IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE 

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

SOUTHERN DIVISION

ANTHONY JUJUAN HOPKINS, :

Plaintiff, :

vs. : CIVIL ACTION 14-0531-WS-C

ASHLEY M. RICH, et al., :

Defendants. :

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

Plaintiff, an Alabama inmate proceeding pro se and in forma pauperis, filed a 

complaint under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. This action was referred to the undersigned for 

appropriate action pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B) and Local Rule 72.2(c)(4). The 

Court grants Plaintiff’s motion to amend his complaint (doc. 10), and recommends that 

this action be dismissed without prejudice, prior to service of process, pursuant to 28 

U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B)(i), (ii) and §1915A(b)(1).

I. Complaint as Amended1 (Docs. 1, 10).

Hopkins, a minister and evangelist, was arrested on July 28, 2008 for the murder 

of his wife after police retrieved her body from a freezer at Hopkins’ home. (Doc. 1 at 6, 

15). Following a publicized arrest and jury trial, Hopkins was convicted, on April 7, 

2010, of the murder of his wife, as well as, second-degree rape, second-degree sodomy, 

and second-degree sex abuse and incest of his stepdaughter. (Id. at 6, 15-16). He is 

currently serving a sentence of life imprisonment plus 51 years. (Id. at 6). 

 1 The Court herein grants Hopkins’ motion to amend his complaint and incorporates the

amendments to his claim into this recommendation. (See Doc. 10).

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After unsuccessful appeals challenging his conviction, Hopkins filed this timely 

federal action claiming his constitutional rights had been violated and his trial and 

appeals had been prejudiced by defendants, Mobile County District Attorney Ashley 

Rich,2 Mobile County Chief of Police Philip Garrett, Pathologist John Krilokowski, NBC 

Universal and E! Television Producer Nick Cates, and Jupiter Entertainment Producer 

Briana Schibel. (Id. at 5-8). Hopkins claims defendants are liable for slander, 

defamation, providing false information, and emotional distress by the following acts:

Mobile County District Attorney Ashley Rich, following his arrest,

”accused [him] in the media of murdering (killing) [his] wife without 

investigating the incident and without the autopsy being final” (doc. 1 at 

5) and labeled him a “chameleon” following his conviction. (Id. at 5). 

Mobile County Chief of Police Philip Garrett gave a public statement, 

following Hopkins’ arrest, that Hopkins killed his wife prior to obtaining 

the autopsy results and investigating the death of his wife. (Id. at 8).

Forensic pathologist John Krilokowski testified at trial that the victim had 

been murdered, despite being unable to specify a cause of death and 

without prior review of her medical records. (Id. at 8). 

Nick Cates and Briana Scheibel used Hopkins’ name, pictures, and 

information relating to his murder conviction in documentaries without 

his consent.3 (Id. at 5-6). 

Hopkins filed this action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claiming defendants 

violated his Fifth, Eighth, and Fourteenth Amendment rights; he also alleges 

federal violations of 42 U.S.C. § 1985, 1986, 18 U.S.C. §§ 241, 242, 1623(a), and 

 2 At the time of Hopkins’ arrest, Defendant Ashley Rich was an Assistant District 

Attorney in Mobile County; she campaigned throughout Hopkins’ trial for her position as the 

County’s District Attorney. (Doc. 1 at 5). Hopkins contends that having campaign supporters 

of Rich on the jury prejudiced his trial. (Id.). This claim, as the defamation claim against 

defendant Rich, is barred by Heck v. Humphrey, 512 U.S. 477, 114 S. Ct. 2364, 129 L. Ed. 2d 383 

(1994), discussed infra at section III., A., 3.

3 Hopkins acknowledges that both defendant producers contacted him by letter notifying 

him of the documentary to be produced and requesting permission to interview him for the 

documentaries, but he declined to respond to either defendant. (Doc. 1 at 5-6, 29-31).

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U.D.H.R. 3, 5, 7. (Doc. 10 at 1-2). Hopkins seeks monetary relief totaling 

$650,000.00 for damages. (Id.). 

