United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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No. 97-3861

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South Dakota Mining Association, *

Inc.; Homestake Mining Company, of *

California; Wharf Resources, a *

Montana General Partnership; Golden *

Reward Mining Company Limited *

Partnership; Naneco Minerals, Inc.; *

Fred J. Gali; Iwalana I. Gali, * Appeal from the United States

 Plaintiffs - Appellees, * District of South Dakota.

 v. *

Lawrence County, a Political *

Subdivision of the State of South *

Dakota, *

 Defendant - Appellee, *

Jack Cole, *

 Intervenor - Appellant. *

* District Court for the

*

*

*

*

*

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Submitted: April 20, 1998

 Filed: September 16, 1998

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Before McMILLIAN, LOKEN, and HANSEN, Circuit Judges.

___________

HANSEN, Circuit Judge.
The Honorable Richard H. Battey, Chief Judge, United States District Court for 1

the District of South Dakota.

The Lawrence County Board of County Commissioners did not draft the

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proposed ordinance. The Commissioners merely placed the proposed ordinance on the

ballot pursuant to South Dakota state law after backers obtained the requisite number

of signatures in favor of the ordinance. See S.D. Codified Laws § 7-18A-13 (Michie

1993). The ordinance became law when it was approved by a majority of the voters

in Lawrence County. See id. § 7-18A-14.

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Jack Cole appeals the district court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the 1

South Dakota Mining Association, Inc., Homestake Mining Company of California,

Wharf Resources, Golden Reward Mining Company, L.P., Naneco Minerals, Inc., Fred

J. Gali, and Iwalana I. Gali (collectively, the plaintiffs), and its order permanently

enjoining enforcement of a Lawrence County, South Dakota, ordinance prohibiting the

issuance of any new or amended permits for surface metal mining within the Spearfish

Canyon Area. The district court ruled that the ordinance was preempted by the Federal

Mining Act of 1872, 30 U.S.C. §§ 21-26 (1994). See South Dakota Mining Ass’n v.

Lawrence County, 977 F. Supp. 1396, 1405-07 (D.S.D. 1997). Cole, who intervened

on the side of defendant Lawrence County, argues that the ordinance is not preempted.

We affirm.

I. Background

On November 5, 1996, a 51 percent majority of the voters of Lawrence County,

South Dakota, approved an initiated ordinance that amended Lawrence County’s

zoning laws. The voter-approved ordinance adds the following language to the

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county’s zoning provisions: “No new permits or amendments to existing permits may

be issued for surface metal mining extractive industry projects in the Spearfish Canyon

Area.” The Spearfish Canyon Area defined in the ordinance includes approximately

40,000 acres of Lawrence County, encompassing about 10 percent of the total land area
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of the county. Approximately 90 percent of the area is within the Black Hills National

Forest and is under the supervision and control of the United States Department of

Agriculture's Forest Service, and the United States Department of Interior’s Bureau of

Land Management. This public land contains unpatented mining claims or properties

which are open to the public for mineral developments. The remaining 10 percent of

the area contains privately owned patented mining claims. The area is also home to

“some of the most beautiful land in the Black Hills.” South Dakota Mining Ass’n, 977

F. Supp. at 1398.

The following three paragraphs, containing the undisputed factual background,

come from the district court's opinion. 

Five mining companies have had active surface mining operations within

Lawrence County in the past fifteen years. Two of the plaintiffs, Wharf Resources

(Wharf) and Golden Reward Mining Company, L.P. (Golden), either had or currently

have active surface mining operations. Both Wharf and Golden have patented and

unpatented mining claims within the area defined in the ordinance. Some of Wharf’s

and Golden’s unpatented mineral properties are undergoing active mineral exploration.

Wharf is also conducting active surface mining on some privately owned patented

mining claims within the area.

