*

After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined

unanimously that oral argument would not materially assist in the determination

of this appeal. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is

therefore ordered submitted without oral argument.

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

November 30, 2010

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

PUBLISH

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff - Appellee,

v. No. 10-1199

RUMALDO ALVAREZ-BERNABE,

a/k/a PRUDENCIO AGUILARLOPEZ,

Defendant - Appellant.

APPEAL FROM THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLORADO

(D.C. NO. 1:09-CR-00506-WYD-1)

Submitted on the briefs:*

John F. Walsh, United States Attorney, and John M. Canedy, Special Assistant

United States Attorney, Denver, Colorado, for Plaintiff - Appellee.

Raymond P. Moore, Federal Public Defender, and John T. Carlson, Assistant

Federal Public Defender, Denver, Colorado, for Defendant - Appellant.

Before ANDERSON, BALDOCK, and BRORBY, Circuit Judges.
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ANDERSON, Circuit Judge.

Defendant and appellant Rumaldo Alvarez-Bernabe (hereinafter referred to

as “Mr. Alvarez”) pled guilty to one count of reentering the United States

illegally, after having been deported previously following an aggravated felony

conviction, in violation of 8 U.S.C. § 1326(a), (b)(2). He received a sentence of

57 months’ imprisonment, followed by three years of supervised release. Arguing

that the sentence is substantively unreasonable, Mr. Alvarez appeals his sentence,

which we affirm.

BACKGROUND

Mr. Alvarez, a citizen of Mexico, was found on October 19, 2009, in the

Montrose County Jail, in Montrose, Colorado. He was being held on state

criminal charges. Agents from the United States Department of Homeland

Security/Immigration and Customs Enforcement (“ICE”) interviewed Mr. Alvarez

and determined that he was a citizen of Mexico, and that he had been deported

previously and had subsequently returned illegally to the United States. As it

turned out, Mr. Alvarez had been deported twice previously, the most recent

occasion on October 4, 2005, and had then reentered the country illegally

following those deportations. Prior to the most recent deportation, Mr. Alvarez

had been convicted (in October 2002) of the felony offense of possession of a
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controlled substance with intent to distribute it. For that conviction, he was

sentenced to four years in the Colorado Department of Corrections. That

conviction constitutes an aggravated felony under 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43).

Mr. Alvarez pled guilty pursuant to a plea agreement. During the change of

plea hearing, he was informed that, statutorily, he could be sentenced to prison

for up to twenty years.

In preparation for calculating an advisory sentencing range under the

United States Sentencing Commission Guidelines Manual (“USSG”), the United

States Probation Office prepared a presentencing agreement (“PSR”). The PSR

correctly calculated that the base offense level for Mr. Alvarez’s crime was eight. 

That offense level was increased by sixteen levels, in accordance with USSG

§ 2L1.2(B)(1)(A)(i), because his most recent reentry followed a prior deportation

after being convicted of a felony drug trafficking offense for which the sentence

imposed exceeded thirteen months. The PSR also noted that Mr. Alvarez had

pled guilty and been sentenced on two prior occasions (August 31, 1999, and

March 27, 2001) for driving while impaired. Additionally, he had pled guilty and

been sentenced in November 2009 for misdemeanor harassment.

Mr. Alvarez’s total offense level was calculated to be twenty-one (eight

plus sixteen, minus three for acceptance of responsibility) and his criminal history
1

Mr. Alvarez garnered eight criminal history points.

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category was IV.1 That combination yielded an advisory guidelines range of

fifty-seven to seventy-one months.

Neither party submitted objections to the PSR, although Mr. Alvarez filed a

pleading entitled “Defendant’s Sentencing Memorandum in Support of Statutory

Sentencing.” In this pleading, he requested that the district court impose a “nonGuideline” sentence of thirty-six months. Among his arguments in support of his

request for statutory sentencing, Mr. Alvarez argued that the sixteen-level

enhancement applied pursuant to USSG § 2L1.2(B)(1)(A)(i) (because he had been

convicted of the felony drug trafficking sentence and received a sentence in

excess of thirteen months) was “unwarranted [and] unreasonable.” Def.’s

Sentencing Mem. at 2, R. Vol. 1 at 44. He also requested a downward departure

on the ground that his criminal history category of IV overstated his criminality. 