II. Standards of Review Under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1915(e)(2)(B) and 1915A(b)(1).

Because Plaintiff is proceeding in forma pauperis, the Court is reviewing his 

complaint (Docs. 1, 10) under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B). Under § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i), a claim 

may be dismissed as “frivolous where it lacks an arguable basis in law or fact.” Neitzke 

v. Williams, 490 U.S. 319, 325, 109 S. Ct. 1827, 1831-32, 104 L.Ed.2d 338 (1989).4 A claim is 

frivolous as a matter of law where, inter alia, the defendants are immune from suit, id. at 

327, 109 S. Ct. at 1833, or the claim seeks to enforce a right that clearly does not exist. Id.

Moreover, a complaint may be dismissed under 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(ii) for 

failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted. Mitchell v. Farcass, 112 F.3d 

1483, 1490 (11th Cir. 1997). To avoid dismissal for failure to state a claim upon which 

relief can be granted, the allegations must show plausibility. Bell Atlantic Corp. v. 

Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 557, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1966, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). “A claim has 

facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual content that allows the court to draw 

the reasonable inference that the defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged.” 

Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009). That is, 

“[f]actual allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative 

level” and must be a “‘plain statement’ possess[ing] enough heft to ‘sho[w] that the 

pleader is entitled to relief.’” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 557, 127 S.Ct. at 1965, 1966 

(second brackets in original). But “[t]hreadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of 

action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678. 

 4 The frivolity and the failure-to-state-a-claim analysis contained in Neitzke v. Williams was 

unaltered when Congress enacted 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B) in 1996. Bilal v. Driver, 251 F.3d 1346, 

1349 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 534 U.S. 1044 (2001). However, dismissal is now mandatory under 

§ 1915(e)(2)(B). Id. at 1348-49.

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Furthermore, when a successful affirmative defense, such as a statute of limitations, 

appears on the face of a complaint, dismissal for failure to state a claim is also 

warranted. Jones v. Bock, 549 U.S. 199, 215, 127 S. Ct. 910, 920-21, 166 L.Ed.2d 798 (2007). 

When considering a pro se litigant’s allegations, a court holds them to a more 

lenient standard than those of an attorney, Haines v. Kerner, 404 U.S. 519, 520, 92 S. Ct. 

594, 595-596, 30 L.Ed.2d 652 (1972), but the court does not have “license . . . to rewrite an 

otherwise deficient pleading [by a pro se litigant] in order to sustain an action.” GJR 

Investments v. County of Escambia, Fla., 132 F.3d 1359, 1369 (11th Cir. 1998), overruled on 

other grounds by Randall v. Scott, 610 F.3d 701, 710 (11th Cir. 2010) (relying on Iqbal, 556 

U.S. 662). The factual allegations are treated as true by the court, but conclusory 

assertions or a recitation of a cause of action’s elements are not. Iqbal, 566 U.S. at 681. In 

addition, a pro se litigant “is subject to the relevant law and rules of court including the 

Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.” Moon v. Newsome, 863 F.2d 835, 837 (11th Cir.), cert. 

denied, 493 U.S. 863 (1989).

III. Analysis.

A. Section 1983 Claims. 

Section 1983 provides that:

Every person who, under color of any statute, ordinance, regulation, 

custom, or usage, of any State or Territory or the District of Columbia, 

subjects, or causes to be subjected, any citizen of the United States or other 

person within the jurisdiction thereof to the deprivation of any rights, 

privileges, or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws, shall be 

liable to the party injured in an action at law, suit in equity, or other 

proper proceeding for redress. 

42 U.S.C. § 1983. In order "[t]o sustain a cause of action based on section 1983, [a 

plaintiff] must establish two elements: (1) that [he] suffered a deprivation of rights, 

privileges or immunities secured by the Constitution and laws of the United States, and 

(2) that the act or omission causing the deprivation was committed by a person acting 

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under color of law." Wideman v. Shallowford Community Hosp., Inc., 826 F.2d 1030, 1032 

(11th Cir. 1987) (internal quotations and citation omitted). 

