IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF NORTH CAROLINA

No. COA22-853

Filed 05 September 2023

Guilford County, No. 21 JT 506

IN THE MATTER OF: C.J.B.

Appeal by Respondent-Father from order entered 27 July 2022 by Judge 

Marcus A. Shields in Guilford County District Court. Heard in the Court of Appeals

23 May 2023.

Garron T. Michael for Respondent-Appellant.

Spidell Family Law, by Megan E. Spidell, for Petitioner-Appellee.

CARPENTER, Judge.

Respondent-Father appeals from the trial court’s 27 July 2022 Order 

Terminating Parental Rights (“Order”), which terminated his parental rights to the 

minor child, C.J.B. (“Crystal”).1 After careful review, we conclude the trial court erred 

by determining Respondent-Father willfully abandoned Crystal while RespondentFather was subject to restrictive Indiana parole conditions, which barred him from 

any contact with Crystal. Accordingly, we reverse the Order and remand the matter 

to the trial court. 

I. Factual and Procedural Background

1A pseudonym is used to protect the identity of the minor child and for ease of reading. 
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In 2010, Crystal was born to Petitioner and Respondent-Father during their 

marriage, and she was twelve years old at the time of the termination hearing. The 

couple separated in December of 2010, and by May of 2011, Petitioner and 

Respondent-Father executed a Consent Order by which the parties agreed to share

joint custody of Crystal, with Petitioner having primary physical custody. Under the 

terms of this Consent Order, Respondent-Father was required to pay child support of 

$400 each month. Between May of 2011 and March of 2014, Respondent-Father 

exercised weekend visitations with Crystal and remained current on his monthly 

child-support obligation. 

In May of 2014, Respondent-Father was convicted of two felonies related to

sexual misconduct with a fourteen-year-old minor in Indiana. As a result of his 

conviction, Respondent-Father was incarcerated from 1 May 2014 until 3 July 2017. 

During his incarceration, Petitioner answered Respondent-Father’s calls on one 

occasion, and she did not allow him to speak to Crystal. Upon Respondent-Father’s

release from prison, Indiana authorities placed him on parole through spring 2024, 

subject to restrictive conditions based on the nature of his conviction. Among the

restrictions was an absolute bar to any form of communication with any minor child, 

including his biological child. Specifically, Respondent-Father’s parole conditions

provided as follows: 

[Y]ou shall not touch, photograph (still or moving), 

correspond with (via letter, email, text message or internet 

based communication or otherwise), and/or engage in any 
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‘small talk’ or unnecessary conversation with any child, 

including your biological or adopted children, either 

directly or via third-party, or an attempt to do any of the 

preceding without written approval in advance by your 

parole agent in consultation with your treatment provider. 

You must never be in a vehicle or any residence with any 

child, including your biological or adopted children, even if 

other adult(s) are present, without written approval in 

advance by your parole agent in consultation with your

treatment provider. You must report any inadvertent 

contact with children, including your biological or adopted

children, to your parole agent within 24 hours of contact. If 

you have biological or adopted children, you may not have 

contact with them due to the nature and circumstances of 

your criminal convictions without advance written 

approval from the Indiana Parole Board in consultation

with your parole agent and treatment provider. ‘Contact’

includes, but not limited to, possessing photographs of 

children, writing and internet-based communicating, done 

either directly or through third parties. (emphasis added).

Following his release on 3 July 2017, Respondent-Father completed and passed 

the Abel Assessment and a lie-detector test, both of which were required by Indiana 

authorities before any modifications to his parole conditions would be considered. 

Respondent-Father first sought to modify his parole conditions in December of 2017, 

less than six months after his release, and his request was denied. RespondentFather next petitioned for modifications to his parole conditions in 2019 and again 

shortly after Petitioner filed the termination petition in 2021. All three of 

Respondent-Father’s requests—two before the filing of the petition and one after—

were denied by the State of Indiana Parole Board. 

