IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 21-0611

Filed May 11, 2022

FORD MOTOR CREDIT COMPANY, LLC,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

vs.

JANA R. BLEEKER,

Defendant-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Bremer County, DeDra Schroeder, 

Judge.

A creditor appeals the district court’s denial of relief in a deficiency judgment 

action against a debtor. AFFIRMED. 

Kevin V. Abbott and Emily X. Douglas of Abbott Osborn Jacobs PLC, West 

Des Moines, for appellant.

Gary J. Boveia of Boveia Law Firm, Waverly, for appellee.

Considered by May, P.J., and Schumacher and Badding, JJ.
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MAY, Presiding Judge.

A creditor repossessed a car and then sold it for less than what the debtor 

owed. Then the creditor brought this action for a deficiency judgment.1 Following 

a bench trial, the district court dismissed the creditor’s claims because the creditor 

failed to prove that it notified the debtor before selling the car. We affirm. 

I. Background Facts & Proceedings

In 2014, Jana Bleeker bought a new Ford Focus. She financed her 

purchase through Ford Motor Credit Company (Ford).

Over the course of the loan, Bleeker missed some of the payments. When 

this happened, Ford mailed Bleeker documents titled “notice of default and right to 

cure.” On the first two occasions, Bleeker called Ford and cured the deficiency. 

However, on the third late payment, Ford accelerated one year of payments. This

meant Bleeker had to pay nearly $5800 right away. Bleeker couldn’t make that 

payment. So Bleeker turned the car over to Ford. 

A few months later, Bleeker received a letter stating Ford had already sold 

the car for $2800 at a private auction. Bleeker claims she received no 

communication from Ford between the repossession and the post-sale letter. On 

the other hand, Ford claims it mailed a “notice of our plan to sell property” (presale notice) to Bleeker’s address prior to the auction. At any rate, Ford brought 

this action to recover the remaining $12,540.21 due on the loan. 

 

1 A deficiency judgment is “[a] judgment against a debtor for the unpaid balance of 

the debt if a foreclosure sale or a sale of repossessed personal property fails to 

yield the full amount of the debt due.” Judgment, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 

2019).
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At trial, a representative from Ford testified that some documents, such as 

the pre-sale notice, are typically mailed by an automated system. While Ford’s

representative testified he was “very confident” that Ford’s automated systems 

sent a pre-sale notice to Bleeker, he conceded that he was not personally involved 

in sending it and could not confirm with certainty that it had been sent. Bleeker 

testified she never received the pre-sale notice. If she had received it, Bleeker 

testified, she would have called Ford “and found out more information on the 

procedures and steps to protect myself.” 

Following trial, the district court issued an order denying Ford’s petition. The 

court expressly found Bleeker’s “testimony was credible.” And the court 

highlighted limitations in the Ford representative’s testimony, particularly his 

inability to provide details about “where the notice would have originated from, how 

it was generated specifically, if postage was attached, and how the same was 

actually mailed.” Ultimately, the court concluded, Ford had failed to meet its 

burden of showing it provided the pre-sale notice to Bleeker. So the court found

Ford was barred from recovering a deficiency judgment. Ford appealed. 

II. Standard of Review

Our review is for correction of errors at law and for findings of fact not 

supported by substantial evidence. Pippen v. State, 854 N.W.2d 1, 8 (Iowa 2014). 

“[W]hen the trial court following a bench trial has denied recovery because a party 

failed to sustain its burden of proof on an issue, we will not interfere with the trial 

court’s judgment unless we find the party has carried its burden as a matter of law.” 

Falczynski v. Amoco Oil Co., 533 N.W.2d 226, 230 (Iowa 1995). “We will conclude 

a party has carried such a burden only when the evidence is so overwhelming that 
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only one reasonable inference on each critical fact issue can be drawn.” Schmitz 

v. Crotty, 528 N.W.2d 112, 115 (Iowa 1995). 

