T.C. Memo. 2012-269

UNITED STATES TAX COURT

PEPSICO PUERTO RICO, INC., Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

PEPSICO, INC. AND AFFILIATES, Petitioner v.

COMMISSIONER OF INTERNAL REVENUE, Respondent

Docket Nos. 13676-09, 13677-09. Filed September 20, 2012.

Mario J. Verdolini Jr., D. Scott Wise, Leslie J. Altus, Craig A. Phillips, and

Ethan R. Goldman, for petitioners.

Lyle B. Press, Daniel A. Rosen, Vincent J. Guiliano, and Michael S. Coravos,

for respondent.
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[*2] MEMORANDUM FINDINGS OF FACT AND OPINION

GOEKE, Judge: Respondent determined income tax deficiencies with respect

to PepsiCo, Inc. (PepsiCo), and Affiliates for taxable years ended December 26,

1998, December 25, 1999, December 30, 2000, December 29, 2001, and December

28, 2002, of $53,683,731, $48,488,863, $20,497,493, $26,653,075, and

$46,694,856, respectively. Respondent separately determined deficiencies for

PepsiCo Puerto Rico, Inc. (PPR), for taxable years ended November 30, 1998,

1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002, of $38,348,937, $31,873,463, $31,698,661,

$32,717,683, and $32,399,250, respectively. These cases were consolidated for

trial, briefing, and opinion. The parties submit two issues for decision:

(1) whether advance agreements issued by PepsiCo’s Netherlands

subsidiaries to certain PepsiCo domestic subsidiaries and PPR are more

appropriately characterized as debt than as equity; and, 

(2) if the advance agreements are characterized as debt, whether, and to

what extent payments on the advance agreements constitute original issue 

discount, relating to contingent payment debt instruments under section 1.1275-4(c),

Income Tax Regs.1

1Unless otherwise indicated, all section references are to the Internal Revenue

Code (Code) in effect for the years in issue, and all Rule references are to the Tax

(continued...)
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[*3] We hold that the advance agreements are appropriately characterized as

equity for Federal income tax purposes. Accordingly, we need not consider the 

remaining issue.

FINDINGS OF FACT

I. Petitioners

PepsiCo is incorporated under the laws of North Carolina. At the time of

petition, the principal office of PepsiCo was in Purchase, New York. At all times

during the years at issue, PepsiCo was the common parent of a group of affiliated

corporations pursuant to section 1504.2 PepsiCo, together with its consolidated

affiliates, is a leading global beverage, snack, and food company. It manufactures

and markets carbonated and noncarbonated beverages and a variety of snack foods. 

PepsiCo also owned and operated an international restaurant business, which was

spun off in 1997. 

PPR is incorporated under the laws of Delaware. At the time of petition,

PPR’s principal office was in Purchase, New York. PPR was a wholly owned

subsidiary of PepsiCo that elected the benefits of sections 936 and 30A for all the 

1

(...continued)

Court Rules of Practice and Procedure.

2Pepsico filed a consolidated return for U.S. Federal income tax purposes for

each of the tax years in issue. 
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[*4] tax years in issue. PPR directly owned and operated concentrate and snack

food manufacturing facilities and performed snack food distribution functions. 

Effective December 1, 2006, PPR’s section 936 status expired. As of that date,

PPR was a member of PepsiCo’s consolidated group, which filed its return on a

consolidated basis. 

II. The Pre-1996 Structure

In 1996 PepsiCo’s direct subsidiary, PepsiCo Capital Corp. N.V. (CapCorp),

held stock in two separate subsidiaries: PepsiCo Finance (Antilles A) N.V. (PFAA)

and PepsiCo Finance (Antilles B) (PFAB). CapCorp, PFAA, and PFAB

(collectively, PepsiCo companies) were all corporations organized under the law of

the Netherlands Antilles, each with single classes of equity outstanding, and all were

treated as controlled foreign corporations for U.S. Federal income tax purposes. 

The PepsiCo companies each held interests in foreign entities that were treated as

partnerships for U.S. Federal income tax purposes (foreign partnerships).3 The

foreign partnerships operated in areas in which PepsiCo was developing its brand

and a market for its products; many were generating losses.

3The foreign partnerships included Pepsi-Cola Trading Sp.zo.o (Poland),

PepsiCola GmbH (Germany), Pepsi-Cola France Snc, KFC France Snc, Spizza 30

Snc (France), Pepsi-Cola CR S.R.O. (Czech Republic), PepsiCo Restaurants Sca

(Spain), Pepsi-Cola SR S.R.O. (Slovakia), SVE Trading & Manufacturing Limited

(Hungary), PepsiCo Investments Ltd. (China), and PepsiCo Poland. 
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[*5] The PepsiCo companies each held promissory notes (pre-1996 notes) issued

before 1996 by Frito-Lay, Inc. (Frito-Lay), incorporated under the laws of

Delaware; Pepsi-Cola Metropolitan Bottling Co., Inc. (Metro Bottling),

 incorporated under the laws of New Jersey; or PepsiCo.4 The notes were traceable

to indebtedness that was originally incurred in the 1980s to finance various business

acquisitions and investments. As a result of a “large capital ruling” (LCR) procured

from the Netherlands Antilles taxing authority in 1989, any interest payments

received by the PepsiCo companies were subject to de minimis taxation in the

Netherlands Antilles.

Payments of interest on the pre-1996 notes were also exempt from U.S.

withholding tax under the income tax treaty between the United States and the

Netherlands then in effect (Dutch tax treaty), the interest article of which extended

4Frito-Lay and Metro Bottling were, at all relevant times, wholly owned

(directly or indirectly) by PepsiCo.

The pre-1996 notes consisted of six promissory notes that had been issued by

Frito-Lay, one promissory note that had been issued by Metro Bottling, and one

promissory note that had been issued by PepsiCo. 

The one pre-1996 note issued by PepsiCo was held by CapCorp in the

principal amount of $118,393,106.86. Petitioners have not found this note. 
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[*6] to residents of the Netherlands Antilles for those years.5 Furthermore, deficits

of the foreign partnerships reduced the earnings and profits of the PepsiCo

companies, thereby reducing the amount of interest then includable by PepsiCo as

“subpart F” income under sections 951 and 952. Interest due on the pre-1996 notes

was also deductible for U.S. Federal income tax purposes by Frito-Lay, PepsiCo,

and Metro Bottling pursuant to section 163.

III. Global Restructuring

By the mid-1990s PepsiCo recognized certain business opportunities were

materializing in both new and existing international markets in which its primary

competitor, Coca-Cola, was not the dominant soft-drink brand. PepsiCo perceived,

in particular, a more level and competitive international business landscape in

Eastern Europe following the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989. Contemporaneously,

once-dormant Asian markets began to appear more receptive to a greater Western

business presence. PepsiCo also understood that billions of dollars in capital

investments would be necessary for the company to successfully establish its brand

in these areas.

5See Convention with Respect to Taxes on Income and Certain Other Taxes,

U.S.-Neth., Apr. 29, 1948, 62 Stat. 1757. The Dutch tax treaty was extended to the

Netherlands Antilles in 1955. 
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[*7] In October 1995, as PepsiCo began to consider a large-scale investment in

these emerging markets, the United States and the Netherlands signed a protocol

which amended article VIII of the Dutch tax treaty, terminating its extension to

residents of the Netherlands Antilles.6 As a result, any interest payments made by

Frito-Lay, PepsiCo, or Metro Bottling to the PepsiCo companies pursuant to the

pre-1996 notes would become subject to U.S. withholding tax as of September 28,

1996. 

PepsiCo, recognizing the unique confluence of both tax and business factors,

endeavored to undertake a global restructuring of their international operations. A

main function of the restructuring, aside from the aforementioned considerations,

was for PepsiCo to organize its international holdings to allow for

a more effective use of overseas earnings and to avoid using cash from the United

States to fund its overseas expansion.7

6Protocol Amending Article VIII of the 1948 Convention with Respect to

Taxes on Income and Certain Other Taxes as Applicable to the Netherlands

Antilles, U.S.-Neth., Oct. 10, 1995, Tax Treaties (CCH) para. 6205.

7

 PepsiCo expected that cash generated by its North American businesses

would fund the company’s dividends and share purchases. 
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[*8] In implementing its new international business model, PepsiCo decided to

reconfigure its existing overseas structure by transferring ownership of some of the

foreign partnerships from various Netherlands Antilles holding companies to 

Netherlands holding companies, where the Dutch tax treaty remained in effect. The

Netherlands, unlike the Netherlands Antilles, had cultivated an extensive treaty

network with the countries in which the foreign partnerships were organized. This

treaty network reduced or eliminated withholding taxes on dividends paid to

Netherlands holding companies. The Netherlands corporate income tax laws also

exempted distributions of profits to Netherlands holding companies from Dutch

corporate income tax. PepsiCo was cognizant that this favorable tax environment

would allow it to mobilize its cash more efficiently than had been possible with the

initial Netherlands Antilles holding company structure. 

As a preliminary step in PepsiCo’s reorganization, on July 24, 1996, the

PepsiCo companies each contributed their interests in some of the Foreign

Partnerships to Senrab Limited (Senrab) and Bramshaw Limited (Bramshaw), both

Irish corporations. Senrap and Bramshaw subsequently formed PepsiCo 

Worldwide Investments (PWI) and PepsiCo Global Investments (PGI), 

respectively, both beloten vennotschaps or private limited liability companies 
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[*9] organized under Dutch law.8 Thereafter, Senrab and Bramshaw contributed

their interests in the Foreign Partnerships to PWI and PGI .9

Following the formation of the new entities under Netherlands law, Frito-Lay,

PepsiCo, and Metro Bottling issued six new notes (PepsiCo Frito-Lay notes), 

on September 1, 1996, to the PepsiCo companies in exchange for the six pre-1996

notes, plus accrued interest. All of the PepsiCo Frito-Lay notes provided that 

Interest shall accrue on any unpaid Principal Amount at a rate set

initially on the date hereof and semi-annually hereafter (on each

succeeding January 1 and July 1) and equal to the greater of (i) sixmonth LIBOR on the relevant date * * * plus 230 basis points or (ii)

7.5% per annum. * * * Accrued interest shall be payable on each

December 31 (or the first business day following), annually in arrears,

beginning in 1997. * * * [Emphasis supplied.]

The PepsiCo Frito-Lay notes had initial maturities of 15 years, with an issuer 

option to extend the maturity for an additional 25 years. To the extent that the

borrower failed to pay accrued interest when required, all of the PepsiCo Frito-Lay 

8PGI and PWI were initially formed as separate subsidiaries to enable the

Foreign Partnerships to continue their status as partnerships for U.S. Federal income

tax purposes; however, on September 2, 1997, PepsiCo caused PWI to merge into

PGI. Thereafter, PepsiCo filed “check the box” elections to treat the Foreign

Partnerships as “disregarded entities” for U.S. Federal income tax purposes.

9Before 1996 PepsiCo was engaged in beverage, restaurant, and snack food

operations in China through various operating companies. In 1994 PepsiCo formed

PepsiCo Investments (China) Ltd. (PICL) to serve as a holding company for the

operating companies. In 1997 PICL was transferred to PGI. 
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[*10] notes provided that the that the lender had the right to: (1) the immediate

payment of all unpaid principal and accrued interest; or (2) the immediate execution

of a new five-year note (baby note) for the full amount of the accrued or unpaid

interest. The baby notes would thereafter accrue interest according to a separate

rate calculation.

CapCorp and PFAB contributed their PepsiCo Frito-Lay notes to PFAA. 

PFAA thereafter transferred all the PepsiCo Frito-Lay notes to its indirect

subsidiary, Kentucky Fried Chicken International Holdings, Inc. (KFCIH), a

Delaware corporation. 

IV. The 1996 Advance Agreements

On September 27, 1996, KFCIH contributed a portion of the PepsiCo FritoLay notes having an aggregate principal amount of $1,779,662,436 and

$10,467,257.64 of accrued interest to PGI in exchange for an advance agreement

(KFCIH I advance agreement)10 having a face amount of $1,790,129,693.64. On

the same day, KFCIH contributed the remaining PepsiCo Frito-Lay notes, having 

an aggregate principal amount of $88,984,086.92 and $523,368.56 of accrued

interest, to PWI in exchange for an advance agreement (KFCIH II advance 

10The advance agreements are discussed further infra.
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[*11] agreement, and together with the KFCIH I advance agreement, 1996 advance

agreements) having a face amount of $89,507,455.48.

On October 2, 1997, PepsiCo engaged in the public spinoff of its restaurant

business, which included KFCIH.11 As part of the spinoff, KFCIH transferred the

1996 advance agreements to Beverages, Foods & Service Industries, Inc. (BFSI), a

Delaware corporation and indirect subsidiary of PepsiCo, which continued to hold

the 1996 advance agreements throughout the years at issue. 

V. The 1997 Advance Agreement

On May 29, 1997, PGI issued an advance agreement (1997 advance

agreement, and together with the 1996 advance agreement, advance agreements)

to PPR in exchange for separate Frito-Lay notes (initial PPR Frito-Lay notes) then

held by PPR. The initial PPR Frito-Lay notes had been issued in 1994, 1995, and

1996 and had initial terms of three to five years. As of the exchange date, the

aggregate principal amount of the initial PPR Frito-Lay notes equaled

$1,378,292,737.95, the face amount of the 1997 advance agreement. In 1998 one

of the initial PPR Frito-Lay notes in the principal amount of $214,084,144 was paid

in full. The maturities of the remaining initial PPR Frito-Lay notes were 

11From 1997 through 2002, PGI acquired interests in several PepsiCo

subsidiaries. It also disposed of a number of subsidiaries during the same period. 
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[*12] subsequently extended through the issuance of new Frito-Lay notes

(additional PPR Frito-Lay notes, and collectively with the initial Frito-Lay notes and

the PepsiCo Frito-Lay notes, Frito-Lay notes).12

VI. Development of the Advance Agreements

 PepsiCo sought to effect the global reorganization in a manner that would

preserve the tax attributes of the Netherlands Antilles holding company structure

before the protocol to the Dutch tax treaty. Accordingly, PepsiCo sought to create

instruments, the advance agreements, which would be classified, partially, as debt in

the Netherlands and treated as equity in the United States. It was contemplated that

the tax treatment of these instruments would preserve the foreign tax benefits

achieved by the LCR in the prior Netherlands Antilles structure by reducing PGI’s

Dutch corporate taxable income from accrued interest from the Frito-Lay notes by

the amount of interest expense pursuant to the advance agreements. From a U.S.

tax perspective, petitioners anticipated that payments to the U.S. entities pursuant 

to the advance agreements would be treated as distributions on equity. With 

12 The initial PPR Frito-Lay notes and the additional PPR Frito-Lay notes

each had fixed interest rates ranging from 7.35% to 10%.

One of the additional Frito-Lay notes was issued to extend the maturities of

two initial Frito-Lay notes issued on October 19, 1995 and 1996, in principal

amounts of $41,523,243.83 and $97,685,350.12, respectively. Petitioners have not

found this additional Frito-Lay note.
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[*13] earnings and profits of PGI predicted to be drastically reduced or eliminated

by the foreign partnerships’ losses in the foreseeable future, it appeared unlikely that

petitioners would be subject to “subpart F” income or dividend treatment on

distributions.13 In an effort to secure the desired Dutch treatment of the advance

agreements, PepsiCo began the interdependent processes of drafting the instruments

and negotiating with the Dutch Revenue Service to procure a tax ruling.14

In 1996 the tax ruling process in the Netherlands was generally centralized

and formalized on the basis of published model rulings.15 Taxpayers could also 

13Under subpt. F (secs. 951 through 965), a U.S. shareholder of a controlled

foreign corporation generally must include in gross income a pro rata share of the

corporation’s subpt. F income in each year; however, the subpt. F income of a

controlled foreign corporation in a taxable year cannot exceed its earnings and

profits in the same year. See sec. 952(c)(1)(A).

14In 1995 the Dutch Under-Minister of Finance described tax rulings as:

[A]n advanced opinion (within the scope of law, case law and

regulations) from the Dutch Revenue Service that is binding on the

Dutch Revenue Service and which described the tax consequences for

multinationals on cross-border situations. [Resolution of the UnderMinister of Finance of 6 July 1995, No. DGO95/2714, V-N 1995, p.

2453.]

