# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls For the Eig hth Circu it

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No. 1 4- 18 33

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Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Ch ris to ph er J oh n M ay ne

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

__ __ __ __ __ __ App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e Nor th ern Dis tri ct of I owa - Dub uq ue

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Su bm it te d: Feb ru ary 12 , 20 15 Fil ed : Ap ril 14 , 20 15

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Befo re BYE, BEAM, an d B ENTON, Ci rcu it Ju dg es

.

__ __ __ __ __ __ BENTON, Circu it Ju dg e.

Po li ce se arch ed Ch r i st op he r Jo hn Mayne’s ve hi cl e, se iz in g 18 0

ps eu do ep he dr in e pi ll s, m et ha m ph et am in e, an d ot he r it em s us ed to m an uf act ur e m et h.
He pl ed gu il ty to po ss es si on of ps eu do ep he dr in e k n owi ng it wou ld be us ed to

m an uf act ur e m et h, in vi ol at io n of 21 U.S.C. § 84 1( c)(2 ). Mayn e ha d th ree pr io rfel on ie s. The di st ric t co ur t de te rm in ed he was a care er of fen de r un de r se ct io n 4B 1.1 1
of th e fed eral sen te nc in g g ui de li ne s. Mayne app eal s. Hav in g juris di ct io n un de r 28 U.S.C. § 1 29 1, t hi s co ur t af fir m s.

Thi s co ur t rev ie ws th e “ in te rp ret at io n an d ap pl ic a t io n of th e se nt en ci ng
gu id el in es de no vo .” Unit ed St at es v. Mo hr , 7 72 F.3 d 11 43
, 1 1 4 5 (8 th Ci r. 20 14 ).

A de fen da nt is a care er of fen de r if (1 ) th e de fen da nt was at le as t ei gh te en y ears ol d at th e ti m e th e de fen d a nt co m m it te d th e in st an t of fen se of co nv ic ti on ; (2 ) th e in st an t of fen se of co nv ic ti o n i s a fel on y th at is ei th er a cri m e of vi ol en ce or a co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e of fen se ; and (3 ) th e de fen da nt h a s a t l e a s t two pr io r fel on y co nv ic ti on s of ei th er a cri m e o f vi ol en ce o r a co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e o ffen se

.

U.S.S.G. § 4B 1.1 (a )

. Mayne be li ev es he is no t a care er of fen de r be cau se he in te rp ret s

“ co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e o ffen se ” n ot to in cl ud e h is in st an t o ffen se

.

A “ co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e of fen se ” is a la w “ pu ni sh ab le by im pr is on m en t fo r a
te rm ex ceed in g on e y ear, th at pr oh ib it s th e m an uf act ur e, im po rt, ex po rt, di st rib ut io n,

or di sp en si ng of a co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e (o r a co un te rfei t su bs ta nc e) or th e po ss es si on of a co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e (o r a co un te rfei t su bs ta nc e) wit h in te nt to man uf act ur e, im po rt, ex po rt, di st rib ut e, or di sp en se .” Id

. § 4B 1.2 (b)

. Mayne rel ie s on App li cat io n Not e 1 o f s e c t io n 4B 1.2
, whi ch sp eci fic al ly li st s § 84 1( c)(1 ) as a “ co nt ro ll ed

su bs ta nc e o ffen se ,” bu t d oe s n ot li st § 8 41 (c)( 2)

. Id

. § 4 B1 .2, cmt. n.1

. 2

The Hon or ab le Lin da R. Rea de
, Ch ie f Ju dg e, Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Co ur t fo r 1 th e Nor th ern Dis tri ct of I owa

.
21 U.S.C. § 8 41 (c) p ro vi de s: 2

Any pers on who kn owi ng ly or in te nt io na ll y

—
(1 ) po ss es se s a li st ed ch em ic a l w i th in te nt to m an uf act ur e a co nt ro ll ed

-2

-Mayne’s in te rp ret at io n is no t pe r s u a s i ve

. In 28 U.S.C. § 99 4, Co ng res s

di rect ed th e Sen te nc in g Co m m is si on to pr om

ul ga te th e se n t e nc in g gu id el in es

. Su bs ect io n (h ) pr ov id es :

(h ) The Co m

m is si on sh al l as su re th at th e gu id el in es sp eci fy a se nt en ce to a te rm of i m pr is on m en t at or ne ar t he m ax im um ter m au th or iz ed for
cat eg or ie s of de fen da nt s in whi ch th e de fen da nt is ei gh te en y ears ol d or ol de r an d— (1 ) ha s b een co nv ic te d o f a fel on y th at is — (A) a cri m e o f vi ol en ce; or (B) an of fen se de sc rib e d i n s e ct io n 40 1 of th e Co nt ro ll ed Su bs ta nc es Act (2 1 U.S.C. 84 1 ), se ct io ns 10 02 (a), 10 05
, an d 10 09 of th e Co nt ro ll ed Su bs ta nc es Im po rt an d Exp or t Act (2 1 U.S.C. 95 2( a), 95 5, an d 95 9)
, a n d ch ap te r 70 5 of ti tl e 4 6; an d (2 ) ha s prev io us ly been co nv ic te d o f two or m or e p rio r fel on ie s, each of wh ic h i s— (A) a cri m e o f vi ol en ce; or (B) an of fen se de sc rib ed in se ct io n 4 0 1 o f th e Co nt ro ll ed Su bs ta nc es Act (2 1 U.S.C. 84 1 ), se ct io ns 10 02 (a), 10 05
, an d 10 09 of th e Co nt ro ll ed Su bs ta nc es Im po rt an d Exp or t Act (2 1 U.S.C. 9 52 (a), 95 5, an d 95 9)
, an d ch ap te r 70 5 of ti tl e 4 6.

