Reverse and Render and Opinion Filed December 8, 2014 

S 

In The 

Court of Appeals 

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas 

No. 05-13-01128-CV 

THE BOARD OF ADJUSTMENT OF THE CITY OF UNIVERSITY PARK, TEXAS, 

Appellant 

V. 

LEGACY HILLCREST INVESTMENTS, LP, Appellee 

On Appeal from the 191st Judicial District Court 

Dallas County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. 11-15353 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

Before Justices Francis and Myers and Chief Justice Thomas, Ret.1

Opinion by Justice Francis 

The Board of Adjustment of the City of University Park, Texas, appeals the trial court’s 

judgment in favor of Legacy Hillcrest Investments, LP. In three issues, the Board claims the trial 

court erred by (1) reversing the Board’s decision regarding the City’s zoning ordinance, (2) 

finding violations of the Texas Open Meetings Act and granting a permanent injunction against 

the Board to prohibit future violations of the same, and (3) awarding Legacy attorney’s fees. We 

reverse the trial court’s judgment. 

 Legacy is a Texas limited partnership that owns land at 3410-3412 Haynie Street in the 

City. The two lots are located south of a planned development known as Snider Plaza and north 

of a single-family district. The Southern Methodist University law school lies to the east of the 

 1

 The Honorable Linda Thomas, Chief Justice of the Court of Appeals for the Fifth District of Texas—Dallas, Retired, sitting by 

assignment. 
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lots, and a multifamily lot borders them to the west. The lots are zoned O for office, P for 

Parking, and MF for multifamily. 

Legacy has sought, on various occasions, to develop the property by rezoning the lots as 

PD or planned development. In 2001, Legacy proposed a 270,500-square-foot building for 

office, restaurant, and bank use, along with the City library and YMCA, with an underground 

parking garage structure. The Planning and Zoning Commission denied the request. In 2006, 

Legacy requested a zoning change to PD, presenting a concept plan for a 320,000-square-foot 

building for restaurant, retail, office, hotel, bank, library, and multifamily use along with eight 

single-family use units with an underground parking structure. In response to opposition from 

the area residents and the City, Legacy reduced the square footage of the building to 312,000 

square feet, and later to 260,000 square feet. Again, the Planning and Zoning Commission 

denied the request. Shortly thereafter, Legacy submitted a request for an amended plan for 

217,500 square feet plus eight single-family homes with underground parking. Although the 

Planning and Zoning Commission voted to approve a PD plan with a total of 135,000 square 

feet, excluding the eight homes, Legacy withdrew its application. In 2009, Legacy again 

proposed rezoning the lots as PD with a proposed building not to exceed 435,000 square feet, 

including an above-ground parking garage. The City Council agreed to grant a total of 136,000 

square feet for the entire development; this resolution was later rescinded at Legacy’s request. 

In 2011, Legacy sought a change of zoning of only the parking and office portions of the 

lots to PD for a 150,000-square-foot mixed-use development to include a hotel, one singlefamily unit, offices, and retail use with “parking below grade.” The Planning and Zoning 

Commission approved the proposal, subject to a maximum total square footage of 135,000; the 

proposal was referred to the City Council for approval. At the hearing, Legacy stated it 

supported the 135,000-square-foot proposal recommended by the Planning and Zoning 
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Commission but that it was the “bottom-line level of density and subsurface parking that can 

realistically be built and still allow a quality development.” Legacy cautioned that if it were 

denied its rezoning request and limited to building under the existing zoning designation of 

office, the maximum size development would be 108,000 square feet, which would require a 

three-level, above-ground parking garage to meet the requirements of the code because 

subsurface parking spaces would not be economically feasible for a 108,000-square-foot 

development. At the October 4, 2011 City Council meeting, Legacy issued the following 

statement: 

[We have] tried to create an acceptable development proposal that will benefit all 

parties. . . [We] understand from an earlier Council statement that the Council is 

going to deny the application today. . . Legacy currently plans to develop under 

existing zoning which will include a thirty-five foot parking garage, which . . . is 

the only economically feasible option to redevelop the site. . . [T]he city has made 

clear for the past ten years that above-grade parking is allowed under existing 

zoning and Legacy Hillcrest has proceeded in good faith under those assurances. 

Following this statement, the City Council voted to deny the application. 

While the fourth PD application was pending, Legacy also sought a permit to allow for 

construction of an above-ground, multi-level parking garage only on the portion of the Haynie 

lot zoned P, Parking District. Robert Lee Corder III, director of community development for the 

City, and his department reviewed the application for compliance with the zoning ordinances, 

including section 23-101, entitled “P, Parking District.” That section states “[o]nly surface 

parking lots may be located adjacent to a Single-Family District.” After concluding the Haynie 

tract was not adjacent to a single-family district, despite sharing a district boundary line, the 

community development staff approved and prepared to issue the permit. An appeal was timely 

filed and, following a public hearing, the Board denied the permit. 

