Glenn William HOLLADAY, Petitioner-Appellant,

v. Michael W. HALEY, Commissioner, Alabama Department of Corrections, Attorney General of the State of Alabama, Respondents-Appellees.
No. 98-6937. United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit. April 19, 2000. Appeal from the United States District Court for the No rthern District of Alabama. (No. CV-95-PT-2929-M), Robert B. Propst, Judge. Before ANDERSON, Chief Judge, and TJ OFLAT and MARCUS, Circuit Judges. ANDERSON, Chief Judge:
I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY In August 1986, Rebecca Ledbetter Ho lladay was living in a mobile home in Gadsden, Alabama. On the night of the 24th, her son Shea Ledbetter, her sister Katrina Ledbetter, her boyfriend David Robinson, and her son's friend Larry Thomas, Jr., were all at the mobile home. Thomas left to get something to eat at his own home. As he walked outside, he was shot a nd his body was later discovere d outside of the trailer. Immediately after Thomas was shot, Glenn Holladay burst into the trailer, shoving aside Katrina Ledbetter as she yelled a warning to her sister, who was back in the bedroom. Holladay proceeded down the hallway, stopping at Shea's bedroom and attempting to turn on th e light. After Holladay left Shea's bedroom, Shea and Katrina left the trailer and ran to Thomas's parents' home. Holladay found his ex-wife and her boyfriend in the back bedroom; he shot Robinson in the arm and chest and shot Rebecca in the back of the head. All three shooting victims died of their injuries. Glenn Holladay had told an acquaintance in Nashv ille that his ex-wife had a new boyfriend and that if she did not stop seeing him, he would kill her. Afte r the shootings, Holladay called a neighbor of his father and told her that he had done a bad thing. He told her that he had not intended to kill Larry Thomas; he1 Rule 20 has since been finalized as Rule 32 of the Alabama Rules of Criminal Procedure. 

### 2 thought that Thomas was his ex-wife's boyfriend. After being shot by th e police on October 9, 1986, Holladay was apprehended in Gainesville, Florida. At trial Holladay testified that he was in Nashville at the time of the killings and denied killing any of the victims. He was convicted of capital murder and sentenced to death on July 27, 1987. The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals and the Alabama Supreme Court affirmed both his conviction and death sentence on direct appeal. Holladay v. State, 549 So.2d 122 (Ala.Crim.App.1988) aff'd, Ex parte Holladay, 549 So.2d 135 (Ala.1989). The United States Supreme Court denied Holladay's petition for writ of certiorari, Holladay v. Alabama, 493 U.S. 1012, 110 S.Ct. 575, 107 L.Ed.2d 569 (1989), and his petition for rehearing, Holladay v. Alabama, 493 U.S. 1095, 110 S.Ct. 1173, 107 L.Ed.2d 1075 (1990). Next, Holladay filed for post-convic tion relief under Temporary Rule 20 1 of the Alabama Rules of Criminal Procedure on September 10, 1990, and ame nded his petition on April 24, 1991. An evidentiary hearing was held on April 25-27, 1991 and on Decembe r 5, 1991, the Rule 20 court denied the petition, finding some of the claims procedurally barred and dete rmining that the others were meritless. The Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals affirmed the denial and the Alabama Supreme Court denied his petition for writ of certiorari. Holladay v. State, 629 So.2d 673 (Ala.Crim.App.1992), cert. denied, 629 So.2d 673 (Ala.Crim.App.1992). The United States Supreme Court denied his petition for writ of certiorari. Holladay v. Alabama, 510 U.S. 1171, 114 S.Ct. 1208, 127 L.Ed.2d 555 (1994). In November 1995, Holladay filed the present petition for a writ of habeas corpus. The magistrate judge recommended that the writ be denied on May 29, 1998, and Holladay filed a motion for withdrawal of the recommendation in June 1998. The magistrate judge amended his recommendation but retained the substance of the recommendation. The District C ourt adopted the recommendation and denied the habeas petition in July 1998. Holladay filed to alter or ame nd the judgment, which the district court denied in October 1998. On November 18, 1998, Holladay filed a notice of appeal.2 The pre-1996 version of § 2254 governs this petition because it was filed in 1995. See Lindh v. Murphy, 521 U.S. 320, 326, 117 S.Ct. 2059, 2063, 138 L.Ed.2d 481 (1997). 

