II 

109TH CONGRESS 

2D SESSION S. 3629 

To require a 50-hour workweek for Federal prison inmates, to reform inmate 

work programs, and for other purposes. 

IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES 

JUNE 29, 2006 

Mr. ENSIGN (for himself and Mr. DURBIN) introduced the following bill; which 

was read twice and referred to the Committee on the Judiciary 

A BILL 

To require a 50-hour workweek for Federal prison inmates, 

to reform inmate work programs, and for other purposes. 

1 Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representa2 tives of the United States of America in Congress assembled, 

3 SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE. 

4 This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Prisoner Opportunity, 

5 Work, and Education Requirement Act’’ or the ‘‘POWER 

6 Act’’. 


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1 SEC. 2. MANDATORY WORK REQUIREMENT FOR FEDERAL 

2 INMATES. 

3 Section 2905 of the Crime Control Act of 1990 (18 

4 U.S.C. 4121 note) is amended by adding at the end the 

5 following: 

6 ‘‘(b) 50-HOUR WORKWEEK.— 

7 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to subsection (a), 

8 inmates confined in Federal prisons shall engage 

9 in— 

10 ‘‘(A) work, for not less than 50 hours 

11 weekly; 

12 ‘‘(B) job training; and 

13 ‘‘(C) educational and life skills preparation 

14 study. 

15 ‘‘(2) SUBCONTRACTING TO FEDERAL GOVERN16 MENT CONTRACTORS.—Federal Prison Industries 

17 will utilize inmates in labor-intensive, light manufac18 turing activities through subcontracting with private 

19 sector prime contractors. 

20 ‘‘(3) USE OFWAGES.— 

21 ‘‘(A) IN GENERAL.—Wages may be earned 

22 by inmates engaged in the 50-hour work week 

23 program under paragraph (1), and of those 

24 wages— 

25 ‘‘(i) one-fourth shall be used to offset 

26 the cost of incarceration of the inmate; 


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1 ‘‘(ii) one-fourth shall be used for vic2 tim restitution; 

3 ‘‘(iii) one-tenth shall be held in a non4 interest bearing account for the individual 

5 inmate and shall be paid upon release of 

6 that inmate from prison; 

7 ‘‘(iv) one-fourth shall be paid directly 

8 to the inmate for mandatory expenses and 

9 for daily basic needs while the inmate is 

10 incarcerated, unless such inmate has any 

11 outstanding child support obligations, in 

12 which case, such money shall be paid in ac13 cordance with the directives of the court 

14 having jurisdiction over the outstanding 

15 child support obligations; and 

16 ‘‘(v) the remainder shall be distrib17 uted to— 

18 ‘‘(I) States that the Attorney 

19 General determines have substantially 

20 the same prison work requirements 

21 and prison conditions as established 

22 for Federal prisons; and 

23 ‘‘(II) local jurisdictions that oper24 ate correctional facilities to benefit the 

25 dependents of inmates. 


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1 ‘‘(B) NONELIGIBILITY FOR RELEASE.—If 

2 an inmate is not eligible for release, the amount 

3 held under subparagraph (A)(iii) shall imme4 diately be available for use under subparagraph 

5 (A)(ii).’’. 

6 SEC. 3. FEDERAL PRISON INDUSTRIES REAUTHORIZATION. 

7 (a) REPEAL.—Section 637 of division F of the Con8 solidated Appropriations Act of 2004 (Public Law 108– 

9 199; 118 Stat. 3, 384), section 637 of division H of the 

10 Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2005 (Public Law 

11 108–447; 118 Stat. 2809, 3281), and section 2410n of 

12 title 10, United States Code, are repealed. 

13 (b) EFFECTIVE.—Chapter 307 of title 18, United 

14 States Code, shall remain in full force and effect. 

15 SEC. 4. AUTHORITY TO CARRY OUT PILOT PROJECTS USING 

16 FEDERAL INMATE LABOR TO REPLACE FOR17 EIGN LABOR. 

18 (a) FOREIGN LABOR SUBSTITUTE PILOT PROJECTS

19 AUTHORIZED.—Section 1761 of title 18, United States 

20 Code, is amended— 

21 (1) in subsection (b), by striking ‘‘This chap22 ter’’ and inserting ‘‘This section’’; 

23 (2) in subsection (c), by striking ‘‘this chapter’’ 

24 and inserting ‘‘this section’’; 


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1 (3) by redesignating subsection (d) as sub2 section (f); and 

3 (4) by adding after subsection (c) the following 

4 new subsections: 

5 ‘‘(d) This section shall not apply to goods, wares, or 

6 merchandise manufactured, produced, or mined by con7 victs or prisoners who are participating in industrial oper8 ations of Federal Prison Industries, including operations 

9 in any pilot program or programs described in section 

10 4130 of this title. 

