NO. 07-08-0495-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT AMARILLO

PANEL D

JANUARY 14, 2010

______________________________

PETER HELLMUTH EGGERT, 

Appellant

v.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, 

Appellee

_________________________________

FROM THE 266th DISTRICT COURT OF ERATH COUNTY;

NO. CR12122; HON. DAVID CLEVELAND, PRESIDING

_______________________________

Memorandum Opinion

_______________________________

Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and PIRTLE, JJ.

Appellant Peter Hellmuth Eggert appeals his conviction for bribery. Through six

issues, he contends that 1) the special prosecutor committed prosecutorial misconduct, 2)

the State prosecuted an offense outside the jurisdictional boundaries of the indictment, 3)

his right to a speedy trial was violated, 4) the evidence was legally and factually insufficient

and 5) he received ineffective assistance of counsel. We affirm.
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Background

Jason Cashon, an assistant district attorney with Erath County, testified that he was

handling a criminal case against an individual by the name of Marcos Gallardo who

eventually pled guilty and was granted deferred adjudication. Cashon met with appellant

who had advised him that Gallardo was the subject of an INS hold in San Antonio and

appellant was attempting to keep Gallardo from being deported. Appellant advised

Cashon he was not an attorney but was trying to help Gallardo as a friend. Cashon

testified that he would not be able to help appellant and that he later learned appellant had

filed a petition for a writ of habeas corpus for Gallardo based on newly discovered evidence

in another court. This petition was denied, and appellant filed an appeal from the denial

in the Eastland Court of Appeals. While the appeal pended, Cashon contacted Officer Joe

Hutson, a Texas Ranger, regarding an investigation into whether appellant had contacted

the victim in the Gallardo case in support of his habeas petition. Based on Hutson’s

investigation, appellant was indicted by the grand jury. 

Leroy Gaitan, a constable in Erath County, testified that he had been contacted by

appellant in reference to Gallardo. Furthermore, he testified that he met with appellant at

appellant’s office where the discussion centered on preventing Gallardo from being

deported. Appellant advised Gaitan that one way to prevent deportation was to have

someone talk to the victim’s mother to convince her to drop the charges. Another involved

Gaitan signing a letter to the Texas Board of Pardons and Paroles, Executive Clemency

Section, in Austin, wherein Gaitan would vouch for Gallardo’s character. 
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While talking with appellant, the subject came up that Gaitan was running for

constable, an elected office. Subsequently, appellant requested Gaitan to speak to the

mother of the victim in Gallardo’s case. Gaitan testified that if he saw her he would let her

know to come and talk with appellant. Thereafter, several phone calls ensued with

appellant asking Gaitan if he had talked to the mother. The topic of a fundraiser for Gaitan

was also broached. Finally, Gaitan met with a gentleman recommended by appellant to

assist in a campaign fundraiser in Proctor, Comanche County, Texas. Appellant appeared

to Gaitan prior to the actual meeting and wrote him a check in the amount of $100 for his

campaign. He also handed Gaitan a folder that contained false affidavits prepared for the

signatures of the victim in Gallardo’s case and her mother.

According to Gaitan, appellant stated several times that the check was not a bribe

but that he thanked him for helping out with talking to the victim’s mother. Furthermore,

appellant told Gaitan that it was urgent that the false affidavits be signed so he could file

them with documents he planned on filing in court. According to Gaitan, appellant told him

that Gallardo had funds available to Gaitan, the victim, and her mother. Appellant also

advised Gaitan that there was a place available to him for his fundraiser in exchange for

helping him. Gaitan began to feel uneasy about the situation and decided not to cash the

check. Subsequently, he continued to receive phone calls from appellant at his home

during which calls appellant assured him funds were available for both him and the victim’s

mother. 
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Gaitan eventually met with the victim’s mother and advised her that appellant

wanted to talk with her but he did not give her the affidavits. Instead, he turned the

affidavits over to the Texas Rangers. 

Joe Hutson, of the Texas Rangers, testified that he assists other law enforcement

agencies and prosecutor’s offices with criminal investigations. He was contacted by the

District Attorney’s office in Erath County concerning appellant. Based on his investigation,

he believed appellant had offered money in exchange for the signed affidavits. 

