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                                                                       Exhibit A

                                     BY-LAWS

                                       OF

                         TAURUS-LITTROW PRODUCTIONS INC.

                                    ARTICLE I

                            Meetings of Stockholders

                  Section 1.1. Annual Meetings. If required by applicable law,
an annual meeting of stockholders shall be held for the election of directors at
such date, time and place, if any, either within or without the State of
Delaware, as may be designated by resolution of the Board of Directors from time
to time. Any other proper business may be transacted at the annual meeting.

                  Section 1.2. Special Meetings. Special meetings of
stockholders for any purpose or purposes may be called at any time by the Board
of Directors, but such special meetings may not be called by any other person or
persons. Business transacted at any special meeting of stockholders shall be
limited to the purposes stated in the notice.

                  Section 1.3. Notice of Meetings. Whenever stockholders are
required or permitted to take any action at a meeting, a notice of the meeting
shall be given that shall state the place, if any, date and hour of the meeting
and, in the case of a special meeting, the purpose or purposes for which the
meeting is called. Unless otherwise provided by law, the certificate of
incorporation or these by-laws, the notice of any meeting shall be given not
less than ten (10) nor more than sixty (60) days before the date of the meeting
to each stockholder entitled to vote at such meeting. If mailed, such notice
shall be deemed to be given when deposited in the United States mail, postage
prepaid, directed to the stockholder at such stockholder's address as it appears
on the records of the corporation.

                  Section 1.4. Adjournments. Any meeting of stockholders, annual
or special, may adjourn from time to time to reconvene at the same or some other
place, and notice need not be given of any such adjourned meeting if the time
and place thereof are announced at the meeting at which the adjournment is
taken. At the adjourned meeting the corporation may transact any business which
might have been transacted at the original meeting. If the adjournment is for
more than thirty (30) days, or if after the adjournment a new record date is
fixed for the adjourned meeting, notice of the adjourned meeting shall be given
to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at the meeting.

                  Section 1.5. Quorum. Except as otherwise provided by law, the
certificate of incorporation or these by-laws, at each meeting of stockholders
the presence in person or by proxy of the holders of a majority in voting power
of the outstanding shares of stock

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entitled to vote at the meeting shall be necessary and sufficient to constitute
a quorum. In the absence of a quorum, the stockholders so present may, by a
majority in voting power thereof, adjourn the meeting from time to time in the
manner provided in Section 1.4 of these by-laws until a quorum shall attend.
Shares of its own stock belonging to the corporation or to another corporation,
if a majority of the shares entitled to vote in the election of directors of
such other corporation is held, directly or indirectly, by the corporation,
shall neither be entitled to vote nor be counted for quorum purposes; provided,
however, that the foregoing shall not limit the right of the corporation or any
subsidiary of the corporation to vote stock, including but not limited to its
own stock, held by it in a fiduciary capacity.

                  Section 1.6. Organization. Meetings of stockholders shall be
presided over by the Chairperson of the Board, if any, or in his or her absence
by the Vice Chairperson of the Board, if any, or in his or her absence by the
President, or in his or her absence by a Vice President, or in the absence of
the foregoing persons by a chairperson designated by the Board of Directors, or
in the absence of such designation by a chairperson chosen at the meeting. The
Secretary shall act as secretary of the meeting, but in his or her absence the
chairperson of the meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of the
meeting.