Two members of the South Dakota Mining Association who are not plaintiffs,

LAC Minerals (U.S.A.) Inc. (LAC Minerals), and Brohm Mining Corp. (Brohm), also

either had, or currently have, surface mining operations. LAC Minerals owns or

controls patented and unpatented mineral properties within the Spearfish Canyon Area

as defined in the ordinance. From 1988 to the fall of 1993, LAC Minerals operated the

Richmond Hill Mine which was an active gold and silver surface mining operation.

The mine was undergoing reclamation activities at the time of this action. Brohm owns

or controls the Gilt Edge Mine, an active gold and silver surface mining operation.
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Plaintiff Homestake Mining Company (Homestake) has both patented and

unpatented mining claims within the area defined in the ordinance. Plaintiff Naneco

Minerals, Inc., (Naneco) holds a state surface mine permit, but has not yet begun

mining in the Spearfish Canyon Area. Naneco also owns or controls patented mining

claims on privately owned land located within the Area. Plaintiffs Fred and Iwalana

Gali own patented mining claims within the area defined as Spearfish Canyon. The

Galis lease these mineral rights to mining companies while retaining a royalty.

The record shows that surface metal mining is the only mining method that has

been used to mine gold and silver deposits located in the vicinity of the Spearfish

Canyon Area in the past 20 years. (J.A. at 151, 158.) Although underground and other

types of gold and silver mining are prevalent in parts of South Dakota, the record here

discloses that surface metal mining is the only mining method that can actually be used

to extract these minerals in the Spearfish Canyon Area. (Id. at 151-52, 158-59.) This

is because the gold and silver deposits within the Spearfish Canyon Area are

geologically located at the earth’s surface. (Id. at 151-52, 159.) The plaintiff mining

companies have also made substantial investments of both time and money to explore

the area for mineral deposits and to develop plans for mining that conform to federal,

state, and local permitting laws. 

On February 24, 1997, the plaintiffs filed suit in federal district court against

Lawrence County, alleging, among other claims, that federal and state mining laws

preempted the county ordinance banning surface metal mining within the Spearfish

Canyon Area. The plaintiffs sought a declaratory judgment to this effect and an

injunction barring enforcement of the ordinance. On March 24, 1997, the plaintiffs

filed a motion for summary judgment on their claim that federal and state mining laws

preempted the ordinance. The plaintiffs and the county stipulated that no material facts

were in dispute and that discovery was unnecessary pending the district court’s

resolution of the summary judgment motion.
Lawrence County did not appeal the district court’s ruling and has filed a brief 3

in this court arguing in support of the district court’s order invalidating the ordinance

and enjoining its enforcement. Accordingly, Lawrence County is designated as an

appellee before this court. 

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On April 28, 1997, Jack Cole, a private landowner within the Spearfish Canyon

Area, filed a motion to intervene and defend the ordinance. The plaintiffs did not

object to Cole intervening, and the district court granted the motion. The court also

granted the State of South Dakota and Action for the Environment (Action) leave to file

amicus curiae briefs regarding the summary judgment motion. The state filed a brief

in support of the plaintiffs' summary judgment motion and Action filed a brief opposing

the motion. Cole joined in Action’s brief. 

Prior to any ruling on the summary judgment motion, the district court ordered

the parties to brief the issue of whether the case presented a justiciable controversy.

The court noted that even though the case was brought as a declaratory judgment action

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. §§ 2201 and 2202, the action must be ripe for a federal court to

resolve it. The parties then submitted briefs and affidavits regarding the ripeness issue.

