This opinion is subject to revision before publication.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ARMED FORCES

_______________

H.V.Z.

Appellant

v.

UNITED STATES

Appellee

and

Michael K. FEWELL, Technical Sergeant

United States Air Force, Real Party in Interest

No. 23-0250

Crim. App. No. 2023-03

Argued December 5, 2023—Decided July 18, 2024

Military Judge: Matthew P. Stoffel

For Appellant: Major Michael T. Bunnell (argued);

Major Marilyn S. P. McCall and Devon A. R. Wells, 

Esq. (on brief).

For Appellee: Colonel Zachary T. Eytalis (argued); 

Lieutenant Colonel G. Matt Osborn and Mary Ellen 

Payne, Esq. (on brief); Colonel Matthew D. Talcott.

For Real Party in Interest: Captain Samantha M. 

Castanien (argued); Megan P. Marinos, Esq. (on 

brief). 

Amici Curiae for Appellant: Lieutenant Commander 

Philip J. Corrigan, JAGC, USN, Lieutenant 
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Opinion of the Court

2

Commander Kimberly Rios, JAGC, USN, and Lieutenant Titus J. Hattan, JAGC, USN (on behalf of the 

United States Navy Special Victims’ Counsel) (on 

brief), and Elizabeth G. Marotta, Esq. (on behalf of 

the United States Coast Guard Special Victims’ 

Counsel Program) (on brief). 

Amicus Curiae for Real Party in Interest: Captain 

Arthur L. Gaston III, JAGC, USN, and Lieutenant 

Christopher B. Dempsey, JAGC, USN (on behalf of 

United States Navy-Marine Corps Appellate Defense Division) (on brief).

Judge HARDY delivered the opinion of the Court, in 

which Chief Judge OHLSON, Judge SPARKS, and 

Judge JOHNSON joined. Judge MAGGS filed a separate dissenting opinion. _______________
H.V.Z. v. United States and Fewell, No. 23-0250/AF

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Judge HARDY delivered the opinion of the Court.

The Government charged the accused with sexual assault, domestic violence, and wrongful use of a controlled 

substance. While preparing for his trial, the accused sought

discovery of the medical and nonprivileged mental health 

records of H.V.Z. (Appellant), the alleged victim of the

charged offenses. H.V.Z., through her Special Victims’ 

Counsel (SVC), filed a motion opposing the disclosure of 

most of those records. 

After concluding that H.V.Z. lacked standing before the 

trial court to oppose the accused’s discovery motion, the 

military judge ordered the treatment facility that housed 

H.V.Z.’s records to produce her medical records and relevant, nonprivileged mental health records. Believing that 

the military judge’s order violated her rights under Article 6b, Uniform Code of Military Justice (UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. 

§ 806b (2018), H.V.Z. petitioned the United States Air 

Force Court of Criminal Appeals (AFCCA) for a writ of 

mandamus blocking the military judge’s order. The AFCCA 

denied issuance of the writ.

Following the AFCCA’s decision, the Judge Advocate 

General of the Air Force exercised his authority under Article 67(a)(2), UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 867(a)(2) (2018), to certify 

the following four issues to this Court for immediate interlocutory review:

I. Did the military judge err when he determined 

that H.V.Z.’s DoD health record was in the possession, custody, or control of military authorities 

pursuant to R.C.M. 701(a)(2)(A) and R.C.M. 

701(a)(2)(B)?

II. Did the military judge err when he did not consider H.V.Z.’s written objection to production of 

her DoD health record as he found she did not 

have standing nor a right to be heard?

III. Whether H.V.Z. must show the military judge 

clearly and indisputably erred for writ to issue under Article 6b(e), UCMJ, or shall ordinary standards of appellate review apply?
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IV. Whether this Court should issue a writ of mandamus?

H.V.Z. v. United States, 83 M.J. 483 (C.A.A.F. 2023) (docketing notice).

For the reasons explained below, we begin with the 

third certified issue and hold that the AFCCA was correct 

in concluding that H.V.Z. bore the burden of showing that 

her right to issuance of the writ was clear and indisputable. 

In applying that standard to the first certified issue, we affirm that the military judge did not clearly and indisputably err in finding that the military treatment facility that 

housed H.V.Z.’s records qualified as a “military authorit[y]”

under Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 701(a)(2). However, with respect to the second certified issue, we hold that 

under Military Rule of Evidence (M.R.E.) 513(e)(2), the military judge was required to provide H.V.Z. with the opportunity to be heard on the production of her mental health 

records. His failure to do so amounted to clear and indisputable error. Finally, we decline to answer the fourth certified issue and instead remand the case to the AFCCA to 

decide in the first instance whether—in light of this opinion—a writ should issue.

I. Background

In January 2023, the convening authority referred multiple charges and specifications against TSgt Michael K. 

Fewell (the accused and Real Party in Interest) to a general 

court-martial, including: two specifications of sexual assault in violation of Article 120, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 920

(2018); two specifications of domestic violence in violation 

of Article 128b, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 928b (2018); and two 

specifications of wrongful use of a controlled substance, in 

violation of Article 112a, UCMJ, 10 U.S.C. § 912a (2018).

