# Patent

## Title
Form-I crystal of 2-{4-[N-(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)-N-isopropylamino]butyloxy}-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide and method for producing the same

## Abstract

A main object of the present invention is to provide a novel crystal of 2-{4-[N-(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)-N-isopropylamino]butyloxy}-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide (hereinafter referred to as “compound A”). A Form-I crystal of compound A shows diffraction peaks at 9.4 degrees, 9.8 degrees, 17.2 degrees and 19.4 degrees in the powder X-ray diffraction spectrum thereof. A Form-II crystal of compound A shows diffraction peaks at 9.0 degrees, 12.9 degrees, 20.7 degrees and 22.6 degrees in the powder X-ray diffraction spectrum thereof. A Form-III crystal of compound A shows diffraction peaks at 9.3 degrees, 9.7 degrees, 16.8 degrees, 20.6 degrees and 23.5 degrees in the powder X-ray diffraction spectrum thereof.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This patent application is a U.S. national stage application under 35 U.S.C. §371 of International Patent Application No. PCT/JP2010/060798 filed on Jun. 25, 2010, which claims the benefit of foreign priority to Japanese Patent Application No. UP 2009-151727 filed on Jun. 26, 2009, Japanese Patent Application No. JP 2009-151728 filed on Jun. 26, 2009, and Japanese Patent Application No. JP 2009-151729 filed on Jun. 26, 2009, the disclosures of all of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties. The International Application was published in Japanese on Dec. 29, 2010, as International Publication No. WO 2010/150865 A1 under PCT Article 21(2).
FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a crystal of 2-{4-[N-(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)-N-isopropylamino]butyloxy}-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide (hereinafter referred to as “compound A”).




BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Compound A has an excellent PGI2 agonistic effect and shows a platelet aggregation inhibitory effect, a vasodilative effect, a bronchodilative effect, a lipid deposition inhibitory effect, a leukocyte activation inhibitory effect, etc. (see, for example, in WO 2002/088084 (“WO '084”)).
Specifically, compound A is useful as preventive or therapeutic agents for transient ischemic attack (TIA), diabetic neuropathy, diabetic gangrene, peripheral circulatory disturbance (e.g., chronic arterial occlusion, intermittent claudication, peripheral embolism, vibration syndrome, Raynaud's disease), connective tissue disease (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, vasculitic syndrome), reocclusion/restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), arteriosclerosis, thrombosis (e.g., acute-phase cerebral thrombosis, pulmonary embolism), hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischemic disorder (e.g., cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction), angina (e.g., stable angina, unstable angina), glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, chronic renal failure, allergy, bronchial asthma, ulcer, pressure ulcer (bedsore), restenosis after coronary intervention such as atherectomy and stent implantation, thrombocytopenia by dialysis, the diseases in which fibrosis of organs or tissues is involved [e.g., Renal diseases (e.g., tuburointerstitial nephritis), respiratory diseases (e.g., interstitial pneumonia (pulmonary fibrosis), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), digestive diseases (e.g., hepatocirrhosis, viral hepatitis, chronic pancreatitis and scirrhous stomachic cancer), cardiovascular diseases (e.g, myocardial fibrosis), bone and articular diseases (e.g, bone marrow fibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis), skin diseases (e.g, cicatrix after operation, scalded cicatrix, keloid, and hypertrophic cicatrix), obstetric diseases (e.g., hysteromyoma), urinary diseases (e.g., prostatic hypertrophy), other diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, sclerosing peritonitis; type I diabetes and organ adhesion after operation)], erectile dysfunction (e.g., diabetic erectile dysfunction, psychogenic erectile dysfunction, psychotic erectile dysfunction, erectile dysfunction associated with chronic renal failure, erectile dysfunction after intrapelvic operation for removing prostata, and vascular erectile dysfunction associated with aging and arteriosclerosis), inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, intestinal tuberculosis, ischemic colitis and intestinal ulcer associated with Behcet disease), gastritis, gastric ulcer, ischemic ophthalmopathy (e.g., retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, ischemic optic neuropathy), sudden hearing loss, avascular necrosis of bone, intestinal damage caused by administration of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (e.g., diclofenac, meloxicam, oxaprozin, nabumetone, indomethacin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, celecoxib) (there is no particular limitation for the intestinal damage so far as it is damage appearing in duodenum, small intestine and large intestine and examples thereof include mucosal damage such as erosion and ulcer generated in duodenum, small intestine and large intestine), and symptoms associated with lumbar spinal canal stenosis (e.g., paralysis, dullness in sensory perception, pain, numbness, lowering in walking ability, etc. associated with cervical spinal canal stenosis, thoracic spinal canal stenosis, lumbar spinal canal stenosis, diffuse spinal canal stenosis or sacral stenosis) etc. (see, for example, in WO '084, WO 2009/157396, WO 2009/107736, WO 2009/154246, WO 2009/157397, and WO 2009/157398).
In addition, compound A is useful as an accelerating agent for gene therapy or angiogenesis therapy such as autologous bone marrow transplantation, an accelerating agent for angiogenesis in restoration of peripheral artery or angiogenic therapy, etc. (see, for example, in WO '084).
As mentioned above, while the usefulness of compound A as therapeutic agents for the above-mentioned disorders is known, no reference describes or suggests the possibility of existence of crystals of compound A.
BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A main object of the present invention is to provide a novel crystal of compound A. Additionally, an object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing the crystal, and a pharmaceutical composition containing the crystal as an active ingredient.
It is hoped that medicament bulk is a thing of a high quality for which constant effect can be always shown and of a form which is handled easily industrially. The present inventors have earnestly studied. As a result, the present inventors have found a novel crystal of compound A, and have completed the present invention.
The present invention includes, for example, the following aspects.
One aspect is Form-I crystal of compound A which shows diffraction peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of compound A (hereinafter referred to as “Form-I crystal of the invention”) at the following angles of diffraction 2θ: 9.4 degrees, 9.8 degrees, 17.2 degrees and 19.4 degrees, wherein the X-ray powder diffraction diagram is obtained by using Cu Kα radiation (λ=1.54 Å),
Another aspect is Form-II crystal of compound A which shows diffraction peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of compound A (hereinafter referred to as “Form-II crystal of the invention”) at the following angles of diffraction 2θ: 9.0 degrees, 12.9 degrees, 20.7 degrees and 22.6 degrees, wherein the X-ray powder diffraction diagram is obtained by using Cu Kα radiation (λ=1.54 Å),
Another aspect of the present invention is Form-III crystal of compound A which shows diffraction peaks in the powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of compound A (hereinafter referred to as “Form-III crystal of the invention”) at the following angles of diffraction 2θ: 9.3 degrees, 9.7 degrees, 16.8 degrees, 20.6 degrees and 23.5 degrees, wherein the X-ray powder diffraction diagram is obtained by using Cu Kα radiation (λ=1.54 Å)
Yet another aspect of the present invention is a pharmaceutical composition containing the crystal of one of the above three as the active ingredient (hereinafter referred to as “pharmaceutical composition of the invention”).
When specifying an angle of diffraction 2 theta (2θ) for a peak in the invention embodiments and the claims, it should be understood that the value given is to be understood as an interval from said value minus 0.2° to said value plus 0.2°, and preferably from said value minus 0.1° to said value plus 0.1°.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 shows a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum chart of Form-I crystal of the invention. The vertical axis indicates the peak intensity (cps), and the horizontal axis indicates the diffraction angle (2θ[°]).
FIG. 2 shows a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum chart of Form-II crystal of the invention. The vertical axis indicates the peak intensity (cps), and the horizontal axis indicates the diffraction angle (2θ[°]).
FIG. 3 shows a powder X-ray diffraction spectrum chart of Form-III crystal of the invention. The vertical axis indicates the peak intensity (cps), and the horizontal axis indicates the diffraction angle (2θ[°]).
FIG. 4 shows a scanning electron micrograph of Form-I crystal of the invention.
FIG. 5 shows a scanning electron micrograph of Form-II crystal of the invention.
FIG. 6 shows a scanning electron micrograph of Form-III crystal of the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF TEE INVENTION
Form-I crystal of the invention is characterized in that it shows diffraction peaks at 9.4 degrees, 9.8 degrees, 17.2 degrees and 19.4 degrees in the powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of compound A.
Form-II crystal of the invention is characterized in that it shows diffraction peaks at 9.0 degrees, 12.9 degrees, 20.7 degrees and 22.6 degrees in the powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of compound A.
Form-III crystal of the invention is characterized in that it shows diffraction peaks at 9.3 degrees, 9.7 degrees, 16.8 degrees, 20.6 degrees and 23.5 degrees in the powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of compound A.
A. Production of Compound A
Compound A can be produced, for example, according to the method described in WO '084, and, it can also be produced according to the production method mentioned below.




