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 The Organization of Scientific Area Committees for Forensic Science
    
      
  OSAC Lexicon

The OSAC Lexicon is a compendium of forensic science terms and definitions. This terminology tool was created to help bring consistency and understanding to the way terms are used by the various forensic science. Use of the OSAC Lexicon does not replace the need to reference the original published source.

The terms and definitions in the OSAC Lexicon come from the published literature, including documentary standards and technical reports. It is continually updated with the latest work from OSAC units, as well as terms from newly published documentary standards and standards elevated to the OSAC Registry.

Gradually terms are evaluated and harmonized by the OSAC to a single term. This process results in an OSAC Preferred Term. An OSAC Preferred Term is a term, along with its definition, that has undergone review and evaluation by the FSSB Terminology Task Group and has been approved by the FSSB. The FSSB recommends that subcommittees use OSAC Preferred Terms when drafting standards.

The OSAC Lexicon should be the primary resource for terminology and used when drafting and editing forensic science standards and other OSAC work products.



Keyword Search
  
  
  Searches term, definition, and source for any of these keywords.
  Term
  
  
  Searches term name.
  OSAC Committee
  
  
  - Any -Bloodstain Pattern AnalysisCrime Scene Investigation & ReconstructionDigital EvidenceDogs & SensorsFacial and Iris IdentificationFire & Explosion InvestigationFirearms & ToolmarksFootwear & TireForensic AnthropologyForensic Document ExaminationForensic NursingForensic OdontologyForensic ToxicologyFriction RidgeFSSBHuman Forensic BiologyIgnitable Liquids, Explosives & Gunshot ResidueInterdisciplinaryMedicolegal Death InvestigationSeized DrugsSpeaker RecognitionTrace MaterialsVideo/Imaging Technology & AnalysisWildlife Forensic Biology
  Standard
  
  
  Searches standard designation number.
  Items Per Page
  
  
  5102550
  Only OSAC Preferred

AllABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0-9#

Displaying 1 - 50 of 50
      Export results (CSV)Gallery
  In facial identification, a FR system's database, which typically contains all known-person biometric refer- ences (samples or templates, or both).
            
            Committee
                    Facial and Iris Identification

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E2916-19e1 Standard Terminology for Digital and Multimedia Evidence Examination. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2019.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Gallery
  In facial identification, a FR systems database, which typically contains all known-person biometric references (samples or templates, or both)
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-24 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2024.
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Gamut
  The portion of the colorspace that can be repre- sented or reproduced by a device or process.
            
            Committee
                    Facial and Iris Identification

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E2916-19e1 Standard Terminology for Digital and Multimedia Evidence Examination. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2019.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Gamut
  The portion of the colorspace that can be represented or reproduced by a device or process
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-24 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2024.
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Gas
  The physical state of a substance that has no shape or volume of its own and will expand to take the shape and volume of the container or enclosure it occupies.
            
            Committee
                    Fire & Explosion Investigation

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          NFPA 921:2021 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Gasoline
  A mixture of several hundreds of volatile hydrocarbons ranging from C4 to C12 used in an internal combustion engine.
            
            Committee
                    Trace Materials

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1618-11 Standard Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2011.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Gasoline
  A blended product used as a fuel in a spark ignited internal combustion engine. It is blended by a refinery from atmospheric distillation fractions, catalytic and hydro cracker products, alkylates, and other additives. It is chiefly composed of aromatic hydrocarbons, branched and some straight chain alkanes, and condensed ring aromatics. The abundance of aromatic compounds will typically be significantly greater that the other components. ASTM E1618-11 "Standard Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry" provides the minimum criteria for the identification of gasoline.
            
            Committee
                    Trace Materials

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1618-11 Standard Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2011.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Gaussian Blur
  In image and video analysis, a function typically used to reduce image noise and detail using a specific mathematical function known as the 'Gaussian Kernel' or 'bell-curve.'
            
            Committee
                    Facial and Iris Identification

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E2916-19e1 Standard Terminology for Digital and Multimedia Evidence Examination. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2019.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Gaussian Blur
  In image and video analysis, a function typically used to reduce image noise and detail using a specific mathematical function known as the Gaussian Kernel or bell-curve.
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-24 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2024.
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Gelatin Lift
  A commercial product with gelatin applied to a pliable backing used to lift impressions.
            
            Committee
                    Footwear & Tire

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASB Best Practice Recommendation 021 Best Practices for the Preparation of Test Impressions from Footwear and Tires. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2019.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Gelatin Lifter
  A commercial product with gelatin applied to a pliable backing used to lift impressions.
            
            Committee
                    Footwear & Tire

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Terminology Used for Forensic Footwear and Tire Evidence. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2019.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Gelatin Lifter
  A commercial product with gelatin applied to a pliable backing used to lift impressions.
            