1. Defendants Nick Cates and Briana Schibel are Not State Actors.

The law is clear that "the under-color-of-state-law element of § 1983 excludes 

from its reach merely private conduct, no matter how discriminatory or wrongful." 

Focus on the Family v. Pinellas Suncoast Transit Auth., 344 F.3d 1263, 1277 (11th Cir. 2003) 

(citation omitted). For a defendant's actions to be under color of state law, such conduct 

must be "fairly attributable to the State," which in turn requires that "the party charged 

with the deprivation must be a person who may fairly be said to be a state actor." 

Harvey v. Harvey, 949 F.2d 1127, 1130 (11th Cir. 1992) (citation omitted). "Only in rare 

circumstances can a private party be viewed as a 'State actor' for section 1983 purposes." 

Rayburn ex rel. Rayburn v. Hogue, 241 F.3d 1341, 1347 (11th Cir. 2001) (quoting Harvey, 

949 F.2d at 1130). Indeed, a private entity can qualify as a "state actor" under § 1983 

only if one of the following three tests is satisfied: (a) a "state compulsion test," wherein 

the state has coerced or significantly encouraged the violative conduct; (b) a "public 

function test," wherein private parties perform a public function that is traditionally the 

exclusive prerogative of the state; and (c) a "nexus/joint action test," wherein the state 

has insinuated itself into a position of interdependence with the private party, such that 

the state and private party are essentially joint participants in an enterprise. Rayburn, 

241 F.3d at 1347; see also Green v. Abony Bail Bond, 316 F.Supp.2d 1254, 1259-60 (M.D. Fla. 

2004). The "state actor" determination must be made on a case-by-case basis. See Focus, 

344 F.3d at 1277.

As to the claims against television documentary producers, defendants Cates and 

Schibel, neither party appears to be an entity or person who typically acts under color of 

state law. Moreover, Hopkins has not alleged that defendants acted under color of state 

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law. Specifically, the allegations do not indicate that defendants perform a traditional 

state function, were coerced by the State, or were joint participants with the State in 

business. In fact, Hopkins does not allege that defendants had any contact with the 

State. Because Hopkins has shown no basis on which Cates or Schibel could be found 

to be a state actor, all of his claims against Cates and Schibel brought under Section 1983 

– which means at least all of his constitutional claims – fail as a matter of law.

2. Defendant John Krilokowski is Immune from Suit.

Alabama State Pathologist John Krilokowski performed the autopsy of Hopkins’ 

deceased wife and testified as to such at Hopkins’ trial. Krilokowski testified that he 

ruled the case one of “homicidal violence of undetermined ideology,” meaning he could 

not determine the anatomic cause of death, but because of the circumstances 

surrounding the death, i.e., the death being unreported for almost four years and the 

body being found in the freezer, the death was considered a homicide. (Doc. 1 at 23). 

Hopkins alleges Krilokowski falsified information by opining the death as a homicide 

and committed malpractice by not reviewing the decedent’s medical records prior to 

performing the autopsy. (Doc. 1 at 8). 

Hopkins claims relate solely to the testimony given by Krilokowski as a witness 

at trial; therefore, such claims are not viable pursuant to § 1983 as witness are 

completely immune for their testimony at trials. 

Witnesses are granted absolute immunity for their testimony during trials, 

Briscoe v. LaHue, 460 U.S. 325, 103 S. Ct. 1108, 75 L. Ed. 2d 96 (1983), and 

during grand jury proceedings. Strength v. Hubert, 854 F.2d 421 (11th 

Cir.1988). Judicial and quasi-judicial officers also enjoy absolute 

immunity. Imbler, 424 U.S. at 420-21, 96 S. Ct. 984.

Jones v. Cannon, 174 F.3d 1271, 1281 (11th Cir. 1999). As such, the claims against 

Defendant Krilokowski should be dismissed as frivolous as a matter of law. 

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3. Defendants Ashley Rich and Philip Garrett Cannot be Sued for 

Defamation Under § 1983.

