COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Chief Judge Felton, Judges Clements and Beales 

Argued at Richmond, Virginia 

EDWARD JEROME BULLANO 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION*

 BY 

v. Record No. 0577-06-2 CHIEF JUDGE WALTER S. FELTON, JR. 

 JANUARY 30, 2007 

RENEE ZEIGLER BULLANO 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF CHESTERFIELD COUNTY 

Herbert C. Gill, Jr., Judge 

 Brian H. Jones (The Barnes Law Firm, on brief), for appellant. 

 Ronald S. Evans (Brenner, Evans, & Millman, P.C., on brief), for 

appellee. 

On appeal of a final decree of divorce, Edward Jerome Bullano (“husband”) contends that 

the trial court erred in awarding spousal support and attorney’s fees and costs to Renee Zeigler 

Bullano (“wife”). Husband also contends the trial court erred in admitting testimony of Dr. 

Janice McMillan, the parties’ marriage counselor, regarding statements made by him during the 

counseling sessions, and in permitting her to express an expert opinion that wife suffered from 

depression. Husband also asserts that the trial court erred in awarding wife $1,000 per month in 

permanent spousal support, in awarding her $36,061.33 in attorney’s fees and costs, and in 

failing to award to him attorney’s fees and costs. Each party requests attorney’s fees and costs 

on appeal. For the following reasons, we affirm the judgment of the trial court, and decline to 

award attorney’s fees on appeal. 

 *

 Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
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BACKGROUND 

On appeal, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to wife, the prevailing party 

below. Congdon v. Congdon, 40 Va. App. 255, 258, 578 S.E.2d 833, 835 (2003). So viewed, 

the record reflects that husband and wife were married in March 1974,1

 separated in 2004 after 

thirty years of marriage, and divorced in February 2006. 

Husband was employed as an engineer for the first eleven years of the marriage before 

switching careers to insurance sales, later forming the Ed Bullano Agency in 1995.2 During the 

course of the agency’s existence, husband worked as an independent agent and as an agent for 

the John Hancock Company. His income in insurance was commission-based and varied 

annually. In July 2004, following the institution of divorce proceedings, husband became 

affiliated with Allstate Financial as an insurance agent, requiring him to terminate his 

independent agency. The trial court determined that, for purposes of spousal support, husband’s 

annual income was $65,000 based on a recent residential loan application he completed. 

Wife worked throughout her career as an educator.3

 For purposes of calculating spousal 

support, the trial court determined wife’s annual income to be $53,000. 

Dr. McMillan, a licensed marriage and family counselor, initially began counseling one 

of the parties’ daughters in November 2003. In January 2004, she began to counsel both parties 

in their marriage. Eventually, she provided counseling to wife alone. Both parties considered 

her services to be marriage counseling. 

 1

 Three children, each of whom are over the age of eighteen and emancipated, were born 

of the marriage. 

2

 Husband obtained a B.A. degree in Industrial Engineering and a Master’s in Business 

Administration. 

3

 Wife obtained both a B.S. and Master’s degree in Education. 
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Wife filed a bill of complaint seeking divorce in April 2004. Husband filed a cross-bill 

for divorce in May 2004. In July 2004, following negotiation as to the division of the marital 

residence, the parties entered into a written agreement providing for wife to retain the residence, 

assume payment of the mortgage, and pay husband $92,500 for his share of the equity in the 

home. The agreement reserved “all other claims, rights and obligations growing out of the 

marital relationship for future consideration under Equitable Distribution.” Husband agreed to 

leave the residence by September 1, 2004. After the parties negotiated their interests in the 

marital residence, and one week prior to husband’s signing the agreement, husband withdrew 

$54,000 from the parties’ joint home equity line of credit, secured by the residence, without 

wife’s knowledge or consent.4

 In August 2004, the trial court ratified and affirmed the parties’ 

written agreement as to the marital residence, ordered husband to repay the money he withdrew 

on the equity line, and enjoined the parties from waste or dissipation of marital assets pending 

resolution of remaining equitable distribution issues. 

