[Cite as In re N.D., 2023-Ohio-439.]

COURT OF APPEALS

STARK COUNTY, OHIO

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

IN THE MATTER OF: : JUDGES:

: Hon. John W. Wise, P.J.

 N.D. (DOB 01-12-08) : Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, J.

 M.D. (DOB 7-14-09) : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.

 K.L. (DOB 11-27-12) :

 A.C. (DOB 05-13-16) : Case No. 2022CA00104

 J.R. (DOB 08-14-18) : 2022CA00105

: 2022CA00106

 MINOR CHILDREN : 2022CA00107

: 2022CA00108

:

:

 : O P I N I O N

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Stark County Court 

of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, 

Case Nos. 2021JCV00297, 

2021JCV00298, 2021JCV00299, 

2021JCV00301, 2021JCV00302

JUDGMENT: Affirmed

DATE OF JUDGMENT: February 14, 2023

APPEARANCES:

For Plaintiff-Appellee For Defendant-Appellant

BRANDON J. WALTENBAUGH BERNARD L. HUNT

Stark County Department 2395 McGinty Rd N.W.

of Job and Family Services North Canton, Ohio 44720

402 2nd Street SE

Canton, Ohio 44702
Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00104-108 2

Baldwin, J.

STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND THE CASE

{¶1} Tiffany Cottrill appeals the decision of the Stark County Common Pleas 

County, Juvenile Division, granting legal custody of her five children to their fathers, their 

prior legal custodians or kinship caregivers. Stark County Job and Family Services 

(SCJFS) is appellee.

STATEMENT OF THE FACTS AND THE CASE

{¶2} SCJFS responded to a report that Cottrill’s paramour, Randy Swoape, had 

been arrested for possession of drug paraphernalia, admitted to using methamphetamine 

and had a prior conviction for manufacturing methamphetamines. Cottrill refused access 

to the North Lawrence Police Department, and would not allow a home visit by a case 

worker on March 29, 2021 but agreed to a visit by an SCJFS case worker on the following 

day.

{¶3} The case worker appeared on March 30, 2021 and was permitted access 

to the home. The case worker discovered cameras installed in the home and a monitor in 

the basement in an area that was off limits to all but Mr. Swoape. Cottrill explained that 

she relied upon the cameras to supervise the children while she works.

{¶4} The case worker was able to interview the children and discovered that the 

oldest, N.D., thirteen years old at the time, was the primary caretaker for the children. He 

also described a violent confrontation between Cottrill and her father that happened 

December 24, 2020. He investigated the fighting that he heard and found blood 

everywhere. Cottrill admitted that her father had pulled a gun on her and she had to fight 

to get the gun away from him.
Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00104-108 3

{¶5} One of the children reported that they had spent time prior to the case 

worker’s visit cleaning the home with no help from Cottrill. They also reported that the 

home was usually very dirty and there was little or no food in the home. 

{¶6} The case worker explained SCJFS’s concern regarding Mr. Swoape’s 

recent arrest and past conviction, both involving methamphetamine, but Cottrill was 

adamant that Mr. Swoape posed no risk to her children and she would not ask him to 

leave the home. She did agree to allow four of the children to be placed outside the home 

pending investigation, but would not sign a safety plan. The fifth child was currently on an 

overnight visit with his father.

{¶7} The following day Cottrill demanded that the children be returned and she 

and Swoape drove to the home where the children were placed and attempted to remove 

them. Swoape threatened violence if the children were not released. The police 

responded to the scene and the four children at the home were placed in the emergency 

custody of SCJFS pursuant to Juv. R. 6 (A)(3).

{¶8} A complaint alleging dependency, neglect or abuse of all of the children was 

filed on April 1, 2021. The children were found dependent and placed in the temporary 

custody of SCJFS on June 16, 2021. Ultimately, the children were placed as follows:

{¶9} N.D and M.D were placed together in kinship placement with Jason and

Tifanie Kukwa.

{¶10} K. L. was placed with his father and stepmother, Eric and Stephanie Laster.

{¶11} J. R. was placed with his father David Rouzzo.

{¶12} A.C. was placed with her prior legal custodian Michael Phillips. Cottrill is not 

A.C.’s mother but was designated as her custodian with Michael Phillips in a prior case.
Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00104-108 4

{¶13} The Court approved a case plan for Cottrill that included requirements that 

she maintain sobriety and seek mental health counseling. Cottrill’s sobriety was 

monitored by random drug screens, described in the record as color coded. Once she 

established sobriety the case plan required that she attend a parenting class.