H.V.Z. is the accused’s ex-wife and the alleged victim of the

sexual assault and domestic violence offenses.

After the referral of charges, the accused’s defense counsel sought discovery of H.V.Z.’s medical records and any 

mental health records not protected by the psychotherapist-patient privilege within the Government’s possession.
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After several months of negotiations between the defense 

and trial counsel, the Government declined to produce 

many of the requested records, including any of H.V.Z.’s 

mental health records. The accused then filed a motion before the trial court seeking an order commanding the Government to produce the health and mental health records 

previously requested by the defense.

Four days later, H.V.Z., through her SVC, filed a brief 

opposing the accused’s motion to compel, raising multiple 

arguments why she believed that the accused was not entitled to production of her health and mental health records. The Government also filed a response to the accused’s 

motion, in which it only opposed the production of H.V.Z.’s 

medical and mental health records from before January 19, 

2020, the date of the earliest alleged offense committed 

against H.V.Z.

The military judge issued a written opinion and order 

granting many of the accused’s requests. In his opinion, the 

military judge confirmed that he received H.V.Z.’s written 

opposition to the accused’s motion but explained that he 

did not consider it because H.V.Z. lacked standing before 

the trial court. As relevant here, the military judge also 

concluded that: (1) the defense was entitled to the discovery 

of H.V.Z.’s medical records and relevant, nonprivileged 

mental health records maintained by the medical treatment facility located at Luke Air Force Base;1 (2) the defense made a valid request for discovery of the information 

in accordance with R.C.M. 701(a)(2)(B); and (3) any such 

records were within the possession, custody, or control of 

military authorities. The military judge separately ordered 

the 56th Medical Group (56 MDG) located at Luke Air 

Force Base to provide the parties with medical, mental 

health, and Family Advocacy records that pertained to 

H.V.Z., and to work with a medical law attorney to ensure 

1 The order also concluded that the defense was entitled to 

discovery of relevant records maintained by the Family Advocacy office located at Luke Air Force Base.
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that all privileged materials under M.R.E. 513 were redacted prior to production.

Pursuant to Article 6b(e), UCMJ, H.V.Z. petitioned the 

AFCCA for a writ of mandamus, and requested that the 

AFCCA order an immediate stay and “ ‘vacate the trial 

court’s decision to order disclosure of [her] extensive medical records.’ ” In re HVZ, Misc. Dkt. No. 2023-03, at 1 (A.F. 

Ct. Crim. App. May 19, 2023) (order). The AFCCA stayed 

the accused’s court-martial and the execution of the military judge’s order to the 56 MDG. After receiving briefs in 

response to H.V.Z.’s petition from the Government and the 

accused, and a reply brief from H.V.Z., the AFCCA issued 

an opinion denying H.V.Z.’s petition for a writ of mandamus for several reasons. In re HVZ, Misc. Dkt. No. 2023-03,

2023 CCA LEXIS 292, at *11-12, 2023 WL 4542948, at *5

(A.F. Ct. Crim. App. July 14, 2023) (unpublished). 

First, the AFCCA concluded that “the ‘right to be 

treated with fairness and with respect for the dignity and 

privacy of the victim’ ” in Article 6b(a)(9), UCMJ, did not 

create an independent right for H.V.Z. to be heard at the 

trial level on any and all matters affecting those rights, 

other than during presentencing proceedings in accordance 

with Article 6b(a)(4)(B), UCMJ. Id. at *11-12, 2023 WL 

4542948, at *5. The AFCCA therefore affirmed the military 

judge’s refusal to consider H.V.Z.’s response to the accused’s discovery motion. Id., 2023 WL 4542948, at *5.

Next, the AFCCA found that the military judge did not 

clearly and indisputably err in concluding that H.V.Z.’s records were possessed by a military authority. Id. at *12-13, 

2023 WL 4542948, at *5. R.C.M. 701(a)(2)(A)(i) provides an 

accused access to “papers, documents, [and] data . . . if the 

item is within the possession, custody, or control of military 

authorities.” The court was satisfied that these requirements were met because H.V.Z.’s records were maintained 

by the 56 MDG—a unit within the United States Air Force. 

Id. at *13, 2023 WL 4542948, at *5. 

The AFCCA’s decision was guided by its application of

our precedent instructing that a mandamus petition will 
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only be granted where a petitioner demonstrates a clear 

and indisputable right to relief. Id. at *7, 2023 WL 

4542948, at *3 (citing Hasan v. Gross, 71 M.J. 416, 418 

(C.A.A.F. 2012)). Applying that heightened standard, the 

AFCCA denied H.V.Z.’s petition. Id. at *21, 2023 WL 

4542948, at *8. 

II. Discussion

Our analysis proceeds in four parts, and we address 

each certified issue separately. But we must start with the 

third certified issue because the petitioner’s burden to obtain a writ of mandamus under Article 6b(e), UCMJ, controls our answer to the remaining issues.

