# Patent

## Title
Solid-state lighting apparatus and methods using energy storage

## Abstract

Some embodiments provide a lighting apparatus including a plurality of lighting circuits coupled in series. Each lighting circuit includes a control circuit configured to selectively provide current to at least one LED and at least one charge storage device coupled to the at least one LED. The control circuit may be configured to cause the at least one charge storage device to be selectively charged from a current source and to be discharged via the at least one LED responsive to a varying input. For example, the control circuit may be configured to limit current through the at least one LED to thereby divert current to the at least one charge storage device.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATION
The present application is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/235,103, entitled SOLID-STATE LIGHTING APPARATUS AND METHODS USING ENERGY STORAGE, filed Sep. 16, 2011 and incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.


FIELD
The present inventive subject matter relates to lighting apparatus and methods and, more particularly, to solid-state lighting apparatus and methods.
BACKGROUND
Solid-state lighting arrays are used for a number of lighting applications. For example, solid-state lighting panels including arrays of solid-state light emitting devices have been used as direct illumination sources, for example, in architectural and/or accent lighting. A solid-state light emitting device may include, for example, a packaged light emitting device including one or more light emitting diodes (LEDs), which may include inorganic LEDs, which may include semiconductor layers forming p-n junctions and,or organic LEDs (OLEDs), which may include organic light emission layers.
Solid-state lighting devices are also used in lighting fixtures, such as incandescent bulb replacement applications, task lighting, recessed light fixtures and the like. For example, Cree, Inc. produces a variety of recessed downlights, such as the LR-6 and CR-6, which use LEDs for illumination. Solid-state lighting panels are also commonly used as backlights for small liquid crystal display (LCD) screens, such as LCD display screens used in portable electronic devices, and for larger displays, such as LCD television displays.
Inorganic LEDs typically include semiconductor layers forming p-n junctions. Organic LEDs (OLEDs), which include organic light emission layers, are another type of solid-state light emitting device. Typically, a solid-state light emitting device generates light through the recombination of electronic carriers, i.e. electrons and holes, in a light emitting layer or region.
Some attempts at providing solid-state lighting sources have involved driving an LED or string or group of LEDs using a rectified AC waveform. However, because the LEDs require a minimum forward voltage to turn on, the LEDs may turn on for only a part of the rectified AC waveform, which may result in visible flickering, may undesirably lower the power factor of the system, and/or may increase resistive loss in the system. Examples of techniques for driving LEDs with a rectified AC waveform are described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2010/0308738 and in copending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/777,842, the latter of which is commonly assigned to the assignee of the present application.
Other attempts at providing AC-driven solid-state lighting sources have involved placing LEDs in an anti-parallel configuration, so that half of the LEDs are driven on each half-cycle of an AC waveform. However, this approach requires twice as many LEDs to produce the same luminous flux as using a rectified AC signal.
SUMMARY
Some embodiments provide a lighting apparatus including a plurality of lighting circuits coupled in series. Each lighting circuit includes a control circuit configured to selectively provide current to at least one LED and at least one charge storage device coupled to the at least one LED. The control circuit may be configured to cause the at least one charge storage device to be selectively charged from a current source and to be discharged via the at least one LED responsive to a varying input. For example, the control circuit may be configured to limit current through the at least one LED to thereby divert current to the at least one charge storage device.
In some embodiments, the control circuits of the lighting circuits comprise first control circuits and the apparatus may further include a second control circuit configured to be coupled in series with the plurality of lighting circuits and to control current passing through the plurality of lighting circuits. The second control circuit may include current source circuit or a current sink circuit.
In further embodiments, the apparatus further includes a voltage source coupled to the plurality of lighting circuits. The voltage source may include a rectifier circuit.
In some embodiments, the at least one charge storage device comprises at least one capacitor. In some embodiments, the apparatus may include the at least one charge storage device and/or the at least one LEDs.
According to some embodiments, the apparatus may further include at least one bypass circuit configured to bypass at least one of the lighting circuits. The at least one bypass circuit may be configured to bypass at least one of the plurality of LEDs responsive to a varying input. In some embodiments, the control circuits may include first control circuits and the apparatus may further include a rectifier circuit coupled to the plurality of lighting circuits and configured to generate a rectified voltage, a second control circuit configured to control a current passing between the rectifier circuit and the lighting circuits and bypass circuitry configured to selectively bypass the lighting circuits responsive to variation in magnitude of the rectified voltage.
Further embodiments of the inventive subject matter provide a lighting apparatus including a plurality of lighting circuits. Each lighting circuit includes at least one LED, at least one charge storage device and a control circuit configured to selectively provide current to the at least one LED and the least one charge storage device and bypass circuitry configured to selectively bypass the lighting circuits responsive to a periodically varying voltage. The control circuit may be configured to cause the at least one charge storage device to be selectively charged responsive to the periodically varying voltage and to be discharged via the at least one LED responsive to the periodically varying voltage. The control circuit may be configured to limit current through the at least one LED to thereby divert current to the at least one charge storage device.
In some embodiments, the control circuits of the lighting circuits may include first control circuits and the apparatus may further include a second control circuit configured to control current through the plurality of lighting circuits. The second control circuit may include a current source circuit and/or a current sink circuit.
In some embodiments, the lighting apparatus may include a voltage generator circuit configured to generate the periodically varying voltage. The periodically varying voltage may include a full-wave rectified voltage.
According to further embodiments, an apparatus includes a plurality of lighting circuits coupled in series, each lighting circuit including a control circuit configured to selectively provide current to at least one LED and at least one charge storage device responsive to a varying input. The apparatus further includes bypass circuitry configured to selectively bypass the lighting circuits responsive to the varying input. The varying input may include a periodically varying voltage. The apparatus may further include a voltage generator circuit configured to generate the periodically varying voltage.
In additional embodiments, a lighting apparatus includes a lighting string comprising a plurality of LEDs coupled in series, bypass circuitry configured to selectively bypass sets of the LEDs and at least one current control circuit coupled in series with the plurality of LEDs and configured to selectively provide current to at least one of the LEDs and to at least one charge storage device coupled to the string responsive to a varying input applied to the lighting string. The lighting string and the current control circuit may be configured such that current is provided from the at least one charge storage device to the at least one of the LEDs when the varying input is insufficient to cause forward conduction in the at least one of the LEDs.
