1 

IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA 

NORTHERN DIVISION 

LEOLA WILLIAMS on behalf of ) 

DEONTE WILLIAMS, ) 

 ) 

 Plaintiff, ) 

 ) 

v. ) CIVIL ACTION NO. 09-00540-N 

 ) 

MICHAEL J. ASTRUE, ) 

Commissioner of Social Security, ) 

 ) 

 Defendant. ) 

ORDER 

Plaintiff Leola Williams filed this action seeking judicial review of a final 

decision of the Commissioner of Social Security (“Commissioner”) that her grandson, 

Deonte Williams, was not entitled to Supplemental Security Income (“SSI”) under Title 

XVI of the Social Security Act (the Act), 42 U.S.C. § § 1381-1383c. Disability was 

alleged due to a “broken neck,” a learning problem, neck pain headaches and behavioral 

problems (Tr. 104). This action has been referred, pursuant to the consent of the parties 

(doc. 18), to the undersigned Magistrate Judge (doc. 20) to conduct all proceedings and 

order the entry of judgment in accordance with 28 U.S.C. § 636(c) and Fed. R.Civ.P. 73. 

Plaintiff’s unopposed motion to waive oral arguments (doc. 17) was granted on July 20, 

2010 (doc. 19). Upon consideration of the administrative record (Doc. 12) and the 

parties’ respective briefs (docs. 13-14 and 15), the undersigned concludes that the 

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decision of the Commissioner is due to be REVERSED and the action REMANDED for 

further evaluation of plaintiff’s alleged learning problem. 

I. Procedural History. 

Plaintiff, Leola Williams, filed an application for SSI benefits on November 27, 

2006, on behalf of her grandson, Deonte Williams (collectively “plaintiff”), claiming an 

onset of disability as of October 25, 1996 (Tr. 88-90). Plaintiff alleges disability due to a 

“broken neck,” a learning problem, neck pain, headaches, and behavioral problems (Tr. 

104). Plaintiff’s application was denied on March 5, 2007 (Tr. 38-42). A hearing before 

an Administrative Law Judge (“ALJ”) was requested (Tr. 68).1

 Following a hearing on 

April 22, 2009 (Tr. 23-37), the ALJ issued an unfavorable decision (Tr. 10-22). The ALJ 

determined that plaintiff was not disabled as defined in the Social Security Act (Tr. 22). 

Plaintiff requested a review by the Appeals Council (Tr. 5). Plaintiff’s request for review 

was denied on September 23, 2009 (Tr. 1-4), thereby making the ALJ’s decision the final 

decision of the Commissioner. See 20 C.F.R. § 404.981 (2009). Plaintiff appeals from 

that decision and all administrative remedies have been exhausted. 

II. Issue on Appeal. 

 Plaintiff alleges that the ALJ erred in rejecting the opinion of John R. Goff, Ph.D. 

while assigning greater weight to the opinion of Nina Tocci, Ph.D and a questionnaire 

 1

 Plaintiff had previously been awarded SSI benefits based on the injuries he incurred in 

an automobile accident at age three; based on a continuing disability review, these benefits were 

terminated as of April 2005 (Tr. 101). That decision was not appealed, and is not being 

contested in this action. 

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completed by plaintiff’s teacher when the ALJ determined that plaintiff suffered from a 

severe impairment of borderline intellectual function. Plaintiff also alleges that the ALJ 

erred in finding that plaintiff has the severe impairment of borderline intellectual 

functioning because such was not diagnosed by any examining or treating medical 

source. 

III. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law. 

A. Standard of Review. 

 In reviewing claims brought under the Act, this Court's role is a limited one. 

Specifically, the Court's review is limited to determining: 1) whether the decision is 

supported by substantial evidence, and 2) whether the correct legal standards were 

applied. See, 42 U.S.C. § 405(g); Jones v. Apfel, 190 F.3d 1224, 1228 (11th Cir. 1999); 

Martin v. Sullivan, 894 F.2d 1520, 1529 (11th Cir. 1990). Thus, a court may not decide 

the facts anew, reweigh the evidence, or substitute its judgment for that of the 

Commissioner. Miles v. Chater, 84 F.3d 1397, 1400 (11th Cir. 1996); Sewell v. Bowen, 

792 F.2d 1065, 1067 (11th Cir. 1986). Rather, the Commissioner's findings of fact must 

be affirmed if they are based upon substantial evidence. Lewis v. Callahan, 125 F.3d 

1436, 1440 (11th Cir. 1997); Chater, 84 F.3d at 1400; Brown v. Sullivan, 921 F.2d 1233, 

1235 (11th Cir. 1991). See also, Martin v. Sullivan, 894 F.2d 1520, 1529 (11th Cir. 

1990)(“Even if the evidence preponderates against the Secretary's factual findings, we 

must affirm if the decision reached is supported by substantial evidence.”); Bloodsworth 

v. Heckler, 703 F.2d 1233, 1239 (11th Cir. 1983) (finding that substantial evidence is 

defined as “more than a scintilla but less than a preponderance,” and consists of “such 

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relevant evidence as a reasonable person would accept as adequate to support a 

conclusion[ ]”). In determining whether substantial evidence exists, a court must view the 

record as a whole, taking into account evidence favorable as well as unfavorable to the 

Commissioner's decision. Lynch v. Astrue, 358 Fed.Appx. 83, 86 (11th Cir. 2009); 

Martino v. Barnhart, 2002 WL 32881075, * 1 (11th Cir. 2002); Chester v. Bowen, 792 

F.2d 129, 131 (11th Cir. 1986). 

