IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

SOUTHERN DIVISION

ALLEN CAMPBELL, )

 )

Plaintiff, )

)

v. ) CIVIL ACTION 14-0517-WS-N

 )

VERIZON WIRELESS, LLC, et al., )

 )

Defendants. )

ORDER

This matter comes before the Court on the Motion to Compel Arbitration and Stay 

Judicial Proceedings (doc. 5) filed by defendants Verizon Wireless, LLC, Verizon Wireless and 

Verizon (collectively, “Verizon”). Also pending are dueling Motions to Strike Affidavits (docs. 

15 & 26) filed by plaintiff and Verizon during the course of briefing the Motion to Compel 

Arbitration.1

 1 With regard to the Motions to Strike, plaintiff’s Motion to Strike Affidavit of 

Jennifer Dalmida (doc. 15) is denied. In relevant part, the Dalmida Affidavit authenticates 

certain business records on which Verizon relies and contains statements outlining Verizon 

policies and procedures. Contrary to plaintiff’s Motion to Strike, these portions of the Dalmida 

Affidavit are specific, based on personal knowledge, and relevant to the Motion to Compel 

Arbitration. Plaintiff’s accompanying Rule 56(d) request (incorrectly cited as Rule 56(f)) is 

likewise denied because Campbell does not require discovery at this time as to the relevant 

portions of the Dalmida Affidavit. If Campbell did not sign the subject agreements or was not 

given the subject documents, then he would know that (and be able to argue that) on the Motion 

to Compel Arbitration without formal discovery. However, Campbell has not denied signing 

those agreements or receiving those documents, nor has he professed ignorance about whether he 

did or did not. Verizon’s tit-for-tat Motion to Strike Affidavit of Allen F. Campbell (doc. 26) is 

denied because the Court need not consider (and has not considered) the objected-to portions of 

the Campbell Affidavit (the vast majority of which are legally improper, irrelevant, and/or do not 

comport with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure) in adjudicating the Motion to Compel 

Arbitration. Nothing in the Campbell Affidavit would alter the analysis or outcome of the 

Motion to Compel Arbitration in any meaningful respect; therefore, no constructive purpose 

would be served by striking it.

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I. Relevant Background.

Allen Campbell, a retired attorney proceeding pro se,

2 commenced this action by filing a 

Complaint (doc. 1) against Verizon Wireless (VAW) LLC, Verizon Wireless, Verizon, 

Diversified Consultants, Inc., Experian Information Solutions, Inc. and TransUnion LLC. Wellpleaded factual allegations in the Complaint reflect that Campbell entered into a contract with 

Verizon for wireless communications service in February 2008, and remained in such a 

contractual relationship with Verizon until he canceled the contract in April 2013. Plaintiff 

acknowledges in his pleading that it was “understood that existing wireless service under the 

02/04/[2008] contract would continue until cancellation,” without regard to any otherwise 

specified contract end date. (Doc. 1, ¶ 10.)

Sometime after terminating his Verizon contract, the Complaint alleges, Campbell 

learned that Verizon claimed that he owed $148.44 for a contract for 4G Internet service that 

Campbell had allegedly entered into at a Verizon store in Harvey, Louisiana in October 2011. 

Campbell denies having agreed to a service contract with Verizon in October 2011. He further 

denies signing up for or receiving 4G service or equipment from Verizon, or having any contact 

in October 2011 with a Verizon store in Harvey, Louisiana. Far from signing up for 4G service, 

as Verizon’s bills reflected, Campbell alleges that he “had declined an upgrade to 4G service” 

from Verizon on his existing service contract. (Id., ¶ 17.) The Complaint states that, even as

Verizon representatives apologized and acknowledged the error, Verizon continued to bill 

 2 As a general rule, “[p]ro se pleadings are held to a less stringent standard than 

pleadings drafted by attorneys and will, therefore, be liberally construed.” Tannenbaum v. 

United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998). Nonetheless, the application of those 

principles is attenuated here because Campbell is a retired attorney with formal training and 

considerable experience in the law. See, e.g., Olivares v. Martin, 555 F.2d 1192, 1194 n.1 (5th

Cir. 1977) (“Mr. Olivares proceeds pro se in his appeal. We cannot accord him the advantage of 

the liberal construction of his complaint normally given pro se litigants ... because he is a 

licensed attorney.”) (citation omitted); Holtz v. Rockefeller & Co., 258 F.3d 62, 82 n.4 (2nd Cir. 

2001) (“pro se attorneys such as Holtz typically cannot claim the special consideration which the 

courts customarily grant to pro se parties”); Thomas v. Humfield, 1994 WL 442484, *3 (5th Cir. 

Aug. 2, 1994) (“With his formal legal training, Thomas should be expected to understand and to 

observe court procedures that we might otherwise be willing to excuse if neglected by typical 

pro se claimants.”); Godlove v. Bamberger, Foreman, Oswald, and Hahn, 903 F.2d 1145, 1148 

(7th Cir. 1990) (“Ordinarily, we treat the efforts of pro se applicants gently, but a pro se lawyer is 

entitled to no special consideration.”).

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Campbell for the disputed $148.44 amount, referred the matter to defendant Diversified 

Consultants, Inc. for collections, and made derogatory credit reports about Campbell to 

defendants Experian Information Solutions, Inc. and TransUnion, LLC. According to the 

Complaint, Experian and TransUnion both failed to conduct reasonable investigations or correct 

Verizon’s erroneous reporting information when Campbell notified them of the dispute. As for 

Diversified Consultants, the Complaint alleges that this defendant harassed Campbell with 

repeated collection calls to his cell phone demanding immediate payment of both the Verizon 

invoice and a separate collection fee, despite being placed on notice that Campbell had disputed 

the debt, and informing him that the harassing calls would never stop unless he paid Diversified 

Consultants directly.

Based on these factual allegations, Campbell’s Complaint interposes claims against 

defendants for violation of the Fair Debt Collection Practices Act, 15 U.S.C. §§ 1692 et seq.

