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                                     BY-LAWS

                                       OF

                              BIG ENGINE FILMS INC.

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                                    ARTICLE I

                            Meetings of Stockholders

         Section 1.1. Annual Meetings. If required by applicable law, an annual
meeting of stockholders shall be held for the election of directors at such
date, time and place, if any, either within or without the State of Delaware, as
may be designated by resolution of the Board of Directors from time to time. Any
other proper business may be transacted at the annual meeting.

         Section 1.2. Special Meetings. Special meetings of stockholders for any
purpose or purposes may be called at any time by the Board of Directors, but
such special meetings may not be called by any other person or persons. Business
transacted at any special meeting of stockholders shall be limited to the
purposes stated in the notice.

         Section 1.3. Notice of Meetings. Whenever stockholders are required or
permitted to take any action at a meeting, a notice of the meeting shall be
given that shall state the place, if any, date and hour of the meeting and, in
the case of a special meeting, the purpose or purposes for which the meeting is
called. Unless otherwise provided by law, the certificate of incorporation or
these by-laws, the notice of any meeting shall be given not less than ten (10)
nor more than sixty (60) days before the date of the meeting to each stockholder
entitled to vote at such meeting. If mailed, such notice shall be deemed to be
given when deposited in the United States mail, postage prepaid, directed to the
stockholder at such stockholder's address as it appears on the records of the
corporation.

         Section 1.4. Adjournments. Any meeting of stockholders, annual or
special, may adjourn from time to time to reconvene at the same or some other
place, and notice need not be given of any such adjourned meeting if the time
and place thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is
taken. At the adjourned meeting the corporation may transact any business which
might have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for
more than thirty (30) days, or if after the adjournment a new record date is
fixed for the adjourned meeting, notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given
to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting.

         Section 1.5. Quorum. Except as otherwise provided by law, the
certificate of incorporation or these by-laws, at each meeting of stockholders
the presence in person or by proxy of the holders of a majority in voting power
of the outstanding shares of stock entitled to vote at the meeting shall be
necessary and sufficient to constitute a quorum. In

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the absence of a quorum, the stockholders so present may, by a majority in
voting power thereof, adjourn the meeting from time to time in the manner
provided in Section 1.4 of these by-laws until a quorum shall attend. Shares of
its own stock belonging to the corporation or to another corporation, if a
majority of the shares entitled to vote in the election of directors of such
other corporation is held, directly or indirectly, by the corporation, shall
neither be entitled to vote nor be counted for quorum purposes; provided,
however, that the foregoing shall not limit the right of the corporation or any
subsidiary of the corporation to vote stock, including but not limited to its
own stock, held by it in a fiduciary capacity.

         Section 1.6. Organization. Meetings of stockholders shall be presided
over by the Chairperson of the Board, if any, or in his or her absence by the
Vice Chairperson of the Board, if any, or in his or her absence by the
President, or in his or her absence by a Vice President, or in the absence of
the foregoing persons by a chairperson designated by the Board of Directors, or
in the absence of such designation by a chairperson chosen at the meeting. The
Secretary shall act as secretary of the meeting, but in his or her absence the
chairperson of the meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of the
meeting.

         Section 1.7. Voting; Proxies. Except as otherwise provided by or
pursuant to the provisions of the certificate of incorporation, each stockholder
entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders shall be entitled to one vote
for each share of stock held by such stockholder which has voting power upon the
matter in question. Each stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting of
stockholders or to express consent to corporate action in writing without a
meeting may authorize another person or persons to act for such stockholder by
proxy, but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its
date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. A proxy shall be
irrevocable if it states that it is irrevocable and if, and only as long as, it
is coupled with an interest sufficient in law to support an irrevocable power. A
stockholder may revoke any proxy which is not irrevocable by attending the
meeting and voting in person or by delivering to the Secretary of the
corporation a revocation of the proxy or a new proxy bearing a later date.
Voting at meetings of stockholders need not be by written ballot. At all
meetings of stockholders for the election of directors at which a quorum is
present a plurality of the votes cast shall be sufficient to elect. All other
elections and questions presented to the stockholders at a meeting at which a
quorum is present shall, unless otherwise provided by the certificate of
incorporation, these by-laws, the rules or regulations of any stock exchange
applicable to the corporation, or applicable law or pursuant to any regulation
applicable to the corporation or its securities, be decided by the affirmative
vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of the shares of stock of the
corporation which are present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote
thereon.