In some embodiments, the lighting string may include a plurality of lighting circuits coupled in series. Each lighting circuit may include at least one LED, a current control circuit coupled in series with the at least one LED and a charge storage device coupled in parallel with the at least one LED and the current control circuit.
In some embodiments, the bypass circuitry may be configured to partition the plurality of LEDs into bypassable sets and wherein the current control circuit is configured to selectively provide current to at least two of the bypassable sets and to at least one charge storage device coupled in parallel with the at least two bypassable sets.
In further embodiments, the bypass circuitry may include at least one bypass circuit configured to couple an internal node of the string to a terminal node of the string to bypass a subset of the plurality of LEDs. The plurality of LEDs may include a first LED set coupled between a first internal node and a second internal node and a second LED set coupled between the second node and a third internal node, the bypass circuitry may include a first bypass circuit configured to couple the first internal node to the terminal node and a second bypass circuit configured to couple the second internal node to the terminal node and the at least one current control circuit may be configured to selectively provide current to the first and second LED sets and to at least one charge storage device coupled across the first and second LED sets.
In some embodiments, the bypass circuitry may include a bypass circuit configured to couple a first internal node of the string to a second internal node of the string to bypass a subset of the plurality of LEDs. The plurality of LEDs may include a first LED set coupled between a first internal node and a second internal node and a second LED set coupled between the second node and a third internal node, the bypass circuitry may include a first bypass circuit configured to couple the first internal node to the second internal node and a second bypass circuit configured to couple the second internal node to the third internal node and the at least one current control circuit may be configured to selectively provide current to the first and second LED sets and to at least one charge storage device coupled across the first and second LED sets.
The at least one charge storage device may include at least one capacitor. The apparatus may include the at least one charge storage device and/or may be configured to be coupled to at least one charge storage device.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The accompanying drawings, which are included to provide a further understanding of the inventive subject matter and are incorporated in and constitute a part of this application, illustrate certain embodiment(s) of the inventive subject matter. In the drawings:
FIG. 1 illustrates a lighting apparatus according to some embodiments;
FIG. 2 illustrates a lighting apparatus according to further embodiments;
FIGS. 3A-B illustrate operations of a lighting apparatus according to some embodiments;
FIG. 4 illustrates a lighting apparatus according to further embodiments;
FIG. 5 illustrates a current mirror circuit for a lighting apparatus according to some embodiments;
FIG. 6 illustrates a current control circuit for a lighting apparatus according to further embodiments;
FIG. 7 illustrates a current source circuit for a lighting apparatus according to some embodiments;
FIG. 8 illustrates a lighting apparatus according to further embodiments;
FIG. 9 illustrates a lighting apparatus configured to be coupled to at least one external capacitor according to some embodiments;
FIG. 10 illustrates a driver device configured to be coupled to at least one LED and at least one capacitor according to some embodiments;
FIG. 11 illustrates driver device with bypass circuitry according to some embodiments;
FIG. 12 illustrates a lighting apparatus with an external capacitor connection according to further embodiments;
FIG. 13 illustrates a lighting apparatus for use with a time-varying current source according to further embodiments;
FIG. 14 illustrates a lighting apparatus according to further embodiments;
FIG. 15 illustrates voltage, current and light output characteristics of the lighting apparatus of FIG. 14;
FIGS. 16 and 17 illustrate current waveforms of lighting apparatus powered by switch mode power supply circuitry;
FIG. 18 illustrates a lighting apparatus with multiple energy-storing lighting circuits according to some embodiments;
FIG. 19 illustrates a lighting apparatus with multiple energy-storing lighting circuits and bypass circuitry according to some embodiments;
FIG. 20 illustrates a lighting apparatus with multiple energy-storing lighting circuits and different bypass circuitry according to some embodiments;
FIG. 21 illustrates a lighting apparatus with energy storage bridging multiple bypassable lighting circuits according to some embodiments;
FIG. 22 illustrates a lighting apparatus with energy storage bridging multiple bypassable lighting circuits according to further embodiments;
FIG. 23 illustrates a lighting apparatus with energy storage according to some embodiments;
FIGS. 24A-C illustrate light output of the apparatus of FIG. 23 for various dimming conditions;
FIG. 25 illustrates a lighting apparatus with energy storage according to further embodiments; and
FIGS. 26A-C illustrate light output of the apparatus of FIG. 25 for various dimming conditions.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Embodiments of the present inventive subject matter now will be described more fully hereinafter with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which embodiments of the inventive subject matter are shown. This inventive subject matter may, however, be embodied in many different forms and should not be construed as limited to the embodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided so that this disclosure will be thorough and complete, and will fully convey the scope of the inventive subject matter to those skilled in the art. Like numbers refer to like elements throughout.
It will be understood that, although the terms first, second, etc. may be used herein to describe various elements, these elements should not be limited by these terms. These terms are only used to distinguish one element from another. For example, a first element could be termed a second element, and, similarly, a second element could be termed a first element, without departing from the scope of the present inventive subject matter. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
It will be understood that when an element is referred to as being “connected” or “coupled” to another element, it can be directly connected or coupled to the other element or intervening elements may be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly connected” or “directly coupled” to another element, there are no intervening elements present. It will be further understood that elements “coupled in series” or “serially connected” may be directly coupled or may be coupled via intervening elements.
It will be understood that when an element or layer is referred to as being “on” another element or layer, the element or layer can be directly on another element or layer or intervening elements or layers may also be present. In contrast, when an element is referred to as being “directly on” another element or layer, there are no intervening elements or layers present. As used herein, the term “and/or” includes any and all combinations of one or more of the associated listed items.
Spatially relative terms, such as “below”, “beneath”, “lower”, “above”, “upper”, and the like, may be used herein for ease of description to describe one element or feature's relationship to another element(s) or feature(s) as illustrated in the figures. It will be understood that the spatially relative terms are intended to encompass different orientations of the device in use or operation, in addition to the orientation depicted in the figures. Throughout the specification, like reference numerals in the drawings denote like elements.