                  Section 1.7. Voting; Proxies. Except as otherwise provided by
or pursuant to the provisions of the certificate of incorporation, each
stockholder entitled to vote at any meeting of stockholders shall be entitled to
one vote for each share of stock held by such stockholder which has voting power
upon the matter in question. Each stockholder entitled to vote at a meeting of
stockholders or to express consent to corporate action in writing without a
meeting may authorize another person or persons to act for such stockholder by
proxy, but no such proxy shall be voted or acted upon after three years from its
date, unless the proxy provides for a longer period. A proxy shall be
irrevocable if it states that it is irrevocable and if, and only as long as, it
is coupled with an interest sufficient in law to support an irrevocable power. A
stockholder may revoke any proxy which is not irrevocable by attending the
meeting and voting in person or by delivering to the Secretary of the
corporation a revocation of the proxy or a new proxy bearing a later date.
Voting at meetings of stockholders need not be by written ballot. At all
meetings of stockholders for the election of directors at which a quorum is
present a plurality of the votes cast shall be sufficient to elect. All other
elections and questions presented to the stockholders at a meeting at which a
quorum is present shall, unless otherwise provided by the certificate of
incorporation, these by-laws, the rules or regulations of any stock exchange
applicable to the corporation, or applicable law or pursuant to any regulation
applicable to the corporation or its securities, be decided by the affirmative
vote of the holders of a majority in voting power of the shares of stock of the
corporation which are present in person or by proxy and entitled to vote
thereon.

                  Section 1.8. Fixing Date for Determination of Stockholders of
Record. In order that the corporation may determine the stockholders entitled to
notice of or to vote at any meeting of stockholders or any adjournment thereof,
or to express consent to corporate

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action in writing without a meeting, or entitled to receive payment of any
dividend or other distribution or allotment of any rights, or entitled to
exercise any rights in respect of any change, conversion or exchange of stock or
for the purpose of any other lawful action, the Board of Directors may fix a
record date, which record date shall not precede the date upon which the
resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors, and
which record date: (1) in the case of determination of stockholders entitled to
vote at any meeting of stockholders or adjournment thereof, shall, unless
otherwise required by law, not be more than sixty (60) nor less than ten (10)
days before the date of such meeting; (2) in the case of determination of
stockholders entitled to express consent to corporate action in writing without
a meeting, shall not be more than ten (10) days from the date upon which the
resolution fixing the record date is adopted by the Board of Directors; and (3)
in the case of any other action, shall not be more than sixty (60) days prior to
such other action. If no record date is fixed: (1) the record date for
determining stockholders entitled to notice of or to vote at a meeting of
stockholders shall be at the close of business on the day next preceding the day
on which notice is given, or, if notice is waived, at the close of business on
the day next preceding the day on which the meeting is held; (2) the record date
for determining stockholders entitled to express consent to corporate action in
writing without a meeting, when no prior action of the Board of Directors is
required by law, shall be the first date on which a signed written consent
setting forth the action taken or proposed to be taken is delivered to the
corporation in accordance with applicable law, or, if prior action by the Board
of Directors is required by law, shall be at the close of business on the day on
which the Board of Directors adopts the resolution taking such prior action; and
(3) the record date for determining stockholders for any other purpose shall be
at the close of business on the day on which the Board of Directors adopts the
resolution relating thereto. A determination of stockholders of record entitled
to notice of or to vote at a meeting of stockholders shall apply to any
adjournment of the meeting; provided, however, that the Board of Directors may
fix a new record date for the adjourned meeting.

                  Section 1.9. List of Stockholders Entitled to Vote. The
officer who has charge of the stock ledger shall prepare and make, at least ten
(10) days before every meeting of stockholders, a complete list of the
stockholders entitled to vote at the meeting, arranged in alphabetical order,
and showing the address of each stockholder and the number of shares registered
in the name of each stockholder. Such list shall be open to the examination of
any stockholder, for any purpose germane to the meeting at least ten (10) days
prior to the meeting (i) on a reasonably accessible electronic network, provided
that the information required to gain access to such list is provided with the
notice of meeting or (ii) during ordinary business hours at the principal place
of business of the corporation. The list of stockholders must also be open to
examination at the meeting as required by applicable law. Except as otherwise
provided by law, the stock ledger shall be the only evidence as to who are the
stockholders entitled to examine the stock ledger, the list of stockholders or
the books of the corporation, or to vote in person or by proxy at any meeting of
stockholders.