11 ‘‘(e) This section shall not apply to goods, wares, or 

12 merchandise manufactured, produced, or mined by con13 victs or prisoners who are participating in any pilot project 

14 approved as a foreign labor substitute by the Foreign 

15 Labor Substitute Panel established under section 1762.’’. 

16 (b) FOREIGN LABOR SUBSTITUTE PANEL.— 

17 (1) IN GENERAL.—Section 1762 of title 18, 

18 United States Code, is amended to read as follows: 

19 ‘‘§ 1762. Foreign Labor Substitute Panel 

20 ‘‘(a) The Attorney General shall establish a panel to 

21 be known as the Foreign Labor Substitute Panel (in this 

22 section referred to as the ‘Panel’). 

23 ‘‘(b) The Panel shall be composed of 8 members, each 

24 of whom shall serve at the pleasure of the Attorney GenVerDate Aug 31 2005 00:16 Jul 06, 2006 Jkt 049200 PO 00000 Frm 00005 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S3629.IS S3629

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1 eral, and who shall be appointed by the Attorney General 

2 as follows: 

3 ‘‘(1) 1 member who shall be an officer, em4 ployee, or other representative of the Department of 

5 Commerce. 

6 ‘‘(2) 1 member who shall be an officer, em7 ployee, or other representative of the Department of 

8 Labor. 

9 ‘‘(3) 1 member who shall be an officer, em10 ployee, or other representative of the International 

11 Trade Commission. 

12 ‘‘(4) 1 member who shall be an officer, em13 ployee, or other representative of the Small Business 

14 Administration. 

15 ‘‘(5) 2 members, each of whom shall be an offi16 cer, employee, or other representative of the business 

17 community. 

18 ‘‘(6) 2 members, each of whom shall be an offi19 cer, employee, or other representative of organized 

20 labor. 

21 ‘‘(c)(1) Members of the Panel shall not receive pay, 

22 allowances, or benefits by reason of their service on the 

23 Panel. 

24 ‘‘(2) Each member shall receive travel expenses, in25 cluding per diem in lieu of subsistence, in accordance with 


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1 applicable provisions under subchapter I of chapter 57 of 

2 title 5, United States Code. 

3 ‘‘(d) The Panel shall review proposals for pilot 

4 projects submitted to the Panel. For each proposal re5 viewed, the Panel shall approve the pilot project as a for6 eign labor substitute if, and only if, the Panel determines 

7 that the pilot project specified in the proposal satisfies 

8 each of the following requirements: 

9 ‘‘(1) The pilot project is to be carried out by 1 

10 or more private United States companies. 

11 ‘‘(2) The goods, wares, or merchandise pro12 posed to be manufactured, produced, or mined whol13 ly or in part by Federal convicts or prisoners under 

14 the pilot project would otherwise be manufactured, 

15 produced, or mined by foreign labor. 

16 ‘‘(e) Any determination of the Panel under subsection 

17 (d) shall be made available to the public upon request.’’. 

18 (2) CHAPTER ANALYSIS.—The item relating to 

19 section 1762 in the chapter analysis for chapter 85 

20 of title 18, United States Code, is amended to read 

21 as follows: 

‘‘1762. Foreign Labor Substitute Panel.’’. 


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1 SEC. 5. RESTATEMENT AND IMPROVEMENT OF FEDERAL 

2 PRISON INDUSTRIES PROGRAM. 

3 (a) IN GENERAL.—Sections 4121, 4122, and 4123 

4 of title 18, United States Code, are amended to read as 

5 follows: 

6 ‘‘§ 4121. Federal Prison Industries: status, mission, 

7 and management 

8 ‘‘(a) STATUS.—Federal Prison Industries is a Gov9 ernment corporation. The headquarters of the corporation 

10 is in the District of Columbia. 

