCIM

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/katrin-d-mayer-barber-dr-rer-nat-phd	

mayerk@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Cellular	mechanisms	of	inflammation in vivo •	 Role of innate effector cells in host resistance to 

tuberculosis •	 Inflammatory	cytokine	and	lipid	mediator	networks	

in host resistance •	 Role	of	inflammation	in	host-directed	therapies	and	

vaccine-adjuvant	design

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Mayer-Barber	received	her	diploma	in	biology	from	the	University	of	Würzburg,	

Germany, in 2002. She obtained her doctoral degree (Doctor rerum naturalium: Dr. rer. 

nat.)	in	2006	from	the	University	of	Würzburg,	Germany	and	joined	NIAID	in	2007	as	

a	postdoctoral	fellow	in	the	Laboratory	of	Parasitic	Diseases.	Dr.	Mayer-Barber	was	

awarded	the	Earl	Stadtman	Tenure-Track	Investigator	position	in	the	NIAID	Laboratory	of	

Clinical Infectious Diseases in 2015. 

56 
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

ROBERT S. MUNFORD, M.D. 

Chief, Antibacterial Host Defense Section, LCIM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/robert-s-munford-md	

munfordrs@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 To understand the basis for the prolonged immunosuppression that develops when animals that cannot inactivate

lipopolysaccharides (LPS) are exposed to LPS or to Gram-negative bacteria that make LPS

•	 To understand how human cells regulate the production of acyloxyacyl hydrolase (AOAH), the LPS-inactivating enzyme

•	 To look for associations between AOAH deficiency and human diseases

•	 To define AOAH’s role in metabolizing oxidized phospholipids and endocannabinoids in vivo 

outbreak of meningococcal disease in São Paulo, Brazil, in 1972.

BIOGRAPHY

Dr. Munford received his B.A. in history from Vanderbilt University and an M.A. in animal

physiology from Oxford University before attending Harvard Medical School. After training

in internal medicine at Parkland Memorial Hospital, Dallas, Texas, he served as an

Epidemic Intelligence Service officer at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, did

postdoctoral research at the Rockefeller University, and completed an infectious disease

fellowship at the Massachusetts General Hospital. He worked for many years as a physicianscientist at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical School in Dallas before moving

to NIH in 2009. His interest in bacterial lipopolysaccharides began when he investigated an

WARREN STROBER, M.D. 

Chief, Mucosal Immunity Section, LCIM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/warren-strober-md	

warren.strober@nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Basic	studies	of	mucosal	immunity	and	inflammation	 •	 Studies	of	the	immunobiology	of	inflammatory	

and	inflammatory	bowel	disease	such	as	ulcerative	 cytokines

colitis and Crohn’s disease •	 Studies of innate immunity in the mucosal immune 

•	 Studies	of	immunodeficiency	such as	common	 system 

variable	immunodeficiency	and	hyper-IgM	syndrome

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Strober	obtained	his	medical	degree	from	the	University	of	Rochester	and	completed	

an	internship	and	residency	at	Strong	Memorial	Hospital.	He	has	served	as NIAID	deputy	

scientific	director	and	as	the	interim	scientific	director	of	the	National	Institute	of	Arthritis	

and	Musculoskeletal	and	Skin	Diseases.

Dr. Strober is a leader in the study of mucosal antibody responses, oral tolerance, and 

gastroenterological	diseases	caused	by	immunologic	abnormalities.	His	discoveries	

concerning the	mucosal	immune	system	have	formed	the	basis	of	our	knowledge	of	IgA	

B-cell	development	and	the	mechanisms	of	mucosal	inflammation.

LABORATORY	OF	CLINICAL	IMMUNOLOGY	AND	MICROBIOLOGY 57 
HELEN SU, M.D., PH.D. 

Chief, Human Immunological Diseases Section, LCIM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/helen-su-md-phd	

hsu@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Defining	the	molecular	mechanisms	of	new	inherited	 •	 Understanding DOCK8 function in health and human 

human immunological diseases disease 

BIOGRAPHY

Helen	Su	received	M.D.	and	Ph.D.	degrees	from	Brown	University.	She	completed	training	

in	pediatrics	at	St.	Louis	Children’s	Hospital,	Washington	University,	and	subspecialty	

training in allergy and immunology at NIAID. After postdoctoral training with Michael 

Lenardo,	M.D.,	in	the	Laboratory	of	Immunology, she	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Host	

Defenses	in	2007	as	a	tenure-track	clinical	investigator.

PETER WILLIAMSON, M.D., PH.D. 

Chief, Translational Mycology Unit, LCIM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/peter-williamson-md-phd	

williamsonpr@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Specialized	signal	motifs	in	 •	 TOR-dependent regulation •	 High-dimensional 

trafficking	of	virulence	factors	 of autophagic-associated transcriptional	profiling	of	

to the fungal cell wall phagocytosis in macrophages primary	immune	deficiencies	

•	 Exploitation	of	copper	by	 •	 Genetic susceptibility to and autoimmune diseases 

cryptococcal strains to produce infection by Cryptococccus in •	 International Studies: Early 

meningitis non-HIV-related infections clinical	and	genetic	markers	

•	 Regulation of autophagy by 

Cryptococcus 

•	 Genetic susceptibility to 

bloodstream infections by 

Candida albicans 

of cryptococcal disease in 

AIDS	patients	and	markers	

of immune reconstitution 

syndrome (Africa and India) 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Williamson	received	his	M.D./Ph.D.	from	Boston	University	in	1987	and	completed	

a	residency	in	internal	medicine	at	Georgetown	University	before	coming	to	NIH	for	a	

fellowship	in	infectious	diseases.	In	1995,	after	serving	a	short	stint	as	chief	medical	

officer,	Lalmba	Sudan,	Dr.	Williamson	joined	the	faculty	at	the	University	of	Illinois	at

Chicago as an assistant professor of medicine in the section of infectious diseases. 

After	progressing	to	the	rank	of	professor	of	medicine,	pathology,	microbiology,	and	

immunology, Dr. Williamson then returned to NIH to head the Translational Mycology Unit 

in the Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases. 

58 
LABORATORY OF IMMUNOGENETICS 

Susan K. Pierce, Ph.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/lab-immunogenetics

The research in the Laboratory of Immunogenetics (LIG) focuses on the cellular 

and molecular mechanisms that underlie the signaling functions of immune cell 

receptors. This work encompasses a wide spectrum of experimental approaches 

from the structural determination of immune receptors to live-cell image 

analysis of the behavior of chemotactic receptors. 

LIG members are highly interactive, creating a unique environment in 

which structural biology, molecular biology, and cell biology are interfaced. 

Interactions within LIG are facilitated by weekly work-in-progress presentations 

detailing recent advances and future directions of LIG fellows and students.

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Structure and function of the natural killer (NK) cell inhibitory and 

activating receptors 

•	 Molecular mechanisms underlying the functions of the FcgammaRIIB 

receptor 

•	 Signal transduction pathway in chemotaxis mediated by G protein-coupled 

receptors 

•	 Function of the B-cell antigen receptor in initiating signaling cascades and 

transporting antigen for processing with the MHC class II molecules 

•	 Structures of components of important pathogens and the cellular 

receptors with which they interact 

SECTIONS AND UNITS 

Autoimmunity and Functional Genomics Section 

Silvia Bolland, Ph.D. 

Chemotaxis Signal Section 

Tian Jin, Ph.D. 

Lymphocyte Activation Section 

Susan K. Pierce, Ph.D.

Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Unit 

Peter D. Crompton, M.D., M.P.H. 

Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section 

Eric O. Long, Ph.D. 

Molecular Pathology Section 

Victor V. Lobanenkov, Ph.D. 

Structural Immunology Section 

Peter D. Sun, Ph.D.

T-Cell Tolerance and Memory Section 

Polly Matzinger, Ph.D.

LABORA LABORATORY OF TORY	OF	ALLERGIC DISEASES IMMUNOGENETICS 59 
SUSAN K. PIERCE, PH.D. 

Chief, Laboratory of Immunogenetics 

Chief, Lymphocyte Activation Section, LIG 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/susan-k-pierce-phd	

spierce@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Regulation	of	the	antigen-driven	initiation	of	B	cell- •	 Generation and maintenance of immunological 

receptor signaling memory in malaria 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr. Pierce became chief of the NIAID Laboratory of Immunogenetics in 1999. Prior to 

joining	NIAID,	she	was	a	member	of	the	faculty	at	Northwestern	University,	where	she	

held	the	Cook	Chair	in	the	Biological	Sciences.	She	earned	her	Ph.D.	in	immunology	from	

the	University	of	Pennsylvania	in	1976.

SILVIA BOLLAND, PH.D. 

Chief, Autoimmunity and Functional Genomics Section, LIG 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/silvia-bolland-phd	

sbolland@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Identification	of	new	genetic	 •	 Dose	effect	of	Toll-like	 •	 Inhibitory signaling pathways 

modifiers	of	systemic	 receptor genes and its role in mediated	by	Fc	gamma	RIIB	

autoimmune disease autoimmune pathologies and the phosphoinositol 

5-phosphatase (SHIP) 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Bolland	received	her	Ph.D.	in	molecular	biology	from	the	University	of	Cantabria,	Spain,	

and	received	postdoctoral	training	at	Harvard	and	Rockefeller	University.	She	joined	the	

NIAID Laboratory of Immunogenetics in September 2001. She is the recipient of an S.L.E. 

Foundation	Career	Development	Award	and	a	Novel	Research	Grant	Award	from	the	Lupus	

Research Institute. 

60 
PETER D. CROMPTON, M.D., M.P.H. 

Chief, Malaria Infection Biology and Immunity Unit, LIG 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/peter-d-crompton-md-mph	

pcrompton@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Mechanisms of naturally acquired immunity to •	 B-	and	T-cell	biology	of	P. falciparum infection 

malaria •	 Regulation of P. falciparum-induced	inflammation

•	 Antibody responses to Plasmodium falciparum •	 Systems immunology of human malaria infection 

Immunity	Unit.	Dr.	Crompton	is	certified	in	internal	medicine	and	infectious	disease	by	the	

American	Board	of	Internal	Medicine.

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Crompton	received	his	M.D.	and	M.P.H.	from	The	Johns	Hopkins	Schools	of	Medicine	

and Public Health in 2000. He then completed a residency in internal medicine at 

Massachusetts	General	Hospital/Harvard	University	in	Boston	before	going	on	to	a	

fellowship in infectious diseases at NIAID in 2004. After a year of clinical training at 

NIAID, he earned a diploma in tropical medicine and hygiene at the London School of 

Hygiene	and	Tropical	Medicine	before	joining	the	Laboratory	of	Immunogenetics	in	

2005 to pursue his research interest in the human immune response to malaria. In 2010, 

he	became	a	tenure-track	investigator	and	chief	of	the	Malaria	Infection	Biology	and	

TIAN JIN, PH.D. 

Chief, Chemotaxis Signal Section, LIG 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/tian-jin-phd	

tjin@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Mechanisms underlying the G protein-coupled •	 Mechanisms	involved	in	chemotaxis	of	immune	and	

receptor	(GPCR)-mediated	chemotaxis	in	 cancer cells 

Dictyostelium discoideum 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Jin	received	his	B.S.	in	biology	from	the	Peking	University,	China,	in	1984	and	his	

Ph.D. from the department of biochemistry at the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School 

at Rutgers-UMDNJ in 1994. From 1994 to 2000, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the 

department	of	biological	chemistry	at	Johns	Hopkins	University	School	of	Medicine.	Dr.

Jin was appointed instructor in the department of cell biology and anatomy at The Johns 

Hopkins	University	School	of	Medicine	in	2001.	In	July	2001,	he	joined	the	Laboratory	of	

Immunogenetics	as	a	tenure-track	investigator.	In	2009,	he	became	senior	investigator	at	

NIAID. 

LABORATORY	OF	IMMUNOGENETICS 61 
VICTOR V. LOBANENKOV, PH.D. 

Chief, Molecular Pathology Section, LIG 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/victor-v-lobanenkov-phd	

vlobanenkov@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Three	classes	of	CTCF/BORIS	binding	in	epigenetic	 •	 Translational	research	of	BORIS	repressors	and	of	

regulation anti-BORIS	immune	response	directed	to	cancer	

diagnostics,	therapy,	and	anti-tumor	vaccination •	 Regulation	of	BORIS	and	its	targets	in	cellular	and	

viral	genomes

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Lobanenkov	received	an	M.A.	in	nuclear	physics	from	the	Institute	of	Physics	in	1977	

and	a	Ph.D.	in	experimental	oncology	from	the	Cancer	Research	Center,	Moscow,	in	1981.	

He was molecular carcinogenesis team leader in the All-Union Cancer Center of the former 

U.S.S.R.	and	a	visiting	scholar	at	the	Royal	Cancer	Hospital,	London,	until	1990,	where	he	

discovered	avian	CTCF.	He	was	invited	to	the	Fred	Hutchinson	Cancer	Research	Center	in	

Seattle as a foreign faculty-in-residence funded by NIH grants. In 1999, he became chief 

of the Molecular Pathology Section in the Laboratory of Immunopathology, which later 

became part of the Laboratory of Immunogenetics. 

ERIC O. LONG, PH.D. 

Chief, Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, LIG 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/eric-o-long-ph-d	

elong@nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Innate lymphocyte function in malaria •	 Regulation	of	lymphocyte	activation	by	inhibitory	

receptors •	 Proteomics	and	imaging	as	tools	to	investigate	

signaling	networks •	 Zinc-induced	receptor	polymerization	in	signaling

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Long	has	a	biochemistry	degree	from	the	ETH	Zürich,	Switzerland,	spent	a	year	

as	a	postbac	at	the	MRC	Department	of	Molecular	Genetics,	University	of	Edinburgh,	

and	obtained	a	Ph.D.	in	biology	from	the	University	of	Geneva,	Switzerland.	After	

postdoctoral	research	at	the	department	of	embryology,	Carnegie	Institution,	Baltimore,	

and	at	the	National	Cancer	Institute,	NIH,	he	returned	to	Geneva	as	a	faculty	member	

in the department of microbiology at the medical school. There, he began to apply 

molecular approaches to study MHC class II molecules and processing pathways for 

antigen	presentation	to	CD4	T	cells.	He	then	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Immunogenetics,	

NIAID,	where	he	became	a	senior	investigator	and	chief	of	the	Molecular	and	Cellular	

Immunology Section in 1988. In the mid-1990s, his main interest turned to the regulation 

of	natural	killer-cell	activation,	when	his	team	identified	molecular	clones	for	the	inhibitory	

killer	cell	Ig-like	receptors	(KIR)	and	the	signaling	basis	for	inhibition.

62 
POLLY MATZINGER, PH.D. 

Chief, T-Cell Tolerance and Memory Section, LIG 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/polly-matzinger-phd	

pcm@helix.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Danger model of immunity • Tissue-based class control • Immune tolerance and

activation

BIOGRAPHY

Polly	Matzinger	has	worked	as	a	bartender,	carpenter,	jazz	musician,	playboy	bunny,	and	

dog trainer. She is currently chief of the ghost lab and the section on T-Cell Tolerance and 

Memory.	She	worried	for	years	that	the	dominant	model	of	immunity	does	not	explain	

a	wealth	of	accumulated	data	and	suggested	an	alternative,	the	Danger	model,	which	

suggests that the immune system is far less concerned with things that are foreign than 

with	those	that	do	damage.	This	model,	whose	two	major	tenets	were	conceived	in	a	

bath	and	on	a	field	while	herding	sheep,	has	very	few	assumptions	and	yet	explains	most	

of what the immune system seems to do right, as well as most of what it appears to do 

wrong,	covering	such	areas	as	transplantation,	autoimmunity,	and	the	immunobiology	of	

tumors.	The	model	has	been	the	subject	of	a	BBC	“horizon”	film	and	was	featured	in	three	

other	films	about	immunity,	as	well	as	countless	articles	in	both	the	scientific	and	the	lay	

press. In 2013, her section was assigned to the Laboratory of Immunogenetics. 

PETER D. SUN, PH.D. 

Chief, Structural Immunology Section, LIG 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/peter-d-sun-phd	

psun@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Structural immunology • Structure and function of NK- • Structural mechanisms of HIV

cell receptors and host interactions

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Sun	obtained	his	Ph.D.	from	the	Molecular	Biology	Institute,	University	of	Oregon,	

for	the	study	of	structure	and	thermostability	of	phage	T4	lysozyme	using	X-ray	

crystallography.	He	then	joined	the	National	Institute	of	Diabetes	and	Digestive	and	

Kidney Diseases for his postdoctoral training in 1991, focusing on the structure and 

function	of	cytokines.	In	particular,	he	determined	the	crystal	structure	of	a	human	

transforming	growth	factor,	TGF-beta	2.	He	joined	NIAID	in	1994.

LABORATORY	OF	IMMUNOGENETICS 63 
LABORATORY OF 

IMMUNE SYSTEM BIOLOGY 

Ronald N. Germain, M.D., Ph.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/lab-immune-system-biology

The major research activities of Laboratory of Immune System Biology 

scientists concern the basic genetics, molecular biology, cell biology, 

and cellular immunology of the immune system. How dysregulation

of the immune system results in autoimmune and lymphoproliferative 

diseases and what strategies might be valuable for vaccine development 

are important topics of interest.

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• miRNA regulation of immune-cell function

• T-cell development, differentiation, and plasticity

• Transcriptional regulation of lymphocyte differentiation

• Regulation of primary and secondary immune responses

• Cytokine biology, transcriptional networks, and signaling

mechanisms

• Programmed cell death and autophagy

• Biology of regulatory T cells and control of autoimmunity

• Role of T regulatory cells in chronic infection

• Induction of T-cell tolerance and treatment of autoimmunity

• Lymphocyte dynamics

• Structure and function of viral immunoevasins

• Detection and analysis of genetically determined defects in human

lymphocyte homeostasis

SECTIONS AND UNITS 

Cellular Immunology Section 

Ethan M. Shevach, M.D. 

Cell Signaling and Immunity Section 

Pamela Schwartzberg, M.D., Ph.D.

Computational Biology Section 

Martin Meier-Schellersheim, Ph.D. 

Functional Cellular Networks Section 

Aleksandra Nita-Lazar, Ph.D.

Integrative Immunobiology Section 

Stefan A. Muljo, Ph.D.

Lymphocyte Biology Section 

Ronald N. Germain, M.D., Ph.D. 

Molecular Biology Section 

David H. Margulies, M.D., Ph.D.

Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section 

Jinfang (Jeff) Zhu, Ph.D.

Molecular Development of the Immune System Section 

Michael J. Lenardo, M.D. 

Mucosal Immunology Section 

Yasmine Belkaid, Ph.D. 

Signaling Systems Section 

Iain Fraser, Ph.D. 

Systems Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit 

64 

John Tsang, Ph.D. 
RONALD N. GERMAIN, M.D., PH.D. 

Chief, Laboratory of Immune System Biology 

Chief, Lymphocyte Biology Section, LISB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/ronald-n-germain-md-phd	

rgermain@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Intravital	imaging,	analysis,	and	modeling	of • Systems-level	analysis	of	immune	cell	signaling	and

immune cell dynamics and in vivo activity responses to infection

• Control of cell migration and cell-cell interactions by • Human immune analysis using systems biology

structural and chemical cues methods

• Multiplex	imaging	of	cell	phenotype,	signaling,	and

function	in	complex	tissues

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Germain	received	his	Sc.B.	and	Sc.M.	from	Brown	University	in	1970	and	his	M.D.	and	

Ph.D.	from	Harvard	Medical	School	and	Harvard	University	in	1976.	From	1976	to	1982,	

he	served	as	an	instructor,	assistant	professor,	and	associate	professor	of	pathology	at	

Harvard	Medical	School.	From	1982	to	1987,	he	worked	as	a	senior	investigator	in	the	

Laboratory	of	Immunology	(LI).	In	1987,	he	was	appointed	chief	of	the	Lymphocyte	Biology	

Section. In 1994, Dr. Germain was named deputy chief of LI. In 2006, he became director 

of the NIAID Program in Systems Immunology and Infectious Disease Modeling, which 

became	the	Laboratory	of	Systems	Biology	in	2011	and	for	which	he	serves	as	chief	of	the	

laboratory. He is also acting chief of LI and associate director of the Trans-NIH Center for 

Human	Immunology,	Inflammation,	and	Autoimmunity	(CHI).	

IAIN D.C. FRASER, PH.D. 