(“FDCPA”); violation of the Fair Credit Reporting Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1681 (“FCRA”); violation of 

the Telephone Consumer Protection Act, 47 U.S.C. § 227 (“TCPA”); negligence per se for 

“caller ID spoofing” by Diversified Consultants, in violation of the Truth in Caller ID Act, 47 

U.S.C. § 277;3 and fraud. Focusing on the Verizon defendants, the causes of action outlined in 

the Complaint are as follows: (i) Verizon violated the FDCPA by making false or misleading 

representations about the character, amount or status of Campbell’s debt, using false or unfair 

means to collect a debt, and falsely implying that Campbell had failed to fulfill contractual 

promises with the intent of causing him humiliation and disgrace; (ii) Verizon violated the FCRA 

by failing to conduct and/or report the results of a reasonable investigation into Campbell’s 

dispute of the adverse credit reporting information it supplied to TransUnion and Experian; and 

(iii) Verizon engaged in fraud by representing that Campbell had requested and received 4G 

wireless service and equipment, knowing such representations to be false and intending to harm 

Campbell, and by knowingly making false representations to TransUnion and Experian about his 

alleged debt.

 3 The Complaint repeatedly cites “47 U.S.C. § 277” for the Truth in Caller ID Act 

(see doc. 1, ¶¶ 97-98); however, no such citation exists. Rather, the Truth in Caller ID Act of 

2009 made certain amendments to 47 U.S.C. § 227. See Pub.L. 111-331, 124 Stat. 3572.

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The Verizon defendants now seek to compel arbitration of Campbell’s claims against 

them, reasoning that such claims are within the ambit of arbitration provisions in a pair of written 

agreements that Campbell executed in February 2008 and May 2010. As to the former, on 

February 4, 2008, Campbell entered into a two-year agreement with Verizon for a 

“BroadbandAccess” calling plan.4 (Dalmida Decl. (doc. 5, Exh. A), at Exh. 1.) This plan gave 

Campbell “Mobile Broadband 3G portable wireless unlimited 3G ‘hotspot’ service.” (Doc. 1, ¶ 

8.) In that agreement, Campbell expressly agreed “to the current Verizon Wireless Customer 

Agreement (CA) .... I understand that I am agreeing to ... settlement of disputes by arbitration 

and other means instead of jury trials and other important terms in the CA.” (Dalmida Decl., at 

Exh. 1.) The subject “Customer Agreement” includes a provision styled “Dispute Resolution 

and Mandatory Arbitration” (the “2008 Arbitration Clause”), whose terms are set forth in all 

capital letters and contained in a separate box in the Agreement.5 The 2008 Arbitration Clause 

provides that “we each agree to settle disputes (except certain small claims) only by arbitration”

under the Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) and reflects that this requirement applies to “any 

controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this agreement, or any prior agreement for 

wireless service with us ..., or any product or service provided under or in connection with this 

agreement or such a prior agreement.” (Id. at Exh. 2, p. 6.)6 It appears undisputed that Campbell 

received a copy of this Customer Agreement (including the 2008 Arbitration Clause) as of 

February 4, 2008.

 4 To be clear, the agreement would not automatically terminate after two years; 

rather, the accompanying Customer Agreement clarified that “you’re agreeing to maintain 

service with us for your minimum term. ... After that, you’ll become a month-to-month customer 

under this agreement” until Campbell terminated service. (Doc. 5, Exh. A at Exh 2.) As pleaded 

in the Complaint, Campbell maintained his contract with Verizon under the 2008 agreement until 

cancelling service in April 2013. (Doc. 1, ¶ 11 (“Later, in April 2013, and per the 02/04/2008 

agreement, Plaintiff cancelled his contract with Verizon Wireless via telephone with a Verizon 

Wireless Customer Service representative.”).)

5 The 2008 Arbitration Clause bears a specific notation in the form of a ∞ symbol, 

which the contract defines as meaning that this provision remains in full force and effect after the 

Agreement ends.

6 In its principal brief, Verizon misquotes material portions of this language (doc. 5, 

at 4) and incorrectly characterizes it as “identical” to corresponding language in the 2010 

Arbitration Clause (id. at 6). This Court’s analysis looks to the agreement’s actual verbiage.

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As to the latter agreement, on May 25, 2010, Campbell visited a Verizon store, “likely for 

a replacement wireless card.” (Doc. 1, ¶ 10.). At that time, Campbell signed another agreement 

in which he acknowledged, “I agree to the current Verizon Wireless Customer Agreement (CA) 

... for services and selected features I have agreed to purchase as reflected on the receipt .... I 

understand that I am agreeing to ... settlement of disputes by arbitration and other means instead 

of jury trials and other important terms in the CA.” (Dalmida Decl., at Exh. 3.) The referenced 

“Customer Agreement” includes a provision labeled “How Do I Resolve Disputes with Verizon 

Wireless?” (the “2010 Arbitration Clause”) and set off from the remainder of the Agreement in a 

separate box. The 2010 Arbitration Clause states that “[y]ou and Verizon Wireless both agree to 

resolve disputes only by arbitration or in small claims court,” confirms that “[t]he Federal 

Arbitration Act applies to this agreement,” and specifies that “any dispute that results from this 

agreement or from the Services you receive from us ... will be resolved by one or more neutral 

arbitrators.” (Id. at Exh. 4, p. 4.) The parties appear to concur that Campbell received a copy of 

this iteration of the Customer Agreement (including the 2010 Arbitration Clause) 

contemporaneously with signing the agreement on May 25, 2010.

II. Analysis.

A. Legal Standard Governing Arbitration Agreements.

The Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”) provides that written agreements to arbitrate “shall 

be valid, irrevocable, and enforceable, save upon such grounds as exist at law or in equity for the 

revocation of any contract.” 9 U.S.C. § 2.7 In accordance with the FAA, it is well settled that 

“courts must place arbitration agreements on an equal footing with other contracts, and enforce 

them according to their terms.” Inetianbor v. CashCall, Inc., 768 F.3d 1346, 1349 (11th Cir. 

2014) (citations omitted); see also In re Checking Account Overdraft Litigation MDL No. 2036, 

674 F.3d 1252, 1255 (11th Cir. 2012) (recognizing that “[a]rbitration is a matter of contract” and 

that “interpretation of an arbitration agreement is generally a matter of state law,” subject to the 

FAA’s limitation that such agreements are “on an equal footing with other contracts”) (citations 

omitted). “We must interpret the agreement by reading the words of the contract in the context 

 7 Plaintiff does not dispute that the FAA applies here, nor could he reasonably do 

so. The subject arbitration clauses specify that they are governed by the FAA; moreover, those 

agreements appear to fit comfortably within the parameters of 9 U.S.C. § 2, including its 

“involving commerce” requirement.

