IN THE

TENTH COURT OF APPEALS

No. 10-15-00089-CV

TEXAS STATE TECHNICAL COLLEGE,

Appellant

v.

MONIQUE WASHINGTON,

Appellee

From the 170th District Court

McLennan County, Texas

Trial Court No. 2013-2103-4

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Monique Washington alleged she slipped and fell in some water in a building on 

the campus of Texas State Technical College, a governmental entity. A water line had 

broken in the ceiling of the building and flooded the floor. Washington sued TSTC for 

the injuries she sustained in her fall. TSTC filed a plea to the jurisdiction which the trial 

court denied. Because the trial court did not err in denying TSTC’s plea to the 

jurisdiction, we affirm the trial court’s order.
Texas State Technical College v. Washington Page 2

The central issue in this appeal is whether there is some evidence of TSTC's 

liability which would invoke the waiver of governmental immunity in the Texas Tort 

Claims Act. See TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 101.021(2) (West 2011). The Tort 

Claims Act generally waives governmental immunity in premises liability cases if the 

governmental unit would, were it a private person, be liable to the claimant according 

to Texas law. Id. 

In its plea to the jurisdiction, TSTC challenged the substance of Washington’s 

jurisdictional pleadings and contends Washington failed to present evidence that TSTC 

had actual or constructive knowledge of the water on the floor on which Washington 

slipped, thus failing to establish a waiver of TSTC’s governmental immunity. See Tex. 

Dep't of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 221 (Tex. 2004). We review the trial 

court’s ruling on a plea to the jurisdiction de novo. See id. at 228. Further, we take as 

true all evidence favorable to the nonmovant and indulge every reasonable inference 

and resolve any doubts in the nonmovant's favor. Id.

To recover in a slip-and-fall case, a plaintiff must prove that the defendant had 

actual or constructive knowledge of a dangerous condition on the premises such as a 

slippery substance on the floor. Brookshire Bros., Ltd. v. Aldridge, 438 S.W.3d 9, 15 (Tex. 

2014); Keetch v. Kroger Co., 845 S.W.2d 262, 264 (Tex. 1992). This may be accomplished 

with a showing that "(1) the defendant placed the substance on the floor, (2) the 

defendant actually knew that the substance was on the floor, or (3) it is more likely than 
Texas State Technical College v. Washington Page 3

not that the condition existed long enough to give the premises owner a reasonable 

opportunity to discover it." Brookshire Bros., Ltd., 438 S.W.3d at 15-16 (quoting Wal-Mart 

Stores, Inc. v. Reece, 81 S.W.3d 812, 814 (Tex. 2002)). TSTC objected to some of the 

evidence Washington presented in her response to TSTC’s plea to the jurisdiction. The 

trial court overruled its objection.1 However, even without that evidence, Washington 

presented other evidence which raised a genuine issue of material fact concerning 

TSTC’s actual or constructive knowledge of the water on the floor.

Evidence was presented by both TSTC and Washington to determine the issue of 

actual or constructive knowledge. The evidence included, but was not limited to, 

deposition testimony of the various people involved with the incident. Trisha 

Carpenter, a maintenance worker at TSTC, heard loud rattling and a bang in the ceiling 

of the Roy Dugger Center on the TSTC campus on the morning of May 24, 2011. Water 

then flooded out of the ceiling. Carpenter placed “wet floor” signs at either end of the 

hallway where the water was running. In between those two signs were the student 

lounge and the math labs. Selby Holder, TSTC's Director of Physical Plant, was 

informed by the custodial staff between approximately 7:30 a.m. and 8:00 a.m. on the 

same day that there was water on the floor in the Dugger Center. Gary Johnson, a TSTC 

professor, arrived at the Dugger Center at about 8:30 a.m. that day to teach a 9:00 a.m. 

 

1 TSTC objected to the incident report attached to Washington’s response to the plea to the jurisdiction 

and to the portion of her affidavit that relied upon the report. On appeal, TSTC complains about the trial 

court’s ruling on those objections. Because we can dispose of the appeal without considering the objected 

to evidence, we need not address the issue on appeal complaining about that ruling.
Texas State Technical College v. Washington Page 4

class. When he walked into the Dugger Center, people were already trying to 

“respond” to the water on the floor. Johnson tried to help with barricades and 

handmade signs. The water was by the math lab, filling much of that hallway, and was 

in the lounge. Johnson considered it to be “a lot of water.” The flow of the water had 

not been stopped by the time Johnson left to teach his class. Abigail Lewsader, a TSTC 

employee, could see that the floors were still wet and could still see pools of water that 

were being cleaned up at 11:00 a.m. or 12:00 p.m. as she left her class.

Washington stated that on May 24, 2011, she entered the Roy Dugger Center for 

a morning math class. While walking through the lounge area, she slipped and fell on 

water that was on the floor. Two custodians were standing by the door and when 

Washington fell, one looked at her and said, “My bad.” Documents submitted by both 

TSTC and Washington indicated that Washington’s math class began at 10:00 a.m. 

Further, Lewsader stated that Washington reported the fall to her and that the fall 

occurred at 9:35 in the morning on May 24, 2011.2

To avoid dismissal on the basis of governmental immunity, all Washington had 

to do was show that there was a disputed material fact regarding subject matter 

jurisdiction. See Tex. Dep't of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 228 (Tex. 2004). 

Taking as true all evidence favorable to Washington as the nonmovant, and indulging 

every reasonable inference and resolving any doubts in Washington's favor, the 

 

2 This evidence was not part of the evidence to which TSTC objected.
Texas State Technical College v. Washington Page 5

evidence submitted shows that at least an hour before Washington slipped and fell, 

TSTC knew about the water on the floor in the area where Washington slipped. The 

evidence also showed that TSTC was still trying to clean up the water in the area hours 

after Washington fell. Further, it could be inferred that TSTC knew the water was still 

on the floor when a custodian said “my bad” after Washington fell. This evidence was 

enough to raise a fact issue as to whether TSTC had actual or constructive knowledge of 

the water on the floor on which Washington slipped and whether TSTC’s immunity 

was waived. 

Accordingly, the trial court did not err in denying TSTC’s plea to the jurisdiction. 

TSTC’s sole issue is overruled, and the trial court’s order is affirmed.

TOM GRAY

Chief Justice

Before Chief Justice Gray,

Justice Davis, and

Justice Scoggins

Affirmed

Opinion delivered and filed September 17, 2015

[CV06]