Embodiments of the inventive subject matter are described herein with reference to plan and perspective illustrations that are schematic illustrations of idealized embodiments of the inventive subject matter. As such, variations from the shapes of the illustrations as a result, for example, of manufacturing techniques and/or tolerances, are to be expected. Thus, the inventive subject matter should not be construed as limited to the particular shapes of objects illustrated herein, but should include deviations in shapes that result, for example, from manufacturing. Thus, the objects illustrated in the figures are schematic in nature and their shapes are not intended to illustrate the actual shape of a region of a device and are not intended to limit the scope of the inventive subject matter.
The terminology used herein is for the purpose of describing particular embodiments only and is not intended to be limiting of the present inventive subject matter. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an” and “the” are intended to include the plural forms as well, unless the context clearly indicates otherwise. It will be further understood that the terms “comprises” “comprising,” “includes” and/or “including” when used herein, specify the presence of stated features, integers, steps, operations, elements, and/or components, but do not preclude the presence or addition of one or more other features, integers, steps, operations, elements, components, and/or groups thereof.
Unless otherwise defined, all terms (including technical and scientific terms) used herein have the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill in the art to which this present inventive subject matter belongs. It will be further understood that terms used herein should be interpreted as having a meaning that is consistent with their meaning in the context of this specification and the relevant art and will not be interpreted in an idealized or overly formal sense unless expressly so defined herein. The term “plurality” is used herein to refer to two or more of the referenced item.
The expression “lighting apparatus”, as used herein, is not limited, except that it indicates that the device is capable of emitting light. That is, a lighting apparatus can be a device which illuminates an area or volume, e.g., a structure, a swimming pool or spa, a room, a warehouse, an indicator, a road, a parking lot, a vehicle, signage, e.g., road signs, a billboard, a ship, a toy, a mirror, a vessel, an electronic device, a boat, an aircraft, a stadium, a computer, a remote audio device, a remote video device, a cell phone, a tree, a window, an LCD display, a cave, a tunnel, a yard, a lamppost, or a device or array of devices that illuminate an enclosure, or a device that is used for edge or back-lighting (e.g., back light poster, signage, LCD displays), bulb replacements (e.g., for replacing AC incandescent lights, low voltage lights, fluorescent lights, etc.), lights used for outdoor lighting, lights used for security lighting, lights used for exterior residential lighting (wall mounts, post/column mounts), ceiling fixtures/wall sconces, under cabinet lighting, lamps (floor and/or table and/or desk), landscape lighting, track lighting, task lighting, specialty lighting, ceiling fan lighting, archival/art display lighting, high vibration/impact lighting, work lights, etc., mirrors/vanity lighting, or any other light emitting device.
The present inventive subject matter further relates to an illuminated enclosure (the volume of which can be illuminated uniformly or non-uniformly), comprising an enclosed space and at least one lighting apparatus according to the present inventive subject matter, wherein the lighting apparatus illuminates at least a portion of the enclosed space (uniformly or non-uniformly).
Some embodiments of the inventive subject matter arise from a realization that flicker in an AC-driven LED lighting apparatus may be reduced by using a capacitor to store energy near peak voltage and using the stored energy to drive the LED(s) when the input AC voltage magnitude is less than required to forward bias the LED(s). In some embodiments, a current control circuit, for example, a current limiter circuit, is coupled in series with one or more LEDs. A storage capacitor may be coupled to the one or more LEDs. The current limiter circuit may be configured to direct current to the storage capacitor under certain input voltage conditions such that energy stored in the storage capacitor may be discharged via the one or more LEDs under other input voltage conditions. Thus, more uniform illumination may be achieved.
FIG. 1 illustrates a lighting apparatus 100 according to some embodiments. The apparatus 100 includes one or more LEDs 110. The one or more LEDs 110 may, for example, comprise a string of LEDs of a single or multiple colors. The one or more LEDs 110 may include, for example, a serial string of LEDs, serial combinations of paralleled LEDs or combinations thereof. The apparatus 100 may further include additional circuitry associated with the one or more LEDs 110, such as temperature and/or color compensation circuitry. Examples of compensation circuitry that may be used with LEDs are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/704,730, commonly assigned to the assignee of the present application and incorporated herein by reference.
The one or more LEDs 110 are coupled in series with the first current control circuit 120. One or more storage capacitors 130 may be coupled in parallel with the one or more LEDs 110 and the first current control circuit 120. The one or more storage capacitors 130 may include, for example, one or more electrolytic capacitors, ceramic capacitors, film capacitors, super-capacitors, ultra-capacitors and/or combinations thereof.
A second current control circuit 140 is coupled in series with the parallel combination of the one or more LEDs' 110, the first current control circuit 120 and the one or more storage capacitors 130. The first current control circuit 120 and the second current control circuit 140 are configured such that, in responsive to a time-varying voltage v, the one or more storage capacitors 130 are charged via the second current control circuit 140 and then discharged via the one or more LEDs responsive to the varying voltage v.
FIG. 2 illustrates an example of a lighting apparatus 200 along the lines described above. The lighting apparatus 200 includes one or more LEDs 210 coupled in series with a current limiter circuit 220, and one or more storage capacitors 230 coupled in parallel with the one or more LEDs 210 and the current limiter circuit 220. The one or more LEDs 210 may be configured in a number of different ways and may have various compensation circuits associated therewith, as discussed above with reference to the one or more LEDs 110 of FIG. 1. A current source circuit 240 is coupled to an output of a rectifier circuit 250 that produces a time-varying voltage v, e.g., a full-or-half wave rectified voltage, from an AC input. The current source circuit 240 provides a controlled current to the parallel combination of the one or more storage capacitors 230 and the one or more LEDs 210 and the current limiter circuit 220. The current limiter circuit 220 may be configured to limit current through the one or more LEDs 210 to a value less than a current provided by the current source circuit 240 such that current is diverted to the one or more storage capacitors 230, with the stored energy used to drive the one or more LEDs 210 in reduced-magnitude portions of the input AC voltage waveform.