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                  Section 1.10. Action By Written Consent of Stockholders.
Unless otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation, any action
required or permitted to be taken at any annual or special meeting of the
stockholders may be taken without a meeting, without prior notice and without a
vote, if a consent or consents in writing, setting forth the action so taken,
shall be signed by the holders of outstanding stock having not less than the
minimum number of votes that would be necessary to authorize or take such action
at a meeting at which all shares entitled to vote thereon were present and voted
and shall be delivered to the corporation by delivery to its registered office
in the State of Delaware, its principal place of business, or an officer or
agent of the corporation having custody of the book in which minutes of
proceedings of stockholders are recorded. Delivery made to the corporation's
registered office shall be by hand or by certified or registered mail, return
receipt requested. Prompt notice of the taking of the corporate action without a
meeting by less than unanimous written consent shall, to the extent required by
law, be given to those stockholders who have not consented in writing and who,
if the action had been taken at a meeting, would have been entitled to notice of
the meeting if the record date for such meeting had been the date that written
consents signed by a sufficient number of holders to take the action were
delivered to the corporation.

                  Section 1.11. Inspectors of Election. The corporation may, and
shall if required by law, in advance of any meeting of stockholders, appoint one
or more inspectors of election, who may be employees of the corporation, to act
at the meeting or any adjournment thereof and to make a written report thereof.
The corporation may designate one or more persons as alternate inspectors to
replace any inspector who fails to act. In the event that no inspector so
appointed or designated is able to act at a meeting of stockholders, the person
presiding at the meeting shall appoint one or more inspectors to act at the
meeting. Each inspector, before entering upon the discharge of his or her
duties, shall take and sign an oath to execute faithfully the duties of
inspector with strict impartiality and according to the best of his or her
ability. The inspector or inspectors so appointed or designated shall (i)
ascertain the number of shares of capital stock of the corporation outstanding
and the voting power of each such share, (ii) determine the shares of capital
stock of the corporation represented at the meeting and the validity of proxies
and ballots, (iii) count all votes and ballots, (iv) determine and retain for a
reasonable period a record of the disposition of any challenges made to any
determination by the inspectors, and (v) certify their determination of the
number of shares of capital stock of the corporation represented at the meeting
and such inspectors' count of all votes and ballots. Such certification and
report shall specify such other information as may be required by law. In
determining the validity and counting of proxies and ballots cast at any meeting
of stockholders of the corporation, the inspectors may consider such information
as is permitted by applicable law. No person who is a candidate for an office at
an election may serve as an inspector at such election.

                  Section 1.12. Conduct of Meetings. The date and time of the
opening and the closing of the polls for each matter upon which the stockholders
will vote at a meeting shall be announced at the meeting by the person presiding
over the meeting. The Board of

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Directors may adopt by resolution such rules and regulations for the conduct of
the meeting of stockholders as it shall deem appropriate. Except to the extent
inconsistent with such rules and regulations as adopted by the Board of
Directors, the person presiding over any meeting of stockholders shall have the
right and authority to convene and to adjourn the meeting, to prescribe such
rules, regulations and procedures and to do all such acts as, in the judgment of
such presiding person, are appropriate for the proper conduct of the meeting.
Such rules, regulations or procedures, whether adopted by the Board of Directors
or prescribed by the presiding person of the meeting, may include, without
limitation, the following: (i) the establishment of an agenda or order of
business for the meeting; (ii) rules and procedures for maintaining order at the
meeting and the safety of those present; (iii) limitations on attendance at or
participation in the meeting to stockholders of record of the corporation, their
duly authorized and constituted proxies or such other persons as the presiding
person of the meeting shall determine; (iv) restrictions on entry to the meeting
after the time fixed for the commencement thereof; and (v) limitations on the
time allotted to questions or comments by participants. The presiding person at
any meeting of stockholders, in addition to making any other determinations that
may be appropriate to the conduct of the meeting, shall, if the facts warrant,
determine and declare to the meeting that a matter or business was not properly
brought before the meeting and if such presiding person should so determine,
such presiding person shall so declare to the meeting and any such matter or
business not properly brought before the meeting shall not be transacted or
considered. Unless and to the extent determined by the Board of Directors or the
person presiding over the meeting, meetings of stockholders shall not be
required to be held in accordance with the rules of parliamentary procedure.

