23-877

Bacher v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., et al.

1

1 United States Court of Appeals

2 for the Second Circuit

3

4 August Term, 2023

5

6 Argued: November 20, 2023

7 Decided: July 23, 2024

8 

9 Docket Nos. 23-877(L), 23-878(Con), 23-879(Con), 23-880(Con), 23-881(Con), 23-

10 882(Con), 23-883(Con), 23-884(Con), 23-885(Con)

11

12 BETH BACHER, REPRESENTATIVE FOR PAUL BACHER (DECEASED), 

13 JEROME JAY BERKOWITZ, MARY CASSIDY, JOHN CORWIN, ARMANDO 

14 RAMOS, RAFAEL ROLON, RODERICK SULLIVAN, THOMAS VAZZANO, 

15 ANNE YOST, PLAINTIFF REPRESENTATIVE FOR RICHARD YOST 

16 (DECEASED), et al.,

17

18 Plaintiffs-Appellees,

19

20 v.

21

22 BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM PHARMACEUTICALS, INC., BOEHRINGER 

23 INGELHEIM CORPORATION, BOEHRINGER INGELHEIM USA 

24 CORPORATION, GLAXOSMITHKLINE LLC, GLAXOSMITHKLINE 

25 HOLDINGS (AMERICAS), INC., PFIZER, INC., SANOFI-AVENTIS U.S. LLC,

26 SANOFI US SERVICES INC.,

27

28 Defendants-Appellants.

29 _____________________________________

30 Before: KEARSE, CALABRESI, and NATHAN, Circuit Judges.

31

32 Defendants-Appellants appeal from an order of the United States District 

33 Court for the District of Connecticut (Meyer, J.) remanding these nine actions to 

34 state court. Defendants removed these actions from state court to federal court, 

35 arguing that a motion to consolidate filed in state court by Plaintiffs proposed a 
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Bacher v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., et al.

2

1 joint trial sufficient to confer federal subject-matter jurisdiction under the Class 

2 Action Fairness Act’s “mass action” provision. Plaintiffs disagree, asserting that 

3 their motion proposes consolidation only for pretrial purposes. We agree with the 

4 Plaintiffs, finding the text of their motion ambiguous in isolation but clear in 

5 context, and therefore AFFIRM. 

6

7 Judge Kearse dissents in a separate opinion.

8

9 _____________________________________

10

11 DANIEL S. PARISER, Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP 

12 (Anand Agneshwar, Arnold & Porter Kaye Scholer LLP, 

13 New York, NY; Joseph W. Martini, Spears Manning & 

14 Martini LLC, Southport, CT; Patrick M. Fahey, Jamie A. 

15 Welsh, Shipman & Goodwin LLP, Hartford, CT; Lindsey 

16 B. Cohan, Dechert LLP, Austin, TX; Robert Reginald 

17 Simpson, Lauren R. Greenspoon, Shook, Hardy & Bacon 

18 LLP, Hartford, CT; James I. Glasser, James O. Craven, 

19 Wiggin and Dana LLP, New Haven, CT, on the brief), 

20 Washington, D.C., for Defendants-Appellants.

21

22 JOHN A. BRUEGGER, Parafinczuk Wolf, P.A. (Robert A. 

23 Izard, Craig A. Raabe, Izard, Kindall & Raabe, LLP, West 

24 Hartford, CT, on the brief), Boca Raton, FL for Plaintiffs25 Appellees.

26

27 _____________________________________

28
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3

1 CALABRESI, Circuit Judge:

2 Defendants-Appellants appeal from an order of the United States District 

3 Court for the District of Connecticut (Meyer, J.) remanding these nine actions to 

4 state court. 

5 The Class Action Fairness Act (“CAFA”) is best-known as a landmark 

6 expansion of federal subject-matter jurisdiction over class actions. CAFA also 

7 conferred federal subject-matter jurisdiction over “mass actions,” or civil actions 

8 “in which monetary relief claims of 100 or more persons are proposed to be tried 

9 jointly.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(11)(B)(i). But CAFA is clear that actions consolidated 

10 “solely for pretrial purposes” are not considered “mass actions.” Id. § 

11 1332(d)(11)(B)(ii)(IV). 

12 “Federal courts are courts of limited jurisdiction.” Kokkonen v. Guardian Life 

13 Ins. Co. of Am., 511 U.S. 375, 377 (1994). As a result, the federal statutes controlling 

14 our jurisdiction often allow plaintiffs to structure litigation strategically to evade 

15 federal subject-matter jurisdiction. Thus, to avoid federal question jurisdiction, 

16 plaintiffs can choose not to bring a federal cause of action; or, to escape invocation 

17 of CAFA’s mass action provision, plaintiffs can structure their complaints to 

18 include 99 plaintiffs rather than 100. 
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Bacher v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., et al.