Step 1:

6-Iodo-2,3-diphenylpyrazine can be produced from 6-chloro-2,3-diphenylpyrazine by reacting it with sodium iodide. The reaction is carried out in the presence of an acid in an organic solvent (e.g., ethyl acetate, acetonitrile, acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, or their mixed solvent). The acid to be used is, for example, acetic acid, sulfuric acid, or their mixed acid. The amount of sodium iodide to be used is generally within a range of from 1 to 10 molar ratio relative to 6-chloro-2,3-diphenylpyrazine, preferably within a range of from 2 to 3 molar ratio. The reaction temperature varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the acid to be used, but may be generally within a range of from 60° C. to 90° C. The reaction time varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the acid to be used and on the reaction temperature, but may be generally within a range of from 9 hours to 15 hours.
Step 2:
5,6-Diphenyl-2-[(4-hydroxybutyl(isopropyl)amino]pyrazine can be produced from 6-iodo-2,3-diphenylpyrazine by reacting it with 4-hydroxybutyl(isopropyl)amine. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a base in an organic solvent (e.g., sulfolane, N-methylpyrrolidone, N,N-dimethylimidazolidinone, dimethyl sulfoxide or their mixed solvent). The base to be used is, for example, sodium hydrogencarbonate, potassium hydrogencarbonate, potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate or their mixed base. The amount of 4-hydroxybutyl(isopropyl)amine to be used may be generally within a range of from 1.5 to 5.0 molar ratio relative to 6-iodo-2,3-diphenylpyrazine, preferably within a range of from 2 to 3 molar ratio. The reaction temperature varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the base to be used, but may be generally within a range of from 170° C. to 200° C. The reaction time varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the base to be used and on the reaction temperature, but may be generally within a range of from 5 hours to 9 hours.
Step 3:
Compound A can be produced from 5,6-diphenyl-2-[4-hydroxybutyl(isopropyl)amino]pyrazine by reacting it with N-(2-chloroacetyl)methanesulfonamide. The reaction is carried out in the presence of a base in a solvent (N-methylpyrrolidone, 2-methyl-2-propanol or their mixed solvent). The base to be used is, for example, potassium t-butoxide, sodium t-butoxide or their mixed base. The amount of N-(2-chloroacetyl)methanesulfonamide to be used may be generally within a range of from 2 to 4 molar ratio relative to 5,6-diphenyl-2-[4-hydroxybutyl(isopropyl)amino]pyrazine, preferably within a range of from 2 to 3 molar ratio. The reaction temperature varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the base to be used, but may be generally within a range of from −20° C. to 20° C. The reaction time varies depending on the kinds of the solvent and the base to be used and on the reaction temperature, but may be generally within a range of from 0.5 hours to 2 hours.
The compounds to be used as the starting materials in the above-mentioned production method for compound A are known compounds, or can be produced by known methods.
B. Productions of Form-I Crystal of the Invention, Form-II Crystal of the Invention, and Form-III Crystal of the Invention (Hereinafter Collectively Referred to as “the Crystals of the Invention”)
(I) Production of Form-I Crystal of the Invention
Form-I crystal of the invention can be produced, for example, according to the method described below.
(1) Dissolution Step
This step is a step of dissolving compound A in a solvent by heating. The suitable solvent to be used in the step is, for example, alcoholic solvent, a mixed solvent of alcoholic solvent and ketone solvent. The suitable alcoholic solvent to be used in the step is, for example, methanol, ethanol, 2-propanol, preferably ethanol. The suitable ketone solvent to be used in the step is, for example, methylethylketone.
Especially, the preferable solvent to be used in the step is ethanol or a mixed solvent of ethanol and methylethylketone. In case of a mixed solvent of ethanol and methylethylketone, ethanol is within a range of from 1.5-fold (V/v) to 100-fold (v/v) relative to the amount of methylethylketone, preferably within a range of from 3-fold (v/v) to 50-fold (v/v), more preferably within a range of from 6-fold (v/v) to 20-fold (v/v).
The total volume of the solvent to be used in the step is preferably within a range of from 2-fold (mL/g) to 30-fold (mL/g) relative to the amount of compound A, more preferably within a range of from 3-fold (mL/g) to 20-fold (mL/g), further more preferably within a range of from 4-fold (mL/g) to 15-fold (mL/g). The heating temperature varies depending on the kind of solvent and the volume of the solvent used, but generally is lower than the boiling point of the solvent to be used, and is preferably within a range of from 60° C. to 100° C., more preferably within a range of from 70° C. to 90° C.
In the step, the solution may be filtered to remove insolubles, if necessary. To prevent the precipitation of crystals during the filtration, the filtration is preferably carried out under pressure using a funnel equipped with a heating device. In case the precipitation of crystals is observed in the filtrate, the precipitate is preferably dissolved again by reheating after the filtration.
(2) Cooling Step
This step is a step of precipitating Form-I crystal of the invention from the solution prepared in the above step (1) by cooling. The step is preferably carried out by using a crystallizer equipped with a heating function and a stirring function.
The cooling temperature (temperature when precipitated crystal is collected) is, suitably, within a range of from −10° C. to 50° C., preferably within a range of from 0° C. to 20° C., and more preferably within a range of from 0° C. to 10° C. The step is preferably carried out by cooling within a range of from 3 hours to 95 hours slowly until reaching the cooling temperature.