Petitioner filed the termination petition on 2 June 2021, alleging Respondent-
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Father willfully abandoned Crystal pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(7)

(2021). Respondent-Father filed an answer opposing the allegations on 20 August 

2021. The termination hearing commenced on 1 July 2022. Respondent-Father 

appeared at the hearing despite being incarcerated in Guilford County on a charge of 

First-Degree Sexual Offense. The only witnesses during adjudication were Petitioner

and Respondent-Father. 

In her testimony, Petitioner acknowledged Respondent-Father was current on 

his child-support obligation and had no past-due arrearages. Counsel for 

Respondent-Father presented no evidence on adjudication but moved to dismiss at 

the close of Petitioner’s evidence and at the close of all evidence, both of which were 

denied. Thereafter, Petitioner moved to recall Respondent-Father to testify further 

regarding the specific language of his parole restrictions and conditions. Without 

objection, the trial court briefly heard additional testimony from Respondent-Father. 

At the close of evidence on adjudication, the court heard argument from counsel 

for Petitioner and counsel for Respondent-Father. Although the trial court afforded 

the Guardian ad Litem (“GAL”) an opportunity to be heard, she declined, explaining:

“Your Honor, in full candor to the Court, I’m being torn between what I believe the 

law is and what my wishes are on behalf of [Crystal], and as a result, I’m going to 

stay silent at this stage.” 

Having heard from all parties on adjudication, the trial court ruled Petitioner 

had met her burden by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence as to the asserted 
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termination ground, N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(7). The trial court’s findings as to 

willful abandonment provided, in relevant part:

10(d). Respondent[-Father] had avenues pursuant to his 

parole conditions that would allow him to seek approval for 

contact with [Crystal]. However, Respondent[-Father] only 

took affirmative actions to seek approval to allow contact 

with [Crystal] sometime in 2017, 2019 and after the filing 

[of] the Petition to Terminate Parental Rights.

10(e). Respondent[-Father] demonstrated familiarity with 

said avenues through his attempts to seek approval in 2017 

and again in 2019. Respondent[-Father] failed to make any 

attempts to seek approval from the Indiana Parole Board 

during the relevant period of time.

10(f). Respondent[-Father] failed to make reasonable 

efforts, even annually, to request approval from the Parole 

Board to allow contact with the juvenile since his release 

from prison in July 2017. 

10(g). During the relevant period of time, Respondent[-

Father] failed to send any cards, letters, gifts or tokens of 

affection, nor did he send any birthday or Christmas gifts 

or otherwise acknowledge any of these events for [Crystal].

The trial court proceeded to the dispositional stage where Petitioner and her 

husband served as the only witnesses on the best interests of Crystal. The GAL 

submitted a report on disposition and provided the trial court with a summary of her 

report for the record. Counsel for Respondent-Father presented no evidence on 

disposition but argued against termination. After considering the dispositional 

evidence, the trial court determined termination of Respondent-Father’s parental 

rights was in Crystal’s best interest. The trial court’s oral findings were reduced to 
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writing, and the Order was formally filed on 27 July 2022. On 1 August 2022, 

Respondent-Father filed timely, written notice of appeal. 

II. Jurisdiction

The Order terminating Respondent-Father’s parental rights is appealable 

pursuant to N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7A-27(b) and 7B-1001(a)(7) (2021). 

III. Issue

The sole issue on appeal is whether the trial court erred in adjudicating Crystal 

willfully abandoned by Respondent-Father within the meaning of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 

7B-1111(a)(7) under the facts and circumstances of this case. 

IV. Standard of Review

“Our Juvenile Code provides for a two-step process for termination of parental 

rights proceedings consisting of an adjudicatory stage and a dispositional stage.” In 

re Z.A.M., 374 N.C. 88, 94, 839 S.E.2d 792, 796 (2020); see N.C. Gen. Stat. §§ 7B1109(e), 1110(a) (2021). “[A]n adjudication of any single ground in [N.C. Gen. Stat.] 