This is further illustrated in FIG. 3A, where it is assumed that the AC input has a sinusoidal voltage waveform 310 and the rectifier circuit 250 is a full-wave rectifier. During a time interval T1, the current limiter circuit 220 limits the current i2 through the one or more LEDs 210 to a value less than the total current i1 supplied by the current source circuit 240. During this period, current flows to one or more storage capacitors 230, thus charging the one or more capacitors 230. During an interval T2 in which the magnitude of the rectifier output voltage v falls below a certain level, the current i2 through the one or more LEDs 210 is maintained by discharging the one or more storage capacitors 230. In this manner, the one or more LEDs 210 may continue to be illuminated, thus potentially reducing flicker in comparison to conventional AC drive circuits that shut off LED conduction for significant portions of the rectified AC waveform. As illustrated in FIG. 3B, the arrangement illustrated in FIG. 2 may be advantageous for applications using phase cut dimming. In particular, the AC input to the rectifier circuit 250 may be a phase cut AC signal (e.g., one generated from a conventional dimmer) having a phase-cut AC waveform 310′. The illumination produced by the one or more LEDs 210 may be reduced in proportion to the amount of phase cut, while the combined action of the current source circuit 240, the current limiter circuit 220 and the one or more storage capacitors 230 can reduce flicker by maintaining current through the one or more LEDs 210 during reduced-magnitude portions of the input AC waveform 310′. It will be appreciated that the voltage and current waveforms illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B are idealized for purposes of illustrations, and that waveforms exhibited by various practical embodiments may deviate therefrom depending, for example, on characteristics of the type of current source and current limit circuits used and/or properties of circuit components (e.g., transistors, capacitors, etc.) used in the circuitry.
It will be further understood that, although FIG. 2 illustrates use of a current source circuit 240 coupled between the output of a rectifier circuit 250 and one or more LEDs 210 and one or more storage capacitors 230, a current control circuit providing similar functionality may be coupled elsewhere. For example, the current source circuit 240 may be replaced by a current control circuit positioned at the input of the rectifier circuit 250 that controls current produced by the rectifier circuit 250.
FIG. 4 illustrates a lighting apparatus 400 along the lines discussed above with reference to FIG. 2. The apparatus 400 includes one or more LED's 410 coupled in series with a current mirror circuit 420. The one or more LEDs 410 may be configured in a number of different ways and may have various compensation circuits associated therewith, as discussed above with reference to the one or more LEDs 110 of FIG. 1. One or more storage capacitors are coupled in parallel with the one or more LEDs 410 and the current mirror circuit 420. A current source circuit 440 includes a resistor R coupled to the parallel combination of the one or more storage capacitors 430 and the one or more LEDs 410 and the current mirror circuit 420. The current source circuit 440 is also coupled to a full-wave rectifier circuit 450, which includes diodes D1-D4. The current mirror circuit 420 may be configured to limit current through the one or more LEDs 410 to a level less than a nominal current produced by the current source circuit 440. In this manner, the one or more storage capacitors 430 may be alternately charged via the current source circuit 440 and discharged via the one or more LEDs 410, thus maintaining more uniform illumination.
FIG. 5 illustrates an example of current mirror circuit 420′ that may be used in the apparatus 400 of FIG. 4, including first and second transistors Q1, Q2 and resistors R1, R2, R3 connected in a current mirror configuration. The current limit circuit 420′ may provide a current limit of approximately (VLED−0.7)/(R1+R2)×(R2/R3). A voltage limiter circuit 460, e.g., a zener diode, may also be provided to limit the voltage developed across the one or more storage capacitors 430.
It will be appreciated that any of a wide variety of circuits may be used for current control in a lighting apparatus along the line discussed above. FIG. 6 illustrates an example of a current limiter circuit 220′ that may be used, for example, in the circuit arrangement of FIG. 2. The current limiter circuit 220′ includes an amplifier U that generates a drive signal for a transistor Q coupled in series with one or more LEDs 210. The amplifier U generates the transistor drive signal responsive to a comparison of a reference voltage Vref to a current sense signal generated by a current sense resistor R coupled in series with the one or more LEDs and the transistor Q.
Similarly, a wide variety of different circuit may be used for a current source for an LED/capacitor load. For example, FIG. 7 illustrates a current source circuit 240′ that may be used in the circuit arrangement of FIG. 2. The current source circuit 240′ includes transistors Q1, Q2 and resistors R1, R2, R3 arranged in a current mirror configuration.
According further embodiments, capacitive energy storage techniques as discussed above may be combined with techniques in which LEDs are incrementally switched on and off in response to a varying input voltage, such as a rectified AC waveform. For example, the aforementioned U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/775,842 describes lighting apparatus in which LEDs in string are selectively bypassed in response to a varying voltage waveform. Such bypass circuitry may be combined with capacitive storage techniques along the lines discussed above.
FIG. 8 illustrates an example of such a combination. A lighting apparatus 800 includes one or more LEDs 810 coupled in series with a first current control circuit 820, with one or more storage capacitors 830 coupled in parallel with the one or more LEDs 810 and the first current control circuit 820.
A second current control circuit 840 is coupled in series with these components, along with a string 850 of additional LEDs. The string 850 may be arranged in groups 850a, 850b, 850c, . . . , 850i, which may be selectively bypassed using bypass circuits 860a, 860b, 860c, . . . 860i. The groups 850a, 850b, 850c, . . . , 850i may each include one or more LEDs, which may be connected in various parallel and/or serial ways. Responsive to a varying input voltage v (e.g., a full-wave rectified waveform produced by a rectifier), the bypass circuits 860a, 860b, 860c, . . . 860i may operate such that the groups 850a, 850b, 850c, . . . , 850i of LEDs are incrementally coupled in series with the one or more LEDs 810 as the magnitude of the input voltage v increases. The first and second current control circuit 820, 840 may be configured such that current is eventually diverted to the one or more storage capacitors at or near the peak of the input voltage v. As the magnitude of the input voltage v decreases, the groups 850a, 850b, 850c, . . . 850i of LEDs are incrementally bypassed. When the magnitude of the input voltage v approaches its minimum, current may be discharged from the one or more storage capacitors 830 through the one or more LEDs 810 to maintain illumination until the magnitude of the input voltage v again increases.
It will be understood that the apparatus 800 of FIG. 8 is provide as an example for purposes of explanation, and that a variety of other bypass circuit arrangements may be used. For example, bypass circuitry may be used to bypass individual segments of a string of LEDs, rather than the shunt arrangement shown in FIG. 8. Other arrangements may include reversed arrangements of the circuit shown in FIG. 8, e.g., the energy-storing component may be connected at the “bottom” of the LED string, rather than the “top” side arrangement illustrated in FIG. 8.
It will also be appreciated that embodiments of the inventive subject may have any of a variety of physical arrangements, e.g., different arrangements of circuit components and/or packaging of such components. For example, some embodiments may provide a lighting apparatus with both integrated driver circuitry (e.g., current source and limit circuits) and storage capacitance. Further embodiments may provide lighting apparatus with provision for connection to external storage capacitance. Some embodiments may provide a driver device configured to be coupled to one or more LEDs and to one or more external storage capacitors. Still further embodiments may include bypass circuitry and/or voltage source circuitry, such as a rectifier circuit.
FIG. 9 illustrates a lighting apparatus 900 according to some embodiments. The lighting apparatus 900 includes first and second current control circuits 120, 140 and one or more LEDs 110, along lines discussed above. The apparatus 900 further includes a port 910 configured to be coupled to one or more external storage capacitors. FIG. 10 illustrates a device 1000, e.g., an integrated circuit, circuit module or the like, including first and second current control circuits 120, 140 along lines discussed above. The device 1000 includes ports 1010, 1020 configured to be coupled to one or more LEDs 110 and one or more storage capacitors 130 external to the device 1000. FIG. 11 illustrates a device 1100 including first and second current control circuits 120, 140, along with one or more bypass circuits 860a, 860b, 860c, . . . , 860i along lines discussed above with reference to FIG. 8. The device 1100 includes ports 1110, 1120, 1130 configured to be coupled to one or more LEDs 110 and one or more storage capacitors 130 external to the device 1100.