 B. Applicable Law – Child Disability. 

 The original decision in this case was made pursuant to the standards for 

evaluating childhood disability cases that went into effect on August 22, 1996. On that 

date, Congress enacted the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation 

Act of 1996, which altered the statutory disability standard for children seeking SSI 

benefits based on disability. See Pub. L. 104-193, 110 Stat. 2105 (1996) (codified at 42 

U.S.C. § 1382c). The legislation, in pertinent part, provides: 

An individual under the age of 18 shall be considered disabled for the purposes of 

this title if that individual has a medically determinable physical or mental 

impairment, which results in marked and severe functional limitations, and which 

can be expected to result in death or which has lasted or can be expected to 

last for a continuous period of not less than 12 months. 

42 U.S.C. § 1382c(A)(3)(C)(I)(ii) (emphasis added). See also, Encarnacion ex rel. 

George v. Barnhart, 568 F.3d 72, 74-76 (2nd Cir. 2009)(discussing statutory and 

regulatory history regarding SSI benefits for disabled children). Under Social Security 

regulations, 

[a]n impairment(s) causes marked and severe functional limitations if it meets or 

medically equals in severity the set of criteria for an impairment listed in the 

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Listing of Impairments [the Listing] in appendix 1 of subpart P of part 404 of this 

chapter, or if it is functionally equal in severity to a listed impairment. 

20 C.F.R. § 416.924(d). Thus, a child’s impairment or combination of impairments must 

meet, equal, or functionally equal a section of the Listings to be considered disabling. 

 To be functionally equivalent in severity to one or more of the listed impairments, 

a claimant’s impairments must cause the same functional limitations as those described in 

a listed impairment, i.e. it must result in “marked” limitations in two domains of 

functioning or an “extreme” limitation in one domain. 20 C.F.R. § 416.926a(a). This 

determination is made by considering a claimant’s limitation of specific function, broad 

areas of development or function, episodic impairments, and limitations related to the 

effects of treatment or medication. 20 C.F.R. § 416.926a(b). Children between the ages of 

3 and 18 are evaluated in terms of cognitive and communicative development, motor 

development, social development, personal development, and concentration, persistence, 

and pace; disability is established if the child has an extreme degree of restriction in one 

area of functioning or marked limitation in two areas of functioning. 20 C.F.R. § 

16.926a(b)(2). 

 Although the Eleventh Circuit has not yet addressed the sequential process to be 

employed by an ALJ with respect to childhood disability, the Eighth Circuit has 

discussed the following three-step sequential process which is outlined in the regulations: 

The ALJ employs a three-step sequential process to determine whether a 

child is disabled. First, the ALJ determines if the child is engaged in a 

substantial gainful activity. 20 C.F.R. § 416.924(b). Second, if the child is 

not working, the ALJ determines if the child has “a medically determinable 

impairment(s) that is severe.” § 416.924(c). And third, if the ALJ finds that 

the child's impairment is severe, the ALJ must then determine whether the 

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impairment or combination of impairments meets or medically equals the 

severity of a listed impairment described in 20 C.F.R. Pt. 404, Subpt. P, 

App. 1. § 416.924(d). If the ALJ finds that the child's impairment does not 

meet or medically equal the severity of a listed impairment, the child may 

still be disabled if the ALJ determines that the impairment(s) functionally 

equals the severity of a listed impairment. Id. In making his disability 

determination, the ALJ must consider all relevant evidence in the record. § 

416.924(a) (“We consider all relevant evidence in your case record when 

we make a determination or decision whether you are disabled.”); Reeder v. 

Apfel, 214 F.3d 984, 988 (8th Cir.2000) (“[T]he ALJ is not free to ignore 

medical evidence but rather must consider the whole record.”). 

Scott ex rel. Scott v. Astrue, 529 F.3d 818, 821 (8th Cir. 2008). See also, Cosby v. 

Comm’r of Social Sec., 231 Fed.Appx. 140, 145 (3rd Cir. 2007)(applying the regulatory 

three-step sequential process for determining whether a child is disabled.); Swist ex rel. 

Green v. Barnhart, 177 Fed. Appx. 414, 416 (5th Cir. 2006)(same); Smith ex rel. E.S.D. v. 

Barnhart, 157 Fed.Appx. 57, 59 (10th Cir. 2005); Pollard v. Halter, 377 F.3d 183, 189 (2nd

Cir. 2004)(same); Flener ex rel. Flener v. Barnhart, 361 F.3d 442, 447 (7th Cir. 

2004)(same) . 