Chief, Signaling Systems Section, LISB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/iain-dc-fraser-phd	

fraseri@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Analysis of the signaling pathway interactions in • Application of RNAi screening technology to the

immune	cells	that	define	context-specific	responses identification	of	signaling	network	components	in

to pathogens immune cells

• Profiling	and	modeling	of	the	cellular	response	to • Design and implementation of high-throughput and

complex	stimuli high-content assays to facilitate computational

modeling	of	immune-cell	behavior	and	function

Team,	which	became	the	LSB	Signaling	Systems	Unit	in	2011.	

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Fraser	received	his	B.S.	in	biochemistry	from	Heriot-Watt	University,	Edinburgh,	

Scotland,	in	1990	and	his	Ph.D.	in	biochemistry	from	Imperial	College,	University	of	

London, in 1995. He was a Wellcome Trust International postdoctoral fellow at the Vollum 

Institute	in	Portland,	Oregon,	from	1996	to	1999.	He	joined	the	Alliance	for	Cellular	

Signaling (AfCS) research consortium in 2000 as lead scientist of the molecular biology 

group at the California Institute of Technology and became co-director of the AfCS 

molecular	biology	laboratory	in	2005.	He	joined	NIAID	in	2008	as	leader	of	the	Program	in	

Systems	Immunology	and	Infectious	Disease	Modeling	(PSIIM)	Molecular	and	Cell	Biology	

LABORATORY	OF	IMMUNE	SYSTEM	BIOLOGY 65 
MICHAEL J. LENARDO, M.D. 

Chief, Molecular Development of the Immune System Section, LISB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/michael-j-lenardo-md	

lenardo@nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Genetic diseases of immune homeostasis and • Development	of	novel	immunodiagnostics	and

autoimmunity immunotherapeutics

• Non-apoptotic mechanisms of cell death • Physiology of Mg2+ as a second messenger in

signal transduction

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Lenardo	graduated	with	a	B.A.	from	The	Johns	Hopkins	University	and	an	M.D.	from	

Washington	University,	St.	Louis.	He	performed	clinical	work	in	internal	medicine	and	

research	at	the	University	of	Iowa	and	received	postdoctoral	training	at	the	Whitehead	

Institute	for	Biomedical	Research	at	the	Massachusetts	Institute	of	Technology.	He	

established an independent research unit in the Laboratory of Immunology in 1989 and 

became	a	senior	investigator	and	section	chief	in	1994.	He	was	one	of	the	founders	of	

the	NIH	Oxford-Cambridge	Scholars	program	for	doctoral	training	and	the	NIH	M.D./Ph.D.	

partnership program. 

DAVID H. MARGULIES, M.D., PH.D. 

Chief, Molecular Biology Section, LISB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/david-margulies-md-phd	

dmargulies@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• MHC class I and class II molecules, whose function

is to present antigens to T lymphocytes

• Viral	immunoevasins	and	related	molecules,	in

particular	those	encoded	by	cytomegaloviruses,	that

mimic MHC-I molecules in structure and function to

modulate the immune response as decoy receptors

or by other mechanisms

• Immune	hypersensitivity	reactions	related	to	MHC-I

molecules

• Natural	killer	(NK)-cell	receptors,	cell	surface

molecules of effector cells of the innate immune

system that mediate recognition of tumor- and

virus-infected	cells	via	the	level	and	composition	of

MHC-I molecules on the NK-cell target

• T-cell	receptors,	which	by	clonal	expression	confer

antigen	and	MHC	specificity	for	the	activation	of	T

cells

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Margulies	received	an	A.B.	from	Columbia	University	in	1971.	In	1978,	he	earned	

his M.D. and Ph.D. from the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. From 1978 to 1980, he 

served	as	a	resident	in	medicine	at	Columbia/Presbyterian	Medical	Center.	From	1980	to	

1983,	he	worked	as	a	research	associate	in	the	Laboratory	of	Molecular	Genetics	at	the	

National	Institute	of	Child	Health	and	Human	Development.	In	1987,	he	became	a	senior	

investigator	and,	since	1989,	has	been	chief	of	the	Molecular	Biology	Section.	Since	2008,	

he	has	been	a	member	of	the	Senior	Biomedical	Research	Service.

66 
MARTIN MEIER-SCHELLERSHEIM, PH.D. 

Chief, Computational Biology Section, LISB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/martin-meier-schellersheim-phd	

mms@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Computational modeling and simulation of intra- and intercellular signaling processes

• Development	of	interfaces	between	proteomic	databases	and	computational	modeling	tools

• Development	of	tools	for	analyzing	and	simulating	reaction-diffusion	processes	at	the	level	of	single-particle

dynamics

• Contributing	to	the	development	of	a	systems	biology	markup	language	(SBML)	standard	for	describing	multicomponent,	multi-state	molecular	complexes	and	their	roles	for	biochemical	reaction	networks

BIOGRAPHY

Dr. Meier-Schellersheim obtained a master’s degree in physics in 1997 and a Ph.D. in 

2001	from	the	University	of	Hamburg,	Germany.	His	research	focuses	on	building	a	

bridge	between	experimental	and	computational	cell	biology	through	the	development	

and application of modeling tools that combine accessible graphical interfaces with the 

capability	to	perform	spatially	and	temporally	highly	resolved	simulations,	even	for	models	

of	complex	cellular	signaling	processes.

STEFAN A. MULJO, PH.D. 

Chief, Integrative Immunobiology Section, LISB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/stefan-muljo-phd	

stefan.muljo@nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Non-coding	RNAs:	characterization	under	physiological	and	pathological	conditions,	regulation	of	production,

mechanisms	of	action,	identification	of	cognate	targets

• Gene	expression	and	its	regulation	in	hematopoietic	stem	cells	and	during	cellular	differentiation

• Application of small RNAs for modulating or enhancing immune responses

• MicroRNA	expression	profiling	to	identify	novel	biomarkers

partnership program, as well as others. 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Muljo	earned	his	Ph.D.	from	the	graduate	program	in	immunology	at	The	Johns	

Hopkins	University	School	of	Medicine.	Part	of	his	dissertation	work	was	performed	at	the	

department	of	molecular	and	cell	biology	in	the	division	of	immunology	and	pathogenesis,	

University	of	California,	Berkeley.	This	was	followed	by	a	postdoctoral	fellowship	at	the	

Immune	Disease	Institute	(formerly	the	Center	for	Blood	Research),	Harvard	Medical	

School.	He	was	recruited	to	the	Laboratory	of	Immunology	in	2008	as	a	tenure-track	

investigator.	In	2016,	he	was	promoted	to	tenured	senior	investigator	and	is	head	of	the	

Integrative	Immunobiology	Section.	He	is	a	faculty	member	of	the	NIH-Penn	graduate	

LABORATORY	OF	IMMUNE	SYSTEM	BIOLOGY ABOUT DIR 67 
ALEKSANDRA NITA-LAZAR, PH.D. 

Chief, Functional Cellular Networks Section, LISB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/aleksandra-nita-lazar-phd	

nitalazarau@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Protein	modifications	involved	in	cell	signaling • Absolute	quantification	of	molecular	representation

and interaction

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Nita-Lazar	received	her	Ph.D.	in	biochemistry	in	2003	from	the	University	of	Basel	for	

studies	performed	at	the	Friedrich	Miescher	Institute	for	Biomedical	Research,	where	

she	analyzed	protein	glycosylation	using	mass	spectrometry	methods.	After	postdoctoral	

training	at	Stony	Brook	University	and	Massachusetts	Institute	of	Technology,	where	she	

continued	to	investigate	post-translational	protein	modifications	and	their	influence	on	

cell	signaling,	she	joined	the	Program	in	Systems	Immunology	and	Infectious	Disease	

Research,	now	the	Laboratory	of	Systems	Biology,	in	April	2009.

PAMELA L. SCHWARTZBERG, M.D., PH.D. 

Chief, Cell Signaling and Immunity Section, LISB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/pamela-l-schwartzberg-md-phd

pams@nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Signal transduction in T lymphocytes • Studies of lymphocytes from patients and models of

genetic	primary	immunodeficiencies • Genetic, cellular, biochemical, and genomic analyses

of	T-cell	function	in	the	context	of	immunization,

cancer, and responses to infectious diseases

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Schwartzberg	received	her	B.A.	from	Princeton	University	and	her	M.D.	and	Ph.D.	from	

the	Columbia	College	of	Physicians	and	Surgeons,	Columbia	University.	After	an	internship	

at	Boston	Children’s	Hospital,	Dr.	Schwartzberg	did	a	fellowship	at	the	National	Cancer	

Institute.	Dr.	Schwartzberg	started	her	own	laboratory	at	the	National	Human	Genome	

Research	Institute	at	the	end	of	1997	and	was	promoted	to	senior	investigator	with	tenure	

in	2003.	In	2018,	she	moved	to	NIAID.	Dr.	Schwartzberg	is	an	adjunct	faculty	member	

at	University	of	Pennsylvania	and	George	Washington	University	School	of	Biomedical	

Sciences	and	has	received	several	NIH	awards	for	mentoring.	She	is	the	recipient	of	a	

Searle	Scholar’s	Award	and	the	American	Association	of	Immunologists	BD-Pharmingen	

Biosciences	Award	for	Early	Career	Scientists	and	has	been	elected	to	the	American	

Society	for	Clinical	Investigation	(ASCI)	and	the	Association	of	American	Physicians	(AAP).

68 
ETHAN M. SHEVACH, M.D. 

Chief, Cellular Immunology Section, LISB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/ethan-m-shevach-md	

eshevach@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Immune	regulation	in	the	pathogenesis	and	treatment	of	organ-specific	autoimmune	disease

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Shevach	received	his	M.D.	from	Boston	University	in	1967.	Following	clinical	training,	

he	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Immunology	as	a	senior	staff	fellow	in	1972,	was	appointed	

a	senior	investigator	in	1973,	and	became	a	section	chief	in	1987.	Dr.	Shevach	served	

as editor-in-chief of the Journal of Immunology from 1987 to 1992 and editor-in-chief of 

Cellular Immunology from	1996	to	2007.	He	received	the	2004	William	B.	Coley	Award	for	

Distinguished	Research	in	Basic	and	Tumor	Immunology.

JOHN TSANG, PH.D. 

Chief, Systems Genomics and Bioinformatics Unit, LISB 

Director, Computational Systems Biology, Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI) 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/john-tsang-phd	

tsangjs@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Systems immunology

• Integrative	genomics:	computational	approaches	to	integrate	diverse	data	types	to	obtain	novel	biological	insights;

biological circuit reconstruction

• Single-cell	genomics;	the	function	and	consequence	of	phenotypic	heterogeneity	and	stochastic	gene	expression

in immune cells

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Tsang	received	his	Ph.D.	in	biophysics	from	Harvard	University	and	B.A.Sc.	and	

M.Math.	in	computer	engineering	and	computer	science,	respectively,	from	the	University

of Waterloo in Canada. After graduating from Waterloo in 2000, he helped pioneer

high-throughput	computational	and	experimental	methods	to	annotate	the	then-freshly

sequenced human genome using custom DNA microarrays at Rosetta Inpharmatics

and then led a bioinformatics group at Caprion Proteomics. His doctoral research was

conducted	in	Alexander	van	Oudenaarden’s	laboratory	at	MIT.	After	earning	his	Ph.D.

in	2008,	he	returned	to	Rosetta	Inpharmatics	(then	a	division	within	Merck	Research

Laboratories).	He	is	also	jointly	appointed	as	director	of	computational	systems	biology	at

the Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology (CHI).

LABORATORY	OF	IMMUNE	SYSTEM	BIOLOGY ABOUT DIR 69 
JINFANG (JEFF) ZHU, PH.D. 

Chief, Molecular and Cellular Immunoregulation Section, LISB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/jinfang-zhu-phd	

jfzhu@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Diversity	and	plasticity	of	T • Development	and	functions • Transcriptional regulation of

helper (Th) subsets of innate lymphoid cell (ILC) lineage-specific	genes

subsets

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Zhu	received	his	bachelor’s	degree	summa	cum	laude	from	the	department	of	biology,	

NanKai	University,	Tianjin,	China,	and	his	Ph.D.	in	biochemistry	and	molecular	biology	from	

the	Shanghai	Institute	of	Biochemistry	(now	known	as	Shanghai	Institute	of	Biochemistry	

and	Cell	Biology),	Chinese	Academy	of	Sciences.	He	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Immunology	

first	as	a	visiting	fellow	and	then	as	a	staff	scientist	studying	CD4	T-cell	differentiation.	He	

was	appointed	as	an	Earl	Stadtman	investigator	in	LI	in	2011	and	received	tenure	in	2017.

YASMINE BELKAID, PH.D. 

Chief, Mucosal Immunology Section, LISB 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/yasmine-belkaid-phd	

ybelkaid@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Role of the microbiota in immunity to infection

• Role of dietary metabolites in promoting immune regulation and immune responses to pathogens

• Tissue-specific	regulatory	responses	to	infection

• Leishmania	major,	Toxoplasma	gondii,	Cryptosporidium	and	Microsporidium	spp

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Yasmine	Belkaid	obtained	her	Ph.D.	in	1996	from	the	Pasteur	Institute	in	France	on	

innate responses to Leishmania infection. Following a postdoctoral fellowship at NIAID 

on	immune	regulation	during	Leishmania	infection,	she	joined	the	Children’s	Hospital	

Research	Foundation	in	Cincinnati	as	an	assistant	professor	in	2002.	In	2005,	she	joined	

the	Laboratory	of	Parasitic	Diseases	as	a	tenure-track	investigator.	Since	2008,	she	has	

worked	as	an	adjunct	professor	at	the	University	of	Pennsylvania.

70 
LABORATORY OF IMMUNOREGULATION 

Anthony S. Fauci, M.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/lab-immunoregulation

The major theme of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR) continues to be the elucidation of cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating the 

human immune response in health and disease. A major component of these efforts is the study of the immunopathogenic mechanisms of HIV 

infection and disease progression.

The rational design of strategies aimed at the prevention and treatment of HIV infection depends on delineating how HIV destroys the immune 

system. Our investigation of host factors involved in the evolution of HIV disease indicates that HIV pathogenesis is a multifactorial and 

multiphasic process. Particularly important aspects of this process that are under intense investigation include

• Regulation of HIV replication by endogenous cytokines and chemokines

• Regulation of expression of HIV coreceptors

• HIV envelope-mediated intracellular signaling events responsible for

immune dysfunction

• The role of a latent, inducible reservoir of HIV-infected cells in the

pathogenesis of HIV disease and its implication for antiretroviral therapy

• Contribution of HIV-infected T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, monocyte/

macrophages, and multipotent progenitor cells to disease pathogenesis

• The role of immunomodulation in immune reconstitution during

antiretroviral therapy for HIV infection

LIR researchers conduct clinical trials to determine the safety and efficacy 

of drugs for the treatment of HIV infection and its complication and the 

development of methods for immunologic reconstitution in HIV-infected 

individuals. Their studies of the epidemiology and pathogenesis of HIV infection 

and other sexually transmitted diseases are both domestic and international.

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Cellular and molecular mechanisms of HIV immunopathogenesis

• Regulation of the human immune system, particularly the cellular and

molecular mechanisms of activation, proliferation, and differentiation of

human T and B cells

• Cellular gene expression during activation of human T and B cells

• Pathogenesis and treatment of immune-mediated diseases, particularly

vasculitic syndromes

SECTIONS AND UNITS 

B-Cell Immunology Unit

Susan Moir, Ph.D.

B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section

John H. Kehrl, M.D.

Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section 

H. Clifford Lane, M.D.

Clinical Research Section 

Richard Davey, M.D. 

HIV Immunovirology Unit 

Tae-Wook Chun, Ph.D.

HIV Pathogenesis Section 

Irini Sereti, M.D. 

HIV-Specific Immunity Section

Mark Connors, M.D. 

Immunopathogenesis Section 

Anthony S. Fauci, M.D.

International HIV/STD Section 

Thomas C. Quinn, M.D.

Viral Pathogenesis Section 

Paolo Lusso, M.D., Ph.D.

LABORATORY	OF	IMMUNOREGULATION 71 
ANTHONY S. FAUCI, M.D. 

Director, NIAID 

Chief, Laboratory of Immunoregulation 

Chief, Immunopathogenesis Section, LIR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/anthony-s-fauci-md	

afauci@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Roles of latently infected, • Role	of	HIV	envelope	signaling • Novel	approaches	to	the

resting	CD4+	T	cells,	B	cells, in	viral	replication	and	immune inhibition of HIV binding and

and innate immunity in the dysfunction entry into CD4+ T cells

pathogenesis and treatment of • Therapeutic strategies for • Novel	approaches	to	the HIV disease management	of	hepatitis	C/HIV treatment of recently acquired

co-infection and chronic HIV infection

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Fauci	received	his	A.B.	from	the	College	of	the	Holy	Cross	and	his	M.D.	from	Cornell	

University	Medical	College.	He	then	completed	an	internship	and	residency	at	The	

New	York	Hospital-Cornell	Medical	Center.	In	1968,	Dr. Fauci	came	to	NIH	as	a	clinical	

associate	in	the	NIAID	Laboratory	of	Clinical	Investigation.	In	1980,	he	was	appointed	

chief of the Laboratory of Immunoregulation, a position he still holds. Dr. Fauci became 

director	of	NIAID	in	1984.	He	serves	as	one	of	the	key	advisors	to	the	White	House	and	

U.S.	Department	of	Health	and	Human	Services	on	global	AIDS	issues	and	on	initiatives	

to bolster medical and public health preparedness against emerging infectious disease 

threats	such	as	pandemic	influenza.

TAE-WOOK CHUN, PH.D. 

Chief, HIV Immunovirology Unit, LIR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/tae-wook-chun-phd

twchun@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Persistence	of	viral	reservoirs	in	HIV-infected • Development	of	therapeutic	strategies	aimed	at

individuals	receiving	antiretroviral	therapy achieving	sustained	virologic	control	in	HIV-infected

individuals	in	the	absence	of	antiretroviral	therapy • Viral dynamics and immunologic control of HIV

replication	in	infected	individuals

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Chun	received	his	Ph.D.	from	the	biochemistry,	cellular,	and	molecular	biology	graduate	

program	from	The	Johns	Hopkins	University	School	of	Medicine,	where	he	discovered	and	

characterized	latently	infected,	resting	CD4+	T	cells	in	HIV-infected	individuals.	He	began	

his	postdoctoral	work	in	the	Laboratory	of	Immunoregulation	at	NIAID	as	a	research	fellow	

in 1997. Subsequently, Dr. Chun was appointed to the position of staff scientist in 2001. 

Dr.	Chun	was	selected	as	one	of	the	Earl	Stadtman	Investigators	and	received	a	tenuretrack	investigator	position	in	LIR	in	June	2016.

72 
MARK CONNORS, M.D. 

Chief, HIV-Specific Immunity Section, LIR

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/mark-connors-md	

mconnors@nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Cellular immune response to • Mechanisms of immunologic • Mechanisms of broad crossHIV control of HIV in rare neutralization	of	HIV

patients termed long-term

nonprogressors or elite

controllers

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Connors	received	his	M.D.	from	Temple	University	and	was	trained	in	pediatrics	

at	Tufts	New	England	Medical	Center.	He	joined	the	NIAID	Laboratory	of	Infectious	

Diseases	in	1989	to	study	the	immune	response	to	respiratory	syncytial	virus.	He	was	

trained in infectious diseases at the NIH Clinical Center and at the Children’s Hospital of 

Philadelphia.	He	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Immunoregulation	in	1994	to	study	the	human	

immune	response	to	HIV.	Dr.	Connors	has	published	a	series	of	discoveries	that	have	

laid	the	framework	for	current	understanding	of	immunologic	control	of	HIV	in	some	rare	

patients	and	loss	of	immunologic	control	in	the	majority	of	infected	patients.

RICHARD DAVEY, M.D. 

Deputy Clinical Director, NIAID 

Chief, Clinical Research Section, LIR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/lab-immunoregulation

rdavey@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Treatments for HIV infection • Studies of immune function, • Studies of the natural history,

and the consequences of those immunodeficiency,	and pathogenesis, and treatment

treatments pathogenesis of HIV disease of	influenza	infection	and	other

emerging infectious diseases

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Davey	received	his	M.D.	from	Columbia	University	and	trained	in	internal	medicine	

at	Boston	University	Hospital	and	in	infectious	diseases	at	NIAID.	He	joined	the	NIAID	

intramural AIDS program in 1987. 

LABORATORY	OF	IMMUNOREGULATION ABOUT DIR 73 
JOHN H. KEHRL, M.D. 

