Illinois Official Reports

Appellate Court

U.S. Bank, National Ass’n v. Laskowski, 2019 IL App (1st) 181627

Appellate Court 

Caption

U.S. BANK, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION, as Trustee for Credit 

Suisse First Boston CSFB 2005-11, Plaintiff-Appellee, v. MARK 

LASKOWSKI; THE CITY OF CHICAGO; PACIFIC REALTY 

GROUP, LLC, an Illinois Limited Liability Company; AVERN C. 

SMITH; UNKNOWN OWNERS AND NONRECORD HOLDERS, 

Defendants (Pacific Realty Group, LLC, Petitioner-Appellant; 

Lawrence Wilson and U.S. Bank, National Association, as Trustee for 

Credit Suisse First Boston CSFB 2005-11, Respondents-Appellees).

District & No. First District, Second Division 

No. 1-18-1627

Filed July 16, 2019

Decision Under 

Review

Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 09-CH-977; the 

Hon. Gerald V. Cleary, Judge, presiding.

Judgment Affirmed.

Counsel on

Appeal

Carla Sherieves, of CMS Law, LLC, of Chicago, for appellant.

Kimberly A. Jansen, of Hinshaw & Culbertson LLP, of Chicago, for 

appellee Lawrence Wilson.
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Lucia Nale, Michael H. Bornhorst, and Geoffrey M. Pipoly, of Mayer 

Brown LLP, of Chicago, for other appellee.

Panel JUSTICE HYMAN delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion.

Justices Pucinski and Mason concurred in the judgment and opinion.

OPINION

¶ 1 Five years after a default judgment of foreclosure and six years after the sale of the property 

to a bona fide purchaser, a limited liability company (LLC) came forward to claim it had an 

equitable interest in the foreclosed property. The LLC argued that the trial court did not have 

jurisdiction over it because the method of service—publication—is not allowed under the 

Limited Liability Company Act (LLC Act) (805 ILCS 180/1 et seq. (West 2016)). As it turns 

out, after he stopped making payments on the mortgage, the mortgagor formed the LLC in the 

state of New Mexico. He also was the sole member of the LLC. In an ignoble attempt to 

discredit the foreclosure judgment, the LLC petitioned to quash service of process and vacate 

all void orders under section 2-1401(f) of the Code of Civil Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-

1401(f) (West 2016)).

¶ 2 The lender and the bona fide purchaser successfully moved to dismiss, and we affirm. The 

Illinois Mortgage Foreclosure Law (Foreclosure Law) (735 ILCS 5/15-1101 et seq. (West 

2016)) does not make the LLC a necessary party to the foreclosure case, so service on it was 

not required. In any event, under the facts of this case, the Foreclosure Law protects the interest 

of the bona fide purchaser as to any defect in service.

¶ 3 Background 

¶ 4 In October 2005, Credit Suisse First Boston loaned Mark Laskowski $130,900. The loan 

was secured by a mortgage on residential property in Chicago. Laskowski stopped making 

mortgage payments in October 2008. 

¶ 5 A “Memorandum and Affidavit of Equitable Interest,” dated November 22, 2008, purports 

to grant Pacific Realty Group, LLC (Pacific LLC), an equitable interest in the property. The 

memorandum, which only Laskowski signed, states, “[a]n Agreement was entered into 

between the undersigned [i]n the amount of $350,000.” Laskowski filed the memorandum with 

the Cook County Recorder of Deeds in December 2010. The memorandum does not identify 

Pacific LLC’s mailing address, its registered agent, or the state where it was formed. According 

to documents filed in conjunction with Pacific LLC’s section 2-1401 petition, Pacific LLC is 

a New Mexico company, and Laskowski is its sole member. Pacific LLC’s registered agent is 

a company in New Mexico with an Albuquerque address. Pacific LLC’s capital value totaled 

$200. 