Appellant testified that he never told Gaitan that there were funds available to him

or to the victim’s mother. Appellant denied offering any benefits to Gaitan in exchange for

his obtaining signatures on the affidavits. The jury convicted appellant of bribery. 

Issue One - Prosecutorial Misconduct

Appellant complains in his first issue of prosecutorial misconduct based on the

following arguments: 1) the prosecutor had never attended law school according to the

Texas State Bar, 2) the prosecutor offered not to prosecute Gaitan in exchange for his

testimony, 3) the prosecutor failed to elect which theory the State was going to the jury on

until after the State rested, 4) the evidence shows that the theory the State elected

occurred in Comanche County and not Erath County and the prosecutor knew this, and

5) various statements made by the prosecutor in closing arguments were prejudicial. We

overrule the issue for several reasons.

First, while appellant cites various instances of conduct undertaken by the

prosecutor, he provides no authority illustrating or explanation developing how those

instances evince impropriety. Why referring to appellant as “this guy” or using the phrase
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“don’t do this shuck and jive stuff” transgressed acceptable boundaries was left to our

imagination. Instead, the sum and substance of appellant’s discourse involved reference

to laudable policies and concepts regarding the need for prosecutors to act with propriety.

But, again, how those concepts applied to the prosecutor’s actions or illustrated those

actions to be improper went unmentioned. At best, appellant merely concluded that the

prosecutor engaged in misconduct. Given this, we cannot say that appellant complied with

Texas Rule of Appellate Procedure 38.1 and adequately briefed his complaints. Thus, they

were waived. Vasquez v. State, 22 S.W.3d 28, 31 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 2000, no pet.)

(holding that the failure to develop argument and cite to pertinent authority was inadequate

briefing which resulted in the waiving of those issues). 

We further note that various of appellant’s protestations were simply wrong. For

instance, and contrary to the insinuations otherwise, prosecutors may promise not to

prosecute witnesses in exchange for their testimony. Graham v. State, 994 S.W.2d 651,

653-54 (Tex. Crim. App. 1999). So too did evidence of record indicate that acts

undertaken by appellant occurred in both Erath and Comanche Counties; so, the allegation

that the prosecutor opted to prosecute appellant in an improper county (i.e. Erath) was and

is baseless. 

And, as for the allegation that it was improper for the prosecutor to state at closing:

“[a]nd I submit to you the choices in this case are clear, either [appellant] is correct, and

Jason Cashon is a liar, Lee Roy Gaitan is a liar, Joe Hutson is a liar, and I’m a liar . . . ,”

we note that appellant had testified that the prosecutor was a liar. Thus, the prosecutor

was entitled to mention that bit of evidence. See Wesbrook v. State, 29 S.W.3d 103, 115
Venue may be established by direct or circumstantial evidence, Black v. State, 645 S.W .2d 789, 790 1

(Tex. Crim. App. 1983), and a jury may make reasonable inferences from the evidence to decide the issue

of venue. Edwards v. State, 97 S.W .3d 279, 285 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2003, pet. ref'd). W e view

all the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict and then determine whether a rational trier of fact

could have found venue was proper by a preponderance of the evidence. See Hooper v. State, 214 S.W .3d

9, 13 (Tex. Crim. App. 2007); TEX.CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 13.17 (Vernon 2005). The jury, as the trier of

fact, is the sole judge of the credibility of witnesses. See Moreno v. State, 755 S.W .2d 866, 867 (Tex. Crim.

App.1988). The jury chooses whether or not to believe all or part of a witness's testimony. See id. W e do

not engage in a second evaluation of the weight and credibility of the evidence. Muniz v. State, 851 S.W .2d

238, 246 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993); Harris v. State, 164 S.W .3d 775, 784 (Tex. App.–Houston [14th Dist.] 2005,

pet. ref'd). Thus, if there is evidence establishing venue by a preponderance, we are not authorized to reverse

the judgment on sufficiency of the evidence grounds. See Black v. State, 645 S.W .2d at 791. Furthermore,

it is well settled that the "on or about" language of an indictment allows the State to prove a date other than

the one alleged as long as the date proven is anterior to the presentment of the indictment and within the

statutory limitation period. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 21.02(6) (Vernon 2009); Wright v. State, 28

S.W .3d 526, 532 (Tex. Crim. App. 2000). 

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(Tex. Crim. App. 2000) (recognizing that a prosecutor may discuss the evidence and

answer opposing arguments during his summation). 

