# Patent

## Title
Method for manufacturing semiconductor device

## Abstract

An object is to provide a thin film transistor including an oxide semiconductor layer, in which the contact resistance between the oxide semiconductor layer and source and drain electrode layers is reduced and whose electric characteristics are stabilized. Another object is to provide a method for manufacturing the thin film transistor. The thin film transistor including an oxide semiconductor layer is formed in such a manner that buffer layers whose conductivity is higher than that of the oxide semiconductor layer are formed and the oxide semiconductor layer and the source and drain electrode layers are electrically connected to each other through the buffer layers. In addition, the buffer layers whose conductivity is higher than that of the oxide semiconductor layer are subjected to reverse sputtering treatment and heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
1. Field of the Invention
The present invention relates to a semiconductor device including an oxide semiconductor, a display device including the semiconductor device, and manufacturing methods thereof.
2. Description of the Related Art
Various metal oxides are used for a variety of applications. Indium oxide is a well-known material and is used as a light-transmitting electrode material which is necessary for a liquid crystal display or the like.
Some metal oxides have semiconductor characteristics. As metal oxides having semiconductor characteristics, for example, tungsten oxide, tin oxide, indium oxide, zinc oxide, and the like can be given. A thin film transistor in which such a metal oxide having semiconductor characteristics is used for a channel formation region has been disclosed (Patent Documents 1 to 4, and Non-Patent Document 1).
Further, not only single-component oxides but also multi-component oxides are known as metal oxides. For example, InGaO3(ZnO)m (m is a natural number) having a homologous series is known as a multi-component oxide semiconductor including In, Ga, and Zn (Non-Patent Documents 2 to 4).
In addition, it is confirmed that an oxide semiconductor including such an In—Ga—Zn-based oxide can be used for a channel layer of a thin film transistor (Patent Document 5, and Non-Patent Documents 5 and 6).
In a conventional technique, amorphous silicon or polycrystalline silicon has been used for a thin film transistor (TFT) provided for each pixel of an active matrix liquid crystal display. However, in place of these silicon materials, attention has been attracted to a technique for manufacturing a thin film transistor including such a metal oxide semiconductor as described above. Examples of the techniques are disclosed in Patent Document 6 and Patent Document 7, where a thin film transistor is manufactured using zinc oxide or an In—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor for a metal oxide semiconductor film and is used as a switching element or the like of an image display device.
REFERENCE


    [Patent Document 1] Japanese Published Patent Application No. S60-198861
    [Patent Document 2] Japanese Published Patent Application No. H8-264794
    [Patent Document 3] Japanese Translation of PCT International Application No. H11-505377
    [Patent Document 4] Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2000-150900
    [Patent Document 5] Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2004-103957
    [Patent Document 6] Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2007-123861
    [Patent Document 7] Japanese Published Patent Application No. 2007-96055
    [Non-Patent Document 1] M. W. Prins, K. O. Grosse-Holz, G. Muller, J. F. M. Cillessen, J. B. Giesbers, R. P. Weening, and R. M. Wolf, “A ferroelectric transparent thin-film transistor”, Appl. Phys. Lett., 17 Jun. 1996, Vol. 68, pp. 3650-3652
    [Non-Patent Document 2] M. Nakamura, N. Kimizuka, and T. Mohri, “The Phase Relations in the In2O3—Ga2ZnO4—ZnO System at 135° C.”, J. Solid State Chem., 1991, Vol. 93, pp. 298-315
    [Non-Patent Document 3] N. Kimizuka, M. Isobe, and M. Nakamura, “Syntheses and Single-Crystal Data of Homologous Compounds, In2O3(ZnO)m (m=3, 4, and 5), InGaO3(ZnO)3, and Ga2O3(ZnO)m (m=7, 8, 9, and 16) in the In2O3—ZnGa2O4—ZnO System”, J. Solid State Chem., 1995, Vol. 116, pp. 170-178
    [Non-Patent Document 4] M. Nakamura, N. Kimizuka, T. Mohri, and M. Isobe, “Homologous Series, Synthesis and Crystal Structure of InFeO3(ZnO)m (m: natural number) and its Isostructural Compound”, KOTAI BUTSURI (SOLID STATE PHYSICS), 1993, Vol. 28, No. 5, pp. 317-327
    [Non-Patent Document 5] K. Nomura, H. Ohta, K. Ueda, T. Kamiya, M. Hirano, and H. Hosono, “Thin-film transistor fabricated in single-crystalline transparent oxide semiconductor”, SCIENCE, 2003, Vol. 300, pp. 1269-1272
    [Non-Patent Document 6] K. Nomura, H. Ohta, A. Takagi, T. Kamiya, M. Hirano, and H. Hosono, “Room-temperature fabrication of transparent flexible thin-film transistors using amorphous oxide semiconductors”, NATURE, 2004, Vol. 432, pp. 488-492


SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is an object of one embodiment of the present invention to provide a thin film transistor including an oxide semiconductor layer, in which the contact resistance between the oxide semiconductor layer and source and drain electrode layers is reduced and whose electric characteristics are stabilized. It is another object of one embodiment of the present invention to provide a method for manufacturing the thin film transistor. It is another object of one embodiment of the present invention to provide a display device including the thin film transistor.
In order to achieve any of the above objects, in one embodiment of the present invention, a thin film transistor including an oxide semiconductor layer is formed so that buffer layers whose conductivity is higher than that of the oxide semiconductor layer are formed and the oxide semiconductor layer and source and drain electrode layers are electrically connected to each other through the buffer layers. In order to achieve any of the above objects, in another embodiment of the present invention, the buffer layers are subjected to reverse sputtering treatment and heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere, so that conductivity of the buffer layers is higher than that of the oxide semiconductor layer.
One embodiment of the present invention is a semiconductor device including a gate electrode layer; a gate insulating layer over the gate electrode layer; source and drain electrode layers over the gate insulating layer; buffer layers over the source and drain electrode layers; and an oxide semiconductor layer over the buffer layers, wherein the buffer layers have higher conductivity than the oxide semiconductor layer and are subjected to reverse sputtering treatment and heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere, part of the oxide semiconductor layer is in contact with the gate insulating layer and side surface portions of the source and drain electrode layers, between the source and drain electrode layers, and the oxide semiconductor layer and the source and drain electrode layers are electrically connected to each other through the buffer layers.
Note that the buffer layers are preferably formed using a non-single-crystal film which includes an oxide semiconductor. Further, the buffer layers are preferably formed using a non-single-crystal film which includes an oxide semiconductor including nitrogen.
Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, including the steps of forming a gate electrode layer over a substrate; forming a gate insulating layer over the gate electrode layer; forming a conductive film over the gate insulating layer; forming a first oxide semiconductor film over the conductive film by a sputtering method; etching the conductive film and the first oxide semiconductor film to form source and drain electrode layers and an island-like first oxide semiconductor film; performing reverse sputtering treatment on the island-like first oxide semiconductor film and the gate insulating layer; performing heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere on the island-like first oxide semiconductor film; forming a second oxide semiconductor film over the island-like first oxide semiconductor film; and etching the island-like first oxide semiconductor film and the second oxide semiconductor film to form buffer layers and an oxide semiconductor layer.
Another embodiment of the present invention is a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, including the steps of forming a gate electrode layer over a substrate; forming a gate insulating layer over the gate electrode layer; forming a conductive film over the gate insulating layer; forming a first oxide semiconductor film over the conductive film by a sputtering method; etching the conductive film and the first oxide semiconductor film to form source and drain electrode layers and an island-like first oxide semiconductor film; performing heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere on the island-like first oxide semiconductor film; performing reverse sputtering treatment on the island-like first oxide semiconductor film and the gate insulating layer; forming a second oxide semiconductor film over the island-like first oxide semiconductor film; and etching the island-like first oxide semiconductor film and the second oxide semiconductor film to form buffer layers and an oxide semiconductor layer.
Note that after the buffer layers and the oxide semiconductor layer are formed, heat treatment in an air atmosphere is preferably performed on the oxide semiconductor layer. Alternatively, after the second oxide semiconductor film is formed, heat treatment in an air atmosphere is preferably performed on the second oxide semiconductor film.
The heat treatment in an air atmosphere is preferably performed at 250° C. to 500° C. inclusive. The heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere is preferably performed at 250° C. to 500° C. inclusive.
The first oxide semiconductor film is preferably formed in an atmosphere of a rare gas and a nitrogen gas. The second oxide semiconductor film is preferably formed in an atmosphere of a rare gas and an oxygen gas.
Note that the ordinal numbers such as “first” and “second” in this specification are used for convenience and do not denote the order of steps nor the stacking order of layers. In addition, the ordinal numbers in this specification do not denote particular names which specify the invention.
In this specification, a semiconductor device generally means a device which can function by utilizing semiconductor characteristics, and an electro-optical device, a semiconductor circuit, and an electronic device are all semiconductor devices.
According to one embodiment of the present invention, in a thin film transistor including an oxide semiconductor layer, buffer layers whose conductivity is higher than that of the oxide semiconductor layer are formed over source and drain electrode layers, and the oxide semiconductor layer and the source and drain electrode layers are electrically connected to each other through the buffer layers. Thus, the contact resistance between the oxide semiconductor layer and the source and drain electrode layers can be reduced and electric characteristics can be stabilized. According to one embodiment of the present invention, by performing reverse sputtering treatment and heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere on the buffer layers, the buffer layers whose conductivity is higher than that of the oxide semiconductor layer can be obtained.
By using the thin film transistor for a pixel portion and a driver circuit portion of a display device, the display device can have stable electric characteristics and high reliability.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the accompanying drawings:
FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 2A to 2C illustrate a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 3A to 3C illustrate the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 4A to 4C illustrate the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 6 illustrates the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 7 illustrates the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 8 illustrates the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 9 illustrates the method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 illustrates a method for manufacturing a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 11A, to 11D illustrate a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 12A and 12B illustrate a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 13A to 13C illustrate a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 14A and 14B are block diagrams of semiconductor devices;
FIG. 15 shows a configuration of a signal line driver circuit;
FIG. 16 is a timing chart showing operation of a signal line driver circuit;
FIG. 17 is a timing chart showing operation of a signal line driver circuit;
FIG. 18 shows a configuration of a shift register;
FIG. 19 shows connection structure of a flip-flop shown in FIG. 18;
FIGS. 20A to 20C illustrate semiconductor devices according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 21 illustrates a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 22 illustrates a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 23 shows a pixel equivalent circuit of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 24A to 24C illustrate semiconductor devices according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 25A and 25B illustrate a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention;
FIGS. 26A and 26B illustrate examples of usage patterns of electronic paper;
FIG. 27 is an external view illustrating an example of an e-book reader;
FIGS. 28A and 28B are external views respectively illustrating an example of a television set and an example of a digital photo frame;
FIGS. 29A and 29B are external views illustrating examples of game machines; and
FIGS. 30A and 30B are external views illustrating examples of mobile phones.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Embodiments will be described in detail with reference to drawings. Note that the present invention is not limited to the following description, and it is easily understood by those skilled in the art that the mode and detail can be changed in various ways without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention. Therefore, the present invention should not be interpreted as being limited to the description in the embodiments below. Note that in the structures of the invention described below, the same portions or portions having similar functions are denoted by the same reference numerals in different drawings, and description of such portions is not repeated.
Embodiment 1
In this embodiment, a structure of a thin film transistor will be described with reference to FIGS. 1A and 1B.
A thin film transistor having a bottom-gate structure of this embodiment is illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B. FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view, and FIG. 1B is a plan view. FIG. 1A is a cross-sectional view taken along line A1-A2 of FIG. 1B.
In the thin film transistor illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B, a gate electrode layer 101 is provided over a substrate 100, a gate insulating layer 102 is provided over the gate electrode layer 101, source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b are provided over the gate insulating layer 102, buffer layers 106a and 106b are provided over the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b respectively, and an oxide semiconductor layer 103 is provided over the gate insulating layer 102 and the buffer layers 106a and 106b. In other words, the oxide semiconductor layer 103 is electrically connected to the source or drain electrode layer 105a through the buffer layer 106a and is electrically connected to the source or drain electrode layer 105b through the buffer layer 106b. Here, the buffer layers 106a and 106b have higher conductivity than the oxide semiconductor layer 103. The oxide semiconductor layer 103 is provided so as to be partly in contact with the gate insulating layer 102 and side surfaces of the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b, between the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b. 
The gate electrode layer 101 can be formed with a single layer or a stacked layer using any of a metal material such as aluminum, copper, molybdenum, titanium, chromium, tantalum, tungsten, neodymium, or scandium; an alloy material including any of the metal materials as its main component; or nitride including any of the metal materials as its component. The gate electrode layer 101 is preferably formed using a low-resistance conductive material such as aluminum or copper; however, since the low-resistance conductive material has disadvantages such as low heat resistance or a tendency to be corroded, it is preferably used in combination with a heat-resistant conductive material. As the heat-resistant conductive material, molybdenum, titanium, chromium, tantalum, tungsten, neodymium, scandium, or the like is used.
For example, a stacked-layer structure of the gate electrode layer 101 is preferably a two-layer structure in which a molybdenum layer is stacked over an aluminum layer, a two-layer structure in which a molybdenum layer is stacked over a copper layer, a two-layer structure in which a titanium nitride layer or a tantalum nitride layer is stacked over a copper layer, or a two-layer structure in which a titanium nitride layer and a molybdenum layer are stacked. Alternatively, a three-layer structure in which a tungsten layer or a tungsten nitride layer, an aluminum-silicon alloy layer or an aluminum-titanium alloy layer, and a titanium nitride layer or a titanium layer are stacked is preferably used.
For the oxide semiconductor layer 103, a non-single-crystal film formed from an In—Ga—Zn—O-based, In—Sn—Zn—O-based, Ga—Sn—Zn—O-based, In—Zn—O-based, Sn—Zn—O-based, In—Sn—O-based, Ga—Zn—O-based, In—O-based, Sn—O-based, or Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor.
In this specification, an In—Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor is an oxide semiconductor including at least In, Ga, and Zn. An In—Sn—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor is an oxide semiconductor including at least In, Sn, and Zn. A Ga—Sn—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor is an oxide semiconductor including at least Ga, Sn, and Zn. An In—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor is an oxide semiconductor including at least In and Zn. A Sn—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor is an oxide semiconductor including at least Sn and Zn. An In—Sn—O-based oxide semiconductor is an oxide semiconductor including at least In and Sn. A Ga—Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor is an oxide semiconductor including at least Ga and Zn. An In—O-based oxide semiconductor is an oxide semiconductor including at least In. A Sn—O-based oxide semiconductor is an oxide semiconductor including at least Sn. A Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor is an oxide semiconductor including at least Zn. The above oxide semiconductor may include one or more of metal elements of Fe, Ni, Mn, and Co.
As the oxide semiconductor layer 103, an oxide semiconductor film which is formed by a sputtering method in an atmosphere of an oxygen gas and a rare gas such as an argon gas is preferably used. When the oxide semiconductor film is used as the oxide semiconductor layer 103, the conductivity of the oxide semiconductor layer 103 is reduced and off current can be reduced. In addition, heat treatment is preferably performed on the formed oxide semiconductor film in an air atmosphere. When heat treatment is performed on an oxide semiconductor in an air atmosphere, the conductivity of the oxide semiconductor can be reduced. Accordingly, the conductivity of the oxide semiconductor layer 103 can be reduced. Therefore, when the oxide semiconductor layer 103 is used as an active layer of the thin film transistor, off current can be reduced. As the air atmosphere, an atmosphere including an oxygen gas at 15 vol. % to 25 vol. % and a nitrogen gas at 75 vol. % to 85 vol. % is preferably employed.
The oxide semiconductor layer 103 includes at least an amorphous component. A crystal grain (a nanocrystal) is included in an amorphous structure in some cases. The crystal grain (nanocrystal) has a diameter of 1 nm to 10 nm, typically, about 2 nm to 4 nm Note that the crystal state is evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.
The thickness of the oxide semiconductor layer 103 is 10 nm to 300 nm, preferably, 20 nm to 100 nm.
Insulating oxide may be included in the oxide semiconductor layer 103. Here, as the insulating oxide, silicon oxide is preferable. Further, nitrogen may be added to the insulating oxide. In this case, the oxide semiconductor layer 103 is preferably formed by a sputtering method using a target including SiO2 at 0.1% by weight to 30% by weight inclusive, more preferably at 1% by weight to 10% by weight inclusive.
By inclusion of the insulating oxide such as silicon oxide in the oxide semiconductor layer 103, crystallization of the oxide semiconductor layer 103 can be suppressed and the oxide semiconductor layer 103 can have an amorphous structure. Crystallization of the oxide semiconductor layer 103 is suppressed and the oxide semiconductor layer 103 has an amorphous structure, whereby variation in characteristics of the thin film transistor can be reduced and the characteristics of the thin film transistor can be stabilized. Further, by inclusion the insulating oxide such as silicon oxide in the oxide semiconductor layer 103, crystallization of the oxide semiconductor layer 103 or generation of a microcrystalline grain in the oxide semiconductor layer 103 can be suppressed even when heat treatment is performed at 300° C. to 600° C.
In a manner similar to the case of the oxide semiconductor layer 103, the buffer layers 106a and 106b can be formed using a non-single-crystal film formed from an In—Ga—Zn—O-based, In—Sn—Zn—O-based, Ga—Sn—Zn—O-based, In—Zn—O-based, Sn—Zn—O-based, In—Sn—O-based, Ga—Zn—O-based, In—O-based, Sn—O-based, or Zn—O-based oxide semiconductor. In addition, the buffer layers 106a and 106b are preferably formed using a non-single-crystal film formed from an In—Ga—Zn—O—N-based, Ga—Zn—O—N-based, Zn—O—N-based, or Sn—Zn—O—N-based oxide semiconductor, which includes nitrogen. In addition, the non-single-crystal film may include insulating oxide such as silicon oxide.
In this specification, an In—Ga—Zn—O—N-based oxide semiconductor is an oxide semiconductor including at least In, Ga, Zn, and N. A Ga—Zn—O—N-based oxide semiconductor is an oxide semiconductor including at least Ga, Zn, and N. A Zn—O—N-based oxide semiconductor is an oxide semiconductor including at least Zn and N. A Sn—Zn—O—N-based oxide semiconductor is an oxide semiconductor including at least Sn, Zn, and N.
The buffer layers 106a and 106b are preferably formed by a sputtering method in an atmosphere of a nitrogen gas and a rare gas such as an argon gas. By thus forming the buffer layers 106a and 106b, the conductivity thereof can be increased. Further, the formed oxide semiconductor film is preferably subjected to reverse sputtering treatment and heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere. By these treatments, the conductivity of the buffer layers 106a and 106b can be further increased. Here, an atmosphere including a nitrogen gas at 80 vol. % to 100 vol. % and a rare gas such as an argon gas at 0 vol. % to 20 vol. % is preferably employed as the nitrogen atmosphere.
In addition, the conductivity may be changed in stages or successively from surfaces toward insides of the buffer layers 106a and 106b. Further, high resistance regions may be formed in exposed edge portions of the buffer layers 106a and 106b. 
The buffer layers 106a and 106b include at least an amorphous component. A crystal grain (nanocrystal) is included in an amorphous structure in some cases. The crystal grain (nanocrystal) has a diameter of 1 nm to 10 nm, typically, about 2 nm to 4 nm. Note that the crystal state is evaluated by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis.
The thickness of the oxide semiconductor film used for the buffer layers 106a and 106b is 5 nm to 20 nm. Needless to say, when the film includes a crystal grain, the diameter of the crystal grain does not exceed the thickness of the film.
When the buffer layers 106a and 106b whose conductivity is higher than that of the oxide semiconductor layer 103 are formed over the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b, the oxide semiconductor layer 103 can be electrically connected to the source or drain electrode layer 105a through the buffer layer 106a and can be electrically connected to the source or drain electrode layer 105b through the buffer layer 106b. Thus, an ohmic contact is formed between the oxide semiconductor layer 103 and the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b and the contact resistance is reduced; accordingly, electric characteristics of the thin film transistor can be stabilized.
The source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b can be formed using a metal material such as aluminum, copper, molybdenum, titanium, chromium, tantalum, tungsten, neodymium, or scandium; an alloy material including any of the metal materials as its main component; or nitride including any of the metal materials as its component. The source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b are preferably formed using a low-resistance conductive material such as aluminum or copper; however, since the low-resistance conductive material has disadvantages such as low heat resistance or a tendency to be corroded, it is preferably used in combination with a heat-resistant conductive material. As the heat-resistant conductive material, molybdenum, titanium, chromium, tantalum, tungsten, neodymium, scandium, or the like is used.
For example, it is preferable that the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b be formed with a three-layer structure in which a first conductive layer and a third conductive layer are formed using titanium that is a heat-resistant conductive material, and a second conductive layer is formed using an aluminum alloy including neodymium that has low resistance. By employing such a structure for the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b, generation of a hillock can be reduced while low resistance of aluminum is utilized. Note that the structure of the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b is not limited thereto. Alternatively, a single-layer structure, a two-layer structure, or a structure of four or more layers may be employed.
Further, although the thin film transistor having an inverted staggered structure illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B includes the gate electrode layer 101 whose width in a channel direction is smaller than that of the oxide semiconductor layer 103, the thin film transistor described in this embodiment is not limited thereto. As illustrated in FIGS. 12A and 12B, a gate electrode layer 201 whose width in a channel direction is larger than that of the oxide semiconductor layer 103 may be used. Note that FIG. 12A is a cross-sectional view taken along line A1-A2 in FIG. 12B. By employing such a structure, the oxide semiconductor layer 103 can be protected from light by the gate electrode layer 201. Thus, reliability of the thin film transistor can be improved. Note that except for the gate electrode layer 201, reference numerals of portions of the thin film transistor illustrated in FIGS. 12A and 12B are the same as those used for the thin film transistor illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B.
As described above, in the thin film transistor using the oxide semiconductor layer, the buffer layers whose conductivity is higher than that of the oxide semiconductor layer are formed over the source and drain electrode layers, and the oxide semiconductor layer and the source and drain electrode layers are electrically connected to each other through the buffer layers, whereby the contact resistance between the oxide semiconductor layer and the source and drain electrode layers can be reduced and electric characteristics of the thin film transistor can be stabilized. Further, by performing reverse sputtering treatment and heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere on the buffer layers, the buffer layers whose conductivity is higher than that of the oxide semiconductor layer can be obtained.
Note that the structure described in this embodiment can be combined with any of the structures described in other embodiments as appropriate.
Embodiment 2
In this embodiment, a manufacturing process of a display device including the thin film transistor described in Embodiment 1 will be described with reference to FIGS. 2A to 2C, FIGS. 3A to 3C, FIGS. 4A to 4C, FIGS. 5A and 5B, FIG. 6, FIG. 7, FIG. 8, FIG. 9, and FIG. 10. FIGS. 2A to 2C, FIGS. 3A to 3C, FIGS. 4A to 4C, and FIGS. 5A and 5B are cross-sectional views, and FIG. 6, FIG. 7, FIG. 8, FIG. 9, and FIG. 10 are plan views. Note that A1-A2 and B1-B2 of FIGS. 2A to 2C, FIGS. 3A to 3C, FIGS. 4A to 4C, and FIGS. 5A and 5B correspond to cross sections taken along lines A1-A2 and B1-B2 of FIG. 6, FIG. 7, FIG. 8, FIG. 9, and FIG. 10, respectively.
First, the substrate 100 is prepared. As the substrate 100, the following can be used: an alkali-free glass substrate manufactured by a fusion method or a floating method, such as a barium borosilicate glass substrate, an aluminoborosilicate glass substrate, or an aluminosilicate glass substrate; a ceramic substrate; a heat-resistant plastic substrate that can resist a process temperature of this manufacturing process; or the like. Alternatively, a metal substrate such as a stainless steel alloy substrate which is provided with an insulating film over the surface may also be used. As the substrate 100, a substrate having a size of 320 mm×400 mm, 370 mm×470 mm, 550 mm×650 mm, 600 mm×720 mm, 680 mm×880 mm, 730 mm×920 mm, 1000 mm×1200 mm, 1100 mm×1250 mm, 1150 mm×1300 mm, 1500 mm×1800 mm, 1900 mm×2200 mm, 2160 mm×2460 mm, 2400 mm×2800 mm, 2850 mm×3050 mm, or the like can be used.