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of the entire contract and construing the contract to effectuate the parties’ intent.” Inetianbor, 

768 F.3d at 1353 (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); see also Stolt-Nielsen S.A. v. 

AnimalFeeds Int’l Corp., 559 U.S. 662, 682, 130 S.Ct. 1758, 176 L.Ed.2d 605 (2010) (“Whether 

enforcing an agreement to arbitrate or construing an arbitration clause, courts and arbitrators 

must give effect to the contractual rights and expectations of the parties.”) (citation and internal 

quotation marks omitted).

In construing arbitration agreements under the FAA to give effect to the parties’ intent, 

courts must take into account the strong federal policy favoring enforcement of arbitration 

agreements. In that regard, “federal courts interpret arbitration clauses broadly where possible,” 

such that “any doubts concerning the scope of arbitral issues should be resolved in favor of 

arbitration.” Solymar Investments, Ltd. v. Banco Santander S.A., 672 F.3d 981, 988 (11th Cir. 

2012) (citations omitted). “When interpreting an arbitration agreement, due regard must be 

given to the federal policy favoring arbitration, and ambiguities to the scope of the arbitration 

clause itself resolved in favor of arbitration.” Inetianbor, 768 F.3d at 1353 (citation and internal 

quotation marks omitted); see also Martinez v. Carnival Corp., 744 F.3d 1240, 1246 (11th Cir. 

2014) (“When parties agree to arbitrate some matters pursuant to an arbitration clause, the law’s 

permissive policies in respect to arbitration counsel that any doubts concerning the scope of 

arbitral issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration.”) (citation and internal quotation marks 

omitted). Of course, this presumption in favor of arbitrability is applied “only where a validly 

formed and enforceable arbitration agreement is ambiguous about whether it covers the dispute 

at hand, and where the presumption is not rebutted.” Martinez, 744 F.3d at 1246 (citation and 

internal quotation marks omitted). Notwithstanding the federal policy favoring arbitration 

agreements, “this policy does not override the wishes of parties who have restricted the 

circumstances under which they agree to arbitrate disputes.” Ehlen Floor Covering, Inc. v. 

Lamb, 660 F.3d 1283, 1288 (11th Cir. 2011); see also Klay v. All Defendants, 389 F.3d 1191, 

1200 (11th Cir. 2004) (“the FAA’s strong proarbitration policy only applies to disputes that the 

parties have agreed to arbitrate”). These principles inform the Court’s analysis of the pending 

Motion to Compel Arbitration.8

 8 In his brief, Campbell insists that no presumption in favor of arbitration applies, 

urges the Court to apply a Rule 56 summary judgment standard, and asks that the arbitrability 

(Continued)

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B. Whether Arbitration Is Properly Compelled as to Campbell’s Claims Against 

the Verizon Defendants.

In the Motion to Compel Arbitration, Verizon makes a substantial, uncontested showing 

that Campbell and Verizon entered into two agreements containing binding arbitration clauses 

and that such contracts involved interstate commerce. By doing so, Verizon has satisfied its 

initial burden in support of its Motion. See King v. Cintas Corp., 920 F. Supp.2d 1263, 1267 

 

question be decided by a jury. (See doc. 14, at 8-12.) These contentions miss the mark. For 

starters, Campbell ascribes a quotation to the Supreme Court decision in First Options of 

Chicago, Inc. v. Kaplan, that does not appear therein, and takes language out of context from 

Allstar Homes v. Waters, 711 So.2d 924, 929 (Ala. 1997), rejected by Ex parte Perry, 744 So.2d 

859, 863-67 (Ala. 1999), by distorting it from a contract formation issue to an arbitrability issue. 

(See id. at 9.) More importantly, as to the federal policy favoring arbitration, applicable 

authorities and Supreme Court directives (including those cited supra) are pellucidly clear as to 

when and how that presumption works. Those decisions state plainly that the presumption in 

favor of arbitration applies to questions concerning the scope of arbitrable issues in an arbitration 

agreement. See, e.g., Moses H. Cone Memorial Hosp.v. Mercury Const. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 24-

25, 103 S.Ct. 927, 74 L.Ed.2d 765 (1983) (“The Arbitration Act establishes that, as a matter of 

federal law, any doubts concerning the scope of arbitrable issues should be resolved in favor of 

arbitration, whether the problem at hand is the construction of the contract language itself or an 

allegation of waiver, delay, or a like defense to arbitrability.”); Dasher v. RBC Bank (USA), 745 

F.3d 1111, 1115 (11th Cir. 2014) (presumption of arbitrability “applies when an arbitration 

agreement is ambiguous about whether it covers the dispute at hand”) (citation and internal 

quotation marks omitted). Insofar as Campbell argues otherwise, his contentions are contrary to 

law. With respect to Campbell’s demand for a jury trial on the arbitrability question, case law 

leaves no doubt that “[t]o warrant a jury trial, the party seeking to avoid arbitration must 

unequivocally deny that an agreement to arbitrate was reached and must offer some evidence to 

substantiate the denial.” Lawrence v. Household Bank (SB), N.A., 343 F. Supp.2d 1101, 1111 

(M.D. Ala. 2004) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). Campbell does not deny that 

he entered into arbitration agreements with Verizon in 2008 and 2010; rather, he simply argues 

that the scope of such agreements lacks sufficient breadth to embrace this dispute. That disputed 

issue is one of law for the Court, and is not properly presented to a jury, whether Campbell has 

demanded one or not. See, e.g., Oxford Health Plans LLC v. Sutter, --- U.S. ----, 133 S.Ct. 2064, 

2068 n.2, 186 L.Ed.2d 113 (2013) (questions “such as whether ... a concededly binding 

arbitration clause applies to a certain type of controversy ... are presumptively for courts to 

decide”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted); Granite Rock Co. v. International 

Broth. of Teamsters, 561 U.S. 287, 296, 130 S.Ct. 2847, 177 L.Ed.2d 567 (2010) (“whether 

parties have agreed to submit a particular dispute to arbitration is typically an issue for judicial 

determination”) (citations and internal marks omitted); Multi-Financial Securities Corp. v. King, 

386 F.3d 1364, 1366 (11th Cir. 2004) (characterizing as “questions of law” issues “such as a 

district court’s interpretation of an agreement to arbitrate (and whether it binds the parties to 

arbitrate)”).

