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          Bone Health and Osteoporosis: What It Means to You


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Bone Health and Osteoporosis: What It Means to You FacebookEmailPrintFacebookEmail
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              an old couple


Strong bones begin in childhood. With good habits and medical attention when needed, we can have strong bones throughout our lives. People who have weak bones are at higher risk for fractures.

You can improve your bone health by getting enough calcium, vitamin D, and physical activity. If you have osteoporosis or another bone disease, your doctor can detect and treat it. This can help prevent painful fractures.

Why Healthy Bones Are Important to You



Image
              spine


Strong bones support us and allow us to move. They protect our heart, lungs, and brain from injury. Our bones are also a storehouse for vital minerals we need to live. Weak bones break easily, causing terrible pain. You might lose your ability to stand or walk. And as bones weaken, you might lose height.

Silently and without warning, bones may begin to weaken early in life if you do not have a healthy diet and the right kinds of physical activity. Many people already have weak bones and don’t know it. Others are making choices that will weaken their bones later.

There are several kinds of bone disease. The most common is osteoporosis. In this disease, bones lose minerals like calcium. They become fragile and break easily. With osteoporosis, your body’s frame becomes like the frame of a house damaged by termites. Termites weaken your house like osteoporosis weakens your bones. If you have severe fractures from osteoporosis, you risk never walking again. Weak bones can break easily. This can be fatal.

Fragile bones are not painful at first. Unfortunately, most people don’t realize they have weakened bones until one breaks. By that time, it is hard to make your bones strong again.



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              bone with and without osteoporosis


The good news is that you are never too old or too young to improve your bone health. There are many things you can do to keep bones strong and prevent fractures. At all ages, a diet with enough calcium and vitamin D, together with weight-bearing and resistance exercises, can help prevent problems later. You can work with your doctor to check out warning signs or risk factors. When you are older, you can have your bones tested and take medicine to strengthen them.

Don’t Risk Your Bones

Many things weaken bones. Some are outside your control. If you have a family member who has bone problems, you could also be at risk. Some medical conditions can also make you prone to bone disease.

There are some things you can control:

Get enough calcium and vitamin D in your diet at every age.
	Be physically active.
	Reduce hazards in your home that could increase your risk of falling and breaking bones.
	Talk with your doctor about medicines you are taking that could weaken bones, like medicine for thyroid problems or arthritis. Also talk about ways to take medicines that are safe for bones. Discuss ways to protect bones while treating other problems.
	Maintain a healthy weight. Being underweight raises the risk of fracture and bone loss.
	Don’t smoke. Smoking can reduce bone mass and increase your risks for a broken bone.
	Limit alcohol use. Heavy alcohol use reduces bone mass and increases your risk for broken bones.***Fast Fact***

**Many types of physical activity can contribute to bone health, but most people are not active enough.**

Bones Are Not What You Think They Are

When you think of bones, you might imagine a hard, brittle skeleton. In reality, your bones are living organs. They are alive with cells and flowing body fluids. Bones are constantly renewed and grow stronger with a good diet and physical activity.

After your mid-30s, you begin to slowly lose bone mass. Women lose bone mass faster after menopause, but it happens to men too.



Image
              bone growth


The amount of calcium that makes up your bones is the measure of how strong they are. But your muscles and nerves must also have calcium and phosphorus to work. If these are in short supply from foods you eat, your body simply takes them from your bones.

Each day calcium is deposited and withdrawn from your bones. If you don’t get enough calcium, you could be withdrawing more than you’re depositing. Our bodies build up calcium in our bones efficiently until we are about 30 years old. Then our bodies stop adding new bone. But healthy habits can help us keep the bone we have.

When Bones Break

There is some natural bone loss as women and men age. As we grow older, bones can break or weaken if we don’t take steps to keep them strong. The most common breaks in weak bones are in the wrist, spine, and hip.



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              woman


Broken bones in your spine can be painful and very slow to heal. People with weak bones in their spine gradually lose height and their posture becomes hunched over. Over time a bent spine can make it hard to walk or even sit up.