 In order to establish disability due to the presence of a mental retardation, a 

claimant must satisfy the requirements for that listing in appendix 1, which vary 

depending the claimant’s IQ score. See e.g., Abbott v. Sullivan, 905 F.2d 918, 923-24 

(6th Cir. 1990)(Most of the listings for mental impairment contained in appendix 1 

impose two requirements: first, that the claimant possess certain particular signs or 

symptoms which are generally found in paragraph A of each listing and, therefore, 

referred to as the “A criteria”; and second, that the symptoms result in a specific degree 

of functional limitation which are set forth in paragraph B of the listings and, therefore, 

referred to as the “B criteria.”). The listing for mental retardation contained in appendix 

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1 differs from nearly all of the other listings in that it does not require a claimant to 

satisfy the “B criteria” in all cases. 905 F.2d at 924. For example, “[t]he listing allows 

for a finding of disability due to mental retardation where test scores below 59 on the 

Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) are achieved, without any direct proof of 

functional incapacity.” Id. The listing for mental retardation provides specifically as follows: 

 Mental Retardation: Mental retardation refers to a significantly subaverage 

general intellectual functioning with deficits in adaptive behavior initially 

manifested during the developmental period; i.e., the evidence demonstrates or 

supports onset of the impairment before age 22. 

 The required level of severity for this disorder is met when the 

requirements in A, B, C, or D are satisfied. 

 A. Mental incapacity evidenced by dependence upon others for personal 

needs (e.g., toileting, eating, dressing, or bathing) and inability to follow 

directions, such that the use of standardized measures of intellectual functioning is 

precluded; or 

 B. A valid verbal, performance, or full scale IQ of 59 or less; or 

 C. A valid verbal, performance, or full scale IQ of 60 through 70 and a 

physical or other mental impairment imposing additional and significant workrelated limitation or function; or 

 D. A valid verbal, performance, or full scale IQ of 60 through 70, resulting 

in at least two of the following; 

1. Marked restriction of activities of daily living; or 

2. Marked difficulties in maintaining social functioning; or 

 3. Marked difficulties in maintaining concentration, persistence or pace; or 

 4. Repeated episodes of decompensation, each of extended duration. 

20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpt. P, App. 1 § 12.05. Although the numerical values included in 

§ 12.05 refer to results achieved on the WAIS, the listing provides that “[s]cores obtained on 

other standardized and individually administered tests are acceptable, but the numerical values 

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obtained must indicate a similar level of intellectual functioning.” 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpt. P, 

App. 1 § 12.05. 

 C. Statement of Facts. 

 1. Plaintiff’s Alleged Impairments. 

 Plaintiff alleges he became disabled on October 25, 1996 (Tr. 88-90), due to a 

“broken neck,” a learning problem, neck pain, headaches, and behavioral problems (Tr. 

104). 

 2. Leola Williams’ Testimony. 

 Plaintiff’s grandmother testified that, although she did not have legal custody of 

the plaintiff, she had raised him since birth (Tr. 25, 27). She testified that plaintiff was 16 

years old at the time of the hearing (Tr. 26). She also testified that plaintiff no longer 

goes to school (Tr. 26). She described the accident she had when plaintiff, a passenger in 

the vehicle and three years old at the time, was injured (Tr. 27-29). She also testified that 

he had attended school in different places but always had trouble, particularly with 

reading and math (Tr. 29-30). In addition, she testified that plaintiff’s mother never 

signed him up for special education classes, although recommended on one occasion (Tr. 

30). She described plaintiff’s mother as “going in and out” and finally leaving 

completely two to three years ago (Tr. 27, 30). 

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 3. Testimony of Plaintiff. 

 Plaintiff testified he had failed two grades in school, the third and seventh, and that 

he had quit school while repeating the seventh grade (Tr. 31).2

 He stated that he stopped 

going to school because he “couldn’t do the work” (Tr. 31). He also testified that he 

needed a digital clock to tell time (Tr. 36). Plaintiff also testified that he continued to 

have physical problems as a result of his automobile accident, including being unable to 

lay on his back; his back pain was a seven on a scale of zero to ten; his neck pain was 

also a seven on a scale of one to ten; and that he suffered from headaches “just about 

every day” (Tr. 32-33). He stated that the only way he can sleep is either on his left side 

or his stomach with three pillows (Tr. 33-34). Plaintiff testified he could walk or stand for 

only five minutes before he began experiencing pain, had no limitations sitting, and going 

up or down stairs caused his back to hurt to such a degree that he had to lie down (Tr. 34-

35). According to the plaintiff, the only medication he has taken was aspirin for his 

headaches and Naprosyn which was prescribed by his doctor for his neck and back pain, 

both of which he admits help the pain (Tr. 33-34). 

 2

 Plaintiff testified that he attended kindergarten through the second grades in the Virgin 

Islands when he lived there with his mother and her husband (Tr. 31-32). According to 

plaintiff’s testimony, when he failed the third grade, he was either in Alabama where he said he 

lived for “awhile” or in Georgia where he said he lived “a couple of years” (Tr. 32). Plaintiff 

appears to have attended the seventh grade only at “R. C. Hatch” in Alabama (Tr. 32). 

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 4. Medical Evidence. 

 There is no dispute regarding the following summary by the ALJ of the medical 

evidence concerning plaintiff’s injuries from the motor vehicle accident when he was 

three or his subsequent physical evaluation and treatment: 

DCH Regional Medical Center provided treatment records of the claimant 

dated October 25, 1996, for injuries sustained in a motor vehicle accident. 