4

1 In this case, which involves nine virtually identical cases filed in Connecticut 

2 state court, Plaintiffs sought to do just this. They went to great lengths to evade 

3 various triggers of federal subject-matter jurisdiction. Time and again, Plaintiffs 

4 walked the edge of one jurisdictional line or another, and each time they sought to 

5 avoid missteps that might allow the cases to be brought into federal court. 

6 Defendants claim that Plaintiffs made one such misstep—Plaintiffs filed a 

7 “motion to consolidate”— which Defendants allege triggered federal jurisdiction 

8 by proposing a joint trial, thereby fulfilling a requirement of CAFA’s mass action 

9 provision. Accordingly, Defendants removed the case to federal court. Plaintiffs 

10 sought remand. Conceding that they otherwise met the requirements of CAFA’s 

11 mass action provision, Plaintiffs argue that they proposed only pretrial 

12 consolidation and not a joint trial. They thus assert that they have not run afoul of 

13 CAFA’s jurisdictional grant.

14 The district court agreed with the Plaintiffs and ordered remand of these 

15 nine actions. It held (a) that Plaintiffs’ motion cited authority that could be used 

16 to propose consolidation for either pretrial management or for a joint trial and (b) 

17 that, read in the context of Plaintiffs’ many attempts to avoid CAFA jurisdiction, 

18 the best reading of Plaintiffs’ motion was that it proposed only pretrial 
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Bacher v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., et al.

5

1 consolidation. Defendants timely appealed, arguing that the district court erred 

2 in two ways: (1) in considering Plaintiffs intent when intent is not contemplated 

3 by the statute and, (2) if intent were to be considered, in its evaluation of the 

4 evidence of Plaintiffs’ intent. 

5 We hold: (1) that the district court correctly understood CAFA as requiring 

6 a determination of whether the Plaintiffs intended to seek a joint trial—that is, 

7 whether a reasonable observer would conclude that Plaintiffs acted with the 

8 intention of bringing about a joint trial and (2) that, analyzing the record, the 

9 district court correctly concluded that the Plaintiffs sought only pretrial 

10 consolidation. We therefore affirm.

11 I. BACKGROUND

12 A. Proceedings in State Court

13 Between July and October 2022, nine lawsuits were filed in the Connecticut 

14 Superior Court for the Judicial District of Danbury. Each suit asserts virtually 

15 indistinguishable state-law personal injury claims stemming from usage of a 

16 gastrointestinal medication known as Zantac; each suit was brought by the same 

17 firm and against the same eight defendants, companies that have held the right to 

18 market over-the-counter Zantac; each suit named three defendants and one 
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1 Plaintiff domiciled in Connecticut; and each suit contains just fewer than 100 

2 plaintiffs, with seven suits containing 99 plaintiffs and the other two containing 80 

3 plaintiffs. In total, these nine suits include claims filed on behalf of 853 Plaintiffs 

4 from thirty-six states. 

5 Each complaint further contained a clause indicating that every Plaintiff 

6 sought an individual judgment against Defendants, preserving the individual 

7 nature of their respective claims: “Wherefore, each Plaintiff requests that the Court 

8 enter an order or judgment against the Defendants.” J. App’x 106, 345, 605, 730, 

9 862, 986, 1121, 1257 (emphasis added). And each complaint contained a lengthy, 

express disclaimer of federal jurisdiction.1 10 

1 Each complaint contained the following provision: 

This lawsuit is not subject to removal based on the existence of a federal question. 

Plaintiffs assert common law and/or statutory claims under state law. These 

claims do not arise under the Constitution, laws, or treaties of the United States. 

28 U.S.C. § 1447(c). There is no federal jurisdiction over this matter because all 

Plaintiffs assert claims against a forum defendant, Boehringer Ingelheim. One of 

the Plaintiffs is a citizen of Connecticut as alleged herein. Defendants are therefore 

precluded from removing this civil action due to the presence of a forum 

defendant, Boehringer Ingelheim, with respect to each Plaintiff named herein. 28 

U.S.C. § 1441(b)(2) (“A civil action . . . may not be removed if any of the parties 

properly joined and served as defendants is a citizen of the State in which such 

action is brought.”). 

J. App’x 49, 287-288, 423, 547-548, 672-673, 805, 928-929, 1082, 1200.
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Bacher v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., et al.