{¶14} Case plans were created for the fathers of the children, but none 

participated and none have appealed the trial court’s disposition of this case, so we will 

not consider their involvement in the case.

{¶15} SCJFS moved to change legal custody of the children to their current 

physical placement on January 18, 2022 and that matter came before the court on 

April 26, 2022. Cottrill was the only parent who contested the motion, so SCJFS provided 

evidence regarding her response to the requirements of the case plan, her progress 

toward resolving the problems that caused the removal of the children from the home, 

and the best interests of the children.

{¶16} Cottrill missed forty color code drug screens during the case plan and was 

unable to demonstrate sobriety. Cottrill submitted to hair follicle tests for drugs in 

September and December 2021 and in March 2022 and all were positive for 

amphetamines and methamphetamines. After the last hair follicle test in March 2022, 

Cottrill failed to comply with any color code drug tests. Because Cottrell was unable to 

demonstrate sobriety during the case plan, she was not permitted to enter the Goodwill 

Parenting Program required by the case plan.

{¶17} Cottrill did participate in counseling, but SCJFS contended that her 

behaviors and her insight into her impact on the children did not change. Aimee Thomas, 

Ph.D. the psychologist who examined Cottrill, found that Cottrill failed to recognize how 
Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00104-108 5

her behavior was impacting the children, was very guarded about her substance abuse 

and could not agree that leaving her children in the care of their thirteen-year-old sibling 

was inappropriate. 

{¶18} Dr. Thomas stated that a person can attend counseling and not change or 

show any progress. She explained that Cottrill could demonstrate improvement with an 

extended period of sobriety and changing her defiant, defensive stance to acceptance of 

personal responsibility for her behaviors and choices that have caused the trauma that 

the children have experienced. Cottrill’s continued failure to comply with the color code 

drug screening plan suggested that she was abusing drugs and had not changed her 

behavior.

{¶19} The trial court granted legal custody of the children to the custodians with 

whom the children had been placed by SCJFS, either the fathers, next of kin or prior 

custodian.

{¶20} Cottrill filed a timely appeal and submitted one assignment of error:

{¶21} “I. THE JUDGMENT BY THE TRIAL COURT IS AGAINST THE MANIFEST 

WEIGHT AND SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE. THE JUDGMENT WAS AN ABUSE 

OF DISCRETION.”

STANDARD OF REVIEW

{¶22} Unlike in a permanent custody proceeding where a juvenile court's standard 

of review is by clear and convincing evidence, the court’s standard of review in legal 

custody proceedings is a preponderance of the evidence. In re S.D., 5th Dist. Stark Nos. 

2013CA0081, 2013CA0082, 2013–Ohio–5752, ¶ 32; In re A.C., 12th Dist. No. CA2006–
Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00104-108 6

12–105, 2007–Ohio–3350 at ¶ 14; In re Nice, 141 Ohio App.3d 445, 455, 751 N.E.2d 552 

(7th Dist.2001).

{¶23} The statutes regarding an award of legal custody do not include a specific 

test or set of criteria, and a trial court must base its decision on the best interest of the 

child. In re C.R., 108 Ohio St.3d 369, 2006-Ohio-1191, 843 N.E.2d 1188; In re P.S., 5th 

Dist. Stark No. 2012CA00007, 2012-Ohio-3431. When determining the issue of legal 

custody, the trial court should consider the totality of the circumstances and all factors 

relevant to the best interest of the child. In re D.T., 5th Dist. Stark No. 2013CA00252, 

2014-Ohio-2495. “The statutory best interest test designed for the permanent custody 

situation may provide some ‘guidance’ for trial courts making legal custody decisions.” In 

re A.F., 9th Dist. No. 24317, 2009–Ohio–333 at ¶ 7, quoting In re T.A., 9th Dist. 

No. 22954, 2006–Ohio–4468 at ¶ 17; In re S.D. 5th Dist. Stark Nos. 2013CA0081, 

2013CA0082, 2013–Ohio–5752, ¶ 33.