            Committee
                    Footwear & Tire

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASB Best Practice Recommendation 049 Best Practice Recommendation for Lifting of Footwear and Tire Impressions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2020.
                          Source link
      Term link
  GENC
  Acronym for Geopolitical Entities, Names and Codes, which is the United StatesGovernment profile of the ISO 3166 standards. This reflects the United States (U.S.)Government requirement to use names of countries, dependencies, areas of specialsovereignty, and administrative subdivisions that have been approved by the U.S. Boardon Geographic Names (BGN), the authority established under Public Laws 80-242 toprovide for uniformity in geographic nomenclature and orthography throughout theFederal Government. GENC is available at https://nsgreg.nga.mil/genc/registers.jsp
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/NIST-ITL 1-2011 Update:2015 Data Format for the Interchange of Fingerprint, Facial & Other Biometric Information. ANSI/National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2011.
                          Source link
      Term link
  General Outsole Design
  A general category of footwear outsole patterns (e.g. herringbone pattern, lugged outsole pattern, wave pattern, and plain soles).
            
            Committee
                    Footwear & Tire

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Terminology Used for Forensic Footwear and Tire Evidence. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2019.
                          Source link
      Term link
  General Wear
  The condition (degree and position of wear) of the overall footwear outsole or tire tread, ranging from new to extremely worn, related to its degree of use. General wear is a class characteristic that may be used to include or exclude footwear or tires.
            
            Committee
                    Footwear & Tire

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Terminology Used for Forensic Footwear and Tire Evidence. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2019.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Generalization
  The tendency to respond to a class of stimuli that share some common characteristics (e.g., the presence of some compound) and that may vary across some other dimension (e.g., a concentration gradient) rather than only to the one which was originally conditioned.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Crime Scene/Death Investigation - Dogs and Sensors - Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Generic Class
  As used with textile fibers, a grouping having similar chemical compositions or specific chemical characteristics
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-24 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2024.
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Genetic Testing
  A type of medical test that identifies changes in chromosomes, genes, or proteins. The results of a genetic test can confirm or rule out a suspected genetic condition.
            
            Committee
                    Medicolegal Death Investigation

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASB 125 Organizational and Foundational Standard for Medicolegal Death Investigation. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Genotype
  The entire genetic constitution of an individual; also, the alleles present at one or morespecific loci.
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/NIST-ITL 1-2011 Update:2015 Data Format for the Interchange of Fingerprint, Facial & Other Biometric Information. ANSI/National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2011.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Genus
  A level of taxonomic classification that defines a group of related species.
            
            Committee
                    Wildlife Forensic Biology

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASB 047 Wildlife Forensics Validation Standard - Validating New Primers for Sequencing. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2019.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Gingival Dental Emergence
  The interval in the migration process from a tooth's initial appearance through the gingival soft tissue to the point of final eruption.
            
            Committee
                    Forensic Odontology

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ADA 1077-2020 Human Age Assessment by Dental Analysis. American Dental Association (ADA), 211 East Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL, 60611, 2020.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Glass
  An inorganic product of fusion that has been cooled to a rigid condition without crystallization
            
            Committee
                    Trace Materials

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E2927-16 Standard Test Method for Determination of Trace Elements in Soda-Lime Glass Samples Using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry for Forensic Comparisons. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2017.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Glass
  An inorganic product of fusion that has been cooled to rigid condition without crystallization
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-24 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2024.
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Glowing Combustion
  Luminous burning of solid material without a visible flame.
            
            Committee
                    Fire & Explosion Investigation

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          NFPA 921:2021 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  GLP
  Good Laboratory Practice. The United States has rules for GLP in 21CFR58. TheOrganization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) has stated principlesof GLP.
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/NIST-ITL 1-2011 Update:2015 Data Format for the Interchange of Fingerprint, Facial & Other Biometric Information. ANSI/National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2011.
                          Source link
      Term link
  GMT
  Greenwich Mean Time.
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/NIST-ITL 1-2011 Update:2015 Data Format for the Interchange of Fingerprint, Facial & Other Biometric Information. ANSI/National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2011.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Google Takeout
  Utility for users to export the content of their Google Account. This includes not only Chromebook data but other sources including Android mobile phones, Chrome browser, and other Google products.
            
            Committee
                    Digital Evidence

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          SWGDE 22-F-002-1.0 Best Practices for Chromebook Acquisition and Analysis. Strategic Working Group on Digital Evidence, 2022.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Google Workspace
  An enterprise solution that includes multiple Google applications as well as security and management functions.
            
            Committee
                    Digital Evidence

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          SWGDE 22-F-002-1.0 Best Practices for Chromebook Acquisition and Analysis. Strategic Working Group on Digital Evidence, 2022.
                          Source link
      Term link
  GPS
  Global Positioning System.
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/NIST-ITL 1-2011 Update:2015 Data Format for the Interchange of Fingerprint, Facial & Other Biometric Information. ANSI/National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2011.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Grain
  An individual particle of smokeless powder
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-24 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2024.
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Grains
  Thick tablets having nearly equal width, breadth, and thickness.
            
