* District Judge of the Eastern District of Texas, sitting by designation. United States Court of Appeals,

Fifth Circuit.

No. 92-3482.

Bertha Paglin FERMAN, etc., Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

UNITED STATES of America, Defendant-Appellee.

June 18, 1993.

Appeals from the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana.

Before KING and EMILIO M. GARZA, Circuit Judges, and HALL, * District Judge.

KING, Circuit Judge:

Bert ha Paglin Ferman, acting in her capacity as executrix of the estate of Jules J. Paglin,

brought this action against the United States to obtain a refund of $117,362.03 in federal estate taxes,

plus interest and costs. Ferman asserts that an amendment to the Internal Revenue Code, which

retroactively restricted the availability of an estate tax deduction for the sale of employer securities

to an employee stock ownership plan, violates due process as applied to Paglin's estate. The parties

filed cross-motions for summary judgment before the district court, which granted summary judgment

in favor of the government. Ferman appeals from that judgment. Finding that, in the context of the

facts before us, the retroactive amendment to the deduction at issue does not constitute a violation

of due process, we affirm the district court's grant of summary judgment in favor of the government.

I. BACKGROUND

The facts in the case before us are not in dispute, and they have been presented by the court

below. S ee Ferman v. United States, 790 F.Supp. 656 (E.D.La.1992) . Following is a brief

discussion of (a) section 2057 of Title 26 and its amendment, (b) the facts relevant to this appeal, and

(c) the proceedings below.

A. Section 2057

The Tax Reform Act of 1986, Pub.L. No. 99-514, 100 Stat. 2085 (the Act), was enacted onOctober 22, 1986. Section 1172(a) of the Act added section 2057 to the Int ernal Revenue Code,

which allowed estates a deduction for fift y percent of the "qualified proceeds" of a "qualified sale"

of any employer securities to an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP). S ee 26 U.S.C. § 2057. The

term "qualified sale" was defined as "any sale of employer securities by the executor of an estate to

... an employee stock ownership plan

... described in section 4975(e)(7)." 26 U.S.C. § 2057(b)(1).

"Qualified proceeds" was defined as "the amount received by the estate from the sale of employer

securities at any time before the date on which the return of the tax imposed by section 2001 is

required to be filed." 26 U.S.C. § 2057(c)(1). Under section 1172(c) of the Act, section 2057 was

made applicable to sales by executors required to file estate tax returns after the date of its enactment.

As discussed below, section 2057 made it possible for the executor of an estate t o purchase stock

from a company and then resell that stock to the company's ESOP—usually at a discount so as to

provide an incentive for the ESOP to participate in the transaction—in order to receive a fift y percent

deduction on the proceeds of that sale.

On January 5, 1987, the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) issued a news release addressing a

number of statutory changes affecting employee plans. This notice was formally published on January

25, 1987 as Notice 87-13, 1987-1 C.B. 432 (Notice 87-13). "Question-and-answer 23" of Notice

87-13 indicated that, "[p]ending the enactment of clarifying legislation," the IRS would not recognize

the deduction permitted under section 2057 unless (1) the decedent directly owned securities before

death and (2) the securities were allocated or held for future allocation by the plan in specified ways.

Id. at 442.

On February 26, 1987, proposed legislation concerning the scope of section 2057's deduction

was introduced into Congress. The bill's sponsors stated that it "would confirm the positions taken

in IRS Notice 87-13" and that, "[b]ecause these provisions accurately reflect Congressional intent in

enactin g t he pro vision, this clarification would be effective as if included in the [1986 Act]." 133

C ONG .R EC

. H845 (daily ed. Feb. 27, 1987); 133 C O NG .R EC

. S2532 (daily ed. Feb. 27, 1987). This

proposal made its way into the Omnibus Reconciliation Act of 1987, Pub.L. No. 100-185, 101 Stat.