§ 7B-1111(a) is sufficient to support a termination of parental rights.” In re E.H.P., 

372 N.C. 388, 395, 831 S.E.2d 49, 53 (2019); see also N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1110(a). 

“We review a trial court’s adjudication that a ground exists to terminate 

parental rights under [N.C. Gen. Stat.] § 7B-1111 to determine whether the findings 

are supported by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence and the findings support the 

conclusions of law.” In re A.M., 377 N.C. 220, 225, 856 S.E.2d 801, 806 (2021) 

(citations and quotation marks omitted). “Findings of fact not challenged by [the] 
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respondent are deemed supported by competent evidence and are binding on appeal. 

Moreover, we review only those findings necessary to support the trial court’s 

determination that grounds existed to terminate [the] respondent’s parental rights.” 

In re T.N.H., 372 N.C. 403, 407, 831 S.E.2d 54, 58–59 (2019) (citations omitted). 

“A trial court’s finding of fact that is supported by clear, cogent, and convincing 

evidence is deemed conclusive even if the record contains evidence that would support 

a contrary finding.” In re A.L., 378 N.C. 396, 400, 862 S.E.2d 163, 166 (2021) (citation 

omitted). “A trial court’s finding of an ultimate fact is conclusive on appeal if the 

evidentiary facts reasonably support the trial court’s ultimate finding [of fact].” In re

G.C., 384 N.C. 62, 65, 884 S.E.2d 658, 661 (2023) (citation omitted) (alteration in 

original). 

“[W]hether a trial court’s adjudicatory findings of fact support its conclusion of 

law that grounds existed to terminate parental rights . . . is reviewed de novo by the 

appellate court.” In re M.R.F., 378 N.C. 638, 641, 862 S.E.2d 758, 761–62 (2021) 

(citation omitted). “Under a de novo review, the court considers the matter anew and 

freely substitutes its own judgment for that of the [trial court].” In re T.M.L., 377 

N.C. 369, 375, 856 S.E.2d 785, 790 (2021) (quoting In re C.V.D.C., 374 N.C. 525, 530, 

843 S.E.2d 202, 205 (2020) (alteration in original)). 

V. Analysis

On appeal, Respondent-Father challenges two findings of fact as unsupported 

by the evidence and argues that the remaining, supported findings of fact fail to 
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support the trial court’s conclusion that Respondent-Father willfully abandoned 

Crystal. Petitioner disagrees, asserting it is undisputed Respondent-Father did not 

attempt to contact Crystal in the determinative six-month period preceding the filing 

of the petition, and his prior efforts were not sufficient to obviate a finding of 

willfulness. After careful consideration, we tend to agree with Respondent-Father. 

Our statutes are clear that before terminating parental rights on the ground

of willful abandonment, a trial court must find that the petitioner has presented 

clear, cogent, and convincing evidence the respondent-parent “has willfully

abandoned the juvenile for at least six consecutive months immediately preceding the 

filing of the petition or motion . . . .” N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(7); see N.C. Gen. 

Stat. § 7B-1103(a)(1) (either parent is authorized to petition for the termination of 

parental rights of the other parent). “[A]lthough the trial court may consider a 

parent’s conduct outside the six-month window in evaluating a parent’s credibility 

and intentions, the ‘determinative’ period for adjudicating willful abandonment is the 

six consecutive months preceding the filing of the petition.” In re B.R.L., 379 N.C. 15, 

18, 863 S.E.2d 763, 767 (2021) (citation omitted). 