He was transported from Vaughn-Perry Hospital. X-rays and computed 

tomography scan of the cervical spine revealed a fracture with displacement 

at C2 and displacement at C1. The claimant was transferred to Children’s 

Hospital. 

The Children’s Hospital of Alabama provided records of the claimant dated 

October 25, 1996. The claimant underwent cervical halo jacket placement 

and posterior C1-2 fusion. He was released on November 4, 1996, with a 

diagnosis of C-2 fracture and facial lacerations. The claimant returned on 

November 11, 1996, with infected sutures; however, his mother left without 

him being discharged. He returned on November 13, 1996, and Dr. 

Timothy B. Mapstone reported the claimant to have done very well without 

neck pain or discomfort from the halo jacket. The claimant returned on 

December 7, 1996, with a loose screw, which Dr. Mapstone removed. The 

claimant was reported to be neurologically intact with no signs of infection, 

good alignment and good bone formation. He was scheduled to return on 

Monday for halo removal and fit a hard cervical collar. The claimant 

returned on March 26, 1997, and was doing very well and neurologically 

intact according to Dr. Mapstone’s progress notes. He reported X-rays to 

reveal excellent fusion of C1-2 with no instability at the lower level. The 

hard cervical collar was removed, and the claimant was to return in one 

month. 

Vaughan Regional Medical Center records reveal treatment of the claimant 

on September 11, 2004, following a bicycle accident. Pelvic and hip Xrays were normal. He was diagnosed with lacerations. 

(Tr. 14-15). The ALJ also reported the following, which has not been challenged in any 

manner by the plaintiff: 

Francis W. Sullivan, M.D. and Donald E. Hinton, Ph.D., completed a 

Childhood Disability Evaluation Form on March 2, 2007, and March 5, 

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2007, respectively, following review of the claimant’s record of evidence. 

Drs. Sullivan and Hinton listed an impairment of status post neck fracture, 

not severe, with no limitations of functioning. 

(Tr. 15). As the ALJ correctly noted, there are no records of any medical treatment of the 

plaintiff for his neck and back pain or headaches (Tr. 16). 

 Although plaintiff lists the consultative examination by Huey Kidd, DO (Tr. 190-

192) as a medical report “relied upon as clinical support for disability” (doc. 14), plaintiff 

has not made any further reference to this report. Dr. Kidd’s examination of the plaintiff 

at the request of the agency took place in February 2007 and revealed no cyanosis, 

clubbing, or edema in any extremity; plaintiff could heel walk, toe walk, bend and touch 

his toes, and squat and stand without difficulty; grip strength and range of motion were 

normal in the upper extremities; he was able to ambulate without difficulty; and he had 

full range of motion in the neck (Tr. 192). Dr. Kidd noted that plaintiff was taking no 

medication for any of his alleged impairments (Tr. 191). In addition, x-rays of Plaintiff’s 

lumbar spine were normal, and Dr. Kidd concluded that Plaintiff had no neurological 

deficits (Tr. 192). 

 Because they are specifically relied upon by the plaintiff, special attention will be 

given to the reports of Nina E. Tocci, Ph.D., and John R. Goff, M.D. 

 a. Nina E. Tocci, Ph.D.

 Plaintiff, Deonte Williams underwent a consultative mental status examination in 

February 2007, performed by Dr. Tocci at the request of the agency (Tr. 187-189). The 

examination revealed normal speech; appropriate mood and affect; normal orientation; 

fair attention and scattered concentration; intact memory; a good fund of information and 

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comprehension; intact ability to abstract; appropriate thought content and process; and 

good social judgment and some insight into his behavior (Tr. 187-188). Dr. Tocci opined 

that Plaintiff functioned within the low average range of intellectual ability (Tr. 189). 

 b. John R. Goff, Ph.D.

 Plaintiff was examined by Dr. Goff in March 2009, at the request of his attorney 

(Tr. 206-213). Dr. Goff administered the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS-IV), 

which he stated yielded a full scale IQ of 67 (Tr. 208). Dr. Goff opined that Plaintiff’s 

mental functioning was in the mildly retarded range (Tr. 208, 210, 211). Dr. Goff 

further reported that that plaintiff’s verbal comprehension score of 74 and perceptual 

reasoning score of 71 “are at the lower end of the borderline range” (Tr. 208-209). He 

additionally concluded that Plaintiff had a marked limitation in acquiring and using 

information; a marked limitation in attending and completing tasks; a less than marked 

limitation in interacting and relating with others; no limitation in moving about and 

manipulating objects; a less than marked limitation in caring for himself; and no 

limitation in health and physical well-being (Tr. 212-213). 

 4. Other Evidence. 

 Bridget A. Glover, plaintiff’s English instructor at Robert Hatch High School, 

completed a “Teacher Questionnaire.” Ms. Glover noted on the form that plaintiff 

attended school only two to four times per month (Tr. 112-119). Ms. Glover indicated 

plaintiff had problems in the domain of attending and completing tasks; problems in the 

domain of interacting and relating with others; but that he had no problems in the domain 

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of acquiring and using information; no problems in the domain of moving about and 

manipulating objects; and no problems in the domain of caring for himself (Tr. 112-119). 