1330 (the 1987 Act), which was enacted into law on December 22, 1987. Section 10411 of this Act1 Although not important for the purposes of resolving the case before us, we note that section

2057 was subsequently repealed for the estates of persons dying after July 12, 1989. See

Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1989, Pub.L. No. 101-239, 103 Stat. 2106, 2352-2354, §

7304(a). amended section 2057 of the Internal Revenue Code to impose the additional requirements identified

in Notice 87-13, effective as if the pro vision had been contained in the 1986 Act. 1 The legislative

history behind the enactment of the 1987 Act states, in pertinent part,

[i]n enacting the estate tax deducti o n[,] Congress intended that it would be utilized in a

limited number of transactions with a relatively modest revenue loss. As drafted, the estate

tax deduction was significant ly broader than what was originally contemplated by Congress

in enacting the provision. The committee believes it is necessary to conform the statute to

the original intent of Congress in order to prevent a significant revenue loss under the T a x

Reform Act of 1986.

While Congress intended to encourage transfers of employer securities to ESOPs by

providing for partial elimination of estate tax liabilit y, it was not intended that estates be able

to eliminat e all estate tax liabilit y through use of the deducti on[,] or that the securi ti es acquired in a transaction for which the deduction was claimed need not be allocated to plan

participants. The provision would no t have been adopted in its present form had the full

extent of the revenue impact and the effect of the provision been recognized.

The committee concludes that it is now necessary to modify the provision to bring the

revenue loss in line with the original estimate and congressional intent. The modificatio ns

contained in the bill are designed to achieve this result while maint aining to the fullest extent possible the incentive to transfer employer securities to ESOPs.

The primary thrust of the bill is to c onform t he provision to the original intent of

Congress in enacting the deduction. In this respect, the bill has two elements.

First, the bill makes clear that the positions taken by the Internal Revenue Service in

Notice 87-13 with resp ect to the estate tax deduction are an accurate statement of

Congressional intent in enacting the provision. If these clarifications are not made, taxpayers

could qualify for the deduction by engaging in essentially sham transactions.

Second, the bill makes additional changes in the deduction which more fully effectuate

the intent of Congress to provide limited relief for the estate tax.

H.R.Rep. No. 100-391(II), 100th Cong., 1st Sess. 1045 (1987), codified at 4 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2313-1,

2313-661 (1987); s ee also H.R.Conf.Rep. No. 100-495, 100th Cong., 1st Sess. at 998 (1987),

codified at 4 U.S.C.C.A.N. 2313-1245, 2313-1744 (1987) (adopting the House version of the bill).

B. The Paglin Estate's Reliance on the Unamended Version of Section 2057

Bertha Paglin Ferman is the testamentary executrix of the estate of her father, Jules J. Paglin

(decedent). At the time of his deat h on October 27, 1986, the decedent owned stock in over 752 These stock purchase prices include brokerage commissions paid by the estate and, therefore,

they do not reflect the actual market value of the stock.

3 The record does not disclose whether the estate in any way claimed this loss as a tax

deduction. publicly traded corporations, including 100 shares of ALZA Corporati on stock valued at $2,031.25;

the decedent had no legal relationship with the ALZA ESOP at the time of his death.

From February 20 to February 24, 1987, decedent's estate entered into t hree series of

transactions in which it purchased shares of ALZA Corporati on stock, and then sold those shares to

the ALZA Corporation ESOP: (1) on February 20, the estate purchased 12,300 shares of stock at

a total cost of $348,960, which it sold to the ESOP that same day for $329,175; (2) on February 23,

the estate purchased 112,200 shares of ALZA stock for $329,090, which it sold to the ESOP that

same day for $310,317.50; and (3) o n February 24, the estate purchased 11,200 shares of ALZA

Corporati on common stock for $310,100, which it sold to the ESOP that day for $292,600. 2 The

parties have sti

pulat ed that the $7,000 brokerage commission paid by the estate when originally

purchasing the stock and the stock value discounts given to the ESOP resulted in a total loss to the

estate of $49,057.50. 3

Ferman entered these transactions on t he advice of her attorneys in order to realize a tax

deduction under section 2057, and the parties have stipulated that her "de cision to purchase these

shares of ALZA stock, pay the commissions due on the purchases, and resell the stock to the ALZA

ESOP at a discount, was purely tax motivated." The parties have also stipulated that

[t]he only reason that the estate purchased ALZA stock, as opposed to the stock of another

company, was the fact that the ALZA ESOP had by prior agreement agreed to purchase at

a discount the entire quantity of ALZA Corporation stock directly from the estate, and the

ALZA ESOP agreed to make the purchase from the estate over the three-day period.