Rather than appeal the Board’s decision to the City Council, Legacy filed a writ of 

certiorari in district court. TEX. LOC. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 211.011 (West 2008). After a three-
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day hearing, the trial court found the Board erred by overturning Corder’s interpretation of the 

zoning ordinance, concluded the Board’s actions were “arbitrary and capricious, an abuse of 

discretion and . . . not supported by the law or evidence,” and reversed the Board’s decision. The 

trial court also found the Board committed four violations of the Texas Open Meetings Act, 

issued a permanent injunction against future violations, and awarded attorney’s fees to Legacy. 

This appeal followed. 

In its first issue, the Board contends the trial court erred by reversing the Board’s decision 

that the proposed parking garage was not allowed under the City’s zoning ordinance. Under this 

issue, the Board argues it has the power to interpret and apply the zoning ordinance and is not 

required to defer to staff views or opinions. The Board also contends the P-zoned lot is adjacent 

to a single-family district and, therefore, a multi-level parking garage may not be built there 

under the City’s zoning ordinance. In response, Legacy argues that “adjacent” unambiguously 

means “contiguous” and section 23-101 permits a multi-level parking lot as long as the parking 

garage structure itself does not touch the single-family district boundary line. Legacy also 

argued that the parking structure is not adjacent to a single-family district because the distance 

from any single-family structure to the walls of a parking structure would be at least one hundred 

feet. 

We apply the same rules to construe municipal ordinances as those used to construe 

statutes. Bd. of Adjustment of City of San Antonio v. Wende, 92 S.W.3d 424, 430 (Tex. 2002); 

Baird v. City of Melissa, 170 S.W.3d 921, 924−25 (Tex. App.―Dallas 2005, pet. denied). Our 

objective in construing the zoning ordinance provisions at issue is to discern the City’s intent. 

See Fitzgerald v. Advanced Spine Fixation Sys., Inc., 996 S.W.2d 864, 865 (Tex. 1999). We rely 

on the plain meaning of the text as expressing this intent unless a different meaning is supplied 

by definition or is apparent from the context, or the plain meaning leads to absurd results. Tex. 
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Lottery Comm’n v. First State Bank of DeQueen, 325 S.W.3d 628, 635 (Tex. 2010). In giving 

effect to the enactment as a whole, we should not assign a meaning to a provision that would be 

inconsistent with other provisions of the zoning ordinance. See Meritor Auto., Inc. v. Ruan 

Leasing Co., 44 S.W.3d 86, 90 (Tex. 2001). Even if a statute is ambiguous, the court construes 

the statute as a matter of law. Arrendondo v. City of Dallas, 79 S.W.3d 657, 667 (Tex. 

App.―Dallas 2002, pet. denied). Because statutory construction is a question of law, we review 

the issue de novo. McIntyre v. Ramirez, 109 S.W.3d 741, 745 (Tex. 2003); Baird, 170 S.W.3d at 

925. 

Section 23-101, entitled “P, Parking District” is the zoning ordinance at issue in this case. 

It provides, in pertinent part, that “[o]nly surface parking lots may be located adjacent to a 

Single-Family District.” CITY OF UNIV. PARK, TEX., ZONING ORDINANCE § 23-101 (2011). The 

term “adjacent” is not defined in the zoning ordinance; thus, we rely on the ordinary meaning of 

the word as defined by the dictionary. Heritage Res., Inc. v. NationsBank, 939 S.W.2d 118, 121 

(Tex. 1996); Pratt-Shaw v. Pilgrim’s Pride Corp., 122 S.W.3d 825, 833 (Tex. App.―Dallas 

2003, pet. denied). “Ádjacent” means “to lie near, border on, not distant or far off, nearby but 

not touching,” “lying near or close to, but not necessarily touching,” “close to, lying near.” See

WEBSTER’S 3RD NEW INT’L DICTIONARY 26 (1993); BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 49 (10th ed.

2014); THE AMERICAN HERITAGE DICTIONARY 21 (4th ed. 2000). The ordinance also provides 

that the boundaries of districts “indicated as approximately following streets . . . shall be 

construed to follow the centerline of such street.” CITY OF UNIV. PARK, TEX., ZONING 

ORDINANCE § 6-101. Corder testified the Haynie parking lot district boundary line and the 

single-family district boundary line immediately to the south of the lot meet in the middle of 

Haynie Street. The two districts share a common border and touch. Using the plain meaning of 

adjacent, the lots are near or close to each other. Because the City’s zoning ordinance provides 
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that only surface parking lots may be located “near” or “close” to a single-family district, we 

conclude the Board correctly determined a multi-level, above-ground parking garage structure 

was not allowed on the Haynie lot zoned “P” and that only a surface parking lot may be located 

there. 