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                                   ARTICLE II

                               Board of Directors

                  Section 2.1. Number; Qualifications. The Board of Directors
shall consist of one or more members, the number thereof to be determined from
time to time by resolution of the Board of Directors. Directors need not be
stockholders.

                  Section 2.2. Election; Resignation; Vacancies. The Board of
Directors shall initially consist of the persons named as directors in the
certificate of incorporation or elected by the incorporator of the corporation,
and each director so elected shall hold office until the first annual meeting of
stockholders or until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified. At the
first annual meeting of stockholders and at each annual meeting thereafter, the
stockholders shall elect directors each of whom shall hold office for a term of
one year or until his or her successor is duly elected and qualified, subject to
such director's earlier death, resignation, disqualification or removal. Any
director may resign at any time upon notice to the corporation. Unless otherwise
provided by law or the certificate of incorporation, any newly created
directorship or any vacancy occurring in the Board of Directors for any cause
may be filled by a majority of the remaining members of the Board of Directors,
although such majority is less than a quorum, or by a plurality of the votes
cast at a meeting of stockholders, and each director so elected shall hold
office until the expiration of the term of office of the director whom he or she
has replaced or until his or her successor is elected and qualified.

                  Section 2.3. Regular Meetings. Regular meetings of the Board
of Directors may be held at such places within or without the State of Delaware
and at such times as the Board of Directors may from time to time determine.

                  Section 2.4. Special Meetings. Special meetings of the Board
of Directors may be held at any time or place within or without the State of
Delaware whenever called by the President, any Vice President, the Secretary, or
by any member of the Board of Directors. Notice of a special meeting of the
Board of Directors shall be given by the person or persons calling the meeting
at least twenty-four hours before the special meeting.

                  Section 2.5. Telephonic Meetings Permitted. Members of the
Board of Directors, or any committee designated by the Board of Directors, may
participate in a meeting thereof by means of conference telephone or other
communications equipment by means of which all persons participating in the
meeting can hear each other, and participation in a meeting pursuant to this
by-law shall constitute presence in person at such meeting.

                  Section 2.6. Quorum; Vote Required for Action. At all meetings
of the Board of Directors the directors entitled to cast a majority of the votes
of the whole Board of Directors shall constitute a quorum for the transaction of
business. Except in cases in

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which the certificate of incorporation, these by-laws or applicable law
otherwise provides, a majority of the votes entitled to be cast by the directors
present at a meeting at which a quorum is present shall be the act of the Board
of Directors.

                  Section 2.7. Organization. Meetings of the Board of Directors
shall be presided over by the Chairperson of the Board, if any, or in his or her
absence by the Vice Chairperson of the Board, if any, or in his or her absence
by the President, or in their absence by a chairperson chosen at the meeting.
The Secretary shall act as secretary of the meeting, but in his or her absence
the chairperson of the meeting may appoint any person to act as secretary of the
meeting.

                  Section 2.8. Action by Unanimous Consent of Directors. Unless
otherwise restricted by the certificate of incorporation or these by-laws, any
action required or permitted to be taken at any meeting of the Board of
Directors, or of any committee thereof, may be taken without a meeting if all
members of the Board of Directors or such committee, as the case may be, consent
thereto in writing or by electronic transmission and the writing or writings or
electronic transmissions are filed with the minutes of proceedings of the board
or committee in accordance with applicable law.

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                                   ARTICLE III

                                   Committees

                  Section 3.1. Committees. The Board of Directors may designate
one or more committees, each committee to consist of one or more of the
directors of the corporation. The Board of Directors may designate one or more
directors as alternate members of any committee, who may replace any absent or
disqualified member at any meeting of the committee. In the absence or
disqualification of a member of the committee, the member or members thereof
present at any meeting and not disqualified from voting, whether or not he, she
or they constitute a quorum, may unanimously appoint another member of the Board
of Directors to act at the meeting in place of any such absent or disqualified
member. Any such committee, to the extent permitted by law and to the extent
provided in the resolution of the Board of Directors, shall have and may
exercise all the powers and authority of the Board of Directors in the
management of the business and affairs of the corporation, and may authorize the
seal of the corporation to be affixed to all papers which may require it.