Additionally, in the step, a seed of Form-I crystal of the invention may be added. In that case, it is preferable that the seed of Form-I crystal of the invention is added when the solution is cooled to a temperature within a range of from 60° C. to 90° C. The amount of the seed crystal of Form-I crystal of the invention is preferably within a range of from 1% to 10% by weight relative to the amount of compound A.
(3) Crystal Collection and Drying Step
This step is a step of collecting the precipitated crystal obtained in the above step (2) using a known means such as filtration and centrifugation, and drying the collected crystal.
A drying step can be carried out by a conventional method such as drying under reduced pressure and over a desiccant. Drying is preferably carried out under reduced pressure (e.g., 10 mmHg or less) at within a range of from 20° C. to 70° C. for one hour to 48 hours.
Additionally, following the above step (1), after partially precipitating crystal by removing the solvent while heating and stirring the solution prepared in the above step (1), Form-I crystal of the invention can be obtained by carrying out the above steps (2) and (3). In the step of removing the solvent, the seed of Form-I crystal of the invention may be added. The amount of the seed of Form-I crystal of the invention is preferably within a range of from 0.1% to 10% by weight relative to the amount of compound A used in the above step (1).
(II) Production of Form-II Crystal of the Invention
Form-II crystal of the invention can be produced, for example, according to the method described below.
(1) Dissolution Step
This step is a step of dissolving compound A in a solvent by heating. The suitable solvent to be used in the step is, for example, alcoholic solvent, ketone solvent, a saturated hydrocarbon solvent, ether solvent, and water, or a mixed solvent thereof. The preferable mixed solvent is a mixture of ether solvent and a saturated hydrocarbon solvent or water, or a mixture of alcohol solvent and ketone solvent or water.
The alcoholic solvent to be used in the step is, for example, a straight or branched alcohol having one to 8 carbon atoms. Specifically, the alcohol solvent may include methanol, ethanol, n-propanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, t-butanol, 1-amylalcohol, 1-hexanol, 1-heptanol, 1-octanol. The ether solvent to be used in the step may include tetrahydrofuran, 1,4-dioxane. The saturated hydrocarbon solvent to be used in the step is, for example, a straight or branched alkane having 6 to 8 carbon atoms, or a cycloalkane having 6 to 8 carbon atoms. Specifically, the saturated hydrocarbon solvent may include heptane, octane, cyclohexane, cycloheptane, cyclooctane. The ketone solvent to be used in the step is, for example, a straight or branched one having 3 to 8 carbon atoms. Specifically, the ketone solvent may include acetone, methylethylketone.
The total volume of the solvent to be used in the step is suitably within a range of from 2-fold (mL/g) to 20-fold (mL/g) relative to the amount of compound A, preferably within a range of from 3-fold (mL/g) to 15-fold (mL/g), more preferably within a range of from 5-fold (mL/g) to 10-fold (mL/g). The heating temperature varies depending on the kind of solvent and the volume of the solvent used, but generally is lower than the boiling point of the solvent to be used, and is preferably within a range of from 60° C. to 90° C., more preferably within a range of from 70° C. to 80° C.
In the step, the solution may be filtered to remove insolubles, if necessary. To prevent the precipitation of crystals during the filtration, the filtration is preferably carried out under pressure using a funnel equipped with a heating device. In case the precipitation of crystals is observed in the filtrate, the precipitate is preferably dissolved again by reheating after the filtration.
(2) Cooling Step
This step is a step of precipitating Form-II crystal of the invention from the solution prepared in the above step (1) by cooling. The step is preferably carried out by using a crystallizer equipped with a heating function and a stirring function.
The cooling temperature (temperature when precipitated crystal is collected) is suitably within a range of from −10° C. to 50° C., preferably within a range of from 0° C. to 20° C., and more preferably within a range of from 0° C. to 10° C.
Additionally, in the step, a seed of Form-II crystal of the invention may be added. The amount of the seed of Form-II crystal of the invention is preferably within a range of from 1% to 10% by weight relative to the amount of compound A.
In case Form-II crystal of the invention is produced by using alcoholic solvent or a mixture of alcoholic solvent and ketone solvent as a solvent, it is necessary that the seed of Form-II crystal of the invention be added in the solution prepared in the above step (1) and the solution be cooled, or the solution prepared in the above step (1) be cooled rapidly. The cooling rate is suitably within a range of from 60° C./hour to 600° C./hour.
(3) Crystal Collection and Drying Step
This step is the same as the method described above in “(3) Crystal collection and drying step” in the above-mentioned “(I) Production of Form-I Crystal of the Invention.”
(III) Production of Form-III Crystal of the Invention
Form-III crystal of the invention can be produced, for example, according to the method described below.
(1) Dissolution Step
This step is a step of dissolving compound A in a solvent by heating. The suitable solvent to be used in the step is, for example, ester solvent, aromatic hydrocarbon solvent. The suitable ester solvent to be used in the step is, for example, diethylcarbonate, n-butyl acetate, isoamyl acetate, n-amyl acetate, preferably n-butyl acetate. The suitable aromatic hydrocarbon solvent to be used in the step is, for example, ethylbenzene.
