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STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

GMS Mine Repair and Maintenance, Inc.,

d/b/a GMS Construction,

Defendant Below, Petitioner

vs.) No. 19-0309 (Pocahontas County 16-C-58) 

Mountaineer Contractors, Inc.,

Plaintiff Below, Respondent

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Petitioner GMS Mine Repair and Maintenance, Inc., d/b/a GMS Construction, by counsel 

William C. Means, appeals the Circuit Court of Pocahontas County’s February 27, 2019, order 

denying its motion for judgment as a matter of law or, alternatively, a new trial following a jury 

trial on respondent’s breach of contract and promissory estoppel claims. Respondent 

Mountaineer Contractors, Inc., by counsel Joshua S. Rogers and David R. Stone, filed a 

response. Petitioner filed a reply.

This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal 

arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided 

by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record 

presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these 

reasons, a memorandum decision affirming the circuit court’s order is appropriate under Rule 21 

of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

After soliciting bids in accordance with state law, the West Virginia Department of 

Transportation, Division of Highways (“DOH”), awarded Respondent Mountaineer Contractors, 

Inc. (“MCI”) a contract for a sidewalk repair project at Hillsboro Elementary School in 

Pocahontas County, West Virginia, on June 15, 2016. This contract provided that the project 

would be completed by or on August 26, 2016, and would begin with a “Notice to Proceed.” It 

was further agreed between the DOH and MCI that time was of the essence.

Before submitting its bid to the DOH, MCI solicited a bid from Petitioner GMS Mine 

Repair and Maintenance, Inc., d/b/a GMS Construction (“GMS Construction”). GMS 

Construction submitted a bid on May 9, 2016, stating that the requested work could be 

performed for $210,165.75. Because MCI failed to account for West Virginia Code of State 

Rules § 157-3-10.1, however—requiring that it “shall perform, with his or her own organization, 

work amounting to not less than 30 percent of the total contract cost” (“30% rule”)—it required 

GMS Construction to submit a revised bid excluding concrete, which MCI planned to provide to 

bring it in line with the 30% rule. On June 17, 2016, GMS Construction submitted its revised 

FILED

April 20, 2020

EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA
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bid, which contained terms identical to those in its initial bid save for the provision of concrete. 

GMS Construction quoted a price of $124,124.75. The parties did not execute a subcontractor 

agreement.

Despite indicating otherwise in its contract with MCI, the DOH did not issue its notice to 

proceed until September 30, 2016. GMS Construction began working at the site at some point in 

November of 2016, but it ceased working before completing the job. GMS Construction 

informed MCI that the change in seasons, increased school traffic, and MCI’s failure to provide 

necessary support services, such as effective traffic management, rendered the project 

incompletable at the quoted price, and it requested a modification. After MCI declined to provide 

additional compensation, GMS Construction withdrew from the worksite.

On December 27, 2016, MCI sued GMS Construction for breach of contract and 

promissory estoppel. GMS Construction moved for summary judgment, arguing that the parties 

had no enforceable agreement due to the failure to comply with West Virginia Code of State 

Rules § 157-3-10.1.a (“subcontract regulation”), which requires that subcontracts be in writing.1

The circuit court denied this motion, and the three-day trial on MCI’s claims began on October 

31, 2018. The jury found that no contract existed between the parties; however, it found GMS 

Construction liable under the doctrine of promissory estoppel, and it awarded damages in the 

amount of $105,475.87. 

Following trial, GMS Construction moved for judgment as a matter of law or, 

alternatively, a new trial. GMS Construction argued that the court erred in failing to instruct the 

jury on the subcontract regulation, that it “watered down” GMS Construction’s jury instruction 

on the 30% rule by describing it as “context for testimony,” that it erred in failing to give an 

instruction on time being of the essence, and that MCI could not lawfully pursue a promissory 

estoppel claim.

The circuit court denied GMS Construction’s post-trial motion on February 27, 2019. 

Preliminarily, the court concluded that GMS Construction’s motion for judgment as a matter of 

law was untimely in light of its failure to make that motion before the case was submitted to the 

jury.2 The court further found that GMS Construction was not entitled to a new trial. It found 

that GMS Construction was not unduly prejudiced by the court’s refusal to give the requested 

instructions or its commentary regarding the instruction on the 30% rule. Finally, the court noted 

that GMS Construction raised an objection to the promissory estoppel instruction for the first 

time at the hearing on its post-trial motion. The court found the objection waived, but it also 

concluded that the instruction properly stated the applicable law. Petitioner now appeals.

1 This DOH regulation provides, in part, that “[e]ach subcontract, including lower-tier 

subcontracts, shall be in writing and shall physically contain all the applicable provisions, 

requirements, and specifications.” W. Va. Code R. § 157-3-10.1.a.