         Section 1.8. Fixing Date for Determination of Stockholders of Record.
In order that the corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to notice
of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof, or to
express consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, or entitled to
receive payment of any dividend or other


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distribution or allotment of any rights, or entitled to exercise any rights in
respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock or for the purpose of any
other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix a record date, which record
date shall not precede the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date
is adopted by the Board of Directors, and which record date: (1) in the case of
determination of stockholders entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders or
adjournment thereof, shall, unless otherwise required by law, not be more than
sixty (60) nor less than ten (10) days before the date of such meeting; (2) in
the case of determination of stockholders entitled to express consent to
corporate action in writing without a meeting, shall not be more than ten (10)
days from the date upon which the resolution fixing the record date is adopted
by the Board of Directors; and (3) in the case of any other action, shall not be
more than sixty (60) days prior to such other action. If no record date is
fixed: (1) the record date for determining stockholders entitled to notice of or
to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall be at the close of business on the
day next preceding the day on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at
the close of business on the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is
held; (2) the record date for determining stockholders entitled to express
consent to corporate action in writing without a meeting, when no prior action
of the Board of Directors is required by law, shall be the first date on which a
signed written consent setting forth the action taken or proposed to be taken is
delivered to the corporation in accordance with applicable law, or, if prior
action by the Board of Directors is required by law, shall be at the close of
business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution taking
such prior action; and (3) the record date for determining stockholders for any
other purpose shall be at the close of business on the day on which the Board of
Directors adopts the resolution relating thereto. A determination of
stockholders of record entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of
stockholders shall apply to any adjournment of the meeting; provided, however,
that the Board of Directors may fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.

         Section 1.9. List of Stockholders Entitled to Vote. The officer who has
charge of the stock ledger shall prepare and make, at least ten (10) days before
every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the stockholders entitled to
vote at the meeting, arranged in alphabetical order, and showing the address of
each stockholder and the number of shares registered in the name of each
stockholder. Such list shall be open to the examination of any stockholder, for
any purpose germane to the meeting at least ten (10) days prior to the meeting
(i) on a reasonably accessible electronic network, provided that the information
required to gain access to such list is provided with the notice of meeting or
(ii) during ordinary business hours at the principal place of business of the
corporation. The list of stockholders must also be open to examination at the
meeting as required by applicable law. Except as otherwise provided by law, the
stock ledger shall be the only evidence as to who are the stockholders entitled
to examine the stock ledger, the list of stockholders or the books of the
corporation, or to vote in person or by proxy at any meeting of stockholders.

         Section 1.10. Action By Written Consent of Stockholders. Unless
otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation, any action required or
permitted to

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be taken at any annual or special meeting of the stockholders may be taken
without a meeting, without prior notice and without a vote, if a consent or
consents in writing, setting forth the action so taken, shall be signed by the
holders of outstanding stock having not less than the minimum number of votes
that would be necessary to authorize or take such action at a meeting at which
all shares entitled to vote thereon were present and voted and shall be
delivered to the corporation by delivery to its registered office in the State
of Delaware, its principal place of business, or an officer or agent of the
corporation having custody of the book in which minutes of proceedings of
stockholders are recorded. Delivery made to the corporation's registered office
shall be by hand or by certified or registered mail, return receipt requested.
Prompt notice of the taking of the corporate action without a meeting by less
than unanimous written consent shall, to the extent required by law, be given to
those stockholders who have not consented in writing and who, if the action had
been taken at a meeting, would have been entitled to notice of the meeting if
the record date for such meeting had been the date that written consents signed
by a sufficient number of holders to take the action were delivered to the
corporation.

         Section 1.11. Inspectors of Election. The corporation may, and shall if
required by law, in advance of any meeting of stockholders, appoint one or more
inspectors of election, who may be employees of the corporation, to act at the
meeting or any adjournment thereof and to make a written report thereof. The
corporation may designate one or more persons as alternate inspectors to replace
any inspector who fails to act. In the event that no inspector so appointed or
designated is able to act at a meeting of stockholders, the person presiding at
the meeting shall appoint one or more inspectors to act at the meeting. Each
inspector, before entering upon the discharge of his or her duties, shall take
and sign an oath to execute faithfully the duties of inspector with strict
impartiality and according to the best of his or her ability. The inspector or
inspectors so appointed or designated shall (i) ascertain the number of shares
of capital stock of the corporation outstanding and the voting power of each
such share, (ii) determine the shares of capital stock of the corporation
represented at the meeting and the validity of proxies and ballots, (iii) count
all votes and ballots, (iv) determine and retain for a reasonable period a
record of the disposition of any challenges made to any determination by the
inspectors, and (v) certify their determination of the number of shares of
capital stock of the corporation represented at the meeting and such inspectors'
count of all votes and ballots. Such certification and report shall specify such
other information as may be required by law. In determining the validity and
counting of proxies and ballots cast at any meeting of stockholders of the
corporation, the inspectors may consider such information as is permitted by
applicable law. No person who is a candidate for an office at an election may
serve as an inspector at such election.

