IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 17-0927

Filed March 21, 2018

JOSEPH M. HAMBLETON,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

AMBER L. McWHORTOR,

Defendant-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Lee (South) County, Mary Ann 

Brown, Judge.

A father seeking joint physical care of his son appeals from the district 

court’s order declining to modify a custody decree. AFFIRMED.

Curtis R. Dial of Law Office of Curtis Dial, Keokuk, for appellant.

Scott E. Schroeder of Clark & Schroeder, PLLC, Burlington, for appellee.

Considered by Doyle, P.J., and Tabor and McDonald, JJ.
2

TABOR, Judge.

Joseph Hambleton and Amber McWhortor are the parents of a son, R.H., 

who was born in January 2013. When R.H. was one year old, the parents entered 

a consent decree awarding his physical care to Amber. In May 2016, Joseph filed 

a modification action seeking joint physical care. Finding no substantial change in 

circumstances, the district court declined to disrupt the physical-care arrangement. 

Joseph appeals, contending the district court applied an incorrect burden of proof. 

Because the district court used the correct standard for a custody modification and 

Joseph did not meet that standard, we affirm.

I. Legal Standards and Scope of Review

This custody modification case is governed by Iowa Code chapter 600B

(2017) because the parents were not married. We apply the same legal framework 

to custody and visitation matters involving unmarried parents as we do to those 

issues arising between parents who had been married. See Iowa Code § 600B.40 

(cross referencing section 598.41).

Custody proceedings between unmarried parties are in equity so our review 

is de novo. Iowa Code § 600B.40; Phillips v. Davis-Spurling, 541 N.W.2d 846, 847 

(Iowa 1995). We give weight to the fact findings of the district court, especially as 

to witness credibility, but the findings do not mandate our result. Christy v. Lenz, 

878 N.W.2d 461, 464 (Iowa Ct. App. 2016). The deference we pay to the district 

court’s decision relates largely to the trial judge’s firsthand opportunity to “hear the 

evidence and view the witnesses.” Id.
3

II. Facts and Prior Proceedings

Amber has been R.H.’s primary caregiver since his birth in January 2013. 

In April 2013, Joseph filed a petition to determine his paternity and set custody, 

visitation, and support. Joseph and Amber entered a consent decree on these 

issues in January 2014. The decree awarded the parents joint legal custody, 

placed physical care with Amber, and granted Joseph “liberal and reasonable 

visitation.” 

Two and one-half years later, Joseph filed a petition to modify the custody 

provisions of the decree. The petition noted Amber had been held in contempt of 

the decree based on refusing visitation to Joseph. The petition alleged a 

substantial and material change in circumstances since the decree and asserted 

it would be in R.H.’s best interests for the parties to have “shared physical care.” 

Amber resisted the proposed change in physical care.

The district court heard the modification matter in February and March of 

2017. The evidence showed R.H. was a “well-adjusted” four-year-old and 

developmentally on track. Amber and R.H. were living in Fort Madison with her 

mother, who worked as a registered nurse. R.H. has a close bond with his 

grandmother. Amber also had an infant daughter. Joseph lived in Keokuk with his 

fiancé and her six-year-old daughter. Both parents had steady employment. 

Amber had been working for nearly ten years as a cashier at a filling station. She 

earned $11.20 per hour, amounting to about $22,000 per year. Joseph had served 

for five years as a patrol deputy with the Lee County Sheriff’s Office. His 2016 

salary was approximately $53,000.
4

Joseph asserted a change in his work schedule since the consent decree 

was entered made it “more appropriate to have shared physical care” of R.H. He

testified that in November 2015 his office moved to twelve-hour shifts—alternating 

between five days on and two days off one week and five days off and two days 

on the next week. At the time of the consent decree, Joseph worked eight-hour 

shifts with six days on and two days off and then would jump to afternoon or night 

shifts. The consent decree allowed Joseph to have overnight visitation with R.H. 

on his two scheduled days off. In her request for relief, Amber recognized the need 

to alter the visitation provisions of the consent decree based on Joseph’s revised 

work schedule. Joseph also testified regarding two incidents that occurred at 

R.H.’s daycare when Amber became upset and acted irrationally. Amber testified 

that Joseph had exaggerated her behavior and took the incidents out of context.

In May 2017, the district court entered an order finding no basis for 

modifying R.H.’s physical care. The court reasoned: “A change in a work schedule

is a natural occurrence and not a substantial change.” The court also addressed 

Joseph’s allegations concerning Amber’s “outbursts” at the daycare and did not 

find they affected the modification decision. The court alternatively concluded 

even if Joseph had established a substantial change in circumstances not 

contemplated in the consent decree, Joseph had “not met the heavy burden of 

showing that he could improve on Amber’s parenting of the child at this time.” 