A. The Petitioner’s Burden Under

Article 6b(e), UCMJ

The third certified issue requires us to determine what 

a petitioner seeking a writ of mandamus pursuant to 

Article 6b(e), UCMJ, must establish for a reviewing court 

to grant relief. A petitioner’s burden when seeking a writ 

under Article 6b(e), UCMJ, is a question of law that we 

review de novo. United States v. Evans, 75 M.J. 302, 304 

(C.A.A.F. 2016). We also review questions of statutory 

interpretation de novo. United States v. Sager, 76 M.J. 158, 

161 (C.A.A.F. 2017). 

Article 6b, UCMJ, guarantees certain rights to victims

of UCMJ offenses and establishes procedures for the vindication of those rights. When a victim believes that a military judge’s ruling violates her Article 6b rights, Article 6b(e)(1), UCMJ, authorizes the victim to immediately 

petition the relevant Court of Criminal Appeals (CCA) for 

a writ of mandamus ordering the trial court to comply with 

Article 6b, UCMJ. Article 6b, UCMJ, does not specify a victim petitioner’s burden of proof when seeking a writ of 

mandamus from the CCA, but we have held that to prevail 

on a writ of mandamus, a petitioner generally must show 

that: “(1) there is no other adequate means to attain relief; 

(2) the right to issuance of the writ is clear and indisputable; and (3) the issuance of the writ is appropriate under 
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the circumstances.” Hasan, 71 M.J. at 418 (citing Cheney 

v. U.S. Dist. Court for D.C., 542 U.S. 367, 380-81 (2004)). 

H.V.Z. argues that because Article 6b(e), UCMJ, does 

not specify the petitioner’s burden or direct the CCAs to 

apply any specific standard of review, the AFCCA erred by 

asking whether the military judge was “clearly and indisputably incorrect.” Rather, H.V.Z. contends, the AFCCA 

should have employed an ordinary appellate standard of 

review as Congress directed civilian courts to do under the 

similar Crime Victims’ Rights Act (CVRA). See 18 U.S.C. 

§ 3771(d)(3) (2018) (directing reviewing courts to “apply ordinary standards of appellate review”). We disagree.

When interpreting legislation, we have long presumed 

two things: that Congress knows the law, United States v. 

Kick, 7 M.J. 82, 85 (C.M.A. 1979), and that Congress selected the language that it intended to apply. United States 

v. Ware, 1 M.J. 282, 285-86 (C.M.A. 1976). In Article 6b(e), 

UCMJ, Congress granted victims of UCMJ offenses the opportunity to petition the CCA for a writ of mandamus, but

it did not dictate a burden of proof that those victims must 

establish to obtain a writ. In the absence of a legislative 

directive establishing otherwise, there is no basis for this 

Court to deviate from the ordinary burden imposed on writ 

petitioners, which we presume Congress understood and 

intended to have apply.

The fact that Congress dictated a lower burden for victims seeking writs of mandamus under the CVRA does not 

alter our analysis. To the contrary, that Congress included 

such language in the CVRA—but omitted it from Article 

6b, UCMJ—only underscores our duty to refrain from reading a provision into Article 6b, UCMJ, when Congress has 

left it out. Keene Corp. v. United States, 508 U.S. 200, 208 

(1993). We must give effect to, not nullify, Congress’s choice 

to include a lower burden in the CVRA, but not in Article 6b, UCMJ. Gallardo v. Marstiller, 596 U.S. 420, 431 

(2022).

In 2012, this Court established in Hasan that a petitioner seeking a writ of mandamus from a CCA must show 
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that the military judge clearly and indisputably erred for 

the writ to issue. 71 M.J. at 418. Nothing in the original 

text of Article 6b, UCMJ, enacted in 2013,2 or in any of the 

subsequent amendments to that article suggests that Congress intended any deviation from that standard. H.V.Z. 

did not ask us to overturn Hasan, and we see no reason to 

question the Court’s reasoning in that case. Thus, the

AFCCA correctly held that H.V.Z. was required to establish 

a clear and indisputable right to a writ of mandamus. 

B. Military Authorities Under R.C.M. 701

Guided by our answer to the preceding question, we

must now answer the first certified issue and decide 

whether the military judge committed clear and indisputable error when he determined that H.V.Z.’s health and 

mental health records were in the possession, custody, or 

control of military authorities. For the reasons explained 

below, we hold that he did not. 

“The interpretation of provisions of the R.C.M. . . . are 

questions of law that we review de novo.” United States v. 

Hunter, 65 M.J. 399, 401 (C.A.A.F. 2008). “To justify reversal of a discretionary decision by mandamus, the judicial 

decision must amount to more than even gross error; it 

must amount to a judicial usurpation of power, or be characteristic of an erroneous practice which is likely to recur.” 

United States v. Labella, 15 M.J. 228, 229 (C.M.A. 1983) 

(citations omitted) (internal quotation marks omitted). 

