#### In re: HECHINGER INVESTMENT COMPANY OF DELAWARE, INC., et al. Debtors. *126Liquidation Trust of Hechinger Investment Company of Delaware, Inc., Appellant v. *Fleet Retail Finance Group; Chase; Chase Manhattan Bank N.A.; Back Bay Capital Funding LLC, each individually and as agents for various banks party to credit agreements described herein; John W. Hechinger; *General Electric Capital Corporation; Leonard Green & Partners, L.P.; Green Equity Investors II, L.P.; John W. Hechinger, Jr.; S. Ross Hechinger; Ann D. Jordan; Robert S. Parker; Melvin A. Wilmore; Alan J. Zakon; Kenneth J. Cort; W. Clark McClelland; June R. Hechinger; Nancy Hechinger Lowe; Sally Hechinger Rudoy; Catherine S. England; Richard England, Jr.; June L.P.; Lois Associates L.P.; Jarsan Associates LP; Leonard Green & Partners, L.P.; Green Equity Investors II, L.P.; Third-Party Plaintiffs. v. K-Mart Corporation, Third Party Defendant. In re: Hechinger Investment Company of Delaware, Inc., et al., Debtors. Liquidation Trust of Hechinger Investment Company of Delaware, Inc., Appellant v. Leonard Green & Partners L.P. In re: Hechinger Investment Company of Delaware, Inc., et al., Debtors. Liquidation Trust of Hechinger Investment Company of Delaware, Inc., Appellant.

No. 05-4960.

United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit.

Argued April 14, 2008.

Filed: May 19, 2008.

*127Michael F. Bonkowski, Esquire, Mark Minuti, Esquire, Saul Ewing, Wilmington, DE, David M. Friedman, Esquire, David E. Ross, Esquire, Howard W. Schub, Esquire, (Argued), Andrew K. Glenn, Esquire, Marvin C. Pegúese, Esquire, Ka-sowitz, Benson, Torres *&*Friedman, New York, NY, for Appellant.

Richard W. Clary, Esquire, Elizabeth L. Grayer, Esquire, (Argued), Cravath, Swaine & Moore, New York, NY, John L. Reed, Esquire, Edwards Angelí Palmer *&*Dodge LLP, Regina A. Iorii, Esquire, Werb & Sullivan, Wilmington, DE, Anthony Castañares, Esquire, Stephen M. Ray, Esquire, (Argued), Gina M. Najolia, Esquire, Stutman, Treister & Glatt, Los An-geles, CA, for Appellee.

Before: SCIRICA, Chief Judge, AMBRO and FISHER, Circuit Judges.

*

(Dismissed Per Court Order dated 10/23/06).

OPINION

AMBRO, Circuit Judge.

We decide whether the District Court properly granted summary judgment in favor of Chase Manhattan Bank (“Chase”), Leonard Green & Partners (“LGP”), and Green Equity Investors II (“GEI”), on the claim of the Liquidation Trust of Hechinger Investment Company of Delaware (the “Trust”) that certain transfers of security interests to Chase and for the benefit of the Green entities were constructively fraudulent. We also decide whether the District Court properly granted summary judgment in favor of LGP on the Trust’s claim that it aided and abetted certain former Hechinger directors’ breaches of fiduciary duty.

We affirm both grants of summary judgment.1

1. Facts and Procedural History

Because we write primarily for the parties, we relate only the facts necessary to the disposition of this case. Hechinger Investment Company of Delaware (“He-ehinger”), the debtor, is the product of a leveraged buyout (“LBO”) structured by LGP for its affiliate GEI. That transaction merged two underperforming home improvement retail chains — Builders Square, formerly a subsidiary of K-Mart Corporation, and Hechinger. GEI, through a subsidiary, acquired both He-chinger and Builders Square. It financed the transaction with some of its own capital, but also with a substantial amount of capital borrowed through Chase2 and se*128cured by the merged entity’s assets. To acquire Hechinger, a GEI subsidiary paid the Hechinger shareholders $2,375 per share. Twenty months after the merger, the merged entity petitioned for relief under Chapter 11 of the Bankruptcy Code.

In this adversary proceeding, the Trust, standing in the shoes of the debtor, alleged that security interests in Hechinger’s assets were conveyed to Chase, and for the benefit of the Green entities, for less than reasonably equivalent value. It further alleged that LGP aided and abetted certain former Hechinger directors in breaching their fiduciary duties to the corporation. The directors allegedly breached their duties by approving the buyout of Hechinger stock despite their conflicts of interest, and despite the transaction’s lack of “entire fairness.” LGP purportedly aided and abetted this breach by creating or exploiting the directors’ conflicts of interest.

II. Constructive fraud

Conveyances are voidable as constructively fraudulent if the debtor does not receive “reasonably equivalent value” in return for the transfer or obligations conveyed. 11 U.S.C. § 548(a)(1)(B). Here, the District Court ruled, as to the tangible assets acquired (ie., the Builders Square assets), that it had already found that those net assets were worth $260 million in a prior adversary proceeding involving He-chinger’s corporate bondholders. While the Court did not invoke explicitly the law of issue preclusion, it is clear from the Court’s opinion that it was convinced that the question of Builders Square’s value had already been decided.