Accordingly, Mr. Alvarez sought a thirty-six month sentence, claiming that such a

sentence was sufficient but not greater than necessary, would reflect the

seriousness of the offense, would promote respect for the law, and would

sufficiently deter him and others from returning to the United States.

In response to these arguments made by Mr. Alvarez, the probation office

filed an addendum to the PSR. It argued that the criminal history category of IV

was proper and did not over-represent the seriousness of Mr. Alvarez’s criminal

history. With respect to the sixteen-level enhancement, the addendum simply
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stated, “There is no argument that the 16-level increase was applied incorrectly,

and it is for the Court to decide if this enhancement is unjustified.” Add. at S-1,

Supplemental R. Vol. 1 at 22.

At the sentencing hearing held on April 30, 2010, the district court asked

counsel from both sides if they had any objections to the PSR, “including the

advisory guideline calculation and the sentencing recommendation.” Sentencing

Hr’g at 2, R. Vol. 2 at 24. Government counsel responded in the negative, and

Mr. Alvarez’s counsel stated, “[they] do not object to the calculation, but we do

disagree with the recommendation.” Id. at 3.

The district court also noted that Mr. Alvarez has a “significant criminal

record,” id., which placed him in criminal category IV. When that was combined

with Mr. Alvarez’s “two prior deportations which result in [Mr. Alvarez’s]

[entering and] returning . . . [a total of] three times to the country illegally,” the

court asked why a sentence other than a sentence within the advisory guideline

range was appropriate. Id.

Defense counsel acknowledged Mr. Alvarez’s significant criminal history,

but argued that his felony drug trafficking offense was the “primary contributor to

inflating his guideline range in several ways, to the extent that it is counted in

several ways.” Id. at 6. Thus, he sought a variance from the advisory guideline

range on the ground that the sixteen-level enhancement under USSG

§ 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i) was unwarranted and unreasonable.
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Additionally, Mr. Alvarez argued that the 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) sentencing

factors, especially deterrence, supported a variance. He also argued that since he

had received a four-year sentence for his prior felony, it seemed inappropriate to

receive a longer sentence for his reentry, and that a sentence of thirty-six months,

rather that fifty-seven, would be adequate.

When the prosecutor addressed the court, he reminded the district court of

Mr. Alvarez’s two prior deportations and noted that Mr. Alvarez’s prior state

felony was very serious. The government attorney also reminded the court of

Mr. Alvarez’s three other criminal convictions (two driving while impaired and

one harassment conviction).

The court then spoke, observing that “the defendant has had regular contact

with the criminal justice system, as evidenced by his arrests in1997, 1999, 2001,

2002 and 2009, all of which resulted in convictions.” Tr. of Sentencing Hr’g at

10, R. Vol. 2 at 32. With respect to his argument concerning the sixteen-level

enhancement, the court characterized Mr. Alvarez’s argument as an argument that

“the application of the 16-level enhancement works some sort of injustice on the

defendant.” Id. at 9.

The court subsequently denied Mr. Alvarez’s motion for a statutory

sentence, stating “there really is no case law in this circuit that supports that

argument.” Id. It then sentenced him at the bottom of the guideline range, after

also concluding that criminal category IV did not substantially over-represent the
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seriousness of his criminal history. Mr. Alvarez argues that his fifty-seven-month

sentence is unreasonably high.

DISCUSSION

We review a criminal defendant’s sentence for reasonableness, deferring to

the district court under the “familiar abuse-of-discretion standard of review.” 