A. Findings of Fact

In this case, the determinative six-month period was 2 December 2020 through 

2 June 2021. First, Respondent-Father asserts that findings 10(f) and 10(g) are not 

supported by clear, cogent, and convincing evidence. We agree, in part. 
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Finding 10(f) provides: “Respondent[-Father] failed to make reasonable efforts, 

even annually, to request approval from the Parole Board to allow contact with 

[Crystal] since his release from prison in July 2017.” We first note that because 

finding 10(f) contains a value judgment regarding the reasonableness of RespondentFather’s efforts reached by a process of natural reasoning, finding 10(f) is more 

properly considered an ultimate finding and will be reviewed as such. See In re G.C., 

384 N.C. at 66 n.3, 884 S.E.2d at 661 n.3 (“[A]n ultimate finding is a finding supported 

by other evidentiary facts reached by natural reasoning.”). 

As this ultimate finding looks beyond the determinative six-month period, the 

trial court was either assessing Respondent-Father’s credibility or intentions. See In

re B.R.L., 379 N.C. at 18, 863 S.E.2d at 767. Because ultimate finding 10(f) and the 

balance of the Order contain no credibility findings, adverse or favorable, our analysis 

presumes the trial court was discussing Respondent-Father’s intentions regarding 

contact with Crystal. In reviewing the evidentiary facts contained within finding 10 

and giving due deference to the trial court’s fact-finding role, we conclude the trial 

court’s evidentiary facts “reasonably support” its ultimate finding that RespondentFather’s efforts were not sufficiently reasonable to demonstrate his intent to 

reacquire the right to contact Crystal. See In re G.C., 384 N.C. at 65, 884 S.E.2d at

661. Therefore, ultimate finding 10(f) is conclusive on appeal. See id. at 65, 884 

S.E.2d at 661. 
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Next, finding 10(g) provides: “During the relevant period of time, Respondent[-

Father] failed to send any cards, letters, gifts or tokens of affection, nor did he send 

any birthday or Christmas gifts or otherwise acknowledge any of these events for 

[Crystal].” Based on the testimony before the trial court, there appears to be no 

dispute this is a factually accurate statement. Nevertheless, this finding fails to 

address Respondent-Father’s proffered explanation—he was barred from contacting 

his biological child “due to the nature and circumstances of [his] criminal convictions 

without advance written approval from the Indiana Parole Board[.]”2 Therefore, to 

the extent this finding implies Respondent-Father possessed the ability to contact 

Crystal without subjecting himself to a real and significant risk of criminal 

prosecution, we disregard finding 10(g) on appeal. See In re A.N.H., 381 N.C. 30, 44, 

871 S.E.2d 792, 804 (2022). 

B. Willful Abandonment

Second, we must determine whether the trial court’s findings of fact support 

its conclusion of law that Respondent-Father willfully abandoned Crystal within the 

meaning of N.C. Gen. Stat. § 7B-1111(a)(7). For the reasons discussed below, the 

findings are inadequate to sustain the conclusion that the abandonment in this case 

was willful, despite there being no dispute Respondent-Father failed to contact 

Crystal during the determinative period. 

2 Petitioner appears to concede this on appeal. 
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“Abandonment implies conduct on the part of the parent which manifests a 

willful determination to [forgo] all parental duties and relinquish all parental claims 

to the child.” In re B.S.O., 234 N.C. App. 706, 710, 760 S.E.2d 59, 63 (2014). In this 

context, “[w]illfulness is more than an intention to do a thing; there must also be 

purpose and deliberation[,]” and the trial court’s “findings must clearly show that the 

parent’s actions are wholly inconsistent with a desire to maintain custody of the 

child.” In re S.R.G., 195 N.C. App. 79, 84, 87, 671 S.E.2d 47, 51, 53 (2009) (citation

omitted). 

“While the question of willful intent is a factual one for the trial court to decide 

based on the evidence presented, and while the trial court’s factual determination is 

owed deference, it remains our responsibility as the reviewing court to examine 

whether the evidence in the case supports the trial court’s findings and whether, as 

a legal matter, the trial court’s factual findings support its conclusions of law.” In re

B.R.L., 379 N.C. at 18, 863 S.E.2d at 767 (citing In re B.C.B., 374 N.C. 32, 35, 839 

S.E.2d 748, 751 (2020); In re Montgomery, 311 N.C. 101, 111, 316 S.E.2d 246, 253

(1984)); see In re T.M.H., 186 N.C. App. 451, 452, 652 S.E.2d 1, 1 (2007) (remanding 

after “the trial court failed to make findings of fact and conclusions of law concerning 

the willfulness of respondent’s conduct”). 