“For a party to be estopped from relit-igating an issue, the following elements must be present: (1) the issue sought to be precluded must be the same as the one involved in the prior action; (2) the issue must have been actually litigated; (3) the issue must have been determined by a valid and final judgment; and (4) the determination must have been essential to the prior judgment.” *In re Docteroff,*133 F.3d 210, 214 (3d Cir.1997).3

It is clear that valuation was actually litigated in the bondholder proceeding, the issue was determined by a final judgment, and the valuation was essential to the judgment in the bondholder proceeding. Thus, the argument here centers on the first prong of the test: whether the two valuation issues — value for purposes of the bondholder proceeding, and value for purposes of determining reasonably equivalent value — are the same.

In the bondholder litigation, the question before the Court was whether $153 million of the security interests that Chase took in the merged entity’s assets fell within a purchase-money exception to a negative pledge clause in an agreement between Hechinger and its unsecured corporate bondholders. According to the District Court, the negative pledge clause was not breached so long as the $153 million could reasonably be characterized as a fair purchase price for the Builders Square assets and liabilities. *In re Hechinger Inv. Co. of Del. (Hechinger I),*Civ. No. 00-973-SLR, 2004 WL 724960, at ¶21, *4 (D.Del.2004). Following a three-day bench trial in which the Court heard testimony from both sides’ experts, including the Trust’s primary expert in this proceeding, it concluded that the most reliable measure of the value of the Builders Square net assets was Hechinger’s post-*129merger valuation of $260 million, which accorded with purchase accounting rules under generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and was audited by KPMG. *Id.*at ¶ 30, *6.

In the proceeding now before us, the Trust contends that the valuation issue in the prior bondholder proceeding was different. It calls the $260 million figure a “book value,” and argues that it was not determined to be Builders Square’s fair market value. It is certainly true that there can be a substantial disconnect between book value and fair market value, *see JP Morgan Chase & Co. v. C.I.R.,*458 F.3d 564, 569 (7th Cir.2006) (affirming finding of fact that GAAP-sanctioned book value differed from fair market value), but the question is whether book value was all the District Court determined in the prior proceeding.

The bondholder proceeding, according to our opinion affirming the District Court, sought to determine the fair market value of Builders Square — that is, the amount that a willing buyer would pay, and a willing seller accept, in an arm’s length transaction. We characterized the question before the District Court as follows:

> [BJreach [of the negative pledge clause] was an impossibility absent a finding that the assets and liabilities of Builders Square at the time of the transaction were less than $153 million. The analysis, then, collapses to two fairly straightforward inquiries: (1) did the District Court make a finding of fact with respect to the valuation of Builders Square; and (2), if so, was that finding clearly erroneous?

*In re Hechinger Inv. Co. of Del.,*147 Fed.Appx. 248, 251 (3d Cir.2005) (not prece-dential). We answered the first question in the affirmative, and characterized the District Court’s decision as follows:

> We ... turn to the question of whether the District Court’s valuation determination was clear error. It was not. “ ‘Fair market value is the price at which the property would change hands between a willing buyer and a willing seller, neither being under any compulsion to buy or to sell and both having reasonable knowledge of relevant facts.’ ” *Amerada Hess Corp. [v.*C.I.R.], 517 F.2d [75,] 83 [(3d Cir.1975)] (quoting *United States v. Cartwright,*411 U.S. 546, 551, 93 S.Ct. 1713, 36 L.Ed.2d 528 (1973)) (internal quotation omitted). We have reviewed the eviden-tiary record and, in light of this definition, *we find no error in the District Court affording great weight to the contemporaneous 1997 valuation made by Hechinger.*This valuation was confirmed by an outside auditor and was further corroborated by independent contemporaneous evidence in the record. This included the fact that (1) Hechinger and its counsel made multiple representations to Appellees’ predecessors that the 1997 transaction had not breached the indenture’s negative pledge clause; (2) Hechinger found the valuation sufficiently reliable to submit it to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission for use in public filings; and (3) the Liquidation Trustee for Appellant, who was also both the former head of financial planning at Hechinger and its Chief Financial Officer, testified that he himself did not know of a breach of the negative pledge clause by Hechinger at any time, including during the 1997 transaction.

> Similarly, *we find no error in the District Court’s decision to remain unpersuaded by Appellant’s claim that “$10 million in cash” constituted the fair market value of Builders Square in 1997.*Our review of the record shows that Appellant’s purported $10 million *130valuation omits other non-cash consideration made in conjunction at the time, including (1) a thirty percent ownership in the company that would arise from the 1997 transaction, in the form of a warrant; (2) a subtenant in approximately 100 sites where a rental obligation would otherwise arise; and (8) a $10.7 million promissory note. While the value of these additional consideration components is not clear, they cast significant doubt upon Appellant’s asserted valuation. For all of these reasons, we conclude that the District Court’s valuation finding was manifestly correct, and therefore not clearly erroneous.