As relevant here, R.C.M. 701(a)(2)(A) allows the defense to inspect, “any books, papers, documents, data . . . or

copies of portions of these items, if the item is in the possession, custody, or control of military authorities,” and meets 

certain other requirements. (Emphasis added.) Similarly, 

R.C.M. 701(a)(2)(B) gives the defense access to “the results 

or reports of physical or mental examinations . . . which are 

2 National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2014, 

Pub. L. No. 113–66, § 1701(a)(1), 127 Stat. 672, 952 (2013).
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within the possession, custody, or control of military authorities” and meet certain other requirements.

H.V.Z. argues that the military judge committed clear 

and indisputable error in concluding that the 56 MDG is a 

military authority for the purposes of R.C.M. 701 because—in her view—that term does not include medical 

treatment facilities. Instead, relying primarily on this 

Court’s decision in United States v. Stellato, 74 M.J. 473, 

484 (C.A.A.F. 2015), H.V.Z. asserts that “military authorities” is a term of art that specifically refers to the prosecution team.

As an initial matter, H.V.Z.’s reliance on Stellato is misplaced because that decision did not limit the scope of “military authorities” to include only the prosecution team as 

she suggests. Stellato concerned R.C.M 701(a)(2)(A)’s application when a local sheriff’s department—and not the 

military—was in possession of a piece of relevant evidence.

Id. at 484. Although the Court agreed that objects retained 

by state law enforcement agencies are generally not in the 

possession, custody, or control of military authorities, the 

Court nevertheless held that “trial counsel cannot avoid 

R.C.M. 701(a)(2)(A)” by leaving evidence with a nonmilitary agency and continuing to use it at their own discretion 

during trial preparations. Id. Contrary to H.V.Z.’s view, 

Stellato did not narrow the definition of “military authorities” but merely clarified that evidence might still be 

within the control or constructive custody of military authorities even if it is not strictly within their possession or 

actual custody.3

3 The references in Stellato to the “prosecution team” are easily understood based on the specific facts of that case, where the 

prosecution team was the specific military authority that the appellant claimed had control of the evidence. As Judge Stucky correctly noted in his concurrence: “Of course, it matters not 

whether the item is within the possession, custody, or control of 

the prosecution team. The issue is whether it is in the possession, custody, or control of military authorities.” Stellato, 74 M.J. 

at 492 n.1 (Stucky, J., concurring in the result). 
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Because neither Stellato nor any of the other authorities cited by H.V.Z. narrowed the definition of “military authorities” in R.C.M 701(a)(2)(A), whether the military 

judge clearly and indisputably erred turns on whether the 

plain meaning of “military authorities” can be construed to 

include the 56 MDG. Considering the deference afforded to 

the military judge in the procedural posture of this case, we 

conclude that it can.

There appears to be no dispute among the parties that 

the 56 MDG is part of the military. The AFCCA described 

the 56 MDG as “a unit within the United States Air Force” 

In re HVZ, 2023 CCA LEXIS 292, at *13, 2023 WL 

4542948, at *5—a factual finding that is not clearly erroneous. The 56 MDG is a medical treatment facility located 

on Luke Air Force Base that serves active duty military 

members, retirees, and their families.4 The 56 MDG is commanded by an Air Force officer and its mission includes 

“military readiness.”5

The more difficult question is whether the 56 MDG is a 

military authority for the purposes of R.C.M. 701(a)(2)(A). 

Black’s Law Dictionary defines an “authority” as “[a]n official organization or government department with particular responsibilities and decision-making powers; esp., a 

governmental agency or corporation that administers a 

public enterprise.” Authority, Black’s Law Dictionary (11th 

ed. 2019). The 56 MDG—an Air Force unit tasked with 

“providing great healthcare, promoting safety and wellness, and military readiness”6—would seem to fit that definition. H.V.Z. argues that “authorities” should not be construed so broadly but instead should be narrowly 

interpreted to mean only military investigative authorities.

She warns that to hold otherwise would render all medical 

4 56th Medical Group, https://www.luke.af.mil/Units/56thmedical-group/ (last visited June 13, 2024).

5 Id.

6 Id.
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records housed at military medical treatment facilities susceptible to discovery under R.C.M. 701 without sufficient 

judicial process.

In the absence of any express limiting language in the 

rule or any limiting guidance from our precedent, we 

cannot say that the military judge clearly and indisputably

erred by concluding that the 56 MDG was a “military 

authorit[y]” for the purposes of R.C.M. 701(a)(2)(A). And 

although H.V.Z. raises reasonable concerns about victim 

privacy, we agree with the court below that those concerns 

cannot—at least in this procedural context—overcome the 

absence of any limiting legal authority.7

To be clear, nothing in this opinion should be construed 

as definitively holding that the 56 MDG is a military authority for the purposes of R.C.M. 701(a)(2)(A). Rather, we 

hold only that the military judge did not clearly and indisputably err in finding that the 56 MDG was a military authority in this instance.

C. H.V.Z.’s Standing to Oppose Discovery

of Her Mental Health Records

Next, we turn to the second certified issue and determine whether the military judge clearly and indisputably 

erred in concluding that H.V.Z. did not have standing to

oppose the production of her medical and mental health 

records. Whether a victim has standing to litigate a motion 

to compel her medical and mental health records is a question of law that we review de novo. United States v. 