{¶24} We review the trial court’s award of legal custody for an abuse of discretion 

and recognize that a trial court has broad discretion in proceedings involving the care and 

custody of children. In re R.D.J., 5th Dist. Delaware No. 12 CAF 07 0046, 2013–Ohio–

1999, ¶ 29, quoting In re Gales, 10th Dist. No. 03AP–445, 2003–Ohio–6309; In re Nice,

141 Ohio App.3d 445, 455, 2001–Ohio–3214, 751 N.E.2d 552; In re Mullen, 129 Ohio 

St.3d 417, 2011–Ohio–3361, ¶ 14. Abuse of discretion connotes more than an error of 

law or judgment; rather, it implies that the trial court's decision was unreasonable, 

arbitrary or unconscionable. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 219 (1983).
Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00104-108 7

ANALYSIS

{¶25} Cottrill argues that the judgment by the trial court was against the manifest 

weight and sufficiency of the evidence and was an abuse of discretion. In support of her 

argument, she contends that her completion of case plan objectives warrant a reversal of 

the trial court’s decision.

{¶26} There is no dispute Mother made progress toward completion of portions of 

her case plan, but the primary goal is not to simply complete the case plan. In re T.H., 5th 

Dist. Muskingum No. CT2016-0009, 2016-Ohio-7312, ¶ 42. Even the successful 

completion of a case plan is not dispositive on the issue of reunification. In re W.A.J., 8th 

Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99813, 2014-Ohio-604. Where a parent has participated in his or her 

case plan and completed most or all of the plan requirements, a trial court may still 

properly determine that such parent has not substantially remedied the problems leading 

to agency involvement. In the Matter of A.L. and J.L., 5th Dist. Guernsey No. 11 CA 23, 

2012-Ohio-481. While it may be in Cottrill's best interest to complete the case plan, this 

is only one factor for a trial court to consider in the best interest of the child, and, “in legal 

custody cases, trial courts should consider all factors relevant to the best interest of the 

child.” In the Matter of D.P. and G.P., 5th Dist. Stark No. 2010CA00348, 2011-Ohio-1907.

{¶27} The issue in this case is whether the preponderance of the evidence 

demonstrated it was in the best interest of the children to grant legal custody to 

custodians. The trial court issued a detailed, thorough, and well-reasoned analysis as to 

why it determined it was in the best interest of the children to grant legal custody to the 

custodians. Mother contends she completed the case plan objectives and implies that 

she substantially remedied any problems leading to agency involvement, but the 
Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00104-108 8

testimony and evidence presented at the hearing do not support this conclusion. Cottrill 

made little progress toward improving her mental health and failed to demonstrate that 

she had resolved her abuse of amphetamines or methamphetamines.

SUBSTANCE ABUSE

{¶28} Appellee identified Cottrill’s substance abuse as a concern that required 

attention at the outset of this case. Cottrill tested positive for methamphetamine on April 

2, 2021 and the case plan included a directive that she complete a drug and alcohol 

assessment and comply with “all drug screens as requested by CommQuest and the 

agency.” (Case Plan, April 26, 2021, p. 3). The requirement for drug screens was modified 

to obligate Cottrill to “submit to all requested drug screens by SCJFS or the service 

provider within 24 hours, including compliance with color code1. Any missed or refused 

screens will be considered positive.” (Case plan, September 21, 2021, P. 4). The same 

requirement was contained within the case plan dated February 10, 2022.

{¶29} The Appellee provided evidence that Cottrill missed forty drug screens. In 

efforts to explore her sobriety after missing so many tests, Appellee requested that the 

Cottrill submit to hair follicle examination. The hair follicle examinations occurred in 

September 2021, December 2021 and the last test, administered in March 2022, was 

completed one month prior to the hearing on the motions for legal custody. All three 

examinations were positive for the presence of methamphetamines and amphetamines. 

Further, Cottrill did not submit to any further color code drug screens after March 2022.

1 The record contains references to "color code" drug tests which, based upon the 

context of the comments regarding “color code”, we conclude is a method of 

randomizing drug tests. 
Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00104-108 9

{¶30} Appellee suspected that Cottrill’s failure to submit herself to further drug 

screens concealed a substance abuse problem that persisted. That suspicion was 

corroborated by Aimee Thomas, psychiatrist, who examined Cottrill at the beginning of 

the case and testified at the hearing on the motions for legal custody. When asked 

whether failing to attend tests indicated sobriety, Dr. Thomas testified that she would 

consider each missed screen a test positive for drug use unless there was some verified 

emergency that prevented the individual from appearing for drug screen. She concluded 

that missing approximately forty screens was problematic and would show that Cottrill is 

exhibiting the same “defiant behavior and trying to deny or minimize or hide.” (Trial 

Transcript, p. 59, lines 9-10).