FIG. 12 illustrates a lighting apparatus 1200 including first and second current control circuits 120, 140, one or more LEDs 110 and one or more storage capacitors 130, along with an integrated rectifier circuit 150. It will be appreciated that a rectifier or other voltage source circuit may be similarly integrated in the devices illustrated in FIGS. 9-11.
According to further embodiments, a lighting apparatus utilizing energy storage techniques similar to those discussed above may be used with current source that provides a time-varying current. For example, as illustrated in FIG. 13, a lighting apparatus 1300 may include one or more LEDs 1310 coupled in series with a current limiter circuit 1320, and one or more storage capacitors 1330 coupled in parallel with the one or more LEDs 1310 and the current limiter circuit 1320. The apparatus 1300 may be configured to be coupled to a current source circuit 20 that produces a time-varying output current i, which may be an AC current or a DC current. The current limiter circuit 1320 may be configured to limit current through the one or more LEDs 1310 to a value less than a peak value of the time-varying current i such that current is diverted to charge the one or more storage capacitors 1330 when the time-varying current i exceeds the current limit of the current limiter circuit 1320. When the time-varying current i decreases below the current limit, current may be delivered from the one or more storage capacitors 1330 to the one or more LEDs 1310 to maintain a given level of illumination. The current limiter circuit 1320 may take the form, for example, of the current limiter circuitry illustrated in FIG. 5. Additional circuitry, such as the voltage limiting circuitry illustrated in FIG. 5 and/or the bypass circuitry illustrated in FIG. 8, may also be included in the apparatus 1300. Some embodiments may use circuitry along the lines illustrated in FIG. 13, but with provision of one or more ports for connection of external LEDs and/or storage capacitors, along the lines discussed above with reference to FIGS. 9-12.
According to further embodiments, a light output from an AC powered LED lighting apparatus may be “valley filled” using, for example, techniques along the lines discussed above, so that perceptible flicker may be reduced or eliminated. In particular, a periodic light output with “clipped” troughs near the zero crossings of an AC power input may be obtained by using a storage capacitor to provide current to at least one LED during time periods near the zero crossings. Using techniques along the lines described above, cycling of the storage capacitor may be limited to twice the AC voltage frequency (e.g., 120 Hz for a 60 Hz AC power source), such that reliability of the storage capacitor may be improved in comparison to the reliability of storage capacitors used in designs that use, for example, switch mode power supplies that operate at 10 kHz or greater.
FIG. 14 illustrates a lighting apparatus 1400 according to further embodiments, while FIG. 15 illustrates voltage, current and light output characteristics of the apparatus 1400. The apparatus 1400 includes a string of serially-connected sets 1410a, 1410b, 1410c of LEDs. A rectifier circuit 1450 is configured to receive power from a power source, which provides an AC voltage vAC, and to produce a full-wave rectified output current in. A storage capacitor 1430 is coupled to the first set 1410a of at least one LED. A current limiter circuit 1420 is configured to limit current flowing through a first set 1410a of one or more LEDs. The current limiter circuit 1420 is a dual of the circuit illustrated in FIG. 5, and includes transistors Q1, Q2 and resistors R1, R2, R3. A zener diode DZ provides overvoltage protection. A current control circuit 1440 provides selective bypassing of the sets 1410b, 1410c of LEDs. This current control circuit 1440 may take any of a number of different forms, and generally may operate to bypass the sets 1410a, 1410b such that the sets 1410b, 1410c are incrementally added and removed from series connection with the first set 1410 as the rectified voltage produced by the rectifier circuit 1450 increases and decreases. This operation results in a “stepped” current waveform for the input current iR, as illustrated in FIG. 15.
As further illustrated in FIG. 15, a periodic light output 1500 is thus produced by the apparatus 1400. During a first portion T1 of a period T of the light output 1500, the light output generally tracks the AC voltage vAC, with the storage capacitor 1430 being charged at and near the magnitude peaks of the AC voltage vAC. During a second portion T2 of the period T, the light output 1500 is “clipped” (held up) to a level that is at least 5% of the peak light output level at by transfer of stored charge from the storage capacitor 1430 to the first set 1410a of at least one LED such that a non-zero light output level is maintained at nulls (e.g., zero crossings) of the AC voltage vAC. Although perception of flicker in lighting is generally dependent on the observer, it is believed that maintaining a minimum light output level of at least 5-10% of the maximum light output level renders flicker negligibly perceptible.
As shown in FIGS. 16 and 17, the LED current waveforms produced by different types of switch-mode power supply circuits in off-line LED systems produce a similar light output (waveform) which typically does not create visible flicker but at the expense of complex and costly circuitry. A switch-mode power supply LED driver also typically needs an electromagnetic interference (EMI) filter to comply with stringent FCC or similar regulatory agency limits. A potential advantage of circuits such as the one illustrated in FIG. 14 is that there may be no need for an EMI filter as there is no high-frequency switching. Another potential advantage is that the storage capacitor 1430 is cycled (charged/discharged) at a relatively low rate and lower RMS current levels in comparison to the high cycle rates and high RMS currents typically experienced by storage capacitors used in conventional switch-mode power supply circuits, thus potentially improving reliability and useful lifetime and/or enabling the use of less expensive storage capacitors. These features may be particularly valuable in solid-state lighting applications, in which low cost and high reliability are distinct advantages.
In off-line LED systems which do not use switch-mode power supplies as LED drivers, such as AC LED systems with only a rectifier and a current limiting resistor, the light output typically falls to at or near zero when the input voltage falls below the level of the LED string voltage, which may cause visible flicker at twice the line frequency. In some AC LED systems that use multiple switched LED segments and no energy storage, the light output may stay at zero for a shorter duration than non-segmented AC LED systems, but still may cause visible flicker. Such flicker may be more prominent and perceptible when objects are moving around or back and forth in the presence of such a light, as human eyes tend to be more sensitive to sudden changes in light level, such as going completely dark, and less sensitive to gradual changes. Some embodiments of the inventive subject matter, such as in the lighting apparatus of FIG. 14, may produce a light output that does not go to zero using a “valley fill” or “light fill” technique without the complexity of using a switch-mode power supply.
In some embodiments, multiple serially-connected LED lighting circuits with energy storage along the lines described above may be used to reduce flicker. For example, FIG. 18 illustrates an apparatus 1800, which includes first and second energy-storing LED lighting circuits 1805a, 1805b connected in series with a diode D6, The lighting circuits 1805a, 1805b may each include at least one LED 1810a, 1810b, e.g., one LED, a series string of LEDs and/or a serial combination of paralleled LEDs. The lighting circuits 1805a, 1805b also each include a control circuit 1820a, 1820b that controls current through the at least one LED 1810a, 1801b such that energy is selectively stored in and released from a charge storage device. For example, as shown in FIG. 18, each of the lighting circuits 1805a, 1805b may store charge in at least one capacitor 1830a, 1830b. 
