1

In The

Court of Appeals

Ninth District of Texas at Beaumont

__________________

NO. 09-19-00167-CV

__________________

IN THE INTEREST OF A.H.

__________________________________________________________________

On Appeal from the 410th District Court

Montgomery County, Texas

Trial Cause No. 18-05-06835-CV

__________________________________________________________________

MEMORANDUM OPINION

After a bench trial, Appellant Father appeals from a judgment terminating his

parental rights to his eight-year-old daughter, A.H.

1 See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. 

§ 161.001(b)(1)(F), (N), (O), (2) (West Supp. 2018). Father was represented by 

counsel at the termination proceeding but Father did not testify. In three issues, 

Father challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting the trial court’s 

 1 To protect the identity of the minor, we use initials to refer to the child and 

a pseudonym for her mother. See Tex. R. App. P. 9.8(b)(2).
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termination of his parental rights under Family Code sections 161.001(b)(1)(F), (N), 

and (O).

2 We affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

Background

CPS Investigator Tara Bauch testified that she investigated allegations of 

“neglectful supervision due to the fact that the mother was found deceased in the 

hotel room with [A.H.]” In her Affidavit in Support of Removal admitted into 

 2 Subsections 161.001(b)(1)(F), (N), and (O) provide that the court may order 

termination of the parent-child relationship if the court finds by clear and convincing 

evidence that the parent has 

(F) failed to support the child in accordance with the parent’s ability 

during a period of one year ending within six months of the date of the 

filing of the petition; . . .

(N) constructively abandoned the child who has been in the permanent 

or temporary managing conservatorship of the Department of Family 

and Protective Services for not less than six months, and:

(i) the department has made reasonable efforts to return the child 

to the parent;

(ii) the parent has not regularly visited or maintained significant 

contact with the child; and

(iii) the parent has demonstrated an inability to provide the child 

with a safe environment; [or]

(O) failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that 

specifically established the actions necessary for the parent to obtain 

the return of the child who has been in the permanent or temporary 

managing conservatorship of the Department of Family and Protective 

Services for not less than nine months as a result of the child’s removal 

from the parent under Chapter 262 for the abuse or neglect of the 

child[.]

See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(F), (N), and (O) (West Supp. 2018).
3

evidence, Bauch stated that upon her arrival to the hotel on May 25, 2018, EMS was 

administering CPR on A.H.’s mother. A police officer told Bauch that EMS 

suspected A.H.’s cause of death to be alcohol poisoning or a heart attack. According 

to Bauch, she spoke with A.H. and learned that she and her mother had traveled from 

Oklahoma to visit A.H.’s brother for his high school graduation. A.H. informed 

Bauch that her grandparents died and she last saw her father two years ago when he 

choked her mother. A.H.’s brother told Bauch that he was unaware of any living 

relatives on his mother’s side of the family. Bauch spoke to one of A.H.’s mother’s 

friends who provided Father’s name, and the friend stated that Father was abusive 

towards A.H.’s mother and was likely in jail. Bauch concluded that it was in A.H.’s 

interest for the Department of Family and Protective Services (“the Department”) to 

be named A.H.’s Temporary Managing Conservator as the Department had made 

reasonable efforts to prevent or alleviate the need for A.H.’s removal, A.H.’s father 

had not been found, her mother was deceased, and there was no information 

regarding relatives to contact. Bauch testified that on the day of removal, A.H. was 

placed in the same home as her older brother, with whom she was comfortable and 

had previously lived. According to Bauch, A.H. was still placed in the same home 

at the time of trial.
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Bauch testified that, on the Tuesday after A.H. was removed, Bauch met 

Father, A.H.’s paternal grandmother (R.B.), and A.H.’s paternal great grandmother, 

who lived in Oklahoma and wanted to take A.H. home with them. Bauch testified 

that she did not initially set up visitation with A.H. and Father because “the child did 

not want to visit because the last time she saw [Father] he was choking her mom.” 