Chief, B-Cell Molecular Immunology Section, LIR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/john-h-kehrl-md	

jkehrl@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• G-protein signaling and the role • Lymphocyte	trafficking • Autophagy	and	inflammasomes

of RGS proteins • Cell migration

other cell types. 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr. Kehrl graduated from Wayne State Medical School, completed his medical residency 

in	internal	medicine	at	Yale	New	Haven	Hospital,	and	held	fellowships	in	both	infectious

diseases and allergy-immunology in the Laboratory of Immunoregulation. Dr. Kehrl is 

currently	a	tenured	senior	investigator	and	a	member	of	the	research	officers	group	in	the	

Commissioned	Corps	of	the	U.S.	Public	Health	Service.	Dr.	Kehrl	was	appointed	chief	of	

the	LIR	B-Cell	Molecular	Immunology	Section	in	1993.	Under	his	supervision,	his	laboratory	

has	gained	international	recognition	for	its	studies	of	human	and	murine	B	lymphocytes	

and the function and regulation of heterotrimeric G-protein signaling in lymphocytes and 

H. CLIFFORD LANE, M.D.

Clinical Director, NIAID 

Chief, Clinical and Molecular Retrovirology Section, LIR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/h-clifford-lane-md	

clane@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Pathogenesis	of	HIV	infection	emphasizing • Immunologic approaches to therapy for HIV infection

mechanisms	of	immunodeficiency

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Lane	received	his	M.D.	from	the	University	of	Michigan	in	1976.	He	then	completed	an	

internship	and	residency	at	the	University	of	Michigan	Hospital,	Ann	Arbor.	In	1979,	Dr.

Lane came to NIH as a clinical associate in the Laboratory of Immunoregulation (LIR). In 

1985, he was appointed deputy clinical director of NIAID; in 1989, he became the chief of 

the	Clinical	and	Molecular	Retrovirology	Section	of	LIR,	a	position	he	still	holds.	In	1991,	

Dr. Lane became clinical director of NIAID and, in 2006, NIAID Deputy Director for Clinical 

Research	and	Special	Projects.	He	is	currently	on	the	editorial	boards	of	the	Journal of 

Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and The American Journal of Medicine. 

74 
PAOLO LUSSO, M.D., PH.D. 

Chief, Viral Pathogenesis Section, LIR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/paolo-lusso-md-phd	

plusso@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Viral receptors and coreceptors • Molecular basis of HIV-1 • Role	of	chemokines	and	other

immune	evasion endogenous factors in HIV-1 • Structure-function relationships disease in	the	HIV-1	envelope • Novel	approaches	to	the

development	of	HIV-1	vaccines

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Lusso	received	his	M.D.,	magna cum laude, 	from	the	University	of	Turin	and	his	Ph.D.	

from	the	Ministry	of	Scientific	and	Technologic	Research,	Rome,	Italy.	He	is	a	boardcertified	specialist	in	internal	medicine	and	in	infectious	diseases.	He	came	to	NIH	for	

the	first	time	in	1986	to	work	in	the	Laboratory	of	Tumor	Cell	Biology	under	Dr.	Robert	C.	

Gallo at the National Cancer Institute. He returned to Italy in 1994, where he created the 

Laboratory	of	Human	Virology	at	the	San	Raffaele	Scientific	Institute	in	Milan	and	became	

associate	professor	of	infectious	diseases	at	the	University	of	Cagliari.	In	2006,	he	again	

joined	NIH,	where	he	became	chief	of	the	Viral	Pathogenesis	Section	in	the	Laboratory	

of	Immunoregulation.	He	is	an	executive	editor	of	Current HIV Research and a member 

of	the	editorial	board	of	several	other	journals.	He	is	an	elected	member	of	the	European	

Molecular	Biology	Organization	(EMBO).

SUSAN L. MOIR, PH.D. 

Chief, B-Cell Immunology Unit, LIR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/susan-moir-phd	

smoir@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Contribution	of	B	cells	to	HIV • Characterization	of	virus- • Pathogenesis	of	B	cells	in

pathogenesis specific	B-cell	responses	in immune-mediated diseases,

HIV-infected	individuals particularly primary immune

deficiencies

track	investigator	position	in	LIR	in	August	2015.

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Moir	received	her	Ph.D.	in	immunology	and	microbiology	from	the	University	Laval,	

Quebec City, Quebec, Canada, in 1996. Her Ph.D. studies were supported by a scholarship 

from	the	National	Health	Research	and	Development	Program	of	Canada.	In	1996,	Dr.

Moir	came	to	the	NIAID	Laboratory	of	Immunoregulation	(LIR)	as	a	visiting	fellow.	Dr.	Moir	

was	appointed	to	the	position	of	staff	scientist	in	2006,	with	honorific	title	of	associate	

scientist in 2010. In 2009, NIH launched a new recruiting program named for the late 

Earl	Stadtman,	an	NIH	biochemist	who	mentored	several	Nobel	laureates.	Dr.	Moir	was	

selected	as	one	of	the	2014	–	2015	Earl	Stadtman	Investigators	and	received	a	tenureLABORATORY	OF	IMMUNOREGULATION ABOUT DIR 75 
THOMAS C. QUINN, M.D., M.SC. 

Chief, International HIV/STD Section, LIR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/thomas-quinn-md	

tquinn@jhmi.edu

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Definition	of	epidemiologic	features	of	HIV-1 and	 •	 Assessment of the frequency of Chlamydia 

HIV-2	infections	in	developing	countries	and	the	 trachomatis infections in selected populations using 

United States noninvasive	sensitive	nucleic-acid	amplification	

assays for diagnosis •	 Assessment	of	biomedical	interventions	to	control	

HIV,	including	circumcision,	prevention	of	mother- •	 Evaluations	of	interventions	to	control	blinding	

to-child	transmission,	pre-exposure	prophylaxis,	and	 trachoma due to Chlamydia trachomatis in subvaccine	development Saharan Africa 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Quinn	obtained	his	M.D.	from	Northwestern	University.	He	was	a	research	associate	

in infectious diseases in the NIAID Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases and completed a 

fellowship	in	infectious	diseases	at	the	University	of	Washington.	Since	1981,	he	has	

been	assigned	to	the	division	of	infectious	diseases	at	Johns	Hopkins	University,	where	he	

became a professor of medicine in 1991. Dr. Quinn is a member of the National Academy 

of Medicine and the National Academy of Sciences and is a fellow of the American 

Association	for	the	Advancement	of	Science.

IRINI SERETI, M.D. 

Chief, HIV Pathogenesis Section, LIR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/irini-sereti-md	

isereti@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Pathogenesis of HIV infection of	serious	non-AIDS	events	in	 •	 Immune-based therapeutic 

emphasizing	mechanisms	 treated HIV-infected patients strategies of HIV infection and 

of immune reconstitution 

inflammatory	syndrome	in	

advanced	HIV	infection	and	

•	 Pathogenesis of idiopathic CD4 

lymphocytopenia (ICL) 

ICL 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Sereti	received	her	M.D.	from	the	University	of	Athens,	Greece,	in	1991.	She	did	

research for one year in Dr. Greg Spear’s laboratory at Rush Presbyterian Hospital in 

Chicago and then completed an internship, residency, and chief residency in medicine 

at	Northwestern	University.	In	1997,	Dr.	Sereti	came	to	NIH	as	a	clinical	associate	in	the	

Laboratory of Immunoregulation. She became a staff clinician in 2003. She was appointed 

to	a	clinical	tenure-track	position	in	2009.

76 
LABORATORY OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES 

Jeffrey I. Cohen, M.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/lab-infectious-diseases

Established in 1942, the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases (LID) has a long history of vaccine development and identification of new agents of 

viral diseases. LID is noted for undertaking high-risk, high-reward programs that require extraordinary time and resource commitments, such as 

programs to develop vaccines for viral hepatitis, severe childhood respiratory diseases, and viral gastroenteritis.

Clinical studies complement LID’s major areas of research, including testing candidate vaccines in clinical trials, a human challenge study with 

influenza to study pathogenesis and immune correlates for protection against the virus, and studies of severe virus infections in persons without 

known immune deficiency.

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Vaccines for respiratory viruses, gastrointestinal viruses, hepatitis C, 

flaviviruses, and herpesviruses

•	 Pathogenesis of and host immune response to viral infections

•	 Microarray analysis of liver biopsies and central nervous system tissue 

to study host responses to viral hepatitis and neurotropic flaviviruses, 

respectively 

•	 New antiviral agents 

•	 Monoclonal antibodies to emerging and select agents 

•	 Structure and function of viral glycoproteins

•	 Pandemic, seasonal, and animal influenza

•	 Evolution of norovirus, rotavirus, and influenza

•	 Immunodeficiencies associated with severe herpesvirus infections

•	 Paramyxovirus vectors

•	 Virus discovery

SECTIONS AND UNITS 

Caliciviruses Section 

Kim Y. Green, Ph.D. 

Hepatic Pathogenesis Section 

Patrizia Farci, M.D.

Medical Virology Section 

Jeffrey I. Cohen, M.D.

Neurotropic Flaviviruses Section 

Alexander G. Pletnev, Ph.D. 

RNA Viruses Section 

Peter L. Collins, Ph.D. 

Structural Informatics Unit 

Audray K. Harris, Ph.D.

Structural Virology Section 

Joseph Marcotrigiano, Ph.D. 

Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section 

Jeffery K. Taubenberger, M.D., Ph.D.

LABORATORY	OF	INFECTIOUS DISEASES 77 
JEFFREY I. COHEN, M.D. 

Chief, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases 

Chief, Medical Virology Section, LID 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/jeffrey-i-cohen-md-laboratory-infectious-diseases	

jcohen@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Pathogenesis	of	human	virus	infections	in vitro and • Development	of	vaccines	against	human

in vivo herpesviruses

• Identification	of	cellular	proteins	that	interact	with • Identification	of	cellular	mutations	in	patients	with

herpesviruses severe	herpesvirus	infections

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Cohen	received	his	M.D.	from	The	Johns	Hopkins	University	and	was	a	resident	in	

medicine	at	Duke	University.	Following	a	medical	staff	fellowship	at	NIH,	he	was	a	clinical	

fellow	in	infectious	diseases	at	the	Brigham	and	Women’s	Hospital	and	an	instructor	in	

medicine	at	Harvard	University.	He	returned	to	NIH,	where	he	was	the	chief	of	the	Medical	

Virology Section in the Laboratory of Clinical Infectious Diseases until 2010. In June 2010, 

Dr. Cohen became chief of the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases. 

PETER L. COLLINS, PH.D. 

Chief, RNA Viruses Section, LID 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/peter-l-collins-phd	

pcollins@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

• Studies in molecular biology, immunobiology, and pathogenesis of the human respiratory pathogens RSV, HPIV 1,

2, and 3, and HMPV

• Development	of	novel	attenuating	mutations	introduced	by	reverse	genetics	into	RSV,	HPIV1,	2,	and	3,	and	HMPV

to	produce	live,	attenuated	“designer”	vaccine	candidates

• Evaluation	of	candidate	live	vaccines	in	clinical	studies	and	wild	type	viruses	in	adult	volunteers

• Studies	with	wild	type	and	“designer”	mutants	of	pneumonia	virus	of	mice.

• Development	of	vaccine	vectors	based	on	HPIV	and	avian	paramyxoviruses	for	use	against	highly	pathogenic

emerging	viruses	like	SARS	coronavirus,	avian	influenza,	and	Ebola	viruses

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Collins	received	a	Ph.D.	in	1981	from	the	University	of	Connecticut.	He	conducted	

postdoctoral	research	at	the	University	of	North	Carolina	from	1981	to	1984.	At	that	time,	

he	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Infectious	Diseases,	where	he	received	tenure	in	1990.	He	

serves	on	the	editorial	boards	of	the	Journal of Virology, Virology, and Virus Research. 

78 
PATRIZIA FARCI, M.D. 

Chief, Hepatic Pathogenesis Section, LID 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/patrizia-farci-md	

pfarci@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Pathogenesis	of	acute	and	chronic	viral	hepatitis •	 Role	of	liver	cirrhosis	in	the	pathogenesis	of	

hepatocellular carcinoma •	 Molecular	mechanisms	of	liver	fibrosis	progression	

and regression •	 Role	of	neutralizing	antibodies	in	the	prevention	and	

control	of	hepatitis	C	virus	(HCV)	infection

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Farci	earned	her	M.D.	at	the	University	of	Cagliari	Medical	School,	Italy,	and	then	

became	a	board-certified	specialist	in	infectious	diseases	and	gastroenterology	at	the	

same	university.	She	was	trained	at	the	department	of	gastroenterology	of	the	Molinette	

Hospital	in	Torino	under	Dr.	Mario	Rizzetto	and	at	the	department	of	medicine	of	the	Royal	

Free	Hospital	School	of	Medicine	in	London	under	Professor	Sheila	Sherlock.	In	1989,	

she	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Infectious	Diseases	(LID)	as	a	visiting	scientist.	In	1992,	she	

became	associate	and,	in	2000,	full	professor	of	medicine	and	director	of	the	liver	unit	and	

of	the	postgraduate	school	of	gastroenterology	at	the	University	of	Cagliari.	In	2007,	she	

returned to LID, where in 2010 she became chief of the Hepatic Pathogenesis Section. 

KIM Y. GREEN, PH.D. 

Chief, Caliciviruses Section, LID 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/kim-y-green-phd	

kgreen@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Molecular epidemiology •	 Vaccines	and	antiviral	inhibitor

•	 Animal	models	of	norovirus	disease •	 Basic	replication	mechanisms	of	noroviruses	and	

other	caliciviruses

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Green	earned	her	Ph.D.	from	the	University	of	Tennessee	Center	for	Health	Sciences	in	

Memphis	in	the	department	of	microbiology	and	immunology.	She	joined	the	Laboratory	

of	Infectious	Diseases	in	1986	and	has	focused	on	the	study	of	viruses	associated	

with gastroenteritis. In recent years, her research program has addressed the role of 

noroviruses	in	human	disease,	with	an	emphasis	on	the	development	of	prevention	and	

control strategies. 

LABORATORY	OF	INFECTIOUS DISEASES ABOUT DIR 79 
AUDRAY K. HARRIS, PH.D. 

Chief, Structural Informatics Unit, LID 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/audray-k-harris-phd	

harrisau@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Structure-function	of	viral	glycoproteins •	 Predictive	structural	correlations	to	virus	

pathogenesis and immune escape •	 Epitope mapping and structure-supported design of 

immunogens •	 Coherent integration of structural, computational, 

and biological information •	 Molecular	architecture	and	assembly	of	viruses

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Harris	received	his	Ph.D.	in	2002	from	the	University	of	Alabama	at	Birmingham.	

Following	postdoctoral	training	at	the	National	Institute	of	Arthritis	and	Musculoskeletal	

and	Skin	Diseases,	he	joined	the	National	Cancer	Institute	as	a	research	fellow.	In	2012,	

Dr.	Harris	was	selected	as	an	Earl	Stadtman	Investigator	and	in	2013	joined	the	Laboratory	

of Infectious Diseases. 

JOSEPH MARCOTRIGIANO, PH.D. 

Chief, Structural Virology Section, LID 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/joseph-marcotrigiano-phd

joseph.marcotrigiano@nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Explore	the	mechanism	of	entry	and	replication	of	 •	 Contribute	to	the	development	of	novel	therapies	to	

RNA	viruses combat	infection	and	spread	of	RNA	viruses

•	 Understand how the cell distinguishes self from •	 Develop	novel	methods	for	the	recombinant	

non-self production of challenging proteins in mammalian 

cells •	 Characterize	the	immune	response	to	RNA	virus	

infection 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Marcotrigiano	pursued	graduate	studies	at	Rockefeller	University	in	the	laboratory	

of	Dr.	Stephen	K.	Burley.	After	receiving	a	Ph.D.,	he	became	a	Merck	Fellow	of	the	Life

Sciences Research Foundation at the Center for the Study of Hepatitis C under the 

direction	of	Dr.	Charles	Rice.	In	2007,	he	began	an	independent	tenure-track	position	at	the	

Center	for	Advanced	Biotechnology	and	Medicine	at	Rutgers	University	and	was	awarded	

tenure in July 2013. In September 2016, he was selected as a Howard Hughes Medical 

Institute Faculty Scholar. Dr. Marcotrigiano became chief of the Structural Virology Section 

in the Laboratory of Infectious Diseases in January 2017. 

80 
ALEXANDER G. PLETNEV, PH.D., D.SCI. 

Chief, Neurotropic Flaviviruses Section, LID 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/alexander-g-pletnev-phd-dsci	

apletnev@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Study	of	pathogenesis	of	flavivirus	infection	in	the	central	nervous	system

•	 Development	of	novel	approaches	to	restrict	flavivirus	neurotropism

•	 Generation	of	attenuated	vaccine	candidates	against	disease	caused	by	highly	virulent	neurotropic	flaviviruses	and	

evaluation	of	their	safety,	immunogenicity,	and	protective	efficacy	in	animal	models	in	preclinical	studies,	as	well	

as	assessment	of	safety	for	environment

•	 Evaluation	of	safety	and	immunogenicity	of	live	attenuated	vaccine	candidates	in	human	clinical	trials

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Pletnev	earned	his	Ph.D.	in	1983	in	chemistry	from	the	Russian	Academy	of	Sciences,	

studying	RNA	polymerases.	Following	postdoctoral	research	at	the	Novosibirsk	Institute	

of	Bioorganic	Chemistry,	he	served	as	chief	of	the	laboratory	of	radiochemistry	and	the	

laboratory	of	molecular	virology	from	1984	to	1993	and	became	a	professor	in	molecular	

biology	in	1993.	In	1990,	he	received	his	doctorate	of	sciences	degree	in	biochemistry	

and	molecular	biology	from	the	Russian	Academy	of	Sciences.	He	joined	the	Laboratory	

of	Infectious	Diseases	in	1993	as	a	visiting	scientist	and	became	a	senior	investigator	in	

2005. 

JEFFERY K. TAUBENBERGER, M.D., PH.D. 

Chief, Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, LID 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/jeffery-k-taubenberger-md-phd	

taubenbergerj@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Influenza	pathogenesis •	 Influenza	virus	genomics	and	 •	 Archaevirology

evolution •	 Animal	models	of	influenza	 •	 Influenza	diagnostics

infection •	 Viral	surveillance •	 Clinical	influenza	research

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Taubenberger	received	a	B.S.	in	biology	from	George	Mason	University	in	1982.	He	

earned his medical degree in 1986 and his Ph.D. in 1987, both from the Medical College of 

Virginia. He completed a residency in pathology at the National Cancer Institute and holds 

dual	board	certifications	in	anatomic	pathology	and	in	molecular	genetic	pathology	from	

the	American	Board	of	Pathology	and	the	American	Board	of	Medical	Genetics.	Prior	to	

coming	to	NIAID	in	2006,	he	served	as	chair	of	the	department	of	molecular	pathology	at	

the Armed Forces Institute of Pathology in Washington, DC, a position he had held since 

1994. 

LABORATORY	OF	INFECTIOUS DISEASES ABOUT DIR 81 
LABORATORY OF 

MALARIA IMMUNOLOGY AND VACCINOLOGY 

Patrick E. Duffy, M.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/lab-malaria-immunology-and-vaccinology

The Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology (LMIV) was commissioned in 2009 to conduct basic and applied research relevant to 

malaria immunology and vaccine development, to pursue novel vaccine concepts, to produce prototype malaria vaccines, and to conduct earlyphase clinical trials of promising vaccine candidates. Our overarching goal is to develop malaria vaccines that will reduce severe disease and 

death among African children and pregnant women and will eliminate malaria from low-transmission areas of the world.

LMIV has an organizational structure that encompasses both basic discovery and product development within a small, integrated team. 

Discovery sections within LMIV conduct basic research on malaria pathogenesis and immunology, with an emphasis on studies in humans who 

are naturally or experimentally infected with malaria parasites. In parallel, the Vaccine Development Unit—which was launched in 2001 as the 

Malaria Vaccine Development Unit and then became the Malaria Vaccine Development Branch before taking its current shape—operates more 

like a small biotech firm than a typical research laboratory. Specialists in each step of the development process, from antigen selection to clinical 

trials, contribute their expertise as the candidate moves along the development pathway. This allows multiple vaccine candidates to move from 

concept to clinical trials efficiently and rapidly. Together, the discovery sections and production unit form a research and testing enterprise that 

can rapidly translate ideas into proof-of-concept trials and then capture basic information about human immunity and responses to infection 

during human clinical trials.