         Section 1.12. Conduct of Meetings. The date and time of the opening and
the closing of the polls for each matter upon which the stockholders will vote
at a meeting shall be announced at the meeting by the person presiding over the
meeting. The Board of Directors may adopt by resolution such rules and
regulations for the conduct of the meeting of stockholders as it shall deem
appropriate. Except to the extent inconsistent

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with such rules and regulations as adopted by the Board of Directors, the person
presiding over any meeting of stockholders shall have the right and authority to
convene and to adjourn the meeting, to prescribe such rules, regulations and
procedures and to do all such acts as, in the judgment of such presiding person,
are appropriate for the proper conduct of the meeting. Such rules, regulations
or procedures, whether adopted by the Board of Directors or prescribed by the
presiding person of the meeting, may include, without limitation, the following:
(i) the establishment of an agenda or order of business for the meeting; (ii)
rules and procedures for maintaining order at the meeting and the safety of
those present; (iii) limitations on attendance at or participation in the
meeting to stockholders of record of the corporation, their duly authorized and
constituted proxies or such other persons as the presiding person of the meeting
shall determine; (iv) restrictions on entry to the meeting after the time fixed
for the commencement thereof; and (v) limitations on the time allotted to
questions or comments by participants. The presiding person at any meeting of
stockholders, in addition to making any other determinations that may be
appropriate to the conduct of the meeting, shall, if the facts warrant,
determine and declare to the meeting that a matter or business was not properly
brought before the meeting and if such presiding person should so determine,
such presiding person shall so declare to the meeting and any such matter or
business not properly brought before the meeting shall not be transacted or
considered. Unless and to the extent determined by the Board of Directors or the
person presiding over the meeting, meetings of stockholders shall not be
required to be held in accordance with the rules of parliamentary procedure.


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                                   ARTICLE II

                               Board of Directors

         Section 2.1. Number; Qualifications. The Board of Directors shall
consist of one or more members, the number thereof to be determined from time to
time by resolution of the Board of Directors. Directors need not be
stockholders.

         Section 2.2. Election; Resignation; Vacancies. The Board of Directors
shall initially consist of the persons named as directors in the certificate of
incorporation or elected by the incorporator of the corporation, and each
director so elected shall hold office until the first annual meeting of
stockholders or until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified. At the
first annual meeting of stockholders and at each annual meeting thereafter, the
stockholders shall elect directors each of whom shall hold office for a term of
one year or until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified, subject to
such director's earlier death, resignation, disqualification or removal. Any
director may resign at any time upon notice to the corporation. Unless otherwise
provided by law or the certificate of incorporation, any newly created
directorship or any vacancy occurring in the Board of Directors for any cause
may be filled by a majority of the remaining members of the Board of Directors,
although such majority is less than a quorum, or by a plurality of the votes
cast at a meeting of stockholders, and each director so elected shall hold
office until the expiration of the term of office of the director whom he or she
has replaced or until his or her successor is elected and qualified.

         Section 2.3. Regular Meetings. Regular meetings of the Board of
Directors may be held at such places within or without the State of Delaware and
at such times as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine.

         Section 2.4. Special Meetings. Special meetings of the Board of
Directors may be held at any time or place within or without the State of
Delaware whenever called by the President, any Vice President, the Secretary, or
by any member of the Board of Directors. Notice of a special meeting of the
Board of Directors shall be given by the person or persons calling the meeting
at least twenty-four hours before the special meeting.

         Section 2.5. Telephonic Meetings Permitted. Members of the Board of
Directors, or any committee designated by the Board of Directors, may
participate in a meeting thereof by means of conference telephone or other
communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the
meeting can hear each other, and participation in a meeting pursuant to this
by-law shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.