Ferman also chose the ALZA ESOP because it agreed to purchase the shares at a lower discount than

the other ESOPs she contacted.

On December 15, 1987, the estate filed a claim with the IRS for a refund on its federal estate

taxes in the amount of $177,362.03, plus interest. Accordi ng to the estate, it was enti tl ed to a

deduction under section 2057 in the amount of $466,046.25, or one-hal f of the $932,092.50 totalproceeds received from its sales of ALZA Corporati on stock to the ALZA ESOP. This deduction

reduced the decedent's taxable estate from $1,869,839.03 to $1,403,792. 78, and the estate's tax

liabilit y from $511,097.55 to $333,735.52, for a total savings of $177,362.03. The IRS denied the

estate's refund claim on January 31, 1990.

C. Proceedings

Soon after the IRS denied the estate's refund, Ferman instituted this action contending that

(1) the estate is entitled to the ESOP sales deduction because it fully complied with the plain meaning

of section 2057 as it existed at the time the sales were consummated, and (2) retroactive application

of the 1987 Act to the estate's circumstances violates the Due Process Clause of the F ifth

Amendment. Ferman moved for summary judgment, and the IRS filed a cross-motion for summary

judgment, contending that the government's retroactive amendment to section 2057 does not

constitute a violation of due process.

The district court granted summary judgment in favor o f the IRS, hol di ng that the

government's retroactive amendment to section 2057 does not violate the Due Process Clause. First,

the court re

ject ed Ferman's argument that "she could not have foreseen Congress' retroactive

amendment of section 205 7 because no legislative action took place until after she completed the

stock transfers at issue." F erman, 790 F.Supp. at 661. According to the district court, "Notice 87-13

forewarned what the future could and ultimately did bring." I d. The court also stated that "[i]t would

seem abundantly clear that, given the IRS' position, Congress would enact corrective and retroactive

legislation at the earliest possible time." I d. The district court also noted that, "[w]hile the net effect

of the 1987 amend ment s t o section 2057 clearly denied the Paglin estate the benefits of the fifty

percent deduction, such denial did not amount to a "new tax' as contemplated by the relevant law."

Id.

Finally, the district court dismissed the estate's reliance upon such cases as Untermyer v.

Anderson, 276 U.S. 440, 48 S.Ct. 353, 72 L.Ed. 645 (1928), and Blodgett v. Holden, 275 U.S. 142,

48 S.Ct. 105, 72 L.Ed. 206, modified, 276 U.S. 594, 48 S.Ct. 105, 72 L.Ed. 206 (1928), where the

Supreme Court refused to subject gifts to the gift tax where they were completed before the first gift4 This amount constitutes the aggregate of (1) the broker's commissions paid by the estate

when it purchased the ALZA stock and (2) the discounts given to the ALZA ESOP on the price

of the stock. tax had even been implemented. The district court recognized that, in U nited States v. Hemme, 476

U.S. 558, 106 S.Ct. 2071, 90 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986), the Supreme Court limit ed Untermyer to its facts,

specifically stating that Untermyer is of questionab le value in assessing the constitutionality of

amendments that bring about changes in the operati on of existing tax laws. Accordingly, the district

court distinguished Untermyer and Blodgett from the case before us on the gr ounds that thi s case

"does not involve a new estate tax on intervivos gifts but, rather, a change in the application of an

estate tax deduction." I

d. at 662. In sum, although the district court stated that, "[i]n all candor, the

court, in this instance , sincerely hopes that, should its judgment be appealed, the court (or courts)

above will find error in this ruling[,]" it concluded that "it is true beyond peradventure that Congress

may surely correct any error or inadvertence it may have created; indeed, Congress is constitutionally

able to change and modify our nation's tax laws at will." Id. at 662-63.