III. Discussion

Ford advances two arguments on appeal. First, it argues the district court 

incorrectly concluded Ford failed to meet its burden. Second, Ford argues that it 

should still be entitled to recover a deficiency even if it failed to notify Bleeker. We 

address each argument in turn. 

A. Ford’s Burden

Ford acknowledges that it bore the burden of proving that it gave Bleeker

timely notice of Ford’s planned sale of the Focus.

2

 See Iowa Code § 554.9611(2) 

(“[A] secured party that disposes of collateral under section 554.9610 shall send 

to [the debtor] a reasonable authenticated notification of disposition.”); cf. 

Montgomery Ward, Inc. v. Davis, 398 N.W.2d 869, 870 (Iowa 1987) (holding the 

creditor bears the burden to prove that it gave the notice required by Iowa Code 

section 537.5110). While direct evidence of mailing can prove notice, our supreme 

court has also held that notice may be established through testimony describing 

office customs or computerized systems through which businesses provide notices 

in the ordinary course of business. See Montgomery Ward, 398 N.W.2d at 872;

Pub. Fin. Co. v. Van Blaricome, 324 N.W.2d 716, 721 (Iowa 1982). Ford appears 

to argue that, considering the Ford representative’s testimony describing

computerized mailings, we must reverse the district court. 

 

2

In its brief, Ford cites Iowa Code section 554.9601 (2020) for the proposition that, 

“[t]o be successful on its claim for the deficient balance owed, Iowa law required” 

Ford “to show it sent” the required notice. We need not decide whether this is a 

correct interpretation of section 554.9601.
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We disagree. To overturn the district court’s finding and prevail on appeal, 

Ford must show that the only reasonable conclusion from the evidence is that Ford 

in fact provided notice to Bleeker. See Falczynski, 533 N.W.2d at 230. Ford 

cannot make that showing here. For one thing, Bleeker testified that—although 

she’d received other correspondence from Ford—she didn’t receive the pre-sale 

notice. And the district court found Bleeker credible. Moreover, Ford did not 

produce a witness who could testify from first-hand knowledge that a pre-sale 

notice was actually sent to Bleeker. And even if that testimony had been provided, 

a judge in a bench trial is generally entitled to “believe all, part or none of any 

witnesses’ testimony.” See Iowa Civ. Jury Instructions 100.9. In any event, the 

district court was not obligated to accept the actual testimony of the Ford 

representative, who was “very confident” that Ford’s automated systems sent the 

notice but could not provide details about how it was sent, e.g., whether it was 

mailed from Colorado Springs, Colorado, or Mesa, Arizona. So the court was not 

obligated to find Ford met its burden of proving the pre-sale notice was actually 

sent.3

B. Ford’s Recovery

Ford also argues that—even if it failed to notify Bleeker—it should still be 

permitted to recover a deficiency. Yet Ford did not raise this alternative argument 

 

3

In its reply brief, Ford argues that, in a summary judgment ruling, the district court 

found notice had been given to Bleeker. Ford argues that that summary judgment 

finding “should have remained in effect at trial.” 

We doubt that Ford preserved error on this argument. In any event, we 

generally “will not consider issues raised for the first time in a reply brief.” Villa

Magana v. State, 908 N.W.2d 255, 260 (Iowa 2018). While there are exceptions, 

see id., Ford does not identify one. So we decline to consider this argument.
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before the district court. So the district court made no ruling on it. And we are a 

court of error correction. Iowa Code § 602.5103(1). “[W]ithout any ruling from the 

district court on” Ford’s alternative recovery claim, “there is nothing for us to correct 

or consider.” See State v. Groat, No. 19-1809, 2021 WL 1016593, at *4 (Iowa Ct. 

App. Mar. 17, 2021). So we decline to address Ford’s alternative argument. 

IV. Conclusion

Because the district court did not err by finding Ford failed to satisfy its 

burden, we affirm. 

AFFIRMED.