Further, an insulating film may be provided as a base film over the substrate 100. The base film may be formed with a single layer or a stacked layer using any combination of a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, and a silicon nitride oxide film by a CVD method, a sputtering method, or the like. In the case where a substrate including mobile ions, such as a glass substrate, is used as the substrate 100, a film including nitrogen such as a silicon nitride film or a silicon nitride oxide film is used as the base film, whereby the mobile ions can be prevented from entering the oxide semiconductor layer.
A conductive film to be a gate wiring including the gate electrode layer 101, a capacitor wiring 108, and a first terminal 121 is formed over the entire surface of the substrate 100 by a sputtering method or a vacuum evaporation method. Next, a photolithography process is performed and a resist mask is formed. Then, unnecessary portions are removed by etching, whereby wirings and an electrode (the gate wiring including the gate electrode layer 101, the capacitor wiring 108, and the first terminal 121) are formed. At this time, etching is preferably performed so that at least an edge portion of the gate electrode layer 101 can have a tapered shape in order to prevent disconnection. A cross-sectional view at this stage is illustrated in FIG. 2A. A plan view at this stage corresponds to FIG. 6.
The gate wiring including the gate electrode layer 101, the capacitor wiring 108, and the first terminal 121 in a terminal portion can be formed with a single layer or a stacked layer using the conductive material described in Embodiment 1.
Here, the gate electrode layer 101 may be formed so that the width in a channel direction of the gate electrode layer 101 is larger than that of the oxide semiconductor layer 103 which is to be formed in a later step. By forming the gate electrode layer 101 in this manner, such a thin film transistor as illustrated in FIGS. 12A and 12B can be formed. In such a transistor as illustrated in FIGS. 12A and 12B, the oxide semiconductor layer 103 can be protected from light by the gate electrode layer 201.
Next, the gate insulating layer 102 is formed over the entire surface of the gate electrode layer 101, the capacitor wiring 108, and the first terminal 121. The gate insulating layer 102 is formed to a thickness of 50 nm to 250 nm by a CVD method, a sputtering method, or the like.
For example, the gate insulating layer 102 is formed to a thickness of 100 nm using a silicon oxide film by a CVD method or a sputtering method. Needless to say, the gate insulating layer 102 is not limited to such a silicon oxide film, and other insulating films such as a silicon oxynitride film, a silicon nitride oxide film, a silicon nitride film, an aluminum oxide film, or a tantalum oxide film may be used to form a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure.
Alternatively, the gate insulating layer 102 can be formed using a silicon oxide layer by a CVD method using an organosilane gas. As the organosilane gas, a silicon-containing compound such as tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) (chemical formula: Si(OC2H5)4), tetramethylsilane (TMS) (chemical formula: Si(CH3)4), tetramethylcyclotetrasiloxane (TMCTS), octamethylcyclotetrasiloxane (OMCTS), hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS), triethoxysilane (chemical formula: SiH(OC2H5)3), or trisdimethylaminosilane (chemical formula: SiH(N(CH3)2)3) can be used.
Alternatively, the gate insulating layer 102 may be formed using one kind of oxide, nitride, oxynitride, and nitride oxide of aluminum, yttrium, or hafnium; or a compound including at least two or more kinds thereof.
Note that in this specification, oxynitride refers to a substance that includes more oxygen atoms than nitrogen atoms and nitride oxide refers to a substance that includes more nitrogen atoms than oxygen atoms. For example, a silicon oxynitride film means a film that includes more oxygen atoms than nitrogen atoms, and oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, and hydrogen at concentrations of 50 at. % to 70 at. %, 0.5 at. % to 15 at. %, 25 at. % to 35 at. %, and 0.1 at. % to 10 at. %, respectively, when they are measured by Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS) and hydrogen forward scattering spectrometry (HFS). Further, a silicon nitride oxide film means a film that includes more nitrogen atoms than oxygen atoms and, in the case where measurements are performed using RBS and HFS, includes oxygen, nitrogen, silicon, and hydrogen at concentrations of 5 at. % to 30 at. %, 20 at. % to 55 at. %, 25 at. % to 35 at. %, and 10 at. % to 30 at. %, respectively. Note that percentages of nitrogen, oxygen, silicon, and hydrogen fall within the ranges given above, where the total number of atoms contained in the silicon oxynitride film or the silicon nitride oxide film is defined as 100 at. %.
Next, a photolithography process is performed and a resist mask is formed over the gate insulating layer 102. Then, unnecessary portions of the gate insulating layer 102 are removed by etching, whereby a contact hole reaching the wiring or the electrode layer which is formed from the same material as the gate electrode layer 101 is formed. The contact hole is provided for direct connection with a conductive film to be formed later. For example, a contact hole is formed when a thin film transistor in which the gate electrode layer is in direct contact with the source or drain electrode layer in the driver circuit portion is formed, or when a terminal that is electrically connected to a gate wiring, such as the first terminal 121, is formed.
Next, a conductive film 112 is formed using a metal material over the gate insulating layer 102 by a sputtering method or a vacuum evaporation method. A cross-sectional view at this stage is illustrated in FIG. 2B.
The conductive film 112 can be formed to have a single-layer structure or a stacked-layer structure using any of the conductive materials described in Embodiment 1. For example, in the conductive film 112, a first conductive layer and a third conductive layer may be formed using titanium that is a heat-resistant conductive material, and a second conductive layer may be formed using an aluminum alloy including neodymium. When the conductive film 112 has such a structure, generation of a hillock can be reduced while low resistance of aluminum is utilized.
A first oxide semiconductor film 113 to be the buffer layers 106a and 106b is formed over the conductive film 112 by a sputtering method in an atmosphere of a rare gas such as an argon gas. It is preferable that the first oxide semiconductor film 113 be formed by a sputtering method in an atmosphere of a nitrogen gas and a rare gas such as an argon gas. As a result, the conductivity of the buffer layers 106a and 106b can be increased. Alternatively, the film formation may be performed in an atmosphere of an oxygen gas and a rare gas such as an argon gas under the condition that the flow rate of a rare gas such as an argon gas is higher than that of an oxygen gas. As the first oxide semiconductor film 113, the oxide semiconductor to form the buffer layers 106a and 106b, which is described in Embodiment 1, can be used. Specifically, for example, the film formation is performed by sputtering with the use of an oxide semiconductor target including In, Ga, and Zn (In2O3:Ga2O3:ZnO=1:1:1) of 8 inches in diameter, under the conditions that the distance between the substrate and the target is 60 mm, the pressure is 0.4 Pa, the direct current (DC) power is 0.5 kW, the flow rate of Ar to N2 in a deposition gas is 35:5 (sccm), and the deposition temperature is room temperature. As the target, Ga2O3 and ZnO in a pellet state may be disposed on a disk of 8 inches in diameter which includes In2O3. Note that a pulse direct current (DC) power source is preferable because powder substances (also referred to as particles or dust) generated in film formation can be reduced and the film thickness can be uniform. The thickness of the first oxide semiconductor film 113 is set to 5 nm to 20 nm.
The target may include insulating oxide so that the first oxide semiconductor film 113 includes the insulating oxide. Here, as the insulating oxide, silicon oxide is preferable. Further, nitrogen may be added to the insulating oxide.
Examples of a sputtering method include an RF sputtering method in which a high-frequency power source is used as a sputtering power source, a DC sputtering method, and a pulsed DC sputtering method in which a bias is applied in a pulsed manner. An RF sputtering method is mainly used in the case where an insulating film is formed, and a DC sputtering method is mainly used in the case where a metal film is formed.
In addition, there are a sputtering apparatus provided with a magnet system inside the chamber and used for a magnetron sputtering method, and a sputtering apparatus used for an ECR sputtering method in which plasma generated with the use of microwaves is used without using glow discharge.
Furthermore, as a deposition method by sputtering, there are also a reactive sputtering method in which a target substance and a sputtering gas component are chemically reacted with each other during deposition to form a thin compound film thereof, and a bias sputtering method in which voltage is also applied to a substrate during deposition.
Next, a photolithography process is performed and a resist mask 131 is formed. Then, unnecessary portions of the first oxide semiconductor film 113 and the conductive film 112 are removed by etching, whereby island-like first oxide semiconductor films 114a and 114b, source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b, and a connection electrode 120 are formed. Wet etching or dry etching is employed as an etching method at this time. For example, when in the conductive film 112, the first and third conductive layers are formed using titanium and the second conductive layer is formed using aluminum alloy including neodymium, wet etching can be performed using a hydrogen peroxide solution, heated hydrochloric acid, or a nitric acid solution including ammonium fluoride as an etchant. For example, the conductive film 112 including the first conductive layer, the second conductive layer, and the third conductive layer can be etched collectively with the use of KSMF-240 (manufactured by Kanto Chemical Co., Inc.). A cross-sectional view at this stage is illustrated in FIG. 3A. Note that in FIG. 3A, since wet etching allows the layers to be etched isotropically, the edge portions of the island-like first oxide semiconductor films 114a and 114b and the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b are recessed from the resist mask 131.
Further, in this photolithography process, a second terminal 122 formed from the same material as that of the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b is left in the terminal portion. Note that the second terminal 122 is electrically connected to a source wiring (a source wiring including the source or drain electrode layer 105a or 105b). Part of the first oxide semiconductor film 113 remains over the second terminal 122.
In the terminal portion, the connection electrode 120 is directly connected to the first terminal 121 in the terminal portion through the contact hole formed in the gate insulating film. Part of the first oxide semiconductor film 113 remains over the connection electrode 120. Note that although not illustrated here, a source wiring or a drain wiring, and a gate electrode of the thin film transistor in a part of the driver circuit can be directly connected through the same steps as the above-described steps.
Next, the resist mask 131 is removed, and reverse sputtering treatment in which plasma is generated by introduction of an argon gas into a chamber where the substrate 100 is set is performed. FIG. 3B is a cross-sectional view at this stage. Here, A portion of a dashed line in FIG. 3B is a trace of the reverse sputtering treatment. The reverse sputtering refers to a method in which, without application of voltage to a target side, an RF power source is used for application of voltage to a substrate side in an argon atmosphere to generate plasma over the substrate so that a surface is modified. Note that instead of an argon atmosphere, a nitrogen atmosphere, a helium atmosphere, or the like may be used. Alternatively, an argon atmosphere to which oxygen, N2O, or the like is added may be used. Further alternatively, an argon atmosphere to which Cl2, CF4, or the like is added may be used. Further, the pressure in the chamber is preferably set to 10−5 Pa or lower in advance so that an impurity in the chamber is removed. By performing the reverse sputtering treatment on the island-like first oxide semiconductor films 114a and 114b, the conductivity of them can be increased. For example, an argon gas is introduced at a pressure of 0.6 Pa and a gas flow rate of about 50 sccm into the chamber where the substrate 100 is set and reverse sputtering treatment is performed for about 3 minutes. Here, since the reverse sputtering treatment greatly affects surfaces of the island-like first oxide semiconductor films 114a and 114b, the island-like first oxide semiconductor films 114a and 114b each have a structure in which the conductivity is changed in stages or successively from the surfaces toward insides of the island-like first oxide semiconductor films 114a and 114b in some cases.
By the reverse sputtering treatment, powder substances (also referred to as particles or dust) which are generated in film formation and attached to surfaces of the island-like first oxide semiconductor films 114a and 114b and the gate insulating layer 102 can be removed. Therefore, after the reverse sputtering treatment, a second oxide semiconductor film is formed without exposure to the air, whereby dust or moisture can be prevented from attaching to an interface between the gate insulating layer 102 and the oxide semiconductor layer 103. By the reverse sputtering treatment, planarity of the surfaces of the island-like first oxide semiconductor films 114a and 114b can be improved.
Note that a chamber used for the reverse sputtering treatment may be the same as or different from the chamber in which the first oxide semiconductor film 113 has been formed. The reverse sputtering treatment may be performed after heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere performed next.
Next, heat treatment is performed on the island-like first oxide semiconductor films 114a and 114b in a nitrogen atmosphere. The heat treatment is performed at 200° C. to 600° C. inclusive, preferably 250° C. to 500° C. inclusive. For example, the heat treatment is performed on the substrate 100 set in a furnace in a nitrogen atmosphere at 350° C. for about one hour. By heat treatment on an oxide semiconductor in a nitrogen atmosphere, the conductivity of the oxide semiconductor can be increased. Accordingly, the conductivity of the island-like first oxide semiconductor films 114a and 114b (the buffer layers 106a and 106b) can be increased. Here, an atmosphere including a nitrogen gas at 80 vol. % to 100 vol. % and a rare gas such as an argon gas at 0 vol. % to 20 vol. % is preferably employed as the nitrogen atmosphere. The heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere progresses from surfaces toward insides of the island-like first oxide semiconductor films 114a and 114b. Therefore, the island-like first oxide semiconductor films 114a and 114b may each have a structure in which the conductivity is changed in stages or successively from the surfaces toward the insides of the island-like first oxide semiconductor films 114a and 114b in some cases. In particular, when time for the heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere is not enough, difference in the conductivity between the surfaces and the insides of the island-like first oxide semiconductor films 114a and 114b becomes large in some cases. A cross-sectional view at this stage is illustrated in FIG. 3C. A plan view at this stage corresponds to FIG. 7.
Next, a second oxide semiconductor film 111 to be the oxide semiconductor layer 103 is formed over the gate insulating layer 102 and the first oxide semiconductor film 113 including the island-like first oxide semiconductor films 114a and 114b by a sputtering method in an atmosphere of an oxygen gas and a rare gas such as an argon gas. Alternatively, the film formation may be performed in an atmosphere including only a rare gas such as an argon gas without an oxygen gas. For the second oxide semiconductor film 111, the oxide semiconductor to be the oxide semiconductor layer 103, which is described in Embodiment 1, can be used. Specifically, for example, the film formation is performed by sputtering with the use of an oxide semiconductor target including In, Ga, and Zn (In2O3:Ga2O3:ZnO=1:1:1) of 8 inches in diameter, under the conditions that the distance between the substrate and the target is 60 mm, the pressure is 0.4 Pa, the direct current (DC) power is 0.5 kW, the flow rate of Ar to O2 in a deposition gas is 30:15 (sccm), and the deposition temperature is room temperature. As the target, Ga2O3 and ZnO in a pellet state may be disposed on a disk of 8 inches in diameter which includes In2O3. Note that a pulse direct current (DC) power source is preferable because powder substances (also referred to as particles or dust) generated in film formation can be reduced and the film thickness can be uniform. The thickness of the second oxide semiconductor film 111 is set to 10 nm to 300 nm, preferably 20 nm to 100 nm.
The target may include insulating oxide so that the second oxide semiconductor film 111 includes the insulating oxide. Here, as the insulating oxide, silicon oxide is preferable. Further, nitrogen may be added to the insulating oxide. When the second oxide semiconductor film 111 is formed, it is preferable to use an oxide semiconductor target including SiO2 at 0.1% by weight to 30% by weight inclusive, preferably at 1% by weight to 10% by weight inclusive.
The second oxide semiconductor film 111 includes insulating oxide such as silicon oxide, whereby the oxide semiconductor to be formed is made amorphous easily. In addition, by inclusion of insulating oxide such as silicon oxide, crystallization of the oxide semiconductor layer 103 can be suppressed when heat treatment is performed on the oxide semiconductor in a later step.
A chamber used for forming the second oxide semiconductor film 111 may be the same as or different from the chamber in which the formation of the first oxide semiconductor film 113 or the reverse sputtering treatment has been performed.
As for a sputtering method and a sputtering apparatus, a method and an apparatus similar to those used when the first oxide semiconductor film 113 is formed can be used.
Next, a photolithography process is performed and a resist mask is formed. Then, the first oxide semiconductor film 113 including the island-like first oxide semiconductor films 114a and 114b and the second oxide semiconductor film 111 are etched. An acid-based etchant can be used as an etchant for the etching. Here, unnecessary portions are removed by wet etching using a mixed solution of phosphoric acid, acetic acid, nitric acid, and pure water (referred to as an aluminum mixed acid), so that the first oxide semiconductor film 113 and the second oxide semiconductor film 111 have island shapes. Thus, the oxide semiconductor layer 103 and the buffer layers 106a and 106b are formed. The oxide semiconductor layer 103 and the buffer layers 106a and 106b are etched to have a tapered edge, whereby disconnection of a wiring due to a step shape can be prevented.
Note that etching here is not limited to wet etching and dry etching may also be employed. As an etching apparatus used for the dry etching, an etching apparatus using a reactive ion etching method (an RIE method), or a dry etching apparatus using a high-density plasma source such as electron cyclotron resonance (ECR) or inductively coupled plasma (ICP) can be used. As a dry etching apparatus by which uniform electric discharge can be obtained over a large area as compared to an ICP etching apparatus, there is an enhanced capacitively coupled plasma (ECCP) mode etching apparatus in which an upper electrode is grounded, a high-frequency power source at 13.56 MHz is connected to a lower electrode, and further a low-frequency power source at 3.2 MHz is connected to the lower electrode. This ECCP mode etching apparatus can be applied, for example, even when a substrate of the tenth generation with a side of longer than 3 m is used. A cross-sectional view at this stage is illustrated in FIG. 4B.
Heat treatment is performed on the oxide semiconductor layer 103 in an air atmosphere. The heat treatment is performed at 200° C. to 600° C. inclusive, preferably 250° C. to 500° C. inclusive. For example, the heat treatment is performed on the substrate 100 set in a furnace in an air atmosphere at 350° C. for about one hour. By heat treatment on an oxide semiconductor in an air atmosphere, the conductivity of the oxide semiconductor can be reduced. Accordingly, the conductivity of the oxide semiconductor layer 103 can be reduced. Therefore, when the oxide semiconductor layer 103 is used as an active layer of the thin film transistor, off current can be reduced. By the heat treatment, rearrangement at the atomic level of the oxide semiconductor layer 103 is performed, and therefore the electric characteristics of the thin film transistor whose active layer is the oxide semiconductor layer 103 can be improved. Here, an atmosphere including an oxygen gas at 15 vol. % to 25 vol. % and a nitrogen gas at 75 vol. % to 85 vol. % is preferably employed as the air atmosphere. A cross-sectional view at this stage is illustrated in FIG. 4C. Note that a plan view at this stage corresponds to FIG. 8.
At this time, since edge portions of the buffer layers 106a and 106b are exposed, the conductivity thereof is reduced by the heat treatment in an air atmosphere and thus high resistance regions can be formed in the edge portions of the buffer layers 106a and 106b in some cases.
Note that in this embodiment, the oxide semiconductor layer 103 is formed and then the heat treatment in an air atmosphere is performed; however, one embodiment of the present invention is not limited thereto. The heat treatment in an air atmosphere may be performed on the second oxide semiconductor film 111 before the formation of the oxide semiconductor layer 103. In this case, since the heat treatment in an air atmosphere is performed before the formation of the buffer layers 106a and 106b, the high resistance regions are not formed in the edge portions of the buffer layers 106a and 106b. 
In this manner, the buffer layers 106a and 106b whose conductivity is higher than that of the oxide semiconductor layer 103 are formed over the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b, whereby the oxide semiconductor layer 103 can be electrically connected to the source or drain electrode layer 105a through the buffer layer 106a and can be electrically connected to the source or drain electrode layer 105b through the buffer layer 106b. Thus, an ohmic contact is formed between the oxide semiconductor layer 103 and the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b and the contact resistance is reduced; accordingly electric characteristics of the thin film transistor can be stabilized. In addition, by performing reverse sputtering treatment and heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere on the buffer layers 106a and 106b, the buffer layers 106a and 106b whose conductivity is higher than that of the oxide semiconductor layer 103 can be obtained.
Through the above process, a thin film transistor 170 in which the oxide semiconductor layer 103 serves as a channel formation region and the buffer layers 106a and 106b are provided over the source and drain electrode layers 105a and 105b can be manufactured.
Next, a protective insulating layer 107 is formed to cover the thin film transistor 170. For the protective insulating layer 107, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxide film, a silicon oxynitride film, an aluminum oxide film, a tantalum oxide film, or the like which is obtained by a sputtering method or the like can be used.
Next, a photolithography process is performed and a resist mask is formed. Then, the protective insulating layer 107 is etched to form a contact hole 125 reaching the source or drain electrode layer 105b. In addition, a contact hole 126 reaching the connection electrode 120 and a contact hole 127 reaching the second terminal 122 are also formed by this etching. A cross-sectional view at this stage is illustrated in FIG. 5A.
Next, the resist mask is removed, and then a transparent conductive film is formed. The transparent conductive film is formed using indium oxide (In2O3), indium oxide-tin oxide alloy (In2O3—SnO2, abbreviated to ITO), or the like by a sputtering method, a vacuum evaporation method, or the like. Such a material is etched with a hydrochloric acid-based solution. However, since a residue is easily generated particularly in etching ITO, indium oxide-zinc oxide alloy (In2O3—ZnO) may be used to improve etching processability.
Next, a photolithography process is performed and a resist mask is formed. Then, unnecessary portions are removed by etching to form a pixel electrode layer 110.