 5. Administrative Law Judge’s Decision. 

 The ALJ found that plaintiff’s status post fracture neck at age three, conduct 

disorder, borderline intellectual functioning, back and neck pain, and headaches were 

“severe” impairments (Tr. 13, finding No. 3), but that these impairments did not meet or 

equal one of listed impairments in 20 C.F.R. pt. 404, subpt. P, app. 1 (Tr. 13, Finding No. 

4). The ALJ additionally found that plaintiff’s impairments did not functionally equal a 

listed impairment (Tr. 13, Finding No. 5). The ALJ determined that plaintiff had the 

following limitations in the required domains: (1) a marked limitation in the domain of 

acquiring and using information; (2) a less than marked limitation in the domain of 

attending and completing tasks; (3) a less than marked limitation in the domain of 

interacting and relating with others; (4) no limitation in the domain of moving about and 

manipulating objects; (5) no limitations in the domain of caring for himself; and (6) no 

limitation in the domain of health and physical well-being (Tr. 18-21). As a result, the 

ALJ determined that plaintiff was not disabled as defined in the Social Security Act (Tr. 

22, Finding No. 6). 

 D. Discussion. 

 1. Claims of disability due to physical limitations – abandoned. 

 Plaintiff has not challenged the ALJ’s determination that he does not suffer from 

any significant physical limitations as a result his alleged “broken neck,” neck pain, back 

pain and headaches. The ALJ’s determination on this point is well supported not only by 

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Dr. Kidd’s opinion that plaintiff had no neurological deficits (Tr. 191-192) but by all of 

the medical evidence of record (Tr. 138-144, 145-174, 175-185). Consequently, plaintiff 

has abandoned his claims of disability due to alleged physical impairments, and instead 

argues only that the ALJ erred by failing to accept not only Dr. Goff’s diagnosis of mild 

mental retardation but his assessment of Plaintiff’s functional limitations. Plaintiff’s 

Brief (doc. 13). 

 2. Finding of “borderline intellectual functioning.”

 In his decision, the ALJ declared that he gave “no weight” to Dr. Goff’s 

assessment and opinion (Tr. 16) and that he gave “substantial weight” to Dr. Tocci’s 

assessment and “great weight” to Ms. Glover’s assessment (Tr. 17). The ALJ’s rationale 

for this allocation of preference is problematic, particularly with regard to his diagnosis 

of “borderline intellectual functioning.” 

 In finding that Plaintiff suffered from borderline intellectual functioning, the ALJ 

could not reasonably rely on the opinion of Dr. Tocci because she conducted no specific 

IQ test and indeed concluded that plaintiff functioned within the low average range of 

intellectual ability (Tr. 189)(emphasis added). Neither the ALJ nor Dr. Tocci describe 

plaintiff’s intellectual functioning with reference to any quantitative level for his IQ. Nor 

do either the ALJ or Dr. Tocci offer an specific explanation as to the basis for their 

opinion that plaintiff’s intellectual functioning was either “borderline” or “low average.” 

The Commissioner does not dispute plaintiff’s contention that: 

According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 

borderline intellectual functioning is defined very simply: an IQ within the 

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range of 71-84. (DSM, p. 684). There is no IQ score in the record in the 

range of 71-84. 

Plaintiff’s Brief (doc. 13) at 6. 

 The regulations make it clear that “[s]tandardized intelligence test results are 

essential to the adjudication of all cases of mental retardation [except] where your 

condition precludes formal standardized testing.” 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpt. P, App. 1. 

The record in this case demonstrates that there was no impediment to testing plaintiff’s 

IQ with a standardized test. Dr. Goff administered the WAIS-IV, which yielded a full 

scale IQ score of 67 (Tr. 208).3

 The ALJ “accorded no weight” to Dr. Goff’s assessment 

on the grounds that it “is inconsistent with the other records of evidence” (Tr. 16-17). 

However, the only portion of Dr. Goff’s assessment mentioned by the ALJ is Dr. Goff’s 

diagnosis of “mild mental retardation” and Dr. Goff’s conclusion that plaintiff has a 

“marked limitation in acquiring and using information” (Tr. 16-17). With respect to Dr. 

Goff’s assessment of a “marked limitation in acquiring and using information,” this 

assessment is identical to the ALJ’s conclusion (Tr. 18). In addition, Dr. Goff’s opinion 

 

3

 Dr. Goff indicated that, while the full scale IQ score was 67 which “falls within the mildly 

retarded range of psychometric intelligence,” the “index scores obtained were as follows: verbal 

comprehension – 74/4, perceptual reasoning – 71/3, working memory – 80/9, processing speed – 

62/1” (Tr.208-209). According to Dr. Goff: 

The processing speed is within the mildly retarded range. The verbal 

comprehension and perceptual reasoning indices are at the lower end of the 

borderline range. The working memory index actually is a low-average score. 

(Tr. 209). 

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regarding plaintiff’s level of intellectual functioning is not only fully explained but is 

specifically based upon plaintiff’s WAIS-IV test results which have neither been 

challenged nor invalidated. In contrast, the ALJ’s diagnosis of “borderline intellectual 

function” is simply without foundation. 

