[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it may be cited as 

State v. Marcum, Slip Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-1002.] 

NOTICE 

This slip opinion is subject to formal revision before it is published in 

an advance sheet of the Ohio Official Reports. Readers are requested 

to promptly notify the Reporter of Decisions, Supreme Court of Ohio, 

65 South Front Street, Columbus, Ohio 43215, of any typographical or 

other formal errors in the opinion, in order that corrections may be 

made before the opinion is published. 

SLIP OPINION NO. 2016-OHIO-1002

THE STATE OF OHIO, APPELLEE, v. MARCUM, APPELLANT. 

[Until this opinion appears in the Ohio Official Reports advance sheets, it 

may be cited as State v. Marcum, Slip Opinion No. 2016-Ohio-1002.] 

Criminal law—Felony sentencing—Standard of review upon appeal of sentence—

R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)—Abuse-of-discretion standard is not applicable to 

felony-sentencing appeals. 

(Nos. 2014-1825 and 2014-2122—Submitted October 27, 2015—Decided 

March 15, 2016.) 

APPEAL from and CERTIFIED by the Court of Appeals for Gallia County, No. 

13CA11, 2014-Ohio-4048. 

_____________________ 

FRENCH, J. 

{¶ 1} In this appeal that focuses on a certified-conflict issue, we address 

the standard of review that appellate courts must apply when reviewing felony 

sentences. Applying the plain language of R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), we hold that an 

appellate court may vacate or modify a felony sentence on appeal only if it 
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determines by clear and convincing evidence that the record does not support the 

trial court’s findings under relevant statutes or that the sentence is otherwise 

contrary to law. In other words, an appellate court need not apply the test set out 

by the plurality in State v. Kalish, 120 Ohio St.3d 23, 2008-Ohio-4912, 896 

N.E.2d 124. 

{¶ 2} We turn, first, to the facts that present this issue. 

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY 

{¶ 3} Acting on a tip, two deputies from the Gallia County Sheriff’s 

Department visited the home of defendant-appellant, Mary C. Marcum. Marcum 

gave the deputies permission to search the premises. In trash bags on Marcum’s 

porch, they found numerous items commonly used in methamphetamine 

production (referred to as “precursor ingredients” by one of the deputies), 

including four homemade hydrogen-chloride-gas generators that were still 

emitting gas. Marcum’s minor children were asleep in a bedroom 15 to 20 feet 

from the methamphetamine-production-related materials on the porch. 

{¶ 4} The Gallia County Grand Jury indicted Marcum on one count of 

manufacturing methamphetamine in the vicinity of a juvenile in violation of R.C. 

2925.04(A), a first-degree felony. See R.C. 2925.04(C)(3)(b). A jury found her 

guilty, and the trial court imposed a ten-year prison term. The maximum possible 

term was 11 years. R.C. 2929.14(A)(1). 

{¶ 5} Marcum appealed her conviction and sentence to the Fourth District 

Court of Appeals. Relevant to our review, she contended that the trial court 

abused its discretion by imposing a near-maximum prison term. The Fourth 

District affirmed Marcum’s sentence and refused to apply an abuse-of-discretion 

standard to felony-sentencing appeals. Marcum filed a discretionary appeal. And 

at Marcum’s request, the Fourth District later certified that its judgment conflicted 

with State v. Hill, 7th Dist. Carroll No. 13 CA 892, 2014-Ohio-1965, and State v. 

Simmons, 9th Dist. Summit No. 27197, 2014-Ohio-4191. 
January Term, 2016 

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{¶ 6} We accepted Marcum’s discretionary appeal. 141 Ohio St.3d 1454, 

2015-Ohio-239, 23 N.E.3d 1196. We also determined that a conflict exists and 

ordered the parties to brief one issue: 

[D]oes the test outlined by the [c]ourt in State v. Kalish apply in 

reviewing felony sentences after the passage of R.C. 2953.08(G)? 

141 Ohio St.3d 1453, 2015-Ohio-239, 23 N.E.3d 1195. 

II. ANALYSIS 

{¶ 7} We answer the certified question in the negative and hold that 

appellate courts must adhere to the plain language of R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). 

Marcum’s ten-year prison term is not clearly and convincingly contrary to law. 

Accordingly, the Fourth District could have modified or vacated her sentence only 

if it found by clear and convincing evidence that the record did not support the 

sentencing court’s decision. R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). Because the Fourth District 

applied the correct standard of review, we affirm its judgment. 