         Section 2.6. Quorum; Vote Required for Action. At all meetings of the
Board of Directors the directors entitled to cast a majority of the votes of the
whole Board of Directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of
business. Except in cases in

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which the certificate of incorporation, these by-laws or applicable law
otherwise provides, a majority of the votes entitled to be cast by the directors
present at a meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board
of Directors.

         Section 2.7. Organization. Meetings of the Board of Directors shall be
presided over by the Chairperson of the Board, if any, or in his or her absence
by the Vice Chairperson of the Board, if any, or in his or her absence by the
President, or in their absence by a chairperson chosen at the meeting. The
Secretary shall act as secretary of the meeting, but in his or her absence the
chairperson of the meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of the
meeting.

         Section 2.8. Action by Unanimous Consent of Directors. Unless otherwise
restricted by the certificate of incorporation or these by-laws, any action
required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of Directors, or
of any committee thereof, may be taken without a meeting if all members of the
Board of Directors or such committee, as the case may be, consent thereto in
writing or by electronic transmission and the writing or writings or electronic
transmissions are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the board or
committee in accordance with applicable law.

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                                   ARTICLE III

                                   Committees

         Section 3.1. Committees. The Board of Directors may designate one or
more committees, each committee to consist of one or more of the directors of
the corporation. The Board of Directors may designate one or more directors as
alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or disqualified
member at any meeting of the committee. In the absence or disqualification of a
member of the committee, the member or members thereof present at any meeting
and not disqualified from voting, whether or not he, she or they constitute a
quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board of Directors to act
at the meeting in place of any such absent or disqualified member. Any such
committee, to the extent permitted by law and to the extent provided in the
resolution of the Board of Directors, shall have and may exercise all the powers
and authority of the Board of Directors in the management of the business and
affairs of the corporation, and may authorize the seal of the corporation to be
affixed to all papers which may require it.

         Section 3.2. Committee Rules. Unless the Board of Directors otherwise
provides, each committee designated by the Board of Directors may make, alter
and repeal rules for the conduct of its business. In the absence of such rules
each committee shall conduct its business in the same manner as the Board of
Directors conducts its business pursuant to Article II of these by-laws.

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                                   ARTICLE IV

                                    Officers

         Section 4.1. Executive Officers; Election; Qualifications; Term of
Office; Resignation; Removal; Vacancies. The Board of Directors shall elect a
President and Secretary, and it may, if it so determines, choose a Chairperson
of the Board and a Vice Chairperson of the Board from among its members. The
Board of Directors may also choose one or more Vice Presidents, one or more
Assistant Secretaries, a Treasurer and one or more Assistant Treasurers and such
other officers as it shall from time to time deem necessary or desirable. Each
such officer shall hold office until the first meeting of the Board of Directors
after the annual meeting of stockholders next succeeding his or her election,
and until his or her successor is elected and qualified or until his or her
earlier resignation or removal. Any officer may resign at any time upon written
notice to the corporation. The Board of Directors may remove any officer with or
without cause at any time, but such removal shall be without prejudice to the
contractual rights of such officer, if any, with the corporation. Any number of
offices may be held by the same person. Any vacancy occurring in any office of
the corporation by death, resignation, removal or otherwise may be filled for
the unexpired portion of the term by the Board of Directors at any regular or
special meeting.

         Section 4.2. Powers and Duties of Executive Officers. The officers of
the corporation shall have such powers and duties in the management of the
corporation as may be prescribed in a resolution by the Board of Directors and,
to the extent not so provided, as generally pertain to their respective offices,
subject to the control of the Board of Directors. The Board of Directors may
require any officer, agent or employee to give security for the faithful
performance of his or her duties.

         Section 4.3. Appointing Attorneys and Agents; Voting Securities of
Other Entities. Unless otherwise provided by resolution adopted by the Board of
Directors, the Chairperson of the Board, the President or any Vice President may
from time to time appoint an attorney or attorneys or agent or agents of the
corporation, in the name and on behalf of the corporation, to cast the votes
which the corporation may be entitled to cast as the holder of stock or other
securities in any other corporation or other entity, any of whose stock or other
securities may be held by the corporation, at meetings of the holders of the
stock or other securities of such other corporation or other entity, or to
consent in writing, in the name of the corporation as such holder, to any action
by such other corporation or other entity, and may instruct the person or
persons so appointed as to the manner of casting such votes or giving such
consents, and may execute or cause to be executed in the name and on behalf of
the corporation and under its corporate seal or otherwise, all such written
proxies or other instruments as he or she may deem necessary or proper. Any of
the rights set forth in this Section 4.3 which may be delegated to an attorney
or agent may also be exercised directly by the Chairperson of the Board, the
President or the Vice President.