When asked whether any police reports or other documentation corroborated the 

alleged choking incident, Bauch responded that although there was no criminal 

history or documentation of the incident, “[t]he family has multiple CPS cases out 

of the State of Oklahoma, and domestic violence is a part of one of those and drug 

use.” 

CPS Supervisor Latasha Hickman testified that she was assigned to the case 

“[s]ince the beginning[]” and that Father’s service plan ordered Father to participate 

in “[s]ubstance abuse assessment, individual counseling, psychological, parenting, 

[and to] maintain contact with the Department.” According to Hickman, the 

Department made attempts to contact Father, but Father did not contact the 

Department at any time for visitation. She explained that when the Department 

would attempt to contact Father, Father’s mother would stop the phone calls, and the 

Department had not had any contact with Father in the past year. Hickman clarified 

that visits for A.H. and Father required a recommendation from the therapist. 
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According to Hickman, the Department talked to the therapist about contact, but the 

therapist did not recommend any contact because “[t]he child doesn’t want any 

contact with her father.” Hickman testified that Father did not visit A.H. at all or 

provide financial support to the Department for her care during the pendency of the 

case. Hickman further testified that Father did not demonstrate the ability to provide 

a safe and stable environment for A.H. and Father did not participate in any of the 

court-ordered services. Hickman testified that if a parent lives out-of-state, services 

are provided for the parent in Texas, but if the parent does not come to Texas for 

services then the parent bears the cost of services. 

Hickman had no knowledge whether an acknowledgement of Father’s 

paternity had been located, and she did not know whether A.H. lived with Father for 

at least two years after her birth. According to Hickman, A.H. had not asked to see 

her Father during the case, and to Hickman’s knowledge, A.H. did not have a 

relationship with her Father and had not seen him for “three or four years [][,] 

[p]ossibly more.” Hickman testified that to her knowledge, the caseworker mailed

Father a copy of the service plan, Father was aware of where A.H. was placed, and 

Father never asked that A.H. be placed with him. According to Hickman, Father did 

not contact anyone at CPS about how to set up his services. 
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Hickman testified that she visited A.H. in her current placement on one 

occasion and that A.H. is doing well in the home with her half-brother. Hickman 

explained that she believed termination of Father’s parental rights is in A.H.’s best

interests because Father has “failed to show that he has any interest in the 

well[-]being and safety of [A.H.,] has not made any contact or efforts to contact the 

Department[, and] has not show[n] any interest in [A.H.]” 

The court-appointed special advocate (CASA) testified that she has visited 

with A.H. monthly since being assigned to the case in June of 2017. According to 

the CASA, when she first visited A.H., the child’s emotional state was fragile. The 

CASA testified that there were no visitations between A.H. and Father or any of the 

grandparents during the pendency of the case. The CASA testified she had no contact 

with Father and tried once to call the contact number for him but “the phone number 

just, it rang . . . didn’t receive voice mail message or anything[.]” According to the 

CASA, Father was present in court on June 6th and available by phone at the July 

23rd status hearing. The CASA testified that Father and A.H.’s paternal grandmother 

did not attend the permanency conference although the CASA believed they 

received notice of the hearing. The CASA testified that Father’s services were courtordered at the July 23rd status hearing that Father attended by phone and that Father 

never filed anything to ask the court to amend his services or to ask for visitation. 
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The CASA testified that, for as long as she has been assigned to the case, A.H. has 

not mentioned her paternal grandmother, and the paternal grandmother has not 

visited with A.H. The CASA testified that she provided Father her contact 

information on the day she was assigned the case and he has never contacted her. 

The CASA testified that A.H. was placed with her half-brother’s family. 

According to the CASA, A.H.’s mother was also the half-brother’s mother. The 

CASA testified that A.H. appeared to have a close relationship with her half-brother. 