In the illustrated embodiments, an additional third lighting circuit 1815 without such energy storage is coupled in series with the first and second lighting circuits 1805a, 1805b. The third lighting circuit 1815 includes a current control circuit 1840 that is configured to control current passing through at least one LED 1810c. The control circuit 1840 further controls current passing between a rectifier circuit 1860 and the first and second lighting circuits 1805a, 1805b such that the control circuit 1840 serves as a current sink for the first and second lighting circuits 1805a, 1805b. It will be understood that, in some embodiments, a current source circuit may be used in a similar manner, i.e., to control current passing from a rectifier or other voltage generator circuit to lighting circuits such as the lighting circuits 1805a, 1805b. 
As shown in FIG. 18, the rectifier circuit 1860 supplies a full-wave rectified voltage to the LED circuits 1805a, 1805b, 1815 via a diode D5. The control circuit 1840 passes current from the at least one LED 1810c to a second terminal of the rectifier circuit 1860 via diodes D7, D8, D9. It will be appreciated that other types of sources voltage generator circuits that supply varying voltages may be used with the invention, including, but not limited to, half-wave rectifier circuits and/or multi-phase rectifier circuits.
As further shown in FIG. 18, energy-storing LED lighting circuits may also include bypass circuitry configured to selectively bypass lighting circuits such that they may be incrementally turned on and off in response to a varying voltage, such as the full-wave rectified voltage produced by the rectifier circuit 1860. The illustrated embodiments include a first bypass circuit 1850a configured to bypass the LED circuit 1815. The first bypass circuit 1850a includes transistors Q9, Q10 connected in a current mirror configuration, along with a bias transistor R10. The first bypass circuit 1850a selectively passes current around the lighting circuit 1815 via the transistor Q10 and a resistor R11 to the rectifier circuit 1860. A second bypass circuit 1850b is configured to bypass the second lighting circuit 1805b and the lighting circuit 1815. The second bypass circuit 1850b includes transistors Q7, Q8 connected in a current mirror configuration, along with a bias resistor R8. The second bypass circuit 1850b is configured to selectively pass current around the second lighting circuit 1805b and the third lighting circuit 1815 via the transistor Q8 and the resistor R11 back to the rectifier circuit 1860. The bypass circuits 1850a, 1850b are configured to enable and block these bypass currents responsive to the rectified voltage produced by the rectifier circuit 1860, such that the LEDs 1810a, 1810b, 1810c incrementally turned on and off as the rectified voltage increases and decreases in magnitude.
The control circuit 1820a of the first lighting circuit 1805a includes a current mirror comprising transistors Q1, Q2, along with biasing resistors R1, R2, R3 and a zener diode DZ1. Similarly, the control circuit 1820b of the second LED circuit 1805b includes a current mirror comprising transistors Q3, Q4, along with bias resistors R4, R5, R6 and a zener diode DZ2. The control circuits 1820a, 1820b are configured to limit current through the LEDs 1810a, 1810b, causing current to be diverted to the capacitors 1830a, 1830b when current delivered to the LED circuits 1805a, 1905b exceeds the current limit. When the rectified voltage produced by the rectifier circuit 1860 falls to a level insufficient to maintain conduction through the LEDs 1810a, 1810b, energy stored in the capacitors 1830a, 1830b is transferred from the capacitors 1830a, 1830b to illuminate the LEDs 1810a, 1810b. This enables continued generation of light (valley or light fill) near nulls of the rectified voltage produced by the rectifier circuit 1860, along the lines discussed above.
It will be appreciated that, although FIG. 18 shows an apparatus using two energy-storing lighting circuits, other embodiments may employ three or more such circuits in a similar manner. It will be further understood that other circuits that provide similar function to the specific current control circuits shown in FIG. 18 may be used in some embodiments. It will be further appreciated that the circuitry illustrated in FIG. 18 may be physically configured in a variety of different ways. For example, in some embodiments, an apparatus may include the control circuits 1820a, 1820b, 1840 integrated in a unit or module configured to be coupled to externally-located LEDs and/or charge storage devices. The rectifier circuit 1860 may also be integrated with the control circuits 1820a, 1820b, 1840 in such a unit or module. In some embodiments, the control circuits 1820a, 1820b, 1840 may be integrated with the LEDs 1810a, 1810b, 1840 in a unit or module that is configured to be coupled to external charge storage devices. In some embodiments, the control circuits 1820a, 1820b, 1840 may be integrated with the charge storage devices 1830a, 1830b in a unit or module that is configured to be coupled to external LEDs. In still further embodiments, all of these components may be integrated in a common unit or module, such as a lamp (e.g., bulb or tube) that may contain other structures, such as reflectors and lenses, and that is configured to be used in a standardized lighting fixture (e.g., in a screw or plug-in type lamp base). Components along the lines illustrated in FIG. 18 may also be implemented in one or more modules (e.g., circuit card or thick film/hybrid module) used in such a lamp.
FIG. 19 illustrates further embodiments of the inventive subject matter, in which a string with multiple lighting circuits with energy storage can be used in a lighting apparatus. A lighting apparatus 1900 includes a lighting string 1910 including plural serially-connected lighting circuits 1910a, 1910b, 1910c. Although three lighting circuits are illustrated, it will be appreciated that various embodiments may use different numbers of such circuits, e.g., one, two or more than three. Each lighting circuit 1910a, 1910b, 1910c includes at least one LED 1912 coupled in series with a current control circuit 1916. The current control circuit 1916 is configured to control current sharing between the at least one LED 1912 and at least one charge storage device, e.g., at least one capacitor 1914, such that, when a voltage applied to the string 1910 is insufficient to cause forward conduction in the at least one LED 1912, current is supplied from the at least one storage capacitor 1914 to the at least one LED 1912. Respective bypass circuits 1920a, 1920b, 1920c may be configured to bypass selected sets of the lighting circuits 1910a, 1910b, 1910c by coupling internal nodes 1915a, 1915b, 1915c to a terminal node 1917 of the string 1910. The terminal node 1917 may be coupled, for example, to a terminal of a rectifier (such as the rectifier 1860 of FIG. 18) or other power supply circuit.
In some embodiments, bypass circuitry other than that shown in FIGS. 18 and 19 may be used. For example, as shown in FIG. 20, a lighting apparatus 2000 may including a string 2010 of serially-connected lighting circuits 2010a, 2010b, 2010c, each of which include at least one LED 2012, at least one storage device, such as at least one storage capacitor 2016, and a current control circuit 2014 that is configured to selectively divert current to the storage capacitor 2016. Respective bypass circuits 2020a, 2020b, 2020c are configured to bypass respective ones of the lighting circuits 2010a, 2010b, 2010c by coupling of internal nodes 2015a, 2015b, 2015c, 2015d of the string 2010. Examples of parallel-connected bypass circuits that may be used in such embodiments are described, for example, in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/339,974 entitled “SOLID-STATE LIGHTING APPARATUS AND METHODS USING PARALLEL-CONNECTED SEGMENT BYPASS CIRCUITS,” filed Dec. 29, 2011 and incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