Joseph now appeals the district court’s denial of his modification request.
5

III. Analysis of Father’s Modification Claims

A. Did the District Court Apply the Correct Burden of Proof? 

Iowa courts may modify the custodial terms of a paternity decree only when 

there has been a substantial change in circumstances since the time of the decree 

not contemplated when the decree was entered, which is more or less permanent 

and relates to the welfare of the child. See Melchiori v. Kooi, 644 N.W.2d 365, 368 

(Iowa Ct. App. 2002). Where a petitioning parent has not been the primary 

custodial parent, he or she must show the ability to be a suitable primary caregiver. 

See id. at 368–69. “The heavy burden upon a party seeking to modify custody 

stems from the principle that once custody has been fixed it should be disturbed 

for only the most cogent reasons.” In re Marriage of Frederici, 338 N.W.2d 156, 

158 (Iowa 1983). 

Iowa courts apply a less demanding burden when a parent is seeking to 

change only a visitation provision in a decree. In re Marriage of Brown, 778 N.W.2d 

47, 51–52 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). Visitations cases require a less extensive change 

in circumstances. Id. A parent seeking to modify visitation need only show a 

material change in circumstances since the decree and the requested change in 

visitation is in the child’s best interests. In re Marriage of Salmon, 519 N.W.2d 94, 

95–96 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994). “The rationale for this lower standard is found in the 

prevailing principle that the best interests of children are ordinarily fostered by a 

continuing association with the noncustodial parent.” Id. at 96.

As his opening salvo, Joseph argues the district court “applied the incorrect 

burden of proof” by requiring him to show there had been a substantial change in 

circumstances since the time of the consent decree, not contemplated when it was 
6

entered, which was more or less permanent, and related to R.H.’s welfare. See 

Melchiori, 644 N.W.2d at 368. Joseph contends the district court should have 

employed the less burdensome showing for changing visitation because his 

request for shared physical care equated to the grant of additional visitation time. 

Thus, he relies on Brown, which “utilized the lower burden of proof applicable in 

visitation modifications in modifying the parties’ joint physical care parenting 

schedule.” 778 N.W.2d at 53.

Joseph’s reliance on Brown is misplaced because he seeks modification of 

the custodial arrangement, not just the visitation schedule. He explicitly asks for 

“joint physical care” without depriving Amber of custody. A change in the physical 

care arrangement is custodial, therefore, the higher burden applies. See id. at 51–

53. Furthermore, the parents in Brown already were exercising joint physical care; 

only the parenting schedule was in play. “Because both parents already jointly 

participated in the routine daily care of the children, that modification did not cause 

a disruption in the established patterns of care or emotional bonds between the 

parents and the children.” Id. at 53. Here, only Amber was responsible for R.H.’s 

routine daily care. A modification of the physical-care arrangement would have 

caused a disruption in the pattern of care to which the four-year-old child was 

accustomed. The district court was correct in applying the more stringent standard 

for modifying a physical-care award.
7

B. Did Joseph Satisfy the Burden?

Joseph alternatively argues if the district court applied the correct standard, 

he met the higher burden of proof. He claims Amber’s “moral misconduct and 

emotional instability” should be a serious consideration in the custody 

determination. He also returns to the issue of his work schedule, asserting “[n]ow 

he has the time to co-parent.”

Like the district court, we conclude Joseph failed to prove a substantial 

change in circumstances that was not contemplated when the decree was entered. 

The revamping of Joseph’s work shifts by the sheriff’s office warranted revising the 

visitation schedule but was not cause for awarding joint physical care. See

Housley v. Holmlund, No. 12-1823, 2013 WL 2637493 (Iowa Ct. App. June 12,

2013) (upholding district court’s denial of joint physical care, but affirming 

modification of visitation based on father’s new work schedule); In re Marriage of 

Cunningham, No. 08-0557, 2009 WL 138291 (Iowa Ct. App. Jan. 22, 2009)

(holding father’s new work hours as a peace officer were “a natural occurrence” 

that could have been foreseen at the time of the decree and did not justify 

modification). Further, Joseph’s allegations about isolated incidents where Amber 

acted immaturely do not qualify as a permanent change in circumstances that 

would open the door to modification of the physical care arrangement. 

Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s denial of the modification petition.

IV. Appellate Attorney Fees

Amber requests an award of $5632.25 in attorney fees for the appeal. In 

addressing the request, we consider her financial needs, Joseph’s ability to pay, 

and whether she was obligated to defend the district court’s decision on appeal. 
8

See Iowa Code § 600B.26; In re Marriage of Roerig, 503 N.W.2d 620, 623 (Iowa 

Ct. App. 1993). Amber has prevailed under our review, and Joseph should 

contribute toward her appellate attorney fees. See Roerig, 503 N.W.2d at 623. 

We order Joseph to pay $4000 toward Amber’s appellate attorney fees. Costs of 

this appeal are taxed to Joseph.

AFFIRMED.