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(N.D. Ala. 2013) (recognizing that under Alabama law, “a party seeking to compel arbitration 

must prove (1) the existence of a contract containing an arbitration agreement and (2) that the 

underlying contract evidences a transaction affecting interstate commerce”) (citation omitted). 

Accordingly, the burden shifts to Campbell “to present evidence that the arbitration agreement is 

not valid or that it does not apply to the dispute in question.” Id.9 Campbell focuses his attention

on the latter prong.

1. Whether the Arbitration Clauses Cover a Dispute Relating to Verizon 

Charges for 4G Service and Alleged Billing Fraud after Spring 2013.

Although he raises a plethora of arguments opposing referral of his claims against 

Verizon to arbitration, Campbell leans heavily on his objection that this case is outside the scope 

of the 2008 and 2010 Arbitration Clauses. Simply put, Campbell’s position is that “[t]here is no 

claim in this case that ‘arises out of and relates to the Customer Agreement’ or any other 

obligation associated with the two signed Verizon Wireless contracts.” (Doc. 14, at 2.) He 

reasons that “[t]his is not a contract case” and insists that his Complaint includes no claims 

seeking to hold Verizon liable “for acts relating to the performance of the two signed 

agreements.” (Id. at 3.) He elaborates that, in his view, the 2008 and 2010 agreements ended in 

April 2013 when he canceled his Verizon service, and that Verizon’s alleged wrongful acts

animating his Complaint “occurred after the contracts had ended” and thus “had nothing to do 

with the performance of any signed contracts.” (Id. at 3-4.)10

 9 It is appropriate to consider Alabama law in interpreting the arbitration clauses at 

issue, albeit through the lens of the federal policy favoring arbitration. See, e.g., Volt 

Information Sciences, Inc. v. Board of Trustees of Leland Stanford Junior University, 489 U.S. 

468, 475-76, 109 S.Ct. 1248, 103 L.Ed.2d 488 (1989) (“in applying general state-law principles 

of contract interpretation to the interpretation of an arbitration agreement within the scope of the 

[FAA], ... due regard must be given to the federal policy favoring arbitration, and ambiguities as 

to the scope of the arbitration clause itself resolved in favor of arbitration”); FusionStorm, Inc. v. 

Presidio Networked Solutions, Inc., 871 F. Supp.2d 1345, 1353 (M.D. Fla. 2012) (“In construing 

arbitration agreements within the scope of the FAA, courts apply general state-law principles of 

contract interpretation but also afford due regard to the federal policy favoring arbitration.”).

10 In making such arguments, Campbell also holds forth at length that, in his view, 

an unsigned written agreement from Verizon’s Harvey, Louisiana store dated October 7, 2011 

cannot serve as the legal basis for compelling arbitration in this case. In effect, Campbell is 

building (and subsequently tearing down) a straw man. Nowhere in its Motion to Compel 

Arbitration does Verizon argue (or even suggest) that arbitration may be compelled pursuant to 

an October 7, 2011 agreement from the Harvey, Louisiana store. Plaintiff cannot defeat the 

(Continued)

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Campbell’s argument that his claims against Verizon exceed the scope of the Arbitration 

Clauses because they are unrelated to performance of the signed agreements is unpersuasive. As 

an initial matter, contrary to the crabbed, narrow reading that Campbell assigns them, the 

relevant provisions of these contracts are worded expansively. In particular, the 2008 Arbitration 

Clause specifies that “any controversy or claim arising out of or relating to this agreement” will 

be settled by arbitration. Similarly, the 2010 Arbitration Clause sets forth the parties’ agreement 

to arbitrate “any dispute that results from this agreement or from the Services you receive from 

us.” Such broad language supports a much more liberal interpretation of the parties’ arbitration 

obligations than Campbell would admit. See, e.g., Ivax Corp. v. B. Braun of America, Inc., 286 

F.3d 1309, 1320 n.23 (11th Cir. 2002) (characterizing as a “broad arbitration clause” one “which 

required arbitration of any dispute arising out of or relating to the contract at issue”) (internal 

marks omitted); Oldroyd v. Elmira Sav. Bank, FSB, 134 F.3d 72, 76 (2nd Cir. 1998) (describing 

as a “prototypical broad arbitration provision” one including language covering any dispute 

“arising under or in connection with” the agreement, and opining that “this is precisely the kind 

of broad arbitration clause that justifies a presumption of arbitrability”).

11

Campbell interprets the Arbitration Clauses as covering only those disputes concerning 

(i) the “BroadbandAccess” plan (i.e., the 3G wireless hotspot service) he received from Verizon 

beginning in February 2008 or (ii) the replacement wireless card he received from Verizon in 

May 2010, and only during the time period in which the underlying service contract was in 

 

Motion to Compel Arbitration by systematically dismantling an argument that movants never 

even articulated. Simply put, the so-called “Harvey Contract” is not relevant to the Motion to 

Compel Arbitration (inasmuch as Verizon does not rely on it as a source for Campbell’s alleged 

arbitration obligation in this case) and need not be discussed further herein.

11 See also Terminix Int’l Co., LP v. Palmer Ranch Ltd. Partnership, 432 F.3d 1327, 

1329 & n.1 (11th Cir. 2005) (arbitration clause is “broadly worded” where it provides for 

arbitration of “any controversy or claim ... arising out of or relating to [the] agreement”); Anders 

v. Hometown Mortg. Services, Inc., 346 F.3d 1024, 1028 (11th Cir. 2003) (“The agreement could 

not have been broader. Any disputes means all disputes, because any means all. ... The 

agreement reaches this dispute because the agreement reaches any and all disputes.”) (citations 

and internal quotation marks omitted); Brown v. ITT Consumer Financial Corp., 211 F.3d 1217, 

1221 (11th Cir. 2000) (characterizing arbitration clause covering “any dispute” between the 

parties as “unequivocal and all-encompassing”).

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effect. The problem with engrafting such boundaries onto the Arbitration Clauses is that doing 

so would both ignore language found in the subject agreements and also inject new concepts not 

found in those agreements. As a matter of contract interpretation under Alabama law, this is 

impermissible. See, e.g., Dawkins v. Walker, 794 So.2d 333, 339 (Ala. 2001) (“A court may not 

make a new contract for the parties or rewrite their contract under the guise of construing it.”); 

Matthew’s Masonry Co. v. Aldridge, 25 So.3d 464, 469 (Ala.Civ.App. 2009) (“A court cannot, in 

the guise of contract construction, create a new contract for the parties by ignoring the express 

provisions of the original contract.”).