11 ‘‘(b) MISSION.—The mission of Federal Prison In12 dustries is to carry out industrial operations in accordance 

13 with this chapter using eligible inmate workers. 

14 ‘‘(c) BOARD OF DIRECTORS.— 

15 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Federal Prison Industries 

16 shall be administered by a board of 6 directors, ap17 pointed by the President to serve at the will of the 

18 President without compensation. 

19 ‘‘(2) REPRESENTATION.—The directors shall be 

20 representatives of 1 of the following: 

21 ‘‘(A) Industry 

22 ‘‘(B) Labor. 

23 ‘‘(C) Agriculture. 

24 ‘‘(D) Retailers and consumers. 

25 ‘‘(E) The Secretary of Defense. 

26 ‘‘(F) The Attorney General. 


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1 ‘‘§ 4122. Federal Prison Industries: operating objec2 tives, standards, and requirements 

3 ‘‘(a) OPERATING OBJECTIVES.—Federal Prison In4 dustries shall carry out its industrial operations so as to 

5 achieve each of the following objectives: 

6 ‘‘(1) To increase public safety by reducing the 

7 rate of recidivism by providing as many inmates as 

8 possible with an opportunity to gain meaningful em9 ployment and vocational skills and improve their 

10 chances of becoming productive and law-abiding citi11 zens after release from prison. 

12 ‘‘(2) To minimize any adverse effects of the op13 erations on domestic companies or workers. 

14 ‘‘(3) To provide meaningful employment and 

15 vocational training for not less than 25 percent of el16 igible inmate workers. 

17 ‘‘(4) To provide inmate workers with a source 

18 of income with which they may facilitate their ability 

19 to contribute to the discharge of their financial obli20 gations. 

21 ‘‘(5) To generate sufficient revenue to fund 

22 those operations. 

23 ‘‘(6) To provide products and services that are 

24 market quality and competitively priced. 

25 ‘‘(b) PERFORMANCE STANDARDS.—Federal Prison 

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1 pliance with the following standards, as applicable to cor2 rectional industry programs: 

3 ‘‘(1) Federal standards. 

4 ‘‘(2) American Correctional Association stand5 ards. 

6 ‘‘(3) International Labor Organization conven7 tions to which the United States is a signatory 

8 party. 

9 ‘‘(c) VOLUNTARINESS.—Federal Prison Industries 

10 shall carry out its industrial operations only with inmate 

11 workers who participate in those operations voluntarily. 

12 ‘‘(d) WAGE RATES.—Unless otherwise provided by 

13 law, each inmate worker participating in the industrial op14 erations of Federal Prison Industries shall be paid at a 

15 wage rate prescribed by the Board of Directors of Federal 

16 Prison Industries. 

17 ‘‘(e) PROTECTION OF CERTAIN INFORMATION.—Fed18 eral Prison Industries shall carry out its industrial oper19 ations so as to ensure that, in the production of a product 

20 or the performance of a service, inmate workers do not 

21 have access to— 

22 ‘‘(1) personal or financial information about 

23 any citizen of the United States without prior notice 

24 of the access being provided to that citizen, includ25 ing information relating to the citizen’s real propVerDate Aug 31 2005 00:16 Jul 06, 2006 Jkt 049200 PO 00000 Frm 00010 Fmt 6652 Sfmt 6201 E:\BILLS\S3629.IS S3629

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1 erty, however described, unless that information is 

2 publicly available; or 

3 ‘‘(2) information that is classified in the na4 tional security or foreign policy interests of the 

5 United States. 

6 ‘‘(f) VOCATIONAL TRAINING.—At the end of each fis7 cal year, Federal Prison Industries shall, if the Board of 

8 Directors determines that it is financially feasible to do 

9 so, contribute not less than 20 percent of its net profits 

10 for that fiscal year to provide for the vocational training 

11 of inmates without regard to their industrial or other as12 signments. 

13 ‘‘(g) EXEMPTION FROM PUBLIC CONTRACTING AND

14 PROCUREMENT LAWS.—Federal Prison Industries is ex15 empt from all laws and regulations governing public con16 tracting and the procurement of property or services by 

17 an agency of the Federal Government. 