### 3 Holladay argues on appeal that his attorneys provi ded ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to his sentence. In this regard, he charges his former counsel with (a) failing to present in a meaningful way records in their possession at trial, (b) failing to provide those records to the State's evaluating psychiatrists and psychologists, (c) failing to proc ure independent mental health exam inations, and (d) failing to discover prior mental health difficulties. Next, he claims in effective assistance of counsel with respect to guilt and sentence because (e) his former attorneys elicited prejudi cial information on direct examination. Finally, Holladay asserts a substantive claim that his trial w as rendered fundamentally unfair by the excessive security in the courtroom and the fact that he appeared in sh ackles; and he also asserts that his trial and appellate counsel provided ineffective assistance of counsel with respect to this claim.
II. STANDARD OF REVIEW In assessing each of Holladay's claims, we review the district court's findings of fact for clear error, while we review all ques tions of law de novo. See Byrd v. Hasty, 142 F.3d 1395, 1396 (11th Cir.1998). Because the issue of whether petitioner's counsel were in effective is a mixed question of law and fact, it is subject to de novo review. See Mills v. Singletary, 161 F.3d 1273, 1285 (11th Cir.1998). 2 Factual determinations made by the state court are presumed to be correct with exceptions not relevant here. See28 U.S.C. 2254(d) (1995) (amended 1996).
III. DISCUSSION
A. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel In order to succeed with a challenge based on ineffective assistance of counsel, a petitioner has to satisfy a two part test. First, the petitioner mustshow that counsel's performance was deficient. See Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 2064, 80 L.Ed.2d 674 (1984). This means that the petitioner must show that the representation provided by counsel was outside the "wide range of

### 4 competent assistance" and he must also overcome the presumption of competence. Id. at 690, 104 S.Ct. at 2066. In analyzing counsel's competence, the court mu st apply a "heavy measure of deference to counsel's judgments." Id. at 691, 104 S.Ct. at 2066. Second, the petitioner must show that the performance prejudiced the defense, so that the result of the trial is not reliable. See id. To satisfy this test, the defendant "must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but for c ounsel's unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different." Id. at 694, 104 S.Ct. at 2068. Furthermore, "[a] reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome." Id. Because both parts of the test must be satisfied in order to show a violation of the Sixth Amendment, the court need not address the performance prong if the defendant cannot meet the prejudice prong, see id., or vice versa. 1. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel at Sentencing fo r Failure to Present Records in a Meaningful Way Holladay claims that his trial counsel, Kathleen and Howard Warren, did not use the records that they uncovered in a meaningful way at the penalty phase. The Warrens obtained records from the Department of Pensions and Securities from 1957 to 1981 that detailed the Holladay family history. However, Holladay asserts that his counsel did nothing more than present tho se records to the jury and even advised the jury not to read through all of the records. Furthermore, he maintains that they were entered into evidence outside of the jury's presence. Finally, Holladay states that the Warrens did not draw attention to his mental retardation. Citing Stephens v. Kemp, 846 F.2d 642 (11th Cir.1988), and Turpin v. Lipham, 270 Ga. 208, 510 S.E.2d 32 (1998), Holladay maintains that the Warrens were as deficient in their representation as counsel were in those cases. In Stephens, this Court found that an attorney who made no use in the penalty phase of the trial of records of the defendant's mental illness, did not procure an independent expert analysis of the defendant, and did not comment in closing argument upon the records or the defendant's mother's testimony regarding the manifestations of the defendant's mental illness, was not within "the wide range of professionally competent assistance." Stephens, 846 F.2d at 653. In Turpin, the Georgia Supreme Court3 Holladay criticizes this testimony because he says it minimizes the degree of abuse that he suffered. However, in her testimony at the Rule 20 hearing, Mrs. Warren stated that Holladay did not want to embarrass his father and asked his counsel not to do so while his father was testifying. While counsel may not blindly follow a defendant's instruction not to pursue mitigation evidence, see Mitchell v. Kemp, 762 F.2d 886, 889- 90 (11th Cir.1985), that was not the case here. Counsel called Holladay's father but tried not to pin any of the abuse upon him, and then introduced the records, some of which contained the embarrassing information that Holladay did not want aired p ublicly. Thus the information was introduced, albeit in a format that followed Holladay's wishes. 