7 The Government argues, and the AFCCA agreed, that 

H.V.Z.’s concerns about victim privacy are overstated because 

both the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 

1996 (HIPAA), Pub. L. No. 104-191, 110 Stat. 1936, and the relevant DoD regulations set out a process for discovery of patient 

health records. See In re HVZ, 2023 CCA LEXIS 292, at *18, 

2023 WL 4542948, at *7 (“[I]t is not accurate to say that finding 

medical records maintained by an Air Force medical group are 

within the possession, custody, or control of military authorities 

means they are accessible ‘without process.’ ”). We need not 

weigh in on that debate to resolve this issue.
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Gilbreath, 74 M.J. 11, 15 (C.A.A.F. 2014); see also LRM v. 

Kastenberg, 72 M.J. 364, 369 (C.A.A.F. 2013). But as we 

have established, our ultimate decision in reviewing 

H.V.Z.’s mandamus petition asks whether the military 

judge clearly and indisputably erred in denying an alleged 

victim the right to be heard at trial. For the reasons explained below, we conclude that he did.

Before this Court, H.V.Z. makes various arguments in 

support of her view that she had standing to oppose the 

accused’s motion to compel discovery of her medical and 

mental health records. First, relying on her argument that 

her records held by the 56 MDG are not “under [the] control 

of the Government,” H.V.Z. asserts that R.C.M. 

703(g)(3)(C)(ii) and R.C.M. 703(g)(3)(G) grant her the right 

to oppose the accused’s discovery motion and to seek appropriate relief. Next, H.V.Z. argues that even if R.C.M. 

703(g)(3) does not apply, the statutory right of alleged victims under Article 6b(a)(9) to be treated with fairness and 

with respect for their dignity and privacy grants her the 

right to be heard and to oppose the accused’s motion. Finally, H.V.Z. argues that general principles of fairness and 

due process should grant her the right to protect her private medical and mental health records from disclosure

even in the absence of any statute or rule expressly granting her standing to do so. In this opinion we need not—and 

do not—address these arguments because there is a much 

more straightforward reason why the military judge 

clearly and indisputably erred by concluding that H.V.Z. 

did not have standing to oppose the accused’s motion to 

compel.

Before the trial court, the accused filed a motion to compel the production of H.V.Z.’s “medical records and nonprivileged materials within mental health records.” Defense Motion to Compel Discovery of Evidence at 1, United 

States v. Fewell (U.S. Dep’t of the Air Force, Trial Judiciary 

Apr. 28, 2023) (attachment to certificate for review, H.V.Z. 

v. United States and Fewell, No. 23-0250 (C.A.A.F. Sept. 

11, 2023)) [hereinafter Motion to Compel] (emphasis 

added). In that motion, the accused requested that the
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military judge “order the government to immediately secure and produce” the requested records, and provided the 

trial court with a draft order should the motion be granted.

Id. at 14. The proposed draft would have ordered the 56 

MDG to produce H.V.Z.’s records, including those related 

to: (1) “Dates and times of visits to mental health providers”; (2) “Content of current and past lists of prescription 

medications”; (3) Current and past medical diagnoses, including mental health diagnoses”; (4) “Any treatment or 

treatment plan for such diagnosis or diagnoses”; and (5) 

“Any and all medical records.” Id. at 36.

The accused’s motion to compel expressly raised the issue of the production and admissibility of H.V.Z.’s mental 

health records before the trial court. In addition to requesting that the court secure the records and produce them to

the parties, the motion argued that the requested mental 

health records were both relevant and necessary to the 

preparation of the accused’s defense. Because the accused 

anticipated that the Government would request in camera 

review of the records prior to any production, the motion

argued that in camera review was not appropriate. And because the accused’s counsel knew that H.V.Z.’s SVC intended to oppose the motion to compel, the accused 

preemptively asserted that H.V.Z. had no standing to do so.

When a party seeks an interlocutory ruling from a military judge that places the production or admission of mental health records of a patient other than the accused in 

dispute, the President has promulgated specific procedures 

in M.R.E. 513(e) to protect the patient’s privacy interests.

The procedures in M.R.E. 513(e)(1) and M.R.E. 513(e)(2) 

apply to all instances in which a party seeks the production 

or admission of a patient’s mental health records or communications, while the stricter procedures in 

M.R.E. 513(e)(3) only apply when the moving party seeks 

production or admission of mental health records that are 

protected from disclosure by the psychotherapist-patient 

privilege in M.R.E. 513(a). Compare M.R.E. 513(e)(1) (“In 

any case in which the production or admission of records or 

communications of a patient other than the accused is in 
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dispute . . . .”), and M.R.E. 513(e)(2) (“Before ordering the 

production or admission of evidence of a patient’s records 

or communication . . . .”), with M.R.E. 513(e)(3) (addressing “the production or admissibility of protected records or 

communications”) (emphasis added). In this case, because 

the accused only sought production of H.V.Z.’s nonprivileged mental health records, only the procedures in 

M.R.E. 513(e)(1) and M.R.E. 513(e)(2) applied.