Broken hips are a very serious problem as we age. They greatly increase the risk of death, especially during the year after they break.

People who break a hip might not recover for months or even years. Because they often cannot care for themselves, they are more likely to have to live in a nursing home.

**Tips for keeping bones strong**



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              food


Calcium is found in foods like milk, leafy green vegetables, and soybeans. Enjoy snacks of yogurt and cheese to increase your calcium. You can also take calcium supplements or eat food specially fortified with calcium.
	Your body needs vitamin D to absorb calcium. Make sure you get enough vitamin D from your diet, sunshine, or supplements.
	Like muscle, bone is living tissue that responds to exercise by becoming stronger. Even simple activities like walking and stair climbing can help strengthen your bones.

You Could Be at Risk



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              asian women


Too many of us assume we are not at risk for bone loss or fractures. We believe that if we haven’t had any signs of bone damage, then our bones are strong. Because there are no obvious warning signs, even doctors often miss signs of the problem. Most of us have our blood pressure and cholesterol checked for heart health. Testing bone density is an important way to check for bone health.

The risk of osteoporosis is highest among women. It is also higher for whites and Asians than other groups. However, it’s important to remember that it is a real risk for older men and women of all backgrounds.

Here are some clues that you are at risk:

Your older relatives have had fractures.
	You have had illnesses or have been on medications that might weaken bones.
	You are underweight.That’s why it is important to know the risks for poor bone health at all ages. There are many “red flags” that are signs that you are at risk for weak bones. (See "Are you at risk for weak bones?" checklist.) In addition, your calcium and vitamin D intake, level of physical activity, and medications should all be evaluated.

**Why being active makes your bones strong**

When you jump, run, or lift a weight, it puts stress on your bones. This sends a signal to your body that your bones need to be made stronger. New cells are added to strengthen your bones. If you are right-handed, the bones in your right arm are slightly larger and stronger from the extra use.

Bone Up On Your Diet

Calcium

To keep your bones strong, eat foods rich in calcium. Some people have trouble digesting the lactose found in milk and other dairy foods, including cheese and yogurt. Most supermarkets sell lactose-reduced dairy foods. Many nondairy foods are also calcium-rich.

Calcium-Rich FoodsHelp your bones. Choose foods that are high in calcium. Here are some examples.Food
			Calcium (mg)Fortified oatmeal, 1 packet
			350Sardines, canned in oil, with edible bones, 3 oz.
			324Cheddar cheese, 1 1⁄2 oz. shredded
			306Milk, nonfat, 1 cup
			302Milkshake, 1 cup
			300Yogurt, plain, low-fat, 1 cup
			300Soybeans, cooked, 1 cup
			261Tofu, firm, with calcium, 1⁄2 cup
			204Orange juice, fortified with calcium, 6 oz.
			200–260 (varies)Salmon, canned, with edible bones, 3 oz.
			181Pudding, instant (chocolate, banana, etc.) made with 2% milk, 1⁄2 cup
			153Baked beans, 1 cup
			142Cottage cheese, 1% milk fat, 1 cup
			138Spaghetti or lasagna, 1 cup
			125Frozen yogurt, vanilla, soft-serve, 1⁄2 cup
			103Ready-to-eat cereal, fortified with calcium, 1 cup
			100–1000 (varies)Cheese pizza, 1 slice
			100Fortified waffles (2)
			100Turnip greens, boiled, 1⁄2 cup
			99Broccoli, raw, 1 cup
			90Ice cream, vanilla, 1⁄2 cup
			85Soy or rice milk, fortified with calcium, 1 cup
			80–500 (varies)Vitamin D

Vitamin D helps your body absorb calcium. As you grow older, your need for vitamin D goes up. Vitamin D is made by your skin when you are in the sun. For many, especially seniors, getting enough vitamin D from sunlight is not practical. Almost all milk and some other foods are fortified with vitamin D. If you are not getting enough calcium and vitamin D in your diet, supplements can be bone savers.