### 5 found counsel to be ineffective in the penalty phase because they introduced 2,500 pages of records from the defendant's stays at various psychiatric institutions and children's homes, without any testimony commenting on the contents, and merely urged the jury to use the records in their deliberations. The conduct of the counsel in this case was markedly different. Unlike the counsel in Stephens, Mrs. Warren in her closing argument reminded the jury of Holladay's manifold problems, including his family circumstances, his abuse and neglect as a child, and his mental problems. She argued that those problems "contributed to the place that he is in right now." She called two mitigation witnesses who talked about Holladay's childhood, abuse, neglect, illiteracy, and learni ng difficulties. Holladay's father testified to his neglect, abuse at the hands of foster parent s, and enrollment in special education classes. 3 The performance of counsel here was far superior to that in either Stephens or Turpin. Holladay's attack on the efficacy of Mrs. Warren's use of the records is misplaced. Mrs. Warren discussed the contents of the records that she exhorted the jury to r ead and stated that the reason for giving them the 142 pages of records was that they provide d a chronological record of the traumatic events in Holladay's childhood. Although Holladay is correct that Mr s. Warren stated that she did not expect the jury to read all of the records, the emphasis was clearly upon all. Indeed, a sentence later she urged the jury again to look at the records. Finally, a careful reading of the transcript reveals that th e records were entered into the record while the jury was present. Counsel did present Holladay's mental retardation to the jury. In his testimony, Holladay's father stated that Holladay had been in a special school for sl ow learners. The records presented to the jurors were4 Contrary to the State's argument that the record is unclear what the lunacy commission based its report upon, the report itself states that it was based upon interviews with Holladay, a review of the district attorney's files, and review of Holladay's treatment and evaluati ons at the Taylor Hardin Secure Medical Facility. 

### 6 replete with references to Holladay's mild retardation and many of these references are in the first few pages. Counsel also mentioned Holladay's retardation in he r closing argument at the penalty phase, and discussed how well he can mask it. Even the prosecutor, inhis closing, acknowledged that Holladay was slightly mentally retarded. Finally, the court instructed the jurythat they may consider Holladay's mental retardation as a mitigating factor. Our careful review of the transcript of the sentencing phase, including Mrs. Warren's closing argument, persuades us that counsel's performance w as not constitutionally deficient with regard to her presentation of the mitigating evidence, including the familyhistory records. Rather, we conclude that Mrs. Warren presented the evidence in a concise and e ffective way, explaining how "those problems have contributed to the place that he is in right now." [Trial Transcript at 1740]. 2. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel for Failure to Provide Those Records to the Evaluating Psychiatrists and Psychologist Next Holladay claims that his trial counsel were ineffective because they did not provide the records to the psychiatrists and psychologist who evaluated him at Taylor Hardin Secure Medical Facility. At that facility, Holladay was evaluated for competency to stand trial by the "lunacy commission." Had counsel provided the records, he maintains, the lunacycommission members would have been compelled to acknowledge the evidence of statutory and nonstatutory mitigation contained within. Counsel did not unreasonably withhold the records from the commission; she simply did not have the records in question at that time. 4 In her testimony at the Rule 20 hearing, Mrs. Warren stated that she provided the lunacy commission with all of the informati on that she had at the time of their evaluation: "As far as I know what Taylor Hardin requested I give them[, ] I provided them all of the information I had at that time." [Rule 20 Transcript at 719]. Indeed, in her cover letter accompanying the completed lunacy

