2014 IL App (1st) 123494

FOURTH DIVISION

November 20, 2014

No. 1-12-3494

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) Appeal from the

) Circuit Court of

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) Cook County.

)

v. ) No. 11 CR 9352

)

FRED CLARK, ) Honorable

) James B. Linn,

Defendant-Appellant. ) Judge Presiding.

 JUSTICE EPSTEIN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

 Presiding Justice Fitzgerald Smith and Justice Howse concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 The State charged defendant Fred Clark with aggravated vehicular hijacking while armed 

with a firearm (720 ILCS 5/18-4(a)(4) (West 2010)) and armed robbery while armed with a 

firearm (720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(2) (West 2010)).

1 After a bench trial, the trial court found defendant 

guilty of the uncharged offenses of aggravated vehicular hijacking with a dangerous weapon other 

than a firearm (720 ILCS 5/18-4(a)(3) (West 2010)) and armed robbery with a dangerous weapon 

other than a firearm (720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(1) (West 2010)), finding that those offenses were 

lesser-included offenses of the charged offenses. Defendant appeals, asserting: (1) that the 

offenses of which he was convicted were not lesser-included offenses of the charged offenses; (2) 

that his 17-year sentences for aggravated vehicular hijacking and armed robbery are excessive; and 

(3) that his mittimus should be corrected to reflect the offenses of which he was convicted. 

 1 Defendant was also charged with and convicted of burglary but that conviction is not at

issue in this appeal.
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¶ 2 We agree that, in this case, aggravated vehicular hijacking with a dangerous weapon other 

than a firearm and armed robbery with a dangerous weapon other than a firearm were not 

lesser-included offenses of aggravated vehicular hijacking with a firearm and armed robbery with 

a firearm because the charging instrument did not permit an inference that defendant used a 

weapon other than a firearm during the offense. We thus reduce defendant's convictions to 

vehicular hijacking and robbery and remand for resentencing. We do not reach defendant's 

remaining contentions of error.

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND

¶ 4 Tyran Wise testified that, around 6:30 a.m. on May 15, 2011, he drove his red 2009 Dodge 

Charger down the alley behind his apartment building. A black car approached Wise's car in the 

opposite direction. The men in the other car waved Wise ahead. Wise parked his car in the garage

behind his building.

¶ 5 Wise testified that, as he was shutting his garage door, a man he identified in court as 

defendant put a gun to his head and "said give that shit up." A shorter man, who was not armed, 

entered the garage. The shorter man and defendant took $200 in cash and a cell phone from Wise's 

pockets. The shorter man entered Wise's car and drove away.

¶ 6 Wise testified that defendant made him move to the back of the garage, sit down, face the 

wall, and put his hands on his head. Defendant struck Wise in the head with the gun twice. 

Defendant then drove away in the black car that had approached Wise in the alley. After defendant 

had left, Wise called the police.

¶ 7 Chicago police officer Rangel testified that, around 11 p.m. on May 15, 2011, he observed 

a red Dodge Charger cut through a gas station. Rangel pulled the Charger over and three people 
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fled from it, including defendant. Rangel chased defendant and radioed other officers. Rangel saw 

other officers arrest defendant shortly thereafter. 

¶ 8 Officer Juan Aguirre, an evidence technician, processed the Charger just before midnight 

on May 15, 2011. Aguirre testified that he found a loaded 9-millimeter Ruger handgun on the floor 

of the backseat of the car. 

¶ 9 Around 2:30 a.m. on May 16, 2011, Wise viewed a lineup at the police station. Detective 

Sharon Walker testified that both defendant and Kamari Belmont were in the lineup that Wise 

viewed. Wise identified defendant as the man who held a gun to his head. Wise did not identify

Belmont.

¶ 10 Defendant testified that, between 9 p.m. and 9:30 p.m. on May 15, 2011, Belmont and 

Belmont's cousin Taylor picked him up in a red Dodge Charger. Belmont told defendant the car 

belonged to his aunt. Defendant testified that he did not see a gun in the car. Defendant said that he, 

Belmont, and Taylor planned to go out and celebrate defendant's birthday.