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Enhance our basic understanding of malaria pathogenesis and immunity in 

humans 

•	 Develop strategies for anti-infection, anti-disease, and transmissionblocking vaccines 

•	 Produce and formulate antigens suitable for human testing 

•	 Develop assays and perform animal trials that define the potential for 

protection 

•	 Conduct clinical trials to test vaccines in the United States and in malariaendemic areas 

•	 Establish scientific collaborations and obtain outside funding to accelerate 

the program 

SECTIONS AND UNITS 

Host-Pathogen Interactions and Structural 

Vaccinology Section 

Niraj Harish Tolia, Ph.D. 

Molecular Pathogenesis and Biomarkers Section 

Michal Fried, Ph.D. 

Pathogenesis and Immunity Section 

Patrick Duffy, M.D.

Vaccine Development Unit 

Patrick Duffy, M.D.

82 
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	

PATRICK E. DUFFY, M.D. 

Chief, Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology 

Chief, Pathogenesis and Immunity Section, LMIV 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/patrick-e-duffy-md-pathogenesis-and-immunity

Chief, Vaccine Development Unit, LMIV 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/patrick-e-duffy-md-vaccine-development-unit	

duffype@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Process development ofvaccine candidatesforcommercial •	 Pregnancy malaria: surface antigens and 

viability, includingmolecular biology, fermenation/ mechanisms of disease 

purification,conjugation, formulation, and qualitycontrol •	 Liver	stage	malaria:	antigen	discovery	and	models	

•	 Pre-clinical	evaluation	of	vaccine	candidates of immunity 

•	 Clinical trials, both U.S. and international •	 Severe	malaria	in	children:	epidemiology	and	

pathogenesis •	 Immunologic	assay	development

BIOGRAPHY

Before joining NIAID in November 2009, he served as malaria program director at Seattle

Biomedical Research Institute and affiliate professor of global health at the University of

Washington. He leadsthe Pregnancy Malaria Initiative to develop a malaria vaccine for pregnant

women, a Grand Challengesin Global Health consortium project to understand immunityto

severe malaria in African children, and a consortium of laboratoriesidentifying novelvaccine

targets against liver-stage malaria parasites. He established the Malaria Clinical Trials Center in

Seattle and forseveralyearsled the SBRI-Tanzania Malaria Research Training Program foryoung

African scientists. He received his medical degree from Duke University, hisinternal medicine

training at Walter Reed, and his postdoctoral training in molecularvaccine development at NIH.

MICHAL FRIED, PH.D. 

Chief, Molecular Pathogenesis and Biomarkers Section, LMIV 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/michal-fried-phd	

friedm@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Correlates of immunity: •	 Disease	biomarkers:	pathways	 •	 Identifying targets of preparasite adhesion phenotypes, analysis of host response and erythrocytic immunity 

parasite antigens, and antigen- disease comparison 

specific	antibodies

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Fried	earned	her	Ph.D.	in	molecular	parasitology	at	Hebrew	University	(Israel)	and	

M.Sc.	in	biochemistry	at	Ben-Gurion	University	(Israel).	She	made	groundbreaking	work	on	

the	molecular	basis	of	placental	malaria	and	described	the	model	of	protective	immunity	

that	is	the	basis	of	the	current	effort	to	develop	a	pregnancy	malaria	vaccine.	The	model	

of	pregnancy	malaria	is	currently	expanded	to	studies	of	severe	malaria	in	children	carried	

out in longitudinal studies in Africa. 

LABORATORY	OF	MALARIA IMMUNOLOGY AND VACCINOLOGY 83 
NIRAJ HARISH TOLIA, PH.D. 

Chief, Host-Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section, LMIV 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/niraj-harish-tolia-phd

niraj.tolia@nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Host-pathogen interactions: •	 Mechanisms	of	protective	 •	 Structural	vaccinology	for	

structure, function and antibody	neutralization malaria 

mechanism 

BIOGRAPHY

Niraj	Harish	Tolia	received	his	B.Sc.	from	Imperial	College	and	his	Ph.D.	from	the	Watson	

School	of	Biological	Sciences	as	a	Leslie	Quick	Jr.	Fellow.	In	May	2018,	Dr.	Tolia	became	

chief of the Host-Pathogen Interactions and Structural Vaccinology Section in the 

Laboratory	of	Malaria	Immunology	and	Vaccinology.	He	is	a	tenured	senior	investigator	

in	the	Division	of	Intramural	Research,	NIAID.	Dr.	Tolia	was	born	and	raised	in	Nairobi,	

Kenya.	He	is	a	third	generation	Kenyan	of	Indian	descent.	His	first	interaction	with	malaria	

arose when he contracted the disease as a child. This spurred an interest in infectious 

disease of global importance. 

84 
Thomas E. Wellems, M.D., Ph.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/lab-malaria-and-vector-research 

LABORATORY OF 

MALARIA AND VECTOR RESEARCH 

The Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research (LMVR) is dedicated to 

studies of malaria and insect vectors of infectious diseases. Research groups 

in the laboratory maintain an array of on-campus and overseas activities 

investigating disease-transmitting insects and broad areas of malaria biology 

and pathogenesis. Basic discoveries from these investigations support searches 

for new drug treatments, diagnostic tools, and vaccines. The LMVR environment 

is highly collaborative and is organized to foster research teamwork by experts 

in various disciplines of the biological, physical, and medical sciences.

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Malaria biology and pathogenesis 

•	 Insect vectors of infectious diseases 

•	 New drug treatments, diagnostic tools, and vaccines

SECTIONS AND UNITS 

Apicomplexan Molecular Physiology Section 

Sanjay Desai, M.D., Ph.D. 

Malaria Cell Biology Section 

Louis H. Miller, M.D.

Malaria Functional Genomics Section 

Xin-zhuan Su, Ph.D.

Malaria Genetics Section 

Thomas E. Wellems, M.D., Ph.D. 

Malaria Immunology Section 

Carole A. Long, Ph.D. 

Molecular Entomology Unit 

Eric Calvo, Ph.D. 

Mosquito Immunity and Vector Competence Section 

Carolina V. Barillas-Mury, M.D., Ph.D.

Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit 

Joel Vega-Rodriguez, Ph.D. 

Vector Biology Section 

José Ribeiro, M.D., Ph.D. 

Vector Molecular Biology Section 

Jesus G. Valenzuela, Ph.D.

LABORATORY	OF	MALARIA AND VECTOR RESEARCH 85 
THOMAS E. WELLEMS, M.D., PH.D. 

Chief, Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research 

Chief, Malaria Genetics Section, LMVR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/thomas-e-wellems-md-phd	

twellems@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Antimalarial drug responses and factors that affect •	 Antigenic	variation	by	Plasmodium falciparum 

clinical outcome after treatment parasites 

•	 Malaria protection conferred by human •	 Molecular mechanisms of malaria parasite 

hemoglobinopathies and red cell polymorphisms infectivity	and	pathogenesis

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Wellems	received	his	M.D.	and	Ph.D.	from	the	University	of	Chicago.	He	completed	

his	internal	medicine	residency	at	the	Hospital	of	the	University	of	Pennsylvania,	and	in	

1984	he	joined	the	Division	of	Intramural	Research.	He	has	directed	the	Malaria	Genetics	

Section	since	1991	and	has	served	as	chief	of	the	Laboratory	of	Malaria	and	Vector	

Research since 2002. Dr. Wellems is a member of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences 

and the National Academy of Medicine, is a past president of the American Society 

of	Tropical	Medicine	and	Hygiene,	and	serves	on	a	number	of	advisory	committees	for	

foundations	and	public-private	partnerships,	including	the	Medicines	for	Malaria	Venture.

CAROLINA V. BARILLAS-MURY, M.D., PH.D. 

Chief, Mosquito Immunity and Vector Competence Section, LMVR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/carolina-v-barillas-mury-md-phd	

cbarillas@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Interactions between Plasmodium parasites, the gut •	 Hemocyte differentiation and immune memory in 

microbiota, and mosquito midgut epithelial cells mosquitoes 

•	 Immune pathways that mediate antiplasmodial •	 Plasmodium 	evasion	of	the	mosquito	immune	

responses system 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Barillas	received	her	B.S.	in	biology	from	the	Universidad	del	Valle	de	Guatemala	in	

1981,	her	M.D.	from	Universidad	Francisco	Marroquín	de	Guatemala	in	1985,	and	her	

Ph.D.	in	biochemistry	from	the	University	of	Arizona	in	1992.	From	1992	to	1993,	she	did	

postdoctoral	training	at	the	University	of	Arizona.	She	then	went	to	Harvard	University	

in 1994 and the European Molecular Lab until 1998. She was an assistant professor in 

the	department	of	microbiology,	immunology,	and	pathology	at	Colorado	State	University	

from	1998	to	2003.	She	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Malaria	and	Vector	Research	in	2003	and	

became	a	senior	investigator	in	2010.

86 
ERIC CALVO, PH.D. 

Chief, Molecular Entomology Unit, LMVR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/eric-calvo-phd

ecalvo@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Role	of	arthropod	saliva	in	vector-borne	disease	 •	 Gene-editing	approaches	(based	on	the	CRISPR/

transmission Cas9	system)	to	characterize	gene	function

•	 Functional	salivary	transcriptomics	and	proteomics •	 Discovery	of	new	salivary	functions	in	blood	feeding	

arthropods 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Calvo	was	born	and	raised	in	Havana,	Cuba.	He	received	his	B.Sc.	in	biochemistry	from	

the	University	of	Havana,	Cuba,	and	his	Ph.D.	from	the	Institute	of	Biomedical	Sciences,	

University	of	Sao	Paulo,	Brazil.	He	did	postdoctoral	work	at	the	University	of	California,	

Irvine,	and	at	NIAID.	Dr.	Calvo	became	a	staff	scientist	first	at	the	FDA	and	then	at	NIAID,	

where	he	is	now	an	Earl	Stadtman	tenure-track	investigator	and	NIH	Distinguished	

Scholar. The primary aim of his research is to enrich the functional annotation of disease 

vectors’	salivary	proteins	and	provide	a	better	understanding	of	their	biologic	function	

and	potential	involvement	in	pathogen	transmission.	His	goal	is	to	develop	new	control	

strategies	to	reduce	or	eliminate	vector-borne	diseases.	He	has	also	served	as	guest	editor	

and	reviewer	for	several	scientific	journals	and	international	funding	agencies.

SANJAY A. DESAI, M.D., PH.D. 

Chief, Apicomplexan Molecular Physiology Section, LMVR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/sanjay-desai-md-phd	

sdesai@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Cellular and molecular biology of the malaria •	 Characterization	of	PSAC’s	unusual	functional	

parasite properties with the goal of understanding both 

structure and physiological role •	 Unusual parasite ion channels, e.g., the plasmodial 

surface anion channel (PSAC), required for parasite •	 Identification	of	novel,	high-affinity	PSAC	

survival	within	human	erythrocytes antagonists that may be starting points for the 

development	of	new	antimalarial	drugs •	 Identification	of	PSAC’s	gene(s)	with	molecular,

genetic, and biochemical approaches 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Desai	received	his	M.D.	and	Ph.D.	from	Washington	University	in	St.	Louis.	Following	

an	internal	medicine	residency	and	infectious	diseases	fellowship	at	Duke	University	

Medical	Center,	he	joined	the	Division	of	Intramural	Research.	His	work	focuses	on	the	

molecular and cellular biology of malaria parasites. 

LABORATORY	OF	MALARIA AND VECTOR RESEARCH 87 
CAROLE A. LONG, PH.D. 

Chief, Malaria Immunology Section, LMVR 

Director, PATH Malaria Vaccine Initiative Standard Membrane Feeding Assay-Reference Center 

Director, USAID Growth Inhibition Assay–Reference Center 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/carole-long-phd	

calong@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Immunity to malaria in those •	 New	malaria	vaccine	 •	 In vitro parasite growth 

living	in	malaria-endemic	areas candidates, focusing on the inhibition assay and a 

erythrocytic	and	sexual	stages	 membrane feeding assay •	 Transmission of malaria in the of malaria infection field

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Long	received	her	Ph.D.	in	microbiology	and	immunology	from	the	University	of	

Pennsylvania	and	also	did	postdoctoral	training	there.	Before	joining	NIAID	in	1999,	Dr.

Long	was	a	professor	of	microbiology	and	immunology	at	Hahnemann	University	School	

of	Medicine	(now	Drexel	University)	in	Philadelphia.	She	has	served	as	president	of	the	

American Society for Tropical Medicine and Hygiene and chair of the Tropical Medicine 

and	Parasitology	Study	Section.	Her	lab’s	work	focuses	on	immune	responses	to	malaria	

parasites,	particularly	in	those	living	in	malaria-endemic	areas,	and	also	on	identification	

and	evaluation	of	possible	candidate	antigens	for	malaria	vaccines.

LOUIS H. MILLER, M.D. 

Chief, Malaria Cell Biology Section, LMVR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/louis-h-miller-md	

lmiller@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Mechanism	by	which	malaria	parasites	invade	 •	 Mechanism	of	antigenic	variation

erythrocytes (including the study of parasite ligands •	 Study	of	binding	of	parasitized	erythrocytes	in	 and erythrocyte receptors) placenta 

of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Miller	received	his	B.S.	from	Haverford	College	in	Pennsylvania;	his	M.S.	from	

Columbia	University;	and	his	M.D.	from	Washington	University	in	St.	Louis.	He	then	served	

as	a	medical	resident	at	Montifiore	Hospital,	New	York,	and	as	an	intern	and	resident	

at Mount Sinai Hospital. He is a member of the Association of American Physicians, 

American	Society	of	Clinical	Investigation,	American	Society	of	Tropical	Medicine	and	

Hygiene, Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, National Academy of Sciences, 

and	the	National	Academy	of	Medicine.	In	2011,	he	received	the	Walter	Reed	Medal	for	

distinguished	accomplishment	in	the	field	of	tropical	medicine	from	the	American	Society	

88 
JOSÉ M.C. RIBEIRO, M.D., PH.D. 

Chief, Vector Biology Section, LMVR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/jose-mc-ribeiro-md-phd	

jribeiro@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Role	of	vector	saliva	in	blood	feeding	by	arthropods,	 •	 Discovery	and	determination	of	mode	of	action	of	

where	a	great	diversity	of	pharmacologically	active	 novel	anti-clotting,	anti-platelet,	immunomodulatory,	

compounds	and	new	targets	for	vaccination	against	 and	vasodilatory	agents

vector-borne	diseases	have	been	uncovered •	 Expression	of	novel	proteins	and	peptides	with	

•	 Development	of	tools	for	transcriptome	annotation known	and	unknown	function

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Ribeiro	received	his	M.D.	from	the	State	University	of	Rio	de	Janeiro	and	a	Ph.D.	from	

the	Biophysics	Institute	of	the	Federal	University	of	Rio	de	Janeiro.	He	was	an	assistant	

and	associate	professor	at	the	Harvard	School	of	Public	Health	and	professor	at	the	

department	of	entomology	in	the	University	of	Arizona	before	joining	NIAID	in	1996.	His	

work	focuses	on	the	role	of	vector	saliva	in	blood	feeding	by	arthropods,	where	a	great	

diversity	of	pharmacologically	active	compounds	and	new	targets	for	vaccination	against	

vector-borne	diseases	have	been	uncovered.	Dr. Ribeiro	has	served	for	many	years	in	the	

Tropical	Diseases	Research	Program	of	the	World	Health	Organization	and	as	editor	and	

reviewer	for	several	journals.

XIN-ZHUAN SU, PH.D. 

Chief, Malaria Functional Genomics Section, LMVR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/xin-zhuan-su-phd	

xsu@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Plasmodium genetics and genomics •	 Antimalarial	drug	development	and	mechanisms	of	

drug resistance •	 Host-parasite interaction and molecular signaling 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Su	received	his	Ph.D.	in	parasitology	from	the	University	of	Georgia	in	1990.	He	joined	

the	NIAID	Laboratory	of	Parasitic	Diseases	in	1992	and	became	an	investigator	in	the	

Laboratory	of	Malaria	and	Vector	Research	in	2001	and	a	senior	investigator	in	2006.

LABORATORY	OF	MALARIA AND VECTOR RESEARCH 89 
JESUS G. VALENZUELA, PH.D. 

Chief, Vector Molecular Biology Section, LMVR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/jesus-g-valenzuela-phd	

jvalenzuela@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Functional	transcriptomic	approaches	to	characterizing	vector	salivary	proteins

•	 Development	of	natural	models	of	vector-transmitted	cutaneous	and	visceral	leishmaniases	to	study	the	impact	of	

immune	responses	to	sand	fly	salivary	proteins	in	parasite	transmission,	early	events	of	pathogenesis	post-bite,	

and	adaptive	immunity	to	naturally	acquired	disease

•	 Studies	of	human	cellular	immune	responses	to	sand	fly	salivary	proteins	in	volunteers	and	individuals	living	in	

leishmaniasis-endemic areas 

•	 Development	of	biomarkers	for	vector	exposure	using	immunogenic	salivary	proteins

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Valenzuela	received	his	Ph.D.	in	biochemistry	from	the	University	of	Arizona	in	1995.	

He	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Parasitic	Diseases	in	1996,	became	a	research	fellow	in	1999,	

and	became	a	tenure-track	investigator	in	the	Laboratory	of	Malaria	and	Vector	Research	

in	October	2002.	Dr.	Valenzuela	became	a	senior	investigator	in	October	2009.

JOEL VEGA-RODRIGUEZ, PH.D. 

Chief, Molecular Parasitology and Entomology Unit, LMVR 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/joel-vega-rodriguez-phd

joel.vega-rodriguez@nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Host-parasite-vector	 •	 Parasite interaction with the •	 Molecular mechanisms 

interactions required for human	fibrinolytic	system	 of	Plasmodium	sexual	

sporozoite	transmission and its role during parasite reproduction in the mosquito 

infection of the mosquito and midgut 

the mammalian host 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Joel	Vega-Rodriguez	received	his	Ph.D.	in	molecular	biology	in	2008	at	the	Rio	Piedras	

Campus	of	the	University	of	Puerto	Rico	in	San	Juan.	In	2009	he	joined	the	laboratory	of	

Dr.	Marcelo	Jacobs-Lorena	at	the	Johns	Hopkins	Malaria	Research	Institute,	where	he	

did his postdoctoral training and later became a research associate. In 2018, Dr. VegaRodriguez	became	a	Stadtman	tenure-track	investigator	in	the	Laboratory	of	Malaria	and	

Vector Research. 

90 
Philip M. Murphy, M.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/lab-molecular-immunology

LABORATORY OF 

MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY 

The Laboratory of Molecular Immunology (LMI) conducts basic, translational, and clinical studies related to innate and adaptive immune system 

function in health and disease. LMI scientists have made major contributions to our understanding of immunoregulation by chemokines and their 

G protein-coupled receptors, HIV pathogenesis, the NFkB family of transcription factors, mucosal immunology in the gut, reovirus and rotavirus 

infection in the gut, and mouse models of inflammatory bowel disease. They explore the basic properties of neutrophils, macrophages, naïve and 

memory T cells, and dendritic cells, as well as genetic risk factors for complex immune-mediated diseases.

In LMI, current studies focus on the molecular pathogenesis of infectious and immunologic/inflammatory diseases, including West Nile virus 

infection, Listeria infection, Trypanosoma cruzi, Toxoplasma gondii, fungal infection, sepsis, atherosclerosis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel 

disease, primary immunodeficiency disease, and cancer, working toward the goal of identifying novel therapeutic targets and strategies.

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Structure and function of the mucosal immune system in the 

gastrointestinal system 

•	 Basic properties of neutrophils, naïve and memory T cells, macrophages, 

and dendritic cells 

•	 Genetic and epigenetic regulation of chemokine receptor expression 

•	 Chemokines as mediators in antimicrobial host defense, inflammation, and 

cancer 

•	 Primary immunodeficiency disease

SECTIONS AND UNITS 

Immune Activation Section 

Ulrich Siebenlist, Ph.D. 

Inflammation Biology Section 

Joshua M. Farber, M.D.

Molecular Signaling Section 

Philip M. Murphy, M.D.

Mucosal Immunobiology Section 

Brian L. Kelsall, M.D. 

LABORATORY	OF	MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY 91 
PHILIP M. MURPHY, M.D. 

