23-1069-cv

Paraco Gas Corporation v. Ironshore Indemnity, Inc.

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. 

CITATION TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS 

PERMITTED AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 

32.1 AND THIS COURT’S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY 

ORDER IN A DOCUMENT FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER 

THE FEDERAL APPENDIX OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE 

NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A PARTY CITING A SUMMARY ORDER 

MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL. 

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second 

Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, 

in the City of New York, on the 17th day of June, two thousand twenty-four. 

Present: 

 EUNICE C. LEE, 

 SARAH A. L. MERRIAM, 

 MARIA ARAÚJO KAHN,

Circuit Judges. 

_____________________________________

PARACO GAS CORPORATION, JOSEPH ARMENTANO, 

CHRISTINA ARMENTANO, 

Plaintiffs-Appellants, 

v. 23-1069-cv

IRONSHORE INDEMNITY, INC. 

 
2 

 Defendant-Appellee. 

_____________________________________

For Plaintiff-Appellant: ANDREA H. MARCUS, The 

Deiorio Law Group, 

PLLC, Rye Brook, NY.

For Defendant-Appellee: MELISSA A. MURPHYPETROS, Wilson Elser 

Moskowitz Edelman & 

Dicker LLP, Chicago, IL. 

Appeal from a judgment of the United States District Court for the Southern 

District of New York (Seibel, J.).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, 

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the district court is

AFFIRMED. 

Paraco Gas Corporation (“Paraco”), a closely-held family corporation that 

distributes propane fuel and equipment, appeals a June 22, 2023 judgment of the 

district court dismissing its breach of contract and declaratory judgment claims

against Ironshore Indemnity, Inc. (“Ironshore”), an insurance company that issued 

Paraco the liability insurance policy at the heart of this dispute. Paraco 

purchased an insurance policy for Directors, Officers, and Private Company 
3

Liability coverage (the “D&O Policy” or “Policy”) from Ironshore for the relevant 

period. As its name suggests, the D&O Policy provided insurance coverage for 

certain acts of Paraco’s officers and directors. After a suit was brought against

Joseph and Christina Armentano, who were Paraco officers,1 alleging that Joseph

had transferred shares in violation of the terms of two Paraco Shareholder 

Agreements, Paraco sought to invoke coverage benefits under the Policy for the 

suit (the “Underlying Action”). Paraco, Joseph, and Christina (collectively, 

“Appellants”) allege that despite proper notification and requests, Ironshore 

refused to defend or indemnify Appellants in the Underlying Action as required 

by the Policy. 

Appellants brought suit seeking (1) a declaratory judgment that Ironshore 

was obligated under the Policy (i) to indemnify and compensate them for losses 

sustained in the Underlying Action, and (ii) to provide them with a defense in that 

action; and (2) damages for breach of contract.2 The district court dismissed the 

1 At the relevant time, Joseph Armentano was the Chief Executive Officer of Paraco, Chairman 

of Paraco’s Board of Directors, and owner of a majority of both Paraco Class A Voting Stock and 

Class B Non-Voting Stock; and Christina Armentano was a corporate officer of Paraco, a member 

of the Board, and an owner of Paraco Class A and Class B stock. 

2 The parties eventually settled the Underlying Action. 
4

suit because it determined that the exclusion provision of the insurance policy 

unambiguously excluded liability coverage for the Underlying Action. On 

appeal, Paraco argues that the coverage exclusion in the insurance policy did not 

preclude all the claims in the Underlying Action from D&O coverage. 

For the reasons below, we find that all the claims in the Underlying Action 

arose out of obligations under the Shareholder Agreements, and thus, all fell 

within the Policy’s coverage exclusion. We assume the parties’ familiarity with 

the remaining underlying facts, procedural history, and issues on appeal, to which 

we refer only as necessary to explain our decision to affirm.

* * * 

We review de novo the grant of a motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of 

Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), accepting all factual allegations in the complaint as true 

and construing all reasonable inferences in the light most favorable to the 

nonmoving party. See Melendez v. Sirius XM Radio, Inc., 50 F.4th 294, 298 (2d Cir. 