Hopkins claims defendants Rich and Garrett slandered and defamed his character 

and reputation and prejudiced his criminal trial by stating to the press that his wife had 

been “killed” and by accusing Hopkins of “killing” her. (Doc. 5, 8). The news article

referencing Defendant Garrett states:

As of Tuesday morning, when Garrett held a news conference to 

announce Hopkins’ arrest, it was not even known how Arletha Hopkins 

had been killed or what condition her body was in. 

(Doc. 1 at 15). The news article referencing Defendant Rich states:

Thursday morning a judge denied Hopkins bond on murder charges. . . . 

The body is believed to be that of Arletha Hopkins, who has not been seen 

in nearly four years. Investigators are waiting on autopsy results to make

a positive identification, but at least one of the Hopkins children told 

investigators it was their mother. 

During Thursday’s bond hearing, it came out that Arletha Hopkins was 

killed in November of 2004. Assistant District Attorney Ashley Rich tells 

FOX10 News Arletha Hopkins was killed at the family home. . . .

(Doc. 1 at 16). Taking the allegations of the complaint as true, the Court finds that 

Hopkins cannot prevail on his asserted claims against Garrett or Rich, as there is no 

monetary recovery for defamation alone under § 1983. Charles v. Scarberry, 340 F. App’x 

597, 599-600 (11th Cir. 2009) (Slander is not recognized as a violation of federal law.) 

(unpublished); see Barley v. Autauga Cnty. Comms’s, CA No. 2:14-CV-55-TMH, 2014 WL 

584255, at *2 (M.D. Ala. 2014) (unpublished) (A “slander and defamation claim fails to 

state a claim of constitutional proportion since the Constitution does not forbid 

defamation, libel or slander.”). 

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A person’s reputation by itself is not a “liberty” or “property” interest that is 

protected by the Fourteenth Amendment and its due process principles. Moncrieffe v. 

Broward Cnty. State Attorney’s Office, 516 F. App’x 806, 807 (11th Cir. 2013) 

(unpublished).5 “[N]o constitutional doctrine [exists] converting every defamation by a 

public official into a deprivation of liberty within the meaning of the Due Process 

Clause of the Fifth or Fourteenth Amendment.” Paul v. Davis, 424 U.S. 693, 702, 96 S.Ct. 

1155, 1161, 47 L.Ed.2d 405 (1976). That is,“[a]n alleged act of defamation of character or 

injury to reputation is not cognizable in a complaint filed under § 1983.” Padgett v. 

Mosley, CA No. 2:05-cv-0608-MEF, 2007 WL 2409464, at *7 (M.D. Ala. Aug. 20, 2007) 

(unpublished). 

While Hopkins does partner his tort claim of defamation with the allegation of 

prejudice to his trial, this claim too is unconscionable under the circumstances and 

cannot be used to sustain his § 1983 action. Success on a claim that his trial was

prejudiced would necessarily imply the invalidity of his conviction or sentence; 

therefore this claim must be dismissed pursuant to Heck v. Humphrey. Heck v. Humphrey, 

512 U.S. 477, 114 S. Ct. 2364, 129 L. Ed. 2d 383 (1994); Messer v. Kelly, 129 F.3d 1259 (4th 

Cir.1997) (stating that the rationale in Heck applies in Bivens actions). 

Under Heck a state prisoner may not bring a claim for damages under 42 U.S.C. § 

1983 “if a judgment in favor of the plaintiff would necessarily imply the invalidity of his 

conviction.” Heck, 512 U.S. at 487. "In order to determine whether such a negation 

would occur, [the court] must look at both 'the claims raised under § 1983' and 'the 

specific offenses for which the § 1983 claimant was convicted.'" Weaver v. Geiger, 294 F. 

 5 “Unpublished opinions are not considered binding precedent, but they may be cited as 

persuasive authority.” 11TH CIR. R. 36-2 (2005).

