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# 1997--First programmable 1-volt standard

NIST made the first programmable 1-volt standard, which had 32,768 junctions on a 1-centimeter square chip. This was the first demonstration of the new normal-metal junction barrier technology that produced large numbers of junctions with uniform electrical characteristics, even though each junction is only 2 micrometers by 2 micrometers in size. Programmable arrays are ideal for automated measurement systems. The stability of the programmable steps enabled the first detailed characterization of voltmeters.

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March 30, 2011

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