 The only other test score contained in the record is a score of 79 obtained when 

plaintiff took an OLSAT test at the age 10 while in the third grade (Tr. 205). This score 

is the only score which could possibly relate to the ALJ’s finding that “[t]he claimant was 

tested at school and found to have borderline intellectual functioning” (Tr. 17). However, 

there is no evidence in this record that an OLSAT test score of 79 overall, with a verbal 

score of 81 and a non-verbal score of 79, actually reflects, or was ever declared by any 

medical source or school official to reflect, “borderline intellectual functioning.” Nor 

has either the ALJ in his decision, or the Commissioner in answer to this appeal, 

demonstrated that the OLSAT was individually administered to the plaintiff and is 

equivalent to the WAIS referenced in the regulations. As stated previously, the 

regulations provide that “other standardized and individually administered tests are 

acceptable, but the numerical values obtained must indicate a similar level of intellectual 

functioning [to the WAIS].” 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpt. P, App. 1 § 12.05. 

 Because no medical source, including Dr. Goff, made any diagnosis of “borderline 

intellectual functioning,” the ALJ improperly made that diagnosis himself. See Marbury v. 

Sullivan, 957 F.2d 837, 840 (11th Cir. 1992)(“An ALJ sitting as a hearing officer abuses his 

discretion when he substitutes his own uninformed medical evaluations for those of a claimant's 

treating physicians: ‘Absent a good showing of cause to the contrary, the opinions of treating 

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physicians must be accorded substantial or considerable weight by the Secretary’.”), quoting

Lamb v. Bowen, 847 F.2d 698, 703 (11th Cir. 1988). Consequently, the ALJ’s finding of 

“borderline intellectual functioning” is not supported by substantial evidence and must be 

reversed. 

 3. Findings regarding plaintiff’s limitations and the six domains of function. 

 As stated previously, in order for a claimant’s mental impairment to be 

functionally equivalent in severity to one or more of the listed impairments, claimant’s 

impairment must cause the same functional limitations as those described in a listed 

impairment, i.e., it must result in “marked” limitations in two domains of functioning or 

an “extreme” limitation in one domain. 20 C.F.R. § 416.926a(a). The six domains of 

function addressed by the ALJ were: a.) acquiring and using information; b.) attending 

and completing tasks; c) interacting and relating with others; d.) moving about and 

manipulating objects; e.) caring for self; and f.) health and physical well-being. 

 The plaintiff was found by the ALJ to have a “marked” limitation in only one 

domain of functioning, namely that of acquiring and using information. The ALJ 

explains his finding as follows: 

The claimant has marked limitation in acquiring and using information. 

The claimant testified at the hearing that he failed the third and seventh 

grades. The claimant’s grandmother testified that the claimant did not 

receive special education classes but always had problems with Reading 

and Mathematics. In evaluation with Dr. Kidd, the claimant reported being 

in the seventh grade in regular classes. In evaluation with Dr. Tocci in 

February 2007, the claimant demonstrated a good fund of information and 

comprehension, and his ability to abstract was intact. He demonstrated 

appropriate thought content and logical thought organization. Dr. Tocci 

opined him to function in the low average range of intelligence. Ms. 

Glover assessed the claimant to have no problems with acquiring and using 

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information. She reported that the claimant only came to school once every 

week or two without reason for absence. 

(Tr. 18). However, not one of the facts set forth by the ALJ in his rationale, either 

individually or in combination, support his finding of a “marked” limitation in acquiring 

and using information. The fact that plaintiff failed the third and seventh grades could as 

easily have been the result of indifference or his frequent unexplained absences as it 

could have been the result of any limitation in his ability to acquire and use information. 

Plaintiff’s problems with reading and math could similarly be the result of his 

unexplained absences and/or indifference. Dr. Tocci’s assessment that plaintiff 

demonstrated not only a good fund of information and comprehension but appropriate 

thought content and logical thought organization as well as an intact ability to abstract, 

certainly does not support the ALJ’s finding of a “marked” limitation in acquiring and 

using information. In fact, Dr. Tocci’s well documented assessment4

, as well as Ms. 

Glover’s express opinion that plaintiff had no problem with acquiring and using 

information (Tr. 113)5

, appears to support a contrary conclusion that, at best, plaintiff has 

less than a marked limitation in this domain. 

 4

 Although Dr. Tocci may not have conducted the same tests given by Dr. Goff or 

specifically addressed the six domains which were addressed by Dr. Goff, Ms. Glover and the 

ALJ, there is no contention that she did not conduct a thorough and comprehensive Mental Status 

Examination which revealed that plaintiff had normal speech; appropriate mood and affect; 

normal orientation; fair attention and scattered concentration; intact memory; a good fund of 

information and comprehension; intact ability to abstract; appropriate thought content and 

process; good social judgment; and some insight into his behavior (Tr. 187-188). 