{¶ 8} Our primary concern when construing statutes is legislative intent. 

State ex rel. Savarese v. Buckeye Local School Dist. Bd. of Edn., 74 Ohio St.3d 

543, 545, 660 N.E.2d 463 (1996). In determining that intent, we first look to the 

plain language of the statute. Summerville v. Forest Park, 128 Ohio St.3d 221, 

2010-Ohio-6280, 943 N.E.2d 522, ¶ 18, citing Hubbell v. Xenia, 115 Ohio St.3d 

77, 2007-Ohio-4839, 873 N.E.2d 878, ¶ 11. When the language is unambiguous 

and definite, we apply it as written. Id.

{¶ 9} R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) is unambiguous and definite. It provides: 

The court hearing an appeal under division (A), (B), or (C) 

of this section shall review the record, including the findings 
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underlying the sentence or modification given by the sentencing 

court. 

The appellate court may increase, reduce, or otherwise 

modify a sentence that is appealed under this section or may vacate 

the sentence and remand the matter to the sentencing court for 

resentencing. The appellate court’s standard for review is not 

whether the sentencing court abused its discretion. The appellate 

court may take any action authorized by this division if it clearly 

and convincingly finds either of the following: 

(a) That the record does not support the sentencing court’s 

findings under division (B) or (D) of section 2929.13, division 

(B)(2)(e) or (C)(4) of section 2929.14, or division (I) of section 

2929.20 of the Revised Code, whichever, if any, is relevant; 

(b) That the sentence is otherwise contrary to law. 

(Emphasis added.) 

{¶ 10} The vast majority of our district courts of appeals have determined 

that the plain language of R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) prohibits them from applying 

abuse-of-discretion review to sentencing-term challenges. See, e.g., State v. 

White, 2013-Ohio-4225, 997 N.E.2d 629, ¶ 9 (1st Dist.); State v. Rodeffer, 2013-

Ohio-5759, 5 N.E.3d 1069, ¶ 29 (2d Dist.); State v. Martinez, 3d Dist. Seneca 

Nos. 13-11-32 and 13-11-21, 2012-Ohio-3750, ¶ 17; State v. Brewer, 2014-Ohio1903, 11 N.E.3d 317, ¶ 33 (4th Dist.); State v. Howell, 5th Dist. Stark No. 

2015CA00004, 2015-Ohio-4049, ¶ 31; State v. Tammerine, 6th Dist. Lucas No. 

L-13-1081, 2014-Ohio-425, ¶ 11; State v. Wellington, 7th Dist. Mahoning No. 14 

MA 115, 2015-Ohio-1359, ¶ 13; State v. Akins, 8th Dist. Cuyahoga No. 99478, 

2013-Ohio-5023, ¶ 15; State v. Mullins, 11th Dist. Portage No. 2012-P-0144, 

2013-Ohio-4301, ¶ 14; State v. Crawford, 12th Dist. Clermont No. CA2012-12-
January Term, 2016 

5

088, 2013-Ohio-3315, ¶ 6. We agree. Accordingly, we hold that appellate courts 

may not apply the abuse-of-discretion standard in sentencing-term challenges. 

{¶ 11} To be sure, until the enactment of 2011 Am.Sub.H.B. No. 86 

(“H.B. 86”), neither the General Assembly nor this court has been as explicit as 

we are today. That lack of clarity stemmed from statutory changes, some by the 

General Assembly and some by our application of federal constitutional 

precedent. The relevant history begins with the statutory language that was 

enacted in 2000. 

A. Statutory history 

{¶ 12} In 2000, the General Assembly amended R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) to 

specify that “[t]he appellate court’s standard for review is not whether the 

sentencing court abused its discretion.” Sub.H.B. No. 331, 148 Ohio Laws, Part 

II, 3414, 3419. In light of that language, our district courts of appeals for several 

years routinely refused to apply the abuse-of-discretion standard to sentencing 

appeals. See, e.g., State v. Legg, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 04AP-258, 2005-Ohio581, ¶ 15; State v. Myers, 159 Ohio App.3d 584, 2005-Ohio-447, 824 N.E.2d 

1023, ¶ 10 (2d Dist.); State v. Ambrosio, 9th Dist. Lorain No. 03CA008387, 2004-

Ohio-5552, ¶ 17. In 2006, however, our case law significantly altered the 

sentencing statutes. 