Issue Two - Venue

Appellant next contends that he was prosecuted in Erath County when the actual

offense occurred in Comanche County. This allegedly is so because Gaitan testified that

it was during his meeting in Comanche County that appellant allegedly said that additional

funds were available to him. We overrule the issue.1

While there is evidence that some events occurred in Comanche County, Gaitan

testified that he received several phone calls to his home in Erath County. Those calls

concerned the affidavits and the offer of additional funds. Thus, and as previously

mentioned, there was evidence that criminal conduct underlying the prosecution occurred

in both counties. So, prosecuting the matter in Erath County was appropriate.
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Issue Three - Speedy Trial

Appellant contends that his constitutional rights were violated when he was denied

a speedy trial. We overrule the issue.

 The right to a speedy trial encompasses not only the mere right to speed but also

to an "orderly expedition" of the charge. United States v. Marion, 404 U.S. 307, 313, 92

S.Ct. 455, 459-60, 30 L.Ed.2d 468 (1971); State v. Munoz, 991 S.W.2d 818, 821 (Tex.

Crim. App.1999). And, in determining whether both were afforded the accused, the United

States Supreme Court announced in Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. 514, 92 S.Ct. 2182, 33

L.Ed.2d 101 (1972), that four indicia must be balanced. They consist of the 1) length of

the delay, 2) reason for the delay, 3) time at which the defendant asserted the right, and

4) prejudice, if any, suffered by the defendant due to the delay. Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S.

at 530, 92 S.Ct. at 2192, 33 L.Ed.2d at 116-17; Johnson v. State, 954 S.W.2d 770, 771

(Tex. Crim. App. 1997). Inherent in factors two and three is an assessment of the conduct

of both the State and defendant. State v. Munoz, 991 S.W.2d at 821 (citing Barker, 407

U.S. at 530, 92 S.Ct. at 2192, 33 L.Ed.2d at 118). Furthermore, while "[n]o single . . .

factor is a 'necessary or sufficient condition to the finding' of a speedy trial violation," State

v. Munoz, 991 S.W.2d at 821; Barker v. Wingo, 407 U.S. at 533, 92 S.Ct. at 2193, 33

L.Ed.2d at 118, it is necessary that the court first find an undue delay. Simply put, if there

is no such delay, then there is no reason to address the remaining indicia.

 Next, in analyzing the trial court's decision, the reviewing court balances the four

factors anew. Johnson v. State, 954 S.W.2d at 771. That is, while the trial court's

resolution of the historical facts particular to the case is entitled to our deference, State v.
8

Munoz, 991 S.W.2d at 821, application of those facts to the four indicia itemized above

involves a question of law. Johnson v. State, 954 S.W.2d at 771. And, being a question

of law, it undergoes review de novo. State v. Munoz, 991 S.W.2d at 821; Johnson v. State,

954 S.W.2d at 771. We now turn to the circumstances at bar.

a. Length of Delay

The delay here exceeded three years. Given that the seventeen-month lapse

existent in Munoz was deemed sufficiently prejudicial to trigger consideration of the

remaining Barker factors, we conclude that the span before us does so as well.

b. Reason for the Delay

The appellant once moved for continuance which undoubtedly postponed resolution

of the cause to some extent. Furthermore, appellant’s counsel requested to withdraw,

which request was denied on March 31, 2008. Later, new defense counsel substituted for

the old on May 2, 2008. The latter also filed the aforementioned motion for continuance.

Eventually, trial was held on October 26, 2008, over six months after substitution of

counsel. Yet, that fact did not then, and does not now, explain why trial was delayed as

it was. Nor could the onus be placed upon the State for it had consistently announced that

it was ready to proceed. Furthermore, we do not accept the appellant's insinuation that the

State should be charged with the delay because it had the obligation to have its allegations

tried. Admittedly, the State is the party seeking to convict appellant. As such, it must

timely prepare for trial. Yet, preparing its case for trial is the only aspect of the proceeding

over which it has control. It cannot legally or theoretically determine when trial will be had;
Appellant's motion was framed as a motion to dismiss. This fact potentially weakens appellant's 2

case, as "a dismissal instead of a speedy trial weakens [a speedy trial] claim because it shows a desire to

have no trial instead of a speedy trial." Parkerson v. State, 942 S.W .2d 789, 791 (Tex. App.–Fort W orth 1997,

no pet.). But "[e]ach case must turn on its own facts, and the particular relief a defendant seeks is but one

fact to consider." Phillips v. State, 650 S.W .2d 396, 401 (Tex. Crim. App. 1983).