II. ANALYSIS

The parties have stipulated that (1) the government erred in drafting section 2057 in that it

failed to properly estimate the cost to the United States Treasury resulting from the deduction created

under this section, (2) the government's statutory power to tax generally includes the discretion to

correct such mistakes, and, (3) solely as a result of this deduction, Ferman entered into transactions

which, although they benefited the estate under the unamended version of section 2057, were

otherwise to the detriment of the estate in the amount of $49,057.50. 4 On appeal, Ferman contends

that she re aso nably relied upon section 2057 when entering into the transactions at issue between

February 20 and February 24, 1987. The government contends that (1) it act ed within its taxing

authority in applying its 1987 amendment to section 2057 retroactively, for this amendment

constitutes an adjustment to an existing tax rat her t han a new tax, and (2) Ferman's reliance on

section 2057 was not re aso nable in light of (a) Notice 87-113, (b) the legislative history behind

section 2057, and (c) the extent of the government's error in drafting section 2057. Accordingly, the

issue before us constitutes a question of law: We must determine whether, in the context of the facts5 Outside of the tax context, the Court has held that the retroactive application of a statute

must be "arbitrary and irrational" to violate due process. See Usery v. Turner Elkhorn Mining

Co., 428 U.S. 1, 15, 96 S.Ct. 2882, 2892, 49 L.Ed.2d 752 (1976). Nevertheless, this difference is

actually just one of semantics, for the Court has held that the "harsh and oppressive" impact

standard used in the tax context "does not differ from the prohibition against arbitrary and

irrational legislation that we clearly enunciated in Turner Elkhorn. " Pension Benefit Guaranty

Corp. v. R.A. Gray & Co., 467 U.S. 717, 733, 104 S.Ct. 2709, 2720, 81 L.Ed.2d 601 (1984).

6 See Untermyer, 276 U.S. at 440, 48 S.Ct. at 353; Blodgett, 275 U.S. at 142, 48 S.Ct. at 105;

Nichols v. Coolidge, 274 U.S. 531, 47 S.Ct. 710, 71 L.Ed. 1184 (1927). before us, the government's retroactive application of its amendment to section 2057 constitutes a

violation of due process or a legitimate exercise of the government's statutory power to tax.

The Supreme Court has held that the retroactive application of a tax statute violates the Due

Process Clause where the result is "so harsh and oppressive as to transgress the constitutional

limitation." H

emme, 476 U.S. at 568-69, 106 S.Ct. at 2078, quoting Welch v. Henry, 305 U.S. 134,

147, 59 S.Ct. 121, 125, 83 L.Ed. 87 (1938). 5 In making such a determination, courts must "consider

the nature of the tax and the circumstances in which it is laid...." Hemme, 476 U.S. at 568-69, 106

S.Ct. at 2078.

In Welch, the case in which the Court introduced this "harsh and oppressive" impact standard,

a Wisconsin taxpayer challenged the state's imposition of additional taxes arising from a change in

the tax rate on corporate dividends received by the taxpayer one and two years earlier. Although it

had previously struck down retroactive taxes on gifts, 6 the Court upheld the Wisconsin statute by

distinguishing the tax at issue from gift taxes. Specifically, the Court held that

a tax on the receipt of income is not compar able t o a gift tax. We cannot assume that

stockholders would refuse to receive corporate dividends even if they knew that their receipt

would later be subjected to a new tax or to the increase of an old one....

305 U.S. at 148, 59 S.Ct. at 126. The Court then went on to pl ace the right to tax i ncom e

retroactively within the realm of the broad taxing power of legislatures, stating that

[w]e cannot say that the due process which the Constitution exacts denies that opportunity

to legislatures; t hat it wit hholds from them, more than in the case of a prospective tax,

authority to distribute the increased tax burden in the light of experience and in conformity

with accepted notions of t he requirements of equal protection; or that in view of well

established legislative practice, both state and national, taxpayers can justly assert surprise or complain of arbitrary action in the retroactive apportionment of tax burdens to income at the

first opportunity after knowledge of the nature and amount of the income is available.7 This court and our sister circuits also have recognized the distinction between a retroactive

change in existing tax law and the retroactive imposition of a wholly new tax, thereby limiting