In this photolithography process, a storage capacitor is formed with the capacitor wiring 108 and the pixel electrode layer 110, in which the gate insulating layer 102 and the protective insulating layer 107 in a capacitor portion are used as a dielectric.
In addition, in this photolithography process, the first terminal 121 and the second terminal 122 are covered with the resist mask, and transparent conductive films 128 and 129 formed in the terminal portion are left. The transparent conductive films 128 and 129 function as electrodes or wirings connected to an FPC. The transparent conductive film 128 formed over the connection electrode 120 which is directly connected to the first terminal 121 is a connection terminal electrode which functions as an input terminal of the gate wiring. The transparent conductive film 129 formed over the second terminal 122 is a connection terminal electrode which functions as an input terminal of the source wiring.
Next, the resist mask is removed. A cross-sectional view at this stage is illustrated in FIG. 5B. A plan view at this stage corresponds to FIG. 9.
FIGS. 11A and 11B are respectively a cross-sectional view and a plan view of a gate wiring terminal portion at this stage. FIG. 11A is a cross-sectional view taken along line C1-C2 of FIG. 11B. In FIG. 11A, a transparent conductive film 155 formed over a protective insulating layer 154 is a connection terminal electrode which functions as an input terminal Furthermore, in FIG. 11A, in the terminal portion, a first terminal 151 formed from the same material as the gate wiring and a connection electrode 153 formed from the same material as the source wiring overlap with each other with a gate insulating layer 152 interposed therebetween and are in direct contact with each other to be electrically connected. In addition, the connection electrode 153 and the transparent conductive film 155 are in direct contact with each other and are electrically connected through a contact hole formed in the protective insulating layer 154.
Further, FIGS. 11C and 11D are respectively a cross-sectional view and a plan view of a source wiring terminal portion. FIG. 11C is a cross-sectional view taken along line D1-D2 of FIG. 11D. In FIG. 11C, the transparent conductive film 155 formed over the protective insulating layer 154 is a connection terminal electrode which functions as an input terminal Furthermore, in FIG. 11C, in the terminal portion, an electrode 156 formed from the same material as the gate wiring is located below and overlaps with a second terminal 150, which is electrically connected to the source wiring, with the gate insulating layer 152 interposed therebetween. The electrode 156 is not electrically connected to the second terminal 150, and a capacitor to prevent noise or static electricity can be formed when the potential of the electrode 156 is set to a potential different from that of the second terminal 150, such as floating, GND, or 0 V. The second terminal 150 is electrically connected to the transparent conductive film 155 through the protective insulating layer 154.
A plurality of gate wirings, source wirings, and capacitor wirings is provided depending on the pixel density. Also in the terminal portion, the first terminal at the same potential as the gate wiring, the second terminal at the same potential as the source wiring, the third terminal at the same potential as the capacitor wiring, and the like are each arranged in plurality. The number of each of the terminals may be any number, and the number of the terminals may be determined by a practitioner as appropriate.
Thus, a pixel thin film transistor portion including the thin film transistor 170 that is a bottom-gate n-channel thin film transistor, and a storage capacitor can be completed. By arranging the thin film transistor and the storage capacitor in each pixel of a pixel portion in which pixels are arranged in a matrix form, one of substrates for manufacturing an active matrix display device can be obtained. In this specification, such a substrate is referred to as an active matrix substrate for convenience.
In the case of manufacturing an active matrix liquid crystal display device, an active matrix substrate and a counter substrate provided with a counter electrode are fixed to each other with a liquid crystal layer interposed therebetween. Note that a common electrode electrically connected to the counter electrode provided on the counter substrate is provided over the active matrix substrate, and a fourth terminal electrically connected to the common electrode is provided in the terminal portion. The fourth terminal is provided so that the common electrode is set to a fixed potential such as GND or 0 V.
Further, this embodiment is not limited to a pixel structure of FIG. 9, and an example of a plan view different from FIG. 9 is illustrated in FIG. 10. FIG. 10 illustrates an example in which a capacitor wiring is not provided and a storage capacitor is formed with a pixel electrode layer and a gate wiring of an adjacent pixel which overlap with each other with a protective insulating layer and a gate insulating layer interposed therebetween. In this case, the capacitor wiring and the third terminal connected to the capacitor wiring can be omitted. Note that in FIG. 10, the same portions as those in FIG. 9 are denoted by the same reference numerals.
In an active matrix liquid crystal display device, pixel electrodes arranged in a matrix form are driven to form a display pattern on a screen. Specifically, voltage is applied between a selected pixel electrode and a counter electrode corresponding to the pixel electrode, so that a liquid crystal layer provided between the pixel electrode and the counter electrode is optically modulated and this optical modulation is recognized as a display pattern by an observer.
In displaying moving images, a liquid crystal display device has a problem in that a long response time of liquid crystal molecules themselves causes afterimages or blurring of moving images. In order to improve the moving-image characteristics of a liquid crystal display device, a driving technique called black insertion is employed in which black is displayed on the whole screen every other frame period.
Further, there is another driving technique which is so-called double-frame rate driving. In the double-frame rate driving, a vertical synchronizing frequency is set 1.5 times or more, preferably 2 times or more as high as a usual vertical synchronizing frequency, whereby moving-image characteristics are improved.
Further alternatively, in order to improve the moving-image characteristics of a liquid crystal display device, a driving technique may be employed, in which a plurality of LEDs (light-emitting diodes) or a plurality of EL light sources are used to form a surface light source as a backlight, and each light source of the surface light source is independently driven in a pulsed manner in one frame period. As the surface light source, three or more kinds of LEDs may be used and an LED emitting white light may be used. Since a plurality of LEDs can be controlled independently, the light emission timing of LEDs can be synchronized with the timing at which a liquid crystal layer is optically modulated. According to this driving technique, LEDs can be partly turned off; therefore, an effect of reducing power consumption can be obtained particularly in the case of displaying an image having a large part on which black is displayed.
By combining any of these driving techniques, the display characteristics of a liquid crystal display device, such as moving-image characteristics, can be improved as compared to those of conventional liquid crystal display devices.
The n-channel transistor obtained in this embodiment includes an oxide semiconductor layer used for a channel formation region and has excellent dynamic characteristics; thus, any of these driving techniques can be combined with each other.
In manufacturing a light-emitting display device, one electrode (also referred to as a cathode) of an organic light-emitting element is set to a low power supply potential such as GND or 0 V; thus, a terminal portion is provided with a fourth terminal for setting the cathode to a low power supply potential such as GND or 0 V. In manufacturing a light-emitting display device, a power supply line is also provided in addition to a source wiring and a gate wiring. Accordingly, the terminal portion is provided with a fifth terminal electrically connected to the power supply line.
As described above, in the thin film transistor using the oxide semiconductor layer, the buffer layers whose conductivity is higher than that of the oxide semiconductor layer are formed over the source and drain electrode layers, and the oxide semiconductor layer and the source and drain electrode layers are electrically connected to each other through the buffer layers, whereby the contact resistance between the oxide semiconductor layer and the source and drain electrode layers can be reduced and electric characteristics can be stabilized. Further, by performing reverse sputtering treatment and heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere on the buffer layers, the buffer layers whose conductivity is higher than that of the oxide semiconductor layer can be obtained.
By using the thin film transistor for a pixel portion and a driver circuit portion of a display device, the display device can have stable electric characteristics and high reliability.
Note that the structure described in this embodiment can be combined with any of the structures described in other embodiments as appropriate.
Embodiment 3
In this embodiment, an inverter circuit using two bottom-gate thin film transistors described in Embodiment 1 will be described with reference to FIGS. 13A to 13C.
A driver circuit for driving a pixel portion is formed using an inverter circuit, a capacitor, a resistor, and the like. When the inverter circuit is formed using two n-channel TFTs in combination, there are an inverter circuit having a combination of an enhancement type transistor and a depletion type transistor (hereinafter, referred to as an EDMOS circuit) and an inverter circuit having a combination of two enhancement type TFTs (hereinafter, referred to as an EEMOS circuit). Note that an n-channel TFT whose threshold voltage is positive is referred to as an enhancement type transistor, and an n-channel TFT whose threshold voltage is negative is referred to as a depletion type transistor, throughout this specification.
The pixel portion and the driver circuit are formed over one substrate. In the pixel portion, on and off of voltage application to a pixel electrode are switched by enhancement type transistors arranged in matrix. The enhancement type transistors arranged in the pixel portion include an oxide semiconductor.
A cross-sectional structure of the inverter circuit of the driver circuit is illustrated in FIG. 13A. Note that in FIG. 13A, the inverted staggered thin film transistor illustrated in FIGS. 1A and 1B is employed as a first thin film transistor 430a and a second thin film transistor 430b. However, a thin film transistor that can be used for the inverter circuit described in this embodiment is not limited to this structure.
In the first thin film transistor 430a illustrated in FIG. 13A, a first gate electrode layer 401a is provided over a substrate 400, a gate insulating layer 402 is provided over the first gate electrode layer 401a, a first wiring 405a and a second wiring 405b are provided over the gate insulating layer 402, first buffer layers 404a and 404b are provided over the first wiring 405a and the second wiring 405b, and a first oxide semiconductor layer 403a is provided over the first buffer layers 404a and 404b and the gate insulating layer 402. The first buffer layers 404a and 404b have higher conductivity than the first oxide semiconductor layer 403a, and the first oxide semiconductor layer 403a is electrically connected to the first wiring 405a and the second wiring 405b through the first buffer layers 404a and 404b. Similarly, in the second thin film transistor 430b, a second gate electrode layer 401b is provided over the substrate 400, the gate insulating layer 402 is provided over the second gate electrode layer 401b, the second wiring 405b and a third wiring 405c are provided over the gate insulating layer 402, second buffer layers 406a and 406b are provided over the second wiring 405b and the third wiring 405c, and a second oxide semiconductor layer 403b is provided over the second buffer layers 406a and 406b and the gate insulating layer 402. The second buffer layers 406a and 406b have higher conductivity than the second oxide semiconductor layer 403b, and the second oxide semiconductor layer 403b is electrically connected to the second wiring 405b and the third wiring 405c through the second buffer layers 406a and 406b. Here, the second wiring 405b is directly connected to the second gate electrode layer 401b through a contact hole 414 formed in the gate insulating layer 402. Note that as for the structures and materials of the respective portions, the thin film transistor described in Embodiment 1 is to be referred to.
The first wiring 405a is a power supply line at a ground potential (a ground power supply line). This power supply line at a ground potential may be a power supply line to which negative voltage VDL is applied (a negative power supply line). The third wiring 405c is a power supply line to which positive voltage VDD is applied (a positive power supply line).
As illustrated in FIG. 13A, the second wiring 405b which is electrically connected to both the first buffer layer 404b and the second buffer layer 406a is directly connected to the second gate electrode layer 401b of the second thin film transistor 430b through the contact hole 414 formed in the gate insulating layer 402. By the direct connection, favorable contact can be obtained, which leads to a reduction in contact resistance. Further, in comparison with the case where the second gate electrode layer 401b and the second wiring 405b are connected to each other through another conductive film, for example, a transparent conductive film, reduction in the number of contact holes and reduction in an area occupied by the driver circuit due to the reduction in the number of contact holes can be achieved.
Further, FIG. 13C is a plan view of the inverter circuit of the driver circuit. A cross section of FIG. 13C taken along chain line Z1-Z2 corresponds to FIG. 13A.
Further, an equivalent circuit of the EDMOS circuit is illustrated in FIG. 13B. The circuit connection illustrated in FIGS. 13A and 13C corresponds to that illustrated in FIG. 13B. An example in which the first thin film transistor 430a is an enhancement type n-channel transistor and the second thin film transistor 430b is a depletion type n-channel transistor is illustrated.
In order to manufacture an enhancement type n-channel transistor and a depletion type n-channel transistor over one substrate, for example, the first buffer layers 404a and 404b and the first oxide semiconductor layer 403a are formed using different materials or under different conditions from those of the second buffer layers 406a and 406b and the second oxide semiconductor layer 403b. Alternatively, an EDMOS circuit may be formed in such a manner that gate electrodes are provided over and under the oxide semiconductor layer to control the threshold value and voltage is applied to the gate electrodes so that one of the TFTs is normally on while the other TFT is normally off.
Alternatively, without being limited to the EDMOS circuit, an EEMOS circuit can be manufactured in such a manner that the first thin film transistor 430a and the second thin film transistor 430b are enhancement type n-channel transistors. In that case, the third wiring 405c and the second gate electrode layer 401b are connected to each other instead of the connection between the second wiring 405b and the second gate electrode layer 401b. 
In each of the thin film transistors used in this embodiment, the buffer layers whose conductivity is higher than that of the oxide semiconductor layer are formed over the source and drain electrode layers, and the oxide semiconductor layer is electrically connected to the source and drain electrode layers through the buffer layers; thus, the contact resistance between the oxide semiconductor layer and the source and drain electrode layers can be reduced and electric characteristics can be stabilized. Accordingly, circuit characteristics of the inverter circuit described in this embodiment can be improved.
With the use of the inverter circuit described in this embodiment for a driver circuit portion, a highly reliable display device whose electric characteristics are stabilized can be provided.
Note that the structure described in this embodiment can be combined with any of the structures described in other embodiments as appropriate.
Embodiment 4
In this embodiment, an example in which at least part of a driver circuit and a thin film transistor provided in a pixel portion are formed over one substrate in a display device which is an example of a semiconductor device will be described below.
The thin film transistor to be provided in the pixel portion is formed according to Embodiment 2. Further, the thin film transistor described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 is an n-channel TFT, and thus part of a driver circuit that can be formed using an n-channel TFT among driver circuits is formed over the same substrate as the thin film transistor of the pixel portion.
FIG. 14A shows an example of a block diagram of an active matrix liquid crystal display device, which is an example of a semiconductor device. The display device illustrated in FIG. 14A includes, over a substrate 5300, a pixel portion 5301 having a plurality of pixels each of which is provided with a display element, a scan line driver circuit 5302 which selects a pixel, and a signal line driver circuit 5303 which controls a video signal input to the selected pixel.
The pixel portion 5301 is connected to the signal line driver circuit 5303 by a plurality of signal lines S1 to Sm (not shown) which extends in a column direction from the signal line driver circuit 5303, and to the scan line driver circuit 5302 by a plurality of scan lines G1 to Gn (not shown) which extends in a row direction from the scan line driver circuit 5302. The pixel portion 5301 includes a plurality of pixels (not shown) arranged in matrix so as to correspond to the signal lines S1 to Sm and the scan lines G1 to Gn. Each pixel is connected to a signal line Sj (any one of the signal lines S1 to Sm) and a scan line Gi (any one of the scan lines G1 to Gn).
The thin film transistor described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 is an n-channel TFT, and a signal line driver circuit including an n-channel TFT is described with reference to FIG. 15.
The signal line driver circuit shown in FIG. 15 includes a driver IC 5601, switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M, a first wiring 5611, a second wiring 5612, a third wiring 5613, and wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M. Each of the switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M includes a first thin film transistor 5603a, a second thin film transistor 5603b, and a third thin film transistor 5603c. 
The driver IC 5601 is connected to the first wiring 5611, the second wiring 5612, the third wiring 5613, and the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M. Each of the switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M is connected to the first wiring 5611, the second wiring 5612, and the third wiring 5613; the switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M are connected to the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M, respectively. Each of the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M is connected to three signal lines (a signal line Sm−2, a signal line Sm−1, and a signal line Sm (m=3M)) via the first thin film transistor 5603a, the second thin film transistor 5603b, and the third thin film transistor 5603c. For example, a wiring 5621_J of the J-th column (any one of the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M) is connected to a signal line Sj−2, a signal line Sj−1, and a signal line Sj (j=3J) via the first thin film transistor 5603a, the second thin film transistor 5603b, and the third thin film transistor 5603c which are included in a switch group 5602_J.
Note that a signal is input to each of the first wiring 5611, the second wiring 5612, and the third wiring 5613.
Note that the driver IC 5601 is preferably formed using a single crystal semiconductor. Further, the switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M are preferably formed over the same substrate as the pixel portion. Therefore, the driver IC 5601 and the switch groups 5602_1 to 5602_M are preferably connected through an FPC or the like. Alternatively, the driver IC 5601 may be formed by providing a single crystal semiconductor layer over the same substrate as the pixel portion by a method such as bonding.
Next, operation of the signal line driver circuit shown in FIG. 15 is described with reference to a timing chart in FIG. 16. Note that the timing chart in FIG. 16 illustrates the case where a scan line Gi of the i-th row is selected. A selection period of the scan line Gi of the i-th row is divided into a first sub-selection period T1, a second sub-selection period T2, and a third sub-selection period T3. In addition, the signal line driver circuit in FIG. 15 operates as shown in FIG. 16 even when a scan line of another row is selected.
Note that the timing chart in FIG. 16 shows the case where the wiring 5621_J of the J-th column is connected to the signal line Sj−2, the signal line Sj−1, and the signal line Sj via the first thin film transistor 5603a, the second thin film transistor 5603b, and the third thin film transistor 5603c. 
Note that the timing chart in FIG. 16 shows timing at which the scan line Gi of the i-th row is selected, timing 5703a of on/off of the first thin film transistor 5603a, timing 5703b of on/off of the second thin film transistor 5603b, timing 5703c of on/off of the third thin film transistor 5603c, and a signal 5721_J input to the wiring 5621_J of the J-th column.
In the first sub-selection period T1, the second sub-selection period T2, and the third sub-selection period T3, different video signals are input to the wirings 5621_1 to 5621_M. For example, a video signal input to the wiring 5621_J in the first sub-selection period T1 is input to the signal line Sj−2, a video signal input to the wiring 5621_J in the second sub-selection period T2 is input to the signal line Sj−1, and a video signal input to the wiring 5621_J in the third sub-selection period T3 is input to the signal line Sj. In addition, the video signals input to the wiring 5621_J in the first sub-selection period T1, the second sub-selection period T2, and the third sub-selection period T3 are denoted by Data_j−2, Data_j−1, and Data_j, respectively.
As shown in FIG. 16, in the first sub-selection period T1, the first thin film transistor 5603a is turned on, and the second thin film transistor 5603b and the third thin film transistor 5603c are turned off. At this time, Data_j−2 input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj−2 via the first thin film transistor 5603a. In the second sub-selection period T2, the second thin film transistor 5603b is turned on, and the first thin film transistor 5603a and the third thin film transistor 5603c are turned off. At this time, Data_j−1 input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj−1 via the second thin film transistor 5603b. In the third sub-selection period T3, the third thin film transistor 5603c is turned on, and the first thin film transistor 5603a and the second thin film transistor 5603b are turned off. At this time, Data_j input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj via the third thin film transistor 5603c. 
As described above, in the signal line driver circuit of FIG. 15, by dividing one gate selection period into three, video signals can be input to three signal lines from one wiring 5621 in one gate selection period. Therefore, in the signal line driver circuit of FIG. 15, the number of connections between the substrate provided with the driver IC 5601 and the substrate provided with the pixel portion can be about 1⁄3 of the number of signal lines. The number of connections is reduced to about 1⁄3 of the number of the signal lines, so that reliability, yield, and the like, of the signal line driver circuit in FIG. 15 can be improved.
Note that there are no particular limitation on the arrangement, the number, a driving method, and the like of the thin film transistors, as long as one gate selection period is divided into a plurality of sub-selection periods and video signals are input to a plurality of signal lines from one wiring in the respective sub-selection periods as shown in FIG. 16.
For example, when video signals are input to three or more signal lines from one wiring in three or more sub-selection periods, a thin film transistor and a wiring for controlling the thin film transistor may be added. Note that when one gate selection period is divided into four or more sub-selection periods, one sub-selection period becomes shorter. Therefore, one gate selection period is preferably divided into two or three sub-selection periods.