¶ 6 In 2009, U.S. Bank, National Association (U.S. Bank), filed a complaint to foreclose the 

mortgage. U.S. Bank named Laskowski and Pacific LLC as defendants. (The City of Chicago, 

unknown owners and nonrecord claimants, and another individual were also named defendants 

but are not relevant to the appeal.)
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¶ 7 U.S. Bank filed an affidavit for service by publication on Laskowski and Pacific LLC, 

stating that, after diligent inquiry, it was unable to locate them. Between February 17, 2009, 

and March 3, 2009, U.S. Bank published the notice to Laskowski and Pacific LLC in the 

Chicago Daily Law Bulletin. The notice then was filed in the circuit court and mailed to 

Laskowski at four different addresses. Later, the special process server filed an affidavit, dated 

April 27, 2009, stating he had served “Pacific Realty Group, LLC” “c/o President Ike Hong, 

11 Broadleys Ct. Deerfield, IL 60015.” According to the affidavit, “Pacific Realty Group, 

LLC” was served by leaving a copy of the process with Grace Hong, as authorized agent for 

service.

¶ 8 In October 2009, U.S. Bank filed a motion for a default order. In a certificate filed with the 

motion, U.S. Bank asserted it served Laskowski by publication and Pacific LLC by corporate 

service. In May 2010, after Laskowski and Pacific LLC failed to answer or otherwise plead, 

the trial court entered an order of default and a judgment of foreclosure. The property was sold 

at a sheriff’s sale, and the trial court approved the sale. A week later, the property was conveyed 

to U.S. Bank by judicial deed. After several more conveyances, in August 2011, Seaway Bank 

and Trust Company conveyed the property to respondent Lawrence Wilson. 

¶ 9 More than five years passed. In November 2016, Pacific LLC filed an appearance and a 

petition to quash service of process and vacate all void orders under section 2-1401(f) of the 

Code (735 ILCS 5/2-1401(f) (West 2016)). Pacific LLC argued that U.S. Bank had served the 

wrong entity—Pacific LLC had no connection whatsoever with the similarly named Illinois 

corporation and Hong. Rather, it is a foreign LLC registered in the state of New Mexico. 

¶ 10 Wilson moved to dismiss the petition under section 2-619(a)(2) and (a)(9) of the Code (735 

ILCS 5/2-619(a)(2), (a)(9) (West 2016)), arguing (i) Pacific LLC had been properly served by 

publication, (ii) Pacific LLC could not bring the petition having never registered to transact 

business in Illinois, (iii) Pacific LLC lacks standing to challenge the judgment as it has no 

bona fide title or interest in the property, (iv) Pacific LLC was on notice of the foreclosure 

proceeding because Laskowski, its sole member, appeared, and (v) section 2-1401(e) of the 

Code protects the interest of Wilson in the property because he is a bona fide purchaser for 

value. U.S. Bank filed a motion to dismiss, adopting Wilson’s motion in its entirety. U.S. Bank 

also argued Pacific LLC’s equitable interest in the property was a sham and that Pacific LLC 

was an alter ego of Laskowski. 

¶ 11 In response, Pacific LLC argued (i) the LLC Act does not permit service by publication, 

(ii) it was not required to register under the LLC Act because merely owning property in Illinois 

does not constitute transacting business under the Act, (iii) the special process server did not 

serve it, (iv) its standing to challenge the foreclosure judgment arises from its equitable interest 

in the property, (v) a void judgment may be attacked at any time, and (vi) Wilson was not a 

bona fide purchaser and his interest was not protected under section 2-1401(e) because lack of 

jurisdiction was apparent from the record. 

¶ 12 After briefing, the trial court granted the motions to dismiss Pacific LLC’s petition to 

quash, finding that section 2-206 of the Code and the “catchall” provision of the LLC Act (805 

ILCS 180/1-50(d) (West 2016)) permitted service by publication. Pacific LLC filed a motion 

to reconsider, which the trial court denied. 
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¶ 13 Analysis 