2022). The parties agree that New York law governs the interpretation of the 

Policy’s terms. When interpreting contracts under New York law, courts focus 

on deciphering “the objective manifestations of the intent of the parties as gathered 
5

by their expressed words and deeds.” Res. Grp. Int’l Ltd. v. Chishti, 91 F.4th 107, 

112 (2d Cir. 2024) (quoting Brown Bros. Elec. Contractors, Inc. v. Beam Constr. Corp., 

41 N.Y.2d 397, 399 (1977)).

The D&O Policy here provides a blanket statement of coverage, followed 

later by an exclusionary provision for certain acts. Section III.N.’s exclusion 

provision reads as follows:

Section III. The Insurer shall not be liable to make any payment for 

Loss in connection with any Claim made against any Insured: . . . N.

alleging, arising out of, based upon or attributable to any actual or 

alleged contractual liability or obligation of the Company or an Insured 

Person under any contract, agreement, employment contract or 

employment agreement to pay money, wages or any employee 

benefits of any kind. 

J. App’x at 57, 59 (emphasis added). This provision exempts from coverage any 

claim against persons covered under the Policy that “aris[e] out of” contractual 

liability or obligations under contracts and agreements.3 Id. The scope of the 

“arising out of” language in this provision is our focus in addressing Paraco’s

appeal. New York courts have historically interpreted “arising out of” language

3 “Insured Person” under the Policy means “Directors, Officers and Employees.” J. App’x at 54 

(Policy § II.M.). The parties do not dispute that Joseph and Christina are covered persons under 

the terms of the Policy. 
6

in insurance contracts broadly. See Maroney v. N.Y. Cent. Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 

5 N.Y.3d 467, 472 (2005) (“The words ‘arising out of’ have ‘broader significance

and are ordinarily understood to mean originating from, incident to, or having 

connection with.’” (alterations omitted) (quoting Aetna Cas. & Sur. Co. v. Liberty 

Mut. Ins. Co., 459 N.Y.S.2d 158, 161 (App. Div. 1983))). 

As an initial matter, Paraco concedes that nine out of the ten claims in the 

Underlying Action “arise out of” alleged breaches of the two Paraco Shareholder 

Agreements. This means that these claims fall within the Section III.N. exclusion

and do not benefit from liability coverage under the Policy. Thus, we narrow our 

focus to the only claim from the Underlying Action that remains in dispute—

Count IV. Specifically, the question is whether Count IV is based on an alleged 

contractual liability of Paraco, such that coverage is excluded. 

Count IV of the Underlying Action sought declaratory relief stating that the 

Class A Shareholder Agreement remained in effect and governed the rights of 

Paraco shareholders, and that an agreement signed by Joseph purporting to 

terminate the Class A Shareholder Agreement was invalid. In Paraco’s view, this 

claim is based on the Board’s corporate powers and fiduciary duties, not on 
7

obligations under the Shareholder Agreements that sustain the rest of the claims 

in the Underlying Action. Paraco argues that this means Count IV cannot fall 

within the Policy’s exclusion because it was based not on “contractual liability or 

obligation,” but on the Board’s abdication of its corporate and fiduciary duties to 

shareholders by allegedly rubberstamping Joseph’s actions and/or wrongfully 

concealing them. J. App’x at 59. Thus, Paraco contends that such claims against 

the Board would exist regardless of Appellants’ obligations under the Shareholder 

Agreements, and as such, Ironshore had a duty to defend or indemnify Appellants 

against those claims. 

To assess the boundaries of coverage under the exclusionary clause of the 

Policy, we apply a but-for test. See Mount Vernon Fire Ins. Co. v. Creative Hous. 

Ltd., 88 N.Y.2d 347, 352–53 (1996). While Paraco accepts the application of a butfor test to adjudicate whether the claims arise out of contractual liability or 

obligations, it neglects to engage with any analysis in earnest. Ironshore argues 

that because Count IV “alleges that Joseph breached the Class A shareholder 

agreement by purporting to end it through his unilateral execution of the 

termination agreement” approved by the Board, the claim “could not exist but for
8

the contractual obligations created by the Class A shareholder agreement”—

precluding it from coverage. Appellee’s Br. at 40 (emphasis added). We agree. 