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1 After these nine actions were filed as separate suits in Connecticut state 

2 court, Plaintiffs’ counsel corresponded with Defense counsel over the Plaintiffs’ 

3 desire to file motions consolidating these actions and transferring them to the 

4 Connecticut Superior Court’s specialized Complex Litigation Docket (“CLD”). 

5 Following a phone call between counsel, Defense counsel wrote the following 

6 email to Plaintiffs’ counsel: 

7 Before I start making my calls, I want to make sure my notes are 

8 accurate. Plaintiffs want all cases consolidated in the same court and 

9 as far as CLD designation, would like to designate: 1) Hartford, 2) 

10 Stamford. If I have that right, I will start making calls today and 

11 hopefully get back to you early next week. 

12

13 Id. at 143. Five days later, Plaintiff's counsel followed up on the “consolidation 

14 motions/CLD application” and asked if there had been “[a]ny progress on your 

15 end?” Id. Defense counsel expressed that the Defendants consented to CLD 

16 transfer and were comfortable with Plaintiffs' recommended CLD venues. Id. at 

17 142. Accordingly, Plaintiffs’ counsel responded that they would “prepare the 

18 consolidation motion and CLD application.” Id. 

19 After Defense counsel consented to the CLD transfer, Plaintiffs filed a 

20 motion to consolidate the nine actions. Plaintiffs’ motion requested consolidation 

21 “[p]ursuant to Conn. Prac. Book § 9-5.” Id. at 117. The motion cited no other 
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1 authority but did contain a few statements “support[ing]” consolidation: 

2 Specifically, the motion stated that “[c]onsolidating these actions will allow for the 

3 court to manage all of them in an orderly and efficient manner” and that “[i]t is 

4 likely that issues raised in any one of the cases could impact the other cases.” Id.

5 at 118 (emphasis added). 

6 B. Proceedings in Federal Court

7 Before the state court could act on Plaintiffs’ motion to consolidate, the 

8 Defendants filed notices of removal for all nine actions, asserting federal subject9 matter jurisdiction under the mass action provision of CAFA. That provision 

10 confers on federal courts subject-matter jurisdiction over “any civil action . . . in 

11 which monetary relief claims of 100 or more persons are proposed to be tried jointly 

12 on the ground that the plaintiffs’ claims involve common questions of law or fact.” 

13 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(11)(B)(i) (emphasis added). Plaintiffs do not dispute that the 

14 consolidated actions include the claims of 100 or more persons; nor do they 

15 dispute that the instant actions are civil actions for monetary relief. Instead, the 

16 sole disputed question is whether Plaintiffs’ motion to consolidate “proposed” a 

17 joint trial. 
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Bacher v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., et al.

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1 Defendants argued that the plain text of Plaintiffs’ motion proposed a joint 

2 trial because of its citation to Section 9-5. That section provides in relevant part: 

3 “Whenever there are two or more separate actions which should be tried together, 

4 the judicial authority may, upon the motion of any party or upon its own motion, 

5 order that the actions be consolidated for trial.” Conn. Prac. Book § 9-5(a).

6 Eight days after Defendants removed these actions, Plaintiffs sought 

7 remand. They contended that the federal court lacked subject-matter jurisdiction 

8 because their motion proposed consolidation only for pretrial management, and 

9 CAFA is clear that actions consolidated “solely for pretrial proceedings” are not 

10 “mass actions.” 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(11)(B)(ii)(IV). Plaintiffs argued that Section 9-

11 5 has been used by Connecticut courts to effectuate transfer both for pretrial 

12 management and for trial, and that, as a result, their citation to Section 9-5 did not 

13 necessarily propose a joint trial. Further, Plaintiffs claimed that the context of their 

14 motion clearly indicated that the purpose of consolidation was pretrial 

15 management in order to avoid paying a transfer fee for each individual action. 

16 The district court agreed with the Plaintiffs. It found that Plaintiffs’ citation 

17 to Section 9-5 was ambiguous and that the record did not show that Plaintiffs 

18 proposed a joint trial: 
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1 The most natural interpretation of their motion and the context in 

2 which it was filed is that they sought consolidation only for purposes 

3 of pre-trial case management. . . . [T]he plaintiffs sought consolidation 

4 as no more than an expedient for an easier and less costly transfer of 

5 the cases to the [CLD] for superior case management.

6

7 Bacher v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharms., Inc., No. 3:22-CV-01432 (JAM), 2023 WL 

8 196053, at *3 (D. Conn. Jan. 17, 2023). Accordingly, the district court remanded all 

9 nine cases to Connecticut state court. The Defendants timely appealed. 