The total volume of the solvent to be used in the step is suitably within a range of from 5-fold (mL/g) to 30-fold (mL/g) relative to the amount of compound A, preferably within a range of from 7-fold (mL/g) to 20-fold (mL/g), more preferably within a range of from 10-fold (mL/g) to 15-fold (mL/g). The heating temperature varies depending on the kind of solvent and the volume of the solvent used, but generally is lower than the boiling point of the solvent to be used, preferably within a range of from 40° C. to 90° C., and more preferably within a range of from 50° C. to 80° C.
In the step, the solution may be filtered to remove insolubles, if necessary. To prevent the precipitation of crystals during the filtration, the filtration is preferably carried out under pressure using a funnel equipped with a heating device. In case the precipitation of crystals is observed in the filtrate, the precipitate is preferably dissolved again by reheating after the filtration.
(2) Cooling Step
This step is a step of precipitating Form-III crystal of the invention from the solution prepared in the above step (1) by cooling. The step is preferably carried out using a crystallizer equipped with a heating function and a stirring function.
The cooling rate is suitably within a range of from 0.5° C./hour to 120° C./hour. The cooling temperature (temperature when precipitated crystal is collected) is suitably within a range of from −10° C. to 30° C., preferably within a range of from 0° C. to 20° C., and more preferably within a range of from 0° C. to 10° C.
(3) Crystal Collection and Drying Step
The step is the same as the method described above in “(3) Crystal collection and drying step” in the above-mentioned “(I) Production of Form-I Crystal of the Invention.”
C. Medical Use and Pharmaceutical Composition of the Invention
Compound A according to the present invention has an excellent PGI2 agonistic effect and shows a platelet aggregation inhibitory effect, a vasodilative effect, a bronchodilative effect, a lipid deposition inhibitory effect, a leukocyte activation inhibitory effect, etc.
Therefore, the crystals of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention is useful as preventive or therapeutic agents for transient ischemic attack (TIA), diabetic neuropathy, diabetic gangrene, peripheral circulatory disturbance (e.g., chronic arterial occlusion, intermittent claudication, peripheral embolism, vibration syndrome, Raynaud's disease), connective tissue disease (e.g., systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma, mixed connective tissue disease, vasculitic syndrome), reocclusion/restenosis after percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA), arteriosclerosis, thrombosis (e.g., acute-phase cerebral thrombosis, pulmonary embolism), hypertension, pulmonary hypertension, ischemic disorder (e.g., cerebral infarction, myocardial infarction), angina (e.g., stable angina, unstable angina), glomerulonephritis, diabetic nephropathy, chronic renal failure, allergy, bronchial asthma, ulcer, pressure ulcer (bedsore), restenosis after coronary intervention such as atherectomy and stent implantation, thrombocytopenia by dialysis, the diseases in which fibrosis of organs or tissues is involved [e.g., renal diseases (e.g., tuburointerstitial nephritis), respiratory diseases (e.g., interstitial pneumonia (pulmonary fibrosis), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease), digestive diseases (e.g., hepatocirrhosis, viral hepatitis, chronic pancreatitis and scirrhous stomachic cancer), cardiovascular diseases (e.g, myocardial fibrosis), bone and articular diseases (e.g, bone marrow fibrosis and rheumatoid arthritis), skin diseases (e.g, cicatrix after operation, scalded cicatrix, keloid, and hypertrophic cicatrix), obstetric diseases (e.g., hysteromyoma), urinary diseases (e.g., prostatic hypertrophy), other diseases (e.g., Alzheimer's disease, sclerosing peritonitis, type I diabetes and organ adhesion after operation)], erectile dysfunction (e.g., diabetic erectile dysfunction, psychogenic erectile dysfunction, psychotic erectile dysfunction, erectile dysfunction associated with chronic renal failure, erectile dysfunction after intrapelvic operation for removing prostata, and vascular erectile dysfunction associated with aging and arteriosclerosis), inflammatory bowel disease (e.g., ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, intestinal tuberculosis, ischemic colitis and intestinal ulcer associated with Behcet disease), gastritis, gastric ulcer, ischemic ophthalmopathy (e.g., retinal artery occlusion, retinal vein occlusion, ischemic optic neuropathy), sudden hearing loss, avascular necrosis of bone, intestinal damage caused by administration of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agent (e.g., diclofenac, meloxicam, oxaprozin, nabumetone, indomethacin, ibuprofen, ketoprofen, naproxen, celecoxib) (there is no particular limitation for the intestinal damage so far as it is damage appearing in duodenum, small intestine and large intestine and examples thereof include mucosal damage such as erosion and ulcer generated in duodenum, small intestine and large intestine), and symptoms associated with lumbar spinal canal stenosis (e.g., paralysis, dullness in sensory perception, pain, numbness, lowering in walking ability, etc. associated with cervical spinal canal stenosis, thoracic spinal canal stenosis, lumbar spinal canal stenosis, diffuse spinal canal stenosis or sacral stenosis) etc. In addition, the crystals of the invention or the pharmaceutical composition of the invention is also useful as an accelerating agent for gene therapy or angiogenesis therapy such as autologous bone marrow transplantation, an accelerating agent for angiogenesis in restoration of peripheral artery or angiogenic therapy, etc. If the crystals of the invention are administered as a medicine, the pharmaceutical composition of the invention is the crystals of the invention as it is or contains the crystals of the invention in a pharmaceutically acceptable, nontoxic and inert carrier within a range of from 0.1% to 99.5%, preferably within a range of from 0.5% to 90%.