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                                    ARTICLE V

                                      Stock

         Section 5.1. Certificates. Every holder of stock shall be entitled to
have a certificate signed by or in the name of the corporation by the
Chairperson or Vice Chairperson of the Board of Directors, if any, or the
President or a Vice President, and by the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer,
or the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary, of the corporation certifying the
number of shares owned by such holder in the corporation. Any of or all the
signatures on the certificate may be a facsimile. In case any officer, transfer
agent or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed
upon a certificate shall have ceased to be such officer, transfer agent, or
registrar before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the corporation
with the same effect as if such person were such officer, transfer agent, or
registrar at the date of issue.

         Section 5.2. Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Stock Certificates; Issuance of
New Certificates. The corporation may issue a new certificate of stock in the
place of any certificate theretofore issued by it, alleged to have been lost,
stolen or destroyed, and the corporation may require the owner of the lost,
stolen or destroyed certificate, or such owner's legal representative, to give
the corporation a bond sufficient to indemnify it against any claim that may be
made against it on account of the alleged loss, theft or destruction of any such
certificate or the issuance of such new certificate.

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                                   ARTICLE VI

                                 Indemnification

         Section 6.1. Right to Indemnification. The corporation shall indemnify
and hold harmless, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law as it
presently exists or may hereafter be amended, any person (a "Covered Person")
who was or is made or is threatened to be made a party or is otherwise involved
in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal, administrative or
investigative (a "proceeding"), by reason of the fact that he or she, or a
person for whom he or she is the legal representative, is or was a director or
officer of the corporation or, while a director or officer of the corporation,
is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director, officer,
employee or agent of another corporation or of a partnership, joint venture,
trust, enterprise or nonprofit entity, including service with respect to
employee benefit plans, against all liability and loss suffered and expenses
(including attorneys' fees) reasonably incurred by such Covered Person.
Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, except as otherwise provided in Section
6.3, the corporation shall be required to indemnify a Covered Person in
connection with a proceeding (or part thereof) commenced by such Covered Person
only if the commencement of such proceeding (or part thereof) by the Covered
Person was authorized in the specific case by the Board of Directors of the
corporation.

         Section 6.2. Prepayment of Expenses. The corporation shall to the
fullest extent not prohibited by applicable law pay the expenses (including
attorneys' fees) incurred by a Covered Person in defending any proceeding in
advance of its final disposition, provided, however, that, to the extent
required by law, such payment of expenses in advance of the final disposition of
the proceeding shall be made only upon receipt of an undertaking by the Covered
Person to repay all amounts advanced if it should be ultimately determined that
the Covered Person is not entitled to be indemnified under this Article VI or
otherwise.

         Section 6.3. Claims. If a claim for indemnification (following the
final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding) or advancement of expenses
under this Article VI is not paid in full within thirty days after a written
claim therefor by the Covered Person has been received by the corporation, the
Covered Person may file suit to recover the unpaid amount of such claim and, if
successful in whole or in part, shall be entitled to be paid the expense of
prosecuting such claim. In any such action the corporation shall have the burden
of proving that the Covered Person is not entitled to the requested
indemnification or advancement of expenses under applicable law.

         Section 6.4. Nonexclusivity of Rights. The rights conferred on any
Covered Person by this Article VI shall not be exclusive of any other rights
which such Covered Person may have or hereafter acquire under any statute,
provision of the certificate of incorporation, these by-laws, agreement, vote of
stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise.

         Section 6.5. Other Sources. The corporation's obligation, if any, to
indemnify or to advance expenses to any Covered Person who was or is serving at
its request as a director, officer, employee or agent of another corporation,
partnership, joint venture, trust, enterprise or nonprofit entity shall be
reduced by any amount such Covered Person may collect as

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indemnification or advancement of expenses from such other corporation,
partnership, joint venture, trust, enterprise or non-profit enterprise.

         Section 6.6. Amendment or Repeal. Any repeal or modification of the
foregoing provisions of this Article VI shall not adversely affect any right or
protection hereunder of any Covered Person in respect of any act or omission
occurring prior to the time of such repeal or modification.

         Section 6.7. Other Indemnification and Prepayment of Expenses. This
Article VI shall not limit the right of the corporation, to the extent and in
the manner permitted by law, to indemnify and to advance expenses to persons
other than Covered Persons when and as authorized by appropriate corporate
action.