15The Dutch tax ruling process was described in petitioners’ Dutch tax

expert’s report, discussed further infra. Respondent does not contest these general

findings, and we produce this discussion here to place petitioners’ negotiations

(continued...)
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[*14] obtain “tailor made” rulings for nonstandard transactions; however, the model

rulings typically provided a framework for ruling negotiations. In the standard

ruling for “intra-group financing activities”, the Dutch Revenue Service provided

that if a “Dutch financing company” agreed to report as net taxable profit per 12

months a percentage (spread) of the total amount of funds borrowed and thereafter

lent within the group of related entities, the Dutch Revenue Service would agree not

to challenge such profit as failing to be at “arm’s length”. The initial, acceptable

spread for a tax ruling was 1/8% of the total amount of funds borrowed and

subsequently lent; the spread decreased as the total amount of funds borrowed and

lent increased (varying from 1/8% to 1/16%). The procurement of a tax ruling was

further conditioned upon eliminating any currency or creditor risk for the pertinent

Dutch entity.

Koen Slobbe, a PepsiCo employee and tax manager within PepsiCo’s tax

department in Richmond, UK, was tasked with the preparation and circulation of 

the preliminary 1996 advance agreements. On January 29, 1996, Mr. Slobbe sent

the first draft to various PepsiCo employees including Matthew Bartley, then a

member of PepsiCo’s international tax group in Purchase, New York, and 

15(...continued)

 with the Dutch Revenue Service in proper context. 
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[*15] Anthony Bryant, then PepsiCo’s vice president of tax and treasury for Europe,

the Middle East, and Africa.16 The following day, Mr. Bartley forwarded the draft

to Mariëtte Turkenburg, a partner in the Rotterdam office of the Dutch tax advising

firm of Loyens & Volkmaars, N.V. (Loyens), which had previously been engaged to

represent PepsiCo, PGI, and PWI for the purpose of procuring the Dutch tax ruling. 

The preliminary draft was a working model and consisted of several possible

provisions that PepsiCo management could adopt or discard. The primary provision

of the draft provided for the accrual of a “preferred return” which would be payable

annually, or alternatively, only if certain conditions were met. Specifically, the

alternate provision provided that

The Preferred Return shall be payable only to the extent that the net

cash flow of the * * * [new Netherlands company] exceeded the sum of

(i) the amount of all operating expenses incurred by the * * * [new

Netherlands company] during such year and, (ii) the amount of all

expenditures made by the [new Netherlands company] during such

year * * *.

To the extent that the accrued preferred return was not paid “as a result of the

restrictions” noted supra, the amount of the accrued but unpaid preferred return

would be capitalized into a “separate and segregated amount”. This separate 

16 Mr. Slobbe also sent the drafts to certain KPMG LLP employees who were

responsible for the PepsiCo accounts during that period.
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[*16] amount would correspondingly be payable at maturity, but only if “aggregate

net cash flow” for the period of nonpayment exceeded the aggregate sum of all

operating expenses incurred and capital expenditures made by the new Netherlands

company during the same period. Nonetheless, the draft made clear 

that the new Netherlands company was allowed to pay any such amounts, including

the principal amount, at any point.

The preliminary draft also specified that the principal amount was payable at

some undetermined point in 2011; however, the new Netherlands company was

given the unrestricted option to extend the payment to February 1, 2021. 

Furthermore, the draft explicitly stated that any “obligation” to pay the principal

amount or “preferred return” would be subordinated to all indebtedness of the new

Netherlands company. Following her review of the preliminary draft, Ms.

Turkenburg had reservations as to whether it met the criteria for creating a debt

instrument under Dutch law. 

During the same period the preliminary drafts were circulated, Ms.

Turkenburg, on behalf of PepsiCo, PGI, and PWI, began a dialogue with Timo

Munneke, a tax inspector employed with the Dutch Revenue Service, with the

intention of eventually securing the Dutch tax ruling. In the course of

negotiations, Ms. Turkenburg consistently sent unofficial translations of her 
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[*17] correspondence with Inspector Munneke to Mr. Slobbe and other employees

of PepsiCo for review.

Following a meeting on March 8, 1996, Ms. Turkenburg wrote a

memorandum to Inspector Munneke describing their prior discussion and the

contemplated structure of the 1996 advance agreement. Referring to the

relationship between the relevant Frito-Lay notes and the proposed 1996 advance

agreement as well as to the effect of the “net cash flow” provision on preferred

return payments, Ms. Turkenburg noted:

[T]he conditions of the loans to Fritolay will not be identical to the

conditions based on which PGI/PWI will borrow. Apart from a long

term, which will, however, match the Fritolay-loans, the incoming

loans will be subordinated and the payment of interest will be

contingent on the cash-flow position of PGI/PWI. These conditions

entail that the interest on the * * * [advance agreements] will have two

components: a base interest, which will, after deduction of the required

spread, match the interest on the Fritolay-loans, i.e. a libor market rate

with a regular risk surcharge, and a premium that constitutes

compensation for particularly the subordination.

 Ms. Turkenburg also emphasized that the interest received by PGI/PWI would be

used at their discretion to finance PepsiCo investments in emerging markets:

We discussed the reason for the subordination [is] that [it] in fact

allows PGI/PWI to reinvest the revenues, if desired, in the

participations and to consolidate the financing and the holding

activities. PGI/PWI will acquire a portfolio of participations that

particularly operate in new markets, as a result of which expansion 
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[*18] investments are to be expected. It is noted that the participations will 

 be funded with equity.

At trial, Ms. Turkenburg clarified that the final sentence in the excerpt, supra, was

drafted to indicate that PGI/PWI would use Frito-Lay note interest to make capital

contributions to foreign subsidiaries. 

On April 24, 1996, Mr. Bartley sent Ms. Turkenburg two new draft versions

of the 1996 advance agreement labeled “mtaadbv” and “mtaudbv”, respectively.

The mtaadbv version modified the “net cash flow” definition to include “all interest

payments received by the Company from related parties during such year.” In a

cover letter accompanying the drafts, Mr. Bartley emphasized that the “net cash

flow” definition in the mtaadbv version “is intended to provide the link between

Frito-Lay interest payments made to PGI and * * * payments to KFCIH. This link is

intentionally non-specific, to avoid giving the IRS any hook on which to hang a

straight look-thru argument.” While expressing acceptance of the “net cash flow”

definition provided in mtaadbv, Mr. Bartley noted that PepsiCo would “prefer to use

mtaudbv, which creates no express link between the * * * [Frito-Lay] loans and the

* * * [1996 advance agreement].17

17The mtaudbv version did not specifically define “net cash flow” but simply

indicated that it would not include “any equity contributions, loans, or other capital

investments received by the Company.” 
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[*19] In a May 7, 1996, facsimile, Mr. Bartley provided Ms. Turkenburg with a

subsequent draft of the 1996 advance agreement which included a further refinement

of the definition of “net cash flow”. The revised version provided that “At the same

time, the amount of net cash flow for purposes of that sentence shall in no event be

less than the aggregate amount of all interest payments received by the Company

from related parties during such year.” Two days later, Ms. Turkenburg formally

submitted PepsiCo’s tax ruling request to the Dutch Revenue Service. In the letter

representing Pepsico’s formal request, Ms. Turkenburg reiterated that

The actual payment of the base interest and premium is dependent on

the cash-flow of PGI/PWI. ‘Cash flow’ is defined in the agreement. 

Contrary to our previous discussions, it is not the intention that this

income is reinvested in the participations. The cash-flow definition in

the agreement underlines this. Separate financing will be sought for

such additional investments. 

In further describing the “cash flow” limitation, the request noted that “The loan

conditions of the Fritolay advances contain an incentive for Fritolay to actually pay

interest. Deferral of payment incurs higher interest expenses and is also limited in

time (5 years).” 

On June 11, 1996, Inspector Munneke sent Ms. Turkenburg a letter

approving the tax ruling. The ruling was, however, conditioned on the 1996 
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[*20] advance agreement’s operating in conformity with Inspector Munneke’s

interpretation of its terms:

The exact application of the cash-flow restriction on the payment of

interest can not be determined by me. Together we have concluded

that the interest payable should at least equal to the interest received on

the loans receivable from Frito Lay. This applies also (or should apply

also) to the capitalised base interest in the form of the Capitalised Base

PR Amount. This should also always be paid if the corresponding

capitalised interest of Frito Lay * * * is paid by Frito Lay.

* * * * * * *

These activities have as [a] main characteristic the flow-through. A

flow-through of funds * * * [from] KFCIH is intended. 

Following Inspector Munneke’s letter, Mr. Bartley sent Ms.

Turkenburg a facsimile, dated June 20, 1996, in which he indicated that

payments of interest and capitalized interest were not technically required

pursuant to the terms of the 1996 advance agreement draft, but “As a

practical matter we expect all * * * [Frito-Lay] interest payments to flow thru

to KFCIH.” Ms. Turkenburg responded to Mr. Bartley, on June 21, 1996,

with a facsimile which revealed that Inspector Munneke’s understanding of

the proffered 1996 advance agreement draft was unacceptable:
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[*21] In his letter * * * [Inspector Munneke] clearly states that he is still not

convinced that the cash-flow definition would have the flow-through

result that he is looking for. The definition as it is worded would not

give that result unless parties are very careful to monitor the situation

so that the actual facts, in fact the net cash-flow, expenses and capital

expenditures are such that in actual fact a flow-through results. For

obvious US reasons we can not accommodate him. * * * [T]he ultimate

test is going to be the actual events as they are going to occur in the

future, i.e. that indeed payments are going to be made as though a

back-to-back arrangement existed. If we were to insert that only

“some portion” of the fixed component may be paid, I expect serious

opposition. Under this same factual test, we will have to ensure that

operating expenses will not prevent the payment of interest. I have

always understood that the financing arrangement * * * [does] not

intend to export funds from the US and that you would therefore indeed

always use every dollar received from * * * [Frito-Lay] towards

payment to KFCIH. 

Two days later, on June 23, 1996, Mr. Bartley sent Ms. Turkenburg another

facsimile clarifying that PGI/PWI would make preferred return payments to KFCIH,

notwithstanding the terms of the 1996 advance agreements:

1. Generally * * * all of us [you, me, Bruce, and the inspector]

appear to be in agreement. In practice, all interest paid by F-L to

PGI/PWI will in turn be paid to KFCIH. The “flow-thru” result will be

proved by actual events. (Any opinion you provide with respect to the

* * * [1996 advance agreements] and the Dutch ruling can and should

assume this fact.) 

* * * * * * *

3. Under no circumstances will either operating expenses or

capital expenditures (no matter what definitional language we use in

the * * * [1996 advance agreements]) prevent the “flow-thru” payment

of interest. Reiterate point 1 above.
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[*22] 4. As you note, the difficulty from a US tax perspective is that

direct express linkage between * * * [Frito-Lay] payment and PGI/PWI

payment (and/or any requirement that cash received from * * * [FritoLay] be paid to KFCIH) would create significant risk that the * * *

[1996 advance agreement] will be treated as debt rather than equity. If

the terms of the * * * [1996 advance agreement] either assure or

require that any payment from * * * [Frito-Lay] will or must be paid on

to KFCIH, the IRS has a strong argument that the * * * [1996 advance

agreement] is nothing more than a linked (back-to-back) debt

instrument. 

* * * We need to be able to argue compellingly that the test will

not necessarily assure or require interest payments from related parties

to be paid on to KFCIH under the * * * [1996 advance agreement]. 

[Emphasis supplied.18] 

Ms. Turkenburg, on June 25, 1996, sent Inspector Munneke a followup letter in

response to his conditional approval of June 11, 1996. Ms. Turkenburg drafted her

letter to clarify and summarize the continued discourse between the parties. She

proffered: 

As long as the funds obtained from KFCIH are onlent to Fritolay 

* * * the loan from KFCIH qualifies as debt. In that respect, it is 

decisive that the interest actually received on the loans granted to 

Fritolay, and/or the capitalized interest paid by means of redemption of 

the New Promissory Notes (also referred to in our consultation as 

“baby notes”), is used each time for the payment of, at least, the fixed 

component of the interest obligations vis-à-vis KFCIH, including the 

Capitalized Base PR Amount(s). For Dutch tax purposes, this fixed 

component qualifies as an interest payment not contingent on profit, 

18The phrase “[you, me, Bruce, and the inspector]” in the first line of the

quoted passage, see supra p. 21, refers to Ms. Turkenburg, Mr. Bartley, Mr. Meyer,

and Inspector Munneke, respectively. 
- 23 -

[*23] nor accruing to the shareholder as such, and is deductible for 

Dutch corporate income tax purposes.” 

Furthermore, Ms. Turkenburg noted: “In order to clarify this ‘flow-through’

concept, it is included in the * * * [1996 advance agreement] that the amount of the

net cash flow will not be lower than the [Frito-Lay] interest payments and the

payments of capitalized interest.” 

On July 1, 1996, Mr. Bartley, responding to a separate Inspector Munneke

request that PWI/PGI avoid “debtor’s risk”, faxed Ms. Turkenburg a revised draft

of a 1996 advance agreement that added a provision addressing the term of the

agreement in the event a related party default on loan obligations.19 The addition

read:

[T]o the extent the Company holds loan receivables from related

parties and such related parties default with respect to required

payments under such loans (and fail to cure the payment defaults

within any applicable cure periods), the term of this Advance

Agreement, * * * shall no longer apply. 

The effect of this provision was that if Frito-Lay defaulted on its notes to PGI, the

40-year term of the 1996 advance agreements would no longer apply and the 1996 

19The parties’ discussion of “debtor’s risk” concerned the possible scenario

where PGI would suffer a Dutch tax loss on the Frito-Lay notes while remaining

obligated to pay the principal amounts on the advance agreements.
- 24 -

[*24] advance agreements would thereafter, for Dutch corporate income tax

purposes, be treated as equity.20 Following her receipt of the revised 1996

Advanced Agreement, Ms. Turkenburg forwarded a copy to Inspector Munneke the

following day.

Inspector Munneke responded to Ms. Turkenburg by facsimile, on July 31,

1996,21 and confirmed, on the totality of the representations made by Ms.

Turkenburg, that PGI/PWI would be allowed to report a taxable spread of 1/8%.22

VII. The Final Advance Agreements

The final terms of the 1996 advance agreements and, thereafter, the 1997

advance agreement, incorporated many of the initial provisions submitted by Mr.

Slobbe in the preliminary draft; however, as a result of PepsiCo’s correspondence

wih Inspector Munneke, various provisions were tailored to address the Dutch

Revenue Service’s concerns. 

20Similarly, in a July 30, 1996, facsimile to Inspector Munneke, Ms.

Turkenburg emphasized this point and reiterated that upon a “violation of * * *

synchronization the qualification of the funding switches to equity.” 

21The facsimile was originally sent by Inspector Munneke on July 23, 1996,

and was resent following his receipt of Ms. Turkenburg’s July 30, 1996, facsimile.

22On November 24, 2000, Ms. Turkenburg, on behalf of PepsiCo, sent a letter

to Inspector Munneke requesting a four-year extension of the Dutch tax ruling. Four

months later, on March 29, 2001, the Dutch Revenue Service approved a five-year

extension of the Dutch tax ruling until December 31, 2005, and noted that no

additional extensions would be allowed.
- 25 -

[*25] The advance agreements provided for payments of principal amounts after

initial terms of 40 years.23 PWI and PGI had unrestricted options (initial options) to

renew the advance agreements for a period of 10 years. If the initial options were

exercised, the entities could exercise a separate option delaying payment of

principal for an additional 5 years. The advance agreements would become

perpetual, however, to the extent of any uncured defaults on loan receivables held

by PWI or PGI from related parties. 

A preferred return accrued on any unpaid principal amounts pursuant to the

advance agreements and consisted of two components: “base preferred return”

(base pr) and “premium preferred return” (premium pr). Under the terms of the

1996 advance agreements, base pr accrued semiannually at six-month LIBOR

(London Interbank Offering Rate) plus 230 basis points, minus an “adjustment 

23The advance agreements explicitly provided that the instruments would be

“governed by and construed in accordance with the laws of the State of Delaware.” 
- 26 -

[*26] rate”.24 Premium pr on the 1996 advance agreements accrued semiannually at

a rate equal to 1/2 of the 6-month LIBOR rate.25

24The adjustment rate was the weighted average of 1/8% , 3/32%, and 1/16%. 

The weighting of each depended upon the extent to which the principal amount and

capitalized base pr of the advance agreements exceeded 1 billion Dutch guilders

and, again, upon the extent to which the principal amount and the capitalized base pr

exceeded 3 billion Dutch guilders. The principal amount and the capitalized base pr

were converted into Dutch guilders on each date the rate was set.

