Illinois Official Reports 

Appellate Court

In re Brandon K., 2017 IL App (2d) 170075

Appellate Court 

Caption

In re BRANDON K., a Minor (The People of the State of Illinois,

Petitioner-Appellee, v. S.K., Respondent-Appellant).—In re

NATHAN K., a Minor (The People of the State of Illinois,

Petitioner-Appellee, v. S.K., Respondent-Appellant).—In re JUSTIN 

K., a Minor (The People of the State of Illinois, Petitioner-Appellee, v. 

S.K., Respondent-Appellant).

District & No. Second District

Docket Nos. 2-17-0075 through 2-17-0077 cons.

Filed July 13, 2017

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Kane County, Nos. 14-JA-93, 

14-JA-94, 14-JA-95; the Hon. William Parkhurst, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed.

Counsel on

Appeal

Ronald L. Haskell, of Law Office of Ronald L. Haskell, of St. Charles, 

for appellant.

Joseph H. McMahon, State’s Attorney, of St. Charles (Patrick 

Delfino, Lawrence M. Bauer, and Stephanie H. Lee, of State’s 

Attorneys Appellate Prosecutor’s Office, of counsel), for the People.
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Panel JUSTICE BURKE delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Justices McLaren and Zenoff concurred in the judgment and opinion.

 OPINION 

¶ 1 Respondent, S.K., appeals from the Kane County circuit court’s order terminating his 

parental rights to his three minor children, Brandon K., Nathan K., and Justin K. In the 

underlying criminal action, a jury found respondent guilty of the first-degree murder of the 

minors’ mother (see 720 ILCS 5/9-1(a)(1) (West 2014)) based on evidence of strangulation. 

Respondent’s direct appeal from the conviction is pending in this court.

¶ 2 The trial court found that the State had shown by clear and convincing evidence that 

respondent was unfit, based on (1) depravity (see 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(i) (West 2014)), (2) 

failure to make reasonable progress toward the return of the minors to him during the 

nine-month period from June 26, 2015, to March 26, 2016 (see 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m)(ii) 

(West 2014)), and (3) failure to make reasonable efforts to correct the conditions that were 

the basis for the removal of the minors from him during the nine-month period from June 26, 

2015, to March 26, 2016 (see 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m)(i) (West 2014)). However, the trial court 

also found that the State did not prove respondent unfit for failing to make reasonable efforts 

from September 25, 2014, to June 25, 2015 (see 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m)(i) (West 2014)). The 

trial court then determined that termination of respondent’s parental rights was in the minors’ 

best interests. Respondent does not contest the best-interests determination but argues that 

the evidence does not support the court’s finding of unfitness. We affirm.

¶ 3 I. BACKGROUND 

¶ 4 A. Adjudication and Disposition 

¶ 5 Brandon was born on September 1, 2004, Nathan was born on April 28, 2007, and Justin 

was born on December 8, 2008. On July 6, 2014, the Department of Children and Family 

Services (DCFS) received a hotline call stating that the minors’ mother was found deceased 

under suspicious circumstances. At the time of their mother’s death, the boys were nine, 

seven, and five years old, respectively. 

¶ 6 At a temporary-custody hearing on July 21, 2014, respondent stipulated that, on July 11, 

2014, he was charged with two counts of first-degree murder for the mother’s death and was 

incarcerated in the Kane County jail on a $1.5 million bond. The court found that probable 

cause and urgent and immediate necessity existed for the removal of the minors. DCFS was 

granted custody, and the minors were placed with their maternal grandfather. 

¶ 7 On September 24, 2014, the trial court adjudicated the minors dependent. See 705 ILCS 

405/2-4(1)(a) (West 2014). On October 27, 2014, respondent was found unfit, unable, and 

unwilling to care for and protect the minors, and the minors were made wards of the court. 

The initial goal was for the minors to return home within 12 months. The minors remained in 

the care of their maternal grandfather. 
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¶ 8 B. Permanency Reviews 

¶ 9 1. November 2014 through January 2015 

¶ 10 On January 20, 2015, the trial court conducted a permanency review. The court heard 

evidence that respondent’s criminal trial was scheduled for that spring. Christina Divito, a 

caseworker from the Youth Service Bureau (YSB), reported that respondent was cooperating 

with DCFS to the extent that he could while in custody. Divito scheduled an appointment that 

week for respondent to sign various consent forms and complete an integrated assessment, 

which was required before services could be offered. The minors remained with their 

maternal grandfather. 