### 7 commission's questionnaire, Mrs. Warren stated that at that point she had only had minimal contact with Holladay. In her questionnaire, Mrs. Warren did rela y information that she obtained from Holladay's father: that Holladay had a low IQ or was retarded, had tr ouble in school, and was illiterate. Mrs. Warren's failure to provide records she did not have at the time did not fall outside of the wide range of competency. Furthermore, Holladay is unable to prove that th e provision of these records would have changed the evaluation of the commission in any way. The records later obtained included IQ tests taken when Holladay was a child and notations that he might be retarded . However, the commission tested Holladay and found him to be in the Borderline Intellectual Functi oning range. Thus the commission would likely have discounted the earlier tests because the test it administered would be considered more accurate since it was more recent. Additionally, contrary to Holladay' s assertions, the commission examined him for more than competency and sanity; the report also discusses his in telligence and rejects the idea that he was retarded. Holladay spent more than a month in residence at Taylor Hardin, giving the mental health experts ample opportunity to complete a thorough evaluation. Holladay has not proved that there is a reasonable probability that the commission would have decided differently and therefore cannot show he was prejudiced by this omission. 3. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel at Sentencing for Failure to Procure I ndependent Mental Health Examinations Holladay charges that the Warrens were ineffec tive when they did not seek an independent mental evaluation of him after the examination at Taylor Hardin. Holladay asserts that counsel unreasonably accepted the commission's determination that he did not have any statutory or nonstatutory mitigation despite the evidence contained in the records detailing Holladay's history from 1957 to 1981. At the Rule 20 hearing, Holladay presented two e xpert witnesses who testified with respect to his mental retardation. The two witnesses, Dr. Michael Norko, a psychiatrist, and Dr. Brad Fisher, a clinical psychologist, testified that Holladay is mildly mentallyretarded. Dr. Norko also testified that Holladay suffered from organic personality syndrome, explosive type . The Rule 20 court credited the testimony of the

### 8 state's expert witness, Dr. Joe Dixon, over that of Holla day's two experts. The court's decision was based on Holladay's experts' relative inexperience with retardati on, and based in part on their inability to explain why they reached drastically different results than the sev en other mental health practitioners who had examined him. The court also discounted Dr. Norko's diagnosis because his only source was Holladay's self-reporting and affidavits of friends and family. Counsel is not necessarily required to seek independent mental evaluations in order to render effective assistance. In Bertolotti v. Dugger, 883 F.2d 1503, 1511 (11th Cir.1989), we held that counsel is not required to seek an independent evaluation when th e defendant does not display strong evidence of mental problems. Additionally, the choice not to seek out such an evaluation is a tactical decision, which "must be directly assessed for reasonableness in all the circum stances, applying a heavy measure of deference to counsel's judgment." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S.Ct. at 2066. Whether the tactical decision is reasonable is a question of law. The Rule 20 court found that Mrs. Warren made a tactical decision not to seek additional expert opinion, after receiving the report from the several mental health experts at Taylor Hardin. Holladay does not challenge the fact that such a tactical decision was made; he argues only that it was not a reasonable decision. Reviewing the decision for reasonableness, we find that counsel was justified in her decision not to seek an additional mental evaluation after she r eceived the report from the lunacy commission. Holladay spent over a month at the Taylor Hardin facility, during which time he was seen by four mental health specialists. During his stay, Holladay's IQ was tested and found to be 71, in the borderline range. The report also stated that his "speech and history of autonomous living suggest that he is a rather streetwise individual and, apart from well documented crim inal tendencies, not the kind of person who would re quire extensive supervision on the basis of intellectual dysfunction." [R2-7-1279]. One of the psychiatrists stated that Holladay was of normal intelligence. [R2-7-1298]. Each of the psychi atrists and the psychologist found Holladay to be lucid about the criminal activity with which he was charged. At the Rule 20 hearing, Mrs.

### 9 Warren testified that she found Holladay to be "articulate, affable, he is one of the kind of people that seems to want to be friendly towards people." [Rule 20 Tr anscript at 652]. She found him cooperative and that he could recall dates, times, places, and motivations clearly and without hesitation. Id. The ease of her contacts and Holladay's apparent clarity of thought convinced her that she need not seek further evaluation. Id. at 653. Given the content of the lunacy commission report and her own contacts with the petitioner, it was reasonable for counsel to rely on the records alone for evidence of mental problems and not seek another evaluation. The report prepared by the four specialis ts suggested that Holladay was not retarded and thus counsel could have reasonably assumed that the same result would be reached by a fifth specialist. Furthermore, her own impression of Holladay was that he was normal and indeed, as she testified at the Rule 20 hearing, more competent than some of her other clie nts. It reasonably appeared that the only evidence that she would be able to elicit of retard ation would be found in the records. Finally, the determination of the Rule 20 judge that Holladay's mental health experts were not credible lends credence to her decision; it is likely that any experts introduced at trial would likewise have been less credible than tho se of the state. For the foregoing reasons, we cannot conclude that this tac tical decision was unreasonable and thus Holladay cannot satisfy the performance prong of the in effective assistance of c ounsel analysis. Moreover, in light of the findings of the Rule 20 court discrediting the opinions of the two experts offered by Holladay at the Rule 20 hearing, we also conclude that Holla day could not satisfy the prejudice prong. 4. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel at Sentencing for Failure to Discover Evidence of Prior Mental Health Difficulties Although the Warrens talked to Holladay's brother and father, they did not talk to anyone else in the family. They did not uncover the fact that Holladay ha d been treated at a mental hospital in Georgia and so did not find those records. Holladay argues that had th ey interviewed other members of his family or other friends, they would have found a wealth of mitigati ng evidence, including evidence of his stay in the psychiatric ward in Georgia, stories that corroboratedthe information in the records introduced by counsel, and friends' recollections of his unpredictable behavior.5 There is a mention in the Lunacy Commission Eval uation Report that Holladay was at Central State Hospital, but it states that he reported he was not found to be mentally ill then or at any other time. [R2-7- 1291]. Thus counsel could have r easonably determined that these records were not worth pursuing. Cf. 