In July 2005, the parties entered into a written joint agreement resolving most of the 

remaining issues related to equitable distribution. They proceeded to trial5 to resolve the 

remaining issues: 1) the value and equitable distribution of the Ed Bullano Agency; 2) wife’s 

claim of a separate interest in the marital home resulting from separate gifts from her parents6; 

 4

 Husband made twenty-seven withdrawals of $2,000 (totaling $54,000) on the same day 

from the equity line. 

5

 The trial court received the parties’ evidence at trial by way of de bene esse depositions 

of four witnesses, and the ore tenus testimony of both parties and their respective valuation 

experts. 

6

 Wife claimed that she received $30,000 from her parents as separate funds that she 

contributed towards the purchase of the marital residence and reducing the mortgage. 
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3) ownership of an ING life insurance policy7

; 4) wife’s claim for spousal support and 

maintenance; and 5) the claim of each party for attorney’s fees and costs. 

In October 2005, the trial court issued its letter opinion holding that at the time of the 

parties’ separation, the Ed Bullano Agency was no longer a going business concern and, 

therefore, had zero value for equitable distribution purposes.8

 It also held that, while $10,000 in 

gifts from wife’s parents could be traced as her separate property in the marital residence, the 

parties’ earlier written agreement disposing of the marital residence superseded and “trump[ed] 

any claim by [wife] as to the gifts from her parents being separate property.” It declined to 

award the ING life insurance policy to wife, requiring that the parties redeem the policy for its 

cash surrender value and equally divide the proceeds. See Code § 20-107.3(G). It awarded wife 

$1,000 per month in permanent spousal support and $36,061.33 in attorney’s fees and costs, the 

full amount incurred by her in the divorce proceedings. It declined to award husband his 

attorney’s fees or costs. 

In November 2005, husband filed a motion for reconsideration of the trial court’s award 

of spousal support and attorney’s fees and costs, and moved to terminate or reduce spousal 

support as a result of a substantial rate increase on his adjustable rate mortgage. In February 

2006, the trial court denied husband’s motions and affirmed its previous rulings, stating “[u]pon 

review, the Court is even more convinced that its ruling is correct and fair to both parties.” This 

appeal followed. 

 7

 The policy provided $200,000 coverage on husband’s life, with a $100,000 rider on 

wife’s life. The policy’s cash surrender value was $3,680. 

8

 The court found the agency to be a “shell” through which husband received payment of 

premium residuals from prior insurance sales. 
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I. 

DR. McMILLAN’S TESTIMONY 

Husband contends that the trial court abused its discretion in admitting and considering 

the testimony of Dr. McMillan in determining whether wife was entitled to an award of spousal 

support and attorney’s fees and costs. He first argues that Dr. McMillan’s testimony contained 

statutorily privileged and confidential information he provided to her in the course of marriage 

counseling, inadmissible without his permission under Code § 8.01-400.2. He also argues that 

Dr. McMillan’s testimony was inadmissible hearsay and that she was not qualified to render an 

opinion as to wife’s depression. 

A. Admissibility Under Code § 8.01-400.2

Code § 8.01-400.2 provides, in pertinent part, that: 

[e]xcept at the request of or with the consent of the client, no 

licensed professional counselor . . . or licensed marriage and 

family therapist . . . shall be required in giving testimony as a 

witness in any civil action to disclose any information 

communicated to him in a confidential manner, properly entrusted 

to him in his professional capacity and necessary to enable him to 

discharge his professional or occupational services . . . provided, 

however, that when the physical or mental condition of the client is 

at issue in such action, or when a court, in the exercise of sound 

discretion, deems such disclosure necessary to the proper 

administration of justice, no fact communicated to, or otherwise 

learned by, such practitioner in connection with such counseling, 

treatment or advice shall be privileged, and disclosure may be 

required. 

Id.9

At trial, Dr. McMillan testified, by deposition, that husband was physically and 

emotionally abusive to wife. She testified that during the counseling sessions, husband was 

“quick to temper if the discussions were things that were of a sensitive nature.” She noted that in 

 9

 The General Assembly amended Code § 8.01-400.2, effective July 1, 2005, to 

specifically include “licensed marriage and family therapists, as defined in [Code] § 54.1-3500.” 
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almost every session husband was “angry and defensive,” that he acknowledged “that he had hit 

his [teenage] daughter after an altercation[,] and that he felt . . . that was an okay thing to do.” 