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that task falls within the rather exclusive bailiwick of the trial judge. Thus, we cannot say

that this factor weighs heavily in favor of appellant. 

c. Assertion of Right

The fact that appellant invoked the right to a speedy trial in July of 2007 is

undisputed. Appellant was arrested April 4, 2005, so over two years after his arrest

appellant asserted his right to a speedy trial. The failure to invoke the right earlier does 2

not amount to waiver.

d. Prejudice

The last factor we address is prejudice. According to precedent, it must be

assessed with an eye towards the interests which a speedy trial was designed to protect.

State v. Munoz, 991 S.W.2d at 826. Those interests consist of 1) preventing oppressive

pretrial incarceration, 2) minimizing the anxiety and concern of the accused, and 3) limiting

the chance that the accused's defense will be impaired. Id. Of these indicia, the last is

most important since the inability to adequately defend one's self affects the fairness of the

entire system. Id. And, while unsaid by most courts, it is nonetheless a necessity that the

prejudice in question emanate from the delay. In other words, there must be a causal

relationship between the two. If this was not so, then logically the factor would be of no

importance. Anderson v. State, 8 S.W.3d 387, 392 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 1999, pet. ref’d).
10

With the foregoing in mind, we turn to the record before us and immediately note

that appellant was not incarcerated while awaiting adjudication. In fact, he bonded out of

jail on the same day he was arrested. And, though appellant contends before us that the

delay “made it impossible for [him] to obtain proper investigation and the locating of an

expert,” he fails to explain how his investigation was impeded or what expert was desired

but could not be obtained. Nor does he explain about what the expert would have testified.

This is of import because to show prejudice caused by lost testimony, an appellant must

establish that the witness was unavailable at the time of trial, that the testimony of the

supposed expert was relevant and material to the defense, and that due diligence was

used to locate him. Swisher v. State, 544 S.W.2d 379, 382 (Tex. Crim. App.1976);

Parkerson v. State, 942 S.W.2d 789, 792 (Tex. App.–Fort Worth 1997, no pet.). Again,

appellant failed in that regard. So, we cannot say that the last factor bodes in his favor.

In sum, and upon considering the evidence of record in relation to the Barker

elements, we cannot say that appellant was denied a speedy trial. 

Issues Four and Five - Sufficiency of the Evidence to Support Conviction 

In his fourth and fifth issues, appellant contends that the evidence was legally and

factually insufficient to support his conviction because 1) it failed to show that he offered

any consideration to Gaitan to influence him to violate a duty of his position as a peace

officer and 2) the false affidavits could not have affected the outcome of Gallardo’s criminal

case. The issues are overruled. 

We review challenges to the sufficiency of the evidence under the standards

discussed in Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979) and
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Watson v. State, 204 S.W.3d 404 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006). Next, a person commits bribery

“if he intentionally or knowingly offers, confers, or agrees to confer on another, or solicits,

accepts, or agrees to accept from another: . . . (3) any benefit as consideration for a

violation of a duty imposed by law on a public servant or party official.” TEX. PENAL CODE

§36.02(a)(3) (Vernon 2003). Regarding the matter of Gaitan being a public servant or

official, appellant says that there is no evidence “Gaitan represented himself to be a peace

officer when he met with [the victim’s mother] or that she had any idea that he was at that

time a peace officer.” The bribery statute says nothing which could lead one to logically

conclude that the victim’s mother had to know Gaitan was a peace officer. 

Appellant also contends that because Gaitan was working as a “security guard” at

a local college he was not a peace officer as contemplated by the statute. According to

the record though, Gaitan was a campus police officer with Tarleton State University in

Erath County. Being a campus officer, he was authorized to enforce traffic laws, make

warrantless arrests for offenses committed in his presence, and otherwise carry out the

duties of a peace officer anywhere in the county or counties in which the commissioning

institution owns or controls property. TEX.EDUC. CODE ANN. §51.203 (Vernon 2006). This

is some evidence upon which a rational jury could conclude beyond reasonable doubt that

Gaitan was a peace officer for purposes of the bribery statute. 