¶ 11 2. February 2015 through June 2015 

¶ 12 At a permanency review on July 7, 2015, the court continued the matter to January 20, 

2016, because of intervening events in respondent’s criminal case. On March 16, 2015, 

respondent had been found guilty of first-degree murder, and on July 31, 2015, respondent 

had been sentenced to 30 years’ imprisonment. On November 6, 2015, respondent filed a 

direct appeal from the murder conviction, which is pending. 

¶ 13 3. July 2015 through March 2016 

¶ 14 On January 20, 2016, Kelly Beinborn, a caseworker assigned to the minors in October 

2015, reported that respondent had completed the integrated assessment in June 2015. 

Domestic violence and mental health services were recommended, but respondent had not 

attempted to follow through with those recommendations. Those services had been 

unavailable in the Kane County jail, but in August 2015, soon after his conviction, 

respondent was transferred to Stateville Correctional Center, where the services were 

available. In January 2016, respondent was transferred to Menard Correctional Center. 

Beinborn reported that she would follow up as to the availability of services there. 

¶ 15 Respondent had submitted letters to the minors, but they were not delivered. The letters 

were deemed to be not therapeutically recommended because respondent had made certain 

promises in the letters that he could not keep, due to his incarceration. The maternal 

grandfather was willing to provide permanency through adoption. 

¶ 16 On February 5, 2016, respondent filed a motion to stay the proceedings during the 

pendency of his criminal appeal. On March 30, 2016, the motion was heard and denied. 

¶ 17 C. Termination of Parental Rights 

¶ 18 On July 16, 2016, the State filed three amended petitions for termination of respondent’s 

parental rights and the power to consent to adoption. Each petition was directed at one of the 

minors and contained identical allegations. Following several hearings, at which the State 

presented evidence regarding respondent’s first-degree murder conviction and whether he 

had made reasonable efforts and progress, the trial court found respondent unfit, based on (1) 

depravity (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(i) (West 2014)), (2) failure to make reasonable progress toward 

the return of the minors to him during the nine-month period from June 26, 2015, to March 

26, 2016 (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m)(ii) (West 2014)), and (3) failure to make reasonable efforts 

to correct the conditions that were the basis for the removal of the minors from him during 
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the nine-month period from June 26, 2015, to March 26, 2016 (750 ILCS 50/1(D)(m)(i) 

(West 2014)). 

¶ 19 The cause proceeded to a best-interests hearing. The court found that it was in the 

minors’ best interests to terminate respondent’s parental rights and entered a judgment doing 

so. This timely appeal followed. 

¶ 20 II. ANALYSIS 

¶ 21 Respondent appeals from the termination of his parental rights. Initially, we admonish 

respondent’s counsel for using the minors’ full names in briefing materials, in violation of 

Illinois Supreme Court Rule 660(c) (eff. Oct. 1, 2001), which provides as follows: 

“In all appeals filed from proceedings under the Juvenile Court Act, the minor(s) shall 

be identified by first name and last initial or by initials only. The preferred method is 

first name and last initial. The alternative method of initials only is to be used when, 

due to an unusual first name or spelling, the preferred method would create a 

substantial risk of revealing a minor’s identity. The name(s) of the involved minor(s) 

shall not appear on any documents filed with the Appellate Court or any subsequent 

court.”

¶ 22 Turning to the merits of the appeal, we emphasize that a parent’s right to raise his or her 

biological child is a fundamental liberty interest and that the involuntary termination of that 

right is a drastic measure. In re Haley D., 2011 IL 110886, ¶ 90. Accordingly, the Juvenile 

Court Act of 1987 provides a two-stage process for the involuntary termination of parental 

rights. 705 ILCS 405/2-29(2) (West 2014). Initially, the petitioner must prove by clear and 

convincing evidence that the parent is unfit. 705 ILCS 405/2-29(2), (4) (West 2014); 750 

ILCS 50/1(D) (West 2014); In re Adoption of Syck, 138 Ill. 2d 255, 277 (1990); In re Antwan 

L., 368 Ill. App. 3d 1119, 1123 (2006). We will reverse the trial court’s finding of unfitness 

only if it is against the manifest weight of the evidence. A determination of unfitness is 

against the manifest weight of the evidence only if the opposite conclusion is clearly evident 

or the determination is unreasonable, arbitrary, or not based on the evidence presented. In re 

Addison R., 2013 IL App (2d) 121318, ¶ 22. 

¶ 23 If the court finds the parent unfit, the petitioner must then show that termination of 

parental rights would serve the child’s best interests. 705 ILCS 405/2-29(2) (West 2014); 

Syck, 138 Ill. 2d at 277; Antwan L., 368 Ill. App. 3d at 1123. As our supreme court has noted, 

at the best-interests phase, “the parent’s interest in maintaining the parent-child relationship 

must yield to the child’s interest in a stable, loving home life.” In re D.T., 212 Ill. 2d 347, 

364 (2004). Respondent does not challenge the trial court’s best-interests determination on 

appeal, so our analysis is limited to the unfitness finding. 