Nichols, Blodgett, and Untermyer to their facts. See, e.g., Wiggins v. Commissioner, 904 F.2d

311, 314 (5th Cir.1990) (upholding retroactive exclusion of investment tax credit recapture when

calculating an alternative minimum tax); Estate of Ekins v. Commissioner, 797 F.2d 481, 484

(7th Cir.1986) (upholding the retroactive repeal of an estate tax exclusion for life insurance

policies); Fein v. United States, 730 F.2d 1211, 1213 (8th Cir.), cert. denied, 469 U.S. 858, 105

S.Ct. 188, 83 L.Ed.2d 121 (1984) (same); Estate of Ceppi v. Commissioner, 698 F.2d 17, 21

(1st Cir.1983), cert. denied, 462 U.S. 1120, 103 S.Ct. 3088, 77 L.Ed.2d 1350 (1983) (upholding

the retroactive repeal of an estate tax exclusion); Westw ick v. Commissioner, 636 F.2d 291, 292

(10th Cir.1980) (retroactive changes in the minimum tax upheld in spite of detrimental reliance);

First National Bank * MESSAGE(S) *MORE SECTIONS FOLLOWin Dallas v. United States,

420 F.2d 725, 730 n. 8, 190 Ct.Cl. 400 (1970) (interest equalization tax on foreign stock

acquisitions may be retroactively applied), cert. denied, 398 U.S. 950, 90 S.Ct. 1868, 26 L.Ed.2d

289 (1970); Sidney v. Commissioner, 273 F.2d 928, 932 (2d Cir.1960) (upholding retroactive

taxation of gains realized from collapsible corporations). Id. at 149-150, 59 S.Ct. at 127.

In cases decided subsequently to Welch and the N ichols-Blodgett-Untermyer trilogy, the

Court has drawn a clearer distinction between the retroactive imposition of a wholly new tax and a

retroactive change in the base or rate of an existing tax. See, e.g., Hemme, 476 U.S. at 568, 106

S.Ct. at 2077; U

nited States v. Darusmont, 449 U.S. 292, 299, 101 S.Ct. 549, 553, 66 L.Ed.2d 513

(1981). 7 In D arusmont, the Court considered a challenge to the retroactive application of a minimum

t ax provision which increased the tax due from the sale of a taxpayers' home which had occurred

before the provision was enacted. After stating that "[t]he proposed increase in rate had been under

public discussion for almost a year before its enactment" and that taxpayers w ere therefore i n no

position to claim surprise, the Court held that taxpayers' " "new tax' argument is answered completely

by the fact that the 1976 amendments to the minimum tax did not create a new tax." 449 U.S. at 299-

300, 101 S.Ct. at 553. Similarly, in H emme, t he t rustee of a taxpayer's estate challenged the

retroactive application of a transitional rule bridging the gap between new and old regimes for federal

taxation of gifts and estates. Applying the "harsh and oppressive" impact standard introduced in

Welch, the Court "considered the nature of the tax and the circumstances in which it [was] laid...."

476 U.S. at 568-69, 106 S.Ct. at 2078. The Court , without determining whether the provision at

issue constituted retroactive taxation, held that "the provision represents a fair judgment by Congress

that does not deprive appellees of anything to which they can assert a constitutional right." I d. at8 Hemme, 476 U.S. at 568-69, 106 S.Ct. at 2078, quoting Welch, 305 U.S. at 147, 59 S.Ct. at

125.

9 In Wiggins, this court held that a retroactive amendment establishing an investment tax credit

recapture constituted a correction rather than a new tax. 904 F.2d at 314. Specifically, we stated

that "[t]he legislative history of the 1984 amendment indicates that this was not a new tax, but a

correction necessary to effectuate Congress' intent in enacting [the Tax Equity and Fiscal

Responsibility Act of 1982]." Id. 571, 106 S.Ct. at 2079.