Chief, Laboratory of Molecular Immunology 

Chief, Molecular Signaling Section, LMI 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/philip-m-murphy-md	

pmurphy@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Host	defense	and	inflammation •	 Genetic	risk	factors	in	 •	 Primary	immunodeficiency	

infectious and immune- disease •	 G protein-coupled mediated diseases chemoattractant receptors 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Murphy	obtained	an	A.B.	from	Princeton	University	in	1975	and	an	M.D.	from	Cornell	

University	Medical	College	in	1981.	He	trained	in	internal	medicine	at	New	York	University	

from	1981	to	1985,	serving	as	chief	resident	from	1984	to	1985,	and	in	infectious	diseases	

at NIAID from 1985 to 1988. He began his research career as a medical staff fellow in the 

Bacterial	Diseases	Section	of	the	NIAID	Laboratory	of	Clinical	Investigation	in	1986	and	

was	promoted	to	senior	investigator	with	tenure	in	the	Laboratory	of	Host	Defenses	(LHD)	

in	1992.	In	1998,	he	was	promoted	to	the	Senior	Biomedical	Research	Service	and	named	

chief of the LHD Molecular Signaling Section. In 2003, Dr. Murphy’s research group was 

reorganized	as	part	of	the	new	Laboratory	of	Molecular	Immunology,	where	he	served	first	

as acting chief from 2003 to 2006 and then as chief from 2006 to the present. 

JOSHUA M. FARBER, M.D. 

Chief, Inflammation Biology Section, LMI

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/joshua-m-farber-md	

jfarber@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Chemokines	and	their	receptors	in	health	and	disease

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Farber	obtained	his	M.D.	from	The	Johns	Hopkins	University,	where	he	did	additional	

clinical training in internal medicine and infectious diseases. Dr. Farber’s postdoctoral 

training	in	bench	research	was	both	at	NIH	and	at	Johns	Hopkins.	Dr.	Farber	joined	the	

NIAID	Laboratory	of	Clinical	Investigation	in	1993,	became	a	senior	investigator	in	2000,	

and	moved	to	the	Laboratory	of	Molecular	Immunology	at	its	inception	in	2004.

92 
BRIAN L. KELSALL, M.D. 

Chief, Mucosal Immunobiology Section, LMI 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/brian-l-kelsall-md	

bkelsall@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Antigen presentation by 

mucosal dendritic cells and the 

regulation of mucosal immune 

responses 

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

Dr.	Kelsall	received	his	B.A.	in	human	biology	from	Stanford	University	in	1982.	In	1986,	

he	earned	his	M.D.	from	Case	Western	Reserve	University	School	of	Medicine.	He	did	

postdoctoral	training	in	internal	medicine	at	The	New	York	Hospital-Cornell	Medical	

Center	from	1986	to	1989	and	in	infectious	diseases	at	the	University	of	Virginia	Medical	

Center from 1989 to 1992. 

In 1992, Dr. Kelsall came to NIH, completed fellowship training in mucosal immunology in 

1996,	and	became	a	senior	investigator	in	2003.	

ULRICH SIEBENLIST, PH.D. 

Chief, Immune Activation Section, LMI 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/ulrich-siebenlist-phd	

usiebenlist@niaid.nih.gov

•	 Elucidation	of	the	normal	functions	of	NF-kappa	

B	transcription	factors	and	their	regulators	in	the	

context	of	host	defense	against	pathogens	and	in	

immune tolerance 

•	 Dysregulated	functions	of	NF-kappa	B	transcription	

factors	in	diseases,	such	as	inflammation-induced	

cancers	and	the	break	in	immune	tolerance	leading	

to autoimmunity 

•	 Identification	of	factors/regulators	that	may	serve	

as	potential	targets	for	therapeutic	intervention	in	

specific	diseases

BIOGRAPHY

•	 Regulation	of	interleukin	(IL)-12	 •	 Genetic susceptibility to 

production intestinal	inflammation	in	

mouse	models	of	inflammatory	 •	 Innate	and	adaptive	immunity	 bowel disease to	intestinal	viral	infection

BIOGRAPHY

•	 Functions	of	the	various	members	of	the	IL-17	

cytokine	family	in	host	defenses,	including	Th17-	

and Th2-mediated responses 

•	 Functions and mechanisms of action of IL-17 

cytokines	in	specific	inflammatory	and	autoimmune	

diseases, including asthma, allergy, rheumatoid 

arthritis, and lupus 

•	 Molecular dissection of the signaling pathways 

engaged	by	IL-17	cytokines	and	development	of	

potential	therapeutic	reagents	to	block	specific	

signaling paths in disease 

Dr.	Siebenlist	received	his	Ph.D.	at	Harvard	University,	studying	protein-DNA	interactions	

with Nobel Laureate Dr. Walter Gilbert. 

As	a	postdoctoral	fellow	in	Dr.	Philip	Leder’s	laboratory	at	both	NIH	and	Harvard	Medical	

School, Dr. Siebenlist studied immunoglobulin gene structures and the regulation of the 

myc	oncogene.	He	then	joined	the	NIAID	Laboratory	of	Immunoregulation.	He	is	now	chief	

of	the	Immune	Activation	Section	in	the	Laboratory	of	Molecular	Immunology.	

LABORATORY	OF	MOLECULAR IMMUNOLOGY 93 
Malcolm A. Martin, M.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/lab-molecular-microbiology

LABORATORY OF 

MOLECULAR MICROBIOLOGY 

When it was established in 1981, the Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology (LMM) investigated the structure, function, and regulation of a 

diverse group of microorganisms including RNA and DNA viruses, aerobic and anaerobic bacteria, and mycoplasmas. Currently, the main focus 

of LMM scientists is murine (e.g., murine leukemia virus) and primate retroviruses (e.g., HIV, immune immunodeficiency virus, and human 

T-lymphotropic virus), with the principal area of research activity involving HIV-1. Fundamental investigations of viral gene regulation, protein 

structure and function, and particle assembly are integrated with studies of the determinants of immunologic protection against HIV and viral 

pathogenesis. 

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH SECTIONS AND UNITS 

•	 Studies of the synthesis, processing, and assembly of retroviral-encoded Nonhuman Primate Virology Section proteins into progeny virions Vanessa M. Hirsch. D.V.M., D.Sc. •	 Exploration of the structure and function relationship of retroviral 

accessory proteins synthesized during productive and chronic viral Viral Biochemistry Section infections Klaus Strebel, Ph.D.

•	 Understanding the regulation of retroviral gene activity and how viral 

encoded proteins dysregulate normal cellular processes Viral Biology Section 

•	 Development of animal models for investigations of viral pathogenesis, the Christine A. Kozak, Ph.D. identification of potentially useful antiviral agents, and the development of 

protective vaccines Viral Pathogenesis and Vaccine Section 

Malcolm A. Martin, M.D. 

94 
MALCOLM A. MARTIN, M.D. 

Chief, Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology 

Chief, Viral Pathogenesis and Vaccine Section , LMM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/malcolm-martin-md	

mmartin@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Studies	of	primate	and	murine	retroviral	biology	and	 •	 Use	of	R5-tropic	SHIVs	to	investigate	the	

genetics in cell culture systems and animal models development	of	cross-reacting	anti-HIV-1	

neutralizing	antibodies	in	virus-infected	and	 •	 Assessment	of	the	SIV	and	SIV/HIV	chimeric	virus	 vaccinated	nonhuman	primate	models	of	HIV/AIDS (SHIV)	acute	infections	in	macaque	monkeys

•	 Development	of	R5-tropic	SHIVs	as	challenge	

viruses	in	vaccine	experiments

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Martin	received	an	M.D.	from	Yale	University	School	of	Medicine	in	1962	and,	

following	two	years	of	clinical	training	in	internal	medicine	at	the	University	of	Rochester,	

joined	NIH	as	a	research	associate.	He	initially	investigated	the	replication	and	gene	

regulation	of	SV40	and	polyomaviruses	and	subsequently	studied	endogenous	murine	

and	human	retroviral	sequences.	Since	1984,	his	research	program	has	focused	on	HIV.	

Dr. Martin was appointed chief of the Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology when it 

was established in 1981. He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and the 

recipient	of	numerous	scientific	awards.	

VANESSA M. HIRSCH, D.V.M., D.SC. 

Chief, Nonhuman Primate Virology Section, LMM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/vanessa-m-hirsch-dvm-dsc	

vhirsch@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 AIDS pathogenesis •	 Evolution	and	origins	of	primate	 •	 HIV	vaccine	development

lentiviruses

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Hirsch	received	her	D.V.M.	from	the	University	of	Saskatchewan	in	Canada	in	1977	and	

did	a	residency	in	pathology	at	the	University	of	Saskatchewan,	becoming	board	certified	

by the American College of Veterinary Pathologists in 1984. She earned her D.Sc. from 

Harvard	School	of	Public	Health,	Boston,	in	1988.	She	was	a	research	assistant	professor	

at	Georgetown	University	until	1992,	when	she	joined	the	NIAID	Laboratory	of	Infectious	

Diseases, transferring to the Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology in 1999 and becoming 

tenured in 2002. 

LABORATORY	OF	MOLECULAR	MICROBIOLOGY 95 
CHRISTINE A. KOZAK, PH.D. 

Chief, Viral Biology Section, LMM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/christine-kozak-phd	

ckozak@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Genetics	of	resistance	to	mouse	retroviruses •	 Naturally	occurring	mouse	retroviruses

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Kozak	received	her	Ph.D.	in	biology	from	Yale	University	in	1977.	After	a	postdoctoral	

fellowship	at	NIAID	under	Dr.	Wallace	Rowe,	she	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Molecular	

Microbiology	(LMM)	in	1984.	In	1992,	Dr.	Kozak became	chief	of	the	Viral	Biology	Section	

in	LMM.	She	is	an	associate	editor	for	several	journals,	has	served	on	the	Committee	on	

Standardized	Nomenclature	for	Mice,	was	chair	of	the	Mouse	Chromosome	5	Committee	

for 10 years, and has authored more than 400 research publications dealing with mouse 

retroviruses	and	mouse	genetics.

KLAUS STREBEL, PH.D. 

Chief, Viral Biochemistry Section, LMM 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/klaus-strebel-phd	

kstrebel@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Biological	and	biochemical	 •	 Characterization	of	cellular	 •	 Characterization	of	innate	

functions of HIV and SIV factors controlled by Vif, Vpu, immune defense mechanisms 

accessory proteins Vif, Vpu, Vpr,	and	Vpx

Vpr,	and	Vpx

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Strebel	received	his	Ph.D.	in	microbiology	in	1985	from	the	University	of	Heidelberg,	

Germany. After postdoctoral research in Germany on foot-and-mouth disease protein 

processing	and	maturation,	he	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Molecular	Microbiology	(LMM)	

in	1986	as	a	postdoctoral	fellow	to	work	on	molecular	mechanisms	of	HIV-1	replication.	

He	was	awarded	tenure	in	1998	and,	since	2000,	has	been	chief	of	the	Viral	Biochemistry	

Section within LMM. 

96 
Thomas Nutman, M.D., Chief 

Alan Sher, Ph.D., Deputy Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/lab-parasitic-diseases 

LABORATORY OF PARASITIC DISEASES 

The Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases (LPD) conducts basic and applied research 

on the prevention, control, and treatment of a variety of parasitic and bacterial 

diseases of global importance. The work of the group is largely directed 

toward the identification of immunological and molecular targets for disease 

intervention. The pathogens studied include parasitic protozoa (Leishmania, 

Toxoplasma, Giardia, Plasmodium, Trypanosoma cruzi, Cryptosporidium, and 

Entamoeba) and helminths (Filariae, Schistosoma, Strongyloides, and Taenia), as 

well as non-parasitic agents (e.g., mycobacteria).

LPD includes a clinical group that conducts patient-centered research at the 

NIH Clinical Center, as well as international field studies in India, Latin America, 

and Africa. Four new programs focus on genetic determinants of virulence in 

apicomplexan protozoa, the function of the eosinophil in human infectious and 

inflammatory disease processes, the role of commensal microbiota in immune 

regulation and homeostasis, and T-cell regulation in mycobacterial and fungal 

opportunistic infections.

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Uncovering basic aspects of the host-pathogen interaction in humans 

and experimental animal models, as well as in invertebrate vectors that 

transmit medically important parasites 

•	 Regulatory environment induced in chronic parasitic and bacterial infection 

•	 Identification of determinants of host resistance and pathology, with a 

focus on barrier sites

SECTIONS AND UNITS 

Clinical Parasitology Section 

Theodore Nash, M.D. 

Thomas B. Nutman, M.D.

Helminth Immunology Section 

Thomas B. Nutman, M.D.

Human Eosinophil Section 

Amy D. Klion, M.D. 

Immunobiology Section 

Alan Sher, Ph.D. 

Intracellular Parasite Biology Section 

David L. Sacks, Ph.D. 

Microbial Pathogenesis Section 

Stephen H. Leppla, Ph.D. 

Molecular Parasitology Section 

Michael E. Grigg, Ph.D. 

T-Lymphocyte Biology Unit 

Daniel L. Barber, Ph.D. 

LABORATORY	OF	PARASITIC DISEASES 97 
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

THOMAS B. NUTMAN, M.D. 

Chief, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases 

Chief, Clinical Parasitology Section, LPD 

Chief, Helminth Immunology Section, LPD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/thomas-b-nutman-md	

tnutman@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Regulation of the host immune response to parasitic 

helminth infection 

•	 Influence	of	helminth	infection	on	expression	of	nonparasitic infections, atopy, and asthma 

•	 Molecular	characterization	of	tissue-invasive	

helminth parasites 

•	 Mechanisms	of	eosinophil	activation	and	eosinophilia

•	 Control	of	immediate	hypersensitivity	reactions

•	 Clinical	definition	and	pathogenesis	underlying	

parasitic diseases 

•	 New	therapeutic	interventions	and	methods	of	

diagnosis in parasitic infections 

•	 Clinical	definition	and	pathogenesis	underlying	

parasitic diseases 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Nutman	received	his	A.B.	from	Brown	University	and	his	M.D.	from	the	University	

of	Cincinnati	College	of	Medicine.	He	did	an	internal	medicine	residency	at	New	York	

University	and	postdoctoral	training	in	the	Laboratory	of	Parasitic	Diseases	(LPD).	He	is	

board	certified	in	internal	medicine	and	allergy	and	immunology.	He	also	holds	a	diploma/

certificate	in	tropical	medicine	and	travelers’	health.	He	has	been	at	NIH	in	LPD	since	

1982.	In	addition,	he	is	the	director	of	the	NIAID	International	Center	for	Excellence	in	

Research	(ICER)	located	in	Chennai,	India,	as	well	as	director	of	the	filariasis	unit	at	the	

NIAID ICER in Mali. 

ALAN SHER, PH.D. 

Deputy Chief, Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases 

Chief, Immunobiology Section, LPD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/alan-sher-phd	

asher@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Mechanisms of host resistance and immune •	 Regulatory pathways limiting pathogen-induced Th1 

regulation in parasitic and mycobacterial infection immunopathology 

•	 Role of innate pathogen recognition in the initiation of •	 Immunotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of 

adaptive immunity and inCD4+ T-cellsubset effectorchoice infectious disease 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Sher	received	his	Ph.D.	from	the	University	of	California,	San	Diego,	and	did	his	

postdoctoral	training	in	the	Division	of	Parasitology	at	the	National	Institute	for	Medical	

Research	in	Mill	Hill,	London.	In	1980,	after	several	years	as	a	research	associate	and	then	

assistant	professor	in	the	department	of	pathology	at	Harvard	Medical	School,	he	joined	

NIAID as a section chief in the Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases. Sher became chief of LPD 

in	2003	and	was	promoted	to	NIH	Distinguished	Investigator	in	2011.	

98 
YASMINE BELKAID, PH.D. 

Chief, Mucosal Immunology Section, LISB

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/yasmine-belkaid-phd	

ybelkaid@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH

•	 Role of the microbiota in immunity to infection

•	 Role of dietary metabolites in promoting immune 

regulation and immune responses to pathogens

•	 Tissue-specific	regulatory	responses	to	infection

•	 Leishmania	major,	Toxoplasma	gondii,	

Cryptosporidium and Microsporidium spp

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Yasmine	Belkaid	obtained	her	Ph.D.	in	1996	from	the	Pasteur	Institute	in	France	on	

innate responses to Leishmania infection. Following a postdoctoral fellowship at NIAID 

on	immune	regulation	during	Leishmania	infection,	she	joined	the	Children’s	Hospital	

Research	Foundation	in	Cincinnati	as	an	assistant	professor	in	2002.	In	2005,	she	joined	

the	Laboratory	of	Parasitic	Diseases	as	a	tenure-track	investigator.	Since	2008,	she	has	

worked	as	an	adjunct	professor	at	the	University	of	Pennsylvania.

DANIEL L. BARBER, PH.D. 

Chief, T-Lymphocyte Biology Unit, LPD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/daniel-l-barber-phd	

barberd@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Immunoregulation during •	 Mechanisms of mycobacteria- •	 Role of the PD-1 pathway in the 

infection with Mycobacterium associated immune regulation of T-cell responses 

tuberculosis and opportunistic reconstitution	inflammatory	

fungal pathogens syndrome (IRIS) 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Barber	obtained	his	B.S	from	Rider	University	and	his	Ph.D	from	Emory	University	in	the	

department	of	microbiology	and	immunology.	In	2006,	he	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Parasitic	

Diseases	as	a	postdoctoral	fellow	in	the	Immunobiology	Section.	In	2012,	Dr.	Barber	was	

awarded	a	position	as	an	Earl	Stadtman	Tenure-Track	Investigator	in	the	Laboratory	of	

Parasitic Diseases. 

LABORATORY	OF	PARASITIC DISEASES 99 
MICHAEL E. GRIGG, PH.D. 

Chief, Molecular Parasitology Section, LPD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/michael-e-grigg-phd	

griggm@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Virulence	shifts	in	protozoan	parasites:	biology	and	 •	 Immunoparasitology and mechanisms of host 

genetics resistance	against	protozoan	parasites

•	 Forward/reverse	genetics	and	functional	genomic	 •	 Parasite gene families that modulate host immunity, 

screens	that	identify	protozoan	virulence	factors infectivity,	and	parasite	pathogenesis

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Grigg	earned	his	B.Sc.	in	1989	from	the	University	of	British	Columbia.	He	obtained	his	

Ph.D. and D.I.C. in 1994 from the Imperial College of Science, Technology, and Medicine, 

University	of	London.	From	1994	to	1997,	Dr.	Grigg	was	a	Howard Hughes	Medical	

Institute	senior	fellow	at	the	University	of	Washington.	From	1997	to	2001,	he	trained	as	

a	postdoctoral	scholar	in	molecular	parasitology	at	Stanford	University.	In	2002,	he	was	

appointed	at	the	assistant	professor	level	in	medicine,	microbiology,	and	immunology	at	

the	University	of	British	Columbia.	In	2006,	he	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Parasitic	Disease	

as	a	tenure-track	investigator.	In	2013,	he	was	appointed	senior	investigator	at	NIH.	He	

is	also	an	adjunct	professor	at	the	University	of	British	Columbia	and	Oklahoma	State	

University.

100 
AMY D. KLION, M.D. 

Chief, Human Eosinophil Section, LPD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/amy-d-klion-md	

aklion@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Identification	and	characterization	of	new	subtypes	 •	 Assessment	of	the	safety	and	efficacy	of	

of hypereosinophilic syndromes (HES) chemotherapeutic agents targeting eosinophils (or 

their precursors) •	 Elucidation of the role of the eosinophil in 

pathogenesis of eosinophilic disorders •	 Prevention	of	post-treatment	reactions	in	loiasis,	

a	filarial	infection	associated	with	dramatic	

eosinophilia following anthelminthic therapy 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Klion	earned	her	B.A.	from	Princeton	University	and	her	M.D.	from	New	York	

University	School	of	Medicine.	After	completing	a	residency	in	internal	medicine	at	The	

Johns	Hopkins	University,	she	was	a	postdoctoral	fellow	in	the	Laboratory	of	Parasitic	

Diseases from 1989 to 1991. She completed her fellowship in infectious diseases at the 

University	of	Iowa	Hospitals	and	Clinics	in	Iowa	City,	Iowa,	where	she	was	appointed	

an	assistant	professor	in	the	division	of	infectious	diseases	prior	to	returning	to	the	

Laboratory	of	Parasitic	Diseases	in	1997	as	a	staff	clinician.	She	became	a	tenure-track	

clinical	investigator	in	the	Laboratory	of	Parasitic	Diseases	in	2009	and	a	senior	clinical	

investigator	in	2014.

STEPHEN H. LEPPLA, PH.D. 

