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19-2369-cr

United States v. Parker

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

Rulings by summary order do not have precedential effect. Citation to a summary order filed 

on or after January 1, 2007, is permitted and is governed by Federal Rule of Appellate 

Procedure 32.1 and this Court’s Local Rule 32.1.1. When citing a summary order in a 

document filed with this Court, a party must cite either the Federal Appendix or an 

electronic database (with the notation “summary order”). A party citing a summary order 

must serve a copy of it on any party not represented by counsel.

At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, held at 

the Thurgood Marshall United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of New York, 

on the 25th day of March, two thousand twenty-one.

PRESENT: JOSÉ A. CABRANES,

REENA RAGGI,

Circuit Judges,

LEWIS A. KAPLAN,

Judge.

*

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Appellee, 19-2369-cr

v.

TRAVIOUS PARKER,

Defendant-Appellant.

* Judge Lewis A. Kaplan, of the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York, 

sitting by designation.
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FOR DEFENDANT-APPELLANT: MARTIN J. VOGELBAUM, Federal Public 

Defender’s Office for the Western 

District of New York, Buffalo, NY.

FOR APPELLEE: TIFFANY H. LEE, Assistant United States 

Attorney, for James P. Kennedy, Jr., 

United States Attorney, Western District 

of New York, Buffalo, NY.

Appeal from a July 26, 2019 judgment of the United States District Court for the Western

District of New York (Charles J. Siragusa, Judge).

UPON DUE CONSIDERATION WHEREOF, IT IS HEREBY ORDERED, 

ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the judgment of the District Court be and hereby is

AFFIRMED.

Defendant-Appellant Travious Parker appeals from a judgment entered July 26, 2019 in the 

United States District Court for the Western District of New York, revoking his supervised release 

and sentencing him primarily to fifty-seven months in prison, to be followed by three years of 

supervised release.

While on supervised release, Parker was charged by the United States Probation Office with 

violating multiple mandatory conditions of his release, including the prohibition on “commit[ting] 

another federal state or local crime,” after he was arrested and charged with second-degree robbery

in violation of N.Y. Penal Law § 160.10, a state felony.

1 The District Court convened numerous 

status conferences and other hearings to discuss the violations with which Parker was charged. After 

a two-day final revocation hearing, the District Court concluded that Parker violated several 

conditions of his supervised release, including by committing third-degree robbery in violation of 

N.Y. Penal Law § 160.05, a Grade A violation under the United States Sentencing Guidelines

(“U.S.S.G.”).

2 We assume the parties’ familiarity with the underlying facts, the procedural history of 

the case, and the issues on appeal.

1 Joint App’x 652.

2 Under the U.S.S.G., a Grade A violation of supervised release is defined as “conduct constituting 

(A) a federal, state, or local offense punishable by a term of imprisonment exceeding one year that (i) is a 

crime of violence . . . .” U.S.S.G. § 7B1.1(a)(1).
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On appeal, Parker primarily asserts that his due process rights were violated when the 

District Court found he committed robbery in the third degree, whereas the operative violation 

petition charged Parker with, inter alia, committing robbery in the second degree.

“Due process requires . . . that a defendant charged with violating a condition of supervised 

release be afforded notice of the charges against him before the court may revoke his supervised 

release.”3 Such “notice must be sufficient to allow the releasee to prepare to defend against the 

charges,” which, for the alleged commission of a new crime, is generally satisfied by a written notice 

that “identifies the no-further-crime condition as the condition allegedly violated, identifies the 

crime allegedly committed, and contains a description of the basic facts underlying the new criminal 

charge, including the approximate dates of the events, the location at which they occurred, and the 

individuals involved.”4

Because Parker did not raise an objection based on lack of notice at the revocation hearing, 

we review any such claim now for plain error.5 The burden of showing plain error rests on the 

defendant asserting it.6 “Plain error is: (i) error, that is (ii) plain, and (iii) affects substantial rights. 