¶ 11 Defendant testified that he drove the Charger to a gas station near 55th Street and Wells 

Street. Defendant exited the car and saw someone in black with something in his hand. Defendant 

testified that he thought the person may have had a gun so he ran behind a nearby house. When 

defendant walked back to the front of the house, he saw the police, who arrested him.

¶ 12 Defendant testified that he had never seen Wise before trial. Defendant denied holding a 

gun to Wise's head or taking anything from Wise. Defendant acknowledged that he was on parole 

for a juvenile drug case at the time of trial.

¶ 13 The court found that Wise was credible and that defendant was not. The court credited 

Wise's identification of defendant as the man who robbed him in his garage. The court then stated:
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"The weapon was used in this case in the manner of a bludgeon. He was pistol-whipped 

with it.

I find under all circumstances that it was used as a bludgeon and will be treated as 

such. So he is found guilty of aggravated vehicular hijacking and armed robbery without a 

firearm ***."

Neither the State nor defendant objected to the trial court's findings.

¶ 14 At the defendant's sentencing hearing, the court stated, "[I]n light of [defendant's] age, the 

fact the gun wasn't fired, other circumstances that I heard at the trial, [I] gave some deference and 

benefit of the doubt and justice as to the ultimate finding." The trial court sentenced defendant to 

concurrent terms of 17 years' incarceration for aggravated vehicular hijacking and 17 years' 

incarceration for armed robbery. Defendant appeals.

¶ 15 II. ANALYSIS

¶ 16 Defendant asserts that the trial court violated his right to due process of law when it 

convicted him of aggravated vehicular hijacking with a dangerous weapon other than a firearm and 

armed robbery with a dangerous weapon other than a firearm because those offenses were not 

lesser-included offenses of the charged offenses of aggravated vehicular hijacking with a firearm 

and armed robbery with a firearm. Defendant thus urges this court to reduce his convictions to

vehicular hijacking and robbery, which he acknowledges were lesser-included offenses of the 

charged offenses. 

¶ 17 The State contends that the trial court actually convicted defendant of the charged offenses: 

aggravated vehicular hijacking with a firearm and armed robbery with a firearm. The State thus 

claims that defendant's sentences are void as they fall below the mandatory statutory minimum 

sentences for those offenses. The State asks this court to remand for the imposition of a sentence in 
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accord with the higher sentencing range. We first turn to the question of which offenses the 

defendant was convicted of.

¶ 18 A. Defendant's Convictions

¶ 19 The State contends that the trial court convicted defendant of aggravated vehicular 

hijacking with a firearm and armed robbery with a firearm because it found that defendant used a 

gun to strike Wise in the head. The State claims that the offenses of aggravated vehicular hijacking 

with a firearm and armed robbery with a firearm do not require that the State prove that the firearm 

was actually fired. Defendant contends that, regardless of whether the trial court's judgment was 

erroneous, it acquitted defendant of aggravated vehicular hijacking with a firearm and armed 

robbery with a firearm. Defendant further asserts that this court may not enter convictions for 

offenses of which the defendant was acquitted. We agree with defendant.

¶ 20 The Illinois Constitution bars an appeal from a judgment of acquittal "regardless of 

whether the court's ruling [was] based upon a mistake of fact or mistake of law." People v. Rey, 

136 Ill. App. 3d 645, 651 (1985); see Ill. Const. 1970, art. VI, § 6. Similarly, under the double 

jeopardy clauses of the United States and Illinois Constitutions, "an acquittal due to insufficient 

evidence precludes retrial, whether the court's evaluation of the evidence was correct or not, 

[citation], and regardless of whether the court's decision flowed from an incorrect antecedent 

ruling of law." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Evans v. Michigan, 568 U.S. ___, ___, 133 S. 