Chief, Microbial Pathogenesis Section, LPD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/stephen-h-leppla-phd	

sleppla@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Structure-function relationships •	 Bacterial	gene	regulation,	 molecular	mechanisms	of	toxin	

in	bacterial	protein	toxins	and	 interactions of bacteria and action 

the	roles	of	toxins	and	other	

virulence	factors	in	contributing	

to bacterial pathogenesis 

toxins	with	animal	cells	and	

tissues,	the	effects	of	toxins	

on host physiology, and the 

•	 Use of basic-research results 

in	the	design	of	vaccines	and	

therapeutics 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Leppla	earned	a	B.S.	in	biology	from	the	California	Institute	of	Technology	and	a	

Ph.D.	in	biochemistry	from	the	University	of	Wisconsin.	After	postdoctoral	study	at	the	

University	of	California-Berkeley	and	Brown	University,	he	became	a	research	scientist	at	

the	U.S.	Army	Medical	Research	Institute	of	Infectious	Diseases	in	Frederick,	Maryland.	

He	moved	to	NIH	in	1989	and	to	NIAID	in	2003.

LABORATORY	OF	PARASITIC DISEASES 101 
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

THEODORE E. NASH, M.D. 

Principal Investigator, Clinical Parasitology Section, LPD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/theodore-e-nash-md	

tnash@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Treatment of neurocysticercosis •	 Immune response associated with treatment 

and	measures	to	ameliorate	acute	inflammatory	 •	 Natural history, disease association, morbidity, responses prevention,	and	treatment	of	perilesional	edema	

episodes	associated	with	calcific	cysticercosis •	 Antigenic	variation	in	Giardia,	cellular	biology,	and	

differences	among	Giardia	groups/isolates •	 Development	of	model	cestodes	infection	to	

determine best treatments for neurocysticercosis 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Nash	received	his	M.D.	from	the	University	of	Miami	in	1968	and	completed	his	

internship	and	residency	at	Duke	University.	In	1970,	he	was	appointed	a	fellow	in	the	

NIAID	Laboratory	of	Clinical	Investigation	and,	in	1973,	became	a	staff	fellow	in	the	

Laboratory	of	Parasitic	Diseases	(LPD).	After	an	infectious	disease	fellowship	at	the	Beth	

Israel-Children’s	Hospital	in	Boston	and	a	fellowship	in	biological	chemistry	at	Harvard	

University,	he	returned	to	LPD	as	a	senior	scientist	in	1976.	He	is	currently	a	principal	

investigator	in	the	Clinical	Parasitology	Section.	

DAVID L. SACKS, PH.D. 

Chief, Intracellular Parasite Biology Section, LPD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/david-l-sacks-phd	

dsacks@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Study of parasite and sand fly moleculescontrolling the •	 Mechanisms underlying pathogenesis and 

development of transmissible infectionsin the vector immunosuppression	in	human	visceral	leishmaniasis	

and	development	of	host-directed	therapies •	 Development	of	vaccines	against	leishmaniasis	and	

their	evaluation	using	infected	sand	fly	challenge •	 Study	of	sexual	reproductive	strategies	in	

Leishmania	and	the	development	of	forward	genetic	 •	 Mechanisms of acquired resistance in cutaneous approaches	to	identify	virulence	genes leishmaniasis and those controlling persistent 

infection 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Sacks	obtained	his	Ph.D.	from	Harvard	University	for	studies	on	immune	responses	

to chlamydial infections. Following a postdoctoral fellowship at the National Institute 

for Medical Research in London (Mill Hill) studying immune suppression in African 

trypanosomiasis,	he	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Parasitic	Diseases	in	1980.	He	became	a	

senior	investigator	in	1986.

102 LABORATORY	OF	PARASITIC DISEASES 
Bruce W. Chesebro, M.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/lab-persistent-viral-diseases 

LABORATORY OF 

PERSISTENT VIRAL DISEASES 

The Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases (LPVD) studies persistent active or latent viral or prion disease infections. Investigators place 

particular emphasis on persistent infections of the nervous system and of the hematopoietic and lymphoid systems. The laboratory is also 

studying the roles of persistent infection in the development of retrovirus-induced immunosuppression. Models being examined include prion 

diseases of various species and murine and human retroviruses.

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 The major research goals of the laboratory are to understand basic 

pathogenic mechanisms induced by these infections, to study immune or 

other defense mechanisms used by infected individuals against infections, 

and to develop drug therapies capable of reducing or eliminating such 

infections.

SECTIONS AND UNITS 

Neuroimmunology Unit 

Karin Peterson, Ph.D. 

Retroviral Immunology Section 

Kim J. Hasenkrug, Ph.D.

Retroviral Molecular Biology Section 

Leonard H. Evans, Ph.D. 

TSE/Prion Biochemistry Section 

Byron Caughey, Ph.D.

TSE/Prion Molecular Biology Section 

Suzette A. Priola, Ph.D.

TSE/Prion and Retroviral Pathogenesis Section 

Bruce W. Chesebro, M.D.

LABORATORY	OF	PERSISTENT VIRAL DISEASES 103 
BRUCE W. CHESEBRO, M.D. 

Chief, Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases 

Chief, TSE/Prion and Retroviral Pathogenesis Section, LPVD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/bruce-w-chesebro-md	

bchesebro@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs), •	 Retroviral	brain	diseases

or prion diseases 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Chesebro	received	his	M.D.	from	Harvard	Medical	School	in	1968.	He	completed	

postdoctoral	studies	at	the	Karolinska	Institute,	Sweden,	in	1967;	at	Stanford	University	

from 1968 to 1970; and at the National Institute of Arthritis and Metabolic Diseases 

from 1970 to 1972. He came to NIAID in 1972 and became chief of the Laboratory of 

Persistent Viral Diseases in 1979. He was elected as a fellow in the American Academy of 

Microbiology in 2011. 

BYRON CAUGHEY, PH.D. 

Chief, TSE/Prion Biochemistry Section, LPVD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/byron-caughey-phd	

bcaughey@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 TSEs (prion diseases) •	 Prion protein functions and cell biology 

•	 Prion	structure,	amplification	and	detection,	and	 •	 Protein-folding diseases 

disease	prevention	and	therapeutics

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Caughey	received	his	Ph.D.	in	biochemistry	from	the	University	of	Wisconsin-Madison	

in	1985	and	completed	postdoctoral	studies	in	pharmacology	at	Duke	University	Medical	

Center	from	1985	to	1986.	He	has	conducted	TSE/prion	research	in	the	Laboratory	of	

Persistent	Viral	Diseases	since	1986.	He	became	a	tenured	senior	investigator	in	1994.	

Dr. Caughey is also an editor for the Journal of Virology and a fellow of the American 

Academy of Microbiology. 

104 
LEONARD H. EVANS, PH.D. 

Chief, Retroviral Molecular Biology Section, LPVD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/leonard-h-evans-phd	

levans@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Mixed	retrovirus	infections •	 Genetic	alterations	of	retroviruses	and	their	role	in	

disease •	 Interactions	of	exogenous	retroviruses	with	their	

endogenous counterparts •	 Retroviral	vectors	for	gene	delivery

KIM J. HASENKRUG, PH.D. 

Chief, Retroviral Immunology Section, LPVD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/kim-j-hasenkrug-phd	

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Evans	received	his	Ph.D.	in	biochemistry	in	1977	at	the	Oregon	Health	Sciences	

University	in	Portland.	He	did	postdoctoral	studies	on	the	genetic	structure	of	retroviruses	

in	the	department	of	molecular	and	cellular	biology	at	the	University	of	California	at	

Berkeley	from	1977	until	1980.	In	1980,	he	joined	the	Rocky	Mountain	Laboratories,	where	

he	is	currently	a	senior	investigator	in	the	Laboratory	of	Persistent	Viral	Diseases.

khasenkrug@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Mechanisms	of	vaccine	 •	 Chronic	retroviral	 •	 Mechanisms of genetic 

protection	against	retroviral	 infections: immunological resistance	to	retroviral	disease

infection control, regulatory T cells, 

immunomodulation, and 

therapeutics 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Hasenkrug	received	his	Ph.D.	in	cell	biology	from	the	Albert	Einstein	College	of	

Medicine	in	1991	and	conducted	his	postdoctoral	research	in	the	laboratory	of	Dr.	Bruce	

Chesebro	at	the	Rocky	Mountain	Laboratories.	In	1998,	he	established	an	independent	

laboratory	to	study	retroviral	immunology	and	mechanisms	of	vaccine	protection.	A	

special	focus	of	his	work	has	been	the	study	of	establishment	and	maintenance	of	chronic	

infections	and	virus	escape.	Dr.	Hasenkrug	serves	as	an	affiliated	associate	professor	at	

Montana	State	University	and	the	University	of	Montana	and	as	a	scientific	advisor	for	the	

International	AIDS	Vaccine	Initiative.	

LABORATORY	OF	PERSISTENT VIRAL DISEASES 105 
KARIN E. PETERSON, PH.D. 

Chief, Neuroimmunology Unit, LPVD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/karin-e-peterson-phd	

petersonka@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Examine	interactions	between	the	immune	and	 •	 Examine	the	Influence	of	the	immune	response	on	

nervous	systems	in	regulating	viral	pathogenesis	in	 retrovirus-induced	neurological	disease

the	central	nervous	system	(CNS) •	 Determine the mechanisms of SARM1-mediated 

•	 Examine	the	influence	of	the	immune	response	on	 neuronal cell death 

La	Crosse	virus-induced	neurological	disease •	 Identify potential therapeutic pathways to limit 

virus-mediated	damage	in	the	CNS

BIOGRAPHY

Karin	Peterson	received	her	Ph.D.	in	microbiology	and	immunology	in	1998	from	the	

University	of	Missouri	Medical	School,	where	she	studied	autoimmunity	and	the	activation	

of	self-reactive	T	cells.	She	then	went	to	Rocky	Mountain	Laboratories	(RML)	in	1998	

as a postdoctoral fellow in the Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases and applied her 

skills	in	immunology	toward	understanding	the	mechanisms	that	control	the	immune	

response	to	retrovirus	infection.	During	this	time,	she	became	interested	in	the	immune	

responses	to	virus	infections	in	the	CNS.	In	2004,	Dr.	Peterson	accepted	a	position	as	an	

assistant	professor	at	Louisiana	State	University	School	of	Veterinary	Medicine,	where	

she	furthered	her	studies	on	viral	pathogenesis	in	the	CNS	and	also	taught	classes	in	

immunology	and	virology.	In	2008,	she	returned	to	RML	as	a	tenure-track	investigator	to	

study	the	innate	immune	responses	in	the	CNS	and	their	role	in	viral	pathogenesis.

SUZETTE A. PRIOLA, PH.D. 

Chief, TSE/Prion Molecular Biology Section, LPVD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/suzette-priola-phd	

spriola@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Prion diseases •	 Molecular	mechanisms	of	neurodegenerative	

diseases 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Priola	received	her	Ph.D.	in	microbiology	and	immunology	in	1990	from	the	University	

of	California,	Los	Angeles.	In	1991,	she	joined	the	Rocky	Mountain	Laboratories,	where	

she	is	now	a	senior	investigator.	She	is	a	former	chair	of	the	FDA	TSE	Advisory	Committee	

and	is	currently	chief	of	the	TSE/Prion	Molecular	Biology	Section.	She	currently	serves	on	

the	editorial	board	of	the	journal	Virology. 

106 
Ted Pierson, Ph.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/lab-viral-diseases 

LABORATORY OF VIRAL DISEASES 

The Laboratory of Viral Diseases carries out investigations on the molecular biology of viruses, the interactions of viruses with host cells, 

the pathogenesis of viral diseases, and host defense mechanisms. The studies are designed to increase fundamental knowledge as well as to 

facilitate the development of new approaches to the prevention and treatment of disease. The laboratory is well equipped with an electron 

microscope, confocal microscopes, FACS machines, DNA sequencers, PCR machines, ultracentrifuges, and other standard items. The members 

of the laboratory are interactive and hold weekly seminars in which current research is presented and discussed.

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Viral entry into cells 

•	 Regulation of gene expression 

•	 Mechanisms of DNA replication 

•	 Assembly and transport of viral proteins and particles 

•	 Actions of viral growth factors and immune defense molecules 

•	 Determinants of viral virulence 

•	 Viral targets of humoral and cellular immunity 

•	 Development of recombinant expression vectors, candidate vaccines, and 

antiviral agents 

•	 Wide range of DNA and RNA viruses including HIV, poxviruses, 

herpesviruses, papillomaviruses, influenza virus, and flaviviruses

SECTIONS AND UNITS 

Cellular Biology Section 

Jonathan W. Yewdell, M.D., Ph.D. 

DNA Tumor Virus Section 

Alison McBride, Ph.D. 

Genetic Engineering Section 

Bernard Moss, M.D., Ph.D. 

Molecular Genetics Section 

Thomas M. Kristie, Ph.D. 

Barrier Immunity Section 

Jason M. Brenchley, Ph.D. 

Viral Pathogenesis Section 

Ted C. Pierson, Ph.D. 

LABORATORY	OF	VIRAL DISEASES 107 
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

TED C. PIERSON, PH.D. 

Chief, Laboratory of Viral Diseases 

Chief, Viral Pathogenesis Section, LVD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/ted-c-pierson-phd	

piersontc@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 The	multiple	roles	of	the	envelope	glycoproteins	 •	 Mechanisms	of	antibody-mediated	neutralization	of	

during	the	flavivirus	lifecycle viruses

•	 Humoral	immunity	to	flavivirus	infection

BIOGRAPHY

Dr. Pierson received his Ph.D. from The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine in

2001. While training in the laboratory of Dr. Robert F. Siliciano, Dr. Pierson investigated

the molecular biology of the pre-integration state of HIV-1 latency and the contribution of 

this relatively labile reservoir toward the persistence of HIV-1 in the face of aggressive

antiretroviral therapy. After completing these studies, Dr. Pierson took a postdoctoral

fellowship in the laboratory of Dr. Robert W. Doms in the department of microbiology at the 

University of Pennsylvania. While training there, Dr. Pierson initiated a new research program

to study the cell biology of the envelope proteins of flaviviruses, with a focus on West Nile

virus and dengue viruses. In 2005, Dr. Pierson was recruited to initiate the Viral Pathogenesis

Section of the Laboratory of Viral Diseases and to continue his work on flaviviruses.

JASON M. BRENCHLEY, PH.D. 

Chief, Barrier Immunity Section, LVD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/jason-m-brenchley-phd	

jbrenchl@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Immunopathogenesis in nonhuman primate models •	 Mucosal immunology and mechanisms of microbial 

of HIV translocation 

•	 Microbial	translocation	and	immune	activation

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Brenchley	received	a	master’s	degree	from	Idaho	State	University	in	1999	and	received	

a	Ph.D.	from	the	University	of	Texas	Southwestern	Medical	Center	at	Dallas	in	2003.	He	

joined	NIH	as	a	research	fellow,	studying	immunopathogenesis	and	mucosal	immunology	

in	HIV-infected	individuals.	Since	2008,	he	has	been	an	investigator	at	NIAID	and	has	been	

a	senior	investigator	since	2013.

108 
THOMAS M. KRISTIE, PH.D. 

Chief, Molecular Genetics Section, LVD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/thomas-m-kristie-phd	

tkristie@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Herpes	simplex	virus	gene	expression •	 Chromatin	control	of	herpesvirus	lytic	and	latencyreaction cycles •	 Transcriptional	coactivators	in	herpesvirus	lytic	and	

latency reaction •	 Mechanisms	involved	in	RNAP	II-mediated	gene	

transcription 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Kristie	received	his	Ph.D.	from	the	Committee	on	Virology	at	the	University	of	Chicago	

for	his	work	with	Dr.	Bernard	Roizman	on	the	regulation	of	herpes	simplex	virus	gene

expression.	As	a	postdoctoral	fellow	with	Dr.	Philip	Sharp	at	the	Center	for	Cancer	

Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dr. Kristie focused on the interaction of 

components	involved	in	the	formation	of	transcriptional	enhancer	complexes.	Dr.	Kristie	

joined	the	NIAID	Laboratory	of	Viral	Diseases	in	1993,	became	a	senior	investigator	in	

2000, and became chief of the Molecular Genetics Section in 2001. 

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

ALISON MCBRIDE, PH.D. 

Chief, DNA Tumor Virus Section, LVD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/alison-mcbride-phd	

amcbride@niaid.nih.gov

•	 Characterization	of	the	mechanisms	of	viral	genome	

establishment	in	keratinocytes

•	 Characterization	of	the	mechanisms	by	which	

papillomavirus	genomes	are	maintained	and	

partitioned	in	dividing	cells

•	 Determination of the role of the host DNA damage 

response	and	repair	pathways	in	viral	DNA	

replication 

•	 Development	of	therapeutics	to	intervene	in	viral	

genome tethering 

•	 Development	of	efficient	methods	to	conditionally	

immortalize	primary	keratinocytes

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	McBride	received	a	B.Sc.	(with	honors)	in	molecular	biology	from	the	University	of	

Glasgow, Scotland, and a Ph.D. in biochemistry from the Imperial Cancer Research Fund 

and	Imperial	College,	London,	studying	Epstein-Barr	virus.	She	began	working	on	human	

and	other	papillomaviruses	as	a	postdoctoral	fellow	in	the	National	Cancer	Institute	and	

joined	NIAID	in	1994.	She	became	a	senior	investigator	in	the	Laboratory	of	Viral	Diseases	

in 2000. 

LABORATORY	OF	VIRAL DISEASES 109 
BERNARD MOSS, M.D., PH.D. 

Chief, Genetic Engineering Section, LVD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/bernard-moss-md-phd	

bmoss@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Replication	of	poxviruses •	 Recombinant	vaccines •	 Viral immune defense proteins 

Association	for	the	Advancement	of	Science,	and	president	of	the	American	Society	for	

Virology. Dr. Moss is currently an editor of Virology and a member of the editorial boards 

of the Journal of Virology, AIDS Research and Human Retroviruses, Current Opinion 

in Biotechnology, Advances in Virus Research, and the NIH Catalyst.	He	is	an	adjunct	

professor	at	George	Washington	University	and	the	University	of	Maryland.

JONATHAN WILSON YEWDELL, M.D., PH.D. 

Chief, Cellular Biology Section, LVD 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/jonathan-wilson-yewdell-md-phd	

jyewdell@nih.gov

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Moss	received	his	M.D.	from	the	New	York	University	School	of	Medicine,	interned	at	

the	Children’s	Hospital	Medical	Center	(Boston),	and	then	earned	a	Ph.D.	in	biochemistry	

from	the	Massachusetts	Institute	of	Technology.	He	became	interested	in	viruses	after	

joining	NIH	and	is	well	known	for	studies	on	the	cap	structure	of	mRNAs,	regulation	

of	gene	expression,	replication	cycle	of	poxviruses,	virus	defense	molecules,	and	

development	and	application	of	virus	vectors.	

Dr.	Moss	has	received	numerous	awards	and	prizes.	He	was	elected	to	the	National	

Academy of Sciences, American Academy of Microbiology, Fellow of the American 

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Generation of MHC class I peptide ligands from •	 Defining	mechanisms	of	influenza	A	virus	evolution	

defective	ribosomal	products	(DRiPs)	and	other	 and	antigenic	variation	in	viral	glycoproteins

endogenous antigens •	 Understanding	immunodominance	in	B-cell	and	

•	 Cell	biology	of	specialized	and	non-canonical	protein	 antibody	responses	to	influenza	A	virus

translation •	 Real-time	imaging	of	virus-host	interactions	using	

multiphoton microscopy 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Yewdell	received	an	A.B.	in	biochemistry	magna cum laude from	Princeton	University	in	

1975,	working	with	Dr.	Arnold	Levine	for	his	undergraduate	thesis	on	immune	recognition	

of	virus-transformed	cells.	He	received	an	M.D.	and	a	Ph.D.	in	immunology	from	the	

University	of	Pennsylvania	in	1981,	working	with	Dr.	Walter	Gerhard	on	using	monoclonal	

antibodies	to	understand	influenza	A	virus	hemagglutinin	antigenicity	and	function.	As	

a	postdoctoral	fellow,	he	worked	with	Dr.	David	Lane	at	the	Imperial	College	in	London,	

studying	the	newly	discovered	p53	protein.	From	1983	to	1987,	he	was	an	assistant	

professor	at	the	Wistar	Institute	in	Philadelphia.	In	1987,	Dr.	Yewdell	joined	the	LVD	and	in	

1993	was	appointed	to	lead	its	Cellular	Biology	Section.	

110 
Heinz Feldmann, M.D., Ph.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/lab-virology 

LABORATORY OF VIROLOGY 

The Laboratory of Virology (LV) conducts innovative scientific research on viral agents requiring high or maximum containment (biosafety level-2 

to biosafety level-4). These agents include filoviruses, bunyaviruses, arenaviruses, and flaviviruses. Research studies focus on vector/reservoir 

transmission, viral ecology, pathogenesis, pathophysiology, and host immune response of these viral pathogens. A significant goal is to develop 

diagnostics, vaccines, and therapeutics against these agents.