As relevant here, M.R.E. 513(e)(1) requires the party 

seeking the ruling from the military judge to file a written 

motion at least five days prior to entry of pleas specifically 

describing the evidence to be produced and stating the purpose for which it is sought. M.R.E. 513(e)(1)(A). The rule 

also requires the moving party to serve the motion on the 

opposing party and the military judge and to notify the patient or her representative that the motion has been filed 

and that the patient has the opportunity to be heard on the 

motion. M.R.E. 513(e)(1)(B). The record establishes that 

the accused filed the requisite written motion and served it 

on the Government and the military judge. The record further supports the conclusion that counsel for the accused 

at least notified H.V.Z.’s SVC of the motion. See Motion to 

Compel at 1 (notifying the military judge that “Victim’s 

Counsel has forecast that it intends to oppose the Defense’s

motion”); VC Response to Defense Motion to Compel Discovery at 10, United States v. Fewell (U.S. Dep’t of the Air 

Force, Trial Judiciary May 2, 2023) (attachment to certificate for review, H.V.Z. v. United States and Fewell, No. 23-

0250 (C.A.A.F. Sept. 11, 2023)) [hereinafter SVC Response] 

(mentioning “the parties’ informal discussions regarding 

the appropriate means of handling these records”). In any 

event, H.V.Z. has not complained that the accused failed to 

provide her with sufficient notice.

More importantly for this case, M.R.E. 513(e)(2) 

demands that prior to ordering the production of a patient’s 

mental health records, the military judge must conduct a 

closed hearing and the patient “must be afforded a 

reasonable opportunity to attend the hearing and be 

heard.” (Emphasis added.) The rule further explains that 
H.V.Z. v. United States and Fewell, No. 23-0250/AF

Opinion of the Court

16

the victim’s “right to be heard under this rule includes the 

right to be heard through counsel, including Special

Victims’ Counsel under section 1044e of title 10, United 

States Code.” M.R.E. 513(e)(2). The President’s repeated 

use of the word “must” in M.R.E. 513(e)(2) indicates that 

these processes are mandatory.8 In her response to the 

accused’s motion to compel (that the military judge did not 

consider), H.V.Z. correctly cited M.R.E. 513(e)(2) and 

asserted that before ordering production of evidence under 

M.R.E. 513, the military judge must conduct a closed 

hearing and provide H.V.Z. with an opportunity to be 

heard. SVC Response at 3-4.

Once a party—in this case the accused—sought a ruling 

from the military judge seeking the production of H.V.Z.’s 

mental health records, the mandatory procedural protections guaranteed by M.R.E. 513(e) should have been triggered. Mellette, 82 M.J. at 379 (“M.R.E. 513(e) establishes 

a procedure to determine the admissibility of patient records or communications.”). Those protections included 

H.V.Z.’s right to be heard on the production and admission

of her mental health records under M.R.E. 513(e)(2). The 

military judge’s refusal to consider H.V.Z.’s motion violated 

the plain language of M.R.E. 513(e)(2) and deprived H.V.Z.

of the protections guaranteed to all mental health patients 

by the President. 

Given the plain language of M.R.E. 513(e), we believe 

that H.V.Z. had a clear and indisputable right to be heard 

with respect to the accused’s motion to compel. As we explained above, the procedural protections in M.R.E.

513(e)(1) and M.R.E. 513(e)(2) apply in “any case” in which 

the production or admission of “records or communications” of a patient other than the accused is a matter in 

dispute. The President’s use of the broad phrase “records 

8 Because M.R.E. 513(e)(1) refers to any case in which the 

production of the victim’s mental health records “is a matter in 

dispute,” military judges need not comply with these procedural 

requirements when neither the opposing party nor the patient 

opposes the production or admission of the patient’s records.
H.V.Z. v. United States and Fewell, No. 23-0250/AF

Opinion of the Court

17

or communications” in these subsections of the rule stands

in stark contrast to narrower language that defines the 

scope of the psychotherapist-patient privilege in M.R.E. 

513(a).

Indeed, this Court’s decision in Mellette narrowly construing the psychotherapist-patient privilege turned primarily on M.R.E. 513(a)’s protection only of “confidential 

communications” between a patient and a psychotherapist. 

82 M.J. at 378. The Court specifically noted that the President elected not to use broader language in M.R.E.

513(a)—like the broader language in M.R.E. 513(e)(1) and 

M.R.E. 513(e)(2)—that would have included all patient 

mental health records within the psychotherapist-patient 

privilege. Id. But just because a mental health record is not 

privileged under M.R.E. 513(a), does not mean that it is excluded from the procedural protections provided by 

M.R.E. 513(e)(1) and M.R.E. 513(e)(2). As the Court held in 

Mellette, even if the patient’s medical records are not privileged under M.R.E. 513(a), the production or admission of 

those records is still “subject to the procedural requirements of M.R.E. 513(e).” Id. at 381.

