## F-ILED C06'U OF 

## APIDEAt_$

a'? Sa op t 

### 2013 

### DEC 20 r 8= IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHI - ,' 

## SHM T01q DIVISION II' 0 lay STATE OF WASHINGTON, No. 42793 -1 - II Respondent,
V. TROY LYNN PERKINS, UNPUBLISHED OPINION Appellant. PENOYAR, J. — 

### Troy Lynn Perkins appeals six community custody conditions included in his judgment and sentence after he pleaded guilty, as an accomplice, to sexual exploitation of a minor. Perkins contends that the challenged conditions are either unconstitutionally vague or unrelated to his offense. The State responds that we need not reach the merits of Perkins' s appeal because the trial court erroneously imposed a determinate sentence. We agree with the State that the trial court imposed an unlawful sentence and remand for either the withdrawal of Perkins' s plea or his resentencing. We also address the challenged community custody 

### conditions because oftheir likely imposition on remand. FACTS 

### The State charged Perkins with sexual exploitation ofa minor as an accomplice after he 

### persuaded his girl friendto engage in sexual activitywith aminorwhile hewatched viaaYahoo!
chat room " webcam." Perkins had a prior " strike" offense for first degree child rape, and he 

### agreed to plead guilty as charged and to accept an exceptional sentence so that he could avoid trial on an amended " second strike" charge. His plea agreement stated that the indeterminate sentencing provisions in RCW 9.94A.507 applied. In its presentence investigation (PSI) report,42793 -1 - II

the Department of Corrections (DOC) recommended an exceptional sentence of 100 months as 

### well as the community custody conditions contained in an attached Appendix F. 

### Perkins' s statement on plea of guilty described the consequences of indeterminate sentencing under RCW 9.94A.507 but did not indicate that they applied to his offense. 

### During 

### the plea hearing, the State informed the trial court that the indeterminate sentencing provisions 

### did apply to Perkins, and the trial court explained that he would receive a minimum term sentence and a maximum term of 120 months, and that he would remain under DOC supervision
until the maximum term expired. The court did not refer to the role of the Indeterminate Sentence Review Board in reviewing Perkins' s . sentence. Despite its explanation of 

### indeterminate sentencing, the trial court subsequently imposed the exceptional determinate
sentence to which the parties agreed: 100 months of confinement and 36 months of community custody. 

### The court left blankthe provisions regarding RCW 9.94A.507 in the printedjudgment
and sentence. 

### Thetrial court also imposed the DOC-recommended community custodyconditions from Appendix F. These conditions included the following:

Possess /

access no sexually exploitative materials ( as defined 

### by 

### Defendant' s treating therapist or CCO).

Frequent no adult book stores, arcades, or places providing sexual entertainment.

Possess /

access no pornography, sexually explicit materials, and / or 

### information pertaining to minorsviacomputer (i.e. internet).

Contact no " 900" telephone numbers that offer sexually explicit material. Provide copies ofphone records to CCO. 

### Do not loiter or frequent places where children congregate including, but not limited to, shopping malls, schools, playgrounds, and video arcades. 

### Do not hitchhike orpick up hitchhikers.

242793 -1 - II

Clerk' s Papers ( CP) at 51. Perkins objected to these conditions as unconstitutional and 

### unnecessary, butthe trial court rejected his challenge. After Perkins appealed the community custody conditions set forth above, the State 

### movedto remand for resentencing orpleawithdrawal andto dismiss his appeal, arguing thatthe trial court had imposed an unlawful determinate sentence where indeterminate sentencing was required. 

### We denied the motion but directed the State to brief the sentencing issue in its appellate brief. ANALYSIS I. STATE' S SENTENCING CHALLENGE The State contends that the trial court imposed an unlawful sentence that we should
vacate without addressing Perkins' s community custody conditions. 