18 ‘‘(h) LIABILITY.—The sole remedy for injury, death, 

19 or loss resulting from negligence in the design or produc20 tion of a product, or in the performance of a service, by 

21 Federal Prison Industries shall be as follows: 

22 ‘‘(1) In the case of a person suffering an injury, 

23 death, or loss in the performance of duties as an em24 ployee of the United States, chapter 81 of title 5, re25 lating to compensation for work-related injuries. 


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1 ‘‘(2) In all other cases, chapter 171 of title 28, 

2 relating to tort claims. 

3 ‘‘§ 4123. Federal Prison Industries: transactions au4 thorized 

5 ‘‘(a) SALES OF CERTAIN COMMODITIES.—Federal 

6 Prison Industries may carry out a program to manufac7 ture commodities specified in section 1761(b). 

8 ‘‘(b) PARTICIPATION IN FOREIGN LABOR SUB9 STITUTE PILOT PROJECTS.—Subject to the requirements 

10 in subsection (e), Federal Prison Industries may make 

11 available inmate workers for participation in a pilot 

12 project approved as a foreign labor substitute by the For13 eign Labor Substitute Panel, as referred to in section 

14 1761(e). 

15 ‘‘(c) PARTICIPATION IN BJA PILOT PROJECTS.— 

16 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—Subject to the require17 ments in subsection (e), Federal Prison Industries 

18 may make available inmate workers for participation 

19 in a pilot project designated by the Director of the 

20 Bureau of Justice Assistance, as referred to in sec21 tion 1761(c). 

22 ‘‘(2) WAGE RATE.—Each inmate worker par23 ticipating in a pilot project specified in paragraph 

24 (1) shall be paid at a wage rate that complies with 

25 section 1761(c). 


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1 ‘‘(d) REQUIREMENTS FOR CONTRACTS WITH PRI2 VATE COMPANIES.—In making available inmate workers 

3 for participation in a pilot project under subsection (c) or 

4 (d), Federal Prison Industries shall comply with the fol5 lowing requirements: 

6 ‘‘(1) The inmate workers shall be made avail7 able through a contract between Federal Prison In8 dustries and a private United States company. 

9 ‘‘(2) The contract shall— 

10 ‘‘(A) require that the labor performed by 

11 the inmate workers shall be carried out at a 

12 Federal Prison Industries facility; 

13 ‘‘(B) include a provision that prohibits the 

14 company from displacing any of that company’s 

15 existing domestic workers as a direct result of 

16 the contract with Federal Prison Industries; 

17 and 

18 ‘‘(C) provide that any workforce reductions 

19 carried out by the company affecting employees 

20 performing work comparable to the work per21 formed pursuant to the contract shall first 

22 apply to inmate workers employed pursuant to 

23 the contract. 

24 ‘‘(e) GOALS FOR CERTAIN BUSINESSES.—Federal 

25 Prison Industries shall, in consultation with the Small 


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1 Business Administration, establish and strive to meet or 

2 exceed realistic goals for entering into contracts with one 

3 or more of the following: 

4 ‘‘(1) A business concern that meets the applica5 ble size standards prescribed pursuant to section 

6 3(a) of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 632(a)). 

7 ‘‘(2) A small business concern owned and con8 trolled by socially and economically disadvantaged 

9 individuals, as that term is defined in section 

10 8(d)(3)(C) of the Small Business Act (15 U.S.C. 

11 637(d)(3)(C)). 

12 ‘‘(f) JOB OPPORTUNITIES FOR BLIND AND SE13 VERELY DISABLED INDIVIDUALS.—Federal Prison Indus14 tries shall establish business partnerships with organiza15 tions representing domestic workers who are blind or se16 verely disabled, for the purpose of entering into contracts 

17 with private United States companies that would create 

18 job opportunities both for blind and severely disabled indi19 viduals and for Federal inmates. 

20 ‘‘(g) DONATION OF PRODUCTS AND SERVICES.—The 

21 Board of Directors may authorize— 

22 ‘‘(1) the donation of a product or service of 

23 Federal Prison Industries that is available for sale; 

24 or 


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1 ‘‘(2) the production of a new product, or the 

2 performance of a new service, for donation. 