### 10 Counsel have a duty to investigate but this duty is confined to reasonable investigation. See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 691, 104 S.Ct. at 2066. In Funchess v. Wainwright, 772 F.2d 683, 689 (11th Cir.1985), this Court found counsel reasonably investigated despite the fact that he had not investigated his client's psychological problems because the client ne ver told him of any problems and the competency evaluation did not suggest any problems existed. The client also acted competently while assisting counsel in preparing his case. See id. Thus the court held that counsel was not put on notice of any problems and could not be faulted for not pursuing the matter. See id.; cf. Collins v. Francis, 728 F.2d 1322, 1349 (11th Cir.1984) (determining that counsel who failed to investigate witnesses that the defendant did not tell him about was not ineffective). Reliance upon some family members's statements that other mitigation witnesses did not exist was considered permissible in Singleton v. Thigpen, 847 F.2d 668, 670 (11th Cir.1988). Rejecting a per serule of ineffective assistance where counsel does notconsult family members, we held in Williams v. Head, 185 F.3d 1223, 1237 (11th Cir.1999), that counsel's investigation was reasonable when he did not interview the defendant's sister or father, the latter because the defendant had not lived with him for very long. "[S]trategic choices made after less than complete investigation ar e reasonable precisely to the extent that reasonable professional judgments support the limitations on investigation. In other words, counsel has a duty to make a reasonable investigation or to make a reasonable d ecision that makes particular investigations unnecessary." Strickland, 466 U.S. at 690-91, 104 S.Ct. at 2066. The conduct of the counsel here did not fall below the professionally competent standard. While the Warrens did not discover the records from Holladay's stayat Central State Hospital in Milledgeville, Georgia or records from other psychiatrists who treated Holla day, there is no evidence in the record, nor does Holladay allege, that he told them of his prior treatment. 5 As in Funchess, the report of the lunacyWilliams v. Head, 185 F.3d 1223, 1239-40 (11th Cir.1999)(finding reasonable counsel's decision not to pursue mental health evaluation when records fro m previous evaluation indicated no problem). 

### 11 commission that Holladay was sane and competent co mbined with counsel's impression of Holladay as cooperative, articulate, and affable did not put Mrs. Warren on notice that there were or might be psychiatric records that she needed to find. Similarly, counsel reasonably did not interview other family members after Holladay's father and brother told them that no one else was interested in assisting Holladay. Mrs. Warren interviewed and presented as witnesses the two family members who reasona bly appeared to be the most knowledgeable and helpful, the father and the brother David, who was a mi nister. Counsel are not required to interview all family members, and it is reasonable that Mrs. Warren, af ter interviewing two helpful relatives, would limit her investigation in accordance with their advice. Add itionally, Holladay cannot meet the prejudice prong on this claim of ineffective assistance becau se he has not offered any evidence of the substance of the testimony which other family members would have provided. At the Rule 20 hearing, psychiatrist Dr. Michael Norko discussed how some family members' affidavits substantiated Holladay's self-reporting of rages, but this is the only indication of their contents. In the absence of more evidence, we cannot conclude with reasonable probability that discussions with other family memb ers would have changed the outcome in this case. 5. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel with regard to Guilt and Sentencing Because Counsel Elicited Prejudicial Information on Direct Examination Finally, Holladay alleges that his counsel were constitutionally inadequate because they elicited information on direct examination that he had escaped , which, he argues, was highly prejudicial. Although counsel had moved, in limine, for an order prohibiting the District Attorney from making any reference to Holladay's escape from the Cherokee County Jail, Holladay maintains that during direct examination of him, the fact that he had escaped was rev ealed as a result of inept questioning. After reviewing the testimony, we cannot conclude that the district court was clearly erroneous in finding that counsel did not intend for this informati on to be revealed, but rather that Holladay volunteered6 Because Holladay decided to testify, his counsel d ecided to lessen the impact of his prior criminal convictions by revealing them on dir ect examination. A tactical decision is ineffective only "if it was so patently unreasonable that no competent attorney would have chosen it." Adams v. Wainwright, 709 F.2d 1443, 1445 (11th Cir.1983). Eliciting prior convictions on direct examination is a common trial tactic and not unreasonable under the circumstances.