Specifically, on its face, the 2008 Arbitration Clause applies to “any controversy or claim 

arising out of relating to this agreement.” The provision does not purport to be limited to 

disputes concerning 3G wireless hotspot service, nor does it purport to be temporally constrained

to the period in which the 3G service contract is in effect.12 Similarly, the 2010 Arbitration 

Clause expressly covers “any dispute that results from this agreement or from the Services you 

receive from us.” By its plain terms, the scope of this clause is not restricted to disputes relating 

to the replacement wireless card Campbell obtained when he signed the agreement, nor does the 

Arbitration Clause purport to be limited to disputes arising in a particular temporal span.

Inasmuch as the arbitration agreements do not expressly exclude categories of claims (i.e., claims 

relating to billing disputes for services other than the 3G hotspot service or the replacement 

wireless card, or claims arising after the existing service plan was canceled), this Court cannot 

and will not unilaterally solder such restrictions onto those agreements under the guise of 

interpreting them. See, e.g., Weiner v. Tootsie Roll Industries, Inc., 412 Fed.Appx. 224, 228 

(11th Cir. Feb. 2, 2011) (“Because the Arbitration Act creates a presumption in favor of 

arbitrability, the parties must clearly express their intent to exclude categories of claims from 

their arbitration agreement.”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

Moreover, even assuming that Campbell’s narrowly circumscribed interpretation of the 

Arbitration Clauses were reasonable, Verizon has identified alternative reasonable constructions 

 12 To the contrary, the 2008 Arbitration Clause bears a ∞ symbol, which the 

agreement explains as follows: “THIS AGREEMENT STARTS WHEN YOU ACCEPT. 

Paragraphs marked ‘∞’ continue after it ends.” (Dalmida Decl., at Exh. 2, p.1.) By its plain 

language, then, this agreement clearly rebuts Campbell’s argument that the 2008 Arbitration 

Clause did not survive his cancelation of the service contract in April 2013.

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of those provisions that would favor their application here. In Verizon’s view, the 2008 

Customer Agreement established and governed the customer/provider relationship between 

Campbell and Verizon beginning in February 2008. Under that logic, a dispute between them 

over whether Verizon had properly invoiced Campbell for services provided or whether it had 

engaged in fraudulent or otherwise unlawful billing or debt collection practices as to those 

invoices could reasonably be viewed as a “controversy or claim arising out of or relating to” the 

2008 Customer Agreement (again, the contract on which the parties’ entire relationship for 

provision of and payment for wireless services was based), so as to be arbitrable under the 2008 

Arbitration Clause.13 Similarly, the 2010 Arbitration Clause purports to cover “any dispute that 

results ... from the Services you receive from us.” The term “Services” is not defined in the 

2010 Customer Agreement. Verizon maintains that it provided 4G services to Campbell in 2013, 

and that a dispute arose between the parties as to Verizon’s billing and collection practices for 

those services. A reasonable reading of the 2010 Arbitration Clause would place this dispute 

within the scope of that clause, as one resulting from services that Campbell allegedly received 

from Verizon.

In response, Campbell blasts Verizon’s argument as “a reach” that this Court should not 

indulge. (Doc. 14, at 7.)14 But that is not the standard governing Verizon’s Motion to Compel 

 13 Another way to think of it is as follows: The Eleventh Circuit (and certain 

Alabama authorities cited by plaintiff) has viewed this kind of “arising out of or relating to” 

arbitration clause as meaning that “where the dispute occurs as a fairly direct result of the 

performance of contractual duties ... then the dispute can fairly be said to arise out of or relate to 

the contract in question, and arbitration is required.” Telecom Italia, SpA v. Wholesale Telecom 

Corp., 248 F.3d 1109, 1116 (11th Cir. 2001). Both Customer Agreements at issue in this case 

included detailed recitations of Verizon’s billing practices and obligations. The dispute between 

Campbell and Verizon occurred as a fairly direct result of the manner and methods by which 

Verizon charged him for services and referred his account to collection (i.e., Verizon’s billing 

practices and decisions with regard to Campbell’s account established by the subject Customer 

Agreements); therefore, the dispute can fairly be said to arise out of or relate to those 

agreements, and arbitration is required.

14 In so doing, he relies on Koullas v. Ramsey, 683 So.2d 415, 418 (Ala. 1996), 

while overlooking more recent Alabama Supreme Court decisions that distance themselves from 

the rationale of Koullas and construe arbitration provisions like the ones at issue here broadly. 

See, e.g., Ex parte AIG Baker Orange Beach Wharf, L.L.C., 49 So.3d 1198, 1203 (Ala. 2010) 

(explaining that, “contrary to ... Koullas, ... provisions applying to claims ‘arising out of or 

related to’ a contract are broader in scope than those ‘arising from’ or ‘arising under’”). He also 

(Continued)

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Arbitration. This Court’s assignment is not to pick and choose which of Campbell’s or 

Verizon’s interpretation of the scope of the arbitration agreements it finds to be more plausible or 

less of “a reach.” Again, there is a statutory presumption at issue here, borne of the strong 

federal policy favoring arbitration. Campbell’s analysis would effectively excise that strong 

public policy interest from the equation; however, this Court cannot do so. Instead, the 

undersigned must implement the Supreme Court’s unequivocal directive that “where, as here, 

parties concede that they have agreed to arbitrate some matters pursuant to an arbitration clause, 

the law’s permissive policies in respect to arbitration counsel that any doubts concerning the 

scope of arbitral issues should be resolved in favor of arbitration.” Granite Rock Co. v. 