25The accrual provision specifically prescribed that

2.(a) * * * The Preferred Return shall accrue semi-annually at a rate

equal to the sum of (i) the applicable LIBOR-based rate (the “Base

PR”) plus (ii) each of the applicable deferral and subordination

premiums (in the aggregate, the “Premium PR”). The applicable

LIBOR-based rate shall be determined initially on the date hereof and

shall be re-set semi-annually (on each subsequent January 1 and July

1). The applicable LIBOR-based rate shall equal six-month LIBOR as

of the relevant re-set date * * * plus 230 basis points minus an

adjustment rate * * * . Each of the applicable deferral and

subordination premiums shall be determined with reference to sixmonth LIBOR as defined above. The applicable deferral premium

shall equal six-month LIBOR multiplied by a factor of 0.05. The

applicable subordination premium shall equal six-month LIBOR

multiplied by a factor of 0.45. In the event six-month LIBOR * * * is

not available for the relevant re-set date, * * * [PGI/PWI] and the

Holder shall agree upon an appropriate variable interest rate standard

to be used to calculate the Preferred Return.
- 27 -

[*27] Conversely, the 1997 advance agreement provided that base pr accrued

semiannually at a rate of 7.951% minus an “adjustment rate”26 with premium pr

accruing at a rate of approximately 3.98%.27

While preferred return unconditionally accrued pursuant to the advance

agreements, the instruments required PGI/PWI to the make payments of the accrued

preferred return only under certain specified circumstances:

3.(a) Any accrued Preferred Return (including accrued Base PR and

accrued Premium PR) shall be payable annually on * * * [specific days

of each year] beginning in 1997 and on the date the Principal 

26The “adjustment rate” of the 1997 advance agreement was defined similarly

to the “adjustment rate” found in the 1996 advance agreements. See supra note 24. 

27The provision specifically prescribed that

2.(a) * * * The Preferred return shall accrue semi-annually at a rate

equal to the sum of (i) the applicable FIXED rate (the “Base PR”) plus

(ii) each of the applicable deferral and subordination premiums (in the

aggregate, the “Premium PR”). The applicable FIXED rate shall be

determined initially on the date set forth herein and then re-computed

on November 23, 2000. The applicable FIXED rate shall be equal to

7.951% minus an adjustment rate * * * . Each of the applicable

deferral and subordination premiums shall be determined with

reference to the FIXED rate as defined above. The applicable deferral

premium shall equal the FIXED rate multiplied by a factor of 0.05. 

The applicable subordination premium shall equal the FIXED rate

multiplied by a factor of 0.45. In the event the FIXED rate as defined

above cannot be determined for whatever reason, * * * [PGI] and the

Holder shall agree upon an appropriate fixed interest rate standard to

be used to calculate the Preferred Return.
- 28 -

[*28] Amount is paid in full; provided however, that the Preferred

Return shall be payable only to the extent that the net cash flow of the

Company during the preceding year exceeded the sum of (i) the

aggregate amount of all accrued but unpaid operating expenses

incurred by the Company during such year and (ii) the aggregate

amount of all capital expenditures made or approved by the Company

during such year, including all capital investments (whether in the form

of equity contributions, loans, or other capital investments) made or

approved by the Company during such year. For purposes of the

preceding sentence, the net cash flow of the Company shall be 

determined with reference to generally accepted accounting principles. 

At the same time, the amount of net cash flow for purposes of that

sentence shall in no event be less than the aggregate amount of all

interest payments and payments of capitalized interest received by the

Company from related parties during such year. 

To the extent any accrued preferred return was not paid when due, as

contemplated in Mr. Slobbe’s preliminary draft, that amount would be capitalized

into “capitalized base preferred return” (capitalized base pr) and “capitalized

premium preferred return” (capitalized premium pr) amounts, respectively.28

Similar to the payment of preferred return, the separate payment of capitalized

base pr was required annually, but only to the extent that the “aggregate net cash

flow” for the period during which the amount remained unpaid exceeded the 

sum of (i) the aggregate amount of all accrued but unpaid operating expenses

“incurred” by the company during such period and (ii) the aggregate amount of all 

28Preferred return accrued on both capitalized base pr and capitalized

premium pr amounts.
- 29 -

[*29] capital expenditures made or approved by the company, including all capital

investments made or approved during the same period. Payment of capitalized

premium pr was payable only when the principal amount of its corresponding

advance agreement was paid in full, but was subject to the same “aggregate net cash

flow” restrictions for the period of nonpayment. In both circumstances, net

cashflow would, in no event, be less than the aggregate amount of all interest

payments and payments of capitalized interest received from related parties during

the same period. 

Notwithstanding the aforementioned provisions, the advance agreements

allowed PGI/PWI to pay unpaid principal amount, accrued but unpaid preferred

return, any unpaid capitalized base pr amount, and any unpaid capitalized premium

pr amount, in full or in part at any time. The obligation to pay any such amounts

was also subordinate to “all the indebtedness of * * * [PWI/PGI], without

limitation.” Similarly, the rights of all creditors of PGI/PWI to receive payments

from PGI/PWI were “superior and prior to” the rights of the holders of the advance

agreements to receive any required payments. 

Subject to the conditions and the subordination provision noted supra, the

holders of the advance agreements could declare as immediately due any unpaid

principal amount, accrued but unpaid preferred return, unpaid capitalized base pr 
- 30 -

[*30] return, and unpaid capitalized premium pr, upon the occurrence of any of the

following:

6. * * * (a) dissolution or termination of the legal existence of * * *

[PWI/PGI] (except in the case of a merger or similar successor-ininterest transaction); (b) insolvency of * * * [PWI/PGI] (other than 

technical insolvency); or (c) receivership or appointment of a liquidator

or administrator for * * * [PWI/PGI] or over all or a substantial portion

of its assets under any law relating to bankruptcy, insolvency, or

reorganization.

VIII. ABN-AMRO Credit Facility

During the years at issue, PGI maintained a credit facility with ABN-AMRO

Bank, N.V. (ABN-AMRO). The amount of available credit under the credit facility

varied over time from a low of $20 million to a high of $90 million. The credit

facility was, at all times, secured by a subsidiary guaranty issued by PepsiCo to

ABN-AMRO. PGI drew as much as $60 million from the credit facility from 1997

through 1999; however, as a general matter, PGI preferred to borrow cash from

PepsiCo affiliates rather than from third-party lending institutions because of the

higher costs of external borrowing. 

IX. PGI’s Related Party Indebtedness and Capital Investments

 During the years at issue, PGI had outstanding indebtedness to related 

parties that ranged from approximately $437 million to more than $937 million.
- 31 -

[*31] In the same period PGI made advances in the form of loans and equity

investments in affiliates of approximately $1.415 billion. 

Concerning PGI’s varied equity holdings, three such investments bear noting:

(1) Pepsi-Cola France, a French société en nom collectif (SNC) engaged in the

distribution and sale of all Pepsi beverages in France; (2) Spizza 30, SNC, which

owned and operated Pizza Hut restaurants in France; and (3) PepsiCo Restaurants

International (PRI), a Spanish Sociedad Comanditaria por Acciones (SCA), which

owned and operated Pizza Hut restaurants in Spain.

29 The three operating entities

had aggregate liabilities of more than $180 million and $157 million in 1996 and

1997, respectively.

X. 2001 LIBOR Concern

As noted supra, each of the PepsiCo Frito-Lay notes (exchanged by KFCIH

for the 1996 advance agreements) provided that interest on unpaid principal 

would accrue semiannually at a rate equal to the greater of (i) six-month LIBOR

plus 230 basis points or (ii) 7.5% per annum. In contrast, the 1996 advance

agreements provided that the base pr would accrue semiannually on the same dates

at six-month LIBOR plus 230 basis points minus an adjustment rate. During 

29After the public spinoff of PepsiCo’s global restaurant business on October

2, 1997, PGI no longer held direct or indirect interests in, among other entities,

Spizza 30, Snc, and PepsiCo Restaurants International Sca.
- 32 -

[*32] 2001, the six-month LIBOR rate fell dramatically to 3.9% on July 2, 2001. 

Therefore, the interest rate on the Frito-Lay notes should have been 7.5%, while

accrual of base pr on the 1996 advance agreements should have been 6.2% (3.9%

plus 230 basis points) minus an adjustment, creating a significant imbalance

between the payment of interest on the Frito-Lay notes and the accrual of base pr on

the 1996 advance agreements. However, in calculating base pr due under the 

196 advance agreements for the second half of 2001, PGI’s corporate accountant,

Willem Kuzee, used a 5.69% rate, instead of 3.9% as required by the instruments. 

PepsiCo corrected this interest rate problem by thereafter amending the

PepsiCo Frito-Lay notes on March 1, 2002. The amendments changed the interest

rates on the notes to six-month LIBOR plus 230 basis points to be consistent with

the base pr rate provided in the 1996 advance agreements.

XI. 2007 Luxembourg Advance Agreements

On August 13, 2007, BFSI and PPR contributed the advance agreements to a

newly organized Luxembourg S.a.r.l. (PGI S.a.r.l.), in exchange for new advance

agreements with similar terms (Luxembourg advance agreements).30 As part of the

transaction, PGI filed an IRS Form 8832, Entity Classification Election, electing to 

30The transaction was intended to be treated as a reorganization under sec.

368(a)(1)(F).
- 33 -

[*33] be treated as a “disregarded entity” for U.S. Federal income tax purposes. As

a result, BFSI and PPR thereafter treated the Luxembourg advance agreements as

continuations of the advance agreements for U.S. Federal income tax purposes.

XII. Payments of Preferred Return on the Advance Agreements

The timing and amounts of all payments of principal and preferred returns

paid by PGI on the 1996 advance agreements before 2010 are set forth in the

following table:31

Payment date Principal Base PR

Premium PR

(net of Dutch

withholding tax) Total payment

Sept. 17, 1997 -0- $39,072,000.00 -0- $39,072,000.00

Mar. 26, 1998 -0- 151,071,461.99 $1,336,931.20 152,408,393.19

Jan. 21, 1999 -0- 152,385,058.00 997,030.00 153,382,088.00

Feb. 3, 2000 -0- 144,427,861.00 991,552.00 145,419,413.00

Feb. 19, 2001 -0- 167,280,781.38 984,958.46 168,265,739.84

Feb. 5, 20021-0- 154,676,738.83 946,508.00 155,623,246.83

Jan. 30, 2003 -0- 79,721,156.30 953,112.27 80,674,268.57

Jan. 23, 2004 -0- 68,071,108.51 1,015,123.39 69,086,231.90

May 11, 2005 -0- 74,040,445.38 1,129,446.95 75,169,892.33

June 20, 2006 -0- 105,437,379.00 1,154,256.65 106,591,635.65

Dec. 28, 2006 -0- 139,556,631.66 1,129,872.77 140,686,504.43

31All such payments were made in cash with the exception of the payment

made on September 17, 1997, which was made in kind with shares of a PGI

subsidiary as part of the spinoff of PepsiCo’s global restaurant business.
- 34 -

[*34] July 14, 

 2008

-0- 150,631,714.23 1,073,518.06 151,705,232.29

Jan. 23, 2009 -0- 117,070,104.32 270,639.77 117,340,744.09

Dec. 31, 2009 -0- 70,282,049.84 425,278.75 70,707,328.59

1Unpaid preferred return on the 1996 advance agreements was approximately $386 million

as of the end of the PepsiCo years at issue, approximately $306 million of which was attributable

to premium pr. The remaining $79,721,156.30 of accrued base pr was paid on January 30, 2003. 

The timing and amount of all payments of principal and preferred return paid

by PGI on the 1997 advance agreement before 2010 are set forth in the following

table:32

Payment date Principal Base PR1

Premium PR

(net of Dutch

withholding

tax)2 Total payment

 Nov. 6, 1997 -0- -- -- $42,926,795.08

 Oct. 19, 1998 $214,084,144.00 -- -- 323,652,537.00

 Oct. 19, 1999 -0- $90,665,018.85 $402,015.78 91,067,034.63

 Nov. 16, 2000 -0- 90,567,601.67 -0- 90,567,601.67

 Oct. 19, 2001 -0- 91,838,594.93 1,640,497.10 93,479,092.03

 Oct. 21, 20023-0- 91,838,594.93 730,690.71 92,569,285.64

 Oct. 23, 2003 -0- 91,838,594.93 736,311.40 92,574,906.34

 May 11, 2005 -0- 91,838,594.93 770,035.59 92,608,630.52

 Oct. 28, 2005 -0- 91,838,594.93 89,180.29 91,927,775.22

 Dec. 29, 2005 -0- 21,315,517.00 -0- 21,315,517.00

 Dec. 28, 2006 -0- 73,470,875.95 353,219.25 73,824,095.20

32All such payments were made in cash.
- 35 -

[*35] July 14, 

 2008

-0- 97,059,506.36 509,719.94 97,569,226.30

 Jan. 23, 2009 -0- 94,695,035.97 270,107.80 94,965,143.77

 Oct. 19, 2009 -0- 92,202,410.11 267,091.84 92,469,501.95

1The parties did not specify the amount of base pr paid by PGI on November 6, 1997, or

October 19, 1998, nor could we determine those amounts from the record.

2

 The parties did not specify the amount of premium pr paid by PGI on November 6, 1997,

or October 19, 1998, nor could we determine those amounts from the record.

3Unpaid preferred return on the 1997 advance agreement issued to PPR was approximately

$287 million as of the end of the PPR years at issue, approximately $266 million of which was

attributable to premium pr. The remaining accrued base pr was paid on October 23, 2003. 

XIII. Payments on the Frito-Lay Notes

The timing and amounts of interest payments received by PGI on the PepsiCo

Frito-Lay notes before 2010 are set forth in the following table:33

Payment date Frito-Lay notes PepsiCo notes

Metro Bottling

notes

Total

payments

 Sept. 17, 1997 $39,072,364.00 -0- -0- $39,072,364.00

 Mar. 26, 1998 131,786,523.59 $13,568,655.59 $8,136,067.81 153,491,246.99

 Jan. 21, 1999 136,808,012.00 10,866,082.00 6,515,544.00 154,189,638.00

 Feb. 3, 2000 129,741,117.00 10,303,313.00 6,178,096.00 146,222,526.00

 Feb. 19, 2001 150,007,590.65 11,912,763.30 7,143,157.43 169,063,511.38

 Feb. 5, 2002 138,762,364.06 11,019,796.63 6,607,714.78 156,389,875.47

 Jan. 30, 2003 72,266,067.86 5,738,966.66 3,441,211.86 81,446,246.38

 Jan. 23, 2004 62,010,962.88 4,928,318.44 2,955,129.18 69,894,410.50

 May 11, 2005 67,391,279.14 5,351,921.66 3,209,131.08 75,952,331.88

 June 20, 2006 95,314,551.77 7,567,558.44 4,537,676.10 107,419,786.31

33All such payments were made in cash.
- 36 -

[*36] Dec. 28, 

 2006

 125,501,899.77 9,966,658.48 5,976,229.76 141,444,788.02

 July 14, 2008 134,944,482.97 10,716,535.60 6,425,872.72 152,086,891.29

 Jan. 23, 2009 104,406,633.02 8,291,390.46 4,971,701.85 117,669,725.33

 Dec. 31, 2009 62,888,657.08 4,994,265.16 2,994,672.35 70,887,594.59

The timing and amounts of all payments of principal and interest received by PGI on

the initial PPR Frito-Lay notes and the additional PPR Frito-Lay notes before 2010

are set forth in the following table:34

Payment date Total payment

Nov. 6, 1997 $42,926,795.08

Oct. 19, 1998 

1

323,652,537.04

Oct. 19, 1999 91,392,649.22

Nov. 16, 2000 90,567,601.67

Oct. 19, 2001 94,807,820.45

Oct. 21, 2002 93,161,112.05

Oct. 23, 2003 93,161,112.05

May 11, 2005 93,161,112.05

Oct. 28, 2005 91,991,759.88

Dec. 29, 2005 18,768,921.26

Dec. 28, 2006 74,061,148.76

July 14, 2008 97,748,730.30

34All such payments were made in cash.
- 37 -

[*37] Jan. 23, 2009 95,078,841.77

Oct. 19, 2009 92,576,435.95

1This includes repayment of a note with a principal amount of $214,084,114

that matured on December 9, 1997.