{¶ 13} Our decision in State v. Foster, 109 Ohio St.3d 1, 2006-Ohio-856, 

845 N.E.2d 470, excised portions of the sentencing statutes. Foster resulted from 

our application of United States Supreme Court decisions that interpreted 

limitations the Sixth Amendment places on judicial fact-finding. Id. at ¶ 3, citing

Apprendi v. New Jersey, 530 U.S. 466, 120 S.Ct. 2348, 147 L.Ed.2d 435 (2000), 

and at ¶ 12, citing Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296, 124 S.Ct. 2531, 159 

L.Ed.2d 403 (2004). Relevant to this case, we severed as unconstitutional 

divisions (B) and (C) of R.C. 2929.14. Foster at paragraphs one and two of the 

syllabus. We further held that judicial fact-finding was not necessary for 
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imposing a sentence within the basic range R.C. 2929.14(A) prescribed. Id. at 

paragraph two of the syllabus. Ultimately, we left untouched the prohibition of 

abuse-of-discretion review found in R.C. 2953.08(G)(2). But we held that in the 

absence of the severed language concerning findings, trial courts were vested with 

the “full discretion to impose a prison sentence within the statutory range.” 

Foster at ¶ 100. 

{¶ 14} We revisited the topic of appellate discretion in State v. Kalish, 120 

Ohio St.3d 23, 2008-Ohio-4912, 896 N.E.2d 124. In Kalish, a plurality of this 

court recognized that appellate courts could not apply an abuse-of-discretion 

standard when initially reviewing a sentence. Id. at ¶ 14. Instead, the lead 

opinion crafted a two-pronged approach. Initially, the appellate court had to 

determine as a purely legal question whether a sentence was clearly and 

convincingly contrary to law. Id. If the sentence was not contrary to law (for 

instance, if it fell within the statutory range), the broad discretion recognized in 

Foster came into play. Kalish at ¶ 15, 17. In light of that broad discretion, the 

lead opinion prescribed and applied the abuse-of-discretion standard as the second 

step of the approach. Id. at ¶ 17. 

{¶ 15} Two years later, we recognized that the United States Supreme 

Court’s decision in Oregon v. Ice, 555 U.S. 160, 129 S.Ct. 711, 172 L.Ed.2d 517 

(2009), undermined the consecutive-sentences aspect of our holding in Foster, 

and we invited the General Assembly to enact a responsive consecutivesentencing provision. State v. Hodge, 128 Ohio St.3d 1, 2010-Ohio-6320, 941 

N.E.2d 768, ¶ 6. The General Assembly did so when it enacted the wide-ranging 

provisions of H.B. 86. See H.B. 86, Section 11 (stating the General Assembly’s 

intent that several of the statutory amendments in H.B. 86 were meant to “revive” 

provisions that had been invalidated by the decision in Foster). 

{¶ 16} We come, then, to current law. Beginning September 30, 2011, the 

effective date of H.B. 86, the statutory language of R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) controls. 
January Term, 2016 

7

State v. Taylor, 138 Ohio St.3d 194, 2014-Ohio-460, 5 N.E.3d 612, ¶ 6, 14. 

Insofar as defendants like Marcum—convicted by a jury of any sentenceenhancing elements of a first-degree felony—are concerned, the General 

Assembly has indicated a clear intent to return to the pre-Foster language of R.C. 

2953.08(G)(2), which specifically precludes abuse-of-discretion review. 

B. Marcum’s arguments 

{¶ 17} Despite the express language of R.C. 2953.08(G)(2), Marcum 

raises several arguments to support her entitlement to abuse-of-discretion review 

of her sentence. None is persuasive. 

{¶ 18} Marcum begins with the first sentence of R.C. 2953.08(A), which 

states that “[i]n addition to any other right to appeal * * *,” a defendant convicted 

of a felony may appeal the sentence on several grounds. She argues that the 

quoted language makes the provisions in R.C. 2953.08 nonexclusive. In support, 

she cites the rule of statutory interpretation that we must, when possible, “ ‘give 

meaning to every word in every act.’ ” In re Andrew, 119 Ohio St.3d 466, 2008-

Ohio-4791, 895 N.E.2d 166, ¶ 6, quoting State ex rel. Mitman v. Greene Cty. Bd. 

of Commrs., 94 Ohio St. 296, 308, 113 N.E. 831 (1916). She contends that if we 

give effect to the first sentence of R.C. 2953.08(A), we must allow her to appeal 

her sentence under other appellate provisions that allegedly permit abuse-ofdiscretion review. These other provisions, however, merely give courts the power 

to hear criminal appeals and do not change the standard of review that applies to 

such appeals. 