As another example, as shown in a timing chart of FIG. 17, one selection period may be divided into a precharge period Tp, the first sub-selection period T1, the second sub-selection period T2, and the third sub-selection period T3. The timing chart in FIG. 17 shows the timing at which the scan line Gi of the i-th row is selected, timing 5803a of on/off of the first thin film transistor 5603a, timing 5803b of on/off of the second thin film transistor 5603b, timing 5803c of on/off of the third thin film transistor 5603c, and a signal 5821_J input to the wiring 5621_J of the J-th column. As shown in FIG. 17, the first thin film transistor 5603a, the second thin film transistor 5603b, and the third thin film transistor 5603c are tuned on in the precharge period Tp. At this time, precharge voltage Vp input to the wiring 5621_J is input to each of the signal line Sj−2, the signal line Sj−1, and the signal line Sj via the first thin film transistor 5603a, the second thin film transistor 5603b, and the third thin film transistor 5603c. In the first sub-selection period T1, the first thin film transistor 5603a is turned on, and the second thin film transistor 5603b and the third thin film transistor 5603c are turned off. At this time, Data_j−2 input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj−2 via the first thin film transistor 5603a. In the second sub-selection period T2, the second thin film transistor 5603b is turned on, and the first thin film transistor 5603a and the third thin film transistor 5603c are turned off. At this time, Data_j−1 input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj−1 via the second thin film transistor 5603b. In the third sub-selection period T3, the third thin film transistor 5603c is turned on, and the first thin film transistor 5603a and the second thin film transistor 5603b are turned off. At this time, Data_j input to the wiring 5621_J is input to the signal line Sj via the third thin film transistor 5603c. 
As described above, in the signal line driver circuit of FIG. 15 to which the timing chart of FIG. 17 is applied, the video signal can be written to the pixel at high speed because the signal line can be precharged by providing a precharge selection period before a sub-selection period. Note that portions in FIG. 17 which are similar to those in FIG. 16 are denoted by common reference numerals and detailed description of the same portions and portions having similar functions is omitted.
Further, a structure of a scan line driver circuit is described. The scan line driver circuit includes a shift register and a buffer. Additionally, the scan line driver circuit may include a level shifter in some cases. In the scan line driver circuit, when a clock signal (CLK) and a start pulse signal (SP) are input to the shift register, a selection signal is generated. The generated selection signal is buffered and amplified by the buffer, and the resulting signal is supplied to a corresponding scan line. Gate electrodes of transistors in pixels of one line are connected to the scan line. Since the transistors in the pixels of one line need to be turned on all at once, a buffer which can supply large current is used.
One mode of a shift register used for part of the scan line driver circuit is described with reference to FIG. 18 and FIG. 19.
FIG. 18 shows a circuit configuration of the shift register. The shift register shown in FIG. 18 includes a plurality of flip-flops 5701_1 to 5701—n. The shift register operates with input of a first clock signal, a second clock signal, a start pulse signal, and a reset signal.
The connection relationship of the shift register of FIG. 18 is described. The flip-flop 5701_1 of a first stage is connected to a first wiring 5711, a second wiring 5712, a fourth wiring 5714, a fifth wiring 5715, a seventh wiring 5717_1, and a seventh wiring 5717_2. The flip-flop 5717_2 of a second stage is connected to a third wiring 5713, the fourth wiring 5714, the fifth wiring 5715, the seventh wiring 5717_1, the seventh wiring 5717_2, and a seventh wiring 5717_3.
In a similar manner, the flip-flop 5701—i (any one of the flip-flops 5701_1 to 5701—n) of an i-th stage is connected to one of the second wiring 5712 and the third wiring 5713, the fourth wiring 5714, the fifth wiring 5715, a seventh wiring 5717—i−1, a seventh wiring 5717—i, and a seventh wiring 5717—i+1. Here, when “i” is an odd number, the flip-flop 5701—i of the i-th stage is connected to the second wiring 5712; when i is an even number, the flip-flop 5701—i of the i-th stage is connected to the third wiring 5713.
The flip-flop 5701—n of an n-th stage is connected to one of the second wiring 5712 and the third wiring 5713, the fourth wiring 5714, the fifth wiring 5715, a seventh wiring 5717—n−1, a seventh wiring 5717—n, and a sixth wiring 5716.
Note that the first wiring 5711, the second wiring 5712, the third wiring 5713, and the sixth wiring 5716 may be referred to as a first signal line, a second signal line, a third signal line, and a fourth signal line, respectively. Further, the fourth wiring 5714 and the fifth wiring 5715 may be referred to as a first power supply line and a second power supply line, respectively.
Next, the flip-flop shown in FIG. 18 is described in detail with reference to FIG. 19. A flip-flop shown in FIG. 19 includes a first thin film transistor 5571, a second thin film transistor 5572, a third thin film transistor 5573, a fourth thin film transistor 5574, a fifth thin film transistor 5575, a sixth thin film transistor 5576, a seventh thin film transistor 5577, and an eighth thin film transistor 5578. Each of the first thin film transistor 5571, the second thin film transistor 5572, the third thin film transistor 5573, the fourth thin film transistor 5574, the fifth thin film transistor 5575, the sixth thin film transistor 5576, the seventh thin film transistor 5577, and the eighth thin film transistor 5578 is an n-channel transistor and is turned on when the gate-source voltage (Vgs) exceeds the threshold voltage (Vth).
In addition, the flip-flop shown in FIG. 19 includes a first wiring 5501, a second wiring 5502, a third wiring 5503, a fourth wiring 5504, a fifth wiring 5505, and a sixth wiring 5506.
Here, all the thin film transistors are enhancement type n-channel transistors; however, one embodiment of the present invention is not particularly limited thereto. For example, the driver circuit can be driven using depletion type n-channel transistors.
Next, a connection structure of the flip-flop shown in FIG. 19 is described below.
A first electrode (one of a source electrode and a drain electrode) of the first thin film transistor 5571 is connected to the fourth wiring 5504. A second electrode (the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode) of the first thin film transistor 5571 is connected to the third wiring 5503.
A first electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572 is connected to the sixth wiring 5506. A second electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572 is connected to the third wiring 5503.
A first electrode of the third thin film transistor 5573 is connected to the fifth wiring 5505, and a second electrode of the third thin film transistor 5573 is connected to a gate electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572. A gate electrode of the third thin film transistor 5573 is connected to the fifth wiring 5505.
A first electrode of the fourth thin film transistor 5574 is connected to the sixth wiring 5506, and a second electrode of the fourth thin film transistor 5574 is connected to the gate electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572. A gate electrode of the fourth thin film transistor 5574 is connected to a gate electrode of the first thin film transistor 5571.
A first electrode of the fifth thin film transistor 5575 is connected to the fifth wiring 5505, and a second electrode of the fifth thin film transistor 5575 is connected to the gate electrode of the first thin film transistor 5571. A gate electrode of the fifth thin film transistor 5575 is connected to the first wiring 5501.
A first electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576 is connected to the sixth wiring 5506, and a second electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576 is connected to the gate electrode of the first thin film transistor 5571. A gate electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576 is connected to the gate electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572.
A first electrode of the seventh thin film transistor 5577 is connected to the sixth wiring 5506, and a second electrode of the seventh thin film transistor 5577 is connected to the gate electrode of the first thin film transistor 5571. A gate electrode of the seventh thin film transistor 5577 is connected to the second wiring 5502.
A first electrode of the eighth thin film transistor 5578 is connected to the sixth wiring 5506, and a second electrode of the eighth thin film transistor 5578 is connected to the gate electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572. A gate electrode of the eighth thin film transistor 5578 is connected to the first wiring 5501.
Note that the points at which the gate electrode of the first thin film transistor 5571, the gate electrode of the fourth thin film transistor 5574, the second electrode of the fifth thin film transistor 5575, the second electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576, and the second electrode of the seventh thin film transistor 5577 are connected are each referred to as a node 5543. The points at which the gate electrode of the second thin film transistor 5572, the second electrode of the third thin film transistor 5573, the second electrode of the fourth thin film transistor 5574, the gate electrode of the sixth thin film transistor 5576, and the second electrode of the eighth thin film transistor 5578 are connected are each referred to as a node 5544.
Note that the first wiring 5501, the second wiring 5502, the third wiring 5503, and the fourth wiring 5504 may be referred to as a first signal line, a second signal line, a third signal line, and a fourth signal line, respectively. The fifth wiring 5505 and the sixth wiring 5506 may be referred to as a first power supply line and a second power supply line, respectively.
In the flip-flop 5701—i of the i-th stage, the first wiring 5501 in FIG. 19 is connected to the seventh wiring 5717—i−1 in FIG. 18. The second wiring 5502 in FIG. 19 is connected to the seventh wiring 5717—i+1 in FIG. 18. The third wiring 5503 in FIG. 19 is connected to the seventh wiring 5717—i. The sixth wiring 5506 in FIG. 19 is connected to the fifth wiring 5715.
When the “i” is an odd number, the fourth wiring 5504 in FIG. 19 is connected to the second wiring 5712 in FIG. 18; when the “i” is an even number, the fourth wiring 5504 in FIG. 19 is connected to the third wiring 5713 in FIG. 18. In addition, the fifth wiring 5505 in FIG. 19 is connected to the fourth wiring 5714 in FIG. 18.
Note that in the flip-flop 5701_1 of the first stage, the first wiring 5501 in FIG. 19 is connected to the first wiring 5711 in FIG. 18. In addition, in the flip-flop 5701—n of the n-th stage, the second wiring 5502 in FIG. 19 is connected to the sixth wiring 5716 in FIG. 18.
In addition, the signal line driver circuit and the scan line driver circuit can be formed using only the n-channel TFTs described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3. The n-channel TFT described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 has high mobility, and thus a driving frequency of a driver circuit can be increased. Further, parasitic capacitance of the n-channel TFT described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 is reduced with the use of an oxide semiconductor layer typified by an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film; thus, frequency characteristics (referred to as f characteristics) of the n-channel TFT are high. For example, the scan line driver circuit including the n-channel TFT described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 can operate at high speed; therefore, it is possible to increase the frame frequency or to realize insertion of a black screen, for example.
In addition, when the channel width of the transistor in the scan line driver circuit is increased or a plurality of scan line driver circuits are provided, for example, higher frame frequency can be realized. When a plurality of scan line driver circuits are provided, a scan line driver circuit for driving scan lines of even-numbered rows is provided on one side and a scan line driver circuit for driving scan lines of odd-numbered rows is provided on the opposite side; thus, an increase in frame frequency can be realized. Furthermore, the use of the plurality of scan line driver circuits for output of signals to the same scan line is advantageous in increasing the size of a display device.
Further, when an active matrix light-emitting display device which is an example of a semiconductor device is manufactured, a plurality of thin film transistors are arranged in at least one pixel, and thus a plurality of scan line driver circuits are preferably provided. FIG. 14B shows an example of a block diagram of an active matrix light-emitting display device.
The light-emitting display device shown in FIG. 14B includes, over a substrate 5400, a pixel portion 5401 including a plurality of pixels each provided with a display element, a first scan line driver circuit 5402 and a second scan line driver circuit 5404 for selecting a pixel, and a signal line driver circuit 5403 for controlling a video signal input to the selected pixel.
When the video signal input to a pixel of the light-emitting display device shown in FIG. 14B is a digital signal, a pixel emits light or does not emit light by switching on/off of a transistor. Thus, grayscale can be displayed using an area grayscale method or a time grayscale method. An area grayscale method refers to a driving method in which one pixel is divided into a plurality of subpixels and the respective subpixels are driven independently based on video signals so that grayscale is displayed. Further, a time grayscale method refers to a driving method in which a period during which a pixel emits light is controlled so that grayscale is displayed.
Since the response speed of a light-emitting element is higher than that of a liquid crystal element or the like, the light-emitting element is more suitable for a time grayscale method than the liquid crystal element. Specifically, in the case where display is performed by a time grayscale method, one frame period is divided into a plurality of subframe periods. Then, in accordance with video signals, the light-emitting element in the pixel is brought into a light-emitting state or a non-light-emitting state in each subframe period. By dividing one frame period into a plurality of subframe periods, the total length of time, in which a pixel actually emits light in one frame period, can be controlled by video signals so that grayscale can be displayed.
In the example of the light-emitting display device shown in FIG. 14B, in a case where two switching TFTs are arranged in one pixel, the first scan line driver circuit 5402 generates a signal which is input to a first scan line serving as a gate wiring of one of the switching TFTs, and the second scan line driver circuit 5404 generates a signal which is input to a second scan line serving as a gate wiring of the other of the switching TFTs; however, one scan line driver circuit may generate both the signal which is input to the first scan line and the signal which is input to the second scan line. In addition, for example, there is a possibility that a plurality of scan lines used for controlling the operation of the switching element are provided in each pixel, depending on the number of the switching TFTs included in one pixel. In this case, one scan line driver circuit may generate all signals that are input to the plurality of scan lines, or a plurality of scan line driver circuits may generate signals that are input to the plurality of scan lines.
Also in the light-emitting display device, part of a driver circuit that can include n-channel TFTs among driver circuits can be formed over the same substrate as the thin film transistors of the pixel portion. In addition, the signal line driver circuit and the scan line driver circuit can be formed using only the n-channel TFTs described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3.
Through the above process, a highly reliable display device whose electric characteristics are stabilized as a semiconductor device can be manufactured.
Note that the structure described in this embodiment can be combined with any of the structures described in other embodiments as appropriate.
Embodiment 5
When the thin film transistor described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 is manufactured and used for a pixel portion and further for a driver circuit, a semiconductor device having a display function (also referred to as a display device) can be manufactured. Further, part or whole of a driver circuit is formed over the same substrate as a pixel portion, using the thin film transistor described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3, whereby a system-on-panel can be obtained.
The display device includes a display element. As the display element, a liquid crystal element (also referred to as a liquid crystal display element) or a light-emitting element (also referred to as a light-emitting display element) can be used. The light-emitting element includes, in its category, an element whose luminance is controlled by current or voltage, and specifically includes an inorganic electroluminescent (EL) element, an organic EL element, and the like. Furthermore, a display medium whose contrast is changed by an electric effect, such as electronic ink, can be used.
In addition, the display device includes a panel in which a display element is sealed, and a module in which an IC and the like including a controller are mounted on the panel. Furthermore, an element substrate, which corresponds to one mode before the display element is completed in a manufacturing process of the display device, is provided with a means for supplying current to the display element in each of a plurality of pixels. Specifically, the element substrate may be in a state provided with only a pixel electrode of the display element, a state after a conductive film to be a pixel electrode is formed and before the conductive film is etched to form the pixel electrode, or any other states.
Note that a display device in this specification refers to an image display device, a display device, or a light source (including a lighting device). Further, the display device includes in its category any of the following modules: a module to which a connector such as a flexible printed circuit (FPC), tape automated bonding (TAB) tape, or a tape carrier package (TCP) is attached; a module having TAB tape or a TCP which is provided with a printed wiring board at the end thereof; a module having an integrated circuit (IC) which is directly mounted on a display element by a chip on glass (COG) method; and the like.
In this embodiment, the appearance and a cross section of a liquid crystal display panel, which is one embodiment of a semiconductor device, will be described with reference to FIGS. 20A, to 20C. FIGS. 20A and 20B are plan views of panels in each of which highly reliable thin film transistors 4010 and 4011 whose electric characteristics are stabilized and which include oxide semiconductor layers typified by the In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal films described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 and a liquid crystal element 4013, which are formed over a first substrate 4001, are sealed with a sealant 4005 between the first substrate 4001 and a second substrate 4006. FIG. 20C corresponds to a cross-sectional view taken along line M-N of FIGS. 20A and 20B.
The sealant 4005 is provided so as to surround a pixel portion 4002 and a scan line driver circuit 4004 which are provided over the first substrate 4001. The second substrate 4006 is provided over the pixel portion 4002 and the scan line driver circuit 4004. Therefore, the pixel portion 4002 and the scan line driver circuit 4004 are sealed together with a liquid crystal layer 4008, by the first substrate 4001, the sealant 4005, and the second substrate 4006. A signal line driver circuit 4003 that is formed using a single crystal semiconductor film or a polycrystalline semiconductor film over a substrate separately prepared is mounted in a region that is different from the region surrounded by the sealant 4005 over the first substrate 4001.
Note that there is no particular limitation on the connection method of a driver circuit which is separately formed, and a COG method, a wire bonding method, a TAB method, or the like can be used. FIG. 20A illustrates an example of mounting the signal line driver circuit 4003 by a COG method, and FIG. 20B illustrates an example of mounting the signal line driver circuit 4003 by a TAB method.
The pixel portion 4002 and the scan line driver circuit 4004 provided over the first substrate 4001 include a plurality of thin film transistors. In FIG. 20C, the thin film transistor 4010 included in the pixel portion 4002 and the thin film transistor 4011 included in the scan line driver circuit 4004 are illustrated as examples. Over the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011, insulating layers 4020 and 4021 are provided.
As each of the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011, the highly reliable thin film transistor described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3, which includes an oxide semiconductor layer typified by an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film and whose electric characteristics are stabilized can be used. In this embodiment, the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011 are n-channel thin film transistors.
A pixel electrode layer 4030 included in the liquid crystal element 4013 is electrically connected to the thin film transistor 4010. A counter electrode layer 4031 of the liquid crystal element 4013 is provided on the second substrate 4006. A portion where the pixel electrode layer 4030, the counter electrode layer 4031, and the liquid crystal layer 4008 overlap with one another corresponds to the liquid crystal element 4013. Note that the pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031 are respectively provided with an insulating layer 4032 and an insulating layer 4033 each of which functions as an alignment film, and the liquid crystal layer 4008 is sandwiched between the pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031 with the insulating layers 4032 and 4033 therebetween.
Note that the first substrate 4001 and the second substrate 4006 can be formed of glass, metal (typically, stainless steel), ceramic, or plastic. As plastic, a fiberglass-reinforced plastics (FRP) plate, a polyvinyl fluoride (PVF) film, a polyester film, or an acrylic resin film can be used. In addition, a sheet with a structure in which aluminum foil is sandwiched between PVF films or polyester films can be used.
Reference numeral 4035 denotes a columnar spacer obtained by selectively etching an insulating film and is provided to control the distance (a cell gap) between the pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031. Alternatively, a spherical spacer may be used. In addition, the counter electrode layer 4031 is electrically connected to a common potential line formed over the same substrate as the thin film transistor 4010. With use of the common connection portion, the counter electrode layer 4031 and the common potential line can be electrically connected to each other through conductive particles arranged between a pair of substrates. Note that the conductive particles are included in the sealant 4005.
Alternatively, a liquid crystal exhibiting a blue phase for which an alignment film is unnecessary may be used. A blue phase is one of liquid crystal phases, which appears just before a cholesteric phase changes into an isotropic phase when temperature of a cholesteric liquid crystal is increased. Since the blue phase appears only in a narrow temperature range, a liquid crystal composition including a chiral agent at 5% by weight or more to expand the temperature range is used for the liquid crystal layer 4008. The liquid crystal composition which includes a liquid crystal exhibiting a blue phase and a chiral agent has a short response time of 10 μs to 100 μs, has optical isotropy, which makes the alignment process unnecessary, and has small viewing angle dependence.
Although an example of a transmissive liquid crystal display device is described in this embodiment, one embodiment of the present invention can also be applied to a reflective liquid crystal display device and a transflective liquid crystal display device.