XIV. Summary of the Payments

PGI paid out nearly all of the amounts received under the Frito-Lay notes from

1997 through 2009. With respect to the 1996 advance agreements, PGI received

$1,635,230,935 in interest payments from the PepsiCo Frito-Lay notes during those

years and paid out base pr and premium pr35 totaling $1,626,114,719. Each

preferred return payment was remitted on the same date that interest due on the

PepsiCo Frito-Lay notes was remitted to PGI. 

With respect to the 1997 advance agreement, PGI received $1,395,603,173 in

interest payments from the initial PPR Frito-Lay notes and the additional PPR Frito

Lay notes from 1997 through 2009 and paid out base pr and premium pr36 totaling

$1,391,517,142. Each preferred return payment was made on the same day that

interest due on the initial PPR Frito-Lay notes and the additional PPR Frito Lay notes

was paid to PGI.

35The amount of premium pr was reduced by 15% to take into account Dutch

withholding tax. 

36See supra note 35.
- 38 -

[*38] XV. U.S. Taxes Following the Global Restructuring

Petitioners treated the payments of preferred return on all the advance

agreements as distributions on equity on its U.S. Federal income tax returns. All

interest due on the Frito-Lay notes was claimed as a deduction by Frito-Lay,

PepsiCo, and Metro Bottling under section 163. Payments of interest on the FritoLay notes to PGI/PWI were also exempt from U.S. withholding tax pursuant to the

Dutch tax treaty.

During the years at issue, interest on the Frito-Lay notes was included as

subpart F income on PepsiCo’s consolidated U.S. Federal income tax returns to the

extent of PGI’s earnings and profits in the following amounts:

Year ended Subpart F inclusion

Dec. 26, 1998 -0-

Dec. 25, 1999 $6,879,805

Dec. 30, 2000 86,036,586

Dec. 29, 2001 103,136,493

Dec. 28, 2002 -0-

PPR did not report any subpart F income during the years at issue.

In subsequent taxable years, petitioners’ aggregate subpart F inclusions with

respect to interest income on the Frito-Lay notes were as follows:
- 39 -

[*39] Year ended Subpart F inclusion

Dec. 27, 2003 $23,072,249

Dec. 25, 2004 38,865,815

Dec. 31, 2005 109,004,397

Dec. 30, 2006 202,082,564

Dec. 29, 2007 197,987,655

Dec. 27, 2008 207,605,843

Dec. 26, 2009 165,959,993 

XVI. Expert Reports

At trial, petitioners submitted expert reports prepared by Paul Sleurink, a

Dutch tax law specialist, and Christopher James, an American professor of finance. 

Respondent submitted a rebuttal expert report prepared by a Dutch tax lawyer, JeanPaul R. van Den Berg, which scrutinized certain aspects of Mr. Sleurink’s report.

A. Petitioners’ Experts

1. Paul Sleurink

Mr. Sleurink was engaged as an expert witness to testify to the debt

characterization of the advance agreements for Dutch corporate income tax 

purposes, as well as the basis for claiming a deduction for the base pr whether paid

and/or accrued and the basis for treating payments of the premium pr as dividends
- 40 -

[*40] when paid. As a supplementary inquiry, Mr. Sleurink was asked to construe

the terms of the Dutch tax ruling negotiated by Inspector Munneke and Ms.

Turkenburg.37

Mr. Sleurink prefaced his analysis by noting that noncontingent amounts

payable on an instrument that is debt for Dutch corporate income tax purposes are

deductible on an accrual basis unless payments of such amounts are “highly

uncertain”. Similarly, contingent payments are deductible on an accrual basis unless

the likelihood of payment is “remote”.38 Contrary to accrual for U.S. Federal income

tax law, in determining whether an item has accrued for Dutch tax purposes it is not

relevant whether all events have occurred to fix the liability and the amount of the

payment. See sec. 1.451-1(a), Income Tax Regs.

 Concerning the proper tax characterization of financial instruments, Mr.

Sleurink submitted that, subject to three narrowly drawn exceptions (the only

relevant exception at present is the “participating loan exception”), such

instruments are treated as debt for Dutch corporate income tax purposes if they are

considered debt for Dutch civil law purposes. The decisive consideration under

37As discussed supra, Mr. Sleurink also summarized the Dutch tax ruling

process in the 1980s and 1990s.

38Mr. Sleurink did not explain when payments were “highly uncertain” and

when they were “remote”.
- 41 -

[*41] Dutch civil law for debt characterization is whether a borrower has an

obligation to repay advances at the end of a stated term, or upon its bankruptcy or

liquidation. 

As clarified by the Dutch Supreme Court in a 1998 case,39 the “participating

loan exception” is invoked, and an advance recharacterized as equity, when three

conditions are met: (1) the interest is profit dependent; (2) the loan is subordinated

to the interests of all senior creditors; and (3) the loan has no fixed repayment date

and needs to be repaid only in the event of a bankruptcy, liquidation, or moratorium. 

After establishing this Dutch tax law background, Mr. Sleurink endeavored to

determine whether, according to such principles, the advance agreements would be

treated as debt or as equity for Dutch tax purposes. Mr. Sleurink noted that the

advance agreements obligated PGI/PWI to repay principal after a maximum of 55

years (without accounting for the subsequent condition that could render the

39While the Dutch Supreme Court case was decided after the advance

agreements were issued, Mr. Sleurink asserted that “various acknowledged legal

scholars interpreting prior Supreme Court decisions confirmed and anticipated the

Supreme Court’s 1998 view. * * * [I]n practice, both the Dutch Revenue Service

and the Courts give considerable weight to views of acknowledged legal scholars.” 

Furthermore, the decision of the Court of Appeals of Amsterdam which precipitated

the Dutch Supreme Court’s decision was publicly available in printed form before

the 1996 advance agreements were issued. The Court of Appeals’ decision, as with

the later Supreme Court case, discussed the three key requirements noted supra.
- 42 -

[*42] instruments perpetual), or upon their bankruptcy or liquidation. This, Mr.

Sleurink reasoned, qualified the advance agreements as debt for Dutch civil law

purposes. Nonetheless, Mr. Sleurink recognized that the possibility of a perpetual

term for the advance agreements, as well as the “net cash flow” conditions, left the

instruments susceptible to equity characterization under the “participating loan

exception”. While admitting that he was unable to render a definitive conclusion

regarding the classification of the advance agreements for Dutch tax purposes, Mr.

Sleurink opined that the instruments would not be reclassified as equity. Key to his

conclusion were that: (1) at issuance, notwithstanding conditions which would

provide otherwise, the instruments did not have a perpetual term;40 and (2) preferred

return was based on a floating LIBOR rate or a fixed rate and could be deferred in

the event of insufficient PGI/PWI net cashflows (as opposed to profit).41 

40Mr. Sleurink noted that some Dutch caselaw during the mid-1990s might

have suggested that an instrument’s 50-year term was so extended that it evinced

equity-like characteristics; however, he qualified that statement by asserting that it

“was not the prevailing view of the courts at that time”.

41Mr. Sleurink distinguished profit from cashflow as follows:

 An important observation * * * is that case law as well as * * *

[the Dutch Corporate Income Tax Act] clearly looked (and still do) 

at what is referred to as “profit destination” (winstbestemming), i.e.

the bottom line profit available for use, once determined, for

distribution or to remain within the company as an addition to profit

(continued...)
- 43 -

[*43] Mr. Sleurink was also influenced by the fact that preferred return payable was

“further removed from profit” of the borrower by the advance agreement provision

dictating that net cashflow would never be less than “interest or capitised [sic]

amounts received from related parties during such year, reduced by capital

expenditures made or approved.”

Regarding the Dutch tax ruling, Mr. Sleurink analyzed the entirety of Ms.

Turkenburg’s correspondence with Inspector Munneke and determined that the terms

of the ruling dictated that 

(i) the principal lent to PGI/PWI under the Advance Agreements 

constituted debt for Dutch corporate income tax purposes and the

interest expense (Base Preferred Return) paid or accrued would be

deductible if and to the extent PGI/PWI would realise [sic] at least the

minimal taxable spread as referred to in (iii) below:

(ii) the Premium PR and Capitalised [sic] Premium PR amount 

should be considered a dividend. The dividend would not be

recognized until the actual date of payment of the Premium PR; 

41(...continued)

given that the instrument would be reclassified as equity and

payments thereon as distributions of profits, i.e. dividends paid to

shareholders. By contrast, linking a payment of interest to

sufficiently high cash-flows with the borrower, or for example value

shifts of certain assets owned by the borrower, would fall in the

category of “profit determination” (winstbepaling), i.e. amounts taken

into account (“above the line”) in calculating bottom line profits.
- 44 -

[*44] (iii) a taxable spread of 1/8% (of the total amount of funds 

borrowed) reported by PGI and PWI will be considered “at arms

length” as (i) the financial position of PGI and PWI will not deteriorate

if the receivables on Frito-Lay, Inc. prove irrecoverable (because the

Advance Agreements become perpetual and are treated as equity) and

(ii) PGI and PWI will not report a tax loss in the case of losses on the

receivables.

2. Christopher James

Christopher James was hired by petitioners for the sole purpose of

determining whether “a bank or other lender would have issued a loan to PGI in

similar amounts and under any reasonably similar terms to those of the Advance

Agreements.” In formulating his opinion, Mr. James performed a systematic

analysis of PGI’s ability to repay the advance agreements. His methodology was

consistent with the approach taken by commercial lenders in deciding whether to

engage in similar investments and focused on factors such as use of the loan
- 45 -

[*45] proceeds, loan amount, source and timing of repayment, and collateral. After

examining PGI’s financial records42 and considering the terms of the advance

agreements, he concluded:

It is unlikely that a bank or other lender would be willing to lend the

amounts associated with the Advance Agreements without sufficient

safeguards in place to protect its right to repayment, such as a

reasonably short term to maturity, senior status vis-a-vis other creditors

and/or collateral, loan covenants and acceleration rights upon certain

defaults or other credit events. In my opinion, the absence of these

safeguards from the terms of the Advance Agreements would lead a

bank to decline to issue a loan in the amount of the Advance

Agreements to any company. Moreover, PGI presented additional risk

because it was a holding company for a number of PepsiCo’s ventures

in emerging markets. PepsiCo expected that it would be necessary to

make substantial capital investments and expenditures in these markets

for years to come. 

Mr. James also used specialized databases, containing loan data collected

from commercial lenders, in an attempt to find debt instruments that were both

issued contemporaneously with and shared similar characteristics with the advance

42In the course of his analysis, Mr. James determined that PGI made total

aggregate equity investments in and loans to affiliates of approximately $1.4 billion

during the years at issue ($864,572,499 in equity investments; $550,665,460 in

loans). PGI also had outstanding indebtedness to affiliates in amounts as high as

$980 million during the same period.

In evaluating the capitalization of PGI, Mr. James noted that if the 1996

advance agreements were classified as debt, PGI’s debt-to-equity ratio in 1996

would have been 14.1. If the 1997 advance agreement was further classified as

debt, PGI’s debt-to-equity ratio would have been 26.2 to 1 in 1997.
- 46 -

[*46] agreements. Mr. James reported that his review of over 400,000 commercial

loans and “corporate debt issuances” in such databases did not reveal any debt

instruments that would be “reasonably similar” to the advance agreements.

B. Respondent’s Expert Jean-Paul R. van Den Berg

Mr. van Den Berg generally faults Mr. Sleurink’s report for focusing on the

terms of the advance agreements in a “standalone” manner without considering their

connection with the Frito-Lay notes. He also submitted that Mr. Sleurink’s

interpretation of certain correspondence between Inspector Munneke and Ms.

Turkenburg is flawed because of Mr. Sleurink’s mistranslation of several Dutch

words in the documents.43 In particular, in the June 11, 1996, letter from Inspector

Munneke to Ms. Turkenburg, Mr. van Den Berg scrutinized Mr. Sleurink’s reliance

on the following passage in which Mr. Sleurink added the phrase “over time”,

which was not included in the unofficial translations provided by Loyens: 

“Together we have concluded that, over time, the interest payable should at least

be equal to the interest receivable on the loans receivable from Frito-Lay.”

(Emphasis added.) Mr. van Den Berg proffers that without the erroneous addition 

43Mr. Sleurink examined the original versions of letters and facsimiles

between petitioners and the Dutch Revenue Service, which were written in Dutch;

however, both petitioners and respondent during the course of litigation generally

relied upon the unofficial translations provided by Loyens. 
- 47 -

[*47] of the phrase “over time”, it becomes clear, especially when viewed in

conjunction with the entire document and in the light of subsequent correspondence,

that

[E]ach time an actual payment of interest is received on the loan to

Frito-Lay, a corresponding payment would need to be made on the

Advance Agreements and each time an actual payment of accrued

interest is made by Frito-Lay * * * a corresponding actual payment of

Capitalized Base PR Amount needs to be made.

OPINION

The principal issue in these cases concerns the appropriate characterization 

of the advance agreements for Federal income tax purposes. Respondent 

generally asserts that the substance of the transactions, revealed primarily through

petitioners’ dialogue with the Dutch Revenue Service during negotiations to 

secure a Dutch tax ruling, evidence petitioners’ clear intentions in structuring the

advance agreements and, concomitantly, underscore that the instruments manifest

a creditor-debtor arrangement. Petitioners dispute that characterization, insisting

that the form of the advance agreements comports with their substance and that

when correspondence between petitioners and the Dutch Revenue Service is

considered in the light of relevant testimony adduced at trial, it leads to the

unequivocal conclusion that the advance agreements are legitimate equity
- 48 -

[*48] instruments for Federal income tax purposes. We find petitioners’ argument

to be more persuasive.

I. Burden of Proof

The taxpayer bears the burden of proving by a preponderance of the evidence

that the Commissioner’s determinations are incorrect. Rule 142(a); Welch v.

Helvering, 290 U.S. 111, 115 (1933). In general, the burden of proof with regard to

factual matters rests with the taxpayer. Under section 7491(a), if the taxpayer

produces credible evidence with respect to any factual issue relevant to ascertaining

the taxpayer’s liability for tax and meets other requirements, the burden of proof

shifts from the taxpayer to the Commissioner as to that factual issue. As we decide

these cases on the preponderance of the evidence, we need not decide upon which

party the burden rests.

II. Substance Over Form

Respondent asks this Court to disregard the objective form of the advance

agreements and examine the substance of the transactions in discerning their 

proper characterization for Federal income tax purposes. It is axiomatic that the

substance of a transaction governs for tax purposes. See Commissioner v. Court

Holding Co., 324 U.S. 331, 334 (1945) (“The incidence of taxation depends

upon the substance of a transaction.”); Gregory v. Helvering, 293 U.S. 465 (1935); 
- 49 -

[*49] Hardman v. United States, 827 F.2d 1409, 1411 (9th Cir. 1987) (“Substance,

not form, controls the characterization of a taxable transaction. Courts will not

tolerate the use of mere formalisms solely to alter tax liabilities.” (Citations

omitted.)); Calumet Indus., Inc. v. Commissioner, 95 T.C. 257, 288 (1990) (“the

substance of the transaction is controlling, not the form in which it is cast or

described.”). This principle is equally applicable in debt-versus-equity inquiries. 

See Gilbert v. Commissioner, 262 F.2d 512, 514 (2d Cir. 1957) (“[T]he

determination [of] whether the funds advanced are to be regarded as a ‘capital

contribution’ or ‘loan’ must be made in the light of all the facts of the particular

case.”).

While cognizant that the substance-over-form doctrine permeates tax law

jurisprudence, we believe it prudent to emphasize that the form of a transaction

often informs its substance. See e.g., Hewlett Packard Co. v. Commissioner,

T.C. Memo. 2012-135 (dismissing the labels afforded to transactional instruments,

but examining their terms to discern the true substance of the economic

arrangement). An analysis focused myopically on the “substance” of a transaction,

but devoid of any consideration of the obligations engendered by the terms of the

governing instruments, would typically result in deficient, or wholly flawed,
- 50 -

[*50] determinations.44 An admonition rendered by the Court of Appeals for the

Fifth Circuit appears particularly prescient in this regard:

We must take guard against oversimplification, for a glib

generalization that substance rather than form is determinative of tax

consequences not only would be of little assistance in deciding

troublesome tax cases, but also would be incorrect. The fact--at least

the tax world fact--is that in numerous situations the form by which a

transaction is effected does influence and may indeed decisively

control the tax consequences. This generalization does, however,

reflect the fact that courts will, and do, look beyond the superficial

formalities of a transaction to determine the proper tax treatment.

[Blueberry Land Co. v. Commissioner, 361 F.2d 93, 101 (5th Cir.

1966), aff’g 42 T.C. 1137 (1964); fn. ref. omitted.] 

