IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

SOUTHERN DIVISION

CRUM & FORSTER SPECIALTY )

INSURANCE COMPANY, et al., )

)

Plaintiffs, )

)

v. ) CIVIL ACTION 16-0185-WS-M

 )

ARD CONTRACTING, INC., )

)

Defendant. )

ORDER

This matter comes before the Court on the Motion to Dismiss for Improper Venue (doc. 

11) filed by defendant, Ard Contracting, Inc. The Motion has been briefed and is ripe for 

disposition.

I. Background.

This declaratory judgment action was brought by plaintiffs, Crum & Forster Specialty 

Insurance Company and First Mercury Insurance Company, against defendant, Ard Contracting, 

Inc.1 According to the well-pleaded allegations of the Amended Complaint (doc. 3), Mirabella 

Owners’ Association filed suit against Ard Contracting in the Circuit Court for Escambia 

County, Florida, in July 2014 alleging that Ard Contracting was a joint venturer involved in the 

construction of the Mirabella Condominium, located at Perdido Key, Florida. Mirabella 

maintained that this condominium development was plagued by latent construction defects (such 

as columns that did not comply with project architectural drawings and that allowed intrusion of 

 1 At the outset of this case, Crum & Forster and First Mercury also proceeded 

against a second defendant, Mirabella Owners’ Association, Inc., a Florida corporation with its 

principal place of business in Escambia County, Florida. (See doc. 3, ¶ 10.) During the 

pendency of the Motion to Dismiss, however, plaintiffs filed a Notice of Dismissal (doc. 14) 

wherein they dismissed without prejudice their claims against Mirabella pursuant to Rule 

41(a)(1)(A)(i), Fed.R.Civ.P. (See doc. 15.) As such, Ard Contracting is the sole remaining 

defendant.

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water and moisture, as well as defective stucco application on the columns that allowed moisture 

and water to enter into the condominium building). Mirabella sought to recover damages against 

Ard Contracting for those deficiencies on theories of breach of statutory warranty and 

negligence. (Doc. 1, Exhs. A & B.)

In their Amended Complaint in this District Court, Crum & Forster and First Mercury 

allege that they issued commercial general liability insurance policies to Ard Contracting during 

the time period from December 2006 through March 2014. Plaintiffs further allege that those 

insurance policies do not provide coverage to Ard Contracting with respect to the claims and 

damages asserted by Mirabella in the underlying suit. According to plaintiffs, a bona fide 

controversy has arisen between the parties as to their respective rights and obligations pursuant 

to those insurance policies as applied to Mirabella’s claims against Ard Contracting. On that 

basis, Crum & Forster and First Mercury seek a judicial declaration that the subject insurance 

policies entitle Ard Contracting to neither a defense nor indemnity in the underlying suit.

II. Analysis.

Ard Contracting filed a Motion to Dismiss seeking dismissal of this action for improper 

venue, pursuant to Rule 12(b)(3), Fed.R.Civ.P. The sole form of relief requested in the Motion is 

as follows: “This Court should rule that venue is improper in this district, and dismiss this 

action.” (Doc. 11, at 6.) To support its venue argument, Ard Contracting shows that it is an 

Alabama corporation with its principal place of business in Birmingham, Alabama, which lies in 

the Northern District of Alabama; that the Mirabella Condominium project on which the 

insurance coverage dispute is focused was constructed entirely in Escambia County, Florida, 

which lies in the Northern District of Florida; that no events or omissions relating to that 

construction project took place in the Southern District of Alabama; and that the subject 

insurance policies were all issued or delivered to Ard Contracting in the Northern District of 

Alabama. (Ard Aff. (doc. 11, Exh. 1), ¶¶ 3-5.) Based on these factual averments, Ard 

Contracting maintains that venue in the Southern District of Alabama does not properly lie.

The relevant subsection of the venue statute provides that venue is proper in “a judicial 

district in which any defendant resides, if all defendants are residents of the State in which the 

district is located.” 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(1). Because Ard Contracting is admittedly an Alabama 

corporation and is the only named defendant remaining in this action, there can be no dispute 

that “all defendants are residents of the State in which the district is located.” The critical 

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question, then, is whether Ard Contracting “resides” in this judicial district for purposes of § 

1391(b)(1). If so, then venue is proper here and the Rule 12(b)(3) Motion must be denied.

Where, as here, a state has more than one judicial district (Alabama has three) and a 

defendant corporation is subject to personal jurisdiction in that state (which Ard Contracting 

clearly is), “such corporation shall be deemed to reside in any district in that State within which 

its contacts would be sufficient to subject it to personal jurisdiction if that district were a 

separate State, and, if there is no such district, the corporation shall be deemed to reside in the 

district within which it has the most significant contacts.” 28 U.S.C. § 1391(d) (emphasis 

added). All information before the Court strongly suggests that Ard Contracting meets the § 

1391(d) test to be deemed to reside in the Southern District of Alabama for venue purposes. 