                  Section 3.2. Committee Rules. Unless the Board of Directors
otherwise provides, each committee designated by the Board of Directors may
make, alter and repeal rules for the conduct of its business. In the absence of
such rules each committee shall conduct its business in the same manner as the
Board of Directors conducts its business pursuant to Article II of these
by-laws.

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                                   ARTICLE IV

                                    Officers

                  Section 4.1. Executive Officers; Election; Qualifications;
Term of Office; Resignation; Removal; Vacancies. The Board of Directors shall
elect a President and Secretary, and it may, if it so determines, choose a
Chairperson of the Board and a Vice Chairperson of the Board from among its
members. The Board of Directors may also choose one or more Vice Presidents, one
or more Assistant Secretaries, a Treasurer and one or more Assistant Treasurers
and such other officers as it shall from time to time deem necessary or
desirable. Each such officer shall hold office until the first meeting of the
Board of Directors after the annual meeting of stockholders next succeeding his
or her election, and until his or her successor is elected and qualified or
until his or her earlier resignation or removal. Any officer may resign at any
time upon written notice to the corporation. The Board of Directors may remove
any officer with or without cause at any time, but such removal shall be without
prejudice to the contractual rights of such officer, if any, with the
corporation. Any number of offices may be held by the same person. Any vacancy
occurring in any office of the corporation by death, resignation, removal or
otherwise may be filled for the unexpired portion of the term by the Board of
Directors at any regular or special meeting.

                  Section 4.2. Powers and Duties of Executive Officers. The
officers of the corporation shall have such powers and duties in the management
of the corporation as may be prescribed in a resolution by the Board of
Directors and, to the extent not so provided, as generally pertain to their
respective offices, subject to the control of the Board of Directors. The Board
of Directors may require any officer, agent or employee to give security for the
faithful performance of his or her duties.

                  Section 4.3. Appointing Attorneys and Agents; Voting
Securities of Other Entities. Unless otherwise provided by resolution adopted by
the Board of Directors, the Chairperson of the Board, the President or any Vice
President may from time to time appoint an attorney or attorneys or agent or
agents of the corporation, in the name and on behalf of the corporation, to cast
the votes which the corporation may be entitled to cast as the holder of stock
or other securities in any other corporation or other entity, any of whose stock
or other securities may be held by the corporation, at meetings of the holders
of the stock or other securities of such other corporation or other entity, or
to consent in writing, in the name of the corporation as such holder, to any
action by such other corporation or other entity, and may instruct the person or
persons so appointed as to the manner of casting such votes or giving such
consents, and may execute or cause to be executed in the name and on behalf of
the corporation and under its corporate seal or otherwise, all such written
proxies or other instruments as he or she may deem necessary or proper. Any of
the rights set forth in this Section 4.3 which may be delegated to an attorney
or agent may also be exercised directly by the Chairperson of the Board, the
President or the Vice President.

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                                    ARTICLE V

                                      Stock

                  Section 5.1. Certificates. Every holder of stock shall be
entitled to have a certificate signed by or in the name of the corporation by
the Chairperson or Vice Chairperson of the Board of Directors, if any, or the
President or a Vice President, and by the Treasurer or an Assistant Treasurer,
or the Secretary or an Assistant Secretary, of the corporation certifying the
number of shares owned by such holder in the corporation. Any of or all the
signatures on the certificate may be a facsimile. In case any officer, transfer
agent or registrar who has signed or whose facsimile signature has been placed
upon a certificate shall have ceased to be such officer, transfer agent, or
registrar before such certificate is issued, it may be issued by the corporation
with the same effect as if such person were such officer, transfer agent, or
registrar at the date of issue.

                  Section 5.2. Lost, Stolen or Destroyed Stock Certificates;
Issuance of New Certificates. The corporation may issue a new certificate of
stock in the place of any certificate theretofore issued by it, alleged to have
been lost, stolen or destroyed, and the corporation may require the owner of the
lost, stolen or destroyed certificate, or such owner's legal representative, to
give the corporation a bond sufficient to indemnify it against any claim that
may be made against it on account of the alleged loss, theft or destruction of
any such certificate or the issuance of such new certificate.