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              daily vitamin d needs

Your body needs calcium and vitamin D.If this is your age, then you need this much calcium and vitamin D each day.Calcium (mg)
			Vitamin D (IU)Infants 0 to 6 months
			200
			400Infants 6 to 12 months
			260
			4001 to 3 years
			700
			6004 to 8 years
			1,000
			6009 to 13 years
			1,300
			60014 to 18 years
			1,300
			60019 to 30 years
			1,000
			60031 to 50 years
			1,000
			60051- to 70-year-old males
			1,000
			60051- to 70-year-old females
			1,200
			600>70 years
			1,200
			80014 to 18 years, pregnant/lactating
			1,300
			60019 to 50 years, pregnant/lactating
			1,000
			600mg = milligrams; IU = International Units (40 IU = 1 mcg)
			Source: Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine, National Academy of Sciences, 2010.

Protect Your Bones at Every Age

People of all ages need to know what they can do to have strong bones. You are never too old or too young to improve your bone health.

Babies

Bone growth starts before babies are born. Premature and low-birth-weight infants often need extra calcium, phosphorus, and protein to help them catch up on the nutrients they need for strong bones. Breastfed babies get the calcium and nutrients they need for good bone health from their mothers. That’s why mothers who breastfeed need extra vitamin D. Most baby formula contains calcium and vitamin D.

**What if your toddler doesn’t like to drink milk?**

Include some low-fat cheese chunks or yogurt for snacks.
	Make a cheesy sauce for vegetables or for a dip.
	Offer strawberry or chocolate milk as an afternoon treat.

Image
              girl drinking milk



Children

Good bone health starts early in life with good habits. While children and young adults rarely get bone diseases, kids can develop habits that endanger their health and bones. Parents can help by encouraging kids to eat healthful food and get at least an hour of physical activity every day. Jumping rope, running, and sports are fun activities that are great for building strong bones. Children need the amount of calcium equal to 3 servings of low-fat milk each day. If your child doesn’t drink enough milk, try low-fat cheese, yogurt, or other foods that are high in calcium. If your child is allergic to milk or lactose intolerant, talk to your pediatrician about milk substitutes.

***Fast Fact***

**Children and teens should get at least an hour of physical activity every day. Adults should get at least 2 hours and 30 minutes each week.**



Teens

Teens are especially at risk for not developing strong bones because their bones are growing so rapidly. Boys and girls from ages 9 to 18 need 1,300 milligrams of calcium each day, more than any other age group. Parents can help teens by making sure they eat 4 servings of calciumrich and vitamin D-fortified foods a day. At least 1 hour a day of physical activities—like running, skateboarding, sports, and dance—is also critical. But take note: extreme physical exercise, when combined with undereating, can weaken teens’ bones. In young women, this situation can lead to a damaging lack of menstrual periods. Teens who miss adding bone to their skeletons during these critical years may never make it up.

Adults

Adulthood is a time when we need to look carefully at our bone health. As adults, we need 1,000 to 1,200 milligrams of calcium, depending on our age, and at least 2 hours and 30 minutes per week of moderate-intensity physical activity. Activity that puts some stress on your bones is very important.

**Adults: keep your bones strong with physical activity.**

Physical activity at least 2 hours and 30 minutes each week
	Muscle training activities on 2 days a week
	Older adults should do exercises that maintain or improve balance if they are at risk of falling

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              man tying shoe laces



Many women over age 50 are at risk for bone disease, but few know it. At menopause, which usually happens in women over age 50, a woman’s hormone production drops sharply. Because hormones help protect bones, menopause can lead to bone loss. Hormone therapy was widely used to prevent this loss, but now it is known to increase other risks. Your doctor can help advise you on protecting bone health around menopause.