su bs ta nc e ex cep t as au th or iz ed by thi s s ub ch ap te r;
(2 ) po ss es se s or di st ri b u t e s a li st ed ch em ic al kn owi ng , or ha vi ng reas on ab le

cau se to b e li ev e, th at th e li st ed ch em ic al wil l be us ed to m an uf act ur e a

co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e ex cep t as au th or iz ed by thi s s ub ch ap te r; . . .

. . . .

sh al l be fin ed in acco rd an ce wit h Tit le 18 or im pr is on ed no t m or e th an 20 y ears in th e cas e of a vi ol at io n of pa rag rap h (1 ) or (2 ) in vo lv in g a li st I ch em ic al or

no t m or e th an 10 y ears in th e cas e of a vi ol at io n of thi s s ub se ct io n o th er t ha n

a v io la ti on of p arag rap h (1 ) or (2) in vo lv in g a li st I ch em ic al , or b ot h.

-3

-28 U.S.C. § 99 4( h) (em ph as es ad de d)

. In res po ns e, th e Co m m is si on crea te d se ct io n 4B 1.1
, th e Care er Offen de r gu id el in e. Sect io n 99 4 ( h ) i n c l u de s an y § 84 1 of fen se (th a t i s a f

e l on y co nv ic ti on ). Sect io n 99 4( h) “ do es no t de fin e th e on ly cri m es fo r whi ch th e Co m

m is si on m ay sp e c i f

y a s e n te nc e at or ne ar th e m ax im um .” Unit

ed
St at es v. Ba ke r , 16 F.3 d 85 4, 85 7 (8 th Ci r. 19 94 ). Bu t, § 99 4( h) “ m erel y de cl ares th at th e en um erat ed cri m es m us t b e so tre at ed .” Id

.

App li cat io n Not e 1 do es no t pr ov id e an ex ha us ti ve li st of “ co nt ro ll ed sub st an ce of fen se s.” The Co m

m is si on ad dr es se d § 84 1( c)(1 ) in res po ns e to a ci r c u i t co nf li ct ab ou t whe th er po ss es si on of a li st ed ch em ic al wit h in te nt to m an uf act ur e a co nt ro ll ed

su bs t a n c e is a “ co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e of fen se .” Unit

ed St at es Sent enci ng Co m m is si on , G u id

el in es Ma nua l
, ap

p. C. , a m en d. 56 8 (2 00 3) (eff . No v. 1, 19 97 ). The Co m m is si on di d no t ad dr es s § 84 1( c)(2 ) in App li cat io n Not e 1 be cau se it was no t
at is su e in th e ci rcu it cas es

. Co mpa re Unit ed St at es v. Ca lv er le

y , 11 F.3 d 50 5, 51 1-
12 (5 th Ci r. 19 93 ) (h ol di ng t ha t po ss es si on of li st ed ch em ic al wit h in te nt to

m an uf act ur e co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e is “ co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e of fen se ”), af f’d en ba nc , 37 F.3 d 16 0, 16 5 (5 th Ci r. 19 94 ), wi th Unit ed St at es v. Wa gn er , 99 4 F.2 d 14 67
, 14 75 (1 0t h Ci r. 19 93 ) (co nt ra), su pe rs ed ed by U.S.S.G. § 4B 1.2
, cm t. n.1 (1 99 7) as

re co gn iz ed in Unit

ed St at es v. Sm it

h
, 43 3 F

. 3 d 71 4, 71 7 (1 0t h Ci r. 20 06 ). The
Co m m is si on ’s o m is si on of § 84 1( c)(2 ) in App li cat io n Not e 1 do es no t ov erri de th e di r e c t iv e of § 99 4( h)

. Se e Unit ed St at es v. St on ek in g , 60 F.3 d 39 9, 40 2 (8 th Ci r. 19 95 ) (en ba nc ) (ex pl ai ni ng th at Co m m i s s i o n’s co m

m en ta ry is bi nd in g un le ss
tru m pe d b y a fed eral st at ut e).

Thi s co ur t ho ld s th at a co nv ic ti on un de r § 84 1( c)(2 ) is a “ co nt ro ll ed su bs ta nc e of fen se ” fo r pu rp os es of s ect io n 4 B1 .1, t he Care er Offe nd er g ui de li ne

.

* * * * * * *

The jud gm en t i s af

fir m ed

.

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