10 II. Standard of Review

11 The district court had jurisdiction because “a federal court always has 

12 jurisdiction to determine its own jurisdiction.” LeChase Constr. Servs., LLC v. 

13 Argonaut Ins. Co., 63 F.4th 160, 171 (2d Cir. 2023) (quoting United States v. Ruiz, 536 

14 U.S. 622, 628 (2002)). 

15 We also have jurisdiction. Usually, an order remanding a removed case to 

16 state court is not reviewable on appeal. See 28 U.S.C. § 1447(d). CAFA provides 

17 an exception to that rule. CAFA authorizes the courts of appeals to review an 

18 appeal from a district court’s order deciding a motion to remand pursuant to 

19 CAFA’s jurisdictional provisions. 28 U.S.C. § 1453(c)(1). The Defendants timely 

20 filed an application to appeal, and we therefore have jurisdiction to consider the 

21 order of remand. 
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Bacher v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., et al.

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1 On appeal from the grant or denial of a motion to remand for lack of CAFA2 conferred jurisdiction, “we review the court's legal conclusions de novo and its 

3 factual findings for clear error.” Blockbuster, Inc. v. Galeno, 472 F.3d 53, 56 (2d Cir. 

4 2006) (citing Briarpatch Ltd. v. Phoenix Pictures, Inc., 373 F.3d 296, 302 (2d Cir. 2004)). 

5 CAFA, moreover, is no exception to the well-known rule that the party asserting 

6 subject-matter jurisdiction has the burden of proving by a preponderance of the 

7 evidence that jurisdiction exists. See Makarova v. United States, 201 F.3d 110, 113 

8 (2d Cir. 2000); McNutt v. Gen. Motors Acceptance Corp. of Indiana, 298 U.S. 178, 189

9 (1936) (“[T]he court may demand that the party alleging jurisdiction justify his 

allegations by a preponderance of evidence.”); c.f. Blockbuster, Inc., 472 F.3d at 59.2 10 

2 Under CAFA, the burden of demonstrating that remand is warranted “on the basis of one of 

[CAFA’s] enumerated exceptions” shifts to the plaintiffs “once the general requirements of CAFA 

jurisdiction are established.” Greenwich Fin. Servs. Distressed Mortg. Fund 3 LLC v. Countrywide 

Fin. Corp., 603 F.3d 23, 26 (2d Cir. 2010). 

The question in this case, however, is whether the Defendants have met the general requirements 

of CAFA jurisdiction, not whether the Plaintiffs have proved an exception. The provision of 

CAFA at hand is not an “exception” to its jurisdiction. Rather, it is a definitional clause. CAFA 

confers jurisdiction over “mass actions.” See 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(11). The provision in question 

defines “mass actions” as actions for which a joint trial has been proposed. Id. at 

§ 1332(d)(11)(B)(i). Accordingly, an action consolidated only for pretrial purposes does not 

qualify as a “mass action” that has met CAFA’s general requirements. In Greenwich, on the other 

hand, “[plaintiffs] argued . . . that their suit fell within an exception to CAFA jurisdiction for 

actions ‘that relate[ ] to the rights, duties (including fiduciary duties), and obligations relating to 

or created by or pursuant to any security . . . .’” 603 F.3d at 26 (quoting 28 U.S.C. § 1332(d)(9)(C)). 

The question in this case, however, is whether Plaintiffs’ actions constitute a mass action and, 

thus, whether they constitute an action covered by the terms of CAFA at all. Accordingly, 

Defendants, as the party invoking federal jurisdiction, bear the burden of demonstrating that 

jurisdiction is proper by a preponderance of the evidence.
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1 III. Discussion

2 At every turn, Plaintiffs have gone to great lengths to avoid federal 

3 jurisdiction. This is obvious from the structure of their complaints. Each includes 

4 one plaintiff from Connecticut, ensuring that complete diversity between the 

5 parties does not exist. Each falls just shy of the 100-plaintiff federal removal 

6 threshold, with seven just a single plaintiff shy, indicating a particularized intent 

7 to avoid CAFA’s mass action provision. Each contains a lengthy express 

8 disclaimer of federal jurisdiction, and each indicated that the individual plaintiff’s 

9 claims remained separate. 