Examples of the carrier include solid, semi-solid or liquid diluent, filler and other auxiliary agents for pharmaceutical formulation. These can be used alone or as a mixture of two or more thereof.
The pharmaceutical composition of the invention may be in any of the forms of oral preparations such as powder, capsules, tablets, sugar-coated tablets, granules, diluted powder, suspension, liquid, syrup, elixir or troche, and parenteral preparations such as injection or suppository in a solid or liquid dose unit. It may also be in a form of a sustained release preparation. Among them, oral preparations such as tablets are particularly preferred.
Powder is able to be manufactured by making the crystals of the invention into an appropriate fine size.
Diluted powder is able to be manufactured by such a manner that the crystals of the invention are made into an appropriate fine size and then mixed with a pharmaceutical carrier which is similarly made into a fine size such as edible carbohydrate (e.g., starch and mannitol). Flavoring agent, preservative, dispersing agent, coloring agent, perfume, etc. may be optionally added thereto.
Capsules are able to be manufactured by such a manner that the powder or diluted powder which is made powdery as mentioned above or granules which will be mentioned under the item for tablets are filled in an capsule shell such as gelatin capsule. It is also possible to manufacture in such a manner that the powder or the diluted powder in a powdery form is mixed with a lubricant or a fluidizing agent such as colloidal silica, talc, magnesium stearate, calcium stearate or solid polyethylene glycol followed by subjecting it to a filling operation. When a disintegrating agent or solubilizing agent such as carboxymethyl cellulose, carboxymethyl cellulose calcium, lowly-substituted hydroxypropyl cellulose, croscarmellose sodium, carboxymethyl starch sodium, calcium carbonate or sodium carbonate is added, efficacy of the pharmaceutical when the capsules are ingested can be improved. It is also possible that fine powder of the crystals of the invention is suspended/dispersed in vegetable oil, polyethylene glycol, glycerol or surfactant and wrapped with a gelatin sheet to give a soft capsule preparation.
Tablets are able to be manufactured in such a manner that a powdery mixture is prepared by addition of a filler to the crystals of the invention which have been made powdery and made into granules or slugs and then a disintegrating agent or a lubricant is added thereto followed by making them into tablets.
The powdery mixture is able to be manufactured by mixing appropriately powdered crystals of the invention with a diluent or a base. If necessary, it is possible to add a binder (such as carboxymethyl cellulose sodium, methyl cellulose, hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose, gelatin, polyvinylpyrrolidone or polyvinyl alcohol), a dissolution retarding agent (such as paraffin), a reabsorbing agent (such as a quaternary salt), an adsorbent (such as bentonite or kaolin), etc. thereto.
The powdery mixture is able to be made into granules in such a manner that it is firstly made wet by using a binder, for example, syrup, starch paste, acacia, cellulose solution or polymer solution, mixed with stirring and dried followed by grinding. Instead of making the powder into granules as such, it is also possible that the powder is applied to a tabletting machine and the resulting slug in an incomplete shape is ground to give granules. When a lubricant such as stearic acid, stearate, talc or mineral oil is added to the granules prepared as such, sticking of the granules to each other can be prevented.
Tablets are also able to be manufactured in such a manner that the crystals of the invention are mixed with a fluid inert carrier and then directly making them into tablets without conducting the above steps of making them into granules or slugs.
The tablets prepared as such can be subjected to film coating or sugar coating. It is also possible to apply a transparent or semi-transparent protective coat made of a tightly closed shellac film, a coat made of sugar or polymer material, or a polished coat made of wax.
In other oral preparations such as liquid, syrup, troche or elixir, it is also possible to make it into a dose unit form wherein a predetermined amount thereof contains a predetermined amount of the crystal of the present invention.
The syrup is able to be manufactured by dissolving the crystals of the invention into an appropriate aqueous solution of a flavor. The elixir is able to be manufactured by using a non-toxic alcoholic carrier.
The suspension is able to be manufactured by dispersing the crystals of the invention into a non-toxic carrier. If necessary, it is possible to add a solubilizing agent or an emulsifier (such as ethoxylated isostearyl alcohol and polyoxyethylene sorbitol ester), a preservative or a flavor-endowing agent (such as peppermint oil or saccharine) thereto.
If necessary, the dose unit formulation for oral administration may be made into microcapsules. The formulation is also able to be coated or embedded into polymer or wax to obtain a prolonged action or sustained release of the active ingredient.
The parenteral preparation may be in a liquid dose unit form for subcutaneous, intramuscular or intravenous injection such as in a form of solution or suspension. The parenteral preparation is able to be manufactured in such a manner that a predetermined amount of the crystals of the invention is suspended or dissolved in a non-toxic liquid carrier meeting the purpose of injection such as aqueous or oily medium and then the suspension or solution is sterilized. Non-toxic salt or a solution thereof may be added thereto for making the injection solution isotonic. It is also possible to add a stabilizer, a preservative, an emulsifier and the like.
