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# The History and Future of Quantum Information

### Two of the most important fields in the 20th century have come together to revolutionize the 21st.

by **Ben P. Stein**

When two good things get together, they can create something even better. That’s the case with quantum information—the marriage of quantum physics and computing theory. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has contributed to much of its history and is helping to shape its future.

##### INTRODUCTION:A NEW QUANTUM REVOLUTION

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##### QUANTUMSUPREMACY

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##### THE STRANGE WORLD OFQUANTUM PHYSICS

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### NIST JUMP-STARTS QUANTUM INFORMATION

NIST had a major head start in quantum information in the 1990s. NIST researchers already had qubits—but under a different name.

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##### QUANTUM LOGICGATES

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##### THE RACE TO BUILD AQUANTUM COMPUTER

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##### CRYPTOGRAPHY INTHE QUANTUM AGE

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### QUANTUM INFORMATION APPLICATIONSWITHOUT COMPUTERS

You don’t even need a quantum computer for many powerful applications of quantum information. Many useful things can be done with the underlying technology. NIST researchers are developing the technology and exploring applications on multiple fronts.

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##### THE SECOND QUANTUMREVOLUTION

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