7 Q: You have been in a lot trouble during your life, haven't you Glenn? A: Yes, ma'am. Q: Okay, You have been a convicted felonist, haven't you? A: Yes, ma'am. Q: Do you remember how many? A: Approximately ten—ten to twelve felonies. Q: Okay. Do you recall what those were for? A: Most of them were burglaries, buying and receiving, and buying, receiving and selling— Q: Buying and concealing stolen property— A: Concealing—yeah, uh-huh. And I had one rape. Q: Okay, weren't you also convicted of assault? A: Yes, ma'am, I had one assault. Q: Now, at the time you were arrested in January of 1986, what charge was that on? A: Buying and receiving. Q: Were you confined to Cherokee County on that— A: Yes, ma'am. Q: —jail? A. Yes, ma'am. Q: Let me ask you this. I know you started seeing Becky Holladay again in 1986. 

### 12 it himself. In the first instance, counsel was attempting to elicit Holladay's criminal history on direct examination 6 and then changed her topic by stating, "let me ask you this." 7 She then asked when he resumedA: Yes, ma'am. Q: After January, after being arrested— A: Yes, ma'am, sure did. Q: When you next see her? A: Well, I escaped from the Cherokee County Jail March the 18th, 1986, and I started seeing Becky somewhere around the end of March. [Trial Transcript at 1569-70].

8 Q: Did you consider Becky Holladay to be your wife? A: Yes, Ma'am. Q: Where were you in August of 1986? A: August, 1986, I was in Nashville. Q: Do you remember when you got there? A: Well, I had been up there three or four separate times. I was on the run from, you know, Ft. Payne's County Jail. And— Q: So you were in and out of Nashville in August— A: Yes Ma'am, just kind of in and out of it. [Trial Transcript at 1570]. 

### 13 his relationship with his ex-wife and he answered that it was after he had escaped from jail. The fact that he escaped from jail was neither necessary to answer the question nor elicited by counsel; the question asked was "when" and "not in what context." The second tim e that Holladay mentioned that he escaped was in the context of questioning regarding his whereabouts at th e time of the murders. Mrs. Warren asked where he was in August 1986 and Holladay volunteered that he was on the run from jail. 8 Counsel did not anticipate Holladay would bring up his escape and in fact she interrupt ed his answer, apparently in an attempt to prevent him from saying anything more damaging.9 Alabama Rule of Criminal Procedure 32.2(a)(5) bars a petitioner from raising an issue in the Rule 32 petition that was not raised on direct appeal. Federal constitutional claims defaulted in the state proceedings are procedurally barred at federal habeas review if there existed "adequate and independent state grounds" for the bar. See Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S. 722, 729-31, 111 S.Ct. 2546, 2554-55, 115 L.Ed.2d 640 (1991). Rule 32.2(a)(5) provides such grounds. 