Ct. 1069, 1075-76 (2013); see U.S. Const., amend. V; Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 10. A judgment 

constitutes an acquittal where it "actually represents a resolution, correct or not, of some or all of 

the factual elements of the offense charged." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) People v. 

Williams, 188 Ill. 2d 293, 300 (1999). 
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¶ 21 In this case, the record supports defendant's contention that the trial court acquitted him of 

the charged offenses of aggravated vehicular hijacking with a firearm and armed robbery with a 

firearm. At the close of the trial, the trial court unequivocally stated that it "found [defendant] 

guilty of aggravated vehicular hijacking and armed robbery without a firearm." (Emphasis added.) 

The court explained this finding on the basis that defendant had "used [the gun] as a bludgeon and 

[it should] be treated as such." At the sentencing hearing, the trial court indicated that it had given 

defendant the "benefit of the doubt and justice as to the ultimate finding." The trial court sentenced 

defendant to 17 years' incarceration for both offenses; sentences within the permissible ranges for 

aggravated vehicular hijacking and armed robbery with a dangerous weapon other than a firearm

and below the permissible ranges for aggravated vehicular hijacking and armed robbery with a 

firearm. 720 ILCS 5/18-2(b), 5/18-4(b) (West 2010); 730 ILCS 5/5-4.5-25(a) (West 2010). 

Although the written order of defendant's sentences reflects convictions for aggravated vehicular 

hijacking with a firearm and armed robbery with a firearm, "[w]hen the oral pronouncement of the 

court and the written order conflict, the oral pronouncement of the court controls." People v. 

Roberson, 401 Ill. App. 3d 758, 774 (2010). As the trial court's oral pronouncements reflect a 

resolution of the factual elements of aggravated vehicular hijacking with a firearm and armed 

robbery with a firearm in defendant's favor, as well as an express rationale for it, it is clear that the 

trial court acquitted defendant of those offenses. We may not review the trial court's judgment of 

acquittal, even if the judgment resulted from a mistake of fact or law. We turn to defendant's first 

contention of error.

¶ 22 B. Lesser-Included Offenses

¶ 23 Defendant asserts that the trial court erred in convicting him of aggravated vehicular 

hijacking with a dangerous weapon other than a firearm and armed robbery with a dangerous 
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weapon other than a firearm because they were not lesser-included offenses of the charged 

offenses. The State asserts that defendant forfeited this issue and claims that the allegations of the 

indictment were sufficient to notify defendant of the possibility of being convicted of aggravated 

vehicular hijacking without a firearm and armed robbery without a firearm.

¶ 24 We first address the State's forfeiture argument. Defendant acknowledges that he forfeited 

this issue by failing to object to his convictions at trial, but urges us to apply the plain error 

exception to forfeiture. Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a); People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 598, 613 (2010). "The 

first step of plain-error review is determining whether any error occurred." Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 

at 613. We thus consider whether the trial court erred in convicting defendant of the uncharged 

offenses. 

¶ 25 A defendant has a due process right to notice of the charges brought against him. People v. 

Kolton, 219 Ill. 2d 353, 359 (2006). "For this reason, a defendant may not be convicted of an 

offense he has not been charged with committing." Id. A defendant may be convicted of an 

uncharged offense, however, if it is a lesser-included offense of a crime with which the defendant 

is expressly charged. Id. at 360.

¶ 26 To determine whether an uncharged offense is a lesser-included offense of a charged 

offense, we apply the charging instrument approach. People v. Kennebrew, 2013 IL 113998, ¶ 32. 

In applying the charging instrument approach, we follow two steps: (1) we first look "to the 

allegations in the charging instrument to see whether the description of the greater offense contains 

a broad foundation or main outline of the lesser offense"; and (2) if the charging instrument does 

contain a broad foundation of the lesser offense, we "examine the evidence adduced at trial to 

decide whether the evidence rationally supports a conviction on the lesser offense." (Internal 

quotation marks omitted.) Kolton, 219 Ill. 2d at 361. "[A]n offense may be deemed a 
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lesser-included offense even though every element of the lesser offense is not explicitly contained 

in the indictment, as long as the missing element can be reasonably inferred." Id. at 364. We apply

de novo review to this inquiry. Id. at 361.