Under a de novo review, we cannot conclude the trial court’s adjudicatory 

findings of fact support its conclusion that Respondent-Father willfully abandoned 

Crystal. See In re M.R.F., 378 N.C. at 641, 862 S.E.2d at 761–62. At all times 
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relevant to this case, Respondent-Father was subject to highly restrictive parole

conditions due to his conviction in Indiana. Violation of Respondent-Father’s parole

conditions would pose a real and significant risk of criminal prosecution. Although 

there is no dispute that there was no contact during the determinative period, we 

attribute this to Respondent-Father’s restrictive parole conditions, consistent with 

his testimony. 

It is undisputed that Respondent-Father completed the Abel Assessment and 

a lie-detector test promptly upon his release. Respondent-Father then promptly 

submitted his initial request to modify his parole conditions in December of 2017 

through his first probation officer, Officer Mounts, which was denied. RespondentFather filed a second request some time in 2019, through an Officer Foster, which 

was denied. Upon receiving the termination petition, Respondent-Father filed a third 

request in 2021, through an Officer Harris, which was similarly denied. 

Furthermore, Respondent-Father remained current on his modified child-support 

obligation during the determinative period. Such conduct is not consistent with a 

parent who has manifested a willful determination to forgo all parental duties and 

relinquish all parental claims to the child. See In re B.S.O., 234 N.C. App. at 710, 

760 S.E.2d at 63. Similarly, the findings do not establish purpose or deliberation, 

and are insufficient to demonstrate Respondent-Father’s actions were wholly 

inconsistent with a desire to maintain custody of Crystal. See In re S.R.G., 195 N.C.

App. at 84, 671 S.E.2d at 51. 
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Juvenile and termination proceedings implicate significant constitutionally

protected rights, including the right to the care, custody, and control of a parent’s 

child. In re B.R.W., 381 N.C. 61, 77, 871 S.E.2d 764, 775 (2022). In this arena, we 

must tread carefully to avoid diluting the protections guaranteed by our state and 

federal Constitutions. 

In its Order, the trial court accurately noted Respondent-Father’s efforts to 

modify his parole conditions, yet it concluded Respondent-Father had not tried 

reasonably—that is, frequently or earnestly—enough. To affirm such an Order runs 

contrary to binding precedent and risks undue infringement upon a fundamental 

constitutional right. The GAL’s remarks in declining to give closing argument on

adjudication are instructive of the problem in this case. Indeed, Respondent-Father’s 

conduct in Indiana, and more recently in this state, if true, is reprehensible. 

Nevertheless, reprehensibility is not tantamount to willful abandonment, which is 

the sole ground before us on appeal. We do not speculate upon the result if Petitioner 

had alleged additional ground(s) for termination, and our holding today does not 

abridge Petitioner’s right to bring a new petition in the future. See In re Adoption of

Maynor, 38 N.C. App. 724, 727, 248 S.E.2d 875, 877 (1978) (“The fact that a parent

commits a crime which might result in incarceration is insufficient, standing alone,

to show a settled purpose to forego all parental duties.”) (citation and internal

quotations omitted); see also B.S.O., 234 N.C. App. at 710, 760 S.E.2d at 63; S.R.G.,

195 N.C. App. at 84, 671 S.E.2d at 51. 
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VI. Conclusion

Because the trial court’s findings are insufficient to support the conclusion that 

Respondent-Father’s abandonment of Crystal was willful, as defined in our Juvenile 

statutes and precedent, we are constrained to reverse the Order. 

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Chief Judge Stroud and Judge Dillon concur.