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                                   ARTICLE VI

                                 Indemnification

                  Section 6.1. Right to Indemnification. The corporation shall
indemnify and hold harmless, to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law
as it presently exists or may hereafter be amended, any person (a "Covered
Person") who was or is made or is threatened to be made a party or is otherwise
involved in any action, suit or proceeding, whether civil, criminal,
administrative or investigative (a "proceeding"), by reason of the fact that he
or she, or a person for whom he or she is the legal representative, is or was a
director or officer of the corporation or, while a director or officer of the
corporation, is or was serving at the request of the corporation as a director,
officer, employee or agent of another corporation or of a partnership, joint
venture, trust, enterprise or nonprofit entity, including service with respect
to employee benefit plans, against all liability and loss suffered and expenses
(including attorneys' fees) reasonably incurred by such Covered Person.
Notwithstanding the preceding sentence, except as otherwise provided in Section
6.3, the corporation shall be required to indemnify a Covered Person in
connection with a proceeding (or part thereof) commenced by such Covered Person
only if the commencement of such proceeding (or part thereof) by the Covered
Person was authorized in the specific case by the Board of Directors of the
corporation.

                  Section 6.2. Prepayment of Expenses. The corporation shall to
the fullest extent not prohibited by applicable law pay the expenses (including
attorneys' fees) incurred by a Covered Person in defending any proceeding in
advance of its final disposition, provided, however, that, to the extent
required by law, such payment of expenses in advance of the final disposition of
the proceeding shall be made only upon receipt of an undertaking by the Covered
Person to repay all amounts advanced if it should be ultimately determined that
the Covered Person is not entitled to be indemnified under this Article VI or
otherwise.

                  Section 6.3. Claims. If a claim for indemnification (following
the final disposition of such action, suit or proceeding) or advancement of
expenses under this Article VI is not paid in full within thirty days after a
written claim therefor by the Covered Person has been received by the
corporation, the Covered Person may file suit to recover the unpaid amount of
such claim and, if successful in whole or in part, shall be entitled to be paid
the expense of prosecuting such claim. In any such action the corporation shall
have the burden of proving that the Covered Person is not entitled to the
requested indemnification or advancement of expenses under applicable law.

                  Section 6.4. Nonexclusivity of Rights. The rights conferred on
any Covered Person by this Article VI shall not be exclusive of any other rights
which such Covered Person may have or hereafter acquire under any statute,
provision of the certificate of incorporation, these by-laws, agreement, vote of
stockholders or disinterested directors or otherwise.

                  Section 6.5. Other Sources. The corporation's obligation, if
any, to indemnify or to advance expenses to any Covered Person who was or is
serving at its request as a director, officer, employee or agent of another
corporation, partnership, joint venture, trust, enterprise or nonprofit entity
shall be reduced by any amount such Covered Person may collect as

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indemnification or advancement of expenses from such other corporation,
partnership, joint venture, trust, enterprise or non-profit enterprise.

                  Section 6.6. Amendment or Repeal. Any repeal or modification
of the foregoing provisions of this Article VI shall not adversely affect any
right or protection hereunder of any Covered Person in respect of any act or
omission occurring prior to the time of such repeal or modification.

                  Section 6.7. Other Indemnification and Prepayment of Expenses.
This Article VI shall not limit the right of the corporation, to the extent and
in the manner permitted by law, to indemnify and to advance expenses to persons
other than Covered Persons when and as authorized by appropriate corporate
action.

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                                   ARTICLE VII

                                  Miscellaneous

                  Section 7.1. Fiscal Year. The fiscal year of the corporation
shall be determined by resolution of the Board of Directors.

                  Section 7.2. Seal. The corporate seal shall have the name of
the corporation inscribed thereon and shall be in such form as may be approved
from time to time by the Board of Directors.

                  Section 7.3. Manner of Notice. Except as otherwise provided
herein or permitted by applicable law, notices to directors and stockholders
shall be in writing and delivered personally or mailed to the directors or
stockholders at their addresses appearing on the books of the corporation.
Notice to directors may be given by telecopier, telephone or other means of
electronic transmission.