The suppository is able to be manufactured by dissolving or suspending the crystals of the invention in a low-melting and water-soluble or insoluble solid such as polyethylene glycol, cacao fat, semi-synthetic fat/oil (such as Witepsol (registered trade mark)), higher ester (such as myristyl palmitate ester) or a mixture thereof.
Although the dose may vary depending upon the state of a patient such as body weight or age, administering route or degree of symptom, a range of from 0.001 mg to 100 mg per day as an amount of the crystals of the invention is generally suitable for an adult and a range of from 0.01 mg to 10 mg is more preferable. In some cases, a dose less than the above may be sufficient or, on the other hand, a dose more than the above may be necessary. It is also possible to administer one to several times a day or to administer with an interval of one to several days.
EXAMPLES
The present invention is described in more detail with reference to Examples and Test Examples given below; however, the present invention should not be limited whatsoever to these Examples.
For the powder X-ray diffractometry, Rigaku Corporation's RINT-Ultima III (target: Cu, voltage: 40 kV, current: 40 mA, scan speed: 4 degrees/min) was used.
Example 1
Production of Form-I Crystal of the Invention
Ethanol (440 ml) was added to compound A (40 g), and the mixture was stirred and heated in an oil bath of 100° C. to 110° C. After compound A was dissolved, ethanol (280 ml) was removed. The obtained concentrate was stirred and heated under reflux in a water bath of 80° C. for 1 hour. The solution was gradually cooled to 10° C. in 20 hours while stirring, and the precipitated crystal was collected through filtration. The obtained crystal was washed with a small amount of ethanol (48 ml), and dried under reduced pressure at 60° C. to give Form-I crystal of the invention (38.93 g, 97.3%). A powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of the Form-I crystal of the invention is shown in FIG. 1.
Mp: 140.4° C. (the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, method 1 of Melting Point Determination)
Example 2
Production of Form-I Crystal of the Invention
Ethanol (99 g) and methylethylketone (11 g) were added to compound A (20 g), and heated at 77° C. to dissolve compound A, and then the solution was gradually cooled to 10° C. in 20 hours. During cooling, to the solution was added a small amount of Form-I crystal of the invention. After cooling, the precipitated crystal was collected through filtration, washed with ethanol, and dried under reduced pressure to give Form-I crystal of the invention (18.72 g, 93.6%).
Example 3
Production of Form-II Crystal of the Invention
Ethanol (550 g) and methyl ethyl ketone (55 g) were added to compound A (100 g), heated at 77° C., and filtered under pressure while kept heated. With stirring, the resulting filtrate was cooled from 70° C. to 0° C., taking 30 minutes, and after reaching 0° C., this was stirred at 0° C. for 2.5 hours. The precipitated crystal was collected through filtration, washed with ethanol (200 ml), and dried under reduced pressure. Ethanol (99 g) and methyl ethyl ketone (11 g) were added to the obtained crystal (20 g), heated at 70° C., then kept at 70° C. for 1 hour, and gradually cooled to 10° C., taking 20 hours; and after reaching 10° C., this was stirred at 10° C. for 1 hour. The precipitated crystal was collected through filtration, washed with ethanol (40 ml), and dried under reduced pressure to give Form-II crystal of the invention (18.73 g, 93.7%). A powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of Form-II crystal of the invention is shown in FIG. 2.
Mp: 135.2° C. (the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, method 1 of Melting Point Determination)
Example 4
Production of Form-II Crystal of the Invention
Ethanol (99 g) and methylethylketone (11 g) were added to compound A (20 g), and heated at 77° C. to dissolve compound A, and then the solution was gradually cooled to 10° C. in 20 hours. During cooling, to the solution was added a small amount of Form-II crystal of the invention. After cooling, the precipitated crystal was collected through filtration, washed with ethanol, and dried under reduced pressure to give Form-II crystal of the invention (19.70 g, 98.5%).
Example 5
Production of Form-III Crystal of the Invention
N-Butyl acetate (500 ml) was added to compound A (36.7 g), and heated at 75° C. to dissolve compound A, and then cooled to 5° C. Then, a process of heating to 60° C. and cooling to 5° C. was carried out, and the process was repeated. The precipitated crystal was collected through filtration, washed with a small amount of isopropyl acetate (50 ml), and dried under reduced pressure to give Form-III crystal of the invention (29.0 g, 79.0%). A powder X-ray diffraction spectrum of Form-III crystal of the invention is shown in FIG. 3.
Mp: 138.0° C. (the Japanese Pharmacopoeia, method 1 of Melting Point Determination)
The crystals of the invention used in the following Test Examples 1 to 3 were prepared by the following method.
Form-I crystal of the invention, Form-II crystal of the invention, and Form-III crystal of the invention were prepared in the same methods as in Example 2, Example 4, and Example 5, respectively.
Test Example 1
Measurement of Particle Size
(1) Measurement of Particle Size Distribution of the Crystals of the Invention
After a dispersant (10 mL) was added to the crystals of the invention (20 mg) followed by shaking up, the crystals of the invention were dispersed with ultrasonic wave. The particle size distributions of the crystals of the invention were measured by using HORIBA LA-910. The result is shown in Table 1.
The dispersant used is a filtered saturated solution of compound A in 0.1 v/v % Polysorbate 80 aqueous solution.