Appellant further contends that he did not ask Gaitan to do anything in connection

with a duty imposed by law upon him in his capacity as a public servant. That peace

officers are required by law to preserve the peace and suppress crime is beyond doubt.

See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 2.13(a) & (b)(1) (Vernon 2005) (so requiring). That

executing a false affidavit may constitute a crime is also clear. See TEX.PENAL CODE ANN.
12

§37.02(a)(1) (Vernon 2003) (stating that a person commits an offense if, with intent to

deceive and with knowledge of the statement’s meaning, he makes a false statement

under oath or swears to the truth of a false statement previously made and the statement

is required or authorized by law to be made under oath); Martin v. State, 896 S.W.2d 336,

338-40 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 1995, no pet.) (discussing what constitutes the crime of

perjury). So, Gaitan, a peace officer charged with the duty to suppress crime, was

effectively solicited by appellant to assist another to engage in perjury. That, at the very

least, is more than some evidence to afford a rational jury to conclude, beyond reasonable

doubt, that appellant engaged in bribery. And, such a finding would not be manifestly

unjust given the totality of the evidence. 

Next, appellant contends that the evidence was insufficient to support bribery

because the false affidavits in question could not be used to affect the outcome of a judicial

proceeding. However, the accusation which the State elected to submit to the jury and

which was submitted said nothing of attempting to influence a judicial proceeding. So, it

does not matter whether the State proved that the documents could have been so used.

Issue Six - Ineffective Assistance

Appellant finally asserts that he was denied the effective assistance of counsel. This

allegedly was so because trial counsel 1) failed to object to inflammatory statements made

by the prosecuting attorney which included his opinions of appellant’s guilt, 2) failed to

anticipate that Gaitan would change his testimony, 3) had a duty to investigate and not

delegate his investigation to an investigator, 4) failed to subpoena the victim’s mother who

could refute Gaitan’s testimony and 5) failed to prepare appellant to testify at trial. We

overrule the issue for the following reasons.
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First, appellant had the obligation to prove that counsel was deficient and that the

deficiency caused prejudice. Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 104 S.Ct. 2052, 80

L.Ed.2d 674 (1984); Smith v. State, 286 S.W.3d 333, 342 (Tex. Crim. App. 2009). With

regard to the latter element, he simply discussed aspects of the law and then 

suggest[ed] that the totality of counsel’s constitutionally deficient performance

prejudiced his defense and that counsel’s errors were so serious that he was

actually undermining the proper functioning of the adversarial process to the

extent that the trial cannot be relied on as having produced just results and

that but for Mr. Morris’ performance the result would have been different. 

No attempt was made to explain or establish why that would be so. Making a mistake,

assuming one was made, does not ipso facto create prejudice. Nor will we assume that it

does. Appellant had to establish prejudice, and he did not. 

 Second, appellant’s factual allegations regarding counsel’s failure to adequately

investigate and prepare for trial and subpoena witnesses contain no citation to the appellate

record. Indeed, they are merely allegations uttered by appellant in his brief, and as such

are not evidence which we can consider. Jones v. State, 478 S.W.2d 937, 938 fn.1( Tex.

Crim. App. 1972); Robertson v. State, 168 Tex. Crim. 35, 322 S.W.2d 620, 622 (1959)

(stating that allegations contained in a brief are not evidence). Nor are the copies of

purported emails from counsel susceptible to consideration simply because appellant

attached them to his brief. See Anderson v. State, 445 S.W.2d 752, 754 (Tex. Crim. App.

1969) (holding that merely attaching documents to a brief does not make them evidence).

Finally, withholding objection to closing argument is frequently a matter of legitimate

trial strategy. Hubbard v. State, 770 S.W.2d 31, 45 (Tex. App.–Dallas 1989, pet. ref'd).

Thus, evidence of counsel's strategy, if any, was and is crucial to determining whether he
14

was ineffective. Yet, nothing of record indicates why counsel withheld complaint about the

argument appellant deemed objectionable. Without such evidence, we cannot say that the

record before us sufficiently rebuts the strong presumption that counsel exercised

reasonably professional judgment. Thompson v. State, 9 S.W.3d 808 (Tex. Crim. App.

1999).

Having overrule each issue, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

Brian Quinn

 Chief Justice

Do not publish.