Seniors

Seniors can take steps to help prevent bone problems. Physical activity and diet are vital to bone health in older adults. Calcium, together with vitamin D, helps reduce bone loss. Activities that put stress on bones keep them strong. Find time for activities like walking, dancing, and gardening. Strengthening your body helps prevent falls. Protecting yourself against falls is key to avoiding a broken hip or wrist. All women over age 65 should have a bone density test.

Seniors should also know that recent studies conclude that anyone over age 50 should increase his or her vitamin D intake to 600 International Units (IU) per day. After age 70, 800 IU per day are needed.

**Falls Break Bones**

**You can prevent most falls.**
Falls are not just the result of getting older. But as you age, falls become more dangerous. Most falls can be prevented. By changing some of the things listed here, you can lower the chances of falling for you or someone you love.

**Begin a regular exercise program.**
	Exercise is one of the most important ways to reduce your chances of falling. It makes you stronger and helps you feel better. Exercises that improve balance and coordination, like dancing and Tai Chi, are the most helpful. Consider joining an organized program at your local community center or gym.
	**Make your home safer.**
	Remove things you can trip over from stairs and places where you walk.
		Remove all small rugs.
		Don’t use step stools. Keep items you need within easy reach.
		Have grab bars put in next to your toilet and in the bathtub or shower.
		Use nonslip mats in the bathtub and shower.
		Use brighter light bulbs in your home.
		Add handrails and light in all staircases.
		Wear shoes that give good support and have nonslip soles.
	**Ask a health care professional to review your medicines.**
	Ask your doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other health care professional to review all the medicines you are taking. Make sure to mention over-the-counter medicine, such as cold medicine. As you get older, the way some medicines work in your body can change. Some medicines, or combinations of medicines, can make you drowsy or light-headed, which can lead to a fall.
	**Have your vision checked.**
	Poor vision increases your risk of falling. You could be wearing the wrong glasses or have a condition such as glaucoma or cataracts that limits your vision.

Live Well, Live Strong, Live Long

The average American eats too little calcium. And nearly half of us do not get enough physical activity to strengthen our bones.

The same healthy lifestyle that strengthens your bones strengthens your whole body. You might not hear as much about bone health as other health concerns. But healthy habits are good for all your organs, including your bones.

**Be physically active every day**—at least 60 minutes for children and teens, and 2 hours and 30 minutes each week for adults. Do strength-building and weight-bearing and resistance exercises to build strong bones.
	**Eat a healthy diet.** Educate yourself on proper nutrition. Be aware that certain foods are naturally rich in calcium and vitamin D. Get the recommended amounts of calcium and vitamin D daily.
	**Reduce your risks of falling.**Check your home for loose rugs, poor lighting, etc. Take classes that increase balance and strength—like Tai Chi or yoga. Make stretching a part of your workout.Even people who know better don’t always do what’s good for their bones. Make yourself an exception. Be aware of your risks and work to reduce them. Get help from your family and friends and your doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other health care professional. Building healthy bones begins at birth and lasts your whole life.

Your Doctor Can Help Protect Your Bones

Talk to your doctor about bone health. Together you can evaluate your risks. Some things to discuss include your current health, your diet and physical activity levels, and your family background.

Your doctor can look at your age, weight, height, and medical history. From that he or she can determine if you need a bone density test. Broken bones are a “red flag” for your doctor. If you break a bone after the age of 50, talk to your doctor about measuring your bone density. Even if you broke a bone in an accident, you might have weak bones. It is worth checking.



Image
              a doctor an a nurse performing bone mineral density test


Your doctor might recommend a medical test called a bone mineral density test. These tests are quick (5 to 10 minutes), safe, and painless. They will give you and your doctor an idea of how healthy your bones are. All women over age 65 should have a bone density test. Women who are younger than age 65 and at high risk for fractures should also have a bone density test.

Your doctor might also want to do a blood test to check for a vitamin D deficiency or abnormal calcium levels.