TABLE 1







Crystal Form
D10
D50
D90




















1
Form-I Crystal of the Invention
5.6
12.8
25.8


2
Form-II Crystal of the Invention
5.2
11.3
22.0


3
Form-III Crystal of the
4.3
8.0
14.4



Invention





D10: Cumulative undersize particle diameter at 10% of volumetric ratio [μm]


D50: Cumulative undersize particle diameter at 50% of volumetric ratio [μm]


D90: Cumulative undersize particle diameter at 90% of volumetric ratio [μm]






(2) Observation of the Crystals of the Invention with Electron Scanning Microscope

The crystals were observed through an electron scanning microscope (HITACHI HIGH TECHNOLOGIES TM-1000 Miniscope).
FIG. 4 shows the electron scanning micrograph of Form-I crystal of the invention. FIG. 5 shows that of Form-II crystal and FIG. 6 shows that of Form-III crystal.
From the results of (1) end (2) mentioned above, it was concluded that the particle size of Form-I crystal of the invention is larger than those of Form-II and Form-III crystals.
Test Example 2
Measurement of Residual Solvent Contained in Crystals of the Invention
The concentration of residual solvent contained in the crystals of the invention was measured by using the following measurement conditions. The result is shown in Table 2.
(Measurement Conditions)
GC Apparatus


    
    
        Detector: Flame Ionization Detector
        Column: Capillary Column
        Column Temperature: 150° C.-230° C.
        Injection Temperature: 200° C.
        Detector Temperature: 300° C.
        Carrier Gas: Helium
    
    













TABLE 2









Content



Crystal Form
Solvent
(ppm)



















1
Form-I Crystal of the Invention
Ethanol
371




Methyl-ethyl-ketone
82


2
Form-II Crystal of the Invention
Ethanol
2169




Methyl-ethyl-ketone
246


3
Form-III Crystal of the Invention
Isopropyl acetate
93




n-Butyl acetate
2781









Although each crystal Form did not contain a considerable amount of residual solvents, the amount of the residual solvents in Form-I crystal of the invention was less than those of Form-II and Form-III.
Test Example 3
Impurity-Removing Effect in Recrystallization
The effectiveness of removing impurities in the course of the recrystallization of each crystal form was measured by using the following measurement conditions (reversed-phase liquid chromatography).
(Measurement Conditions)
HPLC Apparatus


    
    
        Detector: Ultraviolet Absorption Detector
        Column: ODS Column
        Column Temperature: 40° C.
        Mobile Phase Mixture of Water, Acetonitrile and Methanesulfonic acid
    
    


The purity (%) of each crystal of compound A was calculated by the following equation.

Purity (%)=(Peak area of compound A)/(Total area)×100

The removal ratio of impurities (%) for each crystal was calculated by the following equation.

Removal ratio of impurities (%)={[(Purity of each crystal of compound A)−(Purity of crude compound A)]/[100−(Purity of crude compound A)]}×100

The result is shown in Table 3.











TABLE 3








Purity of
Ratio of Impurity




Compound A
Removal



Crystal Form
(%)
(%)




















Crude Material
98.04



1
Form-I Crystal of the Invention
99.51
75


2
Form-II Crystal of the Invention
99.33
66


3
Form-III Crystal of the Invention
98.97
47









From the result shown in Table 3, the effectiveness of removing impurities for Form-I crystal of the invention was the highest compared with those for Form-II and III crystals.
Test Example 4
Investigation of Solvent for Crystallization of Compound A
Investigations of crystallization of compound A were executed according to the methods of the following (1) and (2).
(1) Crystallization solvent (see Tables 4 and 5) was added to compound A, and the mixture was stirred at 50° C. for 60 minutes. The resulting mixture was filtered. After the filtration, the isolated mother liquor was stirred at 60° C. for 30 minutes, and cooled down to 5° C. over 11 hours. After stirring at 5° C. for 72 hours, the precipitated solid was collected by filtration. The solid was dried at 20° C. under reduced pressure, whereby a solid was obtained.
Powder X-ray diffraction spectrums of the obtained crystals were measured and the form of each crystal was determined.
The results are shown in Table 4 (investigation by single solvents) and Table 5 (investigation by mixed solvents).
In the investigation by mixed solvents (Table 5), each solvent was mixed and used in an equal amount.