In reaching this conclusion, we necessarily reject Legacy’s contention that the wording of 

section 23-101 permits a multi-level parking lot so long as the parking garage structure itself did 

not touch the single-family district line. Under Legacy’s interpretation, a parking garage 

structure would be prohibited because it would be adjacent only if it were built in the middle of 

Haynie Street. The plain and common meaning of adjacent, however, is close or near, and may 

include but does not require touching or contiguity. See WEBSTER’S 3RD NEW INT’L DICTIONARY 

26 (1993); BLACK’S LAW DICTIONARY 49 (10th ed. 2014); THE AMERICAN HERITAGE 

DICTIONARY 21 (4th ed. 2000). Our mandate is to presume the City selected the language in the 

ordinance with care, intending every word or phrase was used with a purpose in mind, and to 

avoid constructions that lead to absurd results. See Tex. Lottery Comm’n, 325 S.W.3d at 635. 

Because Legacy’s interpretation of section 23-101’s language would lead to an absurd result, we 

decline to follow it. We sustain the Board’s first issue. 

In its second issue, the Board contends the trial court abused its discretion by granting 

Legacy’s request for a permanent injunction. The Board claims there is no evidence to support 

the trial court’s findings that (1) the Board did not keep minutes of its work sessions, formally 

convene its work session, or properly meet in closed session as required by TOMA, and (2) the 

chairman of the Board did not identify the applicable sections of TOMA at the conclusion of the 

work session. The Board further argues that, even if there is evidence to support the findings of 

violations, the trial court abused its discretion because there is no evidence the alleged violations 

will probably recur and the injunction enjoined lawful conduct. 
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When a party attacks the legal sufficiency of an adverse finding on an issue on which it 

did not have the burden of proof, it must demonstrate on appeal that no evidence supports the 

adverse finding. Croucher v. Croucher, 660 S.W.2d 55, 58 (Tex. 1983). We sustain a legal 

sufficiency challenge if “the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a scintilla.” 

Akin, Gump, Strauss, Hauer & Feld, L.L.P. v. Nat'l Dev. & Research Corp., 299 S.W.3d 106, 

115 (Tex. 2009). In conducting our review, “we credit evidence that supports the verdict if 

reasonable jurors could have done so and disregard contrary evidence unless reasonable jurors 

could not have done so.” Id. “The final test for legal sufficiency must always be whether the 

evidence at trial would enable reasonable and fair-minded people to reach the verdict under 

review.” City of Keller v. Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 827 (Tex. 2005). A legal sufficiency 

challenge will be sustained when (1) there is a complete absence of evidence of a vital fact, (2) 

the court is barred by rules of law or of evidence from giving weight to the only evidence offered 

to prove a vital fact, (3) the evidence offered to prove a vital fact is no more than a scintilla, or 

(4) the evidence conclusively establishes the opposite of the vital fact. Merrell Dow Pharm., Inc. 

v. Havner, 953 S.W.2d 706, 711 (Tex. 1997). 

Generally, meetings of governmental bodies must be open to the public. TEX. GOV’T 

CODE ANN. § 551.002 (West 2012). Section 551.021 states that a governmental body shall 

prepare and keep minutes or make a recording of each open meeting of the body. Id. § 551.021. 

Section 551.071 provides a governmental body may not conduct a private consultation with its 

attorney except to discuss “pending or contemplated litigation” or “on a matter in which the duty 

of the attorney to the governmental body under the Texas Disciplinary Rules of Professional 

Conduct of the State Bar of Texas clearly conflicts with this chapter.” Id. § 551.071. Regarding 

whether a closed meeting is allowed, section 551.101 provides, 

a governmental body may not conduct the closed meeting unless a quorum of the 

governmental body first convenes in an open meeting for which notice has been 
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given as provided by this chapter and during which the presiding officer publicly: 

(1) announces that a closed meeting will be held; and (2) identifies the section or 

sections of this chapter under which the closed meeting is held. 

Id. § 551.101; see Weatherford v. City of San Marcos, 157 S.W.3d 473, 485, 486 (Tex. 

App.―Austin 2004, pet. denied) (before closing meeting, presiding officer must publicly 

announce intent to go into closed meeting and identify statutory basis for doing so, and statement 

“pursuant to the Government Code, Section 551.071” is sufficient). TOMA also provides that 

“[a]n interested person . . . may bring an action by mandamus or injunction to stop, prevent, or 

reverse a violation or threatened violation of this chapter by members of a governmental body.” 

TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 551.142(a). 

Corder and Lon Houseman, chairman of the Board, each testified no one took minutes at 

the November 29, 2011 work session preceding the public hearing on Legacy’s application. 