### 14 Holladay argues that these errors would not have beenmade had his counsel adequately prepared him to testify. The record reveals thatHolladay's counsel did not learn until voir dire that he intended to testify. At that time, she discussed his testimony with him and again counseled against testifying. Given the severe time constraints that she was under, as a result of Holla day's last minute decision, counsel cannot be faulted for failing to prepare her client fully. Thus we cannot find that counsel rendered ineffective assistance in this instance.
B. Excessive Security Holladay asserts a substantive claim that his tria l was rendered fundamentally unfair by the excessive security in the courtroom and the fact that he was re quired to wear shackles. At trial, Holladay was brought in with handcuffs and a belly chain, which were removed before the jury came in, but he was kept in shackles during the trial. Besides the Gadsden police, there were state troopers present in the courtroom, and metal detectors screened all who entered the courtroom. Holladay asserts that such unprecedented security, combined with the mood created by extensive pretrialpublicity, rendered it impossible for the jurors to view Holladay as innocent until proven guilty. Holladay's counsel did not raise this issue on di rect appeal and thus it is procedurally barred 9 unless he can show cause for the default and actual prejudice, see Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 97 S.Ct. 2497, 53 L.Ed.2d 594 (1977), or a fundamental miscarriage of justice, see Engle v. Isaac, 456 U.S. 107, 102 S.Ct. 1558, 71 L.Ed.2d 783 (1982). Constitutionally ineffective assistance of counsel can constitute cause. See Hollis v. Davis, 941 F.2d 1471, 1476 (11th Cir.1991)(citing Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 488, 106 S.Ct. 2639, 2645, 91 L.Ed.2d 397 (1986)). In an effort to demonstrate cause, Holladay argues that counsel deficiently failed to object adequately at trial and negl ected to raise this issue on appeal. Next, if Holladay

### 15 can show cause, he must be able to show prejudice as a r esult of the cause, "not merely that the errors at his trial created a possibility of prejudice, but that theyworked to his actual and substantial disadvantage, infecting his entire trial with error of constitutional dimension." United States v. Frady, 456 U.S. 152, 170, 102 S.Ct. 1584, 1596, 71 L.Ed.2d 816 (1982). Holladay argues that it was constitutionally ineffectiv e assistance of counsel not to object to at trial and raise on appeal the excessive security and shackling. While he concedes that his trial counsel did object to the shackling at trial, he maintains that counsel should have sought an evidentiary hearing on the issue. He also asserts that the law was clear enough on excessive security and shackling that he would have prevailed on direct appeal, had counsel raised these issues. Starting with the shackling aspect of the claim, we address Holladay's contention that his counsel rendered ineffective assistance at trial when she did not request a hearing on the issue, propose alternatives to the shackles or allow her client to a ddress the court on the issue. Holladay cites Elledge v. Dugger, 823 F.2d 1439 (11th Cir.1987), for the premise that he w as entitled to a hearing on whether shackles could be employed during trial. However, the facts in Elledgeare quite different; there the court announced that the defendant would be placed in shackles, allowed only an objection from the defense counsel, and told the defendant that he could not address the court. 823 F. 2d at 1451. This Court, in determining that the defendant was entitled to an "opportunity to present hi s own side of the case," noted that the judge had presented a number of unsubstantiated r easons for requiring the shackles. Id. at 1452. Instead of mandating a formal hearing, we merely required that the trial c ourt give the defendant the opportunity to respond to the imposition of shackles. See id. Trial judges are given reasonable discre tion in balancing the state's interests in shackling and the defendant's right to appear "untai nted by physical reminders of his status as an accused," and in determining whether shackles are appropriate. Zygadlo v. Wainwright, 720 F.2d 1221, 1223 (11th Cir.1983). Here, the court and defense counsel enga ged in a lengthy discussion on the necessity of the shackles, in which counsel had the opportunity to addr ess the reasons proffered by the court with regard to

### 16 the need to put the defendant in shackles. Additi onally, the Rule 20 court f ound that the judge ordered measures be taken to ensure that the jury could not see the shackles, such as bri nging him in before the jury was seated and also putting him on the stand before the jury came back. We cannot conclude that Holladay has demonstrated that his counsel's actions were constitutionally deficient. Holladay also argues that counsel was ineffective at trial when they did not object to the heavy security. The Supreme Court has held that an essential element of a fair trial is the "principle that 'one accused of a crime is entitled to have his guilt or inno cence determined solely on the basis of the evidence introduced at trial, and not on grounds of official suspicion, indictment, continued custody, or other circumstances not adduced as proof at trial.' " Holbrook v. Flynn, 475 U.S. 560, 567, 106 S.Ct. 1340, 1345, 89 L.Ed.2d 525 (1986)(quoting Taylor v. Kentucky, 436 U.S. 478, 485, 98 S.Ct. 1930, 1934, 56 L.Ed.2d 468 (1978)). While the trial court should strive to impart to the jurors the need to presume the defendant's innocence, there are instances when state interests require the use of restrictive measures or noticeable security. See id. at 567-68, 106 S.Ct. at 1345. The Court held that "[w]henever a courtroom arrangement is challenged as inherently prejudicial, therefore, the qu estion must be not whether jurors actually articulated a consciousness of some prejudicial effect, but rather whether 'an unacceptable risk is presented of impermissible factors coming into play.' " Id. at 570, 106 S.Ct. at 1346-47 (quoting Estelle v. Williams, 425 U.S. 501, 505, 96 S.Ct. 1691, 1693, 48 L.Ed.2d 126 (1976)). In Holbrook, the Court found that the presence of four uniformed police officers seated directly behind the defendants did not mark the defendants as unmistakably guilty. See id. at 570-71, 106 S.Ct. at 1347. The Court noted that had it discerned prejudice, the state had a valid interest which, when balancedagainst the possible prejudice, precluded a constitutional violation. See id. at 571-72, 106 S.Ct. at 1347. It was not unreasonable or deficient for Holladay' s counsel not to object to the security measures taken at the trial. As Mrs. Warren testified at th e Rule 20 hearing, she cons idered Holladay an escape risk and was also concerned about threats Holladay had receive d from the father of one of the victims. Thus her

