NOT FINAL UNTIL TIME EXPIRES TO FILE REHEARING

MOTION AND, IF FILED, DETERMINED

IN THE DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL

OF FLORIDA

SECOND DISTRICT

In the Interest of T.C., J.A., and I.E., )

children. )

)

)

A.R., )

)

Petitioner, )

)

v. ) Case No. 2D17-2815

)

DEPARTMENT OF CHILDREN AND )

FAMILIES and GUARDIAN AD LITEM )

PROGRAM, )

)

Respondents. )

)

Opinion filed March 16, 2018.

Petition for Writ of Certiorari to the Circuit 

Court for Charlotte County; Leigh Frizzell 

Hayes, Judge.

Kathryn E. Pugh, Fort Myers, for Petitioner. 

Meredith K. Hall, Appellate Counsel 

Children's Legal Services, Bradenton, for 

Respondent Department of Children and 

Families.

Sara Goldfarb, Sanford, for Respondent 

Guardian ad Litem Program. 
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PER CURIAM. 

A.R. seeks certiorari review of the trial court's order in this dependency 

proceeding that placed two of her children, I.E. and T.C., in a permanent guardianship 

with their paternal grandparents and gave the father permanent custody of J.A., with the 

intent to terminate the Department of Children and Families' (the Department) 

jurisdiction and supervision. We have jurisdiction. See M.M. v. Fla. Dep't of Children & 

Families, 189 So. 3d 134, 141 (Fla. 2016). We grant the petition and quash the order 

because it departs from the essential requirements of the law causing irreparable injury 

to A.R. that cannot be remedied on appeal. Id. at 138 (quoting Keck v. Eminsor, 104 

So. 3d 359, 364 (Fla. 2012)). 

The Department's case plan sought to change the permanency goals from 

reunification to permanent guardianships for two children and to permanent custody of 

J.A. to his father. That case plan was filed less than twenty-four hours prior to the 

judicial review hearing. A.R. was not informed prior to the judicial review that the 

Department and the Guardian ad Litem Program would seek to change the permanency 

goals. There is no indication that A.R. was notified that an evidentiary hearing would be 

conducted at the judicial review. 

Not only did this failure run afoul of the statutory requirements, it also 

denied A.R. procedural due process to present witnesses and cross-examine the 

Department's and the Guardian ad Litem Program's witnesses. See, e.g., § 39.6011(7), 

Fla. Stat. (2016) ("The case plan must be filed with the court and copies provided to all 

parties . . . not less than 3 business days before the disposition hearing."); 

§ 39.602(4)(a) (requiring that the parent must be provided with the Department's case 
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plan at least seventy-two hours before the hearing on court's approval); § 39.621(3)(a) 

("At least 3 business days before the permanency hearing, the [D]epartment shall file its 

judicial review social services report with the court and serve copies of the report on all 

parties"); § 39.701(2)(b)(1) (requiring that the parent "must be served" the Department's 

and the Guardian ad Litem Program's written reports seventy-two hours before the 

judicial review hearing); see also J.B. v. Dep't of Children & Family Servs., 130 So. 3d 

753, 754-57 (Fla. 2d DCA 2014) (reversing order of permanent guardianship where the 

day before the hearing, the Department apparently abandoned the goal of reunification 

and decided to seek a permanent guardianship, but did not file anything before the 

hearing to put the trial court or the father on notice, and the hearing was noticed as a 

judicial review, not a permanency hearing); P.P. v. Dep't of Children & Family Servs., 86 

So. 3d 556, 559-60 (Fla. 2d DCA 2012) (reversing order of permanent guardianship 

where the Department did not properly notify the mother that the hearing was a 

permanent guardianship hearing and the mother was not afforded an opportunity to 

present evidence at the evidentiary hearing prior to the child's placement in permanent 

guardianship); cf. A.S. v. Dep't of Children & Family Servs., 113 So. 3d 77, 80 (Fla. 2d 

DCA 2013) (holding that if the Department seeks to terminate jurisdiction and 

supervision, "procedural due process requires the court to hold an evidentiary hearing to 

determine whether allowing the case to remain pending while [the offending parent] 

completes her case plan would be detrimental to the child's interest, and if so, whether a 

preponderance of the evidence supports changing the goal of her case plan"). The 

legislature clearly intends for these statutory requirements to be mandatory, not 

directory. See DeGregorio v. Balkwill, 853 So. 2d 371, 374 (Fla. 2003) ("Generally, 
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where the word 'shall' refers to some required action preceding a possible deprivation of 

a substantive right, the word is given its literal meaning." (quoting Stanford v. State, 706 

So. 2d 900, 902 (Fla. 1st DCA 1998))); Estate of Johnson ex rel. Johnson v. Badger 

Acquisition of Tampa, LLC, 983 So. 2d 1175, 1181 n.3 (Fla. 2d DCA 2008) ("When 

interpreting a statute, 'shall' is generally read as being mandatory while 'may' suggests 

a permissive term.").

Petition granted and order quashed. 

CASANUEVA, VILLANTI, and MORRIS, JJ., Concur.