If your doctor finds that your bones are becoming weaker, there are things you can do to make them stronger. You can be more physically active, change your diet, and take calcium and vitamin D supplements. If your bones are already weak, there are medicines that stop bone loss. They can even build new bone and make it less likely that you will suffer a broken bone.

Your doctor might suggest medications to help you build stronger bones. To reduce the chance that you might fall, have your vision checked. When you speak to your doctor, be prepared with a list of questions and concerns. The list on the next page should help get you started.

***Fast Fact***

**All women over age 65 should have a bone density test.**

See Your Doctor

Although osteoporosis is the most common disease that harms bones, certain other conditions can also be harmful. Your doctor can help you learn if you are at risk and can help you treat these conditions.

Rickets and osteomalacia—Too little vitamin D causes these diseases in children and adults. They can lead to bone deformities and fractures.
	Kidney disease—Renal osteodystrophy can cause fractures.
	Paget’s disease of bone—Bones become deformed and weak, which can be caused by genetic and environmental factors.
	Genetic abnormalities—Disorders like osteogenesis imperfecta cause bones to grow abnormally and break easily.
	Endocrine disorders—Overactive glands can cause bone disease.***Fast Fact***

**Bone disease is often a “silent” disorder until it causes a fracture.**

What to discuss with your doctor

Talk with your doctor, nurse, or other health care professional about your bone health. Use this checklist to start your discussion.

Ask to check your risk for bone disease.
	Discuss your need for a bone density test.
	Talk about any fall, even ones in which you were not hurt. Tell him or her about any broken bones you’ve had.
	If you have fallen, ask about the need for a full evaluation. Tests include vision, balance, walking, muscle strength, heart function, and blood pressure.
	Go over all the medications you are taking (including over-the-counter ones). Do this at least once a year. This helps avoid dangerous drug interactions and taking higher doses of drugs than you need, which can lead to falls.
	Ask if your doctor checks vision. Annual vision checks can help eliminate bone-breaking falls.
	Know your calcium and vitamin D intake. Report your totals to your doctor.
	If you would like to try a new physical activity, ask about the best choices for you.

Are you at risk for weak bones?

Check any of these that apply to you.
	I’m older than 65.
	I’ve broken a bone after age 50.
	My close relative has osteoporosis or has broken a bone.
	My health is “fair” or “poor.”
	I smoke.
	I am underweight for my height.
	I started menopause before age 45.
	I’ve never gotten enough calcium.
	I have more than two drinks of alcohol several times a week.
	I have poor vision, even with glasses.
	I sometimes fall.
	I’m not active.
	I have one of these medical conditions:
	Hyperthyroidism
		Chronic lung disease
		Cancer
		Inflammatory bowel disease
		Chronic hepatic or renal disease
		Hyperparathyroidism
		Vitamin D deficiency
		Cushing’s disease
		Multiple sclerosis
		Rheumatoid arthritis
	I take one of these medicines:
	Oral glucocorticoids (steroids)
		Cancer treatments (radiation, chemotherapy)
		Thyroid medicine
		Antiepileptic medications
		Gonadal hormone suppression
		Immunosuppressive agents**If you have any of these “red flags,” you could be at high risk for weak bones. Talk to your doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other health care professional.**

Resources

**For more information:**

For more information on your bone health, talk to your doctor, nurse, pharmacist, or other health care professional.

Medicare offers bone mass measurement (bone density) for Medicare beneficiaries who meet certain eligibility requirements and conditions for coverage.

The Office of Disease Prevention and Health Promotion provides guidance to help Americans maintain or improve their health through physical activity.

About This Surgeon General’s Report

This public document was originally prepared by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under the direction of the Office of the Surgeon General to make information in The Surgeon General’s Report on Bone Health and Osteoporosis available in plain language to improve health literacy on this topic. Health literacy is the ability of an individual to access, understand, and use health-related information and services to make appropriate health decisions.



This content was created by the National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (NIAMS) with contributions from:

National Institute on Aging
	National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases
	NIH Office of Research on Women’s Health

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          Last Reviewed: 
            December 2019
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