1

STATE OF WEST VIRGINIA

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

In re T.P.

No. 19-0399 (Wirt County 18-JS-6)

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Petitioner T.P., by counsel Andrew J. Hilber, appeals the Circuit Court of Wirt County’s 

March 25, 2019, dispositional order committing him to the custody of the Division of Health and 

Human Resources (“DHHR”) for temporary placement in a residential treatment facility and 

continuing his probation until age eighteen.1 Respondent the State of West Virginia, by counsel 

Shannon Frederick Kiser, filed a response. 

This Court has considered the parties’ briefs and the record on appeal. The facts and legal 

arguments are adequately presented, and the decisional process would not be significantly aided 

by oral argument. Upon consideration of the standard of review, the briefs, and the record 

presented, the Court finds no substantial question of law and no prejudicial error. For these reasons, 

a memorandum decision is appropriate under Rule 21 of the Rules of Appellate Procedure.

On November 8, 2018, a petition was filed with the circuit court alleging that Petitioner 

T.P., then thirteen years old, is a delinquent child within the meaning of Chapter 49 of the West 

Virginia State Code. That petition further alleged that T.P. had habitually and continually failed to 

attend school without just cause; specifically, it alleged that petitioner had been absent twenty-five 

times, twenty-four of which were unexcused. In its November 8, 2018, order, the circuit court 

appointed counsel for T.P. and ordered that the petition be filed. At the adjudicatory hearing held 

in December of 2018, T.P. admitted the conduct alleged and the matter was referred to the DHHR. 

On December 20, 2018, the State filed a motion to modify disposition, alleging two violations of 

the circuit court’s December 10, 2018, order. At a hearing on January 18, 2019, T.P. admitted to 

the allegations contained in the motion to modify disposition, adding that he had not attended 

school since his adjudication as truant. During that hearing, temporary custody was placed with 

 

1 Consistent with our long-standing practice in cases with sensitive facts, we use initials 

where necessary to protect the identities of those involved in this case. See In re K.H., 235 W. Va.

254, 773 S.E.2d 20 (2015); In re Jeffrey R.L., 190 W. Va. 24, 435 S.E.2d 162 (1993); State v.

Edward Charles L., 183 W. Va. 641, 398 S.E.2d 123 (1990).

FILED

June 18, 2020

EDYTHE NASH GAISER, CLERK

SUPREME COURT OF APPEALS

OF WEST VIRGINIA
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the DHHR pending a multidisciplinary team (“MDT”) meeting and a disposition hearing.2

On March 4, 2019, petitioner and numerous others appeared for the disposition hearing 

before the circuit court. During that hearing, T.P.’s mother orally presented an alternative plan3to 

the circuit court that included placement in the community. Thereafter, the circuit court entered its 

March 25, 2019, order setting forth the following relevant findings: 

(1) “Giving preference to the least restrictive placement of the juvenile, it is 

contrary to the child’s best interest for the child to be returned to his home, as his 

mother [] is unable to provide structure and discipline in a setting that the juvenile 

will respond to. The child’s current placement at the Genesis Youth Center is 

appropriate until such time as a placement such as Yore Academy or Yale Academy 

is available to provide treatment services which will appropriately meet the 

underlying needs of the juvenile.” 

(2) “Reasonable efforts have been made to avoid placement out of the home 

including, but not limited to, the [DHHR] providing in home services, a

[Comprehensive Assessment and Planning System] assessment, prior shelter 

placements, psychiatric services, psychological services, outpatient counseling and 

supervision[;] however[,] it is contrary to the best interests of the juvenile to remain 

in the community or the home of his parents.” 

(3) The [DHHR] is making reasonable efforts to avoid out of home placement and achieve 

permanency.” (4) “The permanency plan is reunification of the child with his mother.” (5) The 

DHHR shall continue to have custody of the child. (6) T.P. shall remain on probation until the age 

of eighteen. (7) “Yore Academy or Yale Academy does not create an undue burden upon the 

juvenile or his family.” The matter was also set for a review hearing. Petitioner appeals from that 

order.4

 

2 The findings from the January 18, 2019, hearing were memorialized in the circuit court’s 

February 7, 2019, order. The transcript of that proceeding was not included in the record before 

this Court.

3 T.P.’s mother proposed that T.P. could be home schooled and receive in-home services, 

but the circuit court noted during the hearing that it had been unable to reach the mother by phone 

when it needed to and that T.P. had failed to undergo a Comprehensive Assessment and Planning 

System as ordered. 

4 We remind petitioner’s counsel of his obligation under Rule 10(c)(4) of the West Virginia 

Rules of Appellate Procedure, which requires that a petitioner’s brief “shall contain” the following:

Statement of the Case: Supported by appropriate and specific references to the 

appendix or designated record, the statement of the case must contain a concise 

account of the procedural history of the case and a statement of the facts of the case 

that are relevant to the assignments of error.

Petitioner’s three-paragraph Statement of the Case lacks any citation to the record.
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“[T]he standard of review with regard to a circuit court’s sentencing order or disposition . 

. . is whether the circuit court’s ruling constitutes an abuse of discretion.” State v. Kenneth Y., 217

W. Va. 167, 170, 617 S.E.2d 517, 520 (2005) (citations omitted). “[D]iscretionary, dispositional 

decisions of the trial courts should only be reversed where they are not supported by the evidence 

or are wrong as a matter of law.” In re Thomas L., 204 W. Va. 501, 503, 513 S.E.2d 908, 910

(1998) (internal quotations and citation omitted).