In this embodiment, an example of the liquid crystal display device is described in which a polarizing plate is provided on the outer surface of the substrate (on the viewer side) and a coloring layer and an electrode layer used for a display element are provided on the inner surface of the substrate; however, the polarizing plate may be provided on the inner surface of the substrate. The stacked-layer structure of the polarizing plate and the coloring layer is not limited to this embodiment and may be set as appropriate depending on materials of the polarizing plate and the coloring layer or conditions of manufacturing process. Further, a light-blocking film functioning as a black matrix may be provided.
In this embodiment, in order to reduce the unevenness of the surfaces of the thin film transistors and to improve the reliability of the thin film transistors, the thin film transistors which are obtained in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 are covered with protective films or insulating layers (the insulating layers 4020 and 4021) which function as planarizing insulating films. Note that a protective film is provided to prevent entry of contaminant impurities such as an organic substance, metal, or moisture existing in air and is preferably a dense film. The protective film may be formed with a single layer or a stacked layer using any of a silicon oxide film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon oxynitride film, a silicon nitride oxide film, an aluminum oxide film, an aluminum nitride film, aluminum oxynitride film, or an aluminum nitride oxide film by a sputtering method. Although an example in which the protective film is formed by a sputtering method is described in this embodiment, one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to this method and a variety of methods may be employed.
The insulating layer 4020 is formed to have a stacked-layer structure as the protective film. Here, a silicon oxide film is formed by a sputtering method, as a first layer of the insulating layer 4020. The use of the silicon oxide film as the protective film has an effect of preventing a hillock of an aluminum film which is used as the source and drain electrode layers.
Further, a silicon nitride film is formed by a sputtering method, as a second layer of the insulating layer 4020. The use of the silicon nitride film as the protective film can prevent mobile ions of sodium or the like from entering a semiconductor region, so that variation in electric characteristics of the TFT can be suppressed.
Further, after the protective film is formed, the oxide semiconductor layer may be annealed (at 300° C. to 400° C.).
The insulating layer 4021 is formed as the planarizing insulating film. For the insulating layer 4021, an organic material having heat resistance such as polyimide, acrylic, benzocyclobutene, polyamide, or epoxy can be used. Other than such organic materials, it is also possible to use a low-dielectric constant material (a low-k material), a siloxane-based resin, phosphosilicate glass (PSG), borophosphosilicate glass (BPSG), or the like. Note that the insulating layer 4021 may be formed by stacking a plurality of insulating films formed using any of these materials.
Note that a siloxane-based resin corresponds to a resin including a Si—O—Si bond formed using a siloxane-based material as a starting material. The siloxane-based resin may include, as a substituent, an organic group (e.g., an alkyl group or an aryl group) or a fluoro group. In addition, the organic group may include a fluoro group.
There is no particular limitation on the formation method of the insulating layer 4021, and the following method can be employed depending on the material: a sputtering method, an SOG method, a spin coating method, a dipping method, a spray coating method, a droplet discharge method (such as an ink-jet method, screen printing, or offset printing), a doctor knife, a roll coater, a curtain coater, a knife coater, or the like. In the case of forming the insulating layer 4021 with the use of a material solution, annealing (300° C. to 400° C.) may be performed on the oxide semiconductor layer at the same time as a baking step. The baking step of the insulating layer 4021 also serves as the annealing of the oxide semiconductor layer, whereby a semiconductor device can be manufactured efficiently.
The pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031 can be formed using a light-transmitting conductive material such as indium oxide including tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide including tungsten oxide, indium oxide including titanium oxide, indium tin oxide including titanium oxide, indium tin oxide (hereinafter also referred to as ITO), indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide to which silicon oxide is added, or the like.
A conductive composition including a conductive high molecule (also referred to as a conductive polymer) can be used for the pixel electrode layer 4030 and the counter electrode layer 4031. The pixel electrode formed using the conductive composition preferably has sheet resistance of less than or equal to 10000 ohms per square and a transmittance of greater than or equal to 70% at a wavelength of 550 nm Further, the resistivity of the conductive high molecule included in the conductive composition is preferably less than or equal to 0.1Ω·cm.
As the conductive high molecule, a so-called π-electron conjugated conductive polymer can be used. For example, polyaniline or a derivative thereof, polypyrrole or a derivative thereof, polythiophene or a derivative thereof, a copolymer of two or more kinds of them, and the like can be given.
Further, a variety of signals and potentials are supplied to the signal line driver circuit 4003 which is formed separately, the scan line driver circuit 4004, or the pixel portion 4002 from an FPC 4018.
In this embodiment, a connection terminal electrode 4015 is formed from the same conductive film as that of the pixel electrode layer 4030 included in the liquid crystal element 4013, and a terminal electrode 4016 is formed from the same conductive film as that of the source and drain electrode layers of the thin film transistors 4010 and 4011.
The connection terminal electrode 4015 is electrically connected to a terminal included in the FPC 4018 through an anisotropic conductive film 4019.
FIGS. 20A, 20B, and 20C illustrate an example in which the signal line driver circuit 4003 is formed separately and mounted on the first substrate 4001; however, this embodiment is not limited to this structure. The scan line driver circuit may be separately formed and then mounted, or only part of the signal line driver circuit or part of the scan line driver circuit may be separately formed and then mounted.
FIG. 21 illustrates an example in which a liquid crystal display module is formed as a semiconductor device by using a TFT substrate 2600 manufactured by application of the TFT described in Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2.
FIG. 21 illustrates an example of a liquid crystal display module, in which the TFT substrate 2600 and a counter substrate 2601 are fixed to each other with a sealant 2602, and a pixel portion 2603 including a TFT or the like, a display element 2604 including a liquid crystal layer, and a coloring layer 2605 are provided between the substrates to form a display region. The coloring layer 2605 is necessary to perform color display. In the RGB system, respective coloring layers corresponding to colors of red, green, and blue are provided for respective pixels. Polarizing plates 2606 and 2607 and a diffusion plate 2613 are provided on the outer sides of the TFT substrate 2600 and the counter substrate 2601. A light source includes a cold cathode tube 2610 and a reflective plate 2611, and a circuit substrate 2612 is connected to a wiring circuit portion 2608 of the TFT substrate 2600 by a flexible wiring board 2609 and includes an external circuit such as a control circuit or a power source circuit. The polarizing plate and the liquid crystal layer may be stacked with a retardation plate therebetween.
For the liquid crystal display module, a twisted nematic (TN) mode, an in-plane-switching (IPS) mode, a fringe field switching (FFS) mode, a multi-domain vertical alignment (MVA) mode, a patterned vertical alignment (PVA) mode, an axially symmetric aligned micro-cell (ASM) mode, an optical compensated birefringence (OCB) mode, a ferroelectric liquid crystal (FLC) mode, an antiferroelectric liquid crystal (AFLC) mode, or the like can be used.
Through the above process, a highly reliable liquid crystal display panel whose electric characteristics are stabilized as a semiconductor device can be manufactured.
Note that the structure described in this embodiment can be combined with any of the structures described in other embodiments as appropriate.
Embodiment 6
In this embodiment, an example of electronic paper will be described as a semiconductor device to which the thin film transistor described in Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2 is applied.
FIG. 22 illustrates active matrix electronic paper as an example of a semiconductor device. As a thin film transistor 581 used for the semiconductor device, the thin film transistor described in Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2 can be applied.
The electronic paper of FIG. 22 is an example of a display device in which a twisting ball display system is employed. The twisting ball display system refers to a method in which spherical particles each colored in black and white are arranged between a first electrode layer and a second electrode layer which are electrode layers used for a display element, and a potential difference is generated between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer to control orientation of the spherical particles, so that display is performed.
The thin film transistor 581 which is sealed between a substrate 580 and a substrate 596 is a thin film transistor with a bottom-gate structure, and a source or drain electrode layer thereof is in contact with a first electrode layer 587 through an opening formed in insulating layers 583, 584, and 585, whereby the thin film transistor 581 is electrically connected to the first electrode layer 587. Between the first electrode layer 587 and a second electrode layer 588, spherical particles 589 each having a black region 590a, a white region 590b, and a cavity 594 which is filled with liquid around the regions are provided. A space around the spherical particles 589 is filled with a filler 595 such as a resin (see FIG. 22). In this embodiment, the first electrode layer 587 corresponds to a pixel electrode, and the second electrode layer 588 corresponds to a common electrode. The second electrode layer 588 is electrically connected to a common potential line provided over the same substrate as the thin film transistor 581. The common connection portion described in Embodiment 2 is used, whereby the second electrode layer 588 and the common potential line can be electrically connected to each other through the conductive particles arranged between a pair of substrates.
Further, instead of the twisting ball, an electrophoretic element can also be used. A microcapsule having a diameter of about 10 μm to 200 μm in which transparent liquid, positively charged white microparticles, and negatively charged black microparticles are encapsulated, is used. In the microcapsule which is provided between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, when an electric field is applied by the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, the white microparticles and the black microparticles move to opposite sides, so that white or black can be displayed. A display element using this principle is an electrophoretic display element, and is called electronic paper in general. The electrophoretic display element has higher reflectance than a liquid crystal display element, and thus, an auxiliary light is unnecessary, power consumption is low, and a display portion can be recognized even in a dim place. In addition, even when power is not supplied to the display portion, an image which has been displayed once can be maintained. Accordingly, a displayed image can be stored even when a semiconductor device having a display function (also referred to simply as a display device or a semiconductor device provided with a display device) is distanced from an electric wave source.
Thus, the electrophoretic display element is a display element that utilizes a so-called dielectrophoretic effect in which a substance with high dielectric constant moves to a region with high electric field. An electrophoretic display device using an electrophoretic display element does not need to have a polarizing plate, which is necessary in a liquid crystal display device, and the thickness and weight of the electrophoretic display device can be decreased compared with those of a liquid crystal display device.
A solution in which the above microcapsules are dispersed in a solvent is referred to as electronic ink. This electronic ink can be printed on a surface of glass, plastic, cloth, paper, or the like. Furthermore, by using a color filter or particles that have a pigment, color display can also be achieved.
In addition, if a plurality of the above microcapsules is arranged as appropriate over an active matrix substrate so as to be interposed between two electrodes, an active matrix display device can be completed, and display can be performed by application of an electric field to the microcapsules. For example, the active matrix substrate obtained using the thin film transistor described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 can be used.
Note that the microparticles in the microcapsules may be formed using a single material selected from a conductive material, an insulating material, a semiconductor material, a magnetic material, a liquid crystal material, a ferroelectric material, an electroluminescent material, an electrochromic material, and a magnetophoretic material, or may be formed using a composite material of any of these.
Through the above process, highly reliable electronic paper whose electric characteristics are stabilized as a semiconductor device can be manufactured.
Note that the structure described in this embodiment can be combined with any of the structures described in other embodiments as appropriate.
Embodiment 7
In this embodiment, an example of a light-emitting display device will be described as a semiconductor device to which the thin film transistor described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 is applied. As a display element included in the display device, a light-emitting element utilizing electroluminescence is described here. Light-emitting elements utilizing electroluminescence are classified according to whether a light-emitting material is an organic compound or an inorganic compound. In general, the former is referred to as an organic EL element, and the latter is referred to as an inorganic EL element.
In an organic EL element, by application of voltage to a light-emitting element, electrons and holes are separately injected from a pair of electrodes into a layer including a light-emitting organic compound, and current flows. The carriers (electrons and holes) are then recombined, and thus, the light-emitting organic compound is excited. The light-emitting organic compound returns to a ground state from the excited state, thereby emitting light. Owing to such a mechanism, this light-emitting element is referred to as a current-excitation light-emitting element.
The inorganic EL elements are classified according to their element structures into a dispersion-type inorganic EL element and a thin-film inorganic EL element. A dispersion-type inorganic EL element has a light-emitting layer where particles of a light-emitting material are dispersed in a binder, and its light emission mechanism is donor-acceptor recombination type light emission that utilizes a donor level and an acceptor level. A thin-film inorganic EL element has a structure where a light-emitting layer is sandwiched between dielectric layers, which are further sandwiched between electrodes, and its light emission mechanism is localized type light emission that utilizes inner-shell electron transition of metal ions. Note that an example of an organic EL element is described here as a light-emitting element.
FIG. 23 shows an example of a pixel structure to which digital time grayscale driving can be applied, as an example of a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention.
A structure and operation of a pixel to which digital time grayscale driving can be applied are described. Here, an example is described in which one pixel includes two n-channel transistors described in Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2, each of which includes an oxide semiconductor layer typified by an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film in a channel formation region.
A pixel 6400 includes a switching transistor 6401, a driving transistor 6402, a light-emitting element 6404, and a capacitor 6403. A gate of the switching transistor 6401 is connected to a scan line 6406, a first electrode (one of a source electrode and a drain electrode) of the switching transistor 6401 is connected to a signal line 6405, and a second electrode (the other of the source electrode and the drain electrode) of the switching transistor 6401 is connected to a gate of the driving transistor 6402. The gate of the driving transistor 6402 is connected to a power supply line 6407 via the capacitor 6403, a first electrode of the driving transistor 6402 is connected to the power supply line 6407, and a second electrode of the driving transistor 6402 is connected to a first electrode (a pixel electrode) of the light-emitting element 6404. A second electrode of the light-emitting element 6404 corresponds to a common electrode 6408. The common electrode 6408 is electrically connected to a common potential line provided over the same substrate, and the connection portion may be used as a common connection portion.
The second electrode (the common electrode 6408) of the light-emitting element 6404 is set to a low power supply potential. Note that a low power supply potential is a potential satisfying a low power supply potential<a high power supply potential with the high power supply potential set to the power supply line 6407 as reference. As the low power supply potential, GND, 0 V, or the like may be set, for example. A potential difference between the high power supply potential and the low power supply potential is applied to the light-emitting element 6404 and current is supplied to the light-emitting element 6404, so that the light-emitting element 6404 emits light. Here, in order to make the light-emitting element 6404 emit light, each potential is set so that the potential difference between the high power supply potential and the low power supply potential is a forward threshold voltage or higher of the light-emitting element 6404.
Note that gate capacitor of the driving transistor 6402 may be used as a substitute for the capacitor 6403, so that the capacitor 6403 can be omitted. The gate capacitor of the driving transistor 6402 may be formed between the channel region and the gate electrode.
In the case of a voltage-input voltage driving method, a video signal is input to the gate of the driving transistor 6402 so that the driving transistor 6402 is in either of two states of being sufficiently turned on or turned off. That is, the driving transistor 6402 operates in a linear region. Since the driving transistor 6402 operates in the linear region, voltage higher than the voltage of the power supply line 6407 is applied to the gate of the driving transistor 6402. Note that voltage higher than or equal to (voltage of the power supply line+Vth of the driving transistor 6402) is applied to the signal line 6405.
Further, in the case of using analog grayscale driving instead of the digital time ratio grayscale driving, the pixel structure the same as that of FIG. 23 can be employed by inputting signals in a different way.
In the case of performing analog grayscale driving, voltage higher than or equal to (forward voltage of the light-emitting element 6404+Vth of the driving transistor 6402) is applied to the gate of the driving transistor 6402. The forward voltage of the light-emitting element 6404 indicates voltage at which a desired luminance is obtained, and includes at least forward threshold voltage. The video signal by which the driving transistor 6402 operates in a saturation region is input, so that current can be supplied to the light-emitting element 6404. In order for the driving transistor 6402 to operate in the saturation region, the potential of the power supply line 6407 is set higher than the gate potential of the driving transistor 6402. When an analog video signal is used, it is possible to supply current to the light-emitting element 6404 in accordance with the video signal and perform analog grayscale driving.
Note that a pixel structure of one embodiment of the present invention is not limited to that shown in FIG. 23. For example, a switch, a resistor, a capacitor, a transistor, a logic circuit, or the like may be added to the pixel shown in FIG. 23.
Next, structures of the light-emitting element are described with reference to FIGS. 24A to 24C. Here, a cross-sectional structure of a pixel is described by taking an n-channel driving TFT as an example. Driving TFTs 7001, 7011, and 7021 used for semiconductor devices illustrated in FIGS. 24A to 24C can be manufactured in a manner similar to that of the thin film transistor described in Embodiment 1 or Embodiment 2 and are each a highly reliable thin film transistor which includes an oxide semiconductor layer typified by an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film and whose electric characteristics are stabilized.
In order to extract light emitted from the light-emitting element, at least one of an anode and a cathode needs to transmit light. A light-emitting element can have a top emission structure, in which light emission is extracted through the surface opposite to the substrate; a bottom emission structure, in which light emission is extracted through the surface on the substrate side; or a dual emission structure, in which light emission is extracted through the surface opposite to the substrate and the surface on the substrate side. The pixel structure of one embodiment of the present invention can be applied to a light-emitting element having any of these emission structures.
A light-emitting element having a top emission structure is described with reference to FIG. 24A.
FIG. 24A is a cross-sectional view of a pixel in the case where the driving TFT 7001 is an n-channel TFT and light is emitted from a light-emitting element 7002 to an anode 7005 side. In FIG. 24A, a cathode 7003 of the light-emitting element 7002 is electrically connected to the driving TFT 7001, and a light-emitting layer 7004 and the anode 7005 are stacked in this order over the cathode 7003. The cathode 7003 can be formed using a variety of conductive materials as long as they have a low work function and reflect light. For example, Ca, Al, MgAg, AlLi, or the like is preferably used. The light-emitting layer 7004 may be formed using a single layer or a plurality of layers stacked. When the light-emitting layer 7004 is formed using a plurality of layers, the light-emitting layer 7004 is formed by stacking an electron-injecting layer, an electron-transporting layer, a light-emitting layer, a hole-transporting layer, and a hole-injecting layer in this order over the cathode 7003. Not all of these layers need to be provided. The anode 7005 is formed using a light-transmitting conductive material, and may be formed using a conductive film of indium oxide including tungsten oxide, indium zinc oxide including tungsten oxide, indium oxide including titanium oxide, indium tin oxide including titanium oxide, indium tin oxide (ITO), indium zinc oxide, indium tin oxide to which silicon oxide is added, or the like.
The light-emitting element 7002 corresponds to a region where the light-emitting layer 7004 is sandwiched between the cathode 7003 and the anode 7005. In the case of the pixel illustrated in FIG. 24A, light is emitted from the light-emitting element 7002 to the anode 7005 side as indicated by an arrow.
Next, a light-emitting element having a bottom emission structure is described with reference to FIG. 24B. FIG. 24B is a cross-sectional view of a pixel in the case where the driving TFT 7011 is an n-channel TFT and light is emitted from a light-emitting element 7012 to a cathode 7013 side. In FIG. 24B, the cathode 7013 of the light-emitting element 7012 is formed over a light-transmitting conductive film 7017 that is electrically connected to the driving TFT 7011, and a light-emitting layer 7014 and an anode 7015 are stacked in this order over the cathode 7013. A light-blocking film 7016 for reflecting or blocking light may be formed to cover the anode 7015 when the anode 7015 has a light-transmitting property. For the cathode 7013, a variety of materials can be used as in the case of FIG. 24A as long as they are conductive materials having a low work function. The cathode 7013 is formed to have a thickness that can transmit light (preferably, about 5 nm to 30 nm). For example, an aluminum film with a thickness of 20 nm can be used as the cathode 7013. Similar to the case of FIG. 24A, the light-emitting layer 7014 may be formed using either a single layer or a plurality of layers stacked. The anode 7015 is not required to transmit light, but can be formed using a light-transmitting conductive material as in the case of FIG. 24A. For the light-blocking film 7016, metal or the like that reflects light can be used for example; however, the light-blocking film 7016 is not limited to a metal film. For example, a resin or the like to which a black pigment is added can also be used.