5

 Although plaintiff’s OLSAT score of 79 when he was 10 years old in the third grade 

cannot be deemed in this case to constitute evidence which supports the ALJ’s diagnosis of 

“borderline intellectual functioning,” plaintiff’s score of 79 can be said to support a finding that 

(Continued) 

Case 2:09-cv-00540-N Document 21 Filed 08/25/10 Page 18 of 24
19 

 In addition, Ms. Glover, who was plaintiff’s high school English teacher, 

acknowledged that plaintiff had some functional limitation but opined that they were not 

of disabling severity (Tr. 112-119). See 20 C.F.R. § 416.924c(g) (information from 

people at school or those who have examined you, such as teachers and school 

psychologists, psychiatrists, or therapists, may be important sources of information about 

your impairment(s) and its effect on your functioning). The mere fact that Ms. Glover 

did not have the opportunity to observe the plaintiff more than once every week or two 

because of his truancy does not negate her observations of the plaintiff when he did 

attend school. Moreover, while plaintiff admittedly performed poorly in school, there is 

no indication in the record that he was ever identified by his schools as requiring special 

education classes or other such assistance as might be required by someone who was 

considered to be mentally retarded.6

 In addition, plaintiff was able to understand and 

respond appropriately to questions posed to him at his administrative hearing; participate 

fully in his consultative examinations; have friends and a girl friend; and apparently was 

deemed responsible enough by his own grandmother to decide on his own volition to 

discontinue attending school. 

 

plaintiff has a less than marked limitation in his ability to acquire and use information. Plaintiff 

also acknowledges that during the second grading period of his repeat of the seventh grade, he 

made three C’s and an F in reading. Plaintiff’s Brief (doc. 13) at 2. 

6

 The school records in evidence do no support plaintiff’s testimony, and that of his 

grandmother, that the school tried to put him in Special Education classes but his mother simply 

would not sign him up for those classes (Tr. 30, 31). 

Case 2:09-cv-00540-N Document 21 Filed 08/25/10 Page 19 of 24
20 

 In contrast to the opinions of Dr. Tocci and Ms. Glover, Dr. Goff not only opined, 

as did the ALJ, that plaintiff had a marked limitation in acquiring and using information, 

but that plaintiff had a marked limitation in the domain of “attending and completing 

tasks” (Tr. 212). Although the ALJ determined that Dr. Goff’s opinion was entitled to 

“no weight” because his assessment was inconsistent with the other evidence of record 

(Tr. 16-17), Dr. Goff’s opinion does not appear to vary significantly from that of Ms. 

Glover, whose opinion was given “great weight” by the ALJ. Ms. Glover’s overall 

assessment was that plaintiff “has problems functioning in this domain” (Tr. 114). Ms. 

Glover then addressed and rated the same 13 individual activities involved in this domain 

that were considered by Dr. Goff (Tr. 212)7

 and concluded that plaintiff had “a serious 

problem” with one activity, namely the ability to “refocus[] to task when necessary” and 

“a very serious problem” with the following four activities: “focusing long enough to 

finish assigned activity or task”; completing class/homework assignments”; completing 

work accurately/without careless mistakes”; and working at reasonable pace/finishing on 

time.” Whether these five serious to very serious problems identified by Ms. Glover out 

of the 13 activities comprising the domain identified as “attending and completing tasks” 

should be held to equate with a “marked” limitation as opposed to the ALJ’s finding of 

 7

 Dr. Goff did not individually rate each activity as did Ms. Glover. Cf. Tr, 212 and 114. 

Case 2:09-cv-00540-N Document 21 Filed 08/25/10 Page 20 of 24
21 

“less than marked limitation” requires remand for further evaluation and consideration by 

the Agency.8

 

 Although an ALJ may under some circumstances discount the opinion of a 

medical source, the ALJ in this case has failed to show good cause either to give “no 

weight” to the opinion of Dr. Goff or to give “substantial weight” to Dr. Tocci’s 

assessment. See Schnorr v. Bowen, 816 F.2d 578, 581 (11th Cir. 1987) (good cause to 

discount a physician’s opinion where it was not bolstered by the evidence, or where the 

evidence supported a contrary finding); Ellison v. Barnhart, 355 F.3d 1272, 1275-76 

(11th Cir.2003) (per curiam), citing Oldham v. Schweiker, 660 F.2d 1078, 1084 (5th Cir. 

1981)(holding that “the ALJ is free to reject the opinion of any physician when the 

evidence supports a contrary conclusion”). Neither Dr. Goff’s assessment or Dr. Tocci’s 

assessment is substantially supported by the evidence of record. Unlike Dr. Goff, Ms. 

Glover reported no limitations in the area of plaintiffs ability to acquire and use 

information (Tr. 113), a finding confirmed by Dr. Tocci (Tr. 188), although Ms. Glover 

did identify a number of problems in the area of “attending and completing tasks.” 

Unlike Ms. Glover and Dr. Goff, Dr. Tocci did not specifically assess plaintiff’s 

 8

 There does not appear to any contention that plaintiff has a “marked” limitation in any 

other domain. The ALJ’s finding of “less than marked” limitation in the area of “interacting and 

relating with others” is supported by both Dr. Goff and Ms. Glover (Tr. 115, 212), and perhaps 

by Dr. Tocci (Tr. 188-189). All sources agree that plaintiff has no limitation in the area of 

“moving about and manipulating objects” (Tr. 20.116, 213). Although the ALJ and Ms. Glover 

agree that plaintiff has no limitation in the area of “caring for yourself” (Tr. 21, 117), Dr. Goff 

found plaintiff to have a “less than marked limitation” in this area (Tr. 213). In contrast, dr. Goff 

found “no limitation” in the area of “health and physical well-being” while the ALJ found 

plaintiff to have a “less than marked limitation” (Tr. 21) and Ms. glover offered to opinion (Tr. 