The change in tax law at issue in the c ase before us—the retroactive amendment to (and

limitation of) a deduction created under the Tax Act of 1986—cannot be characterized as a

retroactive imposition of a wholly new tax. The estate tax was in place befo re section 2057 was

introduced, and the amendment at issue simply limited the deduction provided under 2057, thereby

restoring the pre-se ct ion 2057 status quo. To determine whether the retroactive amendment of

section 2057 constitutes a change in tax law "so harsh and oppress ive as to transgress the

constitutional limitation[,]" 8 we must carefully consider the nature of the tax and the facts before us.

Hemme, 476 U.S. at 568-69, 106 S.Ct. at 2 078; c f. Wiggins, 904 F.2d at 316 (when retroactive

legislation is challenged on due process grounds, a case-by-case analysis is required). 9

Evaluating the government's retroactive amendment of section 2057 in the context of the facts

before us, we conclude that the government did not inflict a "harsh and oppressive" change in tax law

upon Paglin's estate. First, Notice 87-13 was formally published on January 25, 1987—nearly a

month before Ferman entered into the series of transactions at issue in this case. This fact

distinguishes the case before us from the Ninth Circuit's opinion in Carlton v. United States, 972 F.2d

1051 (9th Cir.1992). Specifically, although Carlton also involved an executor's reliance on section

2057, the executor in that c ase entered the transaction at issue nearly one month b efore the IRS

issued Notice 87-13. In reaching its conclusion that, as applied to Carlton's transaction, Congress'

amendment to section 2057 violated the Due Process Clause, the Ninth C ircuit was careful to

distinguish the district court opinion in the instant case and to clarify that its "conclusion would likely

be entirel y different if Carlton had engaged in his transaction after January 5, 1987." I d. at 1062,

citing Ferman, 790 F.Supp. at 656.10 As stated by Judge Norris in his dissent to the Carlton majority opinion,

[T]he statute on its face offered a benefit that appeared "too good to be true."

Admittedly, a number of laws provide tax incentives to encourage the growth of

ESOPs, in some cases subsidizing third parties for facilitating the transfer of

employer securities to an ESOP.... But the outcome in this case ... demonstrates

that the deduction as drafted offered a subsidy of a wholly different magnitude

from existing provisions. Congress could more providently have underwritten

ESOP stock purchases directly from the U.S. Treasury without bringing in estate

executors as middlemen!

972 F.2d at 1066. Although Notice 87-13 did not carry the authority of binding law, it did notify taxpayers of

the possibility that section 2057 would be amended, how section 2057 might be amended, and the

fact that there was risk associated with entering into transactions solely out of reliance upon section

2057. To hold that Not ice 87-13 had no such effect would be to invite taxpay ers to use such

notices—which, as is established in the record, are issued by the IRS to inform Congress of its errors

in drafting tax legislation—to locate Congress' mistakes and exploit them before they are corrected.

Moreover, although one month may not constitute abundant notice, Ferman and her attorneys had

every reason to remain observant for signs of change to section 2057. Specifically, alt hough the

transactions at issue cost the decedent's estate $49,057.50 in t he fo rm o f deductions given to the

ALZA ESOP, these transactions, in the absence of an amendment to section 2057, subjected the

est ate to a relatively low amount of risk and reduced its taxable amount by $466,046.25, o r

twenty-five percent. The result was a $177,362.03 reduct io n in federal estate tax. Although it is

indisputable that section 2057 was passed to encourage the growth of ESOPs, the transacti ons at

issue brought about an immediate benefit to the estate—and cost to the federal government through

lost tax rev enue—t hat was nearly four times greater than the deductions received by the ALZA

ESOP. 10 Accordingly, we co nclude that Notice 87-13 reasonably forewarned Ferman and her

attorney s of Congress' amendment to section 2057. S ee Milliken v. United States, 283 U.S. 15, 21-

24, 51 S.Ct. 324, 327, 75 L.Ed. 809 (1931) (upholding a retroactive gift tax where the donor was

forewarned of the possibility of this tax); E state of Ekins v. Commissioner, 797 F.2d 481, 484 (7th

Cir.1986) ("[T]he application of a tax statute will not amount to a deprivation of property without11 Section 10411(d) provides that:

(1) In general. —For purposes of this section, the proceeds of a sale of

employer securities by an executor to an employee stock ownership plan or an

eligible worker-owned cooperative shall not be treated as qualified proceeds from

a qualified sale unless—

(A) the decedent directly owned the securities immediately before death,

and

(B) after the sale, the employer securities—

(i) are allocated to participants, or

(ii) are held for future allocation in connection with

(I) an exempt loan under the rules of section 4975, or

(II) a transfer of assets under the rules of section 4980(c)(3).