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App'x 529, 533 (11th Cir. 2008) (unpublished) (finding that a claim for an invalid basis 

for a search warrant amounted to an attack prohibited by Heck because the plaintiff's 

conviction for intent to distribute was based on the methadone that was uncovered 

during the search authorized by the contested warrant). Hopkins’ complaint is filled 

with allegations of conspiracy and false statements that labeled him a murderer prior to 

his trial and led to his murder conviction. Thus, it appears from plaintiff’s allegations, 

that if the Court were to rule favorably for Hopkins on these claims, the ruling would 

invalidate his conviction and sentence. In order for the Court to proceed on the claim of 

trial prejudice due to the statements of defendants, Hopkins must show that his 

conviction and sentence have been invalidated in a manner prescribed by Heck. 512 

U.S. at 486. (The Supreme Court held that “in order to recover damages for . . . harm 

caused by actions whose unlawfulness would render a conviction or sentence invalid, 

(footnote omitted), a § 1983 plaintiff must prove that the conviction or sentence has 

been reversed on direct appeal, expunged by executive order, declared invalid by a 

state tribunal authorized to make such determination, or called into question by a 

federal court's issuance of a writ of habeas corpus, 28 U.S.C. § 2254. A claim for 

damages bearing that relationship to a conviction or sentence that has not been so 

invalidated is not cognizable under § 1983.”). Hopkins has not proven this, and based 

on the record before the Court, he will not be able to make this showing as his post trial 

appeals have been unsuccessful. Thus, all § 1983 claims against defendants Rich and 

Garrett are due to be dismissed as frivolous.

B. 42 U.S.C. § 1985 Claims.

The complaint is vague and lacks factual details regarding conspiracy claims in 

violation of 42 U.S.C. § 1985. The only subsection of § 1985 that could possibly be 

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applicable here is (3), which outlaws, inter alia, conspiracies to deprive a person or class 

of persons of equal protection of the laws. Hopkins’ theory of relief under § 1985(3) is 

not clearly articulated in the pleadings; however, it appears that Hopkins alleges 

defendants Garrett and Rich conspired to charge him with murder and defendant 

Krilkowski conspired with prosecuting attorney Rich to “prejudice the jury against the 

Plaintiff by Falsifying the death of Mrs. Arletha Hopkins, by saying her death was a 

Homicide.” (Doc. 1 at 11). Hopkins provides no other evidence or statement beyond 

this conclusory allegation of a conspiracy between the parties. 

The elements necessary to prove a § 1985 claim are: "(1) a conspiracy; (2) for the 

purpose of depriving, either directly or indirectly, any person or class of persons of the 

equal protection of the laws, or of equal privileges and immunities under the laws; and 

(3) an act in furtherance of the conspiracy; (4) whereby a person is either injured in his 

person or property or deprived of any right or privilege of a citizen of the United 

States." Trawinski v. United Techs., 313 F.3d 1295, 1299 (11th Cir. 2002). It is incumbent 

on Hopkins to "show some evidence of agreement between the defendants." Rowe v. 

City of Fort Lauderdale, 279 F.3d 1271, 1284 (11th Cir. 2002); see also Mickens v. Tenth 

Judicial Circuit, 181 F. App’x 865, 876 (11th Cir. 2006) (The core of a conspiracy claim is 

an agreement between the parties. . . ."); Bailey v. Bd. of Cnty. Comm'rs of Alachua Cnty., 

Fla., 956 F.2d 1112, 1122 (11th Cir. 1992) ("The linchpin for conspiracy is agreement, 

which presupposes communication."); Belfast v. Upsilon Chapter of Pi Kappa Alpha 

Fraternity at Auburn University, 267 F. Supp.2d 1139, 1146-47 (M.D. Ala. 2003)

(conspiracy claim under § 1985(3) requires plaintiff to show agreement between 

members, and while evidence may be circumstantial, there must be some indication 

that defendants were acting in concert pursuant to an agreement to act against 

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plaintiff's rights). Thus, the plaintiff "must show . . . an agreement between two or more 

people (at least one of whom is a state actor) to violate his constitutional rights. . . ." 