Where these conditions are met, an appellate court may then exercise its discretion to notice a 

forfeited error, but only if ... the error seriously affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation of 

judicial proceedings.”7

We reject Parker’s due process challenge. Here, the violation petition specified the nofurther-crime condition as the condition allegedly violated, identified robbery among the crimes 

Parker was charged with committing, and stated the date, place, and details of that alleged robbery.

8

Specifically, the petition stated that Parker “approached [the victim], and punched and kicked [her]

repeatedly while she was on the ground[,]” and then “took her purse and went back to his vehicle.”9

The petition further stated that the victim’s purse was found in Parker’s car and the victim was 

transported to the hospital for facial injuries.

3 United States v. Chatelain, 360 F.3d 114, 121 (2d Cir. 2004).

4 Id.

5 See Puckett v. United States, 556 U.S. 129, 134–35 (2009).

6 United States v. Dominguez Benitez, 542 U.S. 74, 82 (2004); United States v. Turner, 720 F.3d 411, 427 

(2d Cir. 2013).

7 United States v. Rodriguez, 725 F.3d 271, 276 (2d Cir. 2013) (internal quotation marks omitted).

8 Parker appears to concede on appeal that the violation petition “described the basic facts and cited 

specific statutory provisions.” Appellant Br. 28.

9 Joint App’x 652.
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Parker nevertheless argues that his revocation sentence offends his due process rights 

because operative violation petition referenced second-degree robbery, not third-degree robbery, the 

state felony that the District Court found him guilty of committing. He is wrong.

The operative violation petition’s inclusion of second-degree robbery afforded Parker

sufficient constitutional notice of the lesser included offense of third-degree robbery.10 As the 

Supreme Court has recognized, a criminal defendant receives adequate notice of lesser included 

offenses from the presence in an indictment of the corresponding greater offense.11 The same 

conclusion applies to the offenses identified in a violation petition against a revocation defendant, 

who has fewer, not more, due process rights than a criminal defendant.12

Moreover, although the operative violation petition did not explicitly reference third-degree 

robbery, the District Court provided Parker with actual notice that he faced a violation finding on 

such a charge.

13

In sum, Parker’s conviction for a Class A violation of his supervised release upon a finding 

that he committed New York robbery in the third degree was not obtained in violation of his due 

process rights.

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10 Compare N.Y. Penal Law § 160.05 (“A person is guilty of robbery in the third degree when he 

forcibly steals property.”), with id. § 160.10 (“A person is guilty of robbery in the second degree when he 

forcibly steals property and when: . . . he . . . [c]auses physical injury to any person who is not a participant in 

the crime . . . .”); see United States v. McElroy, 910 F.2d 1016, 1022 (2d Cir. 1990) (“For one offense to be 

‘included’ in a second offense, all of the elements of the first offense must be elements of the second.”).

11 See Schmuck v. United States, 489 U.S. 705, 717–18 (1989).

12 See United States v. Carthen, 681 F.3d 94, 99 (2d Cir. 2012) (stating that revocation defendant cannot 

claim “full panoply of rights” afforded criminal defendant).

13 See Joint App’x 218–19 (District Court explaining that alleged conduct exposed Parker to a finding 

that he engaged in forcible stealing, and “[w]hether it’s robbery third or robbery second, it’s a felony.”); id. at 

710 (“And if you took her purse in the course of beating her or punching her or hitting her, that would be 

robbery third.”); see also Chatelain, 360 F.3d at 122 (finding revocation defendant received adequate notice 

when details of alleged violative conduct were provided not in the petition but “in advance of the revocation 

hearing”). 

14 We note that the District Court found that Parker committed a Grade A violation of supervised

release, and that only if the state felony committed by Parker was not a crime of violence could the violation 

been reduced to a Grade B. But the parties do not appear to have disputed that New York robbery, whether 

in the second degree or in the third degree, is a crime of violence for purposes of triggering a Grade A 

violation.
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CONCLUSION

We have reviewed all other arguments raised by Parker on appeal and find them to be 

without merit. For the foregoing reasons, we AFFIRM the July 26, 2019 judgment of the District 

Court.

FOR THE COURT:

Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe, Clerk