¶ 27 The aggravated vehicular hijacking statute requires that the State prove that the defendant 

knowingly took a motor vehicle from the person or immediate presence of another by the use or 

threat of imminent force, and that:

"(3) he or she carrie[d] on or about his or her person, or [was] otherwise armed with 

a dangerous weapon, other than a firearm; or

(4) he or she carrie[d] on or about his or her person or [was] otherwise armed with a 

firearm[.]" 720 ILCS 5/18-4(a) (West 2010).

The armed robbery statute requires that the State prove that the defendant knowingly took 

property, other than a vehicle, from the person or presence of another by the use or threat of 

imminent force, and that:

"(1) he or she carrie[d] on or about his or her person, or [was] otherwise armed with 

a dangerous weapon, other than a firearm; or

(2) he or she carrie[d] on or about his or her person or [was] otherwise armed with a 

firearm[.]" 720 ILCS 5/18-2(a) (West 2010).

If the defendant commits aggravated vehicular hijacking or armed robbery with a firearm rather 

than another dangerous weapon, an additional 15 years' incarceration must be added to his or her 

sentence. 720 ILCS 5/18-2(b), 5/18-4(b) (West 2010).

¶ 28 In this case, the State charged defendant with one count of aggravated vehicular hijacking 

with a firearm pursuant to section 18-4(a)(4). 720 ILCS 5/18-4(a)(4) (West 2010). That count 

(count I) alleged that defendant:
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"knowingly took a motor vehicle, to wit: 2009 Dodge, from the person or immediate 

presence of Tyronn [sic] Wise, by the use of force or by threatening the imminent use of 

force, and carried on or about his person, or was otherwise armed with a firearm."

The State also charged defendant with armed robbery with a firearm pursuant to section 

18-2(a)(2). 720 ILCS 5/18-2(a)(2) (West 2010). That count (count II) alleged that defendant:

"knowingly took property, to wit: United States currency and cellular telephone, from the 

person or presence of Tyronn [sic] Wise, by the use of force or by threatening the imminent 

use of force and carried on or about his person or was otherwise armed with a firearm."

The State did not charge defendant with aggravated vehicular hijacking or armed robbery with a 

dangerous weapon other than a firearm pursuant to section 18-2(a)(1) or 18-4(a)(3). 

¶ 29 Defendant asserts that aggravated vehicular hijacking and armed robbery with a dangerous 

weapon other than a firearm were not lesser-included offenses of the above charges because the 

allegation that defendant was armed with a dangerous weapon other than a firearm could not be 

inferred from the charges. Defendant cites People v. Barnett, 2011 IL App (3d) 090721, in support 

of this proposition. In Barnett, the State charged the defendant with armed robbery, alleging that 

he was "armed with a dangerous weapon, a handgun." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 4. 

At the close of defendant's trial, the jury found defendant guilty of armed robbery. Id. ¶ 16. The 

jury also made a special finding that the State had failed to prove that the defendant was armed 

with a firearm. Id.

¶ 30 On appeal, the Barnett court reversed the defendant's conviction for armed robbery under 

section 18-2(a)(2), finding that the jury's special finding amounted to an acquittal. Id. ¶¶ 24, 33-34, 

43. The court rejected the State's request to reduce the defendant's sentence to armed robbery under 

section 18-2(a)(1), finding that armed robbery under section 18-2(a)(1) was not a lesser-included 
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offense of armed robbery under section 18-2(a)(2). Id. ¶¶ 35-38. The court highlighted that "the 

language of the [armed robbery] statute clearly demonstrates that a violation under section 

18-2(a)(1) and one under section 18-2(a)(2) are mutually exclusive of each other." Id. ¶ 38.