The district court ruled that the action was ripe and that it would therefore decide

the case on the merits. See South Dakota Mining Assoc., 977 F. Supp. at 1400. The

court granted the plaintiffs’ motion for summary judgment, ruling that the Federal

Mining Act of 1872, 30 U.S.C. §§ 21-26, preempted the Lawrence County ordinance

and ordered a permanent injunction barring enforcement of the ordinance. See id. at

1407. Cole appeals.3

II. Analysis

A. Ripeness
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Although not raised by the parties in this appeal, we first analyze whether the

present action is ripe for federal court adjudication. We have explained that “[r]ipeness

is demonstrated by a showing that a live controversy exists such that the plaintiffs will

sustain immediate injury from the operation of the challenged provisions.” Employers

Ass’n, Inc. v. United Steelworkers, 32 F.3d 1297, 1299 (8th Cir. 1994). This means

that “[a] plaintiff who challenges a statute must demonstrate a realistic danger of

sustaining a direct injury as a result of the statute’s operation or enforcement.” Babbit

v. United Farm Workers Nat’l Union, 442 U.S. 289, 298 (1979). A plaintiff does not

have to “await consummation of threatened injury” before bringing a declaratory

judgment action. Id. at 298 (internal quotation omitted). Instead, an action is ripe for

adjudication if the plaintiff faces injury that “is certainly impending.” Id. (internal

quotations omitted).

The plaintiffs here have shown a realistic danger of sustaining an immediate,

direct injury as a result of the operation or enforcement of the challenged Lawrence

County ordinance. Plaintiffs Homestake, Wharf, Golden, Naneco, and Fred and

Iwalana Gali all own patented or unpatented mining claims within the Spearfish Canyon

Area as defined in the Lawrence County ordinance. Plaintiff South Dakota Mining

Association also has members who own patented or unpatented mining claims within

the area. Under the plain text of the Lawrence County ordinance, none of the plaintiffs

may be granted a new or amended permit for surface metal mining on any of their

mining claims within the Spearfish Canyon Area. Because applying for and being

denied a county permit for surface metal mining would be an exercise in futility, we

will not require plaintiffs to do so before they may challenge the ordinance. See

Sammon v. New Jersey Bd. of Med. Examiners, 66 F.3d 639, 643 (3d Cir. 1995)

(“Litigants are not required to make such futile gestures to establish ripeness.”). We

agree with the district court and conclude that the plaintiffs’ preemption claim is ripe.

B. Preemption
We note that Cole also urges us to remand the case to the district court to allow 4

further discovery regarding the purposes and policies underlying the ordinance. We

reject this argument because these purposes and policies are immaterial to the

preemption analysis here. See Perez v. Campbell, 402 U.S. 637, 651-52 (1971)

(holding that “any state legislation which frustrates the full effectiveness of federal law

is rendered invalid by the Supremacy Clause” regardless of the underlying purpose of

its enactors). 

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Having determined that the plaintiffs’ preemption claim is ripe, we now address

Cole’s challenge to the district court’s order declaring the Lawrence County ordinance

preempted by federal law and enjoining its enforcement. Cole argues that the

Lawrence County ordinance is not preempted by the Federal Mining Act because the

ordinance is a reasonable environmental regulation of mining on federal lands.

Specifically, Cole claims that because the ordinance only bans one type of mining,

surface metal mining, and does so only within a limited area, the ordinance does not

prevent the accomplishment of the purposes and objectives of federal mining law.4

“We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, applying

the same standards as the district court.” Mayard v. Hopwood, 105 F.3d 1226, 1227

(8th Cir.1997). Summary judgment is appropriate if the record “show[s] that there is

no genuine issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a

judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c). We view the facts and the

reasonable inferences to be drawn from them in the light most favorable to the

nonmoving party. Matsushita Elec. Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574,

587 (1986). “Only disputes over facts that might affect the outcome of the suit under

the governing law will properly preclude the entry of summary judgment.” Anderson

v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986).

 The Supreme Court has set forth the analysis we must apply to determine if a

state law is preempted by federal law:
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State law can be pre-empted in either of two general ways. If Congress

evidences an intent to occupy a given field, any state law falling within

that field is pre-empted. If Congress has not entirely displaced state

regulation over the matter in question, state law is still pre-empted to the

extent it actually conflicts with federal law, that is, when it is impossible

to comply with both state and federal law, or where the state law stands

as an obstacle to the accomplishment of the full purposes and objectives

of Congress. 