### The State adds that it may 

### raise this challenge under RAP 2.4 despite its failure to file a cross appeal under RAP 5. 1( d).

We agree that review of this issue is warranted despite the lack of a cross appeal. See RAP 2.4( a) ( 

### appellate court may grant affirmative reliefto respondent despite failure to file a

cross appeal if demanded 

### by the necessities of the case). " 

### Courts have the duty and power to
correct an erroneous sentence upon its 

### discovery." 

### In re Pers. RestraintofCall, 144 Wn.2d 315, 334, 28 P.3d 709 (2001); 

### see also In re Pers.Restraint ofMoore, 116 Wn.2d 30, 38 -39, 803 P.2d 300 ( 1991) ( 

### court could notallow sentence to standwhere itexceededthe authorityvested inthe trial court 

### by the legislature). If an erroneous sentence is not corrected otherwise, DOC is 

### authorized to seek its correction inthe trial court and, ifnecessary,to file a post-sentence petition 

### seeking its review. RAP 16.18. Wethusturntothe substance ofthe State's challenge.

If an offender is subject to an indeterminate sentence under RCW 9.94A.507, the sentencing court shall impose a maximum term and a minimum term. RCW 9. 94A.507(3)( a). 942793 -1 - II



### The maximum term shall consist of the statutory maximum sentence for the offense, and the minimum term shall be either within the statutory standard range or outside that range under RCW 9.94A.535. RCW 9.94A.507(3)( b), ( c)( i). When the minimum term expires, the 

### Indeterminate Sentence Review Board decides whetherto release the defendant into community 

### custody for the time left under the maximum term or impose a second minimum term of incarceration. In.re Postsentence Review ofHudgens, 156 Wn.App. 411, 421 -22, 233 P.3d 566 2010); RCW 9.95. 420(3)( a). Such reviews have the potential to extend imprisonment to the
maximum sentence. See State v. Brundage, 126 Wn. 

### App. 55, 63, 107 P.2d 742 ( 2005) 

### discussing indeterminate sentencing aspreviously codified underformer RCW9.94A.712). An offender who is not a persistent offender shall be sentenced under RCW 9.94A.507 if he has a prior conviction for a " strike" 

### offense and is convicted of any sex offense other than failure to register. RCW 9.94A.507( 1)( b). Perkins' s prior conviction offirst degree child rape is 

### a strike offense, and his current conviction of sexual exploitation of a minor is a sex offense. Former RCW 9.94A.030(36)(b)( i), (45)( a)( iii) (2010). 

### Consequently, he should have been 

### sentenced underthe indeterminate sentencing provisions ofRCW 9.94A.507 to amaximum term
of 120 months and a minimum term determined 

### by the trial court. The trial court instead imposed an exceptional determinate sentence of 100 months, with 36 months of community custody. See RCW 9.94A.030( 18) ( determinate sentence states with exactitude the number of months of confinement and community custody). 

### Perkins argues that the agreed sentence must be imposed because he pleaded guilty in exchange for the State' s agreement not to sentence him as a persistent offender under the " two 

### strikes" law. See In re Pers. Restraint ofCarrier, 173 Wn.2d 791, 797 -98, 272 P.3d 209 (2012) under "two strikes" option,defendant qualifies as persistent offender ifconvicted ofat leasttwo M42793 -1 - II

enumerated sex offenses); RCW 9. 94A.570. This argument is somewhat misleading. The State 

### agreed that ifPerkins pleaded guilty, itwould not amend his charge to one thatwould require a life sentence as a persistent offender if a 

### jury found him guilty. Perkins' s current charge of 

### sexual exploitation ofa minor is not one ofthe enumerated "two strikes" offenses. Former RCW 9. 94A.030(36)(b)( i), ( ii). 

### Consequently, contrary to his argument here, 

### invalidating the 

### determinate sentence does not automatically render him susceptible to a life sentence as a persistent offender. 

### Moreover,the remedy ofspecific performance ofaplea agreement is not availablewhere the resulting sentence is unlawful. State v. Barber, 170 Wn.2d 854, 873, 248 P.3d 494 (2011). 

### Where the parties have agreed to a sentence that is contrary to law,the defendant may elect to 

### withdraw his plea, particularly where, as here, he was not accurately informed of the direct
consequences of his plea. 