Looking to the language of sections 18-2(a)(1) and 18-2(a)(2), the court stated, "If an offender is 

charged with a violation of the armed robbery statute based on using a 'dangerous weapon' of any 

kind, that weapon cannot be a 'firearm.' " Id. ¶ 38.

¶ 31 Similarly, in People v. McBride, 2012 IL App (1st) 100375, ¶ 24, the court found that a 

firearm could not qualify as a "dangerous weapon, other than a firearm" under section 18-4(a)(3). 

(Internal quotation marks omitted.) In McBride, the State charged the defendant with one count of 

aggravated vehicular hijacking pursuant to section 18-4(a)(3), alleging that the defendant was 

"armed with a dangerous weapon, to wit: a handgun." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 4. 

On appeal, the defendant asserted that the State's evidence did not prove that he was armed with a 

dangerous weapon other than a firearm under section 18-4(a)(3) because the State's evidence 

proved that he possessed a firearm. Id. ¶ 15. The McBride court rejected the State's contention that 

a firearm constituted a dangerous weapon other than a firearm under section 18-4(a)(3), as the 

plain language of section 18-4(a)(3) "specifically exclude[d] firearms." Id. ¶¶ 22, 24, 26. 

¶ 32 The Barnett and McBride courts' analyses of the armed robbery and aggravated vehicular 

hijacking statutes are instructive in this case. Here, counts I and II alleged that defendant was 

"armed with a firearm." They did not allege that defendant was armed with any dangerous weapon 

other than a firearm or that defendant used the firearm as a bludgeon or other dangerous weapon. 

As shown by Barnett and McBride, the allegation that defendant was armed with a firearm 

necessarily excluded an allegation that defendant was armed with a dangerous weapon other than a 

firearm. None of the language in the information provides a basis to reasonably infer an allegation 
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that defendant was armed with a dangerous weapon other than a firearm. We thus conclude that, in 

this case, aggravated vehicular hijacking with a dangerous weapon other than a firearm and armed 

robbery with a dangerous weapon other than a firearm were not lesser-included offenses of 

aggravated vehicular hijacking with a firearm and armed robbery with a firearm. 

¶ 33 The State cites People v. Washington, 2012 IL 107993, but that case is inapposite. In 

Washington, an earlier version of the armed robbery statute applied to the defendant. Id. ¶¶ 5-7. 

The earlier version of the statute did not distinguish between firearms and dangerous weapons 

other than firearms; it simply required the State to prove that the defendant was armed with "a 

dangerous weapon." (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Id. ¶ 6. The Illinois Supreme Court held 

that evidence that the defendant carried a firearm was sufficient to prove that the defendant carried 

a dangerous weapon under that version of the armed robbery statute. Id. ¶¶ 35, 41. As discussed 

above, in this case, the statutes applicable to defendant distinguish between firearms and 

dangerous weapons other than firearms. Under the current version of those statutes, a firearm 

cannot constitute a dangerous weapon other than a firearm. McBride, 2012 IL App (1st) 100375, 

¶¶ 22, 24; Barnett, 2011 IL App (3d) 090721, ¶¶ 37-38. Washington, therefore, does not apply in 

this case.

¶ 34 As an allegation that defendant was armed with a dangerous weapon other than a firearm 

cannot be reasonably inferred from the allegation that defendant was armed with a firearm, the 

information did not state a "broad foundation or main outline" of either aggravated vehicular 

hijacking pursuant to section 18-4(a)(3) or armed robbery pursuant to section 18-2(a)(1). Kolton, 

219 Ill. 2d at 361. The trial court erred in convicting defendant of those uncharged offenses. We 

now turn to whether this error constituted plain error.
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¶ 35 C. Plain Error

¶ 36 "The plain-error rule bypasses normal forfeiture principles and allows a reviewing court to 

consider unpreserved claims of error in specific circumstances." People v. Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d 

598, 613 (2010); see Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(a). Plain error occurs in two scenarios: (1) where " 'a clear or 

obvious error occurred and the evidence is so closely balanced that the error alone threatened to tip 

the scales of justice against the defendant, regardless of the seriousness of the error' "; or (2) where 

" 'a clear or obvious error occurred and that error is so serious that it affected the fairness of the 

defendant's trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process, regardless of the closeness of 

the evidence.' " Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 613 (quoting People v. Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d 551, 565 

(2007)). The second prong is at issue in this case.