International Broth. of Teamsters, 561 U.S. 287, 298, 130 S.Ct. 2847, 177 L.Ed.2d 567 (2010) 

(citations and internal quotation marks omitted). What this means is that, where the parties agree 

that an arbitration clause exists but disagree as to whether their dispute lies within its scope, 

arbitration should be compelled “unless it may be said with positive assurance that the arbitration 

clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute.” AT & T 

Technologies, Inc. v. Communications Workers of America, 475 U.S. 643, 650, 106 S.Ct. 1415, 

89 L.Ed.2d 648 (1986) (citation omitted).

15

In opposing the Motion to Compel Arbitration, Campbell has indeed raised doubts as to 

whether the scope of the arbitration agreements he entered into with Verizon upon buying 3G 

hotspot services in 2008 and a replacement wireless card in 2010 is broad enough to encompass 

allegations of billing/collections misconduct and fraud by Verizon with respect to 4G services

after cancellation of the previous service contract. However, given the unambiguous federal 

mandate to interpret arbitration clauses broadly where possible, those doubts raised by Campbell 

 

focuses almost exclusively on the terms of the 2008 Arbitration Clause, without meaningfully 

addressing the “results from ... the Services you receive from us” language of the 2010 

Arbitration Clause.

15 This “susceptible of an interpretation that covers the asserted dispute” standard 

continues to be applied in the Eleventh Circuit through the present day. See, e.g., U.S. 

Nutraceuticals, LLC v. Cyanotech Corp., 769 F.3d 1308, 1311-12 (11th Cir. 2014) (reversing 

district court and compelling arbitration where “it cannot be said with positive assurance that the 

arbitration clause is not susceptible of an interpretation that covers this dispute”) (citations and 

internal quotation marks omitted); Dasher, 745 F.3d at 1114 (applying same standard).

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as to the scope of arbitral issues must be resolved in favor of arbitration. Stated differently, it 

cannot be said with positive assurance that the arbitration clauses at issue in this case are not 

susceptible of an interpretation that covers Campbell’s claims against Verizon; therefore, 

arbitration must be compelled.

2. Whether the Arbitration Clauses Cover Tort Claims.

Campbell also seeks to avoid arbitration by arguing that the subject arbitration clauses 

contain only a “promise to arbitrate contractual disputes.” (Doc. 14, at 6.) He reasons that the 

tort claims presented in his Complaint lie beyond the reach of the Verizon arbitration agreements 

because those agreements are somehow limited to contract claims. The Court disagrees. The 

general premise that contractual arbitration clauses do not allow for arbitration of independent 

tort claims is incorrect, as a matter of law. See, e.g., Gregory v. Electro-Mechanical Corp., 83 

F.3d 382, 384 (11th Cir. 1996) (“The law is clear that tort claims and claims other than breach of 

contract are not automatically excluded from a contractual arbitration clause.”); Hersman, Inc. v. 

Fleming Companies, Inc., 19 F. Supp.2d 1282, 1285 (M.D. Ala. 1998) (“Tort claims may be 

subject to contractual arbitration provisions.”). Moreover, the Verizon arbitration clauses’ broad 

language covering “any controversy or claim” or “any dispute” necessarily calls for arbitration of 

all species of claims, not merely contract claims. See Bullard v. Capital One, F.S.B., 288 F. 

Supp.2d 1256, 1258 (N.D. Fla. 2003) (construing arbitration clause covering “any legal claim” as 

“includ[ing] arbitration of contract, tort, and civil theft claims, as well as any other ‘legal claim’ 

between” the parties regarding the subject account).16 Again, the Court cannot write in or 

enforce phantom restrictions to the arbitration clauses that are not there. Besides, it has been said 

 16 Campbell suggests that tort claims must be excluded unless they are specifically 

referenced by name in the arbitration agreements. (See doc. 14, at 8 (“[T]he Verizon Wireless 

arbitration clause is silent as to future tortious conduct. When it is clear that the arbitration 

clause has not included certain issues, those issues will not be considered arbitrable.”) This 

contention is irreconcilable with applicable law. Again, the arbitration clauses are worded 

broadly. They do not specify that only contract claims are arbitrable. They say that “any”

claims are arbitrable. “Any” means “all,” and it is not necessary for an arbitration clause 

affirmatively to recite every possible form of claim by name in order for them to be included. 

See generally Chambers v. Groome Transp. of Alabama, --- F. Supp.2d ---, 2014 WL 4230056, 

*14 (M.D. Ala. Aug. 26, 2014) (“[A]n agreement to arbitrate any action, dispute, claim, 

counterclaim or controversy between the parties includes the arbitration of statutory claims 

because any disputes means all disputes, because ‘any’ means ‘all.’”) (citations and internal 

marks omitted).

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that “[t]he key element in determining whether tort claims are subject to an arbitration provision 

is the relationship between the claims asserted and the underlying contractual obligations.” 

Hersman, 19 F. Supp.2d at 1285. Here, for the reasons explained in § II.B.1., supra, giving due 

regard to the strong federal policy favoring arbitration, the Court concludes that Campbell’s tort 

claims against Verizon have a sufficient nexus to the underlying agreements (including the 

billing procedures and practices outlined therein) so as to be subject to the arbitration clauses.17

3. Whether the Arbitration Clauses are Voidable.

As an alternative argument against arbitration, Campbell posits that the arbitration 

clauses are “voidable” under “generally applicable contract defenses,” and that the Motion 

should be denied on that basis. (Doc. 14, at 11.) Plaintiff is correct that “[u]nder the so-called 

saving clause of FAA § 2, an arbitration agreement may be invalidated by generally applicable 

contract defenses, such as fraud, duress, or unconscionability.” Cruz v. Cingular Wireless, LLC, 

648 F.3d 1205, 1210 (11th Cir. 2011) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted). However, 

Campbell comes forward with neither specific facts nor cogent argument that any such 

“generally applicable contract defenses” would operate to strike down the Verizon arbitration 

 17 The same result is warranted under Alabama law. In this regard, the Alabama 

Supreme Court’s decision in Green Tree Financial Corp. v. Shoemaker, 775 So.2d 149 (Ala. 