Indeed, defendant’s submission reflects that Ard Contracting “has performed work on multiple 

construction projects in the Southern District of Alabama over the years, both before and after 

the construction of the Mirabella Condominium.” (Ard Aff., ¶ 6.) That admission effectively 

confirms that Ard Contracting’s general business contacts with the Southern District of Alabama

would suffice to subject it to personal jurisdiction here if the Southern District were a separate 

state. Defendant acknowledges as much in its principal brief. (Doc. 11, at 3 (conceding that Ard 

Contracting “might arguably be considered a ‘resident’ of the Southern District of Alabama 

under § 1391(d)”).)2

Ard Contracting does not maintain that personal jurisdiction could not be exercised over 

it in the Southern District of Alabama, much less offer evidence that it should not be deemed to 

“reside” here for venue purposes by operation of 28 U.S.C. § 1391(d). Because all indications 

are that Ard Contracting in fact “resides” in this judicial district for venue purposes, and because 

 2 Defendant amplifies these sentiments in its reply, stating that Ard Contracting 

“conducts the majority of its business dealings in the Northern District of Alabama and not the 

Southern District.” (Doc. 20, at 3.) This implies, of course, that a significant minority of Ard 

Contracting’s business dealings occur in this judicial district, so as to support personal 

jurisdiction. Elsewhere in that reply, Ard Contracting indicates that “venue might arguably be 

proper in the Southern District of Alabama” and posits that “assuming arguendo, venue is 

technically proper in the Southern District,” the case should still be dismissed. (Id. at 1, 3.) 

Nowhere in that reply does defendant articulate any facts or reasoning to suggest that venue 

would be improper in the Southern District of Alabama.

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Ard Contracting (the only remaining defendant) plainly is a resident of the State of Alabama, the 

Court concludes that venue properly lies in this judicial district pursuant to § 1391(b)(1).

In making that determination, the undersigned considers and rejects the new arguments 

presented in Ard Contracting’s reply. Defendant’s reply posits that Ard Contracting should be 

deemed to reside for venue purposes in the district “within which it has the most significant 

contacts.” (Doc. 20, at 1.) This argument is at odds with the statutory language. By its plain 

terms, § 1391(d) provides that a “corporation shall be deemed to reside in the district within 

which it has the most significant contacts” only if “there is no such district” in this state in which 

its contacts would be sufficient to subject it to personal jurisdiction. Id.3 Here, by contrast, there 

is such a district in the State of Alabama in which Ard Contracting has sufficient contacts to be 

subjected to personal jurisdiction. Therefore, the “most significant contacts” clause of § 1391(d) 

(which is triggered only if “there is no such district”) is inapplicable. Defendant’s reliance on 

same is misplaced.

Nor does the Rule 12(b)(3) Motion find support in defendant’s citation to Algodonera De 

Las Cabezas, S.A. v. American Suisse Capital, Inc., 432 F.3d 1343 (11th Cir. 2005). In 

Algodonera, the Eleventh Circuit considered a now-superseded version of § 1391 and found 

error in the district court’s interpretation that “venue is improper in diversity cases any time the 

case could be brought in another district.” Id. at 1345. Ard Contracting suggests that 

Algodonera stands for the proposition that “where venue may be proper in more than one 

particular district court, the court in its discretion may determine if venue is more appropriate in 

a separate district court.” (Doc. 20, at 3.) It does not. The Algodonera court did not invite 

district courts to compare which of multiple proper venues was more appropriate in the context 

of a Rule 12(b)(3) motion. Indeed, the Algodonera court did not find that there were multiple 

proper venues in that case; to the contrary, it criticized the district court for incorrectly looking to 

the 28 U.S.C. § 1391(a)(3) “fall-back” provision to determine venue when venue was available 

 3 Again, the relevant statutory provision is as follows: “[S]uch corporation shall be 

deemed to reside in any district in that State within which its contacts would be sufficient to 

subject it to personal jurisdiction if that district were a separate State, and, if there is no such 

district, the corporation shall be deemed to reside in the district within which it has the most 

significant contacts.” 28 U.S.C. § 1391(d) (emphasis added).

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under (and governed by) § 1391(a)(1) instead. In short, Algodonera lends no support to Ard 

Contracting’s Motion to Dismiss for Improper Venue.

Likewise, defendant derives no traction from its invitation in the reply to “discuss, 

consider, and even dismiss based upon arguments as to which of two potentially proper venue 

locations is more directly related to the claims giving rise to the litigation, where the events have 

taken place, or where a substantial part of the events are to be considered.” (Doc. 20, at 4.) 

Once again, this matter comes before the Court on a Rule 12(b)(3) motion to dismiss this case 

based on improper venue. (See doc. 11, at 1 (“Motion of Ard Contracting, Inc., to Dismiss for 

Improper Venue”) (emphasis added).) As such, the touchstone of Ard Contracting’s Motion is 

and must be that venue is not proper in this District Court. The only legal question raised by that 

Motion is whether venue is improper here. If, as Ard Contracting now appears to be conceding, 

venue is actually proper in the Southern District of Alabama by operation of 28 U.S.C. § 

1391(b)(1), then the Rule 12(b)(3) Motion is due to be denied. See, e.g., Wright & Miller, 5B 

Fed. Prac. & Proc. § 1352 (3d ed.) (“If a defect in venue is not demonstrated, the district judge 

will deny the motion to dismiss.”). There are no other issues or motions before the Court at this 

time; therefore, Ard Contracting’s musings in a reply brief as to which of two potentially proper 

venues might be more appropriate has not been presented to the Court or to opposing counsel via

an appropriate motion. If Ard Contracting wishes to seek further or different relief than that 

requested in its Motion to Dismiss for Improper Venue, then it must file an appropriate motion, 

supported by exhibits and authorities as appropriate. See General L.R. 7 (“A request for Court 

action must be presented by motion ....”).

III. Conclusion.

For all of the foregoing reasons, defendant’s Motion to Dismiss for Improper Venue (doc. 

11) is denied. Venue properly lies in the Southern District of Alabama by operation of 28 

U.S.C. §§ 1391(b)(1) and 1391(d).

DONE and ORDERED this 12th day of August, 2016.

s/ WILLIAM H. STEELE 

CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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