Mindful that we must be circumspect in avoiding an unjustified extension

 of the substance-over-form doctrine, we note that respondent’s argument is, in

substantial part, predicated upon the substantive integration of PepsiCo and its

 affiliates because they are all related parties under the common control of

PepsiCo.45 Respondent asserts that removing the ostensible constructs separating 

44Perhaps in no other context is the form of a transaction more significant than

in international financial arrangements where two separate tax regimes both

endeavor to apply their respective tax laws to transactions considering, primarily,

the objective terms of the governing instruments. 

45For instance, in his posttrial brief respondent in part submits:

The 1996/97 Advance Agreements and corresponding Frito-Lay

notes are merely intercompany loans between commonly controlled

related entities. PepsiCo can terminate these interrelated obligations

(continued...)
- 51 -

[*51] the legally distinct entities and disregarding many of the “intentionally vague”

terms of the advance agreements illuminates the debt-like nature of the instruments. 

Indeed, courts have recognized that transactional forms between related parties are

susceptible of manipulation and, accordingly, warrant a more thorough and

discerning examination for tax characterization purposes. See United States v.

Uneco, Inc. (In re Uneco, Inc.), 532 F.2d 1204, 1207 (8th Cir. 1976) (“Advances

between a parent corporation and a subsidiary or other affiliate are subject to

particular scrutiny ‘because the control element suggests the opportunity to contrive

a fictional * * * [arrangement].’” (quoting Cuyuna Realty Co. v. United States, 382

F.2d 298 (Ct. Cl. 1967))); see also Kraft Foods Co. v. Commissioner, 232 F.2d 118,

123-124 (2d Cir. 1956), rev’g 21 T.C. 513 (1954). 

45(...continued)

anytime it considers it beneficial to do so. * * *

 * * * * * * *

Given the fact that the obligations Frito-Lay owes to PGI are

interconnected with the 1996/97 Advance Agreements PGI has with

BFSI or PPR and all entities are controlled by PepsiCo, there is clearly

a reasonable expectation that the principal owed under these

agreements would be repaid whenever PGI receives payment on the

Frito-Lay Notes, regardless of PGI’s profitability. 
- 52 -

[*52] However, notwithstanding the greater scrutiny afforded to related-party

transactions, we believe that disregarding petitioners’ international corporate

structure based solely on the entities’ interrelatedness is, without more, unjustified. 

See, e.g., C.M. Gooch Lumber Sales Co. v. Commissioner, 49 T.C. 649, 656 (1968)

(“[W]e recognize that, although the affiliation which existed between petitioner and

* * * [related entities] is not an insuperable barrier to petitioner's position, it does

‘invite close scrutiny.’”) (citing Kraft Foods Co. v. Commissioner, 232 F.2d at 123),

remanded pursuant to stipulation of the parties, 406 F.2d 290 (6th Cir. 1969); see

also Malone & Hyde, Inc. v. Commissioner, 49 T.C. 575, 578 (1968) (recognizing a

“close scrutiny” standard, but finding it “unwarranted to apply legalistic and

mechanical tests, in the area of parent-subsidiary relationships, without regard to the

realities of the business world and the manner in which transactions are handled in

the normal and ordinary course of doing business”). If we were to find otherwise,

we would risk minimizing, or perhaps eviscerating, the legal distinctions between

corporate branches and subsidiaries. In accord with this reasoning, the Court of

Appeals for the Second Circuit, the court to which appeal in these cases would lie,

has indicated that there is a marked difference between a more critical examination

of transactions between related parties and the substantive integration of related

entities:
- 53 -

[*53] [I]t is one thing to say that transactions between affiliates should

be carefully scrutinized and sham transactions disregarded, and quite a

different thing to say that a genuine transaction affecting legal relations

should be disregarded for tax purposes merely because it is a

transaction between affiliated corporations. We think that to strike

down a genuine transaction because of the parent-subsidiary relation

would violate the scheme of the statute and depart from the rules of

law heretofore governing intercompany transactions.

* * * [A]ll legitimate and genuine corporation-stockholder

arrangements have legal--and hence economic--significance, and must

be respected in so far as the rights of third parties, including the tax

collector, are concerned. 

[Kraft Foods Co. v. Commissioner, 232 F.2d at 124; fn. ref. 

omitted.] 

In sum, we approach our consideration of the characterization of the advance

agreements acknowledging that the various PepsiCo entities’ relatedness 

may factor into our inquiry, but without a preconception that such relatedness alone

allows us to blur the legally significant lines separating such entities.

III. Debt-Versus-Equity Factors

A “singular defined set of standards” capable of being uniformly applied in

debt-versus-equity inquiries remains elusive. See Segel v. Commissioner, 89 T.C.

816, 826-828 (1987).46 In differentiating between loans and capital investments,

46Sec. 385(b) sets forth five factors that may be included in any regulations

prescribed by the Secretary to determine the character, for Federal income tax

purposes, of an investment in a corporation. Those factors are:

(continued...)
- 54 -

[*54] “It is not always easy to tell which are which, for securities can take many

forms, and it is hazardous to try to find moulds into which all arrangements can

certainly be poured.” Jewel Tea Co., Inc. v. United States, 90 F.2d 451, 453 (2d

Cir. 1937). 

Notwithstanding the difficulty in distinguishing between debt instruments 

and equity instruments, the focus of a debt-versus-equity inquiry generally 

narrows to whether there was an intent to create a debt with a reasonable

expectation of repayment and, if so, whether that intent comports with the 

economic reality of creating a debtor-creditor relationship. Fin Hay Realty Co. v.

United States, 398 F.2d 694, 697 (3d Cir. 1968); Litton Bus. Sys., Inc. v.

Commissioner, 61 T.C. 367, 377 (1973). The key to this determination is

46(...continued)

(1) whether there is a written unconditional promise to pay on

demand or on a specified date a sum certain in money in return for an

adequate consideration in money or money’s worth, and to pay a fixed

rate of interest,

(2) whether there is subordination to or preference over any

indebtedness of the corporation,

(3) the ratio of debt to equity of the corporation,

(4) whether there is convertibility into the stock of the 

corporation, and

(5) the relationship between holdings of stock in the 

corporation and holdings of the interest in question.
- 55 -

[*55] primarily the taxpayer’s actual intent, evinced by the particular circumstances

of the transfer. A. R. Lantz Co. v. United States, 424 F.2d 1330, 1333 (9th Cir.

1970); see also United States v. Uneco, Inc. (In re Uneco, Inc.), 532 F.2d at 1209

(in resolving debt-equity questions, both objective and subjective evidence of a

taxpayer’s intent are considered and given weight in the light of the particular

circumstances of a case).47

Various Courts of Appeals have identified and considered certain factors in

resolving debt-versus-equity inquiries.48 See, e.g., United States v. Uneco, Inc. (In

re Uneco, Inc.), 532 F.2d at 1208 (10 factors); Estate of Mixon v. United States,

464 F.2d 394, 402 (5th Cir. 1972) (13 factors); Fin Hay Realty Co. v. United

States, 398 F.2d at 697 (16 factors).49 This Court has articulated a list of 13

47This is a factual issue, to be decided upon all the facts and circumstances in

each case. See Estate of Chism v. Commissioner, 322 F.2d 956, 960 (9th Cir.

1963), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1962-6. 

48In a typical debt-versus-equity case, the Commissioner argues for equity

characterization whereas the taxpayers endeavor to secure debt characterization. In

the present circumstances the roles are reversed. “This different twist to the usual

fact pattern, however, does not require us to apply different legal principles.” Segel

v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. 816, 826 (1987) (citing Ragland Inv. Co. v.

Commissioner, 52 T.C. 867, 875 (1969)). See generally Hewlett Packard Co. v.

Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-135. 

49The Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, the court to which appeal in

these cases would lie, has not explicitly adopted a specific factor test; however, the

(continued...)
- 56 -

[*56] factors germane to such an analysis: (1) names or labels given to the

instruments; (2) presence or absence of a fixed maturity date; (3) source of

payments; (4) right to enforce payments; (5) participation in management as a result

of the advances; (6) status of the advances in relation to regular corporate creditors;

(7) intent of the parties; (8) identity of interest between creditor and stockholder; (9)

“thinness” of capital structure in relation to debt; (10) ability of the corporation to

obtain credit from outside sources; (11) use to which advances were put; (12) failure

of debtor to repay; and (13) risk involved in making advances. Dixie Dairies Corp.

v. Commissioner, 74 T.C. 476, 493 (1980).50

“The various factors which have been identified * * * are only aids in

answering the ultimate question whether the investment, analyzed in terms of its

economic reality, constitutes risk capital entirely subject to the fortunes of the

corporate venture or represents a strict debtor-creditor relationship.” Fin Hay

Realty Co. v. United States, 398 F.2d at 697.

49(...continued)

court has implied that a thorough inquiry would include factors designated by IRS

Notice 94-47, 1994-1 C.B. 357 (eight factors), supplemented with additional,

pertinent factors generally considered by other courts. See TIFD III-E, Inc. v.

United States, 459 F.3d 220, 239-240 (2d Cir. 2006). 

50The factors identified in Notice 94-47, supra, are subsumed within the more

discerning inquiry espoused in Dixie Dairies Corp. 
- 57 -

[*57] We address each of the factors, as applied to the advance agreements, in 

turn.

1. The Names or Labels Given to the Instruments

The issuance of a stock certificate indicates an equity contribution, whereas

the issuance of a bond, debenture, or note indicates a bona fide indebtedness. 

Hardman v. United States, 827 F.2d at 1412.51 The advance agreements, at least 

superficially, evince neither a debt nor an equity instrument. Accordingly, we find

that this factor is neutral.

2. Presence or Absence of a Fixed Maturity Date52

“The presence of a fixed maturity date indicates a fixed obligation to repay, a

characteristic of a debt obligation. The absence of the same on the other hand

would indicate that repayment was in some way tied to the fortunes of the business,

indicative of an equity advance.” Estate of Mixon, 464 F.2d at 404; see Anchor

Nat’l Life Ins. Co. v. Commissioner, 93 T.C. 382, 405 (1989). “[I]n the

51The form and the labels used for the transaction may signify little when the

parties to the transaction are related. Calumet Indus., Inc. v. Commissioner, 95 T.C.

257, 286 (1990); see also Fin Hay Realty Co. v. United States, 398 F.2d 694, 697

(3d Cir. 1968). 

52Preferred stock may be structured to have a maturity date. See Miele v.

Commissioner, 56 T.C. 556, 566 (1971), aff’d without published opinion, 474 F.2d

1338 (3d Cir. 1973).
- 58 -

[*58] absence of * * * [a provision that the holder may unconditionally demand his

advance at a fixed time] the security cannot be a debt.” Jewel Tea Co. Inc. v.

United States, 90 F.2d at 453; see also Monon R.R. v. Commissioner, 55 T.C. 345,

359 (1970) (“[A] definite maturity date on which the principal falls due for payment,

without reservation or condition, * * * is a fundamental characteristic of a debt.”). 

The advance agreements have terms of 40 years which can be unilaterally

extended by their holders an additional 15 years; however, to the extent a related

party defaults on any loan receivables held by PGI/PWI, such terms are voided,

rendering the instruments perpetual. Petitioners aver that the extended “maturity

dates” of the advance agreements, when viewed in isolation, effectively subject the

holders’ investments to the business risks of PWI/PGI. The uncertainty of

PWI/PGI’s financial condition at such future “maturity dates”, petitioners reason,

makes speculative any repayment of principal, thereby exhibiting the capital nature

of the investment. Alternatively, petitioners submit that the real possibility of

default by a related party on a loan receivable held by PGI/PWI, which would

eliminate any set term of the investment, ensures that the advance agreements lack

an unconditional, fixed repayment date, serving to further divorce the qualities of the

advance agreements from those of a typical debt instrument.
- 59 -

[*59] Respondent counters that the “maturity dates” of the advance agreements

remain fixed and not so far removed from the issuance of the instruments as to

restrict this Court from finding that such terms are consistent with those of a general

credit-debtor arrangement. Respondent relies primarily on Monon R.R. v.

Commissioner, 55 T.C. 345, to demonstrate that this Court has accepted as debt

certain instruments with terms of similar duration as those provided in the advance

agreements. Furthermore, respondent dismisses as unrealistic the possibility that the

terms of the advance agreements would become perpetual presuming that

petitioners, through their control of all involved entities, would “never cause FritoLay, Metro Bottling, or PepsiCo, Inc. to default on their notes”. Instead,

respondent submits that the “perpetual clause” was added to the advance

agreements solely to “placate” the Dutch Revenue Service’s concern that a FritoLay default would result in a Dutch tax loss. Accordingly, it remains respondent’s

position that the “perpetual clause is meaningless”.

In Monon R.R. v. Commissioner, 55 T.C. at 349-350, the taxpayer issued

unsecured, 50-year, 6% income debentures to shareholders in exchange for shares

of a certain class of stock. Interest on the debentures, while accruing annually, was

mandatorily payable only to the extent of “available net income”. Id. at 352. 

Nonetheless, the taxpayer could, at the discretion of its board of directors, pay any
- 60 -

[*60] unpaid accrued interest, even if then not required to be paid. Id. at 353.53 The

taxpayer consistently represented to its shareholders, the Interstate Commerce

Commission, and the New York Stock Exchange that the debentures were an

“obligation” of the corporation. Id. at 349-354.54 Furthermore, notwithstanding

53In Monon R.R., when discussing the debtlike nature of the interest

payments, this Court noted:

Although the interest is payable out of the * * * [taxpayer’s] available

net income, and is thus liable to fluctuate according to the vicissitudes

of the * * * [taxpayer’s] business fortunes, the amount of interest

required to be paid in any year may be ascertained according to an

established formula, and such formula for payment leaves nothing to

the discretion of the corporate directors. The fact that the directors

have the discretion to make payments to the debenture holders in

addition to the interest which is required to be paid under the formula

does not affect the character of the obligation. The basic provision for

the payment of interest was automatic rather than dependent upon the

directors. That the amount of interest paid out depends upon profits

and is not always the same fixed percentage of principle does not

transform the debentures into equity certificates under these

circumstances. [Monon R.R. v. Commissioner, 55 T.C. 345, 360-361

(1970); citation omitted.]

Respondent proffers that the interest provisions of the advance agreements exhibit

more debtlike qualities than those at issue in Monon. We find this assertion entirely

unpersuasive. As fully described in the quoted excerpt , the directors in Monon

were given no discretion to eliminate mandatory interest payments; rather, they were

permitted to make additional, nonmandatory payments if desired. Petitioners,

however, can completely eliminate interest payment by the expedient of simply

approving capital investments or expenditures in a given year. 

54In an inducement to participate in the exchange, the taxpayer advertised that

(continued...)
- 61 -

[*61] the fact that the instrument’s payment obligations were subordinated to other

general creditors, in the event of a taxpayer default, the shareholders were afforded

a mechanism by which they could assert creditor remedies and declare “the

principal of all outstanding debentures to be due and payable immediately.” Id. at

352-353. The taxpayer also established a noncumulative sinking fund for the

debentures’ retirement. Id. at 353. At the close of the year in which the exchanges

took place, the taxpayer’s debt-to-equity ratio, including the debentures as debt

instruments, was 1.08 to 1. Id. at 360.

In holding that the debentures were debt for Federal income tax purposes, we

cited many of the aforementioned characteristics as evincing the instruments’

debtlike nature. Id. at 356-362. We also specifically found that the unconditional

50 year term of the debentures was consistent with such holding. Id. at 359. 

Nonetheless, we qualified our finding by signaling that instruments with definite

terms of similar duration might appropriately be subject to future scrutiny: 

Although 50 years might under some circumstances be considered as a

long time for the principal of a debt to be outstanding, we must take

into consideration the substantial nature of the * * * [taxpayer’s]

business, and the fact that it had been in corporate existence since

54(...continued)

the debentures were “a debt obligation of the Corporation, a promise to pay a sum

certain at a definite maturity date”. Monon R.R. v. Commissioner, 55 T.C. at 351.
- 62 -

[*62] 1897, or 61 years prior to the issuance of the debentures. 

Therefore, we think that a 50-year term in the present case is not

unreasonable. * * * [Monon R.R. v. Commissioner, 55 T.C. at 359.]