Dr. McMillan also testified that husband told her he “needed to motivate himself to work more 

and to make more money” but was “unmotivated” to do so. She testified that both parties 

“agreed that [husband] spent an awful lot of time on the golf course.” She also testified that wife 

told her that following a car accident, in which she and one of the parties’ daughters had been 

injured and taken away by ambulance, husband “showed absolutely no caring, no concern, didn’t 

even ask her if she was okay” and that as a result wife initially suffered from a “brief depressive 

disorder,” that later developed into a “major depressive disorder.” 

 In denying husband’s motion to exclude Dr. McMillan’s testimony under Code 

§ 8.01-400.2, the trial court noted that Code §§ 20-107.1(E)(4) and 20-107.3(E)(4) expressly 

required it to consider “[t]he age and physical and mental condition of the parties” in 

determining spousal support and in equitably distributing marital property. It specifically noted 

in its letter opinion that husband “is in good physical and mental health,” while wife “suffers 

from a number of physical and mental ailments,” including “severe clinical depression for which 

she takes [medication]” and neck problems. 

 We conclude that the trial court did not err in admitting Dr. McMillan’s testimony over 

husband’s objection that it contained privileged information obtained from him during the course 

of marriage counseling. The trial court correctly determined that, because it was required to 

consider the physical and mental condition of the parties in determining spousal support and 

equitable distribution under Code §§ 20-107.1 and 20-107.3, the exception to Code § 8.01-400.2 

permitted the admissibility of otherwise privileged communications under Code § 8.01-400.2. 

The trial judge stated: “I don’t like the statute . . . I think it puts mental health professionals in 
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real dilemmas. And I think it puts parties who go see mental health people in real dilemmas. 

But the statute [Code § 8.01-400.2] is what it is, and I have to interpret it as it is read.”10

B. Hearsay Objection

As to husband’s hearsay objections to Dr. McMillan’s testimony, we note that he did not 

object to the trial court’s admitting, as wife’s sworn testimony, wife’s bill of complaint and 

answer to husband’s cross-bill. These admitted documents, without objection from husband, 

included the same hearsay evidence presented in Dr. McMillan’s deposition testimony at trial. 

When wife testified under oath at trial, the following colloquy occurred: 

[WIFE’S COUNSEL]: Judge, I know you read the Bill of 

Complaint. But rather than going in detail, what I was going to 

propose at this time was to introduce the Bill of Complaint subject 

to cross-examination. 

THE COURT: Any objections? 

[HUSBAND’S COUNSEL]: No, sir. 

THE COURT: Motion granted. 

[WIFE’S COUNSEL]: Are the allegations in the Bill of Complaint 

accurate? 

[WIFE]: Yes, they are. 

[WIFE’S COUNSEL]: Specifically, and I’m going to ask on one 

issue -- 

 10 The General Assembly was aware of the provisions of Code §§ 20-107.1 and 20-107.3, 

requiring trial courts to consider the mental and physical condition of the parties in determining 

spousal support and equitable distribution, when it added “licensed marriage and family 

therapists” to Code § 8.01-400.2, effective July 1, 2005. See Jakabcin v. Town of Front Royal, 

271 Va. 660, 667, 628 S.E.2d 319, 323 (2006) (“[t]he courts assume that a legislative body, in 

enacting new legislation, was aware of existing laws”). “[T]wo statutes must be read in 

harmony . . . [because] of the rule that every legislative enactment must be given full effect 

unless it is impossible to do so.” Natrella v. Board of Zoning Appeals, 231 Va. 451, 461, 345 

S.E.2d 295, 302 (1986). 
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THE COURT: Let me make sure that we’re clear. The purposes 

of you introducing the Bill of Complaint for the statutory factor -- 

there are a lot of allegations in the Bill of Complaint. And I’m 

sure that counsel is not stipulating to the truthfulness of those 

[statements]. 

