UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 17-1718

GUSTAVO ADEMAR ALDUNATE MORALES,

Petitioner,

v.

JEFFERSON B. SESSIONS III,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals.

Argued: May 10, 2018 Decided: June 8, 2018

Before DUNCAN and AGEE, Circuit Judges, and SHEDD, Senior Circuit Judge.

Petition for review denied by unpublished per curiam opinion.

ARGUED: Alfred Lincoln Robertson, Jr., ROBERTSON LAW OFFICE, PLLC, 

Alexandria, Virginia, for Petitioner. Anna Juarez, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT 

OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent. ON BRIEF: Chad A. Readler, Acting 

Assistant Attorney General, Melissa Neiman-Kelting, Assistant Director, Melissa K. Lott, 

Civil Division, Office of Immigration Litigation, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF 

JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent.

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit.
2

PER CURIAM:

Petitioner Gustavo Ademar Aldunate Morales, a native and citizen of Bolivia and 

a Lawful Permanent Resident of the United States, pleaded guilty under Virginia law to 

misdemeanor driving while intoxicated (DWI) and felony failure to appear. After he 

completed his incarceration and probation, the Department of Homeland Security 

(“DHS”) determined he was removable under the Immigration and Nationality Act 

(“INA”) for previously failing to appear for his trial in Virginia. See 8 U.S.C. 

§§ 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii), 1101(a)(43)(T). Aldunate argued he was not removable under the 

INA for his Virginia crime. The immigration judge (“IJ”) agreed with DHS, Aldunate 

appealed to the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”), and the BIA dismissed the 

appeal. Because we conclude the BIA did not err, we deny the petition for review.

I.

In 2004, Aldunate was indicted in Virginia for driving while intoxicated and

causing serious bodily injury to another person (DWI-maiming). On March 18, he signed 

an Appearance at Trial form, acknowledging that he would face a felony charge if he did 

not appear for his trial on May 4, 2004. The form contained the seal of the Arlington 

County, Virginia Circuit Court Clerk, but no judge’s signature. Aldunate was released on 

bond. When he failed to appear for his trial, a judge in the Arlington County Circuit 

Court issued a capias order for his arrest and an order requiring his surety to show cause 

why his bond should not be revoked. Aldunate was then indicted for failing to appear 

under Virginia Code § 19.2-128(B), and he later pleaded guilty to misdemeanor DWI and 
3

felony failure to appear. He was sentenced to incarceration and probation, and his 

supervision ended in 2006. 

An alien who commits an aggravated felony is deportable. 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1227(a)(2)(A)(iii). Under the INA, committing a state failure to appear crime 

constitutes an aggravated felony if it is “an offense relating to a failure to appear before a 

court pursuant to a court order to answer to or dispose of a charge of a felony for which a 

sentence of 2 years’ imprisonment or more may be imposed.” § 1101(a)(43)(T) (“INA 

definition”); see also Matter of Garza-Olivares, 26 I. & N. Dec. 736, 739 (B.I.A. 2016)

(dividing the INA definition into five elements: “(1) failure to appear; (2) before a court, 

(3) pursuant to a court order, (4) to answer to or dispose of a charge of a felony, and (5) 

where the felony was one for which a sentence of 2 years’ imprisonment or more may be 

imposed”). Under Virginia law, a person is guilty of failing to appear if he is “charged 

with a felony offense . . . [and] willfully fails to appear before any court as required.” Va. 

Code § 19.2-128(B). 

In 2016, DHS served Aldunate with a Notice to Appear, charging him with 

removability for committing an aggravated felony under the INA by failing to appear for 

trial in Virginia in 2004. Aldunate filed a motion to terminate the removal proceedings. 

Before the IJ he admitted the above-recited facts, but denied removability. He argued the 

categorical approach applied and that his failure to appear in Virginia was not an 

aggravated felony under the INA because the Virginia failure to appear statute does not 

require the existence of a court order for conviction. Compare 8 U.S.C. § 1101(a)(43)(T) 

(involving a “failure to appear before a court pursuant to a court order” (“court order”
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element)), with Va. Code § 19.2-128(B) (involving a “fail[ure] to appear before any court 

as required”). 

DHS responded that, under Matter of Garza-Olivares, the categorical approach 

applies to the first two elements of the INA definition, but the circumstance-specific 

approach applies to the remaining three elements. See 26 I. & N. Dec. at 739–40. DHS 

further contended that the Appearance at Trial form and Aldunate’s bond conditions 

satisfied the INA’s “court order” element. 

Agreeing with DHS, the IJ employed both the categorical and circumstancespecific approaches and held that Aldunate’s failure to appear in Virginia satisfied all five 

elements of the INA definition. With regard to the “court order” element, the IJ 

aggregated the Appearance at Trial form, the indictment, and the judge’s capias and show 

cause orders, found them sufficient to meet the statutory requirements, and rejected 

Aldunate’s argument that a judge must sign each order as “too strict an interpretation.” 

A.R. 71. The IJ denied Aldunate’s motion to terminate and ordered his removal.