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                                   ARTICLE VII

                                  Miscellaneous

         Section 7.1. Fiscal Year. The fiscal year of the corporation shall be
determined by resolution of the Board of Directors.

         Section 7.2. Seal. The corporate seal shall have the name of the
corporation inscribed thereon and shall be in such form as may be approved from
time to time by the Board of Directors.

         Section 7.3. Manner of Notice. Except as otherwise provided herein or
permitted by applicable law, notices to directors and stockholders shall be in
writing and delivered personally or mailed to the directors or stockholders at
their addresses appearing on the books of the corporation. Notice to directors
may be given by telecopier, telephone or other means of electronic transmission.

         Section 7.4. Waiver of Notice of Meetings of Stockholders, Directors
and Committees. Any waiver of notice, given by the person entitled to notice,
whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed equivalent to
notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a waiver of notice
of such meeting, except when the person attends a meeting for the express
purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the transaction of any
business because the meeting is not lawfully called or convened. Neither the
business to be transacted at nor the purpose of any regular or special meeting
of the stockholders, directors, or members of a committee of directors need be
specified in a waiver of notice.

         Section 7.5. Form of Records. Any records maintained by the corporation
in the regular course of its business, including its stock ledger, books of
account, and minute books, may be kept on, or by means of, or be in the form of,
any information storage device or method, provided that the records so kept can
be converted into clearly legible paper form within a reasonable time.

         Section 7.6. Amendment of By-Laws. These by-laws may be altered,
amended or repealed, and new by-laws made, by the Board of Directors, but the
stockholders may make additional by-laws and may alter and repeal any by-laws
whether adopted by them or otherwise.

         Section 7.7 Execution of Instruments. Contracts, documents or
instruments in writing requiring the signature of the corporation may be signed
by:

         (a)   any two officers;

         (b)   any two directors; or

         (c)   any one officer together with any one director;

and all contracts, documents and instruments in writing so signed shall be
binding upon the corporation without any further authorization or formality. The
Board of Directors shall have

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power from time to time to appoint any person or persons, on behalf of the
corporation either to sign contracts, documents and instruments in writing
generally or to sign specific contracts, documents or instruments in writing.

         The corporate seal of the corporation, if any, may be affixed to
contracts, documents and instruments in writing signed as aforesaid or by any
person or persons appointed as aforesaid by the Board of Directors but any such
contract, document or instrument is not invalid merely because the corporate
seal, if any, is not affixed thereto.

         The term "contracts, documents or instruments in writing" as used in
this by-law shall include deeds, mortgages, hypothecs, charges, conveyances,
transfers and assignments of property real or personal, immovable or movable,
agreements, releases, receipts and discharges for the payment of money or other
obligations, conveyances, transfers and assignments of shares, share warrants,
stocks, bonds debentures or other securities and all paper writings.

         In particular without limiting the generality of the foregoing

         (a)   any two officers;

         (b)   any two directors; or

         (c)   any one officer together with any one director;

shall have authority to sell, assign, transfer, exchange, convert or convey any
and all shares, stocks, bonds, debentures, rights, warrants or other securities
owned by or registered in the name of the corporation and to sign and execute
(under the seal of the corporation or otherwise) all assignments, transfers,
conveyances, powers of attorney and other instruments that may be necessary for
the purpose of selling, assigning, transferring, exchanging, converting or
conveying any such shares, stocks, bonds, debentures, rights, warrants or other
securities.

         The signature or signatures of any officer or officers, or any director
or directors of the corporation and/or of any other person or persons, appointed
as aforesaid by the Board of Directors may, if specifically authorized by the
Board of Directors, be printed, engraved, lithographed or otherwise mechanically
reproduced upon any contracts, documents or instruments in writing or bonds,
debentures or other securities of the corporation executed or issued by or on
behalf of the corporation and all contracts, documents or instruments in writing
or bonds, debentures or other securities of the corporation on which the
signature or signatures of any one or more of the foregoing officers or
directors or the officers or persons authorized as aforesaid shall be so
reproduced pursuant to such authorization, by the Board of Directors shall be
deemed to have been manually signed by each such officer, director or person
whose signature is so reproduced and shall be as valid to all intents and
purposes as if they had been signed manually and notwithstanding that any such
officer, director or person whose signature is so reproduced may have ceased to
hold office at the date of the delivery or issue of such contracts, documents or
instruments in writing or bonds, debentures or other securities of the
corporation.

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