California Coastal Comm’n v. Granite Rock Co., 480 U.S. 572, 581 (1987) (emphasis

added) (citations and internal quotations omitted); see also U.S. Const. art. VI, cl. 2

(supremacy clause). The same preemption analysis applies when a court is determining

if federal law preempts a county ordinance. Hillsborough County v. Automated Med.

Labs., Inc., 471 U.S. 707, 713 (1985).

In this case, we must determine whether the Lawrence County ordinance is

preempted because it conflicts with federal law. Specifically, we address whether the

ordinance conflicts with the Federal Mining Act because it “stands as an obstacle to the

accomplishment of the full purposes and objectives of Congress” embodied in the Act.

Granite Rock, 480 U.S. at 581 (internal quotation omitted). Thus, in analyzing whether

the ordinance is preempted, we must first determine the purposes and objectives of

Congress that are embodied in the Mining Act. Second, we must determine whether

the ordinance stands as an obstacle to the accomplishment of these Congressional

purposes and objectives. 

To determine the purposes and objectives that are embodied in the Mining Act,

we first look to the text and structure of statute itself. Peters v. Union Pac. R.R. Co.,

80 F.3d 257, 261 (8th Cir.1996). Congress has codified its declaration of the federal

government’s policy towards mining:

The Congress declares that it is the continuing policy of the Federal

Government in the national interest to foster and encourage private
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enterprise in (1) the development of economically sound and stable

domestic mining, minerals, metal and mineral reclamation industries, (2)

the orderly and economic development of domestic mineral resources,

reserves, and reclamation of metals and minerals to help assure

satisfaction of industrial, security and environmental needs, (3) mining,

mineral, and metallurgical research, including the use and recycling of

scrap to promote the wise and efficient use of our natural and reclaimable

mineral resources, and (4) the study and development of methods for the

disposal, control, and reclamation of mineral waste products, and the

reclamation of mined land, so as to lessen any adverse impact of mineral

extraction and processing upon the physical environment that may result

from mining or mineral activities.

30 U.S.C. § 21a. 

The Mining Act provides for the free and open exploration of public lands

for valuable mineral deposits. Specifically, the statute states:

Except as otherwise provided, all valuable mineral deposits in lands

belonging to the United States, both surveyed and unsurveyed, shall be

free and open to exploration and purchase, and the lands in which they are

found to occupation and purchase, by citizens of the United States and

those who have declared their intention to become such, under regulations

prescribed by law, and according to the local customs or rules of miners

in the several mining districts, so far as the same are applicable and not

inconsistent with the laws of the United States.

30 U.S.C. § 22. The Supreme Court has stated that the Congressional intent

underlying this section is to reward and encourage the discovery of economically

valuable minerals located on public lands. United States v. Coleman, 390 U.S.

599, 602 (1968). Congress has further provided that the “locators” of mineral

deposits on federal lands under § 22 shall have the exclusive right to extract

those minerals if they comply with federal law and state and local laws that do
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not conflict with federal law. See 30 U.S.C. § 26. The Mining Act establishes

a system whereby a prospector can “go out
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into the public domain, search for minerals and upon discovery establish a claim

to the lands upon which the discovery was made.” United States v. CurtisNevada Mines, Inc., 611 F.2d 1277, 1281 (9th Cir. 1980).

Thus, as shown in the text and structure of the statute, Congress has set

out several purposes and objectives in the Mining Act. These include the

encouragement of exploration for and mining of valuable minerals located on

federal lands, providing federal regulation of mining to protect the physical

environment while allowing the efficient and economical extraction and use of

minerals, and allowing state and local regulation of mining so long as such

regulation is consistent with federal mining law. Having determined the

purposes and objectives of the Mining Act, we next examine the second step of

the preemption analysis—whether the Lawrence County ordinance stands as an

obstacle to these purposes and objectives. 

