UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA 

 

Civil Action No. 17-cv-2345 (TJK) 

STRIKE 3 HOLDINGS, LLC, 

Plaintiff,

v. 

JOHN DOE subscriber assigned IP address 

108.18.32.23, 

Defendant. 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

Before the Court is Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to Serve a Third Party Subpoena Prior to 

a Rule 26(f) Conference. ECF No. 5. For the reasons stated herein, this Motion is GRANTED. 

I. FACTUAL BACKGROUND 

Plaintiff Strike 3 Holdings, LLC owns the rights to certain adult entertainment films. 

ECF No. 1 (“Compl.”) ¶ 2. Plaintiff alleges that Defendant, currently identified as John Doe 

subscriber assigned IP address 108.18.32.23, has been downloading and distributing these films 

using a BitTorrent protocol in violation of the Copyright Act, 17 U.S.C. §§ 101 et seq. Compl. 

¶¶ 4-6, 23-32. Plaintiff further alleges that it used geolocation technology to trace the IP address 

used by Defendant to a physical address in the District of Columbia. Id. ¶ 9. 

Plaintiff has moved for leave to file a third-party subpoena on Defendant’s internet 

service provider (“ISP”) to “learn Defendant’s identity, investigate Defendant’s role in the 

infringement, and effectuate service.” ECF No. 6 (“Pl.’s Mem.”) at 2. Plaintiff asserts that the 

subpoena “will only demand the true name and address of Defendant” and that the information 

will only be used to prosecute claims in its complaint. Id.
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II. LEGAL STANDARD 

A party ordinarily “may not seek discovery from any source” prior to a conference under 

Rule 26(f) unless “authorized . . . by court order.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(d)(1). “To determine 

whether to authorize discovery prior to a Rule 26(f) conference in a particular case, this district 

has applied a ‘good cause’ standard.” Malibu Media, LLC v. Doe, 64 F. Supp. 3d 47, 49 (D.D.C. 

2014) (quoting Warner Bros. Records v. Does 1-6, 527 F. Supp. 2d 1, 2 (D.D.C. 2007)). “Good 

cause to take discovery prior to the Rule 26(f) conference exists where the discovery is necessary 

‘before th[e] suit can progress further.’” Malibu Media, LLC v. Doe, No. 15-cv-986 (RDM), 

2015 WL 5173890, at *1 (D.D.C. Sept. 2, 2015) (alteration in original) (quoting Arista Records 

LLC v. Does 1-19, 551 F. Supp. 2d 1, 6 (D.D.C. 2008)). 

A plaintiff also “must ‘have at least a good faith belief that such discovery will enable it 

to show that the court has personal jurisdiction over the defendant[s].’” AF Holdings, LLC v. 

Does 1-1058, 752 F.3d 990, 995 (D.C. Cir. 2014) (alteration in original) (quoting Caribbean 

Broad. Sys., Ltd. v. Cable & Wireless PLC, 148 F.3d 1080, 1090 (D.C. Cir. 1998)). “The 

Copyright Act does not provide for the exercise of personal jurisdiction over alleged infringers 

on any basis.” Malibu Media, LLC v. Doe, 177 F. Supp. 3d 554, 556-57 (D.D.C. 2016) (citing 

Exquisite Multimedia, Inc. v. Does 1-336, No. 11-cv-1976 (RWR/JMF), 2012 WL 177885, at *2 

(D.D.C. Jan. 19, 2012)). Thus, a plaintiff “must predicate this Court’s jurisdiction over the 

infringers on the reach of District of Columbia law.” Id. Under the District of Columbia’s longarm statute, “the only conceivable way that personal jurisdiction might properly be exercised” is 

if Defendant is a “resident[] of the District of Columbia or at least downloaded the copyrighted 

work in the District.” AF Holdings, 752 F.3d at 996 (citing D.C. Code § 13-423(3), (4)). 
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III. ANALYSIS 

Plaintiff has satisfied the good cause standard to serve discovery prior to a Rule 26(f) 

conference. As an initial matter, “this suit cannot move forward without Plaintiff first being able 

to identify Defendant so that service can be effected.” Malibu Media, LLC v. Doe, No. 16-cv639 (RC/AK), 2016 WL 1698263, at *2 (D.D.C. Apr. 27, 2016). According to a declaration 

provided by Plaintiff, Defendant’s internet service provider is the only entity that can identify 

Defendant by correlating the IP address that has been linked to the alleged infringement with its 

subscriber. ECF No. 5-3 ¶ 12. 