                  Section 7.4. Waiver of Notice of Meetings of Stockholders,
Directors and Committees. Any waiver of notice, given by the person entitled to
notice, whether before or after the time stated therein, shall be deemed
equivalent to notice. Attendance of a person at a meeting shall constitute a
waiver of notice of such meeting, except when the person attends a meeting for
the express purpose of objecting, at the beginning of the meeting, to the
transaction of any business because the meeting is not lawfully called or
convened. Neither the business to be transacted at nor the purpose of any
regular or special meeting of the stockholders, directors, or members of a
committee of directors need be specified in a waiver of notice.

                  Section 7.5. Form of Records. Any records maintained by the
corporation in the regular course of its business, including its stock ledger,
books of account, and minute books, may be kept on, or by means of, or be in the
form of, any information storage device or method, provided that the records so
kept can be converted into clearly legible paper form within a reasonable time.

                  Section 7.6. Amendment of By-Laws. These by-laws may be
altered, amended or repealed, and new by-laws made, by the Board of Directors,
but the stockholders may make additional by-laws and may alter and repeal any
by-laws whether adopted by them or otherwise.

                  Section 7.7 Execution of Instruments. Contracts, documents or
instruments in writing requiring the signature of the corporation may be signed
by:

                  (a)      any two officers;

                  (b)      any two directors; or

                  (c)      any one officer together with any one director;

and all contracts, documents and instruments in writing so signed shall be
binding upon the corporation without any further authorization or formality. The
Board of Directors shall have

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power from time to time to appoint any person or persons, on behalf of the
corporation either to sign contracts, documents and instruments in writing
generally or to sign specific contracts, documents or instruments in writing.

                  The corporate seal of the corporation, if any, may be affixed
to contracts, documents and instruments in writing signed as aforesaid or by any
person or persons appointed as aforesaid by the Board of Directors but any such
contract, document or instrument is not invalid merely because the corporate
seal, if any, is not affixed thereto.

                  The term "contracts, documents or instruments in writing" as
used in this by-law shall include deeds, mortgages, hypothecs, charges,
conveyances, transfers and assignments of property real or personal, immovable
or movable, agreements, releases, receipts and discharges for the payment of
money or other obligations, conveyances, transfers and assignments of shares,
share warrants, stocks, bonds debentures or other securities and all paper
writings.

                  In particular without limiting the generality of the foregoing

                  (a)      any two officers;

                  (b)      any two directors; or

                  (c)      any one officer together with any one director;

shall have authority to sell, assign, transfer, exchange, convert or convey any
and all shares, stocks, bonds, debentures, rights, warrants or other securities
owned by or registered in the name of the corporation and to sign and execute
(under the seal of the corporation or otherwise) all assignments, transfers,
conveyances, powers of attorney and other instruments that may be necessary for
the purpose of selling, assigning, transferring, exchanging, converting or
conveying any such shares, stocks, bonds, debentures, rights, warrants or other
securities.

                  The signature or signatures of any officer or officers, or any
director or directors of the corporation and/or of any other person or persons,
appointed as aforesaid by the Board of Directors may, if specifically authorized
by the Board of Directors, be printed, engraved, lithographed or otherwise
mechanically reproduced upon any contracts, documents or instruments in writing
or bonds, debentures or other securities of the corporation executed or issued
by or on behalf of the corporation and all contracts, documents or instruments
in writing or bonds, debentures or other securities of the corporation on which
the signature or signatures of any one or more of the foregoing officers or
directors or the officers or persons authorized as aforesaid shall be so
reproduced pursuant to such authorization, by the Board of Directors shall be
deemed to have been manually signed by each such officer, director or person
whose signature is so reproduced and shall be as valid to all intents and
purposes as if they had been signed manually and notwithstanding that any such
officer, director or person whose signature is so reproduced may have ceased to
hold office at the date of the delivery or issue of such contracts, documents or
instruments in writing or bonds, debentures or other securities of the
corporation.

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