12 In Pension, the Court explained that:

the strong deference accorded legislation in the field of national economic policy is

no less applicable when that legislation is applied retroactively. Provided that the

retroactive application of a statute is supported by a legitimate legislative purpose

furthered by rational means, judgments about the wisdom of such legislation

remain within the exclusive province of the legislative and executive branches....

467 U.S. at 729, 104 S.Ct. at 2717-18. due process of law if it meets two tests: the change is reasonably foreseeable and is only a fluctuation

in the tax rate instead of a wholly new tax.").

Second, in amending section 2057, Congress was careful not to co mplet ely eliminate the

deduction for taxpayers who relied upon it in their estate planning, as indicated by their (1) directly

purchasing the securities before their deaths and (2) providing that these securities be allocated or

held for future allocation in specified ways. S ee Pub.L. No. 100-203 § 10411, 101 Stat. 1330, 1330-

432 (1987). 11 The transactions at issue in the case before us, rather than being part of Paglin's estate

planning, were entered into after his death solely to take advantage of the deduction offered under

section 2057.

When regulating economic activity, Cong ress generally enjoys wide latitude to legislate

retroactively. S ee Pension Benefit Guaranty Corp. v. R.A. Gray & Co., 467 U.S. 717, 729, 104 S.Ct.

2709, 2717-18, 81 L.Ed.2d 601 (1984); 12 see also supra note 5 (equating the standards of review13 Congress anticipated that the revenue loss resulting from the passage of section 2057 would

be approximately $300 million. Because section 2057 was not specifically limited to instances

where the decedent owned the employer securities at the time of his or her death, the potential

revenue loss resulting from 2057 as originally drafted was estimated at $7 billion. See 133

C ONG .R EC . H845 (daily ed. Feb. 26, 1987). for the retroactive application of statutes in and outside of the tax context). Moreover, the Supreme

Court observed long ago that "[n]o more essential or important power has been conferred upon the

Congress [than the power to collect taxes and raise revenues,] and the presumption that an Act of

Congress is valid applies with added force and weight to a levy of public revenue." U nited States v.

Jacobs, 306 U.S. 363, 370, 59 S.Ct. 551, 555, 83 L.Ed. 763 (1939) (f ootnote omitted). Although

Co ngress acted retroactively when amending section 2057, it was merely correcting a substant ial

e r ror 13 publicly acknowledged through Notice 87-13 just three months after that error was made.

Proposed legislation confirming the position taken by the IRS in Notice 87-13 was introduced into

Congress the following month. And, at the time section 2057 was actually amended (just one week

after Ferman filed a refund claim with the IRS for $177,362.03), the deduction had been in existence

for just a little more than one year. S ee Wiggins, 904 F.2d at 315 (in upholding a correcti ve tax

statute applied retroactively, stating that "[w]here legislation is curative, retroactive application may

be constitutional despite a long period of retroactivity"); c f. United States v. Hudson, 299 U.S. 498,

500, 57 S.Ct. 309, 310, 81 L.Ed. 370 (1937) ("[I]t l ong has been the practice of Congress to make

[income tax statutes ] ... retroactive for relatively short periods so as to include profits from

tr a nsactions consummated while the statute was in process of enactment....") (citations omitted).

Having analyzed the effect of Congress' retroactive amendment to section 2057 in the context of the

facts before us, we conclude that limit ing the scope of sec t io n 2057 to exclude the transactions at

issue in this case does not constitute a change in tax law "so harsh and oppressive as to transgress the

constitutional limitation." H emme, 476 U.S. at 568-69, 106 S.Ct. at 2078; W elch, 305 U.S. at 147,

59 S.Ct. at 125.

III. CONCLUSION

Fo r the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the district court's grant of summary judgment in

favor of the government.