Notably, the accused has made statements in his written filings in this case that appear to recognize that 

M.R.E. 513(e)(2) grants named victims the right to be 

heard when a party seeks production of their medical records. In his motion to compel, the accused implicitly recognized that M.R.E. 513 provides standing to a named victim 

to object or to be heard in response to a discovery motion 

for her mental health records. See Motion to Compel at 12 

(noting that unlike M.R.E. 513, the other provisions cited 

by H.V.Z. “do not provide standing to a named victim, either to object or ‘to be heard’ ”). And in his brief before this 

Court, the accused stated: “Certain other provisions, read 

in conjunction with Article 6b, UCMJ, require the military 

judge to allow the named victim to be heard. See, e.g., Mil. 

R. Evid. . . . 513(e)(2) (noting the patient whose records are 

at issue has the right to be heard).” Answer on Behalf of 

Real Party in Interest at 29, H.V.Z. v. United States and

Fewell, No 23-0250 (C.A.A.F. Sept. 25, 2024).
H.V.Z. v. United States and Fewell, No. 23-0250/AF

Opinion of the Court

18

M.R.E. 513(e)(2) granted H.V.Z. the right to be heard in 

response to the accused’s motion to compel the seizure and 

production of her nonprivileged mental health records. By 

denying H.V.Z. that right, the military judge committed a 

clear and indisputable error. To be clear, beyond our rulings on the first and third certified issues, we offer no opinion on the merits of the military judge’s ruling with respect 

to the accused’s motion to compel. We hold only that he was 

required by the plain language of M.R.E. 513(e) and our 

ruling in Mellette to grant H.V.Z. the opportunity to be 

heard.9

D. Issuance of a Writ of Mandamus

Finally, we turn to the fourth certified issue—whether 

this Court should issue a writ of mandamus. Because Article 6b, UCMJ, expressly grants the authority to issue the 

writ to the CCAs, we believe the AFCCA is better suited to

address that question. Accordingly, we reiterate that the 

military judge’s denial of H.V.Z.’s right to be heard under 

M.R.E. 513(e)(2) was a clear and indisputable error and remand the case to the AFCCA to decide—consistent with 

this opinion—whether H.V.Z. should prevail on her writ of 

mandamus.

III. Conclusion

For the abovementioned reasons, we affirm the decision 

of the United States Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals

on the first and third certified issues, reverse its decision 

on the second certified issue, and remand the case for further consideration in light of this opinion.

9 Nothing in this opinion should be interpreted as abrogating 

the authority of military judges to manage discovery under 

R.C.M. 701 and R.C.M. 703 when the production of mental 

health records is in dispute. We hold only that M.R.E. 513(e) establishes mandatory minimum procedures to protect the privacy 

rights of patients with respect to the production or admission of 

their mental health records.
H.V.Z. v. United States and Fewell, No. 23-0250/AF

Judge MAGGS, dissenting.

Military Rule of Evidence (M.R.E.) 513(e)(2) provides 

that “[b]efore ordering the production . . . of a patient’s records . . . the military judge must conduct a hearing” and 

that the “patient must be afforded a reasonable opportunity to attend the hearing and be heard.” The Court holds

that this rule required the military judge to allow Appellant, H.V.Z., to contest the production of her nonprivileged 

mental health records. The Court remands the case to the 

United States Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals 

(AFCCA) for further consideration.

I disagree with the Court’s action because, in my view, 

it is improper under the applicable standard of review. In 

this case, H.V.Z. is seeking a writ of mandamus. Our precedent has established that to succeed on a petition for a 

writ of mandamus, the “[a]ppellant must show [in part] 

that . . . the right to issuance of the writ is clear and indisputable.” Hasan v. Gross, 71 M.J. 416, 418 (C.A.A.F. 2012). 

Here, H.V.Z. did not show that M.R.E. 513(e)(2) gave her a 

clear and indisputable right to a writ of mandamus for a 

simply stated reason: H.V.Z. did not cite M.R.E. 513(e)(2) 

or make any argument about this rule in her briefs before 

this Court or the AFCCA. I therefore respectfully dissent.

At the request of Real Party in Interest, Technical Sergeant Michael K. Fewell (i.e., the accused), the military 

judge in this ongoing court-martial ordered the 56th Medical Group at Luke Air Force Base to produce H.V.Z.’s medical, mental health, and family advocacy records, after redacting any privileged communications from them. The 

military judge concluded that these records were discoverable under Rule for Courts-Martial (R.C.M.) 701(a)(2)(B), 

which provides in part: 

[U]pon request of the defense, the Government 

shall permit the defense to inspect the results or 

reports of physical or mental examinations . . . 

which are within the possession, custody, or control of military authorities . . . if

(i) the item is relevant to defense preparation.
H.V.Z. v. United States and Fewell, No. 23-0250/AF

Judge MAGGS, dissenting

2

Although H.V.Z. objected to the production order, the military judge did not consider her objection because the military judge concluded that she lacked standing.

H.V.Z. sought review of the military judge’s order and 

findings by petitioning the AFCCA for a writ of mandamus

under Article 6b(e), Uniform Code of Military Justice 

(UCMJ), 10 U.S.C. § 806b(e) (2018). H.V.Z. argued that the 

production order violated her right to privacy under both

Article 6b(a)(9), UCMJ, and the Fourth Amendment of the 

United States Constitution. H.V.Z. also contended that the 

documents were not discoverable under R.C.M. 