            Committee
                    Seized Drugs

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E2125-19 Standard Practice for Microcrystal Testing in Forensic Analysis for Phencyclidine and Its Analogues. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2019.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Grains
  Thick tablets having nearly equal width, breadth and thickness.
            
            Committee
                    Seized Drugs

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1969-19 Standard Practice for Microcrystal Testing in Forensic Analysis for Methamphetamine and Amphetamine. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2019.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Grains
  Thick tablets having nearly equal width, breadth and thickness
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-24 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2024.
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Grating
  Parallel set of linear, regularly repeating grooves that, when illuminated, produces dispersion of light into its requisite wavelengths with maxima and minima of light intensity as a consequence of interference. DiscussionThese maxima and minima vary in position with wavelength. This allows radiation of any given wavelength to be isolated from a mixture of wavelengths (for example, white light) and allows the grating to be used as part of a monochromator. The dispersion or ability to resolve separate wavelengths is expressed as the number of lines (or steps) in the grating per millimetre.
            
            Committee
                    Trace Materials

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E2808-21a Standard Guide for Microspectrophotometry in Forensic Paint Analysis. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2021.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Grating
  Parallel set of linear, regularly repeating grooves that, when illuminated, produces dispersion of light into its requisite wavelengths with maxima and minima of light intensity as a consequence of interference
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-24 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2024.
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Grayscale Image
  Continuous tone image that has only one component.
            
            Committee
                    Video/Imaging Technology & Analysis

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E2825-12 Standard Guide for Forensic Digital Image Processing. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2012.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Grayscale Image, Greyscale Image
  An image encoded with a single channel or component.
            
            Committee
                    Facial and Iris Identification

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E2916-19e1 Standard Terminology for Digital and Multimedia Evidence Examination. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2019.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Grayscale Image, Greyscale Image
  An image encoded with a single channel or component
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-24 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2024.
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Grayscale Transformation
  Operation that modifies a single channel or component of image data (for example, a single color).
            
            Committee
                    Video/Imaging Technology & Analysis

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E2825-12 Standard Guide for Forensic Digital Image Processing. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2012.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Grayscale Transformation, Greyscale Transformation
  Operation that modifies a single channel or component of image data (for example, a single color).
            
            Committee
                    Facial and Iris Identification

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E2916-19e1 Standard Terminology for Digital and Multimedia Evidence Examination. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2019.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Grayscale Transformation, Greyscale Transformation
  Operation that modifies a single channel or component of image data (for example, a single color)
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-24 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2024.
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Green Dog
  Ranges from an untrained canine up to but not including a certified canine. (See novice dog.)
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Crime Scene/Death Investigation - Dogs and Sensors - Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Grid Search
  A type of systematic pattern used to ensure thorough coverage of a defined area.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Crime Scene/Death Investigation - Dogs and Sensors - Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Grooves
  The space or channels that separate the tire tread ribs and elements. Circumferential grooves run around the circumference of the tire. Transverse or lateral grooves, also known as slots, run across the tire tread design.
            
            Committee
                    Footwear & Tire

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Terminology Used for Forensic Footwear and Tire Evidence. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2019.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Ground
  A conducting connection, whether intentional or accidental, between an electrical circuit or equipment and earth or to some conducting body that serves in place of the earth.
            
            Committee
                    Fire & Explosion Investigation

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          NFPA 921:2021 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Ground Fault
  A current that flows outside the normal circuit path, such as (1) through the equipment grounding conductor; (2) through conductive material in contact with lower potential (such as earth), other than the electrical system ground (metal water or plumbing pipes, etc.); or (3) through a combination of these ground return paths.
            
            Committee
                    Fire & Explosion Investigation

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          NFPA 921:2021 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  GSM
  Global System for Mobile Communications, origi- nally Groupe Spcial Mobile
            
            Committee
                    Facial and Iris Identification

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E2916-19e1 Standard Terminology for Digital and Multimedia Evidence Examination. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2019.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Guide
  A document that is advisory or informative in nature and that contains only nonmandatory provisions. A guide may contain mandatory statements such as when a guide can be used, but the document as a whole is not suitable for adoption into law.
            
            Committee
                    Fire & Explosion Investigation

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          NFPA 921:2021 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Guideline
  Recommended practice that allows some discretion or leeway in its interpretation, implementation, or use. A set of general principles used to provide direction and parameters for decision making.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Crime Scene/Death Investigation - Dogs and Sensors - Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Gunpowder
  A generic term used for propellant powders used in firearms.
            
            Committee
                    Ignitable Liquids, Explosives & Gunshot Residue

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ASTM E3196-21 Standard Terminology Relating to the Examination of Explosives. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2021.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
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