10 It is, therefore, clear that Plaintiffs originally sought to keep these actions in 

11 state court. Consistent with that desire, there is nonetheless an obvious reason 

12 why Plaintiffs might seek consolidation for pretrial management: avoidance of a 

13 costly fee. “Pursuant to Connecticut General Statutes Sec. 52-259, there is a $335.00 

14 fee for each case requested” to be transferred to the CLD. State of Connecticut 

15 Judicial Branch, Facts About the Connecticut Judicial Branch Complex Litigation Docket, 

16 https://www.jud.ct.gov/external/super/FACTS_082123.pdf

[https://perma.cc/PB9V-QHV6] (last accessed July 21, 2024).3 17 

3 Before the district court, Plaintiffs’ counsel explained that they requested consolidation for this 

very reason. J. App’x 195. 
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Bacher v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., et al.

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1 Consolidation before transfer, thus, would presumably have saved 

2 Plaintiffs thousands of dollars in filing fees by allowing them to pay one fee rather 

3 than nine. Notably, in discussions with Defense counsel, Plaintiffs’ counsel always 

4 discussed the two motions—consolidation and transfer to the CLD—in tandem. 

5 And when it came time to file motions to consolidate and for transfer, Plaintiffs 

6 first filed the motions for consolidation. Plaintiffs’ actions are thereby consistent 

7 with a desire to consolidate to facilitate the economical transfer of these actions to 

8 the CLD. Defendants nevertheless make two broad arguments for reversal. 

9 A. 

10 First, Defendants argue that courts seeking to determine whether a joint trial 

11 has been proposed can examine only the plain text of a contested proposal and 

12 cannot “look[] beyond the words of Plaintiffs’ consolidation request.” Appellant’s 

13 Br. 16. Defendants argue that to require courts to look to Plaintiffs’ intent would 

14 require an unwieldy inquiry. Id. at 15. 

15 We disagree and hold that CAFA permits a consideration of Plaintiffs’

16 “intent.” The common usage of the word “propose[],” 28 U.S.C. 

17 § 1332(d)(11)(B)(i), indicates as much. As the Eleventh Circuit, considering the 

18 same argument, explained: “[W]e would hardly say that a mouse ‘proposes’ to be 
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Bacher v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., et al.

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1 eaten by a cat when it makes the mistake of being seen by the cat, recognizes the 

2 danger, and then quickly scurries away.” Scimone v. Carnival Corp., 720 F.3d 876, 

3 884 (11th Cir. 2013). Instead, our common understanding is that for one to 

4 “propose,” that person must intend to make an offer or request. 

5 Two other circuits considering whether CAFA requires courts determining 

6 if a joint trial has been “proposed” have adopted Scimone’s reasoning that the 

7 “natural reading of the provision is that the plaintiffs must actually want . . . what 

8 they are proposing.” Ramirez v. Vintage Pharms., LLC, 852 F.3d 324, 331-32 (3d Cir. 

9 2017) (quoting Scimone, 720 F.3d at 884); see also Parson v. Johnson & Johnson, 749 

10 F.3d 879, 888 (10th Cir. 2014) (same). 

11 One circuit has held otherwise. Adams v. 3M Co., 65 F.4th 802 (6th Cir. 2023). 

12 In Adams, the Sixth Circuit refused to consider an intent-based argument and held 

13 that “[r]equiring district courts to divine counsels’ unexpressed intentions” would 

14 run afoul of the usual maxim that jurisdictional rules be “simple.” Id. at 805 (citing 

15 Hertz Corp. v. Friend, 559 U.S. 77, 95 (2010)). Adams thus conducted its inquiry into 

16 whether a joint trial was “proposed” without considering plaintiffs’ intent. Adams

17 instead relied on the definition of “proposal” provided in Black’s Law Dictionary: 

18 “Something offered for consideration or acceptance.” Id. at 804 (citing Black's Law 
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1 Dictionary 854, 1255 (8th ed. 2004)). Defendants here urge us to adopt Adams’s

2 logic. See Appellant’s Br. 15-16. We decline to do so.

3 Setting aside that Adams ignores common usage (and, as we explain below, 

4 legislative history), its logic is flawed on its own terms. We are unpersuaded by 

5 its assumption that a test that is restricted to the text of a document itself is 

6 “simpler” than one that reads that text in context. In this case, for example, we 

7 find that looking beyond the face of the Plaintiffs’ motion readily clarifies the 

8 meaning of the motion, and thus presents us with a “simpler” resolution of the 

9 matter at hand. 