2000), is instructive. In Shoemaker, the plaintiffs purchased a manufactured home from the 

defendant on an installment contract. That contract included an arbitration provision, requiring 

plaintiffs to arbitrate “[a]ll disputes, claims or controversies arising from or relating to this 

Contract.” Id. at 150. The plaintiffs later brought various tort claims challenging the defendant’s 

methods and manners of collecting debt owed by the plaintiffs. The Shoemaker Court deemed 

these tort claims to be covered by the arbitration provision because “[t]here can be nothing more 

‘relating to’ a financial transaction than the efforts a party takes to collect a debt created as a part 

of that transaction.” Id. at 151. The Shoemaker Court formulated the applicable rule as follows: 

“[A]n arbitration clause should not be enforced to require arbitration of a claim alleging an 

intentional tort that is in no way related to the underlying transaction that gave rise to the 

arbitration agreement.” Id. at 151 n.3 (emphasis added); but see Ex parte Discount Foods, Inc., 

789 So.2d 842, 846 (Ala. 2001) (rejecting notion that “intentional torts unrelated to the 

underlying transaction that gave rise to the arbitration agreement can never be encompassed in a 

broad arbitration provision”). Here, as already discussed, it cannot reasonably be concluded that 

Campbell’s tort claims against Verizon are “in no way related to” the customer / service provider 

relationship established by the subject agreements. The Court’s conclusion, supra, that 

Campbell’s claims against Verizon (albeit sounding in tort) arise out of or relate to the 

underlying customer agreements (and/or result from services Campbell received from Verizon) 

defeat plaintiff’s suggestion that his claims sounding in tort are beyond the scope of the 

arbitration provisions.

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agreements in the circumstances presented here. Instead, he simply offers a conclusory 

statement that the arbitration clause “is voidable due to the fraud alleged.” (Doc. 14, at 11.) 

Campbell has developed this contention neither legally nor factually. He has identified no 

alleged fraud by Verizon or anyone else relating to formation of the 2008 or the 2010 

agreements. This Court can neither fill in the blanks on his behalf nor accept his blanket 

statement that the “arbitration clause” (both of them or just one, he does not specify) has been 

tainted by unspecified “fraud” by Verizon to the point where it is unenforceable. Plaintiff having 

failed to develop this contention either factually or legally, Verizon’s request to compel 

arbitration will not be struck down on that basis.

4. Whether Verizon Has Waived the Right to Compel Arbitration.

Next, plaintiff opposes the Motion to Compel Arbitration on the theory that Verizon has 

waived its right to arbitrate this dispute. This argument is meritless. To be sure, black-letter law 

teaches that “[a]rbitration should not be compelled when the party who seeks to compel 

arbitration has waived that right.” In re Checking Account Overdraft Litigation, 754 F.3d 1290, 

1294 (11th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted). But no circumstances that might rationally support a 

finding of waiver have been identified or presented in this case.

The test for waiver of a right to arbitrate has the following two elements: (i) whether 

“under the totality of the circumstances, the party has acted inconsistently with the arbitration 

right,” such as by “substantially invok[ing] the litigation machinery prior to demanding 

arbitration;” and (ii) whether such inconsistency by the party seeking to compel arbitration “has 

in some way prejudiced the other party,” taking into account such factors as “the length of delay 

in demanding arbitration and the expense incurred by that party from participating in the 

litigation process.” Garcia v. Wachovia Corp., 699 F.3d 1273, 1277 (11th Cir. 2012) (citations 

omitted). Here, no facts have been offered to lend credence to either element. The totality of the 

circumstances does not support a finding that Verizon acted inconsistently with the arbitration 

right. On the contrary, Verizon filed its Motion to Compel Arbitration mere days after being 

served with process, and just 32 days after Campbell filed suit against it. The Court finds that 

Verizon’s utilization of the debt-collection process with Campbell before this lawsuit 

commenced is in no way inconsistent with the exercise of its right to settle this dispute via 

binding arbitration once Campbell sued Verizon for alleged misdeeds in attempting to collect the 

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debt.

18 And any suggestion that Verizon’s minimal “delay” in demanding arbitration has 

prejudiced Campbell would be frivolous. In short, Verizon has not waived its right to compel 

arbitration.

5. Whether the Arbitration Clauses Cover Federal Statutory Claims.

Finally, Campbell appeals to public policy, insisting that his federal statutory claims 

“should not be subject to compulsory arbitration.” (Doc. 14, at 13.) An avalanche of binding 

authority conclusively refutes this argument. Indeed, the Supreme Court has clarified that courts 

must enforce agreements to arbitrate according to their terms “even when the claims at issue are 

federal statutory claims, unless the FAA’s mandate has been overridden by a contrary 

congressional command.” CompuCredit Corp. v. Greenwood, --- U.S. ---, 132 S.Ct. 665, 669, 

181 L.Ed.2d 586 (2012) (citations and internal quotation marks omitted).19 Simply put, “[t]here 

is no reason to depart from” the presumption in favor of arbitrability “where a party bound by an 

arbitration agreement raises claims founded on statutory rights.” Mitsubishi Motors Corp. v. 

Soler Chrysler-Plymouth, Inc., 473 U.S. 614, 627, 105 S.Ct. 3346, 87 L.Ed.2d 444 (1985). 

Campbell points to no clear, specific expression by Congress that claims brought under the 

FDCPA, the FCRA, or any other federal statute at issue in this case should not be referred to 

 18 Plaintiff appears to labor under the impression that Verizon was obligated to 

commence arbitration proceedings immediately when Campbell refused to pay the $148 wireless 

bill, and that by failing to do so, Verizon waived its arbitration right for all matters for all time. 

Among other defects, such an argument mixes apples and oranges. As Campbell himself has 

conceded, this case does not involve claims of non-payment of a wireless bill; instead, it centers 

on Campbell’s claims of misconduct by Verizon in the debt collection process. Those claims did 

not come to the fore until November 10, 2014, when Campbell filed his federal lawsuit against 

Verizon. Thereafter, Verizon promptly moved to compel arbitration on December 12, 2014. 

The Court is aware of neither contractual language nor legal authority supporting a finding of 

waiver where the claims at issue (i.e., Campbell’s federal statutory and intentional tort claims) 

were first asserted by the other party one month before arbitration was demanded, and mere days 

after the movant was served with process.

19 See also Lindo v. NCL (Bahamas), Ltd., 652 F.3d 1257, 1275-76 (11th Cir. 2011) 

(“both the Supreme Court’s and our Circuit’s precedents have squarely held that contracts 

providing for arbitration of U.S. statutory claims are enforceable, absent a contrary intention 

clearly and specifically expressed by Congress”); Anders, 346 F.3d at 1030 (“[f]ederal statutory 

claims are as a rule arbitrable”); Paladino v. Avnet Computer Technologies, Inc., 134 F.3d 1054, 

1061 (11th Cir. 1998) (“Federal statutory claims are generally arbitrable because arbitration, like 

litigation, can serve a remedial and deterrent function, and federal law favors arbitration.”).