701(a)(2)(B) for two reasons. First, she argued that the military judge had failed to make a determination about 

whether the records were relevant to defense preparation.

Second, she averred that her records were not within the 

possession, custody, or control of the Government because

trial counsel and other officials could not freely review her 

records; they could access the records only if they complied 

with federal privacy laws. H.V.Z. further argued that because the medical records were not within the possession, 

custody, or control of military authorities, R.C.M. 

703(g)(3)(C)(ii) applied to the production of her records and 

this rule required the military judge to provide her an opportunity to object before issuing a subpoena for the records. Importantly, however, H.V.Z. did not cite or make any 

argument with respect to M.R.E. 513(e)(2) in either the petition for relief or the reply that she submitted to the 

AFCCA.

The AFCCA denied relief, reasoning that H.V.Z. had 

“fail[ed] to demonstrate the military judge was clearly and 

indisputably incorrect” in his ruling. In re HVZ, Misc. Dkt. 

No. 2023-03, 2023 CCA LEXIS 292, at *12, 2023 WL 

4542948, at *5 (A.F. Ct. Crim. App. July 14, 2023) (unpublished). The AFCCA rejected H.V.Z.’s privacy argument 

under Article 6b, UCMJ, reasoning that the statute “does 

not create the right to be heard by the trial court on any and 

all matters affecting those rights.” Id. at *12, 2023 WL 

4542948, at *5. The AFCCA considered H.V.Z.’s arguments 

with respect to R.C.M. 701(a)(2)(B) and R.C.M. 

703(g)(3)(C)(ii), but determined that she had not met her 

burden to demonstrate that she was clearly and 
H.V.Z. v. United States and Fewell, No. 23-0250/AF

Judge MAGGS, dissenting

3

indisputably entitled to relief under these rules. Id. at *13, 

*18, 2023 WL 4542948, at *5, *7. The AFCCA reasoned

that “it is possible for non-privileged but sensitive personal 

records to be in the possession of military authorities.” Id.

at *17, 2023 WL 4542948, at *7. The AFCCA did not address the issue of whether H.V.Z. was entitled to object under M.R.E. 513(e)(2), presumably because H.V.Z. did not 

make any argument about that rule.

Before this Court, H.V.Z. did not cite M.R.E. 513(e)(2)

in either her fifty-five-page initial brief or her twentyseven-page reply brief. Indeed, out of all the briefs and amicus curiae briefs filed in this Court, only one even mentions

M.R.E. 513(e)(2). The Real Party in Interest notes the existence of the rule but asserts—correctly—that it is not “the 

basis for Appellant’s perceived violation of her rights.” And 

at oral argument, H.V.Z.’s counsel made no argument related to M.R.E. 513(e)(2) until the provision was raised sua 

sponte in questions from the Court.

Under these circumstances, I cannot agree that H.V.Z. 

has shown that M.R.E. 513(e)(2) entitled her to a clear and 

indisputable right to the writ of mandamus. Showing a 

right to a writ of mandamus is a demanding burden. 

Cheney v. U.S. Dist. Ct. for D.C., 542 U.S. 367, 381 (2004).

A petitioner cannot meet this burden through an argument 

that the petitioner does not even make. In re MaxPower 

Semiconductor, Inc., 13 F.4th 1348, 1352 (Fed. Cir. 2021)

(declining to issue a writ of mandamus based on a theory 

that the dissent offered sua sponte and that relied on cases 

not cited by the petitioner); see also In re Itron, Inc., 883 

F.3d 553, 570 n.1 (5th Cir. 2018) (Dennis, J., dissenting) 

(explaining that a “court may not grant the drastic and extraordinary relief of mandamus based on arguments that 

it raises sua sponte”). In my view, the Court should express 

no opinion on the potential import of M.R.E. 513(e)(2) because H.V.Z. did not preserve or present any argument 

about that rule. Instead, the Court should wait until arguments concerning the rule are properly presented and fully 

briefed.

Finally, I have carefully considered the arguments that 

H.V.Z. actually made before the AFCCA and that she now 

makes before this Court. I agree with the AFCCA’s 
H.V.Z. v. United States and Fewell, No. 23-0250/AF

Judge MAGGS, dissenting

4

reasoning that H.V.Z. has not shown that Article 6b, 

UCMJ, established a clear and indisputable right to be 

heard at trial on the production motion. The language of 

Article 6b, UCMJ, does not expressly provide this right and 

no precedent has addressed the issue. Similarly, I agree 

with the AFCCA’s reasoning that H.V.Z. cannot show that 

she has a clear and indisputable right to the writ of mandamus under R.C.M. 701(a)(2)(B) or R.C.M. 703(g)(3)(C)(ii)

because it is not clear and indisputable that records held

by the 56th Medical Group at Luke Air Force Base are not 

within the possession, custody, or control of the Government. I therefore would affirm the decision of the AFCCA.