Plaintiff has also established a good faith belief that this Court has personal jurisdiction 

over Defendant. Plaintiff used geolocation technology to trace Defendant’s IP address to a 

physical location within the District of Columbia. Pl.’s Mem. at 6. The D.C. Circuit “has 

suggested that reliance on ‘geolocation services’ of this sort is sufficient to justify a ‘good faith 

belief’ that a district court has personal jurisdiction over unknown defendants.” Malibu Media, 

2015 WL 5173890, at *2 (quoting A.F. Holdings, 752 F.3d at 996); see also Malibu Media, 2016 

WL 1698263, at *2 (“Using a geolocation service that estimates that location of Internet users 

based on their IP addresses is sufficient to demonstrate a good faith belief that the court has 

personal jurisdiction over the defendant.”); Nu Image, Inc. v. Does 1-23,322, 799 F. Supp. 2d 34, 

41 (D.D.C. 2011) (“Plaintiff has a good faith basis to believe a putative defendant may be a 

District of Columbia resident if a geolocation service places his/her IP address within the District 

of Columbia . . . .”) (emphasis in original). Thus, in its “broad discretion to . . . dictate the 

sequence of discovery,” Watts v. SEC, 482 F.3d 501, 507 (D.C. Cir. 2007) (quoting Crawford-El 

v. Britton, 523 U.S. 574, 598 (1998)), the Court authorizes Plaintiff to serve limited discovery on 

Defendant’s ISP. 
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IV. PROTECTIVE ORDER 

Plaintiff notes that in similar cases involving adult content, some courts “have found it 

appropriate to issue a protective order establishing procedural safeguards,” and it has encouraged 

this Court to do so here if it deems it appropriate. Pl.’s Mem. at 7-8. The Court finds that a 

protective order is warranted here. “The fact that a copyrighted work was illegally downloaded 

from a certain IP address does not necessarily mean that the owner of that IP address was the 

infringer.” Media Prods., Inc. v. Does 1-26, No. 12-cv-3719 (HB), 2012 WL 2190613, at *1 

(S.D.N.Y. June 12, 2012). “Indeed, the true infringer could just as easily be a third party who 

had access to the internet connection, such as a son or daughter, houseguest, neighbor, or 

customer of a business offering an internet connection,” and “[t]here is a real risk that defendants 

might be falsely identified and forced to defend themselves against unwarranted allegations.” Id. 

There is also a risk that “the innocent defendant may be coerced into an unjust settlement with 

the plaintiff to prevent the dissemination of publicity surrounding unfounded allegations.” Id. In 

sum, absent a protective order, “there is no reason to conclude that adequate protections exist to 

safeguard the individuals or entities subscribing to the implicated IP address[] against the danger 

of ‘annoyance, embarrassment, oppression, or undue burden or expense.’” In re Malibu Media 

Adult Film Copyright Infringement Cases, Nos. 15-cv-1855 (SJF) (SIL) et al., 2015 WL 

3605834, at *4 (E.D.N.Y. June 8, 2015) (quoting Fed. R. Civ. P. 26(c)). 

 In light of these considerations, Plaintiff shall be allowed to serve early discovery by 

serving a Rule 45 subpoena on the identified ISP that seeks information sufficient to identify 

John Doe subscriber assigned IP address 108.18.32.23. However, if and when the ISP is served 

with a subpoena, Plaintiff shall provide the ISP with a copy of this Memorandum Opinion and 

the accompanying Order with its subpoena. The ISP shall give written notice, which may 
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include e-mail notice, and shall include a copy of the subpoena, this Memorandum Opinion, and 

the accompanying Order, to the subscriber in question at least twenty (20) business days prior to 

releasing the subscriber’s identifying information to Plaintiff. Any motion to quash the subpoena 

shall be filed before the return date of the subpoena, which shall be no earlier than forty-five (45) 

calendar days from the date of service. The ISP shall preserve any subpoenaed information 

pending the resolution of any timely-filed motion to quash. Any information disclosed to 

Plaintiff in response to a Rule 45 subpoena may be used by Plaintiff solely for the purpose of 

protecting Plaintiff’s rights as set forth in the Complaint. See ECF No.1. On or before February 

20, 2018, Plaintiff shall file a Status Report with the Court briefly outlining the progress of the 

discovery authorized by the accompanying Order. 

V. CONCLUSION 

For the reasons set forth above, the Court GRANTS Plaintiff’s Motion for Leave to 

Serve a Third Party Subpoena Prior to a Rule 26(f) Conference, ECF No. 5. A separate order 

will be issued accompanying this opinion. 

/s/ Timothy J. Kelly 

TIMOTHY J. KELLY 

United States District Judge 

Date: January 11, 2018