According to the CASA, A.H. has been doing “really well” in her current placement 

over the last year, and the CASA’s recommendation is for adoption of A.H. by the 

half-brother’s family. The CASA testified that A.H. has not asked to see Father, she 

has no relationship with her Father, and the last time she saw Father was “three or 

four years ago[,] [p]ossibly more.” The CASA testified that she believed that 

termination of Father’s parental rights is in A.H.’s best interest. The CASA indicated 

that Father has not met the court’s requirements to get access to A.H. According to 

the CASA,“[A.H.] does not want to see him. She has a very traumatic memory of 

[Father]. . . . So, she prefers not to see him because of that.” The CASA testified that 

at each visit with A.H., she asked A.H. if she wanted to see her paternal grandmother 

and she stated she did not. The CASA testified that she hopes that A.H. is adopted 
8

by her current placement family because A.H. is “very happy[]” there and is 

“adjusting very well.”

The trial court found clear and convincing evidence of prohibited predicate 

acts under Texas Family Code sections 161.001(b)(1)(F), (N), and (O), and the trial 

court found that termination was in the best interest of the child. See Tex. Fam. Code 

Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(F), (N), (O), (2). The trial court terminated Father’s parental 

rights, and Father appealed.

Standard of Review

The decision to terminate parental rights must be supported by clear and 

convincing evidence, that is, “the measure or degree of proof that will produce in the 

mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations 

sought to be established.” Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 101.007 (West 2019); In re J.L., 

163 S.W.3d 79, 84 (Tex. 2005). The movant must show that the parent committed 

one or more predicate acts or omissions and that termination is in the child’s best 

interest. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b); see also In re J.L., 163 S.W.3d at 

84. 

In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence in a parental rights 

termination case, we must consider all the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

finding to determine whether a reasonable factfinder could have formed a firm belief 
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or conviction that the finding was true. In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 344-45 (Tex. 

2009) (quoting In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002)). We assume the 

factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder 

could do so, and we disregard all evidence that a reasonable factfinder could have 

disbelieved. Id. Only one predicate finding under section 161.001(b)(1) is necessary 

to support a judgment of termination when there is also a finding that termination is 

in the child’s best interests. See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 2003) 

(applying previous version of the statute). 

Predicate Finding under Section 161.001(b)(1)(N)

In Father’s second issue, he contends that the evidence was legally insufficient 

to support terminating his parental rights under Family Code subsection 

161.001(b)(1)(N). Subsection N provides that the court may order termination of the 

parent-child relationship if the court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the 

parent has 

constructively abandoned the child who has been in the permanent or 

temporary managing conservatorship of the Department of Family and 

Protective Services for not less than six months, and:

(i) the department has made reasonable efforts to return the child 

to the parent;

(ii) the parent has not regularly visited or maintained significant 

contact with the child; and

(iii) the parent has demonstrated an inability to provide the child 

with a safe environment[.]
10

Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(N). The first element, the Department’s 

reasonable efforts to return the child to the parent, “‘focuses on [the Department’s] 

conduct; the second and third elements focus on the parent’s conduct.’” In re A.K.L., 

No. 01-16-00489-CV, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 13027, at *19 (Tex. App.—Houston 

[1st Dist.] Dec. 8, 2016, pet. denied) (mem. op.) (quoting In re A.L.H., 468 S.W.3d 

738, 744 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.)). The evidence must be 

sufficient to support each element set out in subsection N, and the Department bears 

the burden of proof. See In re A.L.H., 468 S.W.3d at 744 (citing In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d 

625, 633 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. denied); In re A.S., 261 S.W.3d 76, 90 

(Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. denied)).

Father does not dispute that the Department had permanent or temporary 

managing conservatorship of A.H. for not less than six months. However, Father 

specifically argues that no evidence supports the trial court’s findings that the 

Department made reasonable efforts to return A.H. to Father, that Father had not 

regularly visited or maintained significant contact with A.H., and that Father had 

demonstrated an inability to provide the child with a safe environment.