¶ 14 Standard of Review

¶ 15 Section 2-1401 of the Code allows a court to vacate a final judgment after more than 30 

days. People v. Vincent, 226 Ill. 2d 1, 7 (2007) (citing 735 ILCS 5/2-1401 (West 2002)). Under 

section 2-1401, the petitioner bears the burden of establishing his or her right to relief. Smith 

v. Airoom, Inc., 114 Ill. 2d 209, 221 (1986). “[A] section 2-1401 petition can present either a 

factual or legal challenge to a final judgment or order,” and “the nature of the challenge 

presented in a section 2-1401 petition is critical because it dictates the proper standard of 

review on appeal.” Warren County Soil & Water Conservation District v. Walters, 2015 IL 

117783, ¶ 31. When a section 2-1401 petition advances a purely legal challenge to a judgment 

by alleging that the judgment is void, as here, we review the trial court’s ruling on the petition 

de novo. Id. ¶ 47. When the trial court dismisses a petition we review the trial court’s judgment, 

not its rationale, and may affirm for any reason supported by the record regardless of the 

reasons cited by the trial court. D’Attomo v. Baumbeck, 2015 IL App (2d) 140865, ¶ 30. 

¶ 16 Necessary Party

¶ 17 Wilson and U.S. Bank argue the trial court did not err in dismissing Pacific LLC’s section 

2-1401 petition because it was not a necessary party. They acknowledge not raising this 

argument before the trial court (they did argue, however, that Pacific LLC had no bona fide

title to the property and thus lacked standing to challenge the foreclosure judgment). While an 

appellant who fails to raise an issue in the trial court waives that issue, an appellee may raise 

an issue on review that was not presented to the trial court to sustain the judgment, as long as 

the issue’s factual basis was laid before the trial court. DOD Technologies v. Mesirow 

Insurance Services, Inc., 381 Ill. App. 3d 1042, 1050 (2008). The factual basis for the 

appellees’ necessary party argument, that Pacific LLC had no valid interest in the property, 

was before the trial court. Thus, we may consider the argument. 

¶ 18 Section 15-1501 of the Foreclosure Law sets out the necessary parties to a mortgage 

foreclosure action: “(i) the mortgagor and (ii) other persons (but not guarantors) who owe 

payment of indebtedness or the performance of other obligations secured by the mortgage and 

against whom personal liability is asserted.” 735 ILCS 5/15-1501(a) (West 2016). “Other 

persons, such as other mortgagees or claimants, may be joined, although they are not necessary 

parties.” (Emphasis in original.) React Financial v. Long, 366 Ill. App. 3d 231, 236 (2006) 

(citing 735 ILCS 5/15-1501(b)(10) (West 2004)). Failure to include permissive parties to a 

foreclosure action does not affect the trial court’s jurisdiction. Deutsche Bank National Trust 

Co. v. Estate of Schoenberg, 2018 IL App (1st) 160871, ¶ 18.

¶ 19 In its complaint, U.S. Bank sought a deficiency judgment solely against Mark Laskowski. 

That means Pacific LLC was not a party “against whom personal liability is asserted.” Nor was 

Pacific LLC a mortgagor. A mortgagor is “(i) the person whose interest in the real estate is the 

subject of the mortgage and (ii) any person claiming through a mortgagor as successor.” 735 

ILCS 5/15-1209 (West 2016). Laskowski was the mortgagor, as evidenced by the mortgage 

documents, the foreclosure complaint, Laskowski’s own sworn affidavit, and the sworn 

affidavit submitted by U.S. Bank’s vice president of loan documentation. 

¶ 20 Pacific LLC purports to have an equitable interest evidenced by the “Memorandum and 

Affidavit of Equitable Interest.” An “equitable interest” or “equitable title” is a “title that 

indicates a beneficial interest in property *** that gives the holder the right to acquire formal 
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legal title.” Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). A beneficial interest refers to the “right 

or expectancy in something (such as a trust or an estate), as opposed to legal title to that thing.” 

Black’s Law Dictionary (11th ed. 2019). 