### Barber, 170 Wn.2d at 858, 872 -74; see Hudgens, 156 Wn. App. at 

## 415 -17 (pleawas involuntarywheredefendantwasnotfullyinformed ofits consequences dueto
mistaken understanding that determinate sentencing applied). If Perkins decides to endorse his plea, however, he must be resentenced under RCW 9.94A.507. We therefore remand with instructions to the trial court to vacate Perkins' s sentence and
allow him to either withdraw his plea or be resentenced under RCW 9.94A.507. Although this result does not require us to consider Perkins' s challenge to the community custody conditions, 

### we do so because ofthe likelihood that the same conditions will be imposed on resentencing. See State v. Slert, 169 Wn. 

### App. 766, 768, 282 P.3d 101 ( 2012) ( 

### addressing issues that are technically moot but 

### likely to recur on remand), review granted on other grounds, 176 Wn.2d 1031 ( 2013).
542793 -1 - II

II. COMMUNITY CUSTODY CONDITIONS 

### Perkins argues that six ofhis community custody conditions are unlawful either because 

### they are unconstitutionally vague or because they are unrelated to the circumstances of his
offense. 

### Community custody conditions generally will be reversed only if their imposition is manifestly unreasonable. State v. Valencia, 169 Wn.2d 782, 791 -92, 239 P.3d 1059 ( 2010). The imposition of an unconstitutional condition is manifestly unreasonable. Valencia, 169 Wn.2d at 792. 

### An offender challenging a condition ofcustody does not have to overcome apresumption 

### of constitutionality because a sentencing condition is not a law enacted by the legislature and does not have the same presumption of validity. Valencia, 169 Wn. at 792; State v. Bahl, 164 Wn.2d 739, 753, 193 P.3d 678 ( 2008). Nor does the challenger need to demonstrate that the 

### condition has been enforced; a preenforcement challenge is ripe for review. Bahl, 164 Wn.2d at 752. With these standards in mind, we turn to Perkins' s vagueness challenge.

A. VOID FOR VAGUENESS Perkins argues thatthree ofthe conditions imposed are unconstitutionallyvague: 

### Possess / access no sexually exploitive materials (as defined by Defendant's treating therapist or CCO).

Possess /access no pornography, sexually explicit materials, and / or 

### information pertaining to minors viacomputer (i.e. internet)[.] Do not loiter or frequent places where children congregate including, but not limited to, shopping malls, schools, playgrounds, and video arcades. CPat51. The due process vagueness doctrine underthe state and federal constitutions requires that 

### citizens have fairwarning ofproscribed conduct. Bahl, 164Wn.2d at752 (citingWASH.CONST.
art. I, sec. 3; U.S. CONST., amend. XIV). 

### Asentencing condition is unconstitutionallyvague ifit 142793 -1 - II



### does not define the proscribed conduct with sufficient definiteness that ordinary people can understand what is prohibited, or if it does not provide ascertainable standards of guilt to protect against arbitrary enforcement. Bahl, 164 Wn.2d at 752 - 53. The requirement of sufficient definiteness does not demand impossible standards of specificity or absolute agreement concerning a term' s meaning; some amount of imprecision in the language is allowed. State v. Coria, 120 Wn.2d 156, 163, 839 P.2d 890 ( 1992). When conditions implicate a defendant' s First Amendment rights, an added layer of protection is provided. Bahl, 164 Wn.2d at 757. Although a defendant' s constitutional rights 

### while serving community custody are subject to restrictions authorized by the Sentencing Reform Act, such conditions must be imposed sensitively and demand a greater degree of specificity. Bahl, 164 Wn.2d at 757. Perkins asserts that all ofthe conditions at issue implicate 

### his First Amendment rights. See Virginia St. Bd. ofPharmacy v. Virginia Citizens Consumer Council, Inc., 425 U.S. 748, 756, 96 S. Ct. 1817, 48 L. Ed. 2d 346 ( 1976) ( protection afforded 

### under FirstAmendment "is to the communication,to its source and to its recipients both ").

Perkins argues 

### initially that the restriction on possessing and accessing " sexually exploitive materials" 

### is unconstitutionally vague because the quoted term is not statutorily defined. 

### He asserts that this vagueness is underscored by the factthat the term is to be defined by his treating therapist or community corrections officer (CCO), and he points out that this same type ofdelegation supported avagueness challenge in Bahl. 