On appeal, petitioner sets forth a single assignment of error: the circuit court erred by 

placing T.P., a first-time status offender, in an out-of-home placement before first finding there 

was a substantial violation of a court order, as required by statute. He asserts that the circuit court 

was required to specifically find that T.P. substantially violated its prior order. Petitioner’s 

argument is based upon West Virginia Code § 49-4-718(b), which provides, in relevant part:

If the motion or request for review of disposition is based upon an alleged violation 

of a court order, the court may modify the disposition order and impose a more 

restrictive alternative if it finds clear and convincing proof of substantial violation. 

In the absence of such evidence, the court may decline to modify the dispositional 

order or may modify the order and impose one of the less restrictive alternatives set 

forth in section seven hundred twelve of this article.

He argues that in State v. McDonald, 173 W. Va. 263, 314 S.E.2d 854 (1984), this Court 

found that substantial violations are not a perfunctory requirement with bright line rules but are 

important issues to be carefully examined and delineated. Petitioner contends that in that case, this 

Court set forth examples of factors to consider when deciding if there had been a substantial 

violation of a court order for a juvenile, including absent criminal nature of the conduct, likeliness 

of reoccurrence, compliance with other terms of a court order, and any improvement in the child’s 

behavior since the violation. In the instant case, petitioner was alleged to have committed the status 

offense of truancy by continuously failing to attend school without just cause. The motion to 

modify disposition was based upon further truant behaviors and failing to report for a CAPS 

assessment. Without citing to the record or any authority, petitioner notes that those alleged 

violations are not claimed as substantial violations. At the March 4, 2019, hearing, the circuit court 

found on the record that petitioner’s “needs could best be met temporarily in a treatment facility,” 

but it failed to find on the record that the violations were substantial violations. He argues that 

“whether out-of-home placement for the [s]tatus [o]ffender was the best to address his needs, the 

[c]ircuit [c]ourt did not have the authority to do so because no substantial violations were found, 

as required by West Virginia Code § 49-4-718.” 

The circuit court’s January 2, 2019, order reflects T.P.’s admission that he had been truant 

and the court’s finding that the State had proven by clear and convincing evidence that T.P. is 

habitually absent from school without just cause as alleged in the petition. The motion to modify 

disposition alleged that since the referral to the DHHR, the child had continued to miss school. In 

its February 7, 2019, order, the circuit court specifically found that T.P. “has not attend[ed] school 

since he was adjudicated as truant.” It went on to find there was clear and convincing evidence 

that there is a factual basis for his admission of continued truancy and that he
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violated the terms and conditions set for him in this matter by not attending school 

or participating in home schooling and by not complying with [the] requirement 

that he have a psychological examination all of which render it contrary to the best 

interest and welfare of the child to remain in his home and there is a need for extra 

parental supervision.

Thereafter, during the March 4, 2019, disposition hearing, the court said that

considering everything before it and the child’s needs, the [c]ourt believes his needs 

can best be met temporarily in a treatment facility where they can address both the 

educational issues, the substance abuse issues and the other – oppositional defiant 

issues, and that can be accomplished at Yore Academy or a similar facility. . . . So 

the [c]ourt will make the [Rule] 4(e) findings that it would be contrary to his 

interests to return home until he has completed the residential treatment program –

hopefully, he’ll go through that smoothly – with a permanency plan to return to the 

home of his mother just as soon as he completes that program. And the more he 

works at it, the sooner he can get home.

In McDonald, this Court stated that

[t]he probation violations which precipitated this proceeding were hardly 

substantial, involved no criminal conduct on appellant’s part, and seem unlikely 

to recur given his present attitudes. We consider the appellant’s association with 

Rexrode to be an insufficient reason to revoke his probation, particularly since such 

behavior had already been condoned by his probation officer under other 

circumstances. As to the curfew violation, the record seems to indicate that but for 

the accident, the appellant could have been home on time.

173 W. Va. at 267-68, 314 S.E.2d at 858-59. 

In the instant matter, while petitioner’s truant conduct was not criminal, it was highly likely 

to recur given that he admitted failing to attend school subsequent to his adjudication as truant. 

The circuit court ordered extra parental supervision and in-home treatment facilitated by the 

DHHR, but petitioner continued to miss school and failed to undergo the CAPS assessment for 

further treatment. Thus, his actions are unequivocally in violation of the circuit court’s prior order. 

The circuit court specifically acknowledged its preference for the least restrictive disposition, as 

required by McDonald. It placed T.P. in an out-of-home treatment facility for a limited time in 

order to address T.P.’s truancy, oppositional defiance, and drug abuse.5In doing so, the court found 

that T.P. could not be placed in the home at that time because his mother was unable to provide 

structure and discipline in a setting that the juvenile will respond to. However, once he receives 

the help he needs, the “permanency plan is reunification of the child with his mother.” The 

evidence below clearly indicates that T.P. was failing to thrive under the structure set forth by his 

 

5 The court report completed by the juvenile probation officer indicates that T.P. used both 

drugs and alcohol. 
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mother, largely due to the family’s failure to follow through with treatment.6 As recognized by 

T.P.’s probation officer, T.P. is a smart individual who could thrive scholastically if given the 

correct opportunity to do so. Therefore, despite the fact that the circuit court did not use the phrase 

“substantial violation,” it impliedly made that finding. We decline to elevate form over substance 

in this instance.

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm.

Affirmed.

ISSUED: June 18, 2020

CONCURRED IN BY:

Chief Justice Tim Armstead

Justice Margaret L. Workman

Justice Elizabeth D. Walker

Justice Evan H. Jenkins

Justice John A. Hutchison 

 

6 This Court directs that if T.P. has not yet been admitted for treatment at Yore Academy 

or Yale Academy, as set forth in the circuit court’s order, he shall be placed in an appropriate 

treatment facility with immediate availability.