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arbitration. Given that glaring omission, the Court readily concludes that Campbell’s invocation 

of “public policy” does not bar enforcement of the subject arbitration agreements as to his 

federal statutory claims.

C. Whether the Entire Litigation Should Be Stayed Pending Arbitration of the 

Verizon Claims.

Having found that Campbell’s claims against Verizon are properly subject to arbitration 

under the terms of the 2008 Arbitration Clause and/or the 2010 Arbitration Clause, the Court 

now turns to Verizon’s request for a stay. By the express terms of the FAA, the finding that 

Campbell’s claims against Verizon are properly referred to arbitration warrants a stay of those 

claims in this proceeding. See 9 U.S.C. § 3 (where case involves arbitrable claims under a 

written arbitration agreement, the court “shall on application of one of the parties stay the trial of 

the action until such arbitration has been had in accordance with the terms of the agreement”). 

Accordingly, the request for stay is granted as to Campbell’s claims and causes of action 

asserted against Verizon herein.

But Verizon’s request for stay is broader than that. Indeed, Verizon’s position is that “the 

Court should stay this entire action pending arbitration” (doc. 5, at 19). A stay of “this entire 

action” would encompass Campbell’s claims against defendants Diversified Consultants, Inc., 

Experian Information Solutions, Inc. and TransUnion LLC. None of those defendants have 

moved to compel arbitration or asserted that Campbell’s claims against them are subject to 

binding arbitration agreements. By all appearances, those claims are nonarbitrable. Verizon 

offers neither explanation nor authority for why the 9 U.S.C. § 3 stay entered in this case should 

(or properly could) extend to those nonarbitrable claims as well.20

Fortunately, applicable law is clear. “When confronted with litigants advancing both 

arbitrable and nonarbitrable claims, ... courts have discretion to stay nonarbitrable claims.” Klay 

v. All Defendants, 389 F.3d 1191, 1204 (11th Cir. 2004). “That decision is one left to the district 

court ... as a matter of its discretion to control its docket.” Moses H. Cone Memorial Hosp. v. 

 20 At most, Verizon simply offers a citation to Suarez-Valdez v. Shearson Lehman / 

American Exp., Inc., 858 F.2d 648 (11th Cir. 1988), in which the Eleventh Circuit found that the 

trial court erred by refusing to stay discovery pending arbitration. There is no indication, 

however, that Suarez-Valdez involved both arbitrable and nonarbitrable claims, nor is there any 

reason to believe that Verizon is similarly situated to the Suarez-Valdez defendants.

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Mercury Const. Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 20 n.23, 103 S.Ct. 927, 74 L.Ed. 765 (1983) (citation 

omitted). “In this instance, courts generally refuse to stay proceedings of nonarbitrable claims 

when it is feasible to proceed with the litigation.” Klay, 389 F.3d at 1204 (noting exceptions 

where “arbitrable claims dominate” or “the outcome of the nonarbitrable claims will depend 

upon the arbitrator’s decision”). In the circumstances presented here, the Court perceives no 

reason (and Verizon has identified none) why it would not be feasible to proceed with 

Campbell’s nonarbitrable claims against the other defendants in this litigation, even as his 

arbitrable claims against Verizon move forward in the arbitral forum. To the contrary, it appears 

that staying the nonarbitrable claims pending arbitration of the Verizon claims would needlessly 

delay resolution of Campbell’s nonarbitrable claims, with no countervailing benefits in terms of 

efficiency or conservation of litigant or judicial resources. To use the Klay vernacular, the 

arbitrable claims do not appear to dominate over the nonarbitrable claims, nor does it seem likely 

that the outcome of Campbell’s nonarbitrable claims will hinge on the arbitrator’s decision in the 

Verizon claims. For all of these reasons, the Court exercises its discretion by denying Verizon’s 

request for a stay of this entire lawsuit pending arbitration of Campbell’s claims against the 

Verizon entities.

III. Conclusion.

For all of the foregoing reasons, it is ordered as follows:

1. Plaintiff’s Motion to Strike Affidavit of Jennifer Dalmida (doc. 15) is denied;

2. The Verizon defendants’ Motion to Strike Affidavit of Allen F. Campbell (doc. 

26) is likewise denied;

3. The Motion to Compel Arbitration and Stay Judicial Proceedings (doc. 5) filed by 

defendants Verizon Wireless, LLC, Verizon Wireless and Verizon is granted in 

part, and denied in part, as set forth in Paragraphs 4 and 5;

4. The Motion to Compel Arbitration is granted. Plaintiff and defendants Verizon 

Wireless, LLC, Verizon Wireless and Verizon are ordered to proceed to 

arbitration in accordance with the terms of the arbitration clauses set forth in the 

customer agreements to which plaintiff agreed in writing in February 2008 and 

May 2010. This arbitration shall encompass all of plaintiff’s claims against the 

three Verizon defendants, but none of his claims against any other defendant;

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5. Notwithstanding the determination that Campbell’s claims against the Verizon 

entities must be arbitrated, this Court retains jurisdiction to confirm or vacate the 

resulting arbitration award pursuant to 9 U.S.C. §§ 9-10. See TranSouth 

Financial Corp. v. Bell, 149 F.3d 1292, 1297 (11th Cir. 1998). On that basis, and 

in accordance with 9 U.S.C. § 3, the Motion to Stay Judicial Proceedings is 

granted as to Campbell’s claims against the Verizon entities, and all such claims 

and causes of action asserted herein are stayed pending the outcome of 

arbitration. In the Court’s discretion, the Motion to Stay Judicial Proceedings is 

denied as to Campbell’s claims against the other defendants (Diversified 

Consultants, Inc., Experian Information Solutions, Inc. and TransUnion LLC). 

These judicial proceedings will move forward as to all claims and causes of action 

against the non-Verizon defendants. The parties’ deadline to submit their Rule 

26(f) report by no later than January 30, 2015 (see doc. 12) is hereby extended

through February 6, 2015; and

6. To keep the Court apprised of significant developments in the parallel arbitration 

case, beginning in February 2015, Verizon is ordered to file, on or before the 

fourth Wednesday of each month, a written report reflecting the current status 

of the arbitral proceedings. 

DONE and ORDERED this 29th day of January, 2015.

s/ WILLIAM H. STEELE 

CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

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