Gall v. United States, 552 U.S. 38, 46 (2007). “A district court abuses its

discretion ‘when it renders a judgment that is arbitrary, capricious, whimsical, or

manifestly unreasonable.’” United States v. Beltran, 571 F.3d 1013, 1018 (10th

Cir. 2009) (quoting United States v. Haley, 529 F.3d 1308, 1311 (10th Cir.), cert.

denied, 129 S. Ct. 428 (2008)). Reasonableness review has a procedural and a

substantive component. United States v. Alapizco-Valenzuela, 546 F.3d 1208,

1214 (10th Cir. 2008). “We may not examine the weight a district court assigns

to various [28 U.S.C.] § 3553(a) factors, and its ultimate assessment of the

balance between them, as a legal conclusion to be reviewed de novo. Instead, we

must ‘give due deference to the district court’s decision that the § 3553(a)factors,

on a whole, justify the [sentence imposed].” United States v. Smart, 518 F.3d

800, 808 (10th Cir. 2008) (quoting Gall, 552 U.S. at 51)). A sentence imposed

within the properly calculated advisory guideline range is entitled to a rebuttable

presumption of reasonableness. United States v. Chavez-Suarez, 597 F.3d 1137, 

1139-40 (10th Cir.), cert. denied, 2010 WL 2771443 (U.S. Oct. 4, 2010). 
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Mr. Alvarez explicitly only challenges the substantive reasonableness of his

sentence.

Mr. Alvarez concedes that his sentence was not “arbitrary, capricious or

whimsical.” He argues, instead, that his sentence is “manifestly unreasonable.” 

More specifically, Mr. Alvarez claims that “it was the [sixteen-level]

enhancement [under USSG § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i)], not Alvarez’s offense-related

conduct, that dictated his sentence. Such a scheme is not [a] substantively

reasonable scheme.” Appellant’s Br. at 8. Indeed, he makes a broad challenge to

the sixteen-level enhancement, asserting that there are “endemic problems with

USSG § 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i),” Appellant’s Br. at 8, and that “nearly any sentence

that relies on [that] guideline is manifestly unreasonable.” Id. at 9.

Mr. Alvarez identifies “two primary shortcomings with

§ 2L1.2(b)(1)(A)(i)”: (1) the enhancement lacks “an articulated justification” and

(2) the enhancement “creates unwarranted sentencing disparities.” Id. at 9-10, 16. 

We address each of his arguments in turn.

I. Lack of Articulated Justification

Mr. Alvarez explains the history and development of the sixteen-level

enhancement and argues that the “Sentencing Commission has never explained

why the 16-level enhancement exists nor how potential justifications—like

concerns about recidivism—account for its design.” Id. at 10. Mr. Alvarez
2

United States v. Booker, 543 U.S. 220 (2005).

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further argues that this lack of an explanation causes the “practical problem” in

that “district courts cannot evaluate whether applying the enhancement effectively

serves its intended purpose in a given case,” and renders them “unable to

meaningfully exercise their post-Booker2

 discretion, since they cannot discern the

extent to which the enhancement executes or furthers the factors contained at 18

U.S.C. § 3553.” Id. at 14-15.

In response, as the government argues, the Sentencing Commission was

merely following Congressional policy to impose more severe statutory penalties

on previously deported aliens with a criminal record, who illegally return to the

United States. Thus, Mr. Alvarez’s arguments really should be directed at

Congress, not the Sentencing Commission.

Moreover, a number of courts have explicitly rejected this same argument.

See United States v. Moreno-Padilla, 602 F.3d 802, 814 (7th Cir. 2010) (“[A]

district court is not required to ‘delve into the history of a guideline so that [it]

can satisfy [it]self that the process that produced it was adequate to produce a

good guideline.”) (quoting United States v. Aguilar-Huerta, 576 F.3d 365, 368

(7th Cir. 2009)), petition for cert. filed (June 25, 2010, No. 10-5128); United

States v. Lopez-Reyes, 589 F.3d 667, 671 (3d Cir. 2009) (“[A] district court is not

required to engage in ‘independent analysis’ of the empirical justifications and

deliberative undertakings that led to a particular Guideline.”), cert. denied, 130 S.
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Ct. 2362 (2010) (quoted with approval in United States v. Irazoqui-Leyva, 2010

WL 4055666, *2 (10th Cir. Oct. 18, 2010) (unpublished); United States v.