Following our decision in the Monon R.R., the Commissioner endeavored to

limit the effect of the case by explicitly cautioning taxpayers against relying on the

Opinion to justify debt treatment for long-term instruments:

[I]n the case of an instrument having a term of less than 50 years, 

Monon Railroad generally does not provide support for treating an

instrument as debt for federal income tax purposes if the instrument

contains significant equity characteristics not present in that case. The

reasonableness of an instrument’s term (including that of any relending

obligation or similar arrangement) is determined based on all the facts

and circumstances, including the issuer’s ability to satisfy the

instrument. A maturity that is reasonable in one set of circumstances

may be unreasonable in another if sufficient equity characteristics are

present. [Notice 94-47, 1994-1 C.B. 357.]

In the light of express language of the Opinion and the Commissioner’s

subsequent notice, we are unconvinced that the holding of Monon R.R. gives

credence to respondent’s assertion that a 50-year term supports the advance

agreements’ debt characterization; rather, we believe that the precedential scope of

our holding in that case was delimited to the peculiar circumstances therein and that

the facts at present are sufficiently distinguishable. In particular, the advance

agreements do not bear many of the same debtlike indicia as the debentures at
- 63 -

[*63] issue in Monon R.R.55 In contrast to those debentures, the advance

agreements neither afford their holders traditional creditor remedies upon default nor

provide nondiscretionary interest payments (discussed supra). Furthermore,

petitioners never established a reserve or sinking fund to ensure repayment of

principal and PGI/PWI’s debt-to-equity ratio, including the advance agreements as

debt, hovered at fiscally unsustainable levels (discussed infra).

We also find, in the present circumstances, that issuing a 50-year debt

instrument would not reflect the economic reality of petitioners’ international

business structure.56 Respondent, in accord with his overall litigation strategy,

asserts that the entirety of petitioners’ business operations should be considered in

determining both the “reasonableness” of the advance agreements’ terms, see

Monon R.R. v. Commissioner, 55 T.C. at 359, and similarly, the likelihood of

repayment of principal at maturity; however, respondent fails to consider the

import of petitioners’ stated intention to keep separate their domestic and 

55For purposes of this section, we examine the term of the advance

agreements without referring to the possibility that a default by a related party on a

loan receivable held by PGI/PWI would render the instruments perpetual. This

characteristic, alone, wholly differentiates the advance agreements from the

debentures in Monon R.R.

56We discuss further, infra, that no reasonable commercial investor would

have issued a loan to PGI “in similar amounts and under any reasonably similar

terms to those of the Advance Agreements.”
- 64 -

[*64] international cashflows. As testified by Mr. Bryant, petitioners endeavored to

create a more self-sustaining international business component and to avoid using

domestic cash “wherever possible” in their global expansion. Petitioners’

uncontested reluctance to use domestic moneys in this regard accentuates the

uncertainty of repayment of the principal amounts of the advance agreements at

maturity. While there was hope that the new and expansive international

investments in unpenetrated markets would prove lucrative in the future, there was

no assurance of success. Indeed, petitioners foresaw immediate, substantial losses

associated with costs in development of the Pepsi brand in such markets. The

extended maturity date of the advance agreements effectively subjected the 

principal amounts of the instruments to an uncertain international economic climate

for an inordinate period.57 In these circumstances, we cannot conclude that a 50-

year term was “reasonable.”58

57The recent economic instability experienced in many foreign corridors 

underscores the precarious nature of similar large international investments. 

58See United States v. Snyder Brothers Co., 367 F.2d 980, 984-985 (5th Cir.

1966) (holding that a 20-year term on an instrument was indicative of an equity

investment); see also CCA 200932049 (Mar. 10, 2009) (“Generally, the use of a

distant due date suggests equity because it exposes an investment to greater risk of

an issuer’s business and creates uncertainty regarding both the timing and certainty

of repayment.”).
- 65 -

[*65] Respondent further errs in dismissing the legitimate possibility that a related

party would default on loan receivables held by PGI/PWI, thereby voiding the term

of the advance agreements. The uncontested testimony of petitioners’ finance

expert, Mr. James, revealed that PGI made loans to affiliates of approximately $550

million during the years at issue.59 Repayment of those loans was subject to the

success of petitioners’ speculative new investments in unestablished foreign

markets. Given both the magnitude of the loans and the financially precarious

nature of the foreign investments, PGI could not be certain that its foreign affiliates

would be able to fulfill all their payment obligations. Respondent chooses not to

address these separate loan receivables and instead refers this Court only to the

purported link between payment of interest on the Frito-Lay notes, which he 

asserts is the only loan receivable of significance, and payment of base pr on the

advance agreements. By doing so, respondent demonstrates his indifference to

the real legal obligations created by the advance agreements, one of the main 

defects in his substance-over-form argument. While the purpose of inserting

the perpetual clause in the advance agreements might have been to assuage 

certain unrelated concerns of the Dutch Revenue Service, the clause 

engendered real obligations between the parties. With the legitimate 

59This amount does not include loan receivables contributed to PGI. 
- 66 -

[*66] possibility that a related party default would render the advance agreements’

terms perpetual, we cannot conclude that PGI/PWI had “an unqualified obligation to

pay a sum certain at a reasonable close fixed maturity date”. Gilbert v.

Commissioner, 248 F.2d 399, 402 (2d Cir. 1957), rev’g and remanding T.C. Memo.

1956-137; see also Boris I. Bittker & James S. Eustice, Federal Income Taxation of

Corporations and Shareholders, para. 4.03[2][b], at 4-25 (7th ed. 2006) (“a fixed or

ascertainable maturity date is virtually essential to debt classification ”.)

In accord with our discussion supra, we find that this factor weighs heavily in

favor of treating the advance agreements as capital investments.

3. Source of Payments60

 A taxpayer willing to condition the repayment of an advance on the 

financial well-being of the receiving company acts “‘as a classic capital investor

hoping to make a profit, not as a creditor expecting to be repaid regardless of the

company’s success or failure.’” Calumet Indus., Inc. v. Commissioner, 95 T.C. at

 287-288 (quoting In re Larson, 862 F.2d 112, 117 (7th Cir. 1988)); see also Estate

of Mixon, 464 F.2d at 405 (“[I]f repayment is possible only out of corporate 

60“This factor is somewhat anomalous because most loans are repaid out of

earnings.” Laidlaw Transp., Inc. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1998-232 (citing

Estate of Mixon v. United States, 464 F.2d 394, 405 n.15 (5th Cir. 1972)).
- 67 -

[*67] earnings, the transaction has the appearance of a contribution of equity capital

but if repayment is not dependent upon earnings, the transaction reflects a loan to

the corporation.” (citing Harlan v. United States, 409 F.2d 904, 909 (5th Cir.

1969))). In considering this factor, we are again tasked with discerning whether

certain discrete terms of the advance agreements reflect the transaction’s substance,

or, alternatively, whether the instruments serve as a mere contrivance produced

solely to secure desired tax treatment.

The provisions of the advance agreements were meticulously structured to

ensure that annual payments of base pr remained, effectively, discretionary. PGI

was required to make payments only to the extent “net cash flow” (which, at

minimum, included payments of interest or capitalized interest from related parties)

exceeded “accrued but unpaid operating expenses incurred” and “capital

expenditures made or approved” by PGI during the applicable year. Petitioners

contend that this clear language ties annual payment of base pr to PGI’s speculative

investments in new markets and, furthermore, subjects the effectuation of the

payments to the unfettered judgment of PGI. Indeed, petitioners submit that by

merely approving capital expenditures, regardless of whether such expenditures

actually materialized, PGI could indefinitely defer “mandatory” payment of base pr. 

Respondent, however, avers that petitioners’ dialogue with the Dutch Revenue
- 68 -

[*68] Service effectively obligated PGI to make payments of base pr and that actual

events demonstrate that such payments were never in doubt. In effect, respondent

proffers that payments of base pr would occur under all circumstances, irrespective

of the success of PGI’s foreign business ventures.

When viewed en toto, the catalogue of correspondence between petitioners

and the Dutch Revenue Service depicts the difficulties petitioners experienced in

attempting to reconcile their stated desire to retain discretion regarding actual

payment of base pr with the Dutch Revenue Service’s continued insistence that 

each payment of interest on the Frito Lay Notes be used, apart from a taxable

spread, to annually fund such payments. As reflected in Ms. Turkenburg’s March 8,

1996, memorandum to Inspector Munneke, petitioners’ original understanding 

was that the advance agreements “allow[ed] PGI/PWI to reinvest revenues, if

desired, in the participations”. Petitioners believed that permitting interest on the

Frito-Lay notes to fund PGI’s investments in new markets would functionally 

sever any perceived relationship between the Frito-Lay notes and the advance

agreements. Mr. Bartley, a member of PepsiCo’s international tax group, 

reiterated petitioners’ position in an April 24, 1996, letter to Ms. Turkenburg,

expressing reservations that a connection with the Frito-Lay notes might subject 

the advance agreements to IRS scrutiny and noting that he preferred a draft 
- 69 -

[*69] version of the advance agreements which contained no express or implicit link

to the Frito-Lay notes.

Nonetheless, as petitioners’ dialogue with the Dutch Revenue Service

progressed, it became increasingly clear that in order to secure the desired tax

ruling, the Dutch Revenue Service needed to be assured that interest received from

the Frito-Lay notes would be (apart from the taxable spread) in pari passu with

payments of base pr on the advance agreements. Accordingly, in their first formal

tax ruling request, petitioners disavowed their prior stated “intention” of using

interest on the Frito-Lay notes for investments in new markets; instead, they

recognized that “Separate financing * * * [would] be sought for such additional

investments.” Inspector Munneke’s June 11, 1996, conditional approval letter

reaffirmed and emphasized the Dutch Revenue Service’s position that “interest

payable should at least be equal to the interest received on the loans receivable from

Frito Lay.” A subsequent facsimile from Mr. Bartley to Ms. Turkenburg further

exhibited petitioners’ intention that as a “practical matter” all the parties expected

the Frito-Lay interest payments to “flow thru to KFCIH”.

However, notwithstanding petitioners’ and the Dutch Revenue Service’s

mutual understanding that base pr would be paid annually, petitioners remained

unwilling to establish a definitive link with the Frito-Lay notes in the provisions of
- 70 -

[*70] the advance agreements. The absence of such a connection in the governing 

agreements greatly concerned Inspector Munneke and he was, correspondingly,

apprehensive in approving the tax ruling. In an illuminative facsimile to Mr.

Bartley, Ms. Turkenburg noted that Inspector Munneke remained unconvinced that

the “net cash flow” definition in the advance agreement, as drafted, would provide

the “flow-through result” that the Dutch Revenue Service sought. Nonetheless,

Ms. Turkenburg stressed that “for obvious US reasons” petitioners could not

“accommodate” the wishes of the Dutch Revenue Service. Rather, Ms. Turkenburg

asserted that “the ultimate test is going to be the actual events as they are going to

occur in the future, i.e. that indeed payments are going to be made as though a backto-back arrangement existed.” Mr. Bartley, in a responding facsimile, concurred

with Ms. Turkenburg’s analysis that the “flow-thru” result would be “proved by

actual events” confirming again that, “In practice, all interest paid by * * * [FritoLay] to PGI/PWI will in turn be paid to KFCIH.” Furthermore, Mr. Bartley

emphasized that, irrespective of the language inserted in the instruments, “under no

circumstances” would operating expenses or capital expenditures vary this result. 

Eventually, on the basis of continued representations and assurances to the Dutch

Revenue Service reflecting this understanding, Inspector Munneke approved the tax

ruling.
- 71 -

[*71] An objective interpretation of petitioners’ extended dialogue with the Dutch

Revenue Service, supplemented by communications between petitioners’ employees

and their Dutch tax counsel, invariably leads to the conclusion that petitioners

internally committed themselves to a distinct course of conduct; for at least the

period the Dutch tax ruling remained valid, petitioners assured the Dutch Revenue

Service that each payment of interest on the Frito-Lay notes would, in turn, be used

to fund payments of base pr on the advance agreements. Indeed, petitioners do not

dispute that PGI paid nearly all of the amounts received under the Frito-Lay notes to

the holders of the advance agreements from 1997 to 2009. Petitioners, instead,

argue that there was no legal compulsion to make such payments and that the

aforementioned communications merely evince a preliminary understanding that

interest on the Frito-Lay notes would fund the base pr payments if separate

financing for PGI’s global investments could be secured.61 

61Petitioners proffer that the adherence to the payment schedule implicitly

outlined in the Dutch tax ruling was effectively subject to the contingency of PGI’s

securing sufficient additional financing for their foreign operations. Citing the

testimony of Anthony Bryant, who indicated that he was uncertain as to whether the

stream of funding from the Frito Lay Notes would be needed in the context of the

global expansion, petitioners submit that it was distinctly possible, as of the issuance

of the advance agreements, that PGI might use Frito-Lay interest payments to fund

anticipated capital investments.

We believe that both business exigencies and unforeseen funding shortfalls

(continued...)
- 72 -

[*72] In support of this position, petitioners cite the portion of Ms. Turkenburg’s

testimony denying that petitioners’ negotiations with the Dutch Revenue Service

functionally committed or obligated petitioners to make such payments:

Q: * * * Was there an agreement to an effective obligation to pay?

A: No. We convinced * * * [Inspector Munneke] that the - - actual

events would - - well, what we explained to him, to address his, his

well, to give him a certain comfort, is we explained to him how the

company would operate, I discussed before, that it would seek funding

from other sources for the equity investments. 

Q: I see. And would you describe the understanding with the

inspector as a substantive commitment to pay through the interest

 received on the promissory notes as base preferred return?

A: No, because there was no obligation.

Petitioners’ attempt to discredit respondent’s argument is, nonetheless, deficient.

The absence of an express obligation to make a payment does not, for purposes of

61(...continued)

could have conceivably necessitated the diversion of the Frito-Lay funding stream to

PGI’s capital investments. Indeed, the conditionality of the payment of base pr is

one of the defining equity features of the advance agreements. Nonetheless,

petitioners represented to the Dutch Revenue Service in their formal request for a

tax ruling that “it is not the intention that * * * [the Frito-Lay interest] is reinvested

in the participations”. Mr. Bartley’s later facsimiles similarly indicate that all

parties recognized the “flow thru” nature of the transaction. Accordingly, it appears

that in an effort to secure the tax ruling, petitioners internally committed themselves

to making such payments (albeit with no guaranty), notwithstanding the fact that

separate financing for their new foreign investments was not yet identified.
- 73 -

[*73] this debt-versus-equity factor, diminish the importance of a taxpayer’s

effective, internal commitment to make annual payments on a financial instrument

from a reasonably certain62 stream of revenue. Accordingly, we are unpersuaded

that petitioners have effectively minimized the significance of their stated

“intentions” clearly articulated in their correspondence with the Dutch Revenue

Service. 

Petitioners alternatively contend that, notwithstanding their representations

to the Dutch Revenue Service, they were free to deviate from the conditions of 

the tax ruling and remain in a position to claim that payments of base pr were

interest for Dutch income tax purposes. Petitioners’ argument presupposes that the

freedom to vary from the conditions set forth in the tax ruling renders uncertain the

“flow-through” of Frito-Lay interest and, accordingly, subjects payment of base pr

to the success or failure of PGI’s investments. Respondent again counters that

the Dutch Revenue Service’s affirmation of the tax ruling served to economically

compel petitioners to comport with their prior representations. Otherwise,

respondent asserts, the advance agreements would be treated as equity 

62Ms. Turkenburg testified that there was a “certain encouragement * * * for

Frito-Lay to make payments on time.” If Frito-Lay deferred payment, they would

have to capitalize such payment in a separate “baby note” with a corresponding

“two percent surcharge”. This “surcharge” would thereafter increase PGI’s taxable

spread.
- 74 -

[*74 ]in the Netherlands, effectively negating petitioners’ attempt to properly claim

an interest deduction for Dutch tax purposes.

Mr. Sleurink, petitioners’ Dutch tax law expert, testified that PGI was not

bound by Dutch law to act in the manner contemplated in the tax ruling. Rather,

Mr. Sleurink asserted that any departure from the intended course of conduct would

simply entitle the Dutch Revenue Service to reexamine the transaction. In a posited

scenario where interest on the Frito-Lay notes was used in PGI’s foreign

investments, Mr. Sleurink submitted that base pr on the advance agreements would

still be characterized as an interest expense pursuant to Dutch tax law and would,

accordingly, be deductible on an accrual basis.63 Respondent’s Dutch tax law

expert, while faulting Mr. Sleurink’s narrow analysis of the advance agreements on

a “standalone basis”, generally agreed with the statement in Sleurink’s report that

“there existed * * * strong arguments for the view that the Advance Agreements

could not be reclassified as equity” based on the provisions of the instruments. 