3 ‘‘(h) CATALOG.—Federal Prison Industries shall pub4 lish and maintain a catalog of all products and services 

5 that it offers for sale to government agencies and not-for6 profit organizations. The catalog shall be periodically re7 vised as products and services are added or deleted.’’. 

8 (b) CONFORMING AMENDMENT.—Section 1761(c)(1) 

9 of such title is amended by striking ‘‘non-Federal’’. 

10 (c) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The chapter analysis 

11 for chapter 307 of title 18, United States Code, is amend12 ed by striking the items relating to sections 4121, 4122, 

13 and 4123 and inserting the following: 

‘‘Sec. 4121. Federal Prison Industries: status, mission, and management. 

‘‘Sec. 4122. Federal Prison Industries: operating objectives, standards, and requirements. 

‘‘Sec. 4123. Federal Prison Industries: transactions authorized.’’. 

14 SEC. 6. PERIODIC EVALUATION AND REPORTS. 

15 (a) IN GENERAL.—Section 4127 of title 18, United 

16 States Code, is amended to read as follows: 

17 ‘‘§ 4127. Periodic evaluation and reports 

18 ‘‘(a) EVALUATION BY GAO.— 

19 ‘‘(1) MATTERS EVALUATED.—The Comptroller 

20 General shall provide for an independent evaluation 

21 of the operations of Federal Prison Industries to be 

22 carried out each year. The matters evaluated shall 

23 include the following: 


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1 ‘‘(A) The overall success of the operations. 

2 ‘‘(B) The effects that any reduction in the 

3 purchases made under section 4124(a) has on 

4 the viability of Federal Prison Industries. 

5 ‘‘(C) The extent to which Federal Prison 

6 Industries can successfully contract with private 

7 companies without adversely affecting domestic 

8 companies or workers. 

9 ‘‘(D) The current status and effects of the 

10 pilot program or programs described in section 

11 4130. 

12 ‘‘(2) VIEWS INCLUDED.—The Comptroller Gen13 eral shall ensure that, in the development of appro14 priate methodologies for the evaluation under para15 graph (1), the views of the Foreign Labor Substitute 

16 Panel, private industry, organized labor, the Board 

17 of Directors of Federal Prison Industries, and the 

18 public are solicited. 

19 ‘‘(3) REPORT.—Not later than March 31 of 

20 each fiscal year, the Comptroller General shall sub21 mit to Congress a report on the evaluation of the op22 erations of Federal Prison Industries that was car23 ried out under paragraph (1) for the preceding fiscal 

24 year. The report for a fiscal year shall, at a min25 imum, include the following: 


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1 ‘‘(A) The evaluation. 

2 ‘‘(B) Any concerns raised about any ad3 verse effects on domestic companies or workers, 

4 together with any actions taken in regard to the 

5 concerns. 

6 ‘‘(C) The extent to which Federal Prison 

7 Industries maintained at least a 25 percent em8 ployment rate for eligible inmate workers. 

9 ‘‘(D) The extent to which Federal Prison 

10 Industries conducted its operations on a finan11 cially self-sustaining basis. 

12 ‘‘(E) Any recommended legislation to im13 prove the administration of this chapter or the 

14 effects of the administration of this chapter, in15 cluding any recommended legislation necessary 

16 to authorize remedial actions regarding— 

17 ‘‘(i) any conduct of the operations of 

18 Federal Prison Industries in a manner 

19 that adversely affects domestic companies 

20 or workers (excluding the effects of normal 

21 competitive business practices); 

22 ‘‘(ii) any failure of Federal Prison In23 dustries to maintain at least a 25 percent 

24 employment rate for eligible inmate work25 ers; or 


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1 ‘‘(iii) any failure of Federal Prison In2 dustries to conduct its operations on a fi3 nancially self-sustaining basis. 

4 ‘‘(b) ANNUAL REPORT BY BOARD OF DIRECTORS.— 

5 ‘‘(1) IN GENERAL.—The Board of Directors of 

6 Federal Prison Industries shall, each year, report 

7 under section 9106 of title 31, on the conduct of the 

8 business of Federal Prison Industries and the condi9 tion of its funds during the preceding fiscal year. 

10 ‘‘(2) MATTERS INCLUDED.—In addition to the 

11 matters required by section 9106 of title 31, and 

12 such other matters as the Board considers appro13 priate, each report for a fiscal year under paragraph 

14 (1), shall include the following: 

15 ‘‘(A) A statement of the amount of obliga16 tions issued under section 4129(a)(1) of this 

17 title during that fiscal year. 