As to the first element of subsection N, implementation of a family service 

plan is ordinarily considered a reasonable effort by the Department to return a child 

to his or her parent. In re N.K.T., No. 01-16-00439-CV, 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 
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11638, at *20 (Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] Oct. 27, 2016, no pet.) (mem. op.);

In re N.R.T., 338 S.W.3d 667, 674 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2011, no pet.). Father 

argues that although the creation of a service plan ordinarily constitutes a reasonable 

effort by the Department to return the child to a parent, “the record does not contain 

any testimony from a Department representative that Appellant was provided any 

direction or reasonable opportunity to complete the service plan” and “zero 

testimony was provided as to what services on the service plan[] were available to 

Appellant near his home in Oklahoma.” In support of this argument, Father cites to 

In re A.Q.W., 395 S.W.3d 285, 288 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 2013, no pet.). 

In assessing the Department’s efforts, ideal efforts need not be shown—only 

reasonable efforts. In re N.K.T., 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 11638, at **20-21; In re 

S.R., No. 12-14-00238-CV, 2015 Tex. App. LEXIS 642, at *7 (Tex. App.—Tyler 

Jan. 23, 2015, pet. denied) (mem. op.); see also In re M.V.G., 440 S.W.3d 54, 61 

(Tex. App.—Waco 2010, no pet.) (recognizing, in conducting sufficiency analysis 

of reasonable-efforts requirement, that “there probably are things the Department 

could have done differently [when implementing mother’s service plan], but the 

issue is whether the Department made ‘reasonable efforts’”). 

Here, CPS Supervisor Hickman testified about Father’s court-ordered service 

plan. Hickman testified that the plan was mailed to the address Father provided to 
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the Department, that the Department attempted to contact him, and that he never 

contacted the Department. According to Hickman, Father could have participated in 

services in Texas at no cost or in Oklahoma at his own cost, but that he did not 

contact anyone at CPS to find out about how to set up his services, he did not 

participate in any court-ordered services, and he did not show any interest in A.H.’s 

well-being or safety. The CASA testified that Father was present for one court date 

and was available by phone at a later status hearing when his services were courtordered, she gave her contact information to Father, and she made an attempt to 

contact Father but it was unsuccessful. The CASA also testified that although Father 

had the CASA’s contact information, he had never contacted her. 

Father’s reliance on In re A.Q.W. is misplaced because that case is factually 

distinguishable. In that case, the San Antonio Court of Appeals stated the following:

[A]ppellant was not confirmed as A.Q.W.’s father until approximately 

thirty-six days before the termination hearing, and he did not receive 

his service plan until thirty-four days before the hearing. During this 

time he was incarcerated. The record contains no evidence that 

appellant was provided with a reasonable opportunity to enroll in, much 

less complete, any of the requirements that he could have complied with 

while incarcerated. On this scant record, we must conclude the evidence 

is legally insufficient to support a finding that the Department made a 

reasonable effort to return A.Q.W. to his father.

In re A.Q.W., 395 S.W.3d at 290. In the present case, Father did not argue to the trial 

court and does not assert on appeal that he only learned of paternity shortly before 
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the termination hearing or that he was incarcerated during the pendency of the case. 

Here, there was ample evidence for the trial court to have formed a firm belief or 

conviction that reasonable efforts had been made by the Department to return A.H. 

to Father. See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 344-45.

As to the second element of subsection N, Father argues that the court-ordered 

suspension of his visits with A.H. prevented him from exercising any right to 

visitation and that “there is no testimony or evidence that the Appellant was offered 

a single visit with his child, or that he declined it.” Although the Department 

acknowledged that he was prevented from seeing A.H. until the therapist 

recommended the visits, there is no evidence in the record that Father attempted to

initiate or maintain contact with A.H. in other ways, such as through letters, cards, 

or small gifts, nor is there any evidence that Father made any inquiries or requests 

to the Department or to the therapist regarding visitation. CPS Supervisor Hickman 

testified that Father never contacted the Department at any time for visitation nor 

had he provided financial support to the Department for A.H.’s care during the case.

Based on this evidence, the trial court could have formed a firm belief or conviction 

that the Department demonstrated that Father had not regularly visited or maintained 

contact with A.H. See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 344-45.
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As to the third element of subsection N, Father argues that the evidence is 

insufficient to support a finding that the Department has shown that Father has 

demonstrated an inability to provide a safe environment. Father argues that the 

Department cannot make such a showing because he has presented evidence that 

A.H.’s paternal grandmother is able to provide A.H. with a safe environment. In 

support of this argument Father cites to In re D.S.A., 113 S.W.3d 567, 573-74 (Tex. 