2 GMS Construction does not challenge this conclusion on appeal.
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In reviewing a circuit court’s rulings on a motion for a new trial, this Court employs an 

abuse of discretion standard of review. Tennant v. Marion Health Care Found., 194 W. Va. 97, 

104, 459 S.E.2d 374, 381 (1995).

Thus, in reviewing challenges to findings and rulings made by a circuit court, we 

apply a two-pronged deferential standard of review. We review the rulings of the 

circuit court concerning a new trial and its conclusion as to the existence of 

reversible error under an abuse of discretion standard, and we review the circuit 

court’s underlying factual findings under a clearly erroneous standard. Questions 

of law are subject to a de novo review.

Id.

GMS Construction raises five assignments of error on appeal, one of which concerns the 

circuit court’s denial of its motion for summary judgment on MCI’s promissory estoppel claim. 

GMS Construction argues that the parties’ failure to abide by the subcontract regulation and 

reduce their subcontract to writing precludes recovery under promissory estoppel. GMS 

Construction acknowledges that various statutes of frauds “are amenable to promissory estoppel 

exceptions,” but claims that “no such exception presently exists.” In support of its assertion that 

subcontracts of this sort must be reduced to writing, it cites Knotts v. Board of Education of the 

Independent District of Bridgeport, 113 W. Va. 56, 166 S.E. 703 (1932), Burgess v. City of 

Cameron, 113 W. Va. 127, 166 S.E. 113 (1932), and English Moving & Storage Co. v. Public 

Service Commission of West Virginia, 143 W. Va. 146, 100 S.E.2d 407 (1957). These cases, 

GMS Construction contends, stand for the propositions that where taxpayer money is spent on 

public works, the requirement to reduce a contract to writing cannot be ignored, and that “there 

are legal consequences for noncompliance with applicable law.”

We review de novo a circuit court’s denial of a motion for summary judgment. Syl. Pt. 1, 

Findley v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., 213 W. Va. 80, 576 S.E.2d 807 (2002). Under the 

doctrine of promissory estoppel, “[a] promise which the promisor should reasonably expect to 

induce action or forbearance on the part of the promisee or a third person and which does induce 

the action or forbearance is enforceable notwithstanding the Statute of Frauds if injustice can be 

avoided only by enforcement of the promise.” Syl. Pt. 4, in part, Hoover v. Moran, 222 W. Va. 

112, 662 S.E.2d 711 (2008) (emphasis added). Thus, assuming that the subcontract regulation is 

a statute of frauds, promissory estoppel, nevertheless, may be invoked to enforce the promise 

made.3

The cases cited by GMS Construction do not compel a different conclusion, nor do they 

address the issue on appeal in a meaningful manner. Knotts and Burgess involve public entities, 

3 MCI denies that the subcontract regulation is a statute of frauds.
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whereas GMS Construction and MCI are private corporations.4 GMS Construction cites no law 

even suggesting that a private construction company cannot recover damages under promissory 

estoppel for the reasonable reliance on a bid submitted by another private construction company. 

Accordingly, it has failed to demonstrate error in the circuit court’s denial of its motion for 

summary judgment. 

GMS Construction’s four remaining assignments of error pertain to jury instructions. 

First, GMS Construction contends that the circuit court erred in failing to give its proposed 

instruction on the subcontract regulation. This failure, GMS Construction contends, deprived the 

jury of the opportunity to consider MCI’s noncompliance, which “might well have influenced the 

jury’s view of comparative equities.” GMS Construction also argues that the court’s instruction 

on promissory estoppel was deficient because it omitted a discussion of factors relevant to 

whether “injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise.” See Syl. Pt. 3, in part, 

Everett v. Brown, 174 W. Va. 35, 321 S.E.2d 685 (1984) (outlining factors to consider in 

determining whether injustice can be avoided only by enforcement of the promise). Third, GMS 

Construction claims that the court erred in failing to give a “time is of the essence” instruction. 

Fourth, GMS Construction claims that the court “discount[ed] a rule of law” by describing its 

30% rule instruction as a context for testimony.

“As a general rule, the refusal to give a requested jury instruction is reviewed for an 

abuse of discretion. By contrast, the question of whether a jury was properly instructed is a 

4 In Knotts, we held that the petitioner was not entitled to a writ of mandamus compelling 

execution of an employment contract with the respondent board of education. 113 W. Va. at 56, 

166 S.E. at 704. While the president of the board of education verbally represented that the 

petitioner would be hired, that conversation was not binding on the board of education. Id. 

(relying on, for example, our holding in Honaker v. Board of Education of Pocatalico District, 

42 W. Va. 170, 24 S.E. 544 (1896), that members of a board of education separately, when not 

convened as a board to transact business, cannot contract or otherwise bind the board as a 

corporation, and all who deal with the board of education are charged with notice of the scope of 

their authority).