[WIFE’S COUNSEL]: What I was asking is that that be submitted 

as [wife’s] testimony, subject to cross-examination, so she does not 

have to recite it all. 

THE COURT: Okay. 

[HUSBAND’S COUNSEL]: I don’t have any problem with that, 

Judge. 

THE COURT: So received. Subject to cross-examination. 

* * * * * * * 

[WIFE’S COUNSEL]: I would also ask the Court, subject to 

cross-examination, to consider [wife’s] answer to Cross Bill in lieu 

of testimony on those items that were stated in the answer to Cross 

Bill and signed under oath. 

THE COURT: Any objection? 

[HUSBAND’S COUNSEL]: No, sir. 

THE COURT: So received. 

[WIFE’S COUNSEL]: And are the statements made in your 

answer to Cross Bill accurate? 

WIFE: Yes, they are. 

(Emphasis added). 

At the conclusion of wife’s testimony, husband made no objection to the admissibility of 

the statements contained in her bill of complaint and answer to his cross-bill as her sworn 

testimony at trial.11 Dr. McMillan’s testimony of husband’s statements to her, which husband 

 11 See Mullin v. Mullin, 45 Va. App. 289, 297 n.2, 610 S.E.2d 331, 335 n.2 (2005) 

(response of “subject to cross-examination” when evidence offered for admission is not 

equivalent to an objection to the admissibility of the evidence). 
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contends is objectionable hearsay, was the same as that which came into evidence through wife’s 

testimony, including her sworn testimony in the pleadings. Even assuming, without deciding, 

that the trial court erred in admitting Dr. McMillan’s testimony of husband’s statements to her as 

hearsay, that error at most would be harmless under these circumstances. See Williams v. 

Commonwealth, 4 Va. App. 53, 78-79, 354 S.E.2d 79, 93-94 (1987) (errors that do not affect the 

outcome of a case do not provide a basis for overturning a trial court’s finding). 

C. Opinion Testimony

Finally, we find husband’s assertion that Dr. McMillan was not qualified to give any 

opinion or diagnosis that wife suffered from depression to be without merit. The trial court 

could reasonably conclude that Dr. McMillan, as a licensed professional counselor and licensed 

marriage and family therapist, in practice for twenty-three years, was competent to render an 

opinion as to the diagnosis and treatment of depression within the limits of her license and 

qualifications. See Wileman v. Commonwealth, 24 Va. App. 642, 647, 484 S.E.2d 621, 624 

(1997) (“[w]hether a particular witness is qualified to testify as an expert is largely a matter in 

the discretion of the trial court, and its rulings allowing a witness to testify will not be disturbed 

unless it clearly appears that [the expert] was not qualified” (citations omitted)). Dr. McMillan’s 

unrefuted testimony was that her license permitted her to “diagnose and provide diagnosis codes 

for insurance reimbursement.” Husband thoroughly cross-examined Dr. McMillan as to her 

qualifications and the basis of her diagnosis that wife suffered from depression. The trial court 

was free to give such weight to her testimony and diagnosis as it chose. We find no error in the 

trial court’s admitting the testimony of Dr. McMillan that wife suffered from depression as a 

result of husband’s behavior towards her, and as a result of the deteriorating marriage of thirty 

years. 
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On this record, we find no reversible error in the trial court’s admission of Dr. 

McMillan’s testimony. 

II. 

SPOUSAL SUPPORT 

Husband contends that the trial court abused its discretion in awarding wife permanent 

spousal support of $1,000 per month. He contends the trial court’s spousal support award 

violates the “double-dipping” prohibition articulated in Gamble v. Gamble, 14 Va. App. 558, 421 

S.E.2d 635 (1992), and argues that the amount awarded was not justified under the factors of 

Code § 20-107.1. He also argues that wife did not request an award of that amount, that she 

failed to demonstrate a need for that amount, and that he lacks the financial ability or resources 

to pay that amount. 