### At issue in Bahl was a community custody condition prohibiting the defendant from possessing or accessing pornographic materials as directed 

### by his CCO. 164 Wn.2d at 754. The 

### court observed thatthe term "pornography" had never been given a precise legal definition and 

### that many courts, including Division One of this court, had rejected sentencing conditions VA42793- 1- 11 prohibiting access to or possession of pornography as unconstitutionally vague. 164 Wn.2d at 754 - 56 ( citing State, v. Sansone, 127 Wn. 

### App. 630, 111 P. 3d 1251 ( 2005)). The Bahl court 

### agreed that the restriction on accessing or possessing pornography was constitutionally infirm, 

### adding thatthe factthatthe CCO could directwhatfell within the condition made thevagueness problem more apparent. 164 Wn.2d at 758. 

### The State responds thatthe term " sexually exploitive materials" is not vague because of two related statutory definitions. 

### The first provides that a person is guilty of sexual exploitation 

### of a minor if he compels a minor by threat or force to engage in sexually explicit conduct 

## knowing that such conduct will be photographed or part ofa live performance; or if he aids, invites, employs, authorizes, or causes a minorto engage in sexually explicit conduct, knowing that such conduct will be photographed or part of a live performance. RCW 9.68A.040( 1)( a), b). 

### According to the State, it follows that " sexually exploitive materials" are those that feature 

### live or photographic performances of people engaged in sexually explicit conduct, which is defined by statute as actual or simulated: a) 

### Sexual intercourse, including genital-genital, oral - genital, anal-genital, or oral - anal, whether between persons of the same or opposite sex or between humans and animals;

b) 

### Penetration ofthevagina or rectum by any object; c) Masturbation; d) Sadomasochistic abuse; e) Defecation or urination for the purpose of sexual stimulation of the viewer; f) Depiction of the genitals or unclothed pubic or rectal areas of any minor, or the unclothed breast of a female minor, for the purpose of sexual stimulation ofthe viewer... ; and

g) 

### Touching of a person's clothed or unclothed genitals, pubic area, buttocks, or breast area for the purpose ofsexual stimulation ofthe viewer. RCW 9.68A.011( 4).42793 -1 - II 

### When viewed together, these statutes do not require persons of ordinary intelligence to
guess at what is meant 

### by the condition prohibiting access to or possession of " sexually exploitive materials." See 

### City of Spokane v. Douglass, 115 Wn.2d 171, 180, 795 P.2d 693 1990) ( 

### where citizens may seek clarification by resorting to statements of law in statutes and
court rulings, term in enactment is not unconstitutionally vague even if undefined). It would be impossible to list every type of prohibited conduct; "[ 

### s] entencing courts must inevitably use categorical terms to frame the contours of supervised release conditions." United States v. Paul, 274 F.3d 155, 167 ( 5th Cir. 2001); see United States v. Phipps, 319 F.3d 177, 192 -93 ( 5th Cir. 2003) ( reading condition 

### barring possession of " sexually oriented or sexually stimulating
materials" in commonsense way and rejecting vagueness challenge). 

### While there may be areas 

### of disagreement concerning the materials that fall within this condition, and while Perkins's therapist and CCO have some control over its scope, we hold that the reference to " sexually exploitive materials" is not so subjective as to be constitutionally suspect. See Douglass, 115 Wn.2d at 181 ( 

### statute supplies adequate standards unless it proscribes conduct by resort to inherently subjective terms).' Perkins next contends that the prohibition on accessing " pornographic, sexually explicit 

### materials" is unconstitutionally vague. This isthe language ofthe condition recommended inthe PSI report rather than the language ofthe condition imposed in the judgment and sentence. The
condition in Perkins' s judgment and sentence prohibits him from possessing " pornography, sexually explicit materials, and / or information pertaining to minors via computer." CP at 51. 

### The State concedes thatthe referenceto pornography is unconstitutionallyvague underBahl. As Referencetothe statutes defining "sexually exploitive materials" in anyfuture orderswould help avoid future vagueness claims. 942793- 1- 11

Perkins admits, the condition is otherwise valid under Bahl, which rejected a vagueness challenge to a condition restricting the defendant' s access to sexually explicit material. 164 Wn.2d at 760. 