{¶31} Cottrill contended she missed drug screens due to her work schedule, but 

the record does not support her excuse. She finished work at 6:30 a.m. and had the

remainder of the day to complete a drug screen. She offered no evidence to refute the 

positive hair follicle tests, but suggested that she may have accidently ingested an illegal 

substance.

{¶32} Cottrill’s consistent failure to participate in drug screens and the positive hair 

follicle test prevented her from completing another portion of the case plan, the 

requirement that she attend the Goodwill Parenting Program. Goodwill required that 

parents establish sobriety before participating in the parenting program, and, because 

Cottrill consistently failed to submit to drug screens and because her hair follicle test were 

positive, she was not permitted to begin the program.
Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00104-108 10

COUNSELING

{¶33} Cottrill’s case plan also reflected concerns regarding her mental health. She 

was required to “learn appropriate coping skills and stabilize her mental health * * * learn 

relapse and prevention skills that will help her maintain her sobriety” and learn “* * *the 

impact substance abuse and involvement has on family functioning and the risk it 

presents to her children.” She was also obligated to “learn the risk presented to her 

children by the partners she chooses to bring around her children and how her choices 

negatively impact her children.” (Case Plan 2.03, docket # 46, Sep., 21, 2021, p. 3).

{¶34} The reports submitted by the counseling service indicated that Cottrill did 

not make progress toward improving her mental health but consistently attempted to shift 

blame to others. The counselor reported that Cottrill complained about Appellee and 

invested little time working toward her goals. At the outset of this case, Dr. Thomas found 

the outlook for Cottrill questionable at best “* * * due to her entrenchment and to her world 

view versus understanding that she needed to make some changes in her lifestyle for the 

sake of the children.” (Trial Transcript, p. 52, lines 19-20). The doctor expected that “until 

she could accept personal responsibility for choices, changes were not going to occur.” 

(Trial Transcript, p. 52, lines 22-23). The doctor’s insights were confirmed as reports from 

the counselor demonstrated that Cottrill failed to make material progress to resolve 

problems that led to her inability to properly parent the children, to make choices that 

were in the children’s best interest, and to maintain sobriety.
Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00104-108 11

CHILDREN’S INTERACTIONS

{¶35} Cottrill did visit her children, but the visits served more to highlight Cottrill’s 

lack of parenting skills than to promote reunification. The agency representative assigned 

to the case noted that Cottrill did not interact with all of her children equally but mostly 

focused on the youngest child to the exclusion of the other children. Further, Cottrill would 

bring gifts for one child but nothing for the other children leading to disappointment and 

bad feelings. This habit of not bringing equivalent gifts for of the children was brought to 

Cottrill’s attention and she temporarily discontinued the practice, but she returned to the 

habit in later visits.

{¶36} With the exception of the youngest child, who was three years old at the 

time of the hearing, the children consistently stated that they had no desire reunify with 

Cottrill. The children expressed their concern to the guardian ad litem that they did not 

feel safe with Cottrill and would not feel safe if they returned to her custody.

{¶37} The guardian ad litem reported that the children were content in their current 

placement and strongly attached to their current custodians. The current custodians 

agreed to facilitate continued contact among siblings and the children were happy to have 

continued contact with each other. Health problems that the children exhibited prior to 

placement, including one child who suffered serious dental issues, were well on their way 

to being resolved.

{¶38} The children were placed in the legal custody of the persons who served as 

placements at the very beginning of this case. Cottrill objected to these placements, but 

provided no evidence that could be described as contradicting the trial court’s finding that 

she had not remedied the problems that caused the removal of the children from the home 
Stark County, Case No. 2022CA00104-108 12

and that the grant of legal custody was in the best interest of the children. After reviewing 

the record and the elements of R.C. 2515.414(D) regarding the best interest of the 

children, we conclude that the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it determined 

that Cottrill has failed to remedy the problems that caused the removal of the children 

from the home and that it was in the best interest of the children to grant legal custody to 

the parties requesting it. Further, we find sufficient evidence to support the trial court’s 

conclusion and reject Cottrill’s contention that the trial court’s decision was against the 

manifest weight of the evidence.

{¶39} Cottrill’s assignment of error is overruled.

{¶40} The decision of the Stark County Court of Common Pleas, Juvenile Division, 

is affirmed.

By: Baldwin, J.

Wise, John, P.J. and

Delaney, J. concur.