AFL-CIO v. City of Miami, 637 F.3d 1178, 1191 (11th Cir. 2011). 

Here, Hopkins has shown no evidence of an agreement or understanding or 

willful participation between the police chief, police department, district attorney’s 

office, prosecuting attorney, or forensic pathologist. Further, no reasonable inference 

can be drawn from the record that the parties collaborated or cooperated in a nefarious 

plot to frame Hopkins for murder. The record is obsolete of the requisite 

"understanding" or "willful participation" necessary to establish liability on a § 1985(3) 

conspiracy claim. Additionally, Hopkins fails to claim or show racial or class-based 

discriminatory hostility behind the alleged conspiracy. Lucero v. Operation Rescue of 

Birmingham, 954 F.2d 624, 628 (11th Cir. 1992). 

Therefore, Hopkins has failed to establish the existence of a conspiracy under 42 

U.S.C. § 1985(3), and the claim should be dismissed for failure to state a claim. 

C. 42 U.S.C. § 1986 Claims. 

A claim under Section 1986 requires the plaintiff to prove that the defendant 

knew of a Section 1985 conspiracy, that he had the power to prevent (or aid in 

preventing) the constitutional violation made the object of the conspiracy, and that he 

failed to do so. 42 U.S.C. § 1986; accord Cox v. Mills, 465 F. App’x 885, 888 (11th Cir. 

2012). Hopkins has identified no evidence that any one knew of a Section 1985 

conspiracy involving the defendants and a plot to convict him of murder or that any 

one had the power to stop the conspiracy from succeeding.

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As discussed above, Hopkins has identified no evidence that an underlying 

Section 1985 conspiracy existed. As noted in Part B, the plaintiff has failed to show an 

agreement to violate his constitutional rights, despite his conspiracy theories. Since 

claims under Section 1986 are "derivative" of Section 1985 claims, the failure to establish 

a conspiracy for purposes of a Section 1985 claim dooms the derivative Section 1986 

claim. E.g., Cox, 465 F. App’x at 888.

For both these reasons, Hopkins’ Section 1986 claims against defendants fail as a 

matter of law. 

D. 18 U.S.C. §§ 241, 242, and 1623 Claims. 

Plaintiff Hopkins contends that defendants are liable for violations of 18 U.S.C. 

§§ 241,6 242,7 and 1623.

8

 These allegations, however, are improper because these are 

criminal statutes and do not provide a private civil right of action, Moriani v. Hunter, 462 

F. Supp. 353, 355 (S.D.N.Y. 1978). Absent some expression of Congressional intent to 

create a private right of action, a plaintiff cannot maintain a civil claim against a 

defendant for violation of a federal criminal statute. See, e.g., Adventure Outdoors, Inc. v. 

Bloomberg, 552 F.3d 1290, 1303 (11th Cir. 2008) (rejecting notion that Congress 

authorized "a federal private right of action any time a civil plaintiff invokes a federal 

 6 Under 18 U.S.C. § 241, individuals who conspire to "injure, oppress, threaten, or 

intimidate" another person's "free exercise or enjoyment of any right or privilege secured to him 

by the Constitution" shall be fined, or imprisoned, or both.

7 Under 18 U.S.C. § 242, any individual, who, while acting under color of any law, 

willfully deprives a person of his constitutional rights based upon that person's race shall be 

fined, or imprisoned, or both.

8 Under 18 U.S.C. § 1623, any individual who makes a “false material declaration” before 

a grand jury or in court shall be fined, or imprisoned, or both. 

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criminal statute"); Bullard v. MRA Holding, LLC, 890 F. Supp.2d 1323, 1329 (N.D. Ga. 

2012) ("absent a clear indication from Congress, courts should not infer a civil cause of 

action from a federal criminal statute"); Florance v. Buchmeyer, 500 F. Supp. 2d 618, 626 

(N.D. Tex. 2007) ("a private citizen cannot enforce criminal statutes in a civil action"). 