According to additional embodiments, one or more storage devices may be connected in parallel with a plurality of bypassable LEDs. For example, in a lighting apparatus 2100 illustrated in FIG. 21, a string 2110 includes serially-connected sets of LEDs 2110a, . . . , 2110i, 2110j, 2110k, . . . , 2110n, each of which include at least one LED. Bypass circuits 2120a, . . . , 2120i, 2120j, 2120k, . . . , 2120n are configured to selectively bypass respective portions of the string 2110. One or more storage devices, e.g., one or more storage capacitors 2140, may be coupled across a group 2110i, 2110j, 2110k of the sets of LEDs of the string 2110, and a current control circuit 2130 may be configured to selectively cause current diversion to the one or more storage capacitors 2140. Such an arrangement may be used to provide “valley filling” along the lines discussed above.
A similar approach may be used with parallel-type bypass circuitry along the lines described above with reference to FIG. 20. As shown in FIG. 22 a lighting apparatus 2200 may include a string of serially connected bypassable sets 2210a, . . . , 2210i, 2210j, 2210k, . . . , 2210n, each including at least one LED. Respective bypass circuits 2220a, . . . 2220i, 2220j, 2220k, . . . , 2220n are configured to bypass respective ones of the sets 2210a, . . . , 2210i, 2210j, 2210k, . . . 2210n of LEDs. At least one storage device, such as at least one storage capacitor 2240, is coupled across a group of the sets 2210i, 2210j, 2210k and a current control circuit 2230 coupled in series with the sets 2210i, 2210j, 2210k is configured to cause charge to be stored in the at least one storage capacitor 2240. The at least one storage capacitor 2240 may be used to provide valley-fill operations along the lines discussed above, by providing current to the sets 2210i, 2210j, 2210k when a voltage provided by a source coupled to the string 2210 is insufficient to drive the sets 2210i, 2210j, 2210k. 
FIG. 23 illustrates a lighting apparatus 2300 according to further embodiments of the inventive subject matter. The lighting apparatus 2300 includes a lighting string including a first lighting circuit 2310 with energy storage capability, coupled in series with second and third lighting circuits 2320a, 2320b that comprise respective sets of LEDs. The first lighting circuit 2310 includes first and second LEDs LD1, LD2 coupled in parallel. The paralleled LEDs LD1, LD2 are coupled in series with a first transistor Q7 of current control circuit that also includes a second transistor Q8, resistors R5, R6, R7 and a zener diode D8. A storage capacitor C1 is coupled across the series combination of the LEDs LD1, LD2 and the first transistor Q7 of the current control circuit. The lighting circuits 2320a, 2320b include respective paralleled pairs of LEDs LD3, LD4 and LD5, LD6.
The lighting apparatus further includes bypass circuitry 2330, which is configured to selectively couple nodes of the lighting string to ground via resistor R4 responsive to a varying voltage produced by a full-wave rectifier 2340. In particular, the bypass circuit 2330 includes a first bypass circuit 2330a including transistors Q1, Q4, resistor R1 and diode D1. As the rectified voltage produced by the rectifier 2340 rises from zero, the first bypass circuit 2330a provides a current path that bypasses the second and third lighting circuits 2320a, 2320b, allowing current to flow through the first lighting circuit 2310, illuminating the LEDs LD1, LD2.
As the rectified voltage increases, the bypass path provided by the first bypass circuit 2330a closes and a current path through a second bypass circuit 2330b including transistors Q2, Q5, resistor R2 and diodes D2, D3, is turned on. This enables current to flow through the first lighting circuit 2310 and the second lighting circuit 2320a, additionally illuminating the LEDs LD3, LD4. As the rectified voltage further increases, the bypass path provided by the second bypass circuit 2330b closes and another current path through a third bypass circuit 2330c including transistors Q3, Q6, resistor R3 and diodes D4, D5, D6, begins to conduct. This enables current to flow through the first, second and third lighting circuits 2310, 2320a, 2320b, additionally illuminating the LEDs LD5, LD6.
As the rectified voltage peaks and then begins to decrease, the process reverses, sequentially deactivating the third lighting circuit 2320b and the second lighting circuit 2320a. When the rectified voltage decreases to a point that it would no longer cause forward conduction in the LEDs LD1, LD2 of the first lighting circuit 2310, charge stored in the capacitor C1 is discharged through the LEDs LD1, LD2 to provide a valley fill effect.
FIGS. 24A-C illustrate light output waveforms for the apparatus 2300 for various dimming levels, i.e., for various AC power levels provided to the input of the rectifier 2340 from a leading edge phase cut dimmer. FIG. 24A illustrates light output for a full-power input wherein no phase cut is applied by the dimmer. FIG. 24B illustrates light output for approximately 70% of full input power, with a leading edge phase cut. FIG. 24C illustrates light output for approximately 50% of full input power. The average light output varies for the different input power levels and, in each of FIGS. 24A-C, with illumination being maintained at and near nulls of the input voltage using energy stored in the storage capacitor C1.
FIG. 25 illustrates a lighting apparatus 2500 according to further embodiments of the inventive subject matter. The lighting apparatus 2500 includes a lighting string including first and second lighting circuits 2510a, 2510b with energy storage capability. The first lighting circuit 2510a includes LEDs LD1, LD2 coupled in parallel. The paralleled LEDs LD1, LD2 are coupled in series with a first transistor Q7 of a current control circuit that also includes a second transistor Q8, resistors R5, R6, R7 and a zener diode D8. A storage capacitor C1 is coupled across the series combination of the LEDs LD1, LD2 and the first transistor Q7 of the current control circuit. The second lighting circuit 2510b similarly includes LEDs LD3, LD4 coupled in parallel. The paralleled LEDs LD3, LD4 are coupled in series with a first transistor Q6 of a current control circuit that also includes a second transistor Q3, resistors R3, R8, R9 and a zener diode D9. A storage capacitor C2 is coupled across the series combination of the LEDs LD3, LD4 and the first transistor Q6 of the current control circuit. A series connected diode D10 prevents current backflow from the second lighting circuit 2510b to the first lighting circuit 2510a. 
The lighting apparatus 2500 further includes bypass circuitry 2520, which is configured to selectively couple nodes of the lighting string to ground via a resistor R4 responsive to a varying voltage produced by a full-wave rectifier 2530. In particular, the bypass circuit 2520 includes a first bypass circuit 2520a including transistors Q1, Q4, resistor R1 and diode D1. As the rectified voltage produced by the rectifier 2530 rises from zero, the first bypass circuit 2520a provides a current path that bypasses the lighting circuits 2510b, while allowing current to flow through the first lighting circuit 2510a, illuminating the LEDs LD1, LD2. As the rectified voltage increases, the bypass path provided by the first bypass circuit 2520a closes and a second bypass circuit 2520b including transistors Q2, Q5, resistor R2 and diodes D2, D3, is turned on. This enables current to flow through the first lighting circuit 2510a and the second lighting circuit 2510b, additionally illuminating the LEDs LD3, LD4.
FIGS. 26A-C illustrate light output of the apparatus of FIG. 25 for various dimming levels. In particular, FIG. 26A illustrates light output for full input power wherein no phase cut is applied by the dimmer. FIG. 26B illustrates light output at approximately 90% of full input power. FIG. 26C illustrates light output at approximately 50% of full input power. The average light output varies for the different input power levels, with illumination being maintained at and near nulls of the input voltage using energy stored in the storage capacitors C1, C2.
In the drawings and specification, there have been disclosed typical embodiments of the inventive subject matter and, although specific terms are employed, they are used in a generic and descriptive sense only and not for purposes of limitation, the scope of the inventive subject matter being set forth in the following claims.