¶ 37 The State contends that the second prong of plain error only applies to the "limited class of 

errors" identified as "structural error" the United States Supreme Court: "a complete denial of 

counsel; trial before a biased judge; racial discrimination in the selection of a grand jury; denial of 

self-representation at trial; denial of a public trial; and a defective reasonable doubt instruction." 

See Washington v. Recuenco, 548 U.S. 212, 218 n.2 (2006). The State reasons that the second 

prong of plain error does not apply in this case because improperly convicting defendant of 

uncharged offenses does not fall into one of those six categories. The State cites People v. Glasper, 

234 Ill. 2d 173 (2009), in support of its contention.

¶ 38 We disagree that Glasper limited the second prong of plain error to the six categories of 

error listed by the State. In Glasper, the defendant asserted that the trial court's violation of Illinois 

Supreme Court Rule 431(b) (eff. May 1, 1997) was a structural error "not subject to harmless-error

analysis." Glasper, 234 Ill. 2d at 185. After deciding that a Rule 431(b) violation could be 

considered harmless error, the Glasper court subsequently considered whether the prosecutor's 
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statements in closing arguments constituted second-prong plain error and analogized plain error to 

structural error. Id. at 203, 213-14. In conducting that analysis, however, the court did not indicate 

that prosecutorial misconduct could not be plain error because it was not one of the six types of 

structural error identified by the United States Supreme Court. Id. at 213-14. 

¶ 39 Similarly, in Thompson, the Illinois Supreme Court noted that it had "equated the second 

prong of plain-error review with structural error." Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 613 (citing Glasper, 

234 Ill. 2d at 197-98). Yet the Thompson court did not conclude that an error could not be 

second-prong plain error because it was not one of the six identified types of structural error. Id. at 

613-15. Rather, the court concluded that the Rule 431(b) violation at issue was not second-prong 

plain error because it did "not implicate a fundamental right or constitutional protection," and the 

defendant failed to show that the error resulted in an unfair trial. Id. at 614-15.

¶ 40 We decline to read the State's proposed limitation to second-prong plain error into Glasper 

or Thompson. Although those cases equated second-prong plain error to structural error, they did 

not restrict plain error to the six types of structural error that have been recognized by the United 

States Supreme Court. In fact, the Illinois Supreme Court has held that second-prong plain error 

applies to errors other than those six errors. E.g., In re Samantha V., 234 Ill. 2d 359, 378-79 (2009) 

(failure to apply the one-act, one-crime rule constituted plain error under the second prong); 

People v. Walker, 232 Ill. 2d 113, 131 (2009) (failure to exercise discretion in denying a request 

for a continuance constituted second-prong plain error). Thompson did not overrule those cases. 

Although structural error and second-prong plain error may arise in similar circumstances, we do 

not believe that the Illinois Supreme Court intended to strictly limit the application of 

second-prong plain error as the State proposes. We reject the State's contention that second-prong 

plain error applies only to six identified structural errors.
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¶ 41 We now turn to the question of whether the error in this case was " 'so serious that it 

affected the fairness of the defendant's trial and challenged the integrity of the judicial process.' " 

Thompson, 238 Ill. 2d at 613 (quoting Piatkowski, 225 Ill. 2d at 565). Convicting a defendant of an 

uncharged offense that is not a lesser-included offense of a charged offense violates a defendant's 

"fundamental due process right to notice of the charges brought against him." Kolton, 219 Ill. 2d at 

359-60. This court has applied the second prong of plain error where the trial court convicts 

defendant of an uncharged offense that is not a lesser-included offense of a charged offense. 