A. “Double Dipping”

In Gamble, we held that: 

The outstanding obligations on marital property are properly 

considered when Code § 20-107.3 [equitable distribution] 

determinations are made and the marital wealth is equitably 

distributed. The same obligations are not to be factored again into 

the Code § 20-107.1 [spousal support] determination. In short, the 

appropriate separation between considerations of spousal support 

and considerations of an equitable distribution of marital wealth 

prevents a “double dip” by a spouse who seeks and receives 

encumbered marital property under Code § 20-107.3 and also 

seeks and receives spousal support under Code § 20-107.1. 

14 Va. App. at 577, 421 S.E.2d at 646-47. 

Husband contends that the trial court’s award of spousal support of $1,000 a month 

provided wife with a means of paying expenses related to debt allocated to her as part of 

equitable distribution, to wit, payment to husband of his $92,500 equity in the marital residence, 

and thereby impermissibly created a “double-dipping” for wife, prohibited under Code 

§§ 20-107.1 and 20-107.3. From our review of this record, we cannot conclude that the trial 
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court’s award of spousal support was an impermissible “double dip.” Any award of spousal 

support enables the receiving spouse to pay expenses of any nature. Payment by a spouse 

receiving spousal support of indebtedness incurred in the receipt of property during equitable 

distribution alone will not constitute the prohibited “double dipping” we addressed in Gamble. 

Otherwise, any award of spousal support to a spouse who has received encumbered property in 

equitable distribution of a marital estate would be prohibited. 

B. Amount of Support Awarded

“Whether a spouse is entitled to support, and if so how much, is a matter within the sound 

discretion of the trial court and will not be disturbed on appeal unless it is clear that some 

injustice has been done.” Bomar v. Bomar, 45 Va. App. 229, 238-39, 609 S.E.2d 629, 634 

(2005) (citations omitted). 

In fixing the amount of [spousal support], the court must look to 

the financial needs of the wife, her age, physical condition and 

ability to earn, and balance against these circumstances the 

financial ability of the husband to pay, considering his income and 

his ability to earn. The amount awarded must, in any event, be fair 

and just under all the circumstances of the case. 

Klotz v. Klotz, 203 Va. 677, 680, 127 S.E.2d 104, 106 (1962) (citations omitted). 

In reviewing a spousal support award, we are mindful that the trial 

court has broad discretion in awarding and fixing the amount of 

spousal support. Accordingly, our review is limited to determining 

whether the trial court clearly abused its discretion. In exercising 

its discretion, the trial court must consider all the factors 

enumerated in Code § 20-107.1(E) when fashioning its award, but 

it is not required to quantify or elaborate exactly what weight or 

consideration it has given to each of the statutory factors. That 

being said, the trial court’s findings must have some foundation 

based on the evidence presented. Where that evidentiary 

foundation exists and the record discloses that the trial court has 

given due consideration to each of [the statutory] factors, we will 

not disturb its determination as to spousal support on appeal. 

Miller v. Cox, 44 Va. App. 674, 679, 607 S.E.2d 126, 128 (2005) (citations omitted). 

Furthermore, “[t]he judgment of the trial court is presumed correct and we may not disturb its 
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ruling if there is credible evidence to support it.” Bomar, 45 Va. App. at 239, 609 S.E.2d at 634 

(citations omitted). 

Here, wife requested spousal support in her initial pleadings and throughout the course of 

litigation. She alternatively requested a lump sum award and various monthly periodic payments 

based on differing income and expense scenarios. The trial court determined that wife was 

entitled to a monthly spousal support payment of $1,000, explicitly noting in its letter opinion 

that its decision was based on its consideration of each of the Code § 20-107.1(E) statutory 

factors as applied to the facts it determined from the evidence. It found that the parties’ standard 

of living during the marriage was “quite comfortable.” It also found that husband was in good 

physical and mental health, while wife suffered from a number of physical and mental ailments, 

including clinical depression for which she took medication, as well as back and neck problems. 