In Burgess, a contractor could not recover under quantum meruit for construction work 

performed for a city where the city, in violation of the city charter, did not solicit competitive 

bids for that work. 113 W. Va. at 129, 166 S.E. at 115. In that situation, the city had no power to 

contract, and “one contracting . . . with a municipality is charged with a knowledge of the 

limitations imposed upon it by charter.” Id. In short, Knotts and Burgess involve attempts to 

enforce a contract against a party known to have no authorization to make that contract. GMS 

Construction does not argue that it or MCI lacked authority to contract, nor could it.

Even less relevant, English Moving & Storage Co., broadly speaking, addresses whether 

a public service commission’s certificate authorizing certain business included the authorization 

to conduct other business. See 143 W. Va. at 151-52, 100 S.E.2d at 410.
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question of law, and the review is de novo.” Syl. Pt. 2, Foster v. Sakhai, 210 W. Va. 716, 559 

S.E.2d 53 (2001) (citation omitted).

Even if a requested instruction is a correct statement of the law, refusal to 

grant such instruction is not error when the jury was fully instructed on all 

principles that applied to the case and the refusal of the instruction in no way 

impeded the offering side’s closing argument or foreclosed the jury’s passing on 

the offering side’s basic theory of the case as developed through the evidence.

Syl. Pt. 2, Shia v. Chvasta, 180 W. Va. 510, 377 S.E.2d 644 (1988). Finally, 

[t]he formulation of jury instructions is within the broad discretion of a 

circuit court, and a circuit court’s giving of an instruction is reviewed under an 

abuse of discretion standard. A verdict should not be disturbed based on the 

formulation of the language of the jury instructions so long as the instructions 

given as a whole are accurate and fair to both parties.

Syl. Pt. 6, Tennant v. Marion Health Care Found., Inc., 194 W. Va. 97, 459 S.E.2d 374 (1995).

We find no abuse of the circuit court’s discretion in its refusal to instruct the jury on the 

subcontract regulation or on time being of the essence. MCI’s promissory estoppel claim was 

predicated on the bids submitted by GMS Construction; consequently, this claim existed before 

any failure to comply with the subcontract regulation. Simply put, there was no error in failing to 

instruct the jury on a later-arising requirement between the parties that did not speak to MCI’s 

earlier reliance on the bids. 

Similarly, “time is of the essence” was not a principle applicable to the case. GMS 

Construction did not indicate that time was of the essence in its bids, nor did the bids contain an 

expiration date or time restriction of any sort. In fact, instead of asserting that the passage of time 

rendered performance infeasible, GMS Construction began work on the project. Furthermore, 

GMS Construction does not argue that it was prevented in any way from arguing to the jury any 

issues that arose due to the passage of time or failure to reduce the parties’ agreement to writing.

GMS Construction has also failed to demonstrate error in the court’s instruction on 

promissory estoppel or the 30% rule. Concerning the promissory estoppel instruction, GMS 

Construction acknowledges that it failed to object to the instruction given or offer its own. 

Although it urges application of the plain error doctrine,5 it fails to support its request with any 

meaningful argument or analysis. GMS Construction, in conclusory fashion, contends only that 

5 “To trigger application of the ‘plain error’ doctrine, there must be (1) an error; (2) that is 

plain; (3) that affects substantial rights; and (4) seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public 

reputation of the judicial proceedings.” Syl. Pt. 7, State v. Miller, 194 W. Va. 3, 459 S.E.2d 114 

(1995).
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“it satisfied each of the four criteria for triggering the plain error doctrine,” and that its 

“substantial rights were negatively affected, and the fairness and integrity of the trial court 

proceedings is called into serious doubt.” Not only will this Court decline to consider 

inadequately-briefed arguments,

6 but “[a] litigant may not silently acquiesce to an alleged error, 

or actively contribute to such error, and then raise that error as a reason for reversal on appeal.” 

Syl. Pt. 1, Maples v. W. Va. Dep’t of Commerce, 197 W. Va. 318, 475 S.E.2d 410 (1996).

The court’s instruction on the 30% rule provided,

You heard testimony regarding a state regulation that limits the portion of a 

project that a [DOH] contractor can subcontract to other parties. For the purpose 

of providing you with the proper context for that testimony, the [c]ourt instructs 

the jury that, under West Virginia law, for a [DOH] project, “the contractor will 

be permitted to sublet a portion thereof but shall perform, with his or her own 

organization, work amounting to not less than 30 percent of the total contract 

cost.”

This instruction includes an accurate recitation of the 30% rule, and we find no abuse of 

discretion in the addition of the “context for testimony” language.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

Affirmed.

ISSUED: April 20, 2020

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Tim Armstead

Justice Margaret L. Workman 

Justice Elizabeth D. Walker

Justice Evan H. Jenkins

Justice John A. Hutchison

6 State, Dep’t of Health and Human Res., Child Advocate Office ex rel. Robert Michael B. 

v. Robert Morris N., 195 W. Va. 759, 765, 466 S.E.2d 827, 833 (1995) (“[A] skeletal ‘argument’, 

really nothing more than an assertion, does not preserve a claim.”) (citation omitted).