*Id.*at 252 (emphases added).

This language leaves no doubt that we read the District Court’s bondholder opinion as deciding the question of Builders Square’s fair market value by crediting the $260 million figure and rejecting the Trust’s proffered figure of $10 million. Because the District Court made a finding of fact on the issue of fair market value, we must give that finding preclusive effect in this litigation.4 Once we accept that the Builders Square assets were worth $260 million at the time of the acquisition, the Trust’s argument that the debtor did not receive reasonably equivalent value for its transfer of $127 million cannot succeed. Therefore, on this issue we affirm the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Chase and the Green entities.

III. Aiding and Abetting a Breach of Fiduciary Duty

The Trust has alleged that LGP participated in the Hechinger directors’ breach of fiduciary duty to the corporation. The theory of liability for the directors is that they breached their duty of loyalty by approving the buyout transaction despite most of them being conflicted. According to the Trust, the transaction did not satisfy the “entire fairness” standard that Delaware law requires of conflicted transactions. *See Weinberger v. UOP, Inc.,*457 A.2d 701, 710-11 (Del.1983) (explaining “entire fairness” standard). The directors have settled with the Trust, so the claim against them is no longer pending; only the aiding-and-abetting claim against LGP remains.

The District Court granted summary judgment in LGP’s favor, ruling that because it had already determined in the bondholder litigation that the buyout and merger transaction was an arm’s length deal, aiding-and-abetting liability was precluded as a matter of law. This conclusion is consistent with Delaware law, as the Delaware Supreme Court has noted that purely arm’s length negotiations generally are inconsistent with the level of knowing participation required for aiding-and-abetting liability to attach. *Malpiede v. Townson,*780 A.2d 1075, 1097-98 & n. 84 (Del.2001). When a party, such as LGP, is merely negotiating a deal at arm’s length—and not trying to create, exploit, or otherwise profit from fiduciaries’ conflicts—it by definition is not knowingly participating in anything but a normal business transaction. *Id.*

Because we . have some doubt as to whether the District Court gave preclusive effect to its recitation in the bondholder *131litigation that the transaction was negotiated at arm’s length, we examine the record to see if there was a legitimate dispute on that issue. It bears emphasizing that the breach of fiduciary duty alleged in this case was the directors’ approval of the buyout and merger transaction despite their interest in the transaction—namely that the transaction triggered the directors’ receipt of substantial change-of-control benefits not available to regular shareholders. For liability to attach to LGP, the Trust must point to evidence that LGP actively participated in that breach by inducing, encouraging, or otherwise exploiting the directors’ conflict. *Id.*at 1097-98. It has not done so.

In its brief, the Trust claims that LGP knew that Hechinger and Builders Square were in financial distress. Of course it did. The purpose of the transaction was to merge two entities that, because of their size, could not compete with Lowe’s and Home Depot, and thereby create an entity large enough to compete. We fail to see how LGP’s knowledge that it was merging two underperforming entities serves as evidence that LGP exploited the Hechinger directors’ conflicts.

Next, the Trust argues that LGP knew of the benefits that the interested directors would reap from the LBO transaction. But merely knowing that a director or group of directors appears to be conflicted is not the same as actively inducing or exploiting that conflict. Nowhere in its brief does the Trust cite evidence from which a jury could reasonably infer that LGP actively induced or encouraged the creation of those change-of-eon-trol benefits, used them to sell the transaction to the board, or in any other way actively used that conflict to its advantage. We thus conclude that, on this record, summary judgment was appropriate.

^ 'I* ^

Because the issue of Builders Square’s fair market value was litigated and decided, we give preclusive effect to the District Court’s prior finding that those assets were worth $260 million at the time of the LBO transaction. This eliminates the dispute about reasonably equivalent value, and so we affirm the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in Chase and the Green entities’ favor on that issue.

In addition, we conclude that the record contains no evidence that LGP knowingly participated in the Hechinger directors’ alleged breach of fiduciary duty, as nothing cited to us supports the allegation that LGP actively induced, encouraged, or exploited those directors’ conflicts. We likewise affirm the District Court’s grant of summary judgment in LGP’s favor on that issue.

1

. We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291. We review grants of summary judgment *de novo. Boyle v. County of Allegheny, Pa.,*139 F.3d 386, 393 (3d Cir.1998).

2

. Chase acted as an agent for itself and a *128syndicate of other lenders.

3

. These are the elements of federal issue preclusion, which apply, as here, when the prior judgment was rendered in a federal court.

4

. In addition, we ruled as a matter of law that the District Court had made a finding of fact on the issue of fair market value. That ruling is now the law of the case, and we see no compelling reason to revisit it in this appeal. *See In re City of Phila. Litig.,*158 F.3d 711, 718 (3d Cir.1998) (holding that our Court "will not reconsider questions that another panel has decided on a prior appeal in the same case” absent "extraordinary circumstances").