LV scientists broadly study pathogens that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers, viral encephalitis, and certain respiratory diseases. This work 

employs investigations in cell culture; animal models, including nonhuman primates; reservoir species; and arthropod hosts in order to elucidate 

the viral pathogenesis, immune responses, molecular evolution, cellular and molecular biology, and vector-host interactions.

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Study pathogenesis and pathophysiology of high-containment viral 

pathogens using molecular technologies, including reverse genetics. 

•	 Study immune responses to infection and vaccination of high-containment 

viral pathogens, and develop new vaccine candidates. 

•	 Study vector/reservoir transmission of high-containment viral pathogens 

using appropriate animal models. 

•	 Use in vitro and in vivo systems to study the interactions between viral 

pathogens or viral components and host cells, and develop new antiviral 

strategies. 

•	 Study the epidemiology and ecology of high-containment pathogens using 

newly developed rapid, sensitive, and specific diagnostic-test systems, 

including those that can be applied under field conditions.

SECTIONS AND UNITS 

Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section 

Marshall E. Bloom, M.D. 

Disease Modeling and Transmission Section 

Heinz Feldmann, M.D., Ph.D.

Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit 

Sonja M. Best, Ph.D. 

Virus Ecology Unit 

Vincent Munster, Ph.D.

LABORATORY	OF	VIROLOGY 111 
	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

HEINZ FELDMANN, M.D., PH.D. 

Chief, Laboratory of Virology 

Chief, Disease Modeling and Transmission Section, LV 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/heinz-feldmann-md-phd	

feldmannh@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Disease modeling using rodent •	 Emergency	vaccines	using	 •	 Antivirals	and	therapeutics

and nonhuman primate models different replication-competent •	 Virus	transmission	in	reservoir	 and	replication-deficient	viral	 and host species vector	platforms

BIOGRAPHY

Heinz	Feldmann	graduated	from	medical	school	in	1987	(M.D.)	and	received	his	Ph.D.	

in	1988,	both	from	the	University	of	Marburg,	Germany.	His	postdoctoral	research	was	

conducted	in	the	field	of	virology	(filoviruses	and	hantaviruses)	at	the	Institute	of	Virology,	

University	of	Marburg,	Germany,	and	the	special	pathogens	branch	at	the	Centers	for	

Disease	Control	and	Prevention	in	Atlanta,	where	he	held	a	fellowship	from	the	National	

Research Council. Following his postdoctoral training, he was as an assistant and 

associate	professor	with	the	Institute	of	Virology	at	the	University	of	Marburg,	Germany.	

During this time he was trained as an infectious disease specialist with a focus on 

laboratory diagnostics. From 1999 to 2008, Dr. Feldmann held the position of chief of the 

special pathogens program of the National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency 

of Canada. Since 2008, he has been the chief of Laboratory of Virology and the chief 

scientist	at	the	RML	BSL-4	laboratories.	

SONJA M. BEST, PH.D. 

Chief, Innate Immunity and Pathogenesis Unit, LV 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/sonja-m-best-phd	

sbest@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Mechanisms	utilized	by	 •	 The	role	of	novel	interferon- •	 The importance of dendritic cell 

pathogenic	viruses	to	modulate	 stimulated genes in host function	to	anti-viral	innate	and	

host innate immunity resistance	to	virus	infection adaptive	immune	responses

BIOGRAPHY

Dr. Best received her Ph.D. in biochemistry and molecular biology from the Australian

National University, where she studied the pathogenesis of myxoma virus, a poxvirus. She

conducted her postdoctoral research at Rocky Mountain Laboratories (RML) on the complex

role of apoptosis in the replication of parvoviruses. She stayed at RML as a research

fellow and then a staff scientist to investigate virus-host interactions involved in flavivirus

pathogenesis. It was during this time that she developed her interests in innate immunity

and the molecular mechanisms utilized by flaviviruses to evade these critical host responses.

In 2009, Dr. Best established an independent laboratory as a tenure-track investigator

to expand her studies on interactions between pathogenic viruses and the host immune

response. In 2011, Dr. Best was awarded a Presidential Early Career Award for Scientists and

Engineers for her work on flavivirus suppression of innate immune responses.

112 
MARSHALL E. BLOOM, M.D. 

Associate Director for Science Management, Rocky Mountain Laboratories 

Chief, Biology of Vector-Borne Viruses Section, LV 

	www.niaid.nih.gov/research/marshall-e-bloom-md	

mbloom@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Structural	biology	of	tick-borne	 •	 Biology	and	molecular	 •	 Viral and host determinants of 

flaviviruses	in	vertebrate	and	 pathogenesis of acute and effective	vertical	(through	the	

arthropod systems persistent	tickborne	flavivirus	 tick	life	stages)	and	horizontal	

infections (from	tick	to	mammalian	host)	

transmission 

Bloom	was	named	associate	director	for	science	management	for	RML	in	NIAID’s	Division	

of Intramural Research. 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Bloom	received	his	M.D.	in	1971	from	Washington	University	School	of	Medicine	in	

St.	Louis,	MI,	and	then	joined	the	Rocky	Mountain	Laboratories	(RML)	of	NIAID	in	1972	

as a research associate. From 1975 to 1977, he was a postdoctoral fellow in the NIAID 

Laboratory	of	the	Biology	of	Viruses	on	the	NIH	campus	in	Bethesda,	MD.	He	returned	to	

RML	as	a	tenured	investigator	in	1977	and	was	a	charter	member	of	the	Laboratory	of	

Persistent	Viral	Diseases.	He	is	a	world	expert	in	the	molecular	biology	and	pathogenesis	

of	parvoviruses	and	is	considered	an	authority	in	biocontainment.	In	2004,	Dr.	Bloom’s	

research	group	changed	its	focus	to	the	pathogenesis	of	tickborne	flaviviruses.	In	2008,	Dr.

VINCENT J. MUNSTER, PH.D. 

Chief, Virus Ecology Unit, LV 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/vincent-j-munster-phd	

munstervj@mail.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Natural	reservoirs	of	emerging	 •	 Evolutionary	dynamics	of	 •	 Modeling	zoonotic	and	

viruses	and	elucidation	of	the	 emerging	viruses	in	the	context	 cross-species transmission 

underlying biotic and abiotic of	virus-host	ecology of	emerging	viruses	and	

drivers	of	zoonotic	and	cross- the	efficacy	of	outbreak	

species	transmission	events intervention	strategies

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Vincent	Munster	received	his	Ph.D.	in	virology	from	Erasmus	University,	Rotterdam,	

the Netherlands, in 2006. He continued his training at the Erasmus Medical Center from 

2006	to	2009,	where	he	worked	within	the	Center	for	Research	on	Influenza	Pathogenesis	

and	Surveillance	(CRIPS)	focusing	on	pathogenicity	and	human-to-human	transmission	of	

influenza	A	viruses.	Dr.	Munster	joined	the	Laboratory	of	Virology	as	a	visiting	fellow	in	

2009	to	study	the	ecology	of	emerging	viruses	to	include	filoviruses	and	henipaviruses.	

In	2013,	Dr.	Munster	established	the	Virus	Ecology	Unit	as	an	independent	tenure-track	

investigator.		Dr.	Munster	was	awarded	the	European	Scientific	Working	Group	on	

Influenza	(ESWI)	Best	Body	of	Work	Award	for	Young	Scientists	in	2011	and	the	MERCKIAAC	young	investigator	award	in	2014.

LABORATORY	OF	VIROLOGY 113 
VIRAL IMMUNOLOGY SECTION 

Jack R. Bennink, Ph.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/jack-bennink-phd 

Virus infections within the human population impose a significant annual burden in morbidity, mortality, and economic loss. The

immune system and viruses have evolved and continue to evolve in response to each other. The mission of the Viral Immunology 

Section is focused on extending our basic understanding of the interaction between the immune system and viruses.

JACK BENNINK, PH.D. 

Chief, Viral Immunology Section 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/jack-bennink-phd	

jbennink@niaid.nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Interaction	between	host	immunity	and	viruses •	 Innate	and	adaptive	immunity	with	a	focus	on	

repertoire	and	the	function	of	antiviral	CD8+	T	cells	 •	 Biology	and	evolution	of	viruses	with	a	primary	 and	B	cells	and	their	contribution	to	virus	clearance	 emphasis	on	influenza	virus	evolution	under	immune	 and	evolution (vaccination),	partially	immune,	and	non-immune	

selection pressures in vitro and in vivo •	 Cellular	processing	and	presentation	of	viral	

antigens	to	major	histocompatibility	complex	class	

I-restricted CD8+ T cells 

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Bennink	obtained	his	Ph.D.	from	the	University	of	Pennsylvania	for	the	study	of	the	

specificity	of	virus	immune	effector	T	cells.	He	spent	two	years	as	a	member	of	the	Basel	

Institute	for	Immunology,	followed	by	five	years	as	assistant	and	associate	professor	at

the	Wistar	Institute	of	Anatomy	and	Biology,	before	coming	to	NIAID	in	1987.	His	research	

focuses	on	influenza	virus	and	antiviral	immunity.

114 
MOLECULAR HIV HOST INTERACTIONS 

Maureen M. Goodenow, Ph.D., Chief 

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/maureen-goodenow-phd

SECTION 

MAUREEN M. GOODENOW, PH.D. 

Chief, Molecular HIV Host Interactions Section 

Director, NIH Office of AIDS Research

www.niaid.nih.gov/research/maureen-goodenow-phd

maureen.goodenow@nih.gov

MAJOR AREAS OF RESEARCH 

•	 Interactions	between	HIV-1	and	host,	in	particular	children,	adolescents,	and	young	adults,	at	the	molecular	level

BIOGRAPHY

Dr.	Goodenow	received	her	undergraduate	degree	in	biology	from	Fordham	University	and	her	Ph.D.	in	molecular	

genetics	from	the	Albert	Einstein	College	of	Medicine.	She	has	served	as	the	acting	director	of	the	Office	for	Research	

and	Science	in	the	U.S.	Department	of	State,	Office	of	the	U.S.	Global	AIDS	Coordinator,	and	Office	of	Global	Health	

Diplomacy. Dr. Goodenow was the 2012 recipient of the prestigious Jefferson Science Fellowship at the State 

Department,	where	she	served	as	senior	science	advisor	in	the	Office	of	Economic	Policy’s	Bureau	of	East	Asian	and	

Pacific	Affairs.

Dr.	Goodenow	was	appointed	associate	director	for	AIDS	Research	at	NIH	and	director	of	the	NIH	Office	of	AIDS	

Research in 2016. She also is chief of the Molecular HIV Host Interactions Section. She has trained more than 50 

doctoral	and	postdoctoral	fellows,	has	published	more	than	100	articles	and	book	chapters,	and	serves	as	a	reviewer	for	

more	than	10	journals.

MOLECULAR HIV HOST INTERACTIONS SECTION 115 
116 
ACRONYMS 

BSC:	

CDC:		

CHI: 

CMB:		

CR-LRP: 

DIR:		

ERAS: 

INRO: 

IRTA: 

LAD: 

LB:	

LCIM: 

LID: 

LIG: 

LIR: 

LISB:		

LMI: 

LMIV: 

LMM: 

LMVR: 

LPD: 

LPVD: 

LRP: 

LV: 

LVD: 

NIAID: 

NIH: 

OTD:	

RML:		

RMVB:	

RTB:	

VP: 

Board	of	Scientific	Counselors

Centers	for	Disease	Control	and	Prevention

Trans-NIH Center for Human Immunology 

Comparative	Medicine	Branch

Clinical Research Loan Repayment Program 

NIAID	Division	of	Intramural	Research

Electronic Residency Application System 

Intramural NIAID Research Opportunities Program 

Intramural Research Training Award 

Laboratory of Allergic Diseases 

Laboartory	of	Bacteriology

Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology 

Laboratory of Infectious Diseases 

Laboratory of Immunogenetics 

Laboratory of Immunoregulation 

Laboratory	of	Immune	System	Biology

Laboratory of Molecular Immunology 

Laboratory of Malaria and Immunology and Vaccinology 

Laboratory of Molecular Microbiology 

Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research 

Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases 

Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases 

General Loan Repayment Program 

Laboratory of Virology 

Laboratory of Viral Diseases 

National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases 

National Institutes of Health 

Office	of	Training	and	Diversity

Rocky	Mountain	Laboratories

Rocky	Mountain	Veterinary	Branch

Research	Technologies	Branch

Visiting Program 

ACRONYMS 117 
	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	

	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	

INDEX

A 

accessory proteins, 94, 96 

ACGME, 15, 16, 21 

acyloxyacyl hydrolase (AOAH), 57

adjunct investigator, 10

AIDS, 6, 20, 21, 58, 72, 73, 76, 95, 

105, 108, 115 

See also HIV 

AIDS Research Intramural Loan 

Repayment Program, 21 

Allergic Diseases, Laboratory of, 

38-41, 115 

allergy research, 38-41 

Allergy and Immunology Training 

Program, 15-17, 20 

anaphylaxis, 15, 38, 41

animal models, 27, 34, 79, 81, 94, 

95, 97, 111 

animals, care and use of, 4, 5, 26, 34 

antibodies, 28, 48, 54, 57, 61, 77, 

79, 83, 84, 95, 108, 110 

antifungal, 50 

antigens, 28, 30, 40, 59, 60, 62, 66, 

82, 83, 86, 88, 93, 102, 110, 114 

presentation, 62, 93 

parasite, 82, 83, 86, 88 

antigen receptors, 59, 62, 63, 66 

antigenic variation, 86, 88, 102, 110

antimalarial drugs, 86, 87, 89 

antimicrobial resistance, 46, 52, 

antiviral drugs, 77, 79, 94, 107, 112

appointment mechanisms, 10 

nontenured staff, 10 

postdoctoral programs, 10, 11 

tenure, 22, 23 

arenavirus, 111

arthropod vector research, 87, 89

Aspergillus, 48, 54, 55 

asthma, 17, 39, 40, 41, 93, 98 

atopy, 39, 40, 98 

autoimmune lymphoproliferative

syndrome (ALPS), 64 

autoimmunity, 4, 15, 17, 48, 58, 59, 

60, 64-66, 69, 93, 106 

B

B cells, 53, 71, 72, 75, 114

bacterial diseases See also specific 

disease. 

infectious, 3, 4, 26, 27, 34, 43, 47, 

48, 68, 72, 73, 85, 91, 92, 98 

intracellular parasites, 45, 51, 97 

mycobacteria, 54, 97, 98, 99 

pathogenesis, 4, 6, 27, 34, 38, 40, 

42-46, 48, 51-55, 67, 68, 69, 

71-76 

Bacteriology, Laboratory of, 42-47

Barillas-Mury, Carolina V., 86

Barber, Daniel L., 99

Barron, Karyl S., 3, 18

Barry, Clifton E. III, 50

Belkaid, Yasmine, 99

Bennink, Jack R., 114

Berger, Edward A., 108

Best, Sonja M., 112

Bielekova, Bibi, 51

biomarkers, 31, 51, 67, 83, 90

Bloom, Marshall E., 113

Bolland, Silvia, 60

BORIS, 62

Borrelia burgdorferi, 44, 46, 47 

Bosio, Catharine (Katy), 44

brain, 54, 104 

Brenchley, Jason, 100

BSL, 5, 26, 28, 30, 34, 112

bunyavirus, 111

Burkholderia, 54 

C 

calicivirus, 79

Caldwell, Harlan D., 51 

Calvo, Eric, 87

cancer, 49, 61, 62, 68, 75, 80, 81, 91, 

93, 109 

Candida, 55, 58 

candidiasis, 55 

cas9, 27, 87 

Caughey, Byron, 104

CD4+ T cells, 72, 98 

cell biology, 32, 41, 43, 56, 59, 61, 

64, 65, 67, 75, 85, 87, 88, 97, 100, 

102, 104, 105, 110, 111 

cellular immunology, 62, 64, 69, 79, 

central nervous system, 51, 77, 81,

106 

chemokines, 71, 75, 91, 92

chemotaxis, 59, 61

Chesebro, Bruce W., 104, 105

Chlamydia, 42, 45, 51, 76, 102 

chronic granulomatous disease, 54, 

56 

Clinical Center Infectious Disease 

Consultation Service, 48

Clinical Immunology and 

Microbiology, Laboratory of, 48-58 

Clinical Research Loan Repayment 

Program, 21 

Clinical Research, NIAID Transition 

Program in, 18, 40 

Clinical Tenure-Track Program, 22

clinical training opportunities, 14-19 

Cohen, Jeffrey I., 78 

Collins, Peter L., 78 

Community-associated 

methicillinresistant 

Staphylococcus aureus 

(CAMRSA), 46 

Comparative Medicine Branch, 26,

27 

computational modeling, 65, 67 

Connors, Mark, 73

118 
	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	

	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	

	 	

	 	 	 	 	

	 	

	 	

	 	 	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	 	

CRISPR, 5, 27, 87 

Crompton, Peter D., 61 

Cryptococcus neoformans, 54 

CTCF, 62 

Cytokine Biology Section, 64

cytokines, 6, 38, 48, 54, 56, 57, 63, 64,

71, 93 

D 

Davey, Richard T., 73

Dekker, John, 52

DeLeo, Frank R., 43

dendritic cell, 44, 71, 91, 93, 112 

dengue, 6, 27, 110 

Desai, Sanjay A., 87

Dictyostelium discoideum, 61 

DNA replication, 107, 109 

DOCK8, 58 

Druey, Kirk M., 39

drug resistance, 6, 50, 89 

Duffy, Patrick, 83

E 

Ebola, 6, 44, 78 

ecology, 111, 113 

Electronic Residency Application 

System (ERAS), 17 

elite controllers, 73 

Elkins, Randy, 27

Emerging Viral Pathogens Section, 111 

encephalopathies, 104 

envelope glycoproteins, 110

eosinophil, 15, 38, 41, 97, 98, 101 

epidemiology, 18, 40, 46, 71, 79, 83, 

111 

Epstein-Barr virus, 15, 48, 109

Evans, Leonard H., 105

F 

Farber, Joshua M., 92 

Farci, Patrizia, 79

Fauci, Anthony S., 72 

Fc gamma RIIB, 59, 60

Feldmann, Heinz, 112

fellowships, 3, 9-11, 15, 16, 18, 21-23, 

48 

appointment timeline, 22, 23 

clinical training, 14-19, 22 

fibrinolytic system, 90

filovirus, 111-113

flavivirus, 77, 81, 107, 108, 110-113

Fowlkes, B.J.,

Francisella tularensis, 44 

Fraser, Iain, 65 

Fried, Michal, 83 

functional genomics, 27, 60, 89 

fungal disease, 4, 48, 50, 54, 55, 58, 

91, 97, 99 

G 

G protein, 74 

Gallin, John I., 52 

GATA2 deficiency, 54

gene, 6, 27, 44, 46-49, 56, 60, 67, 69, 

70, 71, 87, 93-95, 100-102, 105, 107 

109, 112 

activation, 42, 59

expression, 67, 69, 71, 89, 107-109

mutation, 41, 48, 78 

regulation, 44, 67, 70, 91, 93-95, 

101, 107-109 

gene therapy, 48, 56 

genetics, 5, 6, 15, 27, 31, 39, 40, 45-

47, 49, 53, 55, 56, 58-64, 66, 68, 78, 

81, 86, 86, 89, 91-93, 95-97, 100, 

102, 105, 108, 109, 111, 115 

General Loan Repayment Program, 20 

Germain, Ronald N., 65 

genomics, 5, 7, 27, 28, 31, 32, 45, 52, 

60, 68, 69, 81, 89, 100 

Gherardini, Frank, 44

Giardia, 97, 102 

glycoprotein tryptase, 40 

glycosylation, 40, 68 

Goldbach-Mansky, Raphaela T., 53

Goodenow, Maureen, 115 

GPCR (G-protein-coupled receptor), 39, 

59, 61, 91, 92 

Graduate Partnerships Program, 12, 13 

graduate students, training programs 

for, 10-13 

graft versus host disease, 56

Green, Kim Y., 79 

Grigg, Michael E., 100 

Guest Researcher Program, 10 

H 

Hackstadt, David W (Ted), 45

Harris, Audray K., 80 

Hasenkrug, Kim J., 105

Heinzen, Robert A., 45

helminth, 7, 97, 98, 101 

hematopoietic stem cells, 56, 67 

hemoglobinopathies, 86 

hepatitis viruses, 6, 72, 77, 79, 80

herpes, 15, 48, 77, 78, 107-109 

Hickman, Heather, 53

high-containment pathogens, 111 

Hinnebusch, B. Joseph, 46

Hirsch, Vanessa M., 95 

HIV (human immunodeficiency virus),

4, 6, 15, 54, 58, 63, 71-76, 91, 94-

96, 100, 107, 108, 110, 115 

See also AIDS 

accessory proteins, 94 

infection, 6, 15, 71-74, 76, 95 

envelope, 71, 72, 75

pathogenesis, 6, 71-76, 91, 94, 95, 

100 

therapeutics, 71, 72, 73, 75, 95 

vaccine, 75, 95, 105

Hohman, Robert, 29 

Holland, Steven M., 3, 54

host defenses, 55, 57, 91-93, 107 

Host Defenses, Laboratory of, 49, 52, 

54-56, 58, 92 

human metapneumovirus (HMPV), 78

hypereosinophilic syndromes, 15, 101 

hyper IgE syndrome (Job’s syndrome), 

54 

hypersensitivity, immediate, 38, 66, 98

I 

idiopathic CD4 lymphocytopenia (ICL), 

50, 76 

IFN (interferon), 53, 54, 112 

IgM (immunoglobulin M), 57 

See also autoimmunity 

immune reconstitution, 58, 71, 76, 99 

Immunogenetics, Laboratory of, 59-63 

INDEX 119 
	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	

	 	