It also appears that, in actuality, petitioners did deviate from the conditions of

the tax ruling. The parties stipulated that all payments of base pr were made in 

63Ms. Turkenburg testified that under similar circumstances, only the future

deduction of capitalized base pr would be affected.
- 75 -

[*75] cash with the exception of a payment made on September 17, 1997, on the

1996 advance agreement, which was made in kind with shares of a PGI subsidiary

as part of the spinoff of PepsiCo’s global restaurant business. Clearly then, interest

on the Frito-Lay notes was not always used “in turn” for payments of base pr. 

While no evidence was submitted by either party as to PGI’s use of the

corresponding Frito-Lay interest payment in September 1997, it appears likely that

the payment was used in the context of petitioners’ global expansion. Contrary to

respondent’s contention, this deviation did not void the tax ruling and subject

petitioners to a 35% Dutch corporate income tax on all subsequent interest

payments received from Frito-Lay. Petitioners were allowed to report their Dutch

tax items for the remainder of the years at issue in a manner consistent with that

contemplated in the Dutch tax ruling. It appears this reporting convention continued

even after the expiration of the five-year extension of the Dutch tax ruling on

December 31, 2005.

Nevertheless, despite the in-kind distribution, we cannot dismiss the

connection between payment of interest on the Frito-Lay notes and payment of 

base pr on the advance agreements.64 Each payment on the advance agreements 

64Respondent also alleges that the payment of principal on the Frito-Lay notes

was linked to payment of principal on the Advance Agreements. In support of this

contention he refers us to an October 19, 1998, repayment of one of the initial PPR

(continued...)
- 76 -

[*76] was made on the same date that interest due on the Frito-Lay notes was paid

to PGI, and in substantially similar amounts.65 Furthermore, petitioners’

intercompany memos and representations to the Dutch Revenue Service uniformly

expressed the intended “flow-through” nature of the Frito-Lay interest payments. In

sum, it appears clear that payments of base pr, at least during the taxable years at

issue, were largely linked to interest received on the Frito-Lay notes.66 

64(...continued)

Frito-Lay notes in the principal amount of $214,084,144 which corresponded to a

payment, in the exact same amount and on the same day, by PGI to PPR in partial

satisfaction of the 1997 advance agreement. Respondent further notes that the

aggregate principal amounts of the Frito-Lay notes equal the aggregate principal

amounts of the Advance Agreements (referred to by petitioners and the Dutch

Revenue Service as “synchronization”). Nonetheless, given the lengthier terms of

the Advance Agreements and the fact that the principal of no other Frito-Lay Note

has been paid, we believe it premature to conclude that the payment of principal on

one instrument would necessitate the payment of principal on the other. 

65Respondent also submits a “flow of funds” chart which purports to illustrate

that “on at least one occasion, PepsiCo * * * provided the funds

for Frito-Lay to make its interest payments to PGI and those same funds were then

returned through PPR back to PepsiCo on the same day.”

66Petitioners cite the March 2002 amendments to the PepsiCo Frito-Lay notes

to further demonstrate the connection between the instruments. 
- 77 -

[*77] Accordingly, we find that this factor emphasizes a debt characteristic of the

advance agreements.67

4. Right To Enforce Payments

A definite obligation to repay an advance, including interest thereon, suggests

a loan obligation. See Laidlaw Transp., Inc. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1998-

232; see also Notice 94-47, supra. If a financial instrument does not provide its

holder with any means to ensure payment of interest, it “is a strong indication of a

stockholding, rather than a creditor debtor relationship. The right to enforce the

payment of interest is one of the requisites of a genuine indebtedness.” Gokey

Props., Inc. v Commissioner, 34 T.C. 829, 835 (1960), aff’d, 290 F.2d 870 (2d Cir.

1961);68 see also Kraft Foods Co. v. Commissioner, 232 F.2d at 122 (suggesting

that an “unconditional obligation” to pay interest and principal are “necessary

features of instruments of indebtedness”).

67The significance of this factor, however, is tempered to an extent given both

the long terms of the advance agreements and the limited time the Dutch tax ruling

remained effective.

68“The classic debt is an unqualified obligation to pay a sum certain at a

reasonably close fixed maturity date along with a fixed percentage in interest

payable regardless of the debtor's income or lack thereof.” Gilbert v. Commissioner,

248 F.2d 399, 402 (2d Cir. 1957).
- 78 -

[*78] Respondent concedes that there is no mechanism which provides the 

holders of the advance agreements with the right to demand immediate repayment of

all outstanding principal and interest in the event PGI defaults on payment of base

pr.69 Cf. Hewlett Packard Co. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-135 (finding

that articles of incorporation and other various agreements pertaining to an

investment in a foreign corporation afforded the taxpayer an apparatus to enforce

creditor rights). Nonetheless, respondent again reasons: “given the fact that

PepsiCo controlled all the entities involved and would be economically

disadvantaged if PGI were to default under the 1996/97 Advance Agreements, there

was no real possibility that PGI would default on the 1996/97 Advance

Agreements.” We find respondent’s position untenable. Suggesting that the

success of petitioners’ numerous speculative investments in foreign subsidiaries was

absolute and that petitioners could therefore ensure the timely payment of

intercompany obligations, based solely on the subsidiaries’ inter-relatedness, finds

no basis in fact or law, as noted supra. 

69The advance agreements are “governed by and construed in accordance

with the laws of the State of Delaware.” Respondent has not argued that Delaware

law would provide the holders of the advance agreements a remedy if PGI defaulted

on “mandatory” base pr payments.
- 79 -

[*79] Petitioners’ finance expert, Mr. James, testified that PGI held notes evincing

outstanding indebtedness of its affiliates in amounts as high as $550 million during

the years at issue. Many of these affiliates were funded to help foster the

development of the PepsiCo brand in then-uncultivated foreign markets, in effect

subjecting repayment of PGI’s advances to the business risks of these entities. 

Regulatory hazards and currency exposure served as possible impediments to full

and timely repayment of such advances as well. Upon default of any one of these

intercompany receivables, the terms of the advance agreements became void,

rendering the advance agreements equity for Dutch tax purposes. At that point, any

ostensible tax “compulsion” for PGI to pay annual base pr would evanesce. In such

a circumstance, it appears probable that PGI would be reluctant to follow its

payment intentions on the advance agreements; however, the holders of the advance

agreements would have no means to compel such payments.

A corollary argument advanced by respondent, citing Merck & Co. v. United

States, 652 F.3d 475 (3d Cir. 2011), is that the absence of a formal obligation, on

the part of PGI, to make annual preferred return payments is mitigated by the fact

that petitioners intended to, and were, in fact, internally committed to make such

payments. 
- 80 -

[*80] In Merck & Co., 652 F.3d at 476-477, Schering-Plough, a New Jersey

corporation, sought to repatriate significant cash reserves held in foreign

subsidiaries without additional tax cost. In a strategy designed by Merrill Lynch,

Schering-Plough transferred the “receive leg” of a 20-year interest rate swap to its

foreign subsidiary in exchange for a lump sum of money. Id. at 478-479. The

transaction was intended to allow Schering-Plough to characterize the transaction as

a sale, in effect allowing the corporation to spread its tax recognition of the lumpsum payment over the term of the swap pursuant to then-valid Notice 89-21, 1989-1

C.B. 651. Id. In affirming the lower court’s holding that the transaction was, in

substance, a disguised loan, the Court of Appeals dismissed the taxpayer’s

contention that the absence of an express, unconditional obligation to repay

principal precluded recharacterization of the sale. Id. at 482. Rather, the court

stated:

[A] formal ‘legal obligation’ is not an absolute prerequisite for a

determination that a transaction is a loan. * * * 

In the face of the tax code’s general insistence on the

controlling effect of economic reality rather than form, it is more

appropriate that, in determining whether there was an

‘obligation’ to repay, the court look to whether the transferor’s

intention was to structure the transaction to ensure repayment of

funds as a practical matter, rather than to whether there were

literally no conditions on repayment. It would be for simplicity

itself for two parties, especially related parties, to draft a 
- 81 -

[*81] contract in which repayment would not occur in the event of 

some occurrence so unlikely that both parties could be confident that 

it would never transpire, and thus repayment would occur despite the 

transfer being conditional. * * * 

[Id. at 483.]

Setting aside the fact that Merck & Co. concerned, in large part, the saleversus-loan dichotomy rather than the debt-versus-equity question at issue, we

believe that the facts of the case are clearly distinguishable from those at hand.

The Scherling-Plough transaction “had certain objective indicia of loans” not

apparent in the advance agreements such as an unconditional “fixed maturity date”

and “periodic interest payments”. See id. at 482. Further, the main contention in

Merck & Co. concerned the repayment of principal, which was contingent on

payments based on a floating interest rate. Id. at 482-483. Scherling-Plough

submitted that if interest rates fell to a certain level, the payments would not be

sufficient to repay the advances. Id. Nonetheless, based on testimony of 

Scherling-Plough representatives adduced at trial evidencing that the parties 

always expected the recovery of principal, as well as the economic reality that

interest rates were almost certain not to fall to a level subjecting repayment to

uncertainty, it was clear to the Court of Appeals that repayment was

“unconditional”. Id. at 483-484. In contrast, the long and perhaps perpetual terms

of the advance agreements rendered repayment of principal speculative, as noted 
- 82 -

[*82] supra, and payments of base pr, while clearly expected by petitioners during

the period the Dutch tax ruling remained effective, were subject to the business

realities and uncertainties of petitioners’ global expansion throughout the long term

of the investment. Therefore, we are not convinced that full repayment of principal

and interest on the advance agreements was “effectively if not explicitly,

unconditional.” See id. at 484.70

 

 Respondent’s final contention is that the advance agreements provide other

legitimate creditor safeguards, referring us to a provision which allows holders to

declare unpaid principal and preferred return “immediately due and payable” upon

dissolution, insolvency, or receivership of PGI. What respondent fails to appreciate,

however, is that any such payment remained subject to “net cash flow” restrictions

and, more importantly, would remain subordinate to all indebtedness of PGI and the

rights of all creditors. This subordination is both meaningful and significant in the

light of PGI’s $980 million in outstanding indebtedness to affiliates during the years

at issue. PGI was also exposed to the liabilities of several of its subsidiaries for two

of the years at issue, in amounts over $150 

70Indeed, the court in Merck & Co., Inc. v. United States, 652 F.3d 475, 483

(3d Cir. 2011), qualified its holding by noting that “under many, perhaps most,

circumstances, repayment might be sufficiently conditional to prevent

characterization of a transaction as a loan.”
- 83 -

[*83] million, the possible claims of which were senior to those of the advance

agreements holders, discussed further infra. 

We have previously held that a provision in a financial instrument affording

holders certain rights in the event of liquidation, but nonetheless subordinating those

rights to general creditors, “lends no support to the contention that the * * *

[instrument] in question represents an obligation of debt rather than merely a

preferred stock obligation.” Mullin Bldg. Corp. v. Commissioner, 9 T.C. 350, 354

(1947), aff’d, 167 F.2d 1001 (3d Cir. 1948). We believe the same logic equally

applies here.

In sum, we find that the absence of any legitimate creditor safeguards

afforded to the holders of the advance agreements is a significant factor evidencing

the equity nature of the investment. See Tyler v. Tomlinson, 414 F.2d 844, 849 (5th

Cir. 1969) (finding that notes which contained “no enforcement provisions, no

specific maturity dates, and no sinking fund from which payments of interest and

principal might be made” were more appropriately characterized as equity

instruments). 

5. Participation in Management as a Result of the Advances

The right of the entity advancing funds to participate in the management of

the receiving entity’s business demonstrates that the advance may not have been
- 84 -

[*84] bona fide debt and instead was intended as an equity investment. Am.

Offshore, Inc. v. Commissioner, 97 T.C. 579, 603 (1991). The parties did not

substantively address this factor as PepsiCo commonly controlled PGI and PWI

before the issuance of the advance agreements. Accordingly, this factor is neutral. 

6. Status of the Advances in Relation to Regular Corporate Creditors

Whether an advance is subordinated to obligations to other creditors bears on

whether the taxpayer advancing the funds was acting as a creditor or an investor. 

Estate of Mixon, 464 F.2d at 406. Taking a subordinate position to other creditors

may suggest an equity investment. See CMA Consol., Inc. v. Commissioner, T.C.

Memo. 2005-16.

The advance agreements, by their own terms, unequivocally subordinate any

obligation of PGI to pay unpaid principal or accrued, but unpaid, preferred return to

all indebtedness of PGI and the rights of all creditors. Nonetheless, respondent

submits that this feature is not dispositive of equity characterization. See Kraft

Food Co. v. Commissioner, 232 F.2d at 126 (“subordination to general creditors is

not necessarily indicative of a stock interest. Debt is still debt despite

subordination.”); see also Commissioner v. O.P.P. Holding Corp., 76 F.2d 11, 12

(2d Cir. 1935) (“We do not think it fatal to the debenture holder’s status as a

creditor that his claim is subordinated to those of general creditors. The fact that
- 85 -

[*85] ultimately he must be paid a definite sum at a fixed time marks his relationship

to the corporation as that of creditor rather than shareholder.”). Furthermore,

respondent proffers that, irrespective of the subordination provision, the “practical

likelihood” of it affecting payments is “nonexistent”.

 Respondent is correct in asserting that the advance agreements’

subordination, in itself, is not determinative of equity treatment; however, the same

principle applies equally to every factor in our analysis. See Welch v.

Commissioner, 204 F.3d 1228, 1230 (9th Cir. 2000), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1998-121;

see also John Kelley Co. v. Commissioner, 326 U.S. 521, 530 (1946) (“There is no

one characteristic, not even exclusion from management, which can be said to be

decisive in the determination of whether the obligations are risk investments * * * or

debts.”). Nonetheless, it is widely recognized, even by the Commissioner, that the

legitimate subordination of a financial instrument remains a relevant determinant in a

debt-versus-equity inquiry. See e.g., sec. 385(b)(2); TIFD III-E, Inc., 459 F.3d at

237; Roth Steel Tube Co. v. Commissioner, 800 F.2d 625, 631-632 (6th Cir. 1986),

aff’g T.C. Memo. 1985-58; Pritired 1, LLC v. United States, 816 F. Supp. 2d 693,

734-735 (S.D. Iowa 2011); Notice 94-47, supra.
- 86 -

[*86] During the years at issue, PGI had outstanding indebtedness to affiliates in

amounts as high as $980 million.71 All such indebtedness ranked superior to any

 rights engendered in the advance agreements. Respondent, consistent with his

general attempt to integrate petitioners’ entire corporate structure, dismisses as

irrelevant such related party indebtedness; he contends that the likelihood that

PepsiCo would allow PGI or any of its subsidiaries default on their obligations was

“effectively nil”. As discussed supra, respondent’s position finds no basis in fact or

law. Respondent has submitted no evidence that PepsiCo was under any obligation

to ensure PGI’s or other foreign affiliates’ “inter-company” obligations. Instead, the

eventual satisfaction of such obligations was dependent upon the success of PGI’s

investments in foreign markets.72

71PGI’s credit facility with ABN-AMRO Bank, N.V., which was secured by a

subsidiary guaranty issued by PepsiCo, is not considered in this analysis. See TIFD

III-E, Inc., 459 F.3d at 237 (finding that Dutch banks’ investment, although

generally subordinated to creditors’, was secured by a guaranty from the taxpayer’s

“far more solvent parent”, rendering subordination a mere “fiction”). 

72PGI’s investments in foreign subsidiaries subjected such advances to

creditor-debtor, bankruptcy, and general business law in various jurisdictions. 

Without the benefit of any evidence to the contrary, we believe a default on such

obligations both plausible, and, perhaps, beneficial for business purposes in certain

circumstances. 
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[*87] PGI, during 1996 and 1997, also had substantial exposure to the liabilities of

several of its foreign investments.73 In particular, as a member of Pepsi-Cola France

Snc and Spizza 30 Snc, PGI remained directly liable to creditors, following a period

of notice and demand against the individual entities, for claims against the

businesses pursuant to applicable French statutes. Similarly, under Spanish law,

PGI had unlimited liability for the debts and obligations of PRI, a Spanish operating

entity. The three foreign businesses, collectively, had aggregate liabilities of more

than $180 million and $157 million in 1996 and 1997, respectively; the rights of

those creditors were senior to those of the advance agreement holders under the

express terms of the governing instruments. While PGI’s interests in Spizza 30 Snc

and PRI terminated in the 1997 spinoff, this subsequent reorganization was not

contemplated when the advance agreements were issued and does not diminish the

significance of PGI’s liabilities in 1996 and 1997. Further, PGI was not limited in

investing in other ventures in the future which might expose it to further liability. 