¶ 21 Pacific LLC’s purported equitable interest does not transform it into a mortgagor. Unlike 

a lienholder or the grantee in a quitclaim deed, Pacific LLC did not hold any actual interest to 

the property that was the subject of the mortgage. As a result, Pacific LLC may have been a 

permissive party, not a necessary party. React Financial, 366 Ill. App. 3d at 236. And the 

failure to make Pacific LLC a party did not divest the trial court of authority to enter the 

foreclosure judgment and confirm the sale. Schoenberg, 2018 IL App (1st) 160871, ¶ 17.

¶ 22 Pacific LLC argues that as a defendant in the foreclosure complaint, U.S. Bank had to 

properly serve it, otherwise, the court did not have jurisdiction to enter any valid orders against 

it. Alternatively, Pacific LLC argues that if U.S. Bank believed Pacific LLC had no valid 

interest in the property, U.S. Bank should have dismissed Pacific LLC. Pacific LLC cites no 

authority for either proposition, and we know of none. U.S. Bank was not required to serve 

process on Pacific LLC and the trial court did not err in dismissing the section 2-1401 petition 

to quash service and vacate the default judgment. 

¶ 23 Wilson Is a Bona Fide Purchaser

¶ 24 Moreover, a bona fide purchaser for value, like Wilson, is protected by section 2-1401(e) 

of the Code. See In re Application of the County Collector, 397 Ill. App. 3d 535, 549 (2009). 

Section 2-1401(e) embodies the public policy respecting third-party purchasers of property and 

protecting them from the effects of an order setting aside a judgment affecting title to property. 

Christiansen v. Saylor, 297 Ill. App. 3d 719, 724 (1998). A bona fide purchaser’s interest in 

real property gains protection as long as the defect in service is not apparent from the face of 

the record and the bona fide purchaser was not a party to the original action but acquired title 

before the filing of the petition. Id.

¶ 25 We consider the whole record, including the pleadings, the return of process, and the 

judgment of the trial court. Concord Air, Inc. v. Malarz, 2015 IL App (2d) 140639, ¶ 33. For 

a defect in service to be apparent, the inquiry must not go beyond the face of the record itself. 

See State Bank of Lake Zurich v. Thill, 113 Ill. 2d 294, 314 (1986). If the jurisdictional defect 

was not apparent from the face of the record at the time of the intervention of the bona fide 

purchaser, the petitioning party will be denied relief even from an otherwise void judgment or 

order. JoJan Corp. v. Brent, 307 Ill. App. 3d 496, 505 (1999).

¶ 26 Pacific LLC argues Wilson was not a bona fide purchaser because the record shows that 

Pacific LLC, a foreign limited liability company, was served by publication, which was not a 

method of service permitted by law. We disagree. Even assuming service by publication is not 

permitted on an LLC (an issue we need not address), U.S. Bank served a Grace Hong, who is 

identified on the special process server’s affidavit as the authorized agent for “Pacific Realty 

Group, LLC.” For Wilson to determine that the special process server did not properly serve 

petitioner, he would have had to go beyond the face of the record. Wilson would have had to 

check the Illinois Secretary of State’s corporate records to determine that the “Pacific Realty 

Group, LLC,” indicated on the process server’s affidavit, constitutes Pacific Realty Group, 

Inc., a different entity than petitioner, and that Grace Hong was not “Pacific Realty Group, 

LLC’s” registered agent. Wilson also would have had to search New Mexico records to 

determine that Pacific LLC was actually an LLC registered in that state. This information 
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would have been extremely difficult to ascertain, as the memorandum of equitable interest does 

not provide an address for Pacific LLC or indicate where it was registered. Unquestionably, a 

purposeful decision on Laskowski’s part. 

¶ 27 Wilson was not a party to the original foreclosure action. And Wilson could not tell from 

the record that the trial court did not have jurisdiction over Pacific LLC due to improper service 

until Pacific LLC filed its section 2-1401 petition, attaching as exhibits the Illinois Secretary 

of State documents and the New Mexico documents. Because Wilson was a bona fide

purchaser, Pacific LLC cannot collaterally attack the foreclosure judgment. Accordingly, we 

affirm the trial court’s dismissal of the section 2-1401 petition. 

¶ 28 We need not address the other issues raised by the parties.

¶ 29 Affirmed.