### Perkins' s final vagueness challenge is to the condition prohibiting him from loitering in

or 

### frequenting places where children congregate, 

### including shopping malls, schools, playgrounds, and video arcades. Perkins complains that the reference to " shopping malls" is unconstitutionally vague. Our Supreme Court has held that it is proper for a court to order a sex 

### offender notto frequent places where minors are known to congregate. State v. Riles, 135 Wn.2d 326, 347 -

49, 957 P.2d 655 ( 1998), abrogated on other grounds, State v. Valencia, 169 Wn.2d 782, 239 P. 3d 1059 ( 2010); 

### see also Paul, 274 F.3d at 166 -67 (affirming condition prohibiting defendant from visiting locations " frequented 

### by minors "). The fact that the trial court here chose to give specific examples of such places does not render this condition unconstitutionally
vague. 

### The case,Perkins cites to assertthat the term "shopping mall" carries many meanings is unpersuasive; the fact that the term " shopping center" is vague does not mean that " shopping
mall" is vague as well. See In re Joshua Slocum Ltd., 922 F.2d 1081, 1087 ( 3d Cir. 1990) 

### interpreting reference to " shopping center" in federal 

### bankruptcy code). We reject Perkins' s
vagueness challenge.

B. CRIME-RELATED PROHIBITIONS 

### At issue here arethe community custody conditions prohibiting Perkins from hitchhiking

or picking up hitchhikers, contacting " 900" telephone numbers that offer sexually explicit 

### material, and frequenting adult bookstores, arcades, or places providing sexual entertainment. 

### RCW 9.94A.505(8) authorizes the trial courtto impose "crime-related prohibitions" as a
condition of sentence. 

### In re Pers. Restraint ofRainey, 168 Wn.2d 367, 374, 229 P.3d 686 1042793 -1 - II

20 10). Crime -

related prohibitions allow the sentencing court to prohibit conduct that relates 

### directly to the circumstances of the crime for which the offender has been convicted. State v. 

### Berg, 147 Wn.

### App. 923, 942, 198 P.3d 529 (2008), abrogated on other grounds, State v. Mutch, 171 Wn.2d 646, 265 P. 3d 803 ( 2011). No causal link need be established between the conditions 

### imposed and the crime committed as long as the condition relates to the circumstances ofthe crime. State v. Llamas - Villa,67 Wn.App.448, 456, 836 P.2d 239 ( 1992). The State concedes that the condition addressing 

### hitchhiking is not crime related. The State defends the restrictions on calling " 900" 

### telephone numbers and frequenting adult 

### bookstores, arcades, or places providing sexual entertainment, however, as valid crime - related prohibitions. 

### Perkins' s crime occurred when he persuaded a woman, during contact on a sexually-oriented website, to have a sexual encounter with a minor. The State contends that 

## limiting the possibility ofsimilarfuture contact is reasonably relatedto the circumstances ofhis
crime. 

## According to the State, adult bookstores and 900 numbers are not so different from an adultwebsitethattheyare notrelatedtothe circumstances ofPerkins's crime. Perkins argues that 900 numbers and adult bookstores are legal and licensed businesses, but the Yahoo! website was legal and licensed as well. 

### Prohibiting him from seeking sexual 

## entertainment by calling 900 numbers or visiting places that provide such entertainment is not
unrelated to the circumstances of his offense. We uphold the conditions at issue as valid crime -
related prohibitions. 

### We remand forvacation ofPerkins' s sentence and for eitherthe withdrawal ofhis plea or his resentencing under RCW 9.94A.507. 

### Upon resentencing, the trial court shall not reimpose 

### the community custody conditions barring Perkins from possessing or accessing pornography andfrom hitchhiking orpicking up hitchhikers. 1142793 -1 - II



### A majority ofthe panel having determined that this opinion will not be printed in the Washington Appellate Reports, but will be filed for public record in accordance with RCW 2.06.040, it is so ordered.

We concur:

Maxa, J. 

# 4pe- 4arman, J.

12