## Claims

1. A lighting apparatus comprising:
a plurality of lighting circuits coupled in series, each lighting circuit comprising a control circuit configured to selectively provide current to at least one LED and at least one charge storage device coupled to the at least one LED.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control circuit is configured to cause the at least one charge storage device to be selectively charged from a current source and to be discharged via the at least one LED responsive to a varying input.

3. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the control circuit is configured to limit current through the at least one LED to thereby divert current to the at least one charge storage device.

4. The apparatus of claim 2, wherein the varying input comprises a voltage applied to the plurality of lighting circuits.

5. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control circuits of the lighting circuits comprise first control circuits and wherein the apparatus further comprises a second control circuit configured to be coupled in series with the plurality of lighting circuits and to control current passing through the plurality of lighting circuits.

6. The apparatus of claim 5, wherein the second control circuit comprises a current source circuit or a current sink circuit.

7. The apparatus of claim 5, further comprising a voltage source coupled to the plurality of lighting circuits.

8. The apparatus of claim 7, wherein the voltage source comprises a rectifier circuit.

9. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the at least one charge storage device comprises at least one capacitor.

10. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein respective ones of the lighting circuits comprise respective sets of at least one charge storage device.

11. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein respective ones of the lighting circuits comprise respective sets of at least one LED.

12. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control circuit comprises a current mirror circuit.

13. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the apparatus further comprises at least one bypass circuit configured to bypass at least one of the lighting circuits.

14. The apparatus of claim 12, wherein the at least one bypass circuit is configured to bypass at least one of the plurality of LEDs responsive to a varying input.

15. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the control circuits comprise first control circuits and wherein the apparatus further comprises:
a rectifier circuit coupled to the plurality of lighting circuits and configured to generate a rectified voltage;
a second control circuit configured to control a current passing between the rectifier circuit and the lighting circuits; and
bypass circuitry configured to selectively bypass the lighting circuits responsive to variation in magnitude of the rectified voltage.

16. A lighting apparatus comprising:
a plurality of lighting circuits coupled in series, each lighting circuit comprising at least one LED, at least one charge storage device and a control circuit configured to selectively provide current to the at least one LED and the least one charge storage device; and
bypass circuitry configured to selectively bypass the lighting circuits responsive to a periodically varying voltage.

17. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the control circuit is configured to cause the at least one charge storage device to be selectively charged responsive to the periodically varying voltage and to be discharged via the at least one LED responsive to the periodically varying voltage.

18. The apparatus of claim 17, wherein the control circuit is configured to limit current through the at least one LED to thereby divert current to the at least one charge storage device.

19. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the control circuits of the lighting circuits comprise first control circuits and wherein the apparatus further comprises a second control circuit configured to control current through the plurality of lighting circuits.

20. The apparatus of claim 19, wherein the second control circuit comprises a current source circuit and/or a current sink circuit.

21. The apparatus of claim 16, further comprising a voltage generator circuit configured to generate the periodically varying voltage.

22. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the periodically varying voltage comprises a full-wave rectified voltage.

23. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the at least one charge storage device comprises at least one capacitor.

24. The apparatus of claim 16, wherein the control circuit comprises a current mirror circuit.

25. An apparatus comprising:
a plurality of lighting circuits coupled in series, each lighting circuit comprising a control circuit configured to selectively provide current to at least one LED and at least one charge storage device responsive to a varying input; and
bypass circuitry configured to selectively bypass the lighting circuits responsive to the varying input.

26. The apparatus of claim 25, wherein the varying input comprises a periodically varying voltage.

27. The apparatus of claim 26, further comprising a voltage generator circuit configured to generate the periodically varying voltage.

28. The apparatus of claim 25, further comprising at least one LED and/or at least one charge storage device.

29. A lighting apparatus comprising:
a lighting string comprising a plurality of LEDs coupled in series;
bypass circuitry configured to selectively bypass sets of the LEDs; and
at least one current control circuit coupled in series with the plurality of LEDs and configured to selectively provide current to at least one of the LEDs and to at least one charge storage device coupled to the string responsive to a varying input applied to the lighting string.

30. The lighting apparatus of claim 29, wherein the lighting string and the current control circuit are configured such that current is provided from the at least one charge storage device to the at least one of the LEDs when the varying input is insufficient to cause forward conduction in the at least one of the LEDs.

31. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the lighting string comprises a plurality of lighting circuits coupled in series, each lighting circuit comprising:
at least one LED;
a current control circuit coupled in series with the at least one LED; and
a charge storage device coupled in parallel with the at least one LED and the current control circuit.

32. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the bypass circuitry is configured to partition the plurality of LEDs into bypassable sets and wherein the current control circuit is configured to selectively provide current to at least two of the bypassable sets and to at least one charge storage device coupled in parallel with the at least two bypassable sets.

33. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the bypass circuitry comprises at least one bypass circuit configured to couple an internal node of the string to a terminal node of the string to bypass a subset of the plurality of LEDs.

34. The apparatus of claim 33:
wherein the plurality of LEDs comprises a first LED set coupled between a first internal node and a second internal node and a second LED set coupled between the second node and a third internal node;
wherein the bypass circuitry comprises a first bypass circuit configured to couple the first internal node to the terminal node and a second bypass circuit configured to couple the second internal node to the terminal node; and
wherein the current control circuit is configured to selectively provide current to the first and second LED sets and to at least one charge storage device coupled across the first and second LED sets.

35. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the bypass circuitry comprises a bypass circuit configured to couple a first internal node of the string to a second internal node of the string to bypass a subset of the plurality of LEDs.

36. The apparatus of claim 35:
wherein the plurality of LEDs comprises a first LED set coupled between a first internal node and a second internal node and a second LED set coupled between the second node and a third internal node;
wherein the bypass circuitry comprises a first bypass circuit configured to couple the first internal node to the second internal node and a second bypass circuit configured to couple the second internal node to the third internal node; and
wherein the current control circuit is configured to selectively provide current to the first and second LED sets and to at least one charge storage device coupled across the first and second LED sets.

37. The apparatus of claim 29, wherein the at least one charge storage device comprises at least one capacitor.

38. The apparatus of claim 29, further comprising the at least one charge storage device.