Given that plaintiff may not force prosecutors to institute a criminal prosecution against 

defendants pursuant to §§ 241, 242 and 1623, nor may he bring a civil action himself, the 

claims based on these statutes should therefore be dismissed. See Grant v. Parker, 2008 

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 22181 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 29, 2008). 

F. U.D.H.R. art. 3, 5, 7 Claims are Not Federal Rights.

Hopkins alleges violations of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 

(“UDHR”), a declaration adopted by the United Nations following World War II. See

Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948, G.A. Res. 217A (III), U.N. Doc. A/180 at 

71 (1948). However, Hopkins brings these claims under § 1983, which, as discussed 

supra, provides a cause of action based on “the deprivation of any rights, privileges, or 

immunities secured by the Constitution and laws.” 42 U.S.C. § 1983. The Eleventh 

Circuit has expressly stated that the rights secured by the UDHR are not laws of the 

United States:

The rights secured by the UNDHR are not federal rights. See Sosa v. 

Alvarez-Machain, 542 U.S. 692, 734, 124 S. Ct. 2739, 2767, 159 L. Ed. 2d 718, 

(2004) ("[The UDHR] does not of its own force impose obligations as a 

matter of international law."). 

Moore v. McLaughlin, 569 F. App’x 656, 660, (11th Cir. 2014) (upholding dismissal 

of § 1983 action alleging violations of UDHR rights); see also Renkel v. United 

States, 456 F.3d 640, 643 (6th Cir. 2006) ("'courts presume that the rights created by 

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an international treaty belong to a state and that a private individual cannot 

enforce them.'") (quoting United States v. Emuegbunam, 268 F.3d 377, 389 (6th Cir. 

2001). Thus, Hopkins alleged violations of UDHR art. 3, 5, and 7 must be 

dismissed as frivolous. 

E. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress Claim.

Hopkins makes a conclusory claim that he seeks redress for emotional 

distress. (Doc. 1 at 5-6, 8; Doc. 10 at 2). Reading the pleadings in favor of the 

plaintiff, the Court interprets this as an attempt to plead a claim for intentional 

infliction of emotional distress. Pro se pleadings must be read liberally to 

determine “whether jurisdiction to consider[them] can be founded on a legally 

justifiable base.” Fernandez v. United States, 941 F.2d 1488, 1491 (11th Cir.1991). 

Therefore, the Court has an “obligation to look behind the label of a motion filed 

by a pro se inmate and determine whether the motion is, in effect, cognizable 

under a different remedial statutory framework.” United States v. Jordan, 915 F.2d 

622,624–25 (11th Cir.1990). 

Under Alabama law, "[t]he four elements of the tort of intentional 

infliction of emotional distress, which is also known as the tort of outrage, are: (1) 

the actor intended to inflict emotional distress, or knew or should have known 

that emotional distress was likely to result from his conduct; (2) the conduct was 

extreme and outrageous; (3) the defendant's actions caused the plaintiff distress; 

and (4) the distress was severe." Martin v. Hodges Chapel, LLC, 89 So.3d 756, 763 

(Ala. Civ. App. 2011) (internal quotes omitted). "It is clear, however, that the tort 

of outrage is viable only when the conduct is 'so outrageous in character and so 

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extreme in degree as to go beyond all possible bounds of decency, and to be 

regarded as atrocious and utterly intolerable in a civilized society.'" Ex parte Bole, 

103 So.3d 40, 52 (Ala.2012) (citations omitted); Thomas v. Williams, 21 So.3d 1234, 

1237-1238 (Ala. Civ. App. 2008). Additionally, “[t]here are no reported Alabama 

cases where the underlying conduct allegedly causing the extreme emotional 

distress was a mere publication of information.” Holloway v. Am. Media, Inc., 947 

F. Supp. 2d 1252, 1266 (N.D. Ala. 2013).

Taking the allegations as true and construing them in the light most 

favorable to the plaintiff, the Court finds that Hopkins has not sufficiently 

alleged conduct by the defendants that may, should the allegations be found to 

be true, be considered extreme, beyond the bounds of decency, atrocious and 

intolerable in a civilized community. Therefore, plaintiff has failed to state a 

claim for relief. 