73In determining foreign law, we are free to consider “any relevant material or

source, including testimony, whether or not submitted by a party or otherwise

admissible. The Court’s determination shall be treated as a ruling on a question of

law.” Rule 146; see also Angerhofer v. Commissioner, 87 T.C. 814, 819 (1986). 

Petitioners submitted relevant foreign statutes and secondary sources concerning

French and Spanish law. Respondent, while questioning the materiality of such law

in these cases, does not contest the validity of the proffered sources. 
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[*88] We find both real and meaningful the subordination provision in the 

advance agreements; this factor demonstrates an equity characteristic of the

instruments. 

7. Intent of the Parties

As noted supra, “the inquiry of a court in resolving the debt-equity issue is

primarily directed at ascertaining the intent of the parties”. A.R. Lantz Co., 424

F.2d at 1333 (citing Taft v. Commissioner, 314 F.2d 620 (9th Cir. 1963), aff’g in

part, rev’g in part T.C. Memo. 1961-230). “The intent of the parties, in turn, may

be reflected by their subsequent acts; the manner in which the parties treat the

instruments is relevant in determining their character.” Monon R.R. v.

Commissioner, 55 T.C. at 357.

 Petitioners, engaging in legitimate tax planning, designed the advance

agreements with an expectation that the instruments would be characterized as equity

for U.S. Federal income tax purposes and as debt under Dutch tax law. The

negotiations with the Dutch Revenue Service underscore petitioners’ efforts to

secure this hybrid dynamic. While eventually assuring the Dutch Revenue Service

that base pr payments would be made annually, irrespective of provisions in the

advance agreements which might provide otherwise, petitioners were

uncompromising in their refusal to insert terms in the instruments engendering an
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[*89] obligation for PGI to make such payments. Petitioners’ vigilance preserved

what amounts to base pr payment discretion, a material feature in the light of both

the differing terms of the advance agreements and the Frito-Lay notes, and the

limited period the Dutch tax ruling remained effective (described further supra). See

Universal Castings Corp. v. Commissioner, 37 T.C. 107, 115 (1961) (indicating that

issuer discretion on payments reflects an equity investment), aff’d, 303 F.2d 620 (7th

Cir. 1962). Undoubtedly, petitioners’ internal commitment to make annual base pr

payments that were functionally linked to Frito-Lay Note interest payments evinces a

debtlike characteristic of the instruments. Nonetheless, by retaining judgment on

whether to make such future payments, petitioners were free to deviate from their

representations to the Dutch Revenue Service without the specter of legal

consequence. The benefit of added financial maneuverability was desired and sought

by petitioners and illuminates a significant equity aspect of the investment. 

Similarly, petitioners’ actions during the taxable years at issue do not subvert

or vitiate their clear intentions to create a legitimate hybrid instrument.74 

74Transactions are often purposefully structured to produce favorable tax

consequences, and such planning, alone, does not compel the disallowance of the

transaction’s tax effects. See Frank Lyon Co. v. United States, 435 U.S. 561, 580

(1978); see also ASA Investerings P’ship v. Commissioner, 201 F.3d 505, 513

(D.C. Cir. 2000) (“It is uniformly recognized that taxpayers are entitled to structure

(continued...)
- 90 -

[*90] While PGI made annual preferred return payments, including base pr, the

advance agreements expressly permitted such payments. PGI also made an “inkind” base pr payment to KFCIH in 1997, apparently in direct contravention of the

Dutch tax ruling. Such deviation, according to respondent’s general contentions,

should have immediately invalidated the tax ruling, rendering the instruments equity

for Dutch tax purposes. Nonetheless, petitioners continued their tax reporting in the

manner contemplated in that ruling without adverse effect. 

The long, and possibly perpetual, terms of the advance agreements also

demonstrate that petitioners did not intend to create an instrument with traditional

debt characteristics and attendant obligations according to Federal income tax law. 

As noted supra, the repayment of the principal of petitioners’ advance to PGI was

effectively subject to PGI’s speculative investments in undeveloped foreign markets. 

It remained uncertain at issuance whether funds would be available for repayment

at the extended maturity dates. The realistic possibility that a related party 

might default on a receivable held by PGI, causing the advance agreements to 

74(...continued)

their transactions in such a way as to minimize tax.”), aff’g T.C. Memo. 1998-305;

Ewing v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 396, 420 (1988) (“we are cognizant of the fact that

tax planning is an economic reality in the business world and the effect of tax laws

on a transaction is routinely considered”), aff’d without published opinion, 940 F.2d

1534 (9th Cir. 1991).
- 91 -

[*91] become perpetual instruments, further dissipated any reasonable expectation of

repayment of principal. 

In sum, we find that petitioners’ intentions comport with the substance of the

transaction. They did not intend to create a “definite obligation, repayable in any

event.” See Hewlett Packard Co. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 2012-135. As a

result, this factor demonstrates the equity nature of the instruments.

8. Identity of Interest Between Creditor and Stockholder

If advances are made by stockholders in proportion to their respective stock

ownership, an equity capital contribution is indicated. Estate of Mixon, 464 F.2d at

409; Monon R.R. v. Commissioner, 55 T.C. at 358.

Petitioners did not address this factor and respondent, noting that all

transactional parties are commonly controlled by PepsiCo, contends that it is not

relevant. We agree that the factor does not aid in our inquiry.

9. “Thinness” of Capital Structure in Relation to Debt

The purpose of examining the debt-to-equity ratio in characterizing an 

advance is to determine whether a corporation is so thinly capitalized that 

repayment would be unlikely. CMA Consol., Inc. v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo.

2005-16. In such a circumstance, the advance would be indicative of venture 

capital rather than a loan. Bauer v. Commissioner, 748 F.2d 1365, 1369 (9th Cir. 
- 92 -

[*92] 1984); see also Hubert Enters., Inc. v. Commissioner, 125 T.C. 72, 96-97

(2005), aff’d in part, vacated in part and remanded on other grounds, 230 Fed.

Appx. 526 (6th Cir. 2007).75

Petitioners’ finance expert, Mr. James, testified that if the advance 

agreements are treated as debt for U.S. Federal income tax purposes, PGI’s debt75Respondent relies on Fifth Circuit precedent which recognizes that thin

capitalization is “very strong evidence” of a capital investment where: (1) the debtto-equity ratio was initially high; (2) the parties understood that it would likely go

higher; and (3) substantial portions of these funds were used for the purchase of

capital assets and for meeting expenses needed to commence operations. See Estate

of Mixon, 464 F.2d at 408 (citing United States v. Henderson, 375 F.2d 36, 40 (5th

Cir. 1967)). Respondent contends that petitioners cannot satisfy this standard; he

submits that, in particular, petitioners have not conclusively demonstrated that PGI

used advances to purchase capital assets or to meet expenses needed to commence

operations.

However, neither this Court nor the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit

has embraced this more nuanced test for thin capitalization in a debt-versus-equity

analysis. See, e.g., Nassau Lens Co. v. Commissioner, 308 F.2d 39, 47 (2d Cir.

1962), remanding 35 T.C. 268 (1960); Kraft Foods Co. v. Commissioner, 232 F.2d

at 127; Hubert Enters., Inc. v. Commissioner, 125 T.C. 72, 96 (2005); Anchor Nat’l

Life Ins. Co. v. Commissioner, 93 T.C. 382, 401 n.16 (1989); Recklitis v.

Commissioner, 91 T.C. 874, 903-905 (1988). Indeed, the Second Circuit has stated

that the isolated debt-to-equity ratio is of “great importance in determining whether

an ambiguous instrument is a debt or an equity interest.” Kraft Foods Co. v.

Commissioner, 232 F.2d at 127. Moreover, the other elements in the Fifth Circuit

standard are subsumed within our larger inquiry. Accordingly, we approach the

“thin capitalization” factor without addressing the additional Fifth Circuit elements. 
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[*93] to-equity ratio would have been 14.1 to 1 in 1996 and 26.2 to 1 in 1997. In his

expert report, Mr. James noted:

In some industries, such as banking, it is common to see debt-to-equity

ratios that exceed 14 to 1. However, a bank, unlike PGI, is required to

maintain significant diversification in its assets by type, industry,

geography, maturity and overall risk. PGI’s assets, by contrast,

primarily consisted of equity investments in and loans to businesses in

emerging markets and * * * [Frito-Lay notes]. In my experience, it is

highly unlikely that any institution would have extended a loan of

similar size to the Advance Agreements if the borrower’s overall

leverage were at these levels, particularly given the duration of the

Advance Agreements and the expected business plans for PGI’s

subsidiaries. It is also unlikely that given this level of leverage that debt

could be issued in a capital market transaction. 

Respondent has not contested this section of Mr. James’ analysis.

Given PGI’s untenable debt-to-equity ratio according to industry standards,

we find that this factor supports the advance agreements’ equity characterization. 

See Recklitis v. Commissioner, 91 T.C. 874, 904 (1988) (suggesting the importance

of “capitalization averages” in the relevant business when analyzing the alleged thin

capitalization of a corporation).

10. Ability of Corporation To Obtain Credit From Outside Sources

“[T]he touchstone of economic reality is whether an outside lender would

have made the payments in the same form and on the same terms.” Segel v.

Commissioner, 89 T.C. at 828 (citing Scriptomatic, Inc. v. United States, 555 F.2d
- 94 -

[*94] 364, 367 (3d Cir. 1977)); see Calumet Indus., Inc. v. Commissioner, 95 T.C. at

287; see also Fin Hay Realty Co. v. United States, 398 F.2d at 697 (“Under an

objective test of economic reality it is useful to compare the form which a similar

transaction would have taken had it been between the corporation and an outside

lender, and if the * * * [related party’s] advance is far more speculative that what an

outsider would make, it is obviously a loan in name only.”).76

 

Petitioners’ finance expert, Mr. James, asserts that “no third party lending

institution or lender in the capital markets would have loaned funds in the amount of

the advance agreements to PGI under any reasonably similar financial terms.” Mr.

James derived his conclusion from what he perceived were several atypical or

unattractive (from an lender’s standpoint) aspects of the advance agreements,

including: (1) the long and perhaps perpetual terms; (2) the subordination of 

repayment in the light of PGI’s anticipated significant investments in foreign

markets; (3) the lack of acceleration rights on default and, similarly, the distinct

76Respondent, misconstruing relevant legal precedent, initially submitted that

the ABN-AMRO credit facility evidences that outside lenders were willing to

advance funds to PGI, rendering this factor neutral. However, the focus of the law

“is not simply on the ability of a corporation to obtain the funds from outside

sources; rather, the focus is whether an outside lender would have lent the funds on

the same or similar terms.” Segel v. Commissioner, 89 T.C. at 832 (emphasis

supplied) (citing Scriptomatic, Inc. v. United States, 555 F.2d 364, 368 (3d Cir.

1977), and Fin Hay Realty Co. v. United States, 398 F.2d at 697).
- 95 -

[*95] possibility of deferral of repayment; and (4) the preferred return payment

restrictions.

Respondent does not substantively address whether an independent creditor

would have advanced funds to PGI in the “same or similar” terms as the advance

agreements; rather, he summarily dismisses Mr. James’ conclusions as irrelevant

insisting that the expert analysis irreparably suffers from a narrow focus on the terms

of the advance agreements and, concomitantly, a failure to perceive the actualities of

the transaction. We have previously expressed the limitations of this argument in our

discussions concerning other debt-versus-equity factors; respondent’s failure to

adequately appreciate the legal significance of the terms of the advance agreements

serves as a ubiquitous, acute flaw in his substance-over-form argument.

The factors influencing Mr. James’ conclusion have also been discussed

further supra and need not be addressed in greater detail. In the light of our previous

discussions, supplemented by the unrebutted expert opinion of Mr. James, we find

that the terms of the advance agreements could not have been replicated, in any

reasonably similar manner, by independent debt financing. Consequently, this factor

highlights the equity characteristics of the instruments.
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[*96] 11. Use to Which Advances Were Put

Where a corporation uses an advance of funds to acquire capital assets, the

advance is more likely to be characterized as equity. Estate of Mixon, 464 F.2d at

410. Use of advances to meet the daily operating needs of the corporation, rather

than to purchase capital assets, is indicative of bona fide indebtedness. Stinnett’s

Pontiac Serv., Inc. v. Commissioner, 730 F.2d 634, 640 (11th Cir. 1984), aff’g T.C.

Memo. 1982-314; Raymond v. United States, 511 F.2d 185, 191 (6th Cir. 1975);

Estate of Mixon, 464 F.2d at 410. 

PGI issued the advance agreements in exchange for Frito-Lay Notes. With the

exception of a September 1997 payment, which was made in kind with shares of a

PGI subsidiary as part of the spinoff of PepsiCo’s global restaurant business, every

interest payment on the Frito-Lay notes was used to make preferred return payments

on the advance agreements. As noted supra, while no evidence was submitted by

either party as to PGI’s use of the corresponding Frito-Lay interest payment in

September 1997, it appears likely that the payment was used in the context of

petitioners’ global expansion. Notwithstanding this deviation, PGI was internally

committed to use Frito Lay interest to fund preferred return payments on the advance

agreements for the period the Dutch tax ruling remained effective. 
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[*97] Without a greater connection between Frito Lay interest payments and PGI’s

capital investments for the years at issue, we find that this factor demonstrates the

debtlike character of the advance agreements. 

12. Failure of Debtor To Repay

The repayment of an advance may support its characterization as bona fide

indebtedness. Estate of Mixon, 464 F.2d at 410. The advance agreements mature, if

at all, in future years; however, petitioners did repay $214,084,144 of principal on

the 1997 advance agreement in 1998. Nonetheless, it is premature to rely on this

factor as tending to demonstrate either the equity or the debtlike features of the

advance agreements. Accordingly, as recognized by respondent, this factor is

neutral. 

13. Risk Involved in Making Advances

A significant consideration in our inquiry is “whether the funds were advanced

with reasonable expectations of repayment regardless of the success of the venture or

were placed at the risk of the business”. Gilbert v. Commissioner, 248 F.2d at 406. 

Many of the general debt-versus-equity factors “may bear on the degree of the risk”

associated with a financial instrument at issue. Id. In essence, this factor represents

another means by which to ascertain the intentions of the parties.
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[*98] As noted supra, several factors evince the uncertainty of repayment of

principal on the advance agreements. In particular, the long and conditional 

maturity dates of the advance agreements, considered in the light of PGI’s

investments in foreign markets, subject repayment to the success of such ventures. 

The overall subordination of those payments similarly diminished any reasonable

return of KFCIH’s or PPR’s investment. KFCIH and PPR were also not afforded

legitimate creditor remedies to ensure repayment of principal or base pr. And,

perhaps most convincingly, the “independent creditor test” underscores that a

commercial bank or third party lender would not have engaged in transactions of

comparable risk. 

While we previously recognized the link between Frito-Lay interest 

payments and payments of base pr on the advance agreements, that link was

tenuously conditioned upon PGI’s maintaining the “flow-through” nature of the

payments even after the Dutch tax ruling expired. This “flow-through”, while

expected, was not assured. Indeed, PGI’s “in kind” distribution in 1997 evidences

petitioners’ willingness to vary their conduct from the express terms of the Dutch 

tax ruling during the years at issue. Further, petitioners never expressed an 

intention to abide by the payment convention for the extended period following the

expiration of the tax ruling. We also noted that although the principal of the 
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[*99] Frito-Lay notes equaled the principal of the advance agreements, the maturity

dates of the respective instruments were not congruent. Therefore, when the FritoLay notes matured, PGI was not compelled to make corresponding payments of

principal on the advance agreements.

In accord with our prior discussion, we find that this factor illuminates the

equity characteristics of the advance agreements. 

14. Debt-Versus-Equity Conclusion

 The determination of debt or equity is no mere counting of factors. Bauer v.

Commissioner, 748 F.2d at 1368. However, after consideration of all the facts and

circumstances, we believe that the advance agreements exhibited more qualitative

and quantitative indicia of equity than debt. 

IV. Conclusion

We hold that the advance agreements are more appropriately characterized as

equity for Federal income tax purposes. 

In reaching our holdings herein, we have considered all arguments made, and,

to the extent not mentioned above, we conclude they are moot, irrelevant, or without

merit.
- 100 -

[*100] To reflect the foregoing,

Decisions will be entered

under Rule 155.