¶ 24 Section 1(D) of the Adoption Act (750 ILCS 50/1(D) (West 2014)) sets forth numerous 

grounds on which a parent may be found unfit, but any one of the grounds, if properly 

proven, is sufficient to enter a finding of unfitness. In re Joshua S., 2012 IL App (2d) 

120197, ¶ 44. The trial court is generally in the best position to assess the credibility of the 

witnesses and, therefore, we will not reassess credibility on appeal. As cases concerning 

parental unfitness are sui generis, unique unto themselves, courts generally do not make 

factual comparisons to other cases. Joshua S., 2012 IL App (2d) 120197, ¶ 44.
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¶ 25 The Adoption Act specifies the following among the grounds for a finding of parental 

unfitness: 

“(i) Depravity. Conviction of any one of the following crimes shall create a 

presumption that a parent is depraved which can be overcome only by clear and 

convincing evidence: (1) first degree murder in violation of paragraph 1 or 2 of 

subsection (a) of Section 9-1 of the Criminal Code of 1961 or the Criminal Code of 

2012 [(Criminal Code) (720 ILCS 5/1-1 et seq. (West 2014))] or conviction of second 

degree murder in violation of subsection (a) of Section 9-2 of the Criminal Code *** 

of a parent of the child to be adopted ***. 

 ***

 There is a rebuttable presumption that a parent is depraved if that parent has been 

criminally convicted of either first or second degree murder of any person as defined 

in the Criminal Code *** within 10 years of the filing date of the petition or motion 

to terminate parental rights.” 750 ILCS 50/1(D)(i) (West 2014).

¶ 26 Respondent challenges the finding of depravity on two grounds. First, he asserts that the 

statutory presumption in section 1(D)(i) of the Adoption Act should not apply unless and 

until all avenues of appeal have been exhausted. Second, he asserts that the State must show 

that the parent committed more than one offense or that the offense committed was based 

upon “heinous circumstances or brutal, wanton cruelty.” Respondent points out that he was 

convicted of only one offense and downplays the heinousness of a murder involving “death 

by asphyxiation.” We agree with the State that respondent’s arguments are flawed in that 

they disregard the unambiguous language of section 1(D)(i) while relying entirely on certain 

Illinois cases that predate the statutory presumption and on case law from other states. 

¶ 27 Although the ultimate finding of unfitness is subject to review under the 

manifest-weight-of-the-evidence standard, the parties agree that respondent’s arguments raise 

primarily a question of statutory interpretation, which we review de novo. See In re Donald 

A.G., 221 Ill. 2d 234, 246 (2006). The primary objective of statutory interpretation is to give 

effect to the intent of the legislature, and the most reliable indicator of legislative intent is the 

language of the statute given its plain, ordinary, and popularly understood meaning. Gardner 

v. Mullins, 234 Ill. 2d 503, 511 (2009). The statute “ ‘should be read as a whole with all 

relevant parts considered.’ ” Gardner, 234 Ill. 2d at 511 (quoting Kraft, Inc. v. Edgar, 138 Ill. 

2d 178, 189 (1990)). If the statutory language is clear, a reviewing court need not resort to 

extrinsic aids of construction, such as legislative history. Northern Kane Educational Corp. 

v. Cambridge Lakes Education Ass’n, 394 Ill. App. 3d 755, 758 (2009). In such a situation, a 

court may not depart from the plain language of the statute and read into it exceptions, 

limitations, or conditions that are inconsistent with the express legislative intent. Landheer v. 

Landheer, 383 Ill. App. 3d 317, 321 (2008). Nonetheless, when reviewing a statute, we also 

consider the subject it addresses and the legislature’s apparent objective in enacting it, while 

presuming that the legislature did not intend to create absurd, inconvenient, or unjust results. 

Fisher v. Waldrop, 221 Ill. 2d 102, 112 (2006). 