10 Second, Adams’s reliance on Black’s Law Dictionary to avoid considering 

11 intent is misguided. In consulting dictionaries, we should avoid “an uncritical 

12 approach,” Antonin Scalia & Bryan A. Garner, A Note on the Use of Dictionaries, 16 

13 Green Bag 2d 419, 420 (2013), and should “use more than one . . . check[ing] 

14 editions from the date of enactment as well as current,” id. at 422 n.14 (quoting

15 Michael B.W. Sinclair, Guide to Statutory Interpretation 137 (2000)). Adams cites 

16 Black’s definition of the noun “proposal,” presumably because Black’s offers no 

17 definition for the verb “propose” or any variation thereof. But we should not 

18 assume that similar words used as different parts of speech have identical 
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1 meanings. Cf. FCC v. AT&T Inc., 562 U.S. 397, 402-03 (2011) (noting that different 

2 parts of speech sharing a root word “may have meanings as disparate as any two 

3 unrelated words”).

4 Moreover, though Black’s definition of the word “proposal” does not 

5 mention “intent,” it does contemplate an action with an intended result: 

6 “Something offered for consideration or acceptance.” Other dictionaries that do 

7 provide definitions of “propose” similarly describe an action with an intended 

8 result, usually consideration of a plan, and thereby make the intent element 

9 explicit. Parson and Scimone turn to Merriam-Webster publications with just such 

10 definitions. Parson cites Merriam-Webster’s Online Dictionary, as in effect in March 

11 2014, for its definition of “propose” as “to suggest (something, such as a plan or 

12 theory) to a person or group of people to consider” or “to plan or intend to do 

13 (something).” Parson, 749 F.3d at 888 (citing Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary). 

14 Scimone cites Webster’s Third New International Dictionary (2002) for a similar 

definition of “propose.” Scimone, 720 F.3d at 881.4 15 We are therefore satisfied that, 

16 to the extent dictionaries are helpful, they in fact further confirm that to “propose” 

4 Merriam-Webster Online has since changed its definition and currently defines “propose” or 

“proposed” as “to form or put forward a plan or intention.” Proposed, Merriam-Webster Online 

Dictionary, http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/proposed [https://perma.cc/DF7P7BY6] (visited January 29, 2024)).
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1 something requires an intent to do so. 

2 CAFA’s legislative history corroborates our analysis. The Senate Report 

3 accompanying CAFA describes the mass action provision as covering “any civil 

4 action in which 100 or more named parties seek to try their claims for monetary 

5 relief together.” S. Rep. No. 109–14, at 44 (2005) (emphasis added). This is 

6 significant evidence that CAFA’s authors did not intend CAFA’s jurisdictional 

7 grant to spring into swift operation when triggered by the use of a magic word or 

8 citation. It indicates that CAFA’s authors meant to confer federal subject-matter 

9 jurisdiction only when a court determines that plaintiffs acted with the intention 

10 of seeking a joint trial. 

11 Legislative history, common usage, and the dictionaries hence all row 

12 together. Each affirms our conclusion that courts evaluating whether a plaintiff 

13 proposed a joint trial must center their analysis on whether it was the plaintiffs’ 

14 intention to request such a trial. 

15 B. 

16 Second, Defendants forcefully argue that, even if Plaintiffs’ intent is 

17 relevant, the plain text of Plaintiffs’ motion itself evinces the intent to consolidate 

18 for trial, and that evidence from outside the motion cannot overcome the text of 
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1 the motion itself. They contend that Plaintiffs’ citation to Section 9-5 constitutes 

2 an “express proposal” for a joint trial because a party’s citation to Section 9-5 can 

3 only mean that they seek a joint trial. Appellant’s Br. 12. We disagree and find the 

4 text of the motion, read in context, consistent with Plaintiffs’ desire to consolidate 

5 for pretrial purposes only. 

6 Defendants’ argument relies on the text of Section 9-5 itself, which twice 

7 refers to trials: “Whenever there are two or more separate actions which should be 

8 tried together, the judicial authority may, upon the motion of any party or upon 

9 its own motion, order that the actions be consolidated for trial.” Conn. Prac. Book 

10 § 9-5(a). Plaintiffs, however, contend that local Connecticut practice regarding 

11 Section 9-5 does not in fact rely on the trial component. They argue that 

12 Connecticut courts have used Section 9-5 to effectuate consolidation for pretrial 

13 purposes, trial purposes, or both, and thus that their citation to Section 9-5 does 

14 not clearly propose a joint trial. 

15 Plaintiffs point to several cases as examples of Connecticut’s practice of 

16 using Section 9-5 for pretrial consolidation. The most significant of these is DiBella 

17 v. Town of Greenwich, No. X08-CV-09-5012500-S, 2012 WL 2899242 (Conn. Super. 