Mondragon-Santiago, 564 F.3d 357, 367 (5th Cir. 2009) (“In appropriate cases,

district courts certainly may disagree with the Guidelines for policy reasons and

may adjust a sentence accordingly. But if they do not, we will not second-guess

their decisions under a more lenient standard simply because the particular

Guideline is not empirically-based.”) (quoted with approval in Irazoqui-Leyva,

2010 WL 4055666, at *2); see also United States v. Flores-Escobar, 2010 WL

3910163, *2 (10th Cir. Oct. 6, 2010) (unpublished) (“To the extent that

[defendant] argues that the § 2L1.2(b)(1)(B) enhancement is simply too punitive,

such an argument is unpersuasive.”); United States v. Ruiz-Terrazas, 477 F.3d

1196, 1204 (10th Cir. 2007) (“[W]e have routinely upheld as reasonable the use

of prior convictions to calculate both the criminal history category and a sentence

enhancement, where . . . the Guidelines authorize it.”).

We agree with those statements and reject Mr. Alvarez’s argument that the

enhancement is invalid because it lacks a specific explanation and justification by

the Sentencing Commission. See United States v. Lewis, 2010 WL 4262020, *6

(10th Cir. Oct. 29, 2010) (“[T]he district court has no obligation to duplicate the

efforts of the Sentencing Commission or Congress and decide what guidelines

policy it would impose if it were the sole decision-maker.”).
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II. Enhancement Creates Unwarranted Disparities

The second “problem” Mr. Alvarez identifies in the use of the sixteen-level

enhancement is that it creates unwarranted disparities in three ways: (1) it makes

no distinction based on the length of the prior sentence, as long as it exceeds

thirteen months; (2) it makes no distinction based on the type or quantity of the

drug involved in the earlier trafficking conviction; and (3) it makes no distinction

based on the defendant’s role in the prior offense.

As the government points out, these arguments would not, in fact, affect

Mr. Alvarez’s sentence, since he received a four-year sentence for his prior

conviction (i.e., not the minimum thirteen-month sentence), the drug involved in

his prior conviction was methamphetamine, an indisputably dangerous drug, and

his prior conviction followed a search of his residence in which drugs were found

(as well as on his person and in his car).

Moreover, we do not necessarily conclude that a conviction for marijuana

possession, for example, is necessarily and in all cases a less severe crime than

possession of another drug. And the thirteen-month minimum sentence required

for the prior aggravated felony ensures that the crime was serious and significant,

no matter what the actual sentence. We accordingly reject Mr. Alvarez’s

argument that the enhancement creates unwarranted disparities.
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III. Substantive Reasonableness of Sentence

There is no other basis upon which Mr. Alvarez may successfully challenge

the reasonableness of his sentence. When evaluating the substantive

reasonableness of a sentence, we “afford substantial deference to [the] district

court[],” and determine “whether the length of the sentence is reasonable given all

the circumstances of the case in light of the factors set forth in 18 U.S.C.

§ 3553(a).” United States v. Martinez, 610 F.3d 1216, 1227 (10th Cir.) (further

quotation omitted), cert. denied, 2010 WL 3780225 (U.S. Nov. 1, 2010, No.

10-6721).

In imposing Mr. Alvarez’s sentence at the bottom of the guideline range,

the district court considered the fact that Mr. Alvarez had already been deported

twice to Mexico, and returned illegally after each deportation. See ChavezSuarez, 597 F.3d at 1139 (noting with approval the district court’s consideration

of “[d]efendant’s past illegal reentries”). “Absent any contrary indication in the

record, [we] . . . presume that a district court properly considered the pertinent

statutory factors.” United States v. Rose, 185 F.3d 1108, 1111 (10th Cir. 1999). 

There is no basis for concluding that the experienced district court judge did not

consider all the 3553(a) factors.

Further, as indicated above, since the sentence imposed was within the

applicable guideline range, it is presumptively reasonable on appeal. See United

States v. Mumma, 509 F.3d 1239, 1243 (10th Cir. 2007). While that presumption
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is rebuttable, Mr. Alvarez has failed to convince us that the presumption should

be discarded.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the sentence imposed in this case.