App.—Amarillo 2003, no pet.), wherein the Amarillo Court of Appeals stated that 

“it is quite conceivable that one in prison may still be able to do so by, at the very 

least, leaving the ward in the capable hands of a relative, friend or spouse.” 

According to Father, although he was not incarcerated, he arranged for A.H.’s 

paternal grandmother to care for A.H. and “[i]t is disputed within the trial record that 

the Intervening paternal grandmother is unable, or not competent, to care for 

[A.H.].” 

Once again, we find In re D.S.A. factually distinguishable from this case. The 

parent in In re D.S.A. argued that subsection N is inapplicable when the parent is in 

prison. See id. at 573. The Amarillo Court of Appeals concluded that incarceration 

does not render subsection N inapplicable simply because of incarceration, because 

an incarcerated person could “work through surrogates, such as relatives, spouses, 

or friends, to fulfil th[e] obligation [of providing the child a safe environment].” Id.
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Here, Father has failed to show that he is incarcerated. The fact that a parent who is

not incarcerated arranges for a relative or someone else to care for the child does not 

negate other evidence in the record from which a trial court could conclude Father 

is unable to provide a safe environment for the child. Here, Father did not testify at 

the termination hearing, and he acknowledges on appeal that it is “disputed” as to

whether A.H.’s paternal grandmother is able or competent to care for A.H.

Moreover, Father does not dispute that he failed to complete his family service plan.

A parent’s “failure to complete a family service plan demonstrates an inability to 

provide a child with a safe environment.” In re A.K.L., 2016 Tex. App. LEXIS 

13027, at *21). The child’s “‘environment’ includes more than just the physical 

condition of his or her home. Rather, [it] ‘refers to the acceptability of the child’s 

living conditions, as well as a parent’s conduct in the home.’” Id. at *24 (quoting In 

re S.R., 452 S.W.3d 351, 360 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, pet. denied)). 

Father did not argue in the trial court or on appeal that he participated in any services, 

nor does he contend he made any attempts to complete portions of the plan.

3 CPS 

Supervisor Hickman testified that he did not complete any services, and he failed to 

maintain contact with the Department. Hickman testified that Father failed to show 

 3 We note that Father did not challenge the adequacy or appropriateness of the 

service plan.
16

that he has any interest in A.H. or in her well-being and safety. According to CPS 

Investigator Bauch, A.H. did not want to see Father because her last memory of 

Father was him choking her mother. The CASA testified that A.H. prefers not to see 

Father because of that traumatic memory. There was sufficient evidence for the trial 

court to have formed a firm belief or conviction that Father had demonstrated an 

inability to provide A.H. with a safe environment. See In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 

344-45. Viewing all the evidence in the record in a light most favorable to the trial 

court’s finding of constructive abandonment, as we must in a legal sufficiency 

review, we conclude the evidence is sufficient to support the finding of constructive 

abandonment under subsection N. See Tex. Fam. Code Ann. § 161.001(b)(1)(N).

Having concluded there is legally sufficient evidence to support the trial 

court’s finding that termination was justified under subsection N, we need not 

address his first and third issues challenging the trial court’s findings under 

subsections F and O, respectively. See In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d at 362 (noting that 

“only one predicate finding under section 161.001(1) is necessary to support a 

judgment of termination when there is also a finding that termination is in the child’s 

best interest”); see also Tex. R. App. P. 47.1. Father does not challenge the trial 

court’s finding that termination was in the child’s best interest. Accordingly, we 

overrule Father’s second issue. We affirm the trial court’s judgment. 
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AFFIRMED.

_________________________

 LEANNE JOHNSON

Justice

Submitted on September 11, 2019

Opinion Delivered October 3, 2019

Before McKeithen, C.J., Kreger and Johnson, JJ.