	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

immunology 

cellular, 48, 49, 51, 55, 58, 64, 65, 

68 70, 75, 86, 95 

fellowship, 39-41 

helminth, 98 

malaria, 7, 60, 61, 62, 82-84, 88 

molecular, 48, 49, 53, 55, 58, 62, 64, 

67, 74, 79, 91-93 

mucosal, 48, 55, 91, 93, 99, 100 

retroviral, 105, 106

systems, 34, 48, 55, 61-65, 68, 69, 91 

structural, 58, 63, 65 

training programs, 3, 15-17, 20 

viral, 48, 75, 100, 106, 108, 110-114

immunopathology, 62, 98 

Immunoregulation, Laboratory of, 39, 

71-76, 93 

immunotherapy, 56 

Infectious Diseases Training Program, 

15-18 

inflammation, 38, 40, 41, 48, 51, 52,

55-57, 61, 91-93 

inflammatory bowel disease, 57, 91,

93 

infection, 5-7, 15, 27, 42, 45, 46, 48, 

51-55, 58, 61, 64, 65, 71-82, 88, 90, 

91, 93-95, 97-99, 101-103, 105, 106, 

110-114 

influenza, 27, 46, 53, 72, 73, 77, 78,

81, 107, 110, 113, 114 

avian, 78

pandemic, 72, 77 

pathogenesis, 77, 81, 113 

vaccines, 78

inhibitory receptor, 62 

innate immunity, 43, 44, 56, 57, 72, 

112 

insect vector research, 6, 7, 46, 85-90

interferon (IFN), 53, 54, 112 

interleukins, 6, 53, 93

IL-12, 54, 93 

IL-17, 93 

international studies, 3-7, 10, 12, 27, 

58 

internships, summer, 3, 9, 12, 13 

intracellular signaling, 65, 71 

Intramural NIAID Research 

Opportunities Program, 9, 10 

Intramural Research Training Award, 

10, 12, 14, 45 

intravital imaging, 65

J 

Jin, Tian, 61 

Job’s syndrome, 54 

K 

Kehrl, John H., 74 

Kelsall, Brian L., 93

Klion, Amy D., 101 

Kozak, Christine A., 96

Kristie, Thomas M., 109 

Kwon-Chung, K.J., 54 

L 

Laboratories, 

Allergic Diseases, 38-41 

Bacteriology, 42-47

Clinical Immunology and 

Microbiology, 48-58 

Immunogenetics, 59-63 

Immune System Biology, 64-70

Immunoregulation, 71-76 

Infectious Diseases, 77-81 

Malaria Immunology and 

Vaccinology, 82-84 

Malaria and Vector Research, 85-90 

Molecular Immunology, 91-93 

Molecular Microbiology, 94-96 

Parasitic Diseases, 97-102 

Persistent Viral Diseases, 103-106 

Viral Diseases, 107-110 

Viral Immunology, 114 

Virology, 111-113 

Lane, H. Clifford, 74 

latency, 109, 110 

Leishmania, 97, 99, 102 

leishmaniasis, 6, 90, 102 

Lenardo, Michael J., 58, 66 

Leppla, Stephen H., 101 

Leto, Thomas L., 55 

leukemia, 94

leukocyte adhesion deficiency, 54, 56

Lionakis, Michail S., 55

lipopolysaccharides, 57 

live, attenuated virus vaccines, 78, 81

loan repayment programs, 20, 21 

loiasis, 6, 101 

Lobanenkov, Victor V., 62

Long, Carole A., 88 

Long, Eric O., 62 

long-term nonprogressors, 73 

lupus, 60, 93 

Lusso, Paolo, 75 

Lyme disease, 6, 46, 47 

lymphocytes, 38, 60, 62, 64-66, 68, 

74, 99 

Lyons, Jonathan, 40 

M 

macrophage, 44, 58, 71, 91 

major histocompatibility complex

(MHC), 53, 59, 62, 66, 110, 114 

malaria, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 60-62, 82-90 

Malaria and Vector Research, 

Laboratory of, 85-90 

Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, 

Laboratory of, 82-84 

Malaria Infection Biology Research

and Training Program, 7, 10, 11 

Malech, Harry L., 56 

Marcotrigiano, Joseph, 80 

Margulies, David H., 66

Martin, Malcolm A., 95 

mast cells, 15, 38, 40, 41 

Matzinger, Polly, 63

McBride, Alison, 109

Meier-Schellersheim, Martin, 67 

memory, 60, 63, 86, 91 

Metcalfe, Dean D., 41 

methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus 

aureus (MRSA), 42, 46 

MHC (major histocompatibility

complex), 53, 59, 62, 66, 110, 114

microbiota, 86, 97, 99 

microscopy, 5, 28-30, 110 

Miller, Louis H., 88 

Milner, Joshua D., 39 

molecular biology, 34, 40, 43, 45, 47, 

59, 60, 63-66, 70, 72, 75, 78, 81, 83, 

85, 87, 90, 101, 105-113 

120 
	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	

	 	

	 	

	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	

	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	

	 	

Molecular Immunology, Laboratory of, 

91-93 

Molecular Microbiology, Laboratory 

of, 94-96 

monoclonal antibodies, 48, 77, 110 

mosquito, 6, 7, 86, 90 

Moss, Bernard, 108

MRSA (methicillin-resistant 

Staphylococcus aureus), 42, 46 

mucosal, 55, 57, 91, 93, 99, 100 

Muljo, Stefan A., 67

multiple sclerosis (MS), 51 

Munford, Robert S., 57 

Munster, Vincent J., 113 

murine retroviruses, 94, 95, 103

Murphy, Philip M., 92 

mycobacteria, 44, 50, 54, 97-99 

Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 44, 50, 

99 

mycoses, 15 

N 

NADPH, 55 

Nash, Theodore E., 102 

National Resident Matching Program, 

16, 17 

neurodegeneration, 51 

neutrophil, 15, 43, 91 

NF-kappa B transcription factors, 93

NIAID Board of Scientific Counselors,

23 

NIH-Oxford-Cambridge Scholars

Program, 12, 13, 66 

Nita-Lazar, Aleksandra, 68

NK cells, 59, 62, 63, 66 

nontuberculous mycobacteria, 54 

norovirus, 77, 79

Nutman, Thomas B., 98

O 

Office of Training and Diversity, 9, 11,

OTD Sponsorship Program, 9 

Otto, Michael, 46 

P 

papillomavirus, 107, 109

parasites, 4, 7, 10, 42, 45, 51, 83-90, 

97-102 

malaria, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 60-62, 82-90 

Parasitic Diseases, Laboratory of, 

97-102 

parvovirus, 112, 113

pathogenesis, 4, 6, 27, 34, 38, 40, 

42-46, 48, 51-55, 67, 69, 71-86, 90, 

91, 94, 95, 97, 98, 100-104, 106, 

107, 110-113 

allergy, 40 

bacterial disease, 42-47, 52, 54 

fungal disease, 48, 54, 55, 91 

HIV, 4, 6, 15, 54, 58, 63, 71-76, 91, 

94-96, 100, 107, 108, 110, 115 

influenza, 27, 46, 53, 72, 73, 77, 78,

81, 107, 110, 113, 114 

intracellular parasites, 71, 102 

malaria, 3, 6, 7, 10, 11, 60-62, 82-90 

molecular parasite, 86, 97-102 

viral diseases, 4, 6, 15, 27, 34, 41,

44, 48, 53, 62, 66, 71-75, 77-81, 

91, 93-96, 103-114 

zoonotic pathogens, 44, 46, 113

PCR, 28, 32, 39, 61, 107 

Persistent Viral Diseases, Laboratory 

of, 103-106 

Peterson, Karin, 106 

phagocytes, 52, 54, 55 

Pierce, Susan K., 60 

Pierson, Ted C., 110 

plague, 46 

plasmodial surface anion channel 

(PSAC), 87 

Plasmodium falciparum, 61, 86 

Pletnev, Alexander G., 81

postdoctoral training programs, 3, 

9-11, 22 

poxviruses, 107, 108, 112

predoctoral training programs, 12, 13 

primary immune deficiencies, 48, 56,

58, 75 

Priola, Suzette A., 106

prions, 5, 34, 103, 104, 106 

proteomics, 5, 29, 62, 67-69, 87 

protozoa, 97, 100

PSAC, 87 

Q 

Quinn, Thomas C., 76 

R 

reactive oxygen species, 55

relapsing fever, 6

Research Technologies Branch, 28-33

residency training programs, 15, 18, 

21 

respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 27,

73, 78 

respiratory viruses, 6, 26, 27, 41, 73,

77, 78, 111 

retrovirus, 71, 72, 74, 94-96, 103-106,

108, 110 

reverse genetics, 78, 100, 111

Ribeiro, José M.C., 89 

Rickettsia, 42, 45 

Rocky Mountain Laboratories, 5, 30-

33, 34, 35, 43, 44, 46, 47, 105, 106, 

112, 113 

Rocky Mountain Veterinary Branch,

34, 35 

Rosa, Patricia A., 47 

Rosenberg, Helene F., 41 

rotavirus, 6, 77, 91

S 

Sacks, David L., 102

Salmonella, 42, 43 

sand fly, 90, 102

Schistosoma, 97 

Schwartzberg, Pamela, 68

Sereti, Irini, 76 

Sher, Alan, 98 

Shevach, Ethan M., 69

SHIV, 95 

SIV, 95, 96 

Siebenlist, Ulrich, 93 

signal transduction, 38, 39, 59, 66, 68 

signaling, 39, 41, 55, 58-62, 64-68, 71, 

72, 74, 89, 92, 93 

Steele-Mortimer, Olivia, 43

Strebel, Klaus, 96 

Strober, Warren, 57 

Stone, Kelly, 16 

structure-function relationships, 75, 

80, 101 

INDEX 121 
	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	

	 	

	 	 	

	 	 	

	 	

	 	

	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	

	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	

student loan repayment programs, 15, 

20, 21 

Su, Helen C., 58 

Su, Xin-zhuan, 89

summer internships, 3, 9, 12, 13 

Sun, Peter D., 63 

systemic capillary leak syndrome, 39

Immune System Biology, Laboratory

of, 64-70 

systems immunology, 34, 48, 55, 61-

65, 68, 69, 91 

T 

Taubenberger, Jeffery, 81 

T cells, 39, 53, 61-64, 66, 68, 70-72, 

91, 97-99, 105, 114 

activation, 66, 71, 106

helper cells, 70 

development, 64

in HIV, 71, 72 

in malaria, 61 

receptors, 39, 66 

regulatory, 64, 97, 105 

tolerance, 63, 64 

Technical Intramural Research Training 

Award, 10, 12 

tenure, 3, 22, 23 

tickborne diseases, 113

timeline for nontenured staff, 23 

Tolia, Niraj Harish, 84

Toxoplasma, 91, 97, 99 

trachoma, 76 

training programs, 8-18 

clinical, 14-18 

postdoctoral, 10, 11 

predoctoral, 12, 13 

transcription, 54, 58, 64, 70, 91, 93, 

109 

transcriptomics, 87, 90 

Transition Program in Clinical 

Research, 18 

transmissible spongiform 

encephalopathy (TSE), 104, 106 

Tsang, John, 69 

TSE (transmissible spongiform 

encephalopathy), 104, 106 

tuberculosis (TB), 3, 4, 6, 44, 50, 56,

99 

tularemia, 44 

tumor virus, 109

V 

vaccination, 62, 89, 111, 114

vaccines

Chlamydia, 51 

dengue, 6 

design, 55, 78 

development, 3, 4, 6, 27, 34, 42, 44,

46, 48, 51, 64, 75-78, 81-85, 88, 

89, 94, 95, 102, 105, 107, 111, 

112 

emergency, 112 

flavivirus, 77, 81

hepatitis, 6, 77 

herpesvirus, 77, 78

HIV, 75, 76, 95, 103 

influenza, 78

leishmaniasis, 102 

live, attenuated virus, 81

malaria, 6, 7, 82-85, 88 

plague, 46 

recombinant, 108 

rotavirus, 6

RSV, 78 

tularemia, 44 

Valenzuela, Jesus G., 90

Vega-Rodriguez, Joel, 90

vesicle trafficking, 45

veterinary medicine, 27, 106

Vif, 96, 104 

viral diseases See also specific 

disease. 

emerging pathogens, 5, 6, 34, 72, 

73, 77, 78, 113 

infectious, 48, 50, 55-58, 61, 68, 

72-81, 84, 85, 87, 91-93, 97, 98, 

101, 112 

Laboratory of, 107-110 

pathogenesis, 4, 6, 15, 27, 34, 41, 

44, 48, 53, 62, 66, 71-75, 77-81, 

91, 93-96, 103-114 

Persistent, Laboratory of, 103-106 

retroviruses, 94, 96, 103, 105, 106,

108 

viral proteins, 80, 107, 108, 110

viral receptors, 75

viral replication, 71, 72, 79, 80, 96,

108, 112 

Viral Immunology, Laboratory of, 114 

Virology, Laboratory of, 111-113 

virulence, 46, 54, 58, 97, 100-102, 107

Visiting Program, 9 

Vpu, 96 

W 

Wellems, Thomas E., 86 

West Nile virus, 91, 110

WHIM syndrome, 56 

Williamson, Peter, 58 

X

X-linked severe combined immune

deficiency, 56

Y 

Yersinia pestis, 46 

Yewdell, Jonathan W., 53, 110 

Z 

Zhu, Jinfang (Jeff), 70 

122 
PHOTO CREDITS 

Front Cover Illustration	of	the	complement	pathway	and	membrane	attack	complex.	Credit:	NIAID. Lab 

researchers. Credit: NIAID. 

Inside Cover Scanning electron micrograph of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Credit: NIAID. 

ii Cultured	cell	co-infected	with	Varicella	Zoster	virus	and	Group	A	Streptococcus. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 1 Cultured	cell	co-infected	with	Varicella	Zoster	virus	and	Group	A	Streptococcus.	Credit:	NIAID. 

p. 2 NIAID	employees	looking	at	tick	images.	Credit:	NIAID. 

p. 3 NIAID	employees	looking	at	tick	images.	Credit:	NIAID. 

p. 4 Hygienic	Laboratory	in	the	Marine	Hospital,	Staten	Island,	New	York.	Credit:	NIAID.	Samples	

being prepared for study. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 5 Hygienic	Laboratory	in	the	Marine	Hospital,	Staten	Island,	New	York.	Credit:	NIAID. Samples 

being prepared for study. Credit: NIAID. Malaria insectarium. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 6 Microscope	of	Dr.	Joseph	J.	Kinyoun,	founder	of	the	Hygienic	Laboratory,	which	evolved	into	

the National Institutes of Health. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 7 Malaria fermenter. Credit: NIAID. Ebola researcher. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 8 NIAID	researchers	examining	specimens	under	light	microscopy.	Credit:	NIAID. 

p. 9 NIAID	researchers	examining	specimens	under	light	microscopy.	Credit:	NIAID.	Rocky	

Mountain Labs. Credit: NIAID. CRC building. Credit: NIH. 

p. 10 NIAID researcher. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 11 NIAID researcher. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 12 NIAID employees instructing. Credit: NIAID.	NIAID	employees	instructing	under	BSL	4	

conditions. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 13 NIAID employees instructing. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 14 Allergy testing. Credit: NIAID.	Middle	East	Respiratory	Syndrome	Coronavirus	particle		

envelope	proteins	immunolabeled	with	rabbit	HCoV-EMC/2012	primary	antibody	and	goat	

anti-rabbit 10 nm gold particles. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 15 Allergy testing. Credit: NIAID.	Middle	East	Respiratory	Syndrome	Coronavirus	particle	

envelope	proteins	immunolabeled	with	rabbit	HCoV-EMC/2012	primary	antibody	and	goat	

anti-rabbit 10 nm gold particles. Credit: NIAID. Vaccination of patient. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 16 NIAID employee inspecting a sample. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 17 NIAID employee inspecting a sample. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 18 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, brown) surrounded by cellular debris. 

Credit: NIAID.	A	laboratory	scientist	documents	research	findings.	Credit:	NIAID. Doctor and 

patient. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 19 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, brown) surrounded by cellular debris. 

Credit: NIAID. 

PHOTO CREDITS 123 
 

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

 

		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

 

 

		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

 

 

 

		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

 

		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

 

 

 

		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

 

		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

		 	 	 	

p. 20 NIAID researchers. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 21 NIAID researchers. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 22 Researchers examining high resolution florescence microscopic images. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 23 Researchers examining high resolution florescence microscopic images. Credit: NIAID. NIAID 

researchers. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 24 Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 25 Chlamydia in red within the vacuole (inclusion). Credit: NIAID. Lab researchers. Credit: NIAID. 

Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells. Credit: NIAID 

p. 26 Carstairs stain created for the comparative medicine section. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 28 Florescent image of a mouse kidney. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 34 Lab mouse. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 36 Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 37 Chlamydia in red within the vacuole (inclusion). Credit: NIAID. Lab researchers. Credit: NIAID. 

Scanning electron micrograph of blood cells. Credit: NIAID 

p. 38 Lab worker in Laboratory for Allergic Diseases. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 42 Group A Streptococcus bacteria. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 48 Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Credit: NIAID 

p. 49 Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Credit: NIAID 

p. 59 3D structure of native trimeric HIV-1 Env in complex with soluble CD4 and 17b, a co-receptor

mimic, fitted with coordinates of the ternary complex of monomeric gp120 with soluble CD4

and 17b. Credit: National Cancer Institute. 

p. 64 Scanning electron micrograph of HIV particles infecting a human H9 T cell, colorized in blue,

turquoise, and yellow. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 71 Scanning electron micrograph of an HIV-infected H9 T cell. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 77 This colorized transmission electron micrograph shows H1N1 influenza virus particles.

Surface proteins on the virus particles are shown in black. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 82 Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) being ingested by a human neutrophil. 

Credit: NIAID. 

p. 85 Culex quinquefasciatus mosquito. Credit: CDC. 

p. 91 Human T lymphocyte. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 94 Rendering of 3D structure of a single simian immunodeficiency virus obtained using

cryoelectron tomography. Credit: National Cancer Institute. 

p. 97 Giardia lamblia. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 103 Prion protein expressed in E. coli, purified and fibrillized at pH 7. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 107 Particles of the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 111 Ebola virus. Credit: NIAID. 

124 
 

 

 

 

		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

 

		 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

	 	 	 	 	

 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	

p. 114 Human T lymphocyte. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 115 Credit: NIAID. 

p. 116 Chlamydia trachomatis. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 117 Chlamydia trachomatis. Credit: NIAID. 

p. 118 Filamentous Ebola virus particles (red) attached and budding from a chronically infected

VERO E6 cell (blue). Credit: NIAID. 

p. 126 Lab Researchers. Credit: NIAID. 

inside cover Flea, Lab workers. Credit: NIH. Multiphoton fluorescence image of HeLa cells stained with

the actin binding toxin phalloidin (red), microtubules (cyan) and cell nuclei (blue). Credit: NIH. 

Midgut of a flea. Credit: NIAID. 

Back Cover Illustration of the complement pathway and membrane attack complex. Credit: NIAID. Lab 

researchers. Credit: NIAID. 

PHOTO CREDITS 125 


U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES 

National Institutes of Health 

NIH Publication No. 15-4948 

August 2019