Houseman said he had been on the Board fifteen years and during that time, they had “never 

taken Minutes of the work session.” The record clearly shows the Board did not take minutes or 

otherwise record the work sessions in violation of section 551.021. However, according to 

Corder, the Board is now taking minutes of the work sessions; thus, the record also shows the 

Board has corrected the deficiency. Under these circumstances, we conclude a permanent 

injunction serves no useful purpose. See Tex. State Bd. of Public Accountancy v. Bass, 366 

S.W.3d 751, 765 (Tex. App.―Austin 2012, no pet.) (vacating permanent injunction because no 

evidence of ongoing or prospective conduct supporting need for same). Finally, we note nothing 

in the record shows Legacy established the existence of imminent harm, the existence of 

irreparable injury, and the absence of an adequate remedy at law. See City of Fort Worth v. 

Groves, 746 S.W.2d 907, 913 (Tex. App.―Fort Worth 1988, no writ) (permanent injunction on 

TOMA violations inappropriate in light of “lack of demonstrated probable irreparable injury”). 
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In light of this, we conclude the trial court abused its discretion by issuing a permanent 

injunction regarding the taking of minutes or recording work sessions. 

With respect to the remaining three violations, we have reviewed the record and conclude 

there is no evidence to support the trial court’s findings. Regarding the finding the Board did not 

“formally convene its work session,” section 551.101 provides a closed meeting may be held 

only after a “governmental body first convenes in an open meeting.” TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 

551.101. “Convene” is not defined in TOMA; the common or plain meaning of convene is to 

come together, to meet, or to assemble. WEBSTER’S 3RD NEW INT’L DICTIONARY 497 (1993). 

Nothing in TOMA mandates a particular manner in which to convene meetings nor does the trial 

court’s order set out any particular method of convening a meeting. In light of this, we cannot 

conclude the Board violated TOMA by failing to “formally convene its work session.” As for 

the finding the Board did not identify the TOMA sections at the conclusion of its work session, 

Legacy acknowledged in its brief that “Houseman apparently stated the statutory exception” for 

the closed executive session. 

Finally, with respect to the finding the Board did not properly meet in closed session 

under section 551.071(2), the record shows Houseman and current Board chairman Edward 

Moore testified the Board held a brief executive session following the work session to seek 

confidential legal advice from the City Attorney. The advice sought concerned two of the cases 

under consideration that day (one of which was the permit for the multi-level parking garage) 

and included “what actions [the Board] could take and what the responsibilities of the Board 

were in connection with the appeal of a decision of a building official.” The evidence 

established that the merits of the cases were not discussed, no votes were taken, and no motions 

or documents were drafted during the executive session. Houseman and Moore said they were 

the only Board members who asked questions of the attorney, and no one else spoke. Contrary 
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to the trial court’s finding, this evidence shows the Board properly met in closed session under 

section 551.071(2). See Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. JC-0233 (2000) (subsection 2 incorporates 

attorney-client privilege); Tex. State Bd. of Public Accountancy, 366 S.W.3d at 759. Because 

there is no evidence to support the trial court’s finding of the remaining three TOMA violations, 

we conclude the trial court abused its discretion by issuing a permanent injunction. We sustain 

the Board’s second issue. 

In its final issue, the Board contends the trial court erred by awarding Legacy attorney’s 

fees and costs incurred by litigating its allegations of TOMA violations. Section 551.142 

provides that the trial court, in its discretion, “may assess costs of litigation and reasonable 

attorney fees incurred” by a party who “substantially prevails” when bringing an action by 

injunction to stop, prevent, or reverse a TOMA violation. TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. § 551.142(a), 

(b). Because we have concluded the trial court abused its discretion by granting the permanent 

injunction, it follows that Legacy has not “substantially prevailed” in its TOMA claims. We 

sustain the Board’s third issue. 

We reverse the trial court’s judgment and render judgment reinstating the Board’s order. 

131128F.P05 

 

/Molly Francis/ 

MOLLY FRANCIS 

JUSTICE 
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S 

Court of Appeals 

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas 

JUDGMENT 

THE BOARD OF ADJUSTMENT OF THE 

CITY OF UNIVERSITY PARK, TEXAS, 

Appellant 

No. 05-13-01128-CV V. 

LEGACY HILLCREST INVESTMENTS, 

LP, Appellee 

 On Appeal from the 191st Judicial District 

Court, Dallas County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. 11-15353. 

Opinion delivered by Justice Francis, 

Justice Myers and Chief Justice Thomas, 

Ret., participating. 

 In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, we REVERSE the trial court’s 

judgment and RENDER judgment reinstating the decision of the Board of Adjustment of the 

City of University Park, Texas. 

 It is ORDERED that appellant THE BOARD OF ADJUSTMENT OF THE CITY OF 

UNIVERSITY PARK, TEXAS recover its costs of this appeal from appellee LEGACY 

HILLCREST INVESTMENTS, LP. 

Judgment entered this 8th day of December, 2014.