{¶ 19} R.C. 2505.03(A), for example, provides: “Every final order, 

judgment, or decree of a court * * * may be reviewed on appeal by * * * a court 

of appeals, or the supreme court, whichever has jurisdiction.” This provision, 

however, provides statutory authority for appellate courts to review final orders 

and judgments in both civil and criminal cases. It says nothing of the standard of 

review the appellate courts must apply. 
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{¶ 20} Marcum also relies on Ohio Constitution, Article IV, Section 

3(B)(2), which provides: “Courts of appeals shall have such jurisdiction as may 

be provided by law to review and affirm, modify, or reverse judgments or final 

orders of the courts of record inferior to the court of appeals within the district 

* * *.” In essence, this section provides the constitutional underpinning of R.C. 

2505.03; it says nothing about the standard of review. 

{¶ 21} Taken together, these provisions build on each other, but not in the 

way Marcum envisions. Article IV, Section 3(B)(2) of the Ohio Constitution 

provides courts of appeals with jurisdiction to review inferior courts’ decisions. 

R.C. 2505.03(A) is consistent with that provision of jurisdiction, but it limits 

appellate review to judgments and final orders entered by the lower courts. 

Finally, R.C. 2953.08 specifically and comprehensively defines the parameters 

and standards—including the standard of review—for felony-sentencing appeals. 

We need look no further. 

C. R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) construed 

{¶ 22} In the final analysis, we hold that R.C. 2953.08(G)(2)(a) compels 

appellate courts to modify or vacate sentences if they find by clear and convincing 

evidence that the record does not support any relevant findings under “division 

(B) or (D) of section 2929.13, division (B)(2)(e) or (C)(4) of section 2929.14, or 

division (I) of section 2929.20 of the Revised Code.” See State v. Belew, 140 

Ohio St.3d 221, 2014-Ohio-2964, 17 N.E.3d 515, ¶ 12 (Lanzinger, J., dissenting 

from the decision to dismiss the appeal as having been improvidently accepted) 

(“R.C. 2953.08(G)(2) repudiates the abuse-of-discretion standard in favor of 

appellate review that upholds a sentence unless the court of appeals clearly and 

convincingly finds that the record does not support the trial court’s findings”). 

Clear and convincing evidence is that measure or degree of 

proof which is more than a mere “preponderance of the evidence,” 
January Term, 2016 

9

but not to the extent of such certainty as is required “beyond a 

reasonable doubt” in criminal cases, and which will produce in the 

mind of the trier of facts a firm belief or conviction as to the facts 

sought to be established. 

Cross v. Ledford, 161 Ohio St. 469, 120 N.E.2d 118 (1954), paragraph three of 

the syllabus. 

{¶ 23} We note that some sentences do not require the findings that R.C. 

2953.08(G) specifically addresses. Nevertheless, it is fully consistent for 

appellate courts to review those sentences that are imposed solely after 

consideration of the factors in R.C. 2929.11 and 2929.12 under a standard that is 

equally deferential to the sentencing court. That is, an appellate court may vacate 

or modify any sentence that is not clearly and convincingly contrary to law only if 

the appellate court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the record does not 

support the sentence. 

D. Applying the standard to Marcum 

{¶ 24} The Fourth District correctly held that it could not modify or vacate 

Marcum’s sentence unless it clearly and convincingly found that the record did 

not support the sentence. Its review of the record revealed that the facts amply 

supported the sentence. Accordingly, given that we have answered the certifiedconflict issue in the negative and that we agree that the record supports the 

sentence, we affirm the Fourth District’s judgment. 

Judgment affirmed. 

O’CONNOR, C.J., and PFEIFER, O’DONNELL, LANZINGER, KENNEDY, and

O’NEILL, JJ., concur. 

_____________________ 

Michael DeWine, Attorney General, Eric E. Murphy, State Solicitor, 

Michael J. Hendershot, Chief Deputy Solicitor, and Tiffany Carwile, Assistant 
SUPREME COURT OF OHIO

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Attorney General; and C. Jeffrey Adkins, Gallia County Prosecuting Attorney, 

and Britt T. Wiseman, Assistant Prosecuting Attorney, for appellee. 

Timothy Young, Ohio Public Defender, and Stephen P. Hardwick, 

Assistant Public Defender, for appellant. 

_____________________