Both parties cite the Supreme Court’s decision in Granite Rock to support

their positions, and an examination of the case would aid us in applying the

second step of our preemption analysis. In Granite Rock, a mining company

brought a “purely facial” challenge to a California state law making it unlawful

to mine on federal lands without first obtaining a permit from the state Coastal

Commission. 480 U.S. at 580. The mining company claimed that the state

permit requirement was preempted by federal mining laws. Because the

company had not applied for a permit, and it was unclear what requirements the

company would have to meet to obtain a permit, the issue faced by the Supreme

Court was relatively narrow: “whether Congress has enacted legislation

respecting this federal land that would pre-empt any requirement that [the

company] obtain a California Coastal Commission permit.” Id. at 581.

Significant to this case, the Court stressed that the Coastal Commission did not

argue that it had the authority to ban all mining. Id. at 586 (“[T]he Coastal

Commission has consistently maintained that it does not seek to prohibit mining

of the unpatented claim on national forest land.”). Instead, the Coastal
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Commission merely claimed that it could require the company to comply with

certain reasonable regulatory requirements designed to protect
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the environment prior to obtaining a permit. Id. at 586-87. In rejecting the

company’s argument that the permit requirement was preempted because it was

an impermissible land use regulation, the Court first assumed without deciding

that state land use regulations, which it defined as laws that “in essence choose[]

particular uses for the land,” were preempted. Id. at 587. Second, the Court

held that state environmental regulations, laws that “do[] not mandate particular

uses of land but require[] only that, however the land is used, damage to the

environment is kept within prescribed limits,” would not always be preempted.

Id. Because the Coastal Commission had identified “a possible set of permit

conditions not pre-empted by federal law,” conditions which would not prohibit

the company from mining on federal land, the Court rejected the company’s

facial challenge and upheld the state permit law. Id. at 589. 

We initially note that, as in Granite Rock, the plaintiffs in this case bring

a facial challenge to a local permit law. However, unlike Granite Rock, we are

not confronted with uncertainty regarding what conditions must be met to obtain

a permit for surface metal mining in the Spearfish Canyon area. The Lawrence

County ordinance is a per se ban on all new or amended permits for surface

metal mining within the area. Because the record shows that surface metal

mining is the only practical way any of the plaintiffs can actually mine the

valuable mineral deposits located on federal land in the area, the ordinance’s

effect is a de facto ban on mining in the area. Thus, unlike Granite Rock, we are

not faced with a local permit law that sets out reasonable environmental

regulations governing mining activities on federal lands. 

The ordinance’s de facto ban on mining on federal land acts as a clear

obstacle to the accomplishment of the Congressional purposes and objectives

embodied in the Mining Act. Congress has encouraged exploration and mining

of valuable mineral deposits located on federal land and has granted certain

rights to those who discover such minerals. Federal law also encourages the

economical extraction and use of these minerals. The Lawrence County
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ordinance completely frustrates the accomplishment of these federally

encouraged activities. A local government cannot prohibit a lawful
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use of the sovereign's land that the superior sovereign itself permits and

encourages. To do so offends both the Property Clause and the Supremacy

Clause of the federal Constitution. The ordinance is prohibitory, not regulatory,

in its fundamental character. The district court correctly ruled that the

ordinance was preempted. 

Finally, we note that in his reply brief, Cole points out that the Spearfish

Canyon Area defined in the ordinance includes privately owned land that is

outside the purview of the Federal Mining Act. Cole contends that the district

court “erred in failing to separately analyze the ordinance’s effect on the

privately owned land.” (Appellant’s Reply Br. at 4.) Because Cole did not raise

this argument in his initial brief, he has not preserved this error, and we do not

address the claim. See United States v. Darden, 70 F.3d 1507, 1549 n.18 (8th

Cir. 1995) (“Appellants generally must raise and brief all issues in their opening

brief.”), cert. denied, 517 U.S. 1149 (1996). 

III. Conclusion

Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

A true copy.

Attest:

CLERK, U.S. COURT OF APPEALS, EIGHTH CIRCUIT