The light-emitting element 7012 corresponds to a region where the light-emitting layer 7014 is sandwiched between the cathode 7013 and the anode 7015. In the case of the pixel illustrated in FIG. 24B, light is emitted from the light-emitting element 7012 to the cathode 7013 side as indicated by an arrow.
Next, a light-emitting element having a dual emission structure is described with reference to FIG. 24C. In FIG. 24C, a cathode 7023 of a light-emitting element 7022 is formed over a light-transmitting conductive film 7027 which is electrically connected to the driving TFT 7021, and a light-emitting layer 7024 and an anode 7025 are stacked in this order over the cathode 7023. As in the case of FIG. 24A, the cathode 7023 can be formed using a variety of conductive materials as long as they have a low work function. The cathode 7023 is formed to have a thickness that can transmit light. For example, a film of Al having a thickness of 20 nm can be used as the cathode 7023. As in FIG. 24A, the light-emitting layer 7024 may be formed using either a single layer or a plurality of layers stacked. The anode 7025 can be formed using a light-transmitting conductive material as in the case of FIG. 24A.
The light-emitting element 7022 corresponds to a region where the cathode 7023, the light-emitting layer 7024, and the anode 7025 overlap with one another. In the case of the pixel illustrated in FIG. 24C, light is emitted from the light-emitting element 7022 to both the anode 7025 side and the cathode 7023 side as indicated by arrows.
Note that although the organic EL elements are described here as the light-emitting elements, an inorganic EL element can also be provided as a light-emitting element.
In this embodiment, the example is described in which a thin film transistor (a driving TFT) which controls the driving of a light-emitting element is electrically connected to the light-emitting element; however, a structure may be employed in which a TFT for current control is connected between the driving TFT and the light-emitting element.
The semiconductor device described in this embodiment is not limited to the structures illustrated in FIGS. 24A to 24C and can be modified in various ways based on the spirit of techniques according to the present invention.
Next, the appearance and a cross section of a light-emitting display panel (also referred to as a light-emitting panel) which is one embodiment of a semiconductor device to which the thin film transistor described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 is applied will be described with reference to FIGS. 25A and 25B. FIG. 25A is a plan view of a panel in which a thin film transistor and a light-emitting element formed over a first substrate are sealed between the first substrate and a second substrate with a sealant. FIG. 25B is a cross-sectional view taken along line H-I of FIG. 25A.
A sealant 4505 is provided so as to surround a pixel portion 4502, signal line driver circuits 4503a and 4503b, and scan line driver circuits 4504a and 4504b which are provided over a first substrate 4501. In addition, a second substrate 4506 is provided over the pixel portion 4502, the signal line driver circuits 4503a and 4503b, and the scan line driver circuits 4504a and 4504b. Accordingly, the pixel portion 4502, the signal line driver circuits 4503a and 4503b, and the scan line driver circuits 4504a and 4504b are sealed together with a filler 4507, by the first substrate 4501, the sealant 4505, and the second substrate 4506. It is preferable that the panel be thus packaged (sealed) with a protective film (such as an attachment film or an ultraviolet curable resin film) or a cover material with high air-tightness and little degasification so that the panel is not exposed to the outside air.
The pixel portion 4502, the signal line driver circuits 4503a and 4503b, and the scan line driver circuits 4504a and 4504b which are formed over the first substrate 4501 each include a plurality of thin film transistors, and a thin film transistor 4510 included in the pixel portion 4502 and a thin film transistor 4509 included in the signal line driver circuit 4503a are illustrated as an example in FIG. 25B.
The highly reliable thin film transistor described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3, which includes an oxide semiconductor layer typified by an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film and whose electric characteristics are stabilized, can be applied to the thin film transistors 4509 and 4510. In this embodiment, the thin film transistors 4509 and 4510 are n-channel thin film transistors.
Moreover, reference numeral 4511 denotes a light-emitting element. A first electrode layer 4517 which is a pixel electrode included in the light-emitting element 4511 is electrically connected to a source electrode layer or a drain electrode layer of the thin film transistor 4510. Note that the structure of the light-emitting element 4511 is a stacked-layer structure of the first electrode layer 4517, an electroluminescent layer 4512, and a second electrode layer 4513, but not limited to the structure described in this embodiment. The structure of the light-emitting element 4511 can be changed as appropriate depending on the direction in which light is extracted from the light-emitting element 4511, or the like.
A partition 4520 is formed using an organic resin film, an inorganic insulating film, or organic polysiloxane. It is particularly preferable that the partition 4520 be formed using a photosensitive material and an opening be formed over the first electrode layer 4517 so that a sidewall of the opening is formed as an inclined surface with continuous curvature.
The electroluminescent layer 4512 may be formed with a single layer or a plurality of layers stacked.
A protective film may be formed over the second electrode layer 4513 and the partition 4520 in order to prevent entry of oxygen, hydrogen, moisture, carbon dioxide, or the like into the light-emitting element 4511. As the protective film, a silicon nitride film, a silicon nitride oxide film, a DLC film, or the like can be formed.
In addition, a variety of signals and potentials are supplied to the signal line driver circuits 4503a and 4503b, the scan line driver circuits 4504a and 4504b, or the pixel portion 4502 from FPCs 4518a and 4518b. 
In this embodiment, a connection terminal electrode 4515 is formed from the same conductive film as the first electrode layer 4517 included in the light-emitting element 4511, and a terminal electrode 4516 is formed from the same conductive film as the source and drain electrode layers included in the thin film transistors 4509 and 4510.
The connection terminal electrode 4515 is electrically connected to a terminal included in the FPC 4518a through an anisotropic conductive film 4519.
The second substrate 4506 located in the direction in which light is extracted from the light-emitting element 4511 needs to have a light-transmitting property. In that case, a light-transmitting material such as a glass plate, a plastic plate, a polyester film, or an acrylic film is used for the second substrate 4506.
As the filler 4507, an ultraviolet curable resin or a thermosetting resin can be used, in addition to an inert gas such as nitrogen or argon. For example, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylic, polyimide, an epoxy resin, a silicone resin, polyvinyl butyral (PVB), or ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) can be used. In this embodiment, nitrogen is used for the filler 4507.
In addition, if needed, an optical film such as a polarizing plate, a circularly polarizing plate (including an elliptically polarizing plate), a retardation plate (a λ/4 plate or a λ/2 plate), or a color filter may be provided as appropriate on a light-emitting surface of the light-emitting element. Further, the polarizing plate or the circularly polarizing plate may be provided with an anti-reflection film. For example, anti-glare treatment can be performed, by which reflected light can be diffused by projections and depressions on a surface, thereby reducing reflection.
The signal line driver circuits 4503a and 4503b and the scan line driver circuits 4504a and 4504b may be mounted as driver circuits formed using a single crystal semiconductor film or a polycrystalline semiconductor film over a substrate separately prepared. In addition, only the signal line driver circuits or part thereof, or only the scan line driver circuits or part thereof may be separately formed and then mounted. This embodiment is not limited to the structure illustrated in FIGS. 25A and 25B.
Through the above process, a highly reliable light-emitting display device (display panel) whose electric characteristics are stabilized as a semiconductor device can be manufactured.
Note that the structure described in this embodiment can be combined with any of the structures described in other embodiments as appropriate.
Embodiment 8
A semiconductor device to which the thin film transistor described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 is applied can be applied to electronic paper. Electronic paper can be used for electronic devices of a variety of fields as long as they can display data. For example, electronic paper can be applied to an e-book reader (electronic book), a poster, an advertisement in a vehicle such as a train, or displays of various cards such as a credit card. Examples of such electronic devices are illustrated in FIGS. 26A and 26B and FIG. 27.
FIG. 26A illustrates a poster 2631 using electronic paper. In the case where an advertising medium is printed paper, the advertisement is replaced by hands; however, by using the electronic paper, the advertising display can be changed in a short time. Furthermore, stable images can be obtained without display defects. Note that the poster may have a structure capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data.
FIG. 26B illustrates an advertisement 2632 in a vehicle such as a train. In the case where an advertising medium is printed paper, the advertisement is replaced by hands; however, by using the electronic paper, the advertising display can be changed in a short time without a lot of manpower. Furthermore, stable images can be obtained without display defects. Note that the advertisement in a vehicle may have a structure capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data.
FIG. 27 illustrates an example of an e-book reader 2700. For example, the e-book reader 2700 includes two housings, a housing 2701 and a housing 2703. The housing 2701 and the housing 2703 are combined with a hinge 2711 so that the e-book reader 2700 can be opened and closed with the hinge 2711 as an axis. With such a structure, the e-book reader 2700 can operate like a paper book.
A display portion 2705 and a display portion 2707 are incorporated in the housing 2701 and the housing 2703, respectively. The display portion 2705 and the display portion 2707 may display one image or different images. In the case where the display portion 2705 and the display portion 2707 display different images, for example, a display portion on the right side (the display portion 2705 in FIG. 27) can display text and a display portion on the left side (the display portion 2707 in FIG. 27) can display graphics.
FIG. 27 illustrates an example in which the housing 2701 is provided with an operation portion and the like. For example, the housing 2701 is provided with a power switch 2721, an operation key 2723, a speaker 2725, and the like. With the operation key 2723, pages can be turned. Note that a keyboard, a pointing device, and the like may be provided on the same surface as the display portion of the housing. Furthermore, an external connection terminal (such as an earphone terminal, a USB terminal, or a terminal that can be connected to various cables such as an AC adapter and a USB cable), a recording medium insertion portion, and the like may be provided on the back surface or a side surface of the housing. Moreover, the e-book reader 2700 may have a function of an electronic dictionary.
The e-book reader 2700 may have a structure capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data. Through wireless communication, desired book data or the like can be purchased and downloaded from an electronic book server.
Note that the structure described in this embodiment can be combined with any of the structures described in other embodiments as appropriate.
Embodiment 9
The semiconductor device including the thin film transistor described in any of Embodiments 1 to 3 can be applied to a variety of electronic devices (including game machines). Examples of electronic devices include a television set (also referred to as a television or a television receiver), a monitor of a computer or the like, a camera such as a digital camera or a digital video camera, a digital photo frame, a mobile phone (also referred to as a cellular phone or a mobile phone device), a portable game console, a portable information terminal, an audio reproducing device, a large-sized game machine such as a pachinko machine, and the like.
FIG. 28A illustrates an example of a television set 9600. In the television set 9600, a display portion 9603 is incorporated in a housing 9601. The display portion 9603 can display images. Here, the housing 9601 is supported by a stand 9605.
The television set 9600 can be operated with an operation switch of the housing 9601 or a separate remote controller 9610. Channels and volume can be controlled with an operation key 9609 of the remote controller 9610 so that an image displayed on the display portion 9603 can be controlled. Furthermore, the remote controller 9610 may be provided with a display portion 9607 for displaying data output from the remote controller 9610.
Note that the television set 9600 is provided with a receiver, a modem, and the like. With the use of the receiver, general television broadcasting can be received. Moreover, when the display device is connected to a communication network by wired or wireless connection via the modem, one-way (from a sender to a receiver) or two-way (between a sender and a receiver or between receivers) information communication can be performed.
FIG. 28B illustrates an example of a digital photo frame 9700. For example, in the digital photo frame 9700, a display portion 9703 is incorporated in a housing 9701. The display portion 9703 can display a variety of images. For example, the display portion 9703 can display data of an image taken with a digital camera or the like and function as a normal photo frame.
Note that the digital photo frame 9700 is provided with an operation portion, an external connection portion (such as a USB terminal, or a terminal that can be connected to various cables such as a USB cable), a recording medium insertion portion, and the like. Although these components may be provided on the same plane as the display portion, it is preferable to provide them on the side surface or the back surface for the design of the digital photo frame. For example, a memory storing data of an image taken with a digital camera is inserted in the recording medium insertion portion of the digital photo frame, whereby the image data can be transferred and then displayed on the display portion 9703.
The digital photo frame 9700 may have a structure capable of wirelessly transmitting and receiving data. A structure in which desired image data is transferred wirelessly to be displayed can also be employed.
FIG. 29A is a portable game machine and includes two housings, a housing 9881 and a housing 9891, which are connected with a joint portion 9893 so that the portable game machine can be opened or closed. A display portion 9882 and a display portion 9883 are incorporated in the housing 9881 and the housing 9891, respectively. In addition, the portable game machine illustrated in FIG. 29A includes a speaker portion 9884, a recording medium insertion portion 9886, an LED lamp 9890, an input means (an operation key 9885, a connection terminal 9887, a sensor 9888 (a sensor having a function of measuring force, displacement, position, speed, acceleration, angular velocity, rotational frequency, distance, light, liquid, magnetism, temperature, chemical substance, sound, time, hardness, electric field, current, voltage, electric power, radiation, flow rate, humidity, gradient, oscillation, odor, or infrared rays), or a microphone 9889), and the like. Needless to say, the structure of the portable game machine is not limited to the above, and may be any structure as long as a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention is provided. Moreover, another accessory may be provided as appropriate. The portable game machine illustrated in FIG. 29A has a function of reading a program or data stored in a recording medium to display it on the display portion, and a function of sharing information with another portable game machine via wireless communication. The portable game machine in FIG. 29A can have various functions without being limited thereto.
FIG. 29B illustrates an example of a slot machine 9900 which is a large-sized game machine. In the slot machine 9900, a display portion 9903 is incorporated in a housing 9901. In addition, the slot machine 9900 includes an operation means such as a start lever or a stop switch, a coin slot, a speaker, and the like. Needless to say, the structure of the slot machine 9900 is not limited to the above, and may be any structure as long as at least a semiconductor device according to one embodiment of the present invention is provided. Moreover, another accessory may be provided as appropriate.
FIG. 30A illustrates an example of a mobile phone 1000. The mobile phone 1000 includes a display portion 1002 incorporated in a housing 1001, an operation button 1003, an external connection port 1004, a speaker 1005, a microphone 1006, and the like.
In the mobile phone 1000 illustrated in FIG. 30A, data can be input when the display portion 1002 is touched with a finger or the like. Furthermore, operations such as making a call and composing a mail can be performed by touching the display portion 1002 with a finger or the like.
There are mainly three screen modes of the display portion 1002. The first mode is a display mode mainly for displaying images. The second mode is an input mode mainly for inputting data such as text. The third mode is a display-and-input mode in which two modes of the display mode and the input mode are combined.
For example, in a case of making a call or composing a mail, a text input mode mainly for inputting text is selected for the display portion 1002 so that text displayed on a screen can be input. In that case, it is preferable to display a keyboard or number buttons on almost all area of the screen of the display portion 1002.
When a detection device including a sensor for detecting inclination, such as a gyroscope or an acceleration sensor, is provided inside the mobile phone 1000, display in the screen of the display portion 1002 can be automatically switched by determining the orientation of the mobile phone 1000 (whether the mobile phone 1000 is placed horizontally or vertically for a landscape mode or a portrait mode).
The screen modes are switched by touching the display portion 1002 or operating the operation button 1003 of the housing 1001. Alternatively, the screen modes may be switched depending on the kind of the image displayed on the display portion 1002. For example, when a signal of an image displayed on the display portion is a signal of moving image data, the screen mode is switched to the display mode. When the signal is a signal of text data, the screen mode is switched to the input mode.
Further, in the input mode, when input by touching the display portion 1002 is not performed for a certain period while a signal detected by the optical sensor in the display portion 1002 is detected, the screen mode may be controlled so as to be switched from the input mode to the display mode.
The display portion 1002 may function as an image sensor. For example, an image of a palm print, a fingerprint, or the like is taken when the display portion 1002 is touched with the palm or the finger, whereby personal identification can be performed. Further, by providing a backlight or a sensing light source which emits a near-infrared light in the display portion, an image of a finger vein, a palm vein, or the like can be taken.
FIG. 30B also illustrates an example of a mobile phone. The mobile phone illustrated in FIG. 30B is provided with a display device 9410 having a display portion 9412 and an operation button 9413 in a housing 9411 and a communication device 9400 having an operation button 9402, an external input terminal 9403, a microphone 9404, a speaker 9405, and a light-emitting portion 9406 which emits light when receiving a call in a housing 9401. The display device 9410 having a display function can be detached from or attached to the communication device 9400 having a telephone function in two directions indicated by arrows. Thus, the display device 9410 and the communication device 9400 can be attached to each other along their short sides or long sides. In addition, when only the display function is needed, the display device 9410 can be detached from the communication device 9400 and used alone. Images or input information can be transmitted or received by wireless or wired communication between the communication device 9400 and the display device 9410, each of which has a rechargeable battery.
Note that the structure described in this embodiment can be combined with any of the structures described in other embodiments as appropriate.
Example 1
In this example, evaluation results of the conductivity of an oxide semiconductor which is used for the oxide semiconductor layer and the buffer layer in any of the above embodiments will be shown.
In this example, an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film (hereinafter referred to as an IGZO film) formed by a sputtering method in an atmosphere of an argon gas and an oxygen gas and an In—Ga—Zn—O—N-based non-single-crystal film (hereinafter referred to as an IGZON film) formed by a sputtering method in an atmosphere of an argon gas and a nitrogen gas were formed over respective glass substrates. The IGZO film and the IGZON film were subjected to reverse sputtering treatment, heat treatment in an air atmosphere, and heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere. After each treatment, the sheet resistance values of respective films were measured and the conductivity thereof was calculated. Each step of this example is described in detail below.
First, the glass substrates were cleaned with pure water. Note that product name EAGLE 2000 (manufactured by Corning Inc., alkali-free glass) was used for the glass substrate. Next, the IGZO film and the IGZON film were formed over the respective glass substrates. The IGZO film was formed using a target including In2O3, Ga2O3, and ZnO at a ratio of 1:1:1 under the conditions that the distance between the substrate and the target was 60 mm, the pressure was 0.4 Pa, direct current (DC) power was 0.5 kW, the film thickness was 50 nm, the flow rate of Ar to O2 in a deposition gas was 30:15 (sccm), and the deposition temperature was room temperature. The IGZON film was formed under conditions similar to those of the IGZO film except that the flow rate of Ar to N2 in a deposition gas was 35:5 (sccm). Note that the IGZO film and the IGZON film were formed so that the thicknesses thereof were about 50 nm, and the actual thicknesses were measured by an ellipsometer after the formation. Then, the sheet resistance values of the IGZO film and the IGZON film were measured by a sheet resistance tester. Note that conductivity can be obtained by a sheet resistance value and a film thickness.
Next, reverse sputtering treatment was performed on the IGZO film and the IGZON film under the conditions that the Ar gas flow rate was 50 sccm, the pressure was 0.6 Pa, direct current (DC) power was 0.2 kW, and treatment time was 3 minutes. After the reverse sputtering treatment, the sheet resistance values of the IGZO film and the IGZON film were measured and the conductivity thereof was calculated.
Next, the IGZO film and the IGZON film were repeatedly subjected to heat treatment in an air atmosphere (hereinafter referred to as air baking) under conditions of a treatment temperature of 350° C. and treatment time of one hour, and heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere (hereinafter referred to as nitrogen baking) under similar conditions in a treatment temperature and treatment time. The heat treatments were performed in two ways, a process A and a process B. In the process A, air baking, nitrogen baking, air baking, and nitrogen baking were performed in this order as the heat treatment after the reverse sputtering treatment. In the process B, nitrogen baking, air baking, and nitrogen baking were performed in this order as the heat treatment after the reverse sputtering treatment. In other words, the process B is a process in which the first air baking was omitted in the process A.