### 17 decision not to object to the security measures wa s a conscious decision, based on the particular circumstances of the case. These concerns were entirel y rational in light of the circumstances and we cannot conclude that her analysis resulted in deficient representation. Holladay had escaped from prison twice before and Mrs. Warren testified that "there was no doubt in mymind after talking to Glenn Holladay that if he had the opportunity to escape he would take it." [Rule 20 Tr anscript at 658]. Furthermore, the father of one of the victims had been disarmed at a previous hearing which demonstrated the need for extra guards and the metal detectors. Finally, when he was ultimately arr ested after eluding the police for several weeks, Holladay attempted to evade the police and was only captured afte r he was shot several times. Indeed, Mrs. Warren testified at the Rule 20 hearing that he had been shot by law enforcement officers three times before he came to trial. In light of such a history, it was not unreasonable for the counsel to decline to object. Next, Holladay alleges that his counsel were ineff ective when they did not raise either the shackling or security on direct appeal. The crux of his argument is that the law was so clearly established that he would have prevailed on these issues. In order to render effective assistance, counsel need not raise every possible nonfrivolous issue on appeal. See Jones v. Barnes, 463 U.S. 745, 751, 103 S.Ct. 3308, 3312, 77 L.Ed.2d 987 (1983). Instead, it is the job of counsel to weed out the weaker arguments. See id. at 751, 103 S.Ct. at 3313. That is precisely what Mrs. Warren claimed she did when questioned at th e Rule 20 hearing. And in making this decision she was correct because, as discussed above, the law does not clearly disallow shackles or heightened security. Additionally, the decision to place a defendant in shackl es is reviewed only for abuse of discretion in the Alabama courts. See, e.g., Minor v. State, No. 95-1968, --- So.2d ----, ---- (Ala.Crim.App. Oct.29, 1999)(finding that defendant's prior history of escapes ju stified shackling outside the presence of the jury). Similarly, Alabama courts review claims of excessive security only for abuse of discretion. See, e.g., Burgess v. State, --- So.2d ----, No. 93-2054 (Ala.Crim.App. Nov.20, 1998). In light of the circumstances in this case10 Holladay also argues that the prejudice resulti ng from the shackling and excessive security was exacerbated by the pretrial publicity about the crime. However, the Alabama Court of Criminal Appeals on direct appeal noted that the voir dire examinati on was thorough and extensive as to each juror's knowledge of and feelings about the case. That court concluded that all prospective jurors who had opinions about the case or expressed reservations about their impartiality we re excused, and also concluded that Holladay had failed to demonstrate a connection between the pretrialpublicity in the case and the existence of any actual jury prejudice. See Holladay v. State, 549 So.2d 122, 126 (Ala.Crim.App.1988). 

### 18 and the standard of review that these claims would besubjected to, it was not deficient representation not to raise them on appeal. Because Holladay cannot establish that it was cons titutionally ineffective assistance of counsel not to raise the excessive security and shackling issues on direct appeal, he cannot show cause needed to overcome procedural default. As a result, we neednot address whether he can show the required prejudice to overcome the procedural bar. 10 Similarly, because this claim is pro cedurally barred, we need not reach the merits of the substantive issue.
IV. CONCLUSION For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the district court denying relief is
AFFIRMED.