V. Conclusion.

Based upon the foregoing reasons, it is recommended that this action be 

dismissed without prejudice, prior to service of process, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 

1915(e)(2)(B)(i), (ii) and § 1915A(b)(1).9

 9 In the alternative to dismissal pursuant to § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i), (ii), this action would be 

dismissed pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 1997e(e), which provides, “[n]o Federal civil action may be 

brought by a prisoner confined in a jail, prison, or other correctional facility, for mental or 

emotional injury suffered while in custody without a prior showing of physical injury.” Thus, 

Hopkins is not entitled to compensatory or punitive damages in this action as he has failed to 

plead any physical injury. Therefore, only a claim for nominal damages would be allowed to 

proceed.

The courts have traditionally considered one dollar to be the award for nominal 

damages. See Carey v. Piphus, 435 U.S. 247, 266-67, 98 S. Ct. 1042, 1053-54, 55 L. Ed. 2d 252 (1978) 

(holding if plaintiffs were entitled to nominal damages for the mere violation, the damages 

should not exceed one dollar); Kyle v. Patterson, 196 F.3d 695, 697 (7th Cir. 1999) (“[N]ominal 

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NOTICE OF RIGHT TO FILE OBJECTIONS

A copy of this report and recommendation shall be served on all parties in the 

manner provided by law. Any party who objects to this recommendation or anything 

in it must, within fourteen (14) days of the date of service of this document, file specific 

written objections with the Clerk of this Court. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); FED. R. CIV. P.

72(b); S.D. ALA. L.R. 72.4. The parties should note that under Eleventh Circuit 

precedent, “the failure to object limits the scope of [] appellate review to plain error 

review of the magistrate judge’s factual findings.” Dupree v. Warden, 715 F.3d 1295, 1300 

(11th Cir. 2013). In order to be specific, an objection must identify the specific finding or 

recommendation to which objection is made, state the basis for the objection, and 

specify the place in the Magistrate Judge’s report and recommendation where the 

disputed determination is found. An objection that merely incorporates by reference or 

refers to the briefing before the Magistrate Judge is not specific.

DONE and ORDERED this the 3rdday of March, 2015. 

s/WILLIAM E. CASSADY 

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

 damages, of which $1 is the norm, are an appropriate means of vindicating rights whose 

deprivation has not caused actual, provable injury.”); Qualls v. Santa Rosa County Jail, Case No. 

3:10cv54/MCR/MD, 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19469, * 8 n.1, 2010 WL 785646, *3 n.1 (N.D. Fla. Mar. 

4, 2010) (unpublished) (dismissing the plaintiff’s complaint as it “cannot be liberally construed 

as requesting nominal damages, because he specifically requested only $250,000 in 

compensatory and/or punitive damages”); Partain v. Walker, Case No. 5:10-CV-116 (CAR), 2010 

U.S. Dist. LEXIS 41707, *4, 2010 WL 1740775, *1 (M.D. Ga. Apr. 28, 2010) (unpublished) (finding 

that inmate’s request for $1000 for every exercise hour that he did not go outside and $10,000 for 

each day that he went outside in shackles were not requests for nominal damages); Harrison v. 

Myers, Case No. 10-0566-KD-N, 2011 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 82738, *19-20, 2011 WL 3204372, *7 (S.D. 

Ala. July 13, 2011) (unpublished) (finding that the prisoner’s request of $2,500 was not for 

nominal damages inasmuch as nominal damages implies a mere token or trifling); In re Bayside 

Prison Litigation, Case No. 09–2365(RBS/JS), 2010 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 124624, *20, 2010 WL 4916716, 

at *4 (D.N.J. Nov. 23, 2010) (unpublished) (finding that “$2,000.00 surely surpasses the limit of 

what constitutes a ‘minimal’ amount of compensation by any definition of the term ‘nominal’”).

Thus, even if Hopkins were able to prove a constitutional violation in this §1983 action, 

he would be entitled to nominal damages of one dollar.

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