18 Ct. May 22, 2012). In DiBella, a case that had already been transferred to the CLD, 
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1 the court consolidated two cases for pretrial management. Id. at *2. In so doing, it 

2 stated that “[a] motion to consolidate is governed by Practice Book § 9-5(a).” Id. at 

3 *1. Two sentences later, however, the court describes itself as retaining “inherent 

4 power to consolidate different causes . . . when the circumstances authorize such 

5 course.” Id. (quoting Rode v. Adley Express Co., Inc., 33 A.2d 329, 331 (Conn. 1943)). 

6 Because DiBella asserts that the court possesses consolidation authority both 

7 pursuant to Section 9-5 and its “inherent power” to consolidate, it is not clear 

8 which authority the court relied upon. Alternatively, the court may have referred 

9 to its “inherent power” merely as support for the preceding statement that “[t]he 

10 question of whether two actions ought to be consolidated is addressed to the 

11 discretion of the trial court.” Id. In any event, DiBella cannot clearly be read either, 

12 as Defendants contend, to rely on “inherent power” to the exclusion of Section 9-

13 5; or, as Plaintiffs contend, to rely on Section 9-5 to the exclusion of the “inherent 

power.”5 14 

5

 DiBella is one of a long line of decisions by Connecticut courts that cite Section 9-5 (or its 

predecessor, Section 84A) as governing consolidation, without separating trial consolidation from 

pretrial consolidation, but also reference the inherent power of the courts to manage actions. See, 

e.g., Clarke v. Ochart, No. 68018, 1993 WL 119765, at *1 (Conn. Super. Ct. Apr. 13, 1993); Nautilus 

Ins. Co. v. Baldino, No. CV-02-0388855, 2002 WL 1952618, at *1 (Conn. Super. Ct. July 24, 2002); 

Mut. Life Ins. v. Town of Westport, No. CV-93 030 38 81, 1993 WL 407950, at *2 (Conn. Super. Ct. 

Sept. 30, 1993); Pellecchia v. Connecticut Light & Power Co., No. HHD-X04-CV-08-6003273-S, 2009 

WL 4069271, at *2 (Conn. Super. Ct. Oct. 28, 2009); Mills v. Rita H. Carter Revocable Tr., No. 

CV126015038, 2013 WL 1110914, at *2 (Conn. Super. Ct. Feb. 19, 2013). The standard practice 
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1 There are, however, cases in which Connecticut state courts do cite Section 

2 9-5 as allowing for consolidation “only . . . for purposes of trial.” Feinstein v. 

3 Keenan, No. FSTCV106007235S, 2012 WL 2548274, at *2 n.3 (Conn. Super. Ct. June 

4 6, 2012); see also Chieffalo v. Hoffman-Olson, No. FSTCV085007415S, 2010 WL 

5 1052270, at *2 (Conn. Super. Ct. Feb. 22, 2010). On the other hand, one recent 

6 decision by the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut noted 

7 that two Connecticut state court cases “indicate that some Connecticut trial courts 

8 have interpreted [Section] 9-5 to allow consolidation for some or even all pre-trial 

9 purposes.” Caprio v. Gorawara, 2019 WL 13222943, at *2 n.1 (D. Conn. 2019), adhered 

10 to in relevant part on reconsideration, 2019 WL 6463684 (D. Conn. Dec. 2, 2019) (citing 

11 Post v. Brennan, 2008 WL 2967094, at *1 (Conn. Super. Ct. July 16, 2008), and Groth 

12 v. Redmond, 194 A.2d 531, 532 (Conn. Super. Ct. 1962)). 

13 Defendants assert that Caprio mistakenly interpreted Post and Groth. They 

14 also argue that Caprio is not an authoritative source for interpreting Connecticut 

15 law because it is unpublished. But ultimately the question is not what the correct 

16 understanding of Connecticut law is. Rather, it is what, given these cases, we can 

among Connecticut courts has been to cite Section 9-5 alongside a reference to the inherent power 

of the courts before discussing whether the actions present enough common questions to warrant 

consolidation.
23-877

Bacher v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., et al.