People v. McDonald, 321 Ill. App. 3d 470, 473-74 (2001). The Illinois Supreme Court has 

similarly held that improperly entering a conviction for a lesser-included offense in violation of the 

one-act, one-crime doctrine constitutes second-prong plain error because it "affects the integrity of 

the judicial process." Samantha V., 234 Ill. 2d at 378-79; see also People v. Artis, 232 Ill. 2d 156, 

168 (2009). 

¶ 42 In this case, the State maintains that it is "disingenuous" for defendant to assert that his 

convictions erode the integrity of the judicial process because the trial court, despite finding that 

defendant was armed with a firearm, "went out of its way *** to conclude that it would 'treat' the 

firearm as a bludgeon" in an "attempt to shield defendant from the mandatory additional 

fifteen-term [sic] of imprisonment." While we recognize that the trial court intended to afford 

defendant "some deference and benefit of the doubt and justice" by acquitting him of the charged 

offenses, defendants' convictions for aggravated vehicular hijacking and armed robbery violated 

his fundamental right to due process. The trial court lacked the authority to convict defendant of 

the uncharged offenses aggravated vehicular hijacking and armed robbery with a dangerous 
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weapon other than a firearm.2 As the Illinois Supreme Court and this court have recognized, 

permitting unauthorized convictions to stand challenges the integrity of the judicial process. We 

conclude that defendant's convictions for aggravated vehicular hijacking and armed robbery 

constitute plain error.

¶ 43 Defendant requests that we reduce his convictions to vehicular hijacking (720 ILCS 5/18-3 

(West 2010)) and robbery (720 ILCS 5/18-1(a) (West 2010)). Illinois Supreme Court "Rule

615(b)(3) provides the appellate court with broad authority to reduce the degree of a defendant's 

conviction, even when the lesser offense is not charged ***." Kennebrew, 2013 IL 113998, ¶ 25; 

see Ill. S. Ct. R. 615(b)(3). This court has held that vehicular hijacking is a lesser-included offense 

of aggravated vehicular hijacking and that robbery is a lesser-included offense of armed robbery. 

People v. Andrews, 364 Ill. App. 3d 253, 282 (2006); People v. Elliott, 299 Ill. App. 3d 766, 778 

(1998). In this case, counts I and II both expressly stated the elements of vehicular hijacking and 

robbery, and the evidence at trial supported convictions for those offenses. 720 ILCS 5/18-3 (West 

2010); 720 ILCS 5/18-1(a) (West 2010). Vehicular hijacking and armed robbery thus constituted

lesser-included offenses of the charged offenses in this case. Kolton, 219 Ill. 2d at 361. We reduce 

defendant's conviction for aggravated vehicular hijacking to vehicular hijacking, reduce his 

conviction for armed robbery to robbery, vacate his sentences for aggravated vehicular hijacking 

and armed robbery, and remand for resentencing on defendant's vehicular hijacking and robbery 

convictions. As we have vacated defendant's sentences for aggravated vehicular hijacking and 

 2 We also note that the State could have avoided this result if it had expressly charged 

defendant with aggravated vehicular hijacking pursuant to section 18-4(a)(3) and armed robbery 

pursuant to section 18-2(a)(1). See Barnett, 2011 IL App (3d) 090721, ¶ 34 ("Had the State elected 

to obtain a two-count indictment in this case, separately alleging a violation of section 18-2(a)(1) 

*** and a *** violation of section 18-2(a)(2) ***, the issues at hand would all but disappear."). 
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armed robbery, we need not address defendant's arguments regarding the length of his sentences or 

the accuracy of his mittimus.

¶ 44 III. CONCLUSION

¶ 45 For the reasons stated, we reduce defendant's conviction for aggravated vehicular hijacking 

to vehicular hijacking, reduce defendant's armed robbery conviction to robbery, vacate defendant's 

sentences for aggravated vehicular hijacking and armed robbery, and remand for resentencing on 

the vehicular hijacking and robbery convictions.

¶ 46 Convictions reduced and sentences vacated. Cause remanded for resentencing.