¶ 28 Section 1(D)(i) of the Adoption Act provides that a “conviction” of first-degree murder 

under section 9-1(a)(1) of the Criminal Code creates a presumption that a parent is depraved 

and that the presumption can be overcome only by clear and convincing evidence. 750 ILCS 

50/1(D)(i) (West 2014). Section 2-5 of the Criminal Code provides that “ ‘[c]onviction’ 

means a judgment of conviction or sentence entered upon a plea of guilty or upon a verdict or 
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finding of guilty of an offense, rendered by a legally constituted jury or by a court of 

competent jurisdiction authorized to try the case without a jury.” 720 ILCS 5/2-5 (West 

2014). Respondent does not contest the authority of the trial court in the criminal case to 

enter judgment on the jury’s verdict that he committed the first-degree murder of the minors’ 

mother under section 9-1(a)(1) of the Criminal Code. The plain and ordinary meanings of 

section 2-5 of the Criminal Code and section 1(D)(i) of the Adoption Act demonstrate that 

the judgment in the criminal case qualifies as a “conviction” to create a presumption of 

depravity under section 1(D)(i). 

¶ 29 Respondent objects to the trial court’s “literal reading” of section 1(D)(i), but in fact he 

attempts to read into the statute a condition that the legislature never intended. See Board of 

Education of Woodland Community Consolidated School District 50 v. Illinois State Charter 

School Comm’n, 2016 IL App (1st) 151372, ¶ 38 (“a court may not depart from the plain 

language of a statute by reading into it exceptions, limitations, or conditions that the 

legislature did not express”). He asserts that his murder conviction would be a ground for the 

statutory presumption only upon “the exhaustion of all state court avenues of appeal 

consistent with decades of case law.”

¶ 30 Our supreme court has rejected the related notion that an unfitness determination may be 

postponed while the underlying criminal conduct is under appellate review. The court held, 

“the Adoption Act does not call for courts to reserve ruling on findings of unfitness which are 

related to criminal matters until the appellate process in the underlying cause has been 

exhausted.” Donald A.G., 221 Ill. 2d at 254. “Regardless of how painful it may be to a 

parent, regardless of whether the parent is likely to prevail on appeal, if he is convicted of 

murdering the children’s other parent, then he is unfit and his parental rights are to be 

terminated immediately, unless he can overcome the presumption of unfitness by clear and 

convincing evidence.” In re C.M.J., 278 Ill. App. 3d 885, 892 (1996). 

¶ 31 Disregarding the long-standing statutory presumption of depravity, respondent argues 

that the State was required to show that he has “an inherent deficiency of moral sense and 

rectitude” with evidence of “repetitious acts of sufficient duration to establish a deficiency in 

a moral sense and either an inability or an unwillingness to conform to accepted moral 

standards.” He concludes that the State failed to meet this standard because “one criminal 

conviction is not sufficient to establish unfitness based on depravity” and the State did not 

show that his murder conviction was accompanied by a finding of brutal and heinous 

conduct. 

¶ 32 In support, respondent cites Stalder v. Stone, 412 Ill. 488 (1952), Young v. Prather, 120 

Ill. App. 2d 395 (1970), In re Sanders, 77 Ill. App. 3d 78 (1979), In re S.H., 284 Ill. App. 3d 

392 (1996), and other cases, but neither those Illinois cases nor those he cites from other 

jurisdictions addressed the current version of section 1(D)(i) of the Adoption Act, which 

applies to respondent. Respondent takes superficially favorable language from those cases 

out of context, implies that the conduct in those cases makes his murder conviction appear 

less abhorrent by comparison, and incorrectly concludes that the finding of depravity must be 

reversed. See Joshua S., 2012 IL App (2d) 120197, ¶ 44 (courts generally do not make 

factual comparisons to other cases concerning parental unfitness). 

¶ 33 Respondent cites no authority to refute the trial court’s conclusion that the judgment in 

the criminal case qualifies as a “conviction” to create a presumption of depravity under 

section 1(D)(i) of the Adoption Act. Adopting respondent’s position would contravene the 
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supreme court’s definitive pronouncement that a court should not reserve ruling on a finding 

of unfitness that is related to a criminal matter until the appellate process in the underlying 

cause has been exhausted. Donald A.G., 221 Ill. 2d at 254. 

¶ 34 Respondent disagrees with the presumption itself. He does not argue that he rebutted the 

presumption by clear and convincing evidence presented at the unfitness hearing. We 

conclude that the trial court’s unfitness finding based on depravity is not against the manifest 

weight of the evidence. 

¶ 35 Our determination that the finding of unfitness based on depravity is not against the 

manifest weight of the evidence obviates the need to consider the other bases for finding 

unfitness. See Joshua S., 2012 IL App (2d) 120197, ¶ 44 (any one ground, if properly 

proven, is sufficient to enter a finding of unfitness). 

¶ 36 III. CONCLUSION 

¶ 37 We conclude that the finding of unfitness based on depravity is not against the manifest 

weight of the evidence. Therefore, we affirm the judgment of the circuit court terminating 

respondent’s parental rights.

¶ 38 Affirmed.