21

1 understand Plaintiffs’ citation to Section 9-5 to mean. Accordingly, even if reading 

2 Section 9-5 and its surrounding caselaw as allowing the provision’s usage for 

3 pretrial consolidation is not the best reading of the provision—indeed, even if it is 

4 ultimately a mistaken reading6—given the convoluted history of Section 9-5’s 

5 application, we cannot say that a party’s citation to Section 9-5 provides clear 

evidence of that party’s intent to propose a joint trial.7 6 

7 In the final analysis, we cannot agree that the text of Plaintiffs’ motion 

8 constitutes a plain declaration of their intent to seek a joint trial. To the contrary, 

9 when Plaintiffs’ citation to Section 9-5 is read alongside their explanation in the 

10 motion that “[c]onsolidating these actions will allow for the court to manage all of 

11 them in an orderly and efficient manner,” J. App’x 118 (emphasis added), and their 

6

 To understand what the Plaintiffs meant, it is important to understand the state of the law, but 

it is not important to understand whether the DiBella or Caprio courts were right or wrong. For 

that reason, certifying the question of Section 9-5’s best interpretation to the Connecticut Supreme 

Court would be futile. Clarification of Section 9-5’s proper uses would not tell us anything about 

what Plaintiffs meant in citing Section 9-5 at a time when the law was unclear. 

7 Defendants further argue that if Plaintiffs in fact sought only pretrial consolidation, they could 

have cited an “ordinary joinder” provision of the Connecticut practice book to effectuate 

consolidation instead of Section 9-5. As a result, Defendants say, Plaintiffs’ decision to cite Section 

9-5 is significant indicia of their intent. We agree that Plaintiffs’ counsel could have drafted their 

motion more clearly. But we do not make much of the availability of other joinder provisions. 

Simply put, though there were other joinder provisions that Plaintiffs could have used, those 

provisions do not speak specifically to consolidation for only pretrial purposes. See Conn. Prac. 

Book §§ 9-3, 9-4. Given the confused law of Section 9-5, Plaintiffs could reasonably have believed 

that Section 9-5 fulfilled their purpose of seeking joinder for management purposes only. 
23-877

Bacher v. Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., et al.

22

1 consistent desire to avoid federal jurisdiction, it seems clear to us that Plaintiffs’ 

2 motion sought to propose only pretrial consolidation. 

3 CONCLUSION

4 Defendants have not met their burden to demonstrate that federal 

5 jurisdiction exists. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.
Bacher v. Boehringer Ingelheim

Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 

No. 23-877 (L)

1 KEARSE, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

2 I respectfully dissent from the majority's affirmance of the district court's

3 post-removal remand of this class action to state court on the basis that plaintiffs "did

4 not propose consolidation for a joint trial of their claims but only that their actions be

5 consolidated for purposes of pre-trial case management proceedings" (SpA.5). I have

6 seen nothing in the state-court record showing that plaintiffs stated, prior to or in

7 making their motion for consolidation, that they sought consolidation of these cases

8 only for pretrial proceedings.

9 Rather, when plaintiffs sought consolidation of the nine cases, they

10 repeatedly referred to the "actions," not to any limited stage of the actions. And they

11 moved for consolidation under the Connecticut provision that states that

12 [w]henever there are two or more separate actions which should be

13 tried together, the judicial authority may, upon the motion of any

14 party or upon its own motion, order that the actions be consolidated

15 for trial."

16 Connecticut Practice Book § 9-5(a) (emphases added).

17 Plaintiffs maintain that they had made clear their desire to have the cases

18 consolidated preparatory to seeking the consolidation action's placement on the
1 "Connecticut's Complex Litigation Docket ('CLD')" (Bacher brief on appeal at 1). But

2 while § 23-13 of the Connecticut Practice Book states that a case may be placed on the

3 CLD and assigned "to a single judge for pretrial, trial, or both," plaintiffs did not refer

4 to this section; and I do not see that plaintiffs' references to the CLD contained any

5 suggestion that they desired CLD placement only for pretrial proceedings. Nor does

6 it appear that such fragmentation of a case on the CLD would be the norm. The very

7 first section of the State's official description as to how the CLD works states that

8 when a case is placed on the CLD,

9 [a]n individual calendar method of case management will be

10 employed; that is, an individual judge will preside over all aspects

11 of the litigation, including trial.

12 State of Connecticut, Facts About the Judicial Branch Complex Litigation Docket at 1

13 (emphases added).

14 In sum, without stating that they sought consolidated proceedings only

15 for the pretrial stage, plaintiffs moved for consolidation under a section that refers

16 only to consolidation "for trial"; and they did so avowedly in order to seek the

17 consolidation action's placement on the CLD, in which an individual judge presides

18 over "all aspects of the litigation, including trial." In my view, the district court

- 2 -
1 clearly erred in finding that plaintiffs proposed consolidation only for pretrial

2 proceedings and "did not propose consolidation for a joint trial."

- 3 -