Aldunate appealed to the BIA. Like the IJ, the BIA treated the Appearance at Trial 

form as a court order and held that court records, including that form and Aldunate’s 

indictment for failing to appear, satisfied the remaining elements of an INA aggravated 

felony offense. After the BIA’s dismissal, DHS removed Aldunate to Bolivia. He timely 

appealed, and we have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252.1

 1 Despite Aldunate’s removal, we retain jurisdiction over his petition because he filed it 

while detained, he remains “unmistakably affected by the legal implications” of our decision, 

and a beneficial outcome could potentially “unravel his untoward immigration status.” Smith v. 

(Continued)
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II.

Because the BIA issued its own opinion affirming, but not adopting, the IJ’s 

decision, we review the BIA’s decision. 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1); 28 U.S.C. § 2344; 

Martinez v. Holder, 740 F.3d 902, 908 & n.1 (4th Cir. 2014). We review the BIA’s legal 

determinations de novo but give it deference in interpreting the INA. Turkson v. Holder, 

667 F.3d 523, 527 (4th Cir. 2012).

III.

DHS has the burden to prove that each element of the INA aggravated felony 

definition is satisfied. See 8 U.S.C. § 1229a(c)(3)(A). Aldunate argues DHS failed to 

carry this burden on the “court order” element.

2 We disagree.

 

Ashcroft, 295 F.3d 425, 428 (4th Cir. 2002); see also Leitao v. Reno, 311 F.3d 453, 456 (1st Cir. 

2002) (noting a bar on readmission to the United States is a “damaging consequence” of removal 

“sufficient to avoid mootness despite deportation”).

2 Aldunate also contended in his briefs that the BIA should not have applied the 

circumstance-specific approach to the latter three elements of the INA definition because the 

categorical approach should apply to all five elements. However, it was not apparent during oral 

argument that he maintains this challenge. Several times his counsel answered the Court’s 

questions only in light of the circumstance-specific approach, Oral Argument at 7:30–7:34; 

11:58–12:07; 13:38–13:50; 23:13–23:43, and he never asserted at oral argument that the 

categorical approach applies to the entire INA aggravated felony definition. Consequently, 

Aldunate may have waived this argument.

Even assuming there was no waiver, the BIA did not err because the BIA clearly 

answered this question in Garza-Olivares, 26 I. & N. Dec. at 739–40, and we defer to its

interpretation of the INA. Turkson, 667 F.3d at 527. Considering § 1101(a)(43)(T) in GarzaOlivares, the BIA applied the categorical approach to the “failure to appear” and “before a court”

elements of the statute because “they refer to common elements of a generic ‘failure to appear’ 

crime” and can be satisfied “by reference to the statutory elements of a criminal offense.” 26 I. & 

N. Dec. at 739. By contrast, the three remaining elements “are limiting components that refer to 

specific ‘aggravating’ offense characteristics. [T]hey involve the defiance of a court order (as 

(Continued)
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Aldunate maintains that his failure to appear “as required” in Virginia was not in

contravention of a “court order” because no judge signed a document compelling his 

appearance at trial. The Appearance at Trial form contained no judicial signature, and the 

judge-signed orders in the record, he argues, cannot be “court orders” for purposes of the 

INA definition because they were issued after Aldunate failed to appear. At oral 

argument, he conceded that his success on this theory turns on the sufficiency of the 

evidence in the record. Oral Argument at 25:13–25:21; 25:55–26:18. Aldunate does not 

dispute that the Court can aggregate the documents in the record to demonstrate the 

existence of a court order requiring his appearance at trial; he simply argues that the 

documents in this record are insufficient.

DHS relied on four state criminal documents to show that Aldunate was compelled 

by a “court order” to appear for trial. First, having been informed of his trial date, 

Aldunate was released on bond. Though Aldunate’s bond order is not in the record, the 

state court was required to issue one with the condition that Aldunate return for his trial.

See Va. Code § 19.2-135 (describing contents of recognizance order); § 19.2-137 (same); 

§ 19.2-124 (allowing appeal from bail, bond, or recognizance order). Second, when 

Aldunate did not appear for his trial, a judge entered a signed order for a writ of capias to 

 

opposed to a police summons) regarding a felony charge that is serious enough to be punishable 

by at least 2 years of imprisonment (rather than a misdemeanor).” Id. at 739–40. The BIA thus 

applied the circumstance-specific approach to these three elements to comply with Congress’s 

intent to characterize as aggravated felonies only the most “serious” failures to appear. Id. at 740. 

Because the BIA applied the categorical and circumstance-specific approaches consistently with 

Garza-Olivares, we will not disturb its decision on this issue. See Amos v. Lynch, 790 F.3d 512, 

518 (4th Cir. 2015) (“In prior cases, we have applied the principles of Chevron to the BIA’s 

precedential interpretation of generic federal crimes listed in the aggravated felony statute.”).
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be issued because Aldunate’s absence flouted judicial authority. A.R. 85. Third, a grand 

jury issued an indictment for Aldunate’s failure to appear. A.R. 89. Fourth, Aldunate 

entered into a plea agreement for failing to appear. A.R. 92–95. Given this ample 

circumstantial evidence that Aldunate was mandated by court authority to appear at his 

trial and failed to do so, DHS has carried its burden on the “court order” element. We 

therefore hold that neither the IJ nor the BIA erred in concluding that these documents

together fulfill the “court order” element.

IV.

For the reasons stated above, the BIA did not err in concluding that Aldunate was 

removable for having committed an aggravated felony under the INA. His petition for 

review is therefore

DENIED.