Count IV not only alleges the existence of facts showing that Appellants 

violated the terms of the Class A Shareholder Agreement, but the claim relies on 

that agreement for its theory of harm—demonstrating that the claim could not 

exist but for Joseph’s alleged violation of the agreement’s right of first refusal and 

stock transfer provisions. Thus, the claim is clearly positioned within the Policy 

exclusion. The allegations in Count IV of the Underlying Action are replete with 

references to Joseph’s breach of his obligations under the Class A Shareholder 

Agreement. See J. App’x at 30 (“The Paraco Class ‘A’ Stock improperly 

transferred by Joseph . . . in violation of the Class ‘A’ ROFR4 . . . would have been 

returned to Paraco and its shareholders if the Class ‘A’ ROFR was complied 

with.”); see also id. (“The improper Class ‘A’ Stock transfers made by Joseph . . . 

including the Purported Termination Agreement, signed only by Joseph—the

invalidity of which is blatant due to the explicit provision in the Class ‘A’ Stock 

Agreement requiring that any modification or amendment to [it] must be in

4 A contractual term indicating a right of first refusal. 
9

writing signed by all parties, was the cornerstone of Joseph’s Succession Plan.”). 

So while Count IV is not a breach of contract claim per se, it certainly has a causal 

relationship to Appellants’ contractual obligations arising out of the Class A 

Shareholder Agreement. See Maroney, 5 N.Y.3d at 472 (“We conclude that, in the 

uninsured premises realm, the phrase arising out of [] requires only that there be 

some causal relationship[.]” (internal quotation marks omitted)). This places 

Count IV squarely within the orbit of the D&O Policy’s exclusion from coverage.

Last, Paraco’s characterization of Count IV as arising out of the Board’s 

obligations under its general corporate duties is flawed for another distinct

reason—that is, that the allegations related to the Board functioned to satisfy the 

pleading requirements for derivative actions. As the district court correctly 

determined, the allegations related to the Board in Count IV “were made with 

respect to demand futility for the derivative claims, to explain why requesting that 

the Board sue Joseph would be pointless.” Paraco Gas Corp. v. Ironshore Indem., 

Inc., No. 22-CV-5557 (CS), 2023 WL 4134661, at *8 (S.D.N.Y. June 22, 2023). 

“Demand futility” pleading allows shareholders who bring derivative actions to 

explain why they did not demand the Board bring the action instead. See Marx 
10

v. Akers, 88 N.Y.2d 189, 193–94 (1996) (“[New York] Business Corporation Law 

§ 626 (c) provides that in any shareholders’ derivative action, ‘the complaint shall 

set forth with particularity the efforts of the plaintiff to secure the initiation of such 

action by the board or the reasons for not making such effort.’” (quoting N.Y. Bus. 

Corp. Law § 626(c))). The allegations in Count IV that directly invoke the Board 

are clearly designed to meet this pleading requirement. See J. App’x at 30 

(explaining that Board’s close entanglement with Joseph’s actions made it 

“incapable of making a disinterested decision to institute and vigorously

prosecute the Plaintiffs’ derivative claims on behalf of Paraco shareholders” and 

thus “a demand upon the Paraco Board to commence Plaintiffs’ derivative claims 

is futile”). While a demand futility statement may imply that a board abdicated 

its corporate duties, it does not, without more, transform the nature of the 

Underlying Action or the claim itself, and therefore does not impact our 

consideration. 

We conclude that each claim in the Underlying Action arose from an “actual 

or alleged contractual liability or obligation of” Paraco, Joseph, or Christina, under 

the relevant shareholder agreements. J. App’x at 59. Thus, any legal duty 
11

Ironshore had under the D&O Policy to defend and/or indemnify Paraco was not 

triggered because the entirety of the Underlying Action falls within the Policy’s 

exclusion clause. 

* * * 

Because all of the claims fall within the exclusion, we need not consider 

Paraco’s remaining arguments. Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the 

district court. 

FOR THE COURT: 

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk of Court