The record further shows that the trial court also evaluated wife’s financial needs, her age, her 

ability to earn, and the standard of living enjoyed during the marriage, against husband’s ability 

to pay, considering his income and ability to earn. See Via v. Via, 14 Va. App. 868, 870, 419 

S.E.2d 431, 433 (1992) (citing Klotz, 203 Va. at 680, 127 S.E.2d at 106 (citations omitted)). For 

spousal support purposes, it found husband’s annual income to be $65,000, and wife’s to be 

$53,000, based on evidence presented by the parties. 

On this record, we find no abuse of discretion or error on the part of the trial court in 

awarding permanent spousal support to wife of $1,000 per month. 

III. 

AWARD OF ATTORNEY’S FEES AND COSTS AT TRIAL 

Husband contends that the trial court abused its discretion in its award of $36,061.33 in 

attorney’s fees and costs to wife. He argues that because the parties settled and entered into 

written agreements resolving almost all of the property issues prior to trial; that a substantial 
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portion of wife’s attorneys’ fees and costs were incurred in preparation for and at trial; and that 

he prevailed at trial on the two remaining issues of equitable distribution, the trial court erred in 

awarding wife her incurred attorney’s fees and costs through trial. He also contends that the trial 

court erred in not awarding his costs and attorneys’ fees at trial. We find no error in the trial 

court’s rulings on the award of attorneys’ fees and costs on this record. 

“Whether to award attorney’s fees is a matter submitted to the sound discretion of the 

trial court and is reviewable on appeal only for an abuse of discretion.” Kane v. Szymczak, 41 

Va. App. 365, 375, 585 S.E.2d 349, 354 (2002) (citation omitted). We have previously held 

“[t]he key to a proper award of counsel fees to be reasonableness under all of the circumstances 

revealed by the record,” and evidence in the record must explain or justify the amount of the 

award. McGinnis v. McGinnis, 1 Va. App. 272, 277, 338 S.E.2d 159, 162 (1985). Furthermore, 

“[a]n award of attorney’s fees to a party in a divorce suit is a matter for the trial court’s sound 

discretion after considering the circumstances and equities of the entire case.” Artis v. Artis, 4 

Va. App. 132, 138, 354 S.E.2d 812, 815 (1987) (citations omitted) (emphasis added). 

“Where the trial judge finds that a fee award is justified, evidence of time expended and 

services rendered is a proper basis upon which to fix an award.” Westbrook v. Westbrook, 5 

Va. App. 446, 458, 364 S.E.2d 523, 530 (1988). Wife’s attorney submitted detailed records of 

time and effort expended on her behalf. From the evidence presented in this record, the trial 

court could conclude that husband’s behavior leading to the parties’ separation after thirty years 

of marriage, and during the divorce proceedings, resulted in increased legal costs for wife to 

protect her interests and to preserve the marital assets. See Taylor v. Taylor, 27 Va. App. 209, 

216, 497 S.E.2d 916, 919 (1998). 
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On the record before us, we hold that the trial court did not abuse its discretion in 

awarding to wife $36,061.33 in attorney’s fees and costs, and in denying husband an award of 

his attorneys’ fees and costs. 

IV. 

ATTORNEY’S FEES AND COSTS ON APPEAL 

Both husband and wife seek attorney’s fees and costs on appeal. 

The rationale for the appellate court being the proper forum to 

determine the propriety of an award of attorney’s fees for efforts 

expended on appeal is clear. The appellate court has the 

opportunity to view the record in its entirety and determine 

whether the appeal is frivolous or whether other reasons exist for 

requiring additional payment. 

O’Loughlin v. O’Loughlin, 23 Va. App. 690, 695, 479 S.E.2d 98, 100 (1996). In this context, 

and on consideration of the record before us, we hold neither party is entitled to an award of 

attorney’s fees and costs incurred in this appeal. 

CONCLUSION 

From this record, we find that the trial court did not err in admitting the testimony of Dr. 

McMillan. We also find that the trial court did not err in its award of spousal support or in its 

award of $36,061.33 in attorney’s fees and costs to wife. We conclude that the trial court did not 

err in failing to award husband his attorneys’ fees and costs at trial. We find that neither party is 

entitled to an award of attorney’s fees or costs on appeal. Accordingly, we affirm. 

 Affirmed.