18 ‘‘(B) An estimate of the amount of obliga19 tions that will be issued under that section dur20 ing the following fiscal year. 

21 ‘‘(C) An analysis of— 

22 ‘‘(i) the total sales by Federal Prison 

23 Industries for each product and service 

24 sold to Federal agencies and to private 

25 United States companies; 


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1 ‘‘(ii) the total purchases by each Fed2 eral agency of each product and service; 

3 and 

4 ‘‘(iii) the Federal Prison Industries 

5 share of the total Federal Government pur6 chases by product and service. 

7 ‘‘(D) An analysis of the inmate workforce, 

8 including— 

9 ‘‘(i) the number of inmates employed; 

10 ‘‘(ii) the number of inmates used to 

11 produce products or perform services sold 

12 to private United States companies; 

13 ‘‘(iii) the number and percentage of 

14 employed inmates, categorized by term of 

15 incarceration; and 

16 ‘‘(iv) the various hourly wages paid to 

17 inmates engaged in the production of the 

18 various products and the performance of 

19 services authorized for production and sale 

20 to Federal agencies and to private United 

21 States companies. 

22 ‘‘(E) Information concerning any employ23 ment obtained by former inmates upon release 

24 that is useful in determining whether the em25 ployment provided by Federal Prison Industries 


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1 during incarceration provided those former in2 mates with knowledge and skill in a trade or oc3 cupation that enabled them to earn a livelihood 

4 upon release. 

5 ‘‘(F) Information on the current status of 

6 the pilot program or programs described in sec7 tion 4130. 

8 ‘‘(3) AVAILABILITY TO PUBLIC.—The Board of 

9 Directors shall make available to the public each re10 port under this subsection.’’. 

11 (b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The item relating to 

12 section 4127 in the chapter analysis for chapter 307 of 

13 title 18, United States Code, is amended to read as fol14 lows: 

‘‘4127. Periodic evaluation and reports.’’. 

15 SEC. 7. RULES OF CONSTRUCTION AND DEFINITIONS. 

16 (a) IN GENERAL.—Chapter 307 of title 18, United 

17 States Code, as amended by section 4, is amended by add18 ing at the end the following: 

19 ‘‘SEC. 4131. CONSTRUCTION OF PROVISIONS. 

20 ‘‘Nothing in this chapter shall be construed— 

21 ‘‘(1) to establish an entitlement of any inmate 

22 to— 

23 ‘‘(A) employment in a Federal Prison In24 dustries facility; or 


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1 ‘‘(B) any particular wage, compensation, 

2 or benefit on demand; 

3 ‘‘(2) to establish that inmates are employees for 

4 the purposes of any law or program; or 

5 ‘‘(3) to establish any cause of action by or on 

6 behalf of any person against the United States or 

7 any officer, employee, or contractor thereof. 

8 ‘‘SEC. 4132. DEFINITIONS. 

9 ‘‘In this chapter: 

10 ‘‘(1) The term ‘eligible inmate’ or ‘eligible in11 mate worker’ means a person who— 

12 ‘‘(A) is committed to the custody of the 

13 Bureau of Prisons pursuant to section 3621 of 

14 this title; 

15 ‘‘(B) is designated to a low, medium, or 

16 high security facility operated by the Bureau of 

17 Prisons; and 

18 ‘‘(C) is physically and mentally able to 

19 work. 

20 ‘‘(2) The term ‘private United States company’ 

21 means a corporation, partnership, joint venture, or 

22 sole proprietorship with a principal place of business 

23 in the United States.’’. 


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1 (b) CLERICAL AMENDMENT.—The table of sections 

2 at the beginning of chapter 307 of such title is amended 

3 by adding at the end the following new items: 

‘‘Sec. 4131. Construction of provisions. 

‘‘Sec. 4132. Definitions.’’. 

4 SEC. 8. CONFORMING AMENDMENT. 

5 Section 436 of title 18, United States Code, is 

6 amended by striking ‘‘Whoever,’’ and inserting ‘‘Except 

7 as otherwise provided in this title, whoever,’’. 

Æ 


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