TABLE 1






Conductivity of
Conductivity of


Process A
IGZO film (S/cm)
IGZON film (S/cm)

















Directly after film formation
<<0.01
<<0.01


After reverse sputtering
1.72
3.49


After air baking
<<0.01
<<0.01


After nitrogen baking
<<0.01
1.82


After air baking
<<0.01
<<0.01


After nitrogen baking
<<0.01
1.65


















TABLE 2






Conductivity of
Conductivity of


Process B
IGZO fim (S/cm)
IGZON film(S/cm)

















Directly after film formation
<<0.01
<<0.01


After reverse sputtering
1.72
3.49


After nitrogen baking
139
290


After air baking
<<0.01
<<0.01


After nitrogen baking
0.15
65.2









Table 1 shows the conductivity of the IGZO film and the IGZON film in the process A, and Table 2 shows the conductivity of the IGZO film and the IGZON film in the process B. The unit for the conductivity is S/cm both in Table 1 and in Table 2. Note that the conductivity of a film whose sheet resistance value was too high to be measured by the sheet resistance tester is denoted by <<0.01.
In each of Table 1 and Table 2, when the IGZO film and the IGZON film which were subjected to the same process are compared to each other, the conductivity of the IGZON film is higher than that of the IGZO film. In addition, after the reverse sputtering treatment, the conductivity of the IGZO films and the IGZON films is increased. The conductivity of the IGZO films and the IGZON films is decreased after the air baking and increased after the nitrogen baking. In particular, in the process B shown in Table 2, the conductivity of the IGZO film and the IGZON film after the first nitrogen baking is significantly increased as compared to that after other treatment.
When the conductivity of the IGZO film and the IGZON film after the first nitrogen baking in the process A shown in Table 1 and that of the IGZO film and the IGZON film after the second nitrogen baking in the process B shown in Table 2 are compared to each other, the conductivity of both of the IGZO film and the IGZON film in the latter case is higher than that in the former case, even though the conductivity becomes 0.01 S/cm or less by the air baking in the process A and the process B. This shows that the conductivity of the IGZO film and the IGZON film is decreased when the atmosphere of the first heat treatment after the film formation is an air atmosphere, and increased when the atmosphere is a nitrogen atmosphere. Furthermore, the following is presumed: even when heat treatments in different atmospheres are performed a plurality of times after the film formation, effect of subsequent heat treatment in a different atmosphere is lowered depending on the atmosphere of the first heat treatment after the film formation.
Accordingly, an In—Ga—Zn—O—N-based non-single-crystal film formed in an atmosphere of an argon gas and a nitrogen gas is preferably used for the buffer layer of any of the above embodiments. Further, reverse sputtering treatment and heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere are preferably performed on the In—Ga—Zn—O—N-based non-single-crystal film. Thus, the conductivity of the buffer layer is increased and an ohmic contact is formed between an oxide semiconductor layer and source or drain electrode layer, so that electric characteristics of a thin film transistor can be stabilized. In particular, it is preferable that the heat treatment of the oxide semiconductor layer in a nitrogen atmosphere be performed before the heat treatment in an air atmosphere. In addition, an In—Ga—Zn—O-based non-single-crystal film which is formed in an atmosphere of an argon gas and an oxygen gas and then subjected to heat treatment in an air atmosphere is preferably used for the oxide semiconductor layer. With this film, the conductivity of the oxide semiconductor layer can be reduced and off current can be reduced. In addition, the heat treatment in an air atmosphere is performed after the oxide semiconductor layer is formed and the heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere is performed after the buffer layer is formed; thus, the conductivity of the oxide semiconductor layer and the buffer layer can be kept appropriate even when heat treatment is performed after the thin film transistor is formed.
This application is based on Japanese Patent Application serial no. 2009-090427 filed with Japan Patent Office on Apr. 2, 2009, the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference.

## Claims

1. A manufacturing method of a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of:
forming a gate electrode layer over a substrate;
forming a gate insulating layer over the gate electrode layer;
forming a conductive film over the gate insulating layer;
forming a first oxide semiconductor film over the conductive film;
etching the conductive film and the first oxide semiconductor film to form a source electrode layer, a drain electrode layer, a second oxide semiconductor film, and a third oxide semiconductor film, wherein the second oxide semiconductor film is provided over the source electrode layer and the third oxide semiconductor film is provided over the drain electrode layer;
performing reverse sputtering treatment on the second oxide semiconductor film and the third oxide semiconductor film;
performing a first heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere after forming the second oxide semiconductor film and the third oxide semiconductor film;
forming a fourth oxide semiconductor film over the gate insulating layer, the second oxide semiconductor film, and the third oxide semiconductor film; and
etching the second to fourth oxide semiconductor films to form a first buffer layer, a second buffer layer, and an oxide semiconductor layer, wherein the first buffer layer is formed from the second oxide semiconductor film and the second buffer layer is formed from the third oxide semiconductor film.

2. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 1, wherein the first heat treatment is performed at 250° C. to 500° C. inclusive.

3. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 1, wherein the first oxide semiconductor film is formed in an atmosphere of a rare gas and a nitrogen gas.

4. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 1, wherein the reverse sputtering treatment is performed after performing the first heat treatment.

5. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 1, wherein the fourth oxide semiconductor film is formed in an atmosphere of a rare gas and an oxygen gas.

6. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 1, further comprising the steps of performing a second heat treatment in an air atmosphere and performing a third heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere before forming the fourth oxide semiconductor film.

7. A manufacturing method of a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of:
forming a gate electrode layer over a substrate;
forming a gate insulating layer over the gate electrode layer;
forming a conductive film over the gate insulating layer;
forming a first oxide semiconductor film over the conductive film;
etching the conductive film and the first oxide semiconductor film to form a source electrode layer, a drain electrode layer, a second oxide semiconductor film, and a third oxide semiconductor film, wherein the second oxide semiconductor film is provided over the source electrode layer and the third oxide semiconductor film is provided over the drain electrode layer;
performing reverse sputtering treatment on the second oxide semiconductor film and the third oxide semiconductor film;
performing a first heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere after forming the second oxide semiconductor film and the third oxide semiconductor film;
forming a fourth oxide semiconductor film over the gate insulating layer, the second oxide semiconductor film, and the third oxide semiconductor film;
performing a second heat treatment in an air atmosphere before etching the fourth oxide semiconductor film; and
etching the second to fourth oxide semiconductor films to form a first buffer layer, a second buffer layer, and an oxide semiconductor layer, wherein the first buffer layer is formed from the second oxide semiconductor film and the second buffer layer is formed from the third oxide semiconductor film.

8. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 7, wherein the first heat treatment is performed at 250° C. to 500° C. inclusive.

9. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 7, wherein the first oxide semiconductor film is formed in an atmosphere of a rare gas and a nitrogen gas.

10. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 7, wherein the reverse sputtering treatment is performed after performing the first heat treatment.

11. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 7, wherein the fourth oxide semiconductor film is formed in an atmosphere of a rare gas and an oxygen gas.

12. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 7, further comprising the steps of performing a third heat treatment in an air atmosphere and performing a fourth heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere before forming the fourth oxide semiconductor film.

13. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 7, wherein the second heat treatment is performed at 250° C. to 500° C. inclusive.

14. A manufacturing method of a semiconductor device, comprising the steps of:
forming a gate electrode layer over a substrate;
forming a gate insulating layer over the gate electrode layer;
forming a conductive film over the gate insulating layer;
forming a first oxide semiconductor film over the conductive film;
etching the conductive film and the first oxide semiconductor film to form a source electrode layer, a drain electrode layer, a second oxide semiconductor film, and a third oxide semiconductor film, wherein the second oxide semiconductor film is provided over the source electrode layer and the third oxide semiconductor film is provided over the drain electrode layer;
performing reverse sputtering treatment on the second oxide semiconductor film and the third oxide semiconductor film;
performing a first heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere after forming the second oxide semiconductor film and the third oxide semiconductor film;
forming a fourth oxide semiconductor film over the gate insulating layer, the second oxide semiconductor film, and the third oxide semiconductor film;
etching the second to fourth oxide semiconductor films to form a first buffer layer, a second buffer layer, and an oxide semiconductor layer, wherein the first buffer layer is formed from the second oxide semiconductor film and the second buffer layer is formed from the third oxide semiconductor film; and
performing a second heat treatment in an air atmosphere after forming the oxide semiconductor layer.

15. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 14, wherein the first heat treatment is performed at 250° C. to 500° C. inclusive.

16. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 14, wherein the first oxide semiconductor film is formed in an atmosphere of a rare gas and a nitrogen gas.

17. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 14, wherein the reverse sputtering treatment is performed after performing the first heat treatment.

18. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 14, wherein the fourth oxide semiconductor film is formed in an atmosphere of a rare gas and an oxygen gas.

19. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 14, further comprising the steps of performing a third heat treatment in an air atmosphere and performing a fourth heat treatment in a nitrogen atmosphere before forming the fourth oxide semiconductor film.

20. The method for manufacturing a semiconductor device, according to claim 14, wherein the second heat treatment is performed at 250° C. to 500° C. inclusive.