118). 

Case 2:09-cv-00540-N Document 21 Filed 08/25/10 Page 21 of 24
22 

limitations in the six domains of function. Dr. Tocci cites no specific support for her 

contention that plaintiff “appeared to be functioning at the low average range of 

intellectual ability” (Tr. 189). Although Dr. Goff concludes that plaintiff’s “academic 

achievements levels are well below expectation in all areas” (Tr.210), there is no mention 

anywhere in Dr. Goff’s report that plaintiff only attended school once every week or two, 

a factor that would surely affect overall achievement. 

 In addition, the fact that Dr. Goff’s opinion was solicited by plaintiff’s attorney, 

despite the absence of evidence in the record to support his claims of mental retardation, 

cannot be ignored. See, 20 C.F.R. § 416.902 (The definition of “treating source” 

explicitly excludes a physician or psychologist with whom the claimant’s relationship is 

based “solely on your need to obtain a report in support of your claim for benefits.”); 

Andrews v. Shalala, 53 F.3d 1035, 1042 (9th Cir. 1995) (ALJ properly rejected 

examining psychologist’s report in part because claimant only saw psychologist because 

he had to in order to obtain benefits and had no interest in pursuing treatment). 

 It is again important to note that the “capsule definition” of mental retardation set 

forth in § 12.05 of the Listings states that “[m]ental retardation refers to a significantly 

subaverage general intellectual functioning with deficits in adaptive behavior initially 

manifested during the developmental period (before age 22).” 20 C.F.R. Part 404, 

Subpart P, Appendix 1 § 12.05(c) (1992)(emphasis added). This capsule definition of 

mental retardation is fully consistent with the accepted medical standards, which 

recognize deficits in adaptive functioning as one of the criteria (along with IQ scores of 

about 70 or below) necessary for a diagnosis of mental retardation. See Diagnostic and 

Case 2:09-cv-00540-N Document 21 Filed 08/25/10 Page 22 of 24
23 

Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders – Text Revision (DSM-TR). The DSM-TR 

further explains: 

The essential feature of Mental Retardation is significantly subaverage 

general intellectual functioning (Criteria A) that is accompanied by 

significant limitations in adaptive functioning in at least two of the 

following skill areas: communication, self-care, home living, 

social/interpersonal skills, use of community resources, self-direction, 

functional academic skills, work, leisure, health, and safety (Criteria B). 

DSM-IV 39. Thus, an individual with an IQ score lower than 70 does not necessarily 

satisfy the criteria for a diagnosis of mental retardation. Specifically, “[m]ental 

retardation would not be diagnosed in an individual with an IQ lower than 70 if there are 

no significant deficits or impairments in adaptive functioning.” DSM-IV 39-40. See also

Lowery v. Sullivan, 979 F.2d 835, 837 (11th Cir. 1992), citing Popp v. Heckler, 779 F.2d 

1487, 1499 (11th Cir. 1986)(holding a valid IQ score is not necessarily conclusive of 

mental retardation where the score is inconsistent with other evidence of claimant’s daily 

activities). However, for the reasons stated above, the ALJ’s finding in this case that 

plaintiff had no extreme and only one marked limitation in any area of functioning is 

simply not supported by substantial evidence. Nor, however, has plaintiff established to 

the requisite degree that he suffers a “marked limitation” in two areas of functioning. See 

Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137, 146 (1987) (generally, the burden to prove disability in 

a Social Security case is on the claimant); Flynn v. Heckler, 768 F.2d 1273, 1274 (11th 

Cir. 1985) (Plaintiff bears the burden of demonstrating that the Commissioner’s decision, 

as affirmed by the district court, is not supported by substantial evidence.). Plaintiff 

cannot simply rest on his general contention that he quit school, which he only attended 

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24 

once a work at best, because he “couldn’t do the work” (Tr. 31). Dr. Tocci illustrated 

plaintiff’s fund of information and comprehension as well as, inter alia, plaintiff’s ability 

to abstract and his logical thought organization (Tr. 188-89). As such, the undersigned 

finds that the ALJ’s opinion must be reversed and the case remanded for further 

evaluation and consideration of plaintiff’s alleged learning problem. 

 V. Conclusion. 

 For the reasons stated above, the undersigned concludes and it is therefore 

ORDERED that the decision of the Commissioner denying plaintiff’s benefits was not 

based on substantial evidence and is due to be and is hereby REVERSED and 

REMANDED for further evaluation and consideration not inconsistent with this opinion. 

 This remand makes the plaintiff a prevailing party for purposes of the Equal 

Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2412, and terminates this Court’s jurisdiction over this 

matter. 

 Done this 24th day of August, 2010. 

 /s/ Katherine P. Nelson 

 KATHERINE P. NELSON 

 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE 

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