TABLE 4







Crystallization Solvent
Crystal Form


















1
tert-Butyl methyl ether
NA


2
Acetone
Form-II Crystal of the Invention +




Form-III Crystal of the Invention


3
Chloroform
NA


4
Methanol
Form-II Crystal of the Invention +




Form-III Crystal of the Invention


5
Tetrahydrofuran
Form-II Crystal of the Invention +




Form-III Crystal of the Invention


6
Isopropyl ether
NA


7
2-Methyltetrahydrofuran
Form-II Crystal of the Invention +




Form-III Crystal of the Invention


8
Ethanol
NA


9
Cyclohexane
NA


10
Acetonitrile
Form-II Crystal of the Invention +




Form-III Crystal of the Invention


11
1,2-Dichloroethane
NA


12
Fluorobenzene
Form-II Crystal of the Invention +




Form-III Crystal of the Invention


13
1,2-Dimethoxyethane
Form-II Crystal of the Invention +




Form-III Crystal of the Invention


14
Methylcyclohexane
NA


15
Nitromethane
Form-II Crystal of the Invention +




Form-III Crystal of the Invention


16
1,4-Dioxane
NA


17
3,3-Dimethyl-2-butanone
Form-II Crystal of the Invention +




Form-III Crystal of the Invention


18
Isobutanol
NA


19
Toluene
Form-II Crystal of the Invention +




Form-III Crystal of the Invention


20
Diethylcarbonate
Form-III Crystal of the Invention


21
n-Butyl acetate
Form-III Crystal of the Invention


22
Chlorobenzene
Form-II Crystal of the Invention +




Form-III Crystal of the Invention


23
Ethylbenzene
NA


24
p-Xylene
NA


25
Isoamyl acetate
Form-III Crystal of the Invention


26
n-Amyl acetate
Form-III Crystal of the Invention


27
Methyl-phenyl-ether
Form-II Crystal of the invention +




Form-III Crystal of the invention


28
Cyclohexanone
NA


29
bis(2-Methoxy ethyl)ether
Form-III Crystal of the invention


30
1,3,5-Trimethylbenzene
Amorphous


31
4-Hydroxy-4-methyl-2-
Form-II Crystal of the invention +



pentanone
Form-III Crystal of the invention


32
2,6-Dimethyl-4-heptanone
Form-III Crystal of the invention





NA: Solid was not precipitated.
















TABLE 5







Crystallization




Solvent
Crystal Form


















1
Chloroform
NA



Acetonitrile


2
Tetrahydrofuran
Form-II Crystal of the Invention



Cyclohexane


3
Ethyl formate
Form-II Crystal of the Invention +



Water
Form-III Crystal of the invention


4
Methanol
NA



Water


5
Acetonitrile
Form-II Crystal of the Invention +



Water
Form-III Crystal of the Invention


6
1,2-Dimethoxyethane
Form-II Crystal of the Invention +



Water
Form-III Crystal of the Invention


7
Ethanol
Form-II Crystal of the Invention



Water


8
Cyclohexane
Form-II Crystal of the Invention



1,4-Dioxane


9
2-Propanol
Form-II Crystal of the Invention



Water


10
Cyclohexanone
NA



Tetrahydrofuran


11
1-Propanol
Form-II Crystal of the Invention



Water


12
1,4-Dioxane
Form-II Crystal of the Invention



Water


13
2-Butanol
Form-II Crystal of the Invention



Water


14
Cyclohexanone
Form-II Crystal of the Invention +



Cyclohexane
Form-III Crystal of the Invention


15
1-Butanol
Form-II Crystal of the Invention



Water


16
Cyclohexanone
Form-II Crystal of the Invention +



1,4-Dioxane
Form-III Crystal of the Invention





NA: Solid was not precipitated.






(2) Further investigations were executed using the following method for those conditions under which crystals were not precipitated (see Tables 4 and 5) and conditions similar to them. The solvents used in the further experiments were selected in consideration of toxicity, solubility of compound A and availability for industrial use.

An amount of solvent less than that of the test in the above-mentioned (1) was added to compound A, and the mixture was heated to 75° C. with stirring. After dissolving compound A, the mixture was stirred at 65° C. for 5 to 8 hours. The mixture was cooled down to 20° C. over 9 hours. The precipitated crystal was collected by filtration and dried at 70° C. under reduced pressure, whereby a crystal was obtained. The results are shown in Table 6.
In the investigation by mixed solvents, each solvent was mixed and used in an equal amount.










TABLE 6







Crystallization Solvent
Crystal Form


















1
tert-Butyl methyl ether
NA


2
Isopropyl ether
NA


3
Cyclohexane
NA


4
Ethanol
Form-I Crystal of the Invention


5
2-Propanol
Form-I Crystal of the Invention +




Form-III Crystal of the Invention


6
Ethylbenzene
Form-III Crystal of the Invention


7
Methanol
Form-I Crystal of the Invention +



Water
Form-III Crystal of the Invention


8
Cyclohexanone
NA



Tetrahydrofuran





NA: Solid was not precipitated.






From the results of the above-mentioned (1) and (2), it was concluded that Form-II crystal of the invention and Form-III crystal of the invention can be obtained from various solvents.
On the other hand, crystals which contain Form-I crystal of the invention could be obtained only from alcohol solvents, and highly pure Form-I crystal of the invention could be obtained from ethanol.

## Claims

1. A crystal of 2-{-4-[N-(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)-N-isopropylamino]butyloxy}-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide, showing diffraction peaks in its X-ray powder diffraction spectrum at least at the following angles of diffraction 2θ: 9.4 degrees, 9.8 degrees, 17.2 degrees and 19.4 degrees, wherein the X-ray powder diffraction diagram is obtained by using Cu Kα radiation.

2. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the crystal of claim 1 as an active ingredient.

3. A method for producing the crystal of claim 1, comprising the steps of
dissolving 2-{4-[N-(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)-N-isopropylamino]butyloxy}-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide in an alcoholic solvent or a mixed solvent of an alcoholic solvent and a ketone solvent while heating, and
subsequently crystallizing 2-{-4-[N-(5,6-diphenylpyrazin-2-yl)-N-isopropylamino]butyloxy}-N-(methylsulfonyl)acetamide by cooling the solution gradually.