SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI

en banc

STATE OF MISSOURI, ) 

 ) 

Respondent, ) 

 ) 

v. ) No. SC97229 

 ) 

DANIELLE ANN ZUROWESTE, ) 

 ) 

Appellant. ) 

APPEAL FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF WARREN COUNTY 

The Honorable Wesley Dalton, Circuit Judge

Danielle Ann Zuroweste appeals a judgment of conviction for possession of a 

controlled substance. A jury found Zuroweste guilty of possession of methamphetamine, 

and the circuit court sentenced her to prison pursuant to the 120-day institutional treatment 

program. On appeal, Zuroweste argues the circuit court erred by admitting into evidence 

a recorded statement Zuroweste made because the State did not disclose the recording until 

four days before trial. Although the State clearly violated the rules of discovery by failing 

to timely disclose the recorded statement, the judgment is affirmed because the discovery 

violation did not warrant the drastic sanction of excluding the evidence as Zuroweste 

requested when a continuance would have remedied any alleged prejudice to Zuroweste. 

Opinion issued April 2, 2019
2

Factual and Procedural Background

On September 21, 2015, a police officer responded to a reported domestic matter. 

After speaking with several individuals at the scene, the officer began searching for 

Zuroweste. The officer observed a vehicle matching the description of Zuroweste’s vehicle 

and conducted a traffic stop. During the stop, the officer noticed a plastic baggy, which 

appeared to contain a white residue consistent with the appearance of illegal drugs.1

 The 

officer recovered the plastic baggy and also seized two glass pipes containing burnt 

marijuana. The officer arrested Zuroweste and transported her to the Warren County jail. 

Zuroweste was subsequently charged with possession of a controlled substance and drug 

paraphernalia.

While she was in jail, 2 Zuroweste made a series of telephone calls. During one of 

these calls, placed September 26, 2015, Zuroweste stated, “I’ve learned my lesson,” “I 

know it’s wrong and I shouldn’t be doing it,” and “I am never going to do it again.” 

Following a waiver of preliminary hearing, Zuroweste was charged by information 

with one count of felony possession of a controlled substance and one count of possession 

of drug paraphernalia, a misdemeanor. On June 10, 2016, following the filing of the 

information, Zuroweste filed a written request for discovery requesting, in relevant part, 

“Any written or recorded, statements and the substance of any oral statements made by the 

defendant.” Zuroweste’s case was set for trial November 14, 2016. Four days before the

 1

 Laboratory testing determined the residue was methamphetamine. 

2 Zuroweste posted bond approximately two weeks after her arrest and remained free 

pending trial.
3 

trial was set to begin, the State disclosed the recorded telephone call Zuroweste made 

September 26, 2015.3

 After the State informed Zuroweste of its intent to use the recorded 

telephone call as evidence at trial, Zuroweste objected to the late disclosure. The State 

claimed it did not know about the call until that day and it delivered a copy of the recording 

to Zuroweste as soon as it was discovered. The State justified the late disclosure, arguing 

it has to “juggle the trial docket,” it doesn’t always know “what case is going [to trial] 

sometimes until days before,” and “the State [has] to prep multiple cases for trial, but 

[doesn’t] know which one’s going until days before.” 

Zuroweste filed a pretrial motion to exclude the recorded telephone call from 

evidence as a sanction for the alleged discovery violation. Despite arguing the late 

disclosure prejudiced her because she did not have time to investigate the call and offer 

evidence to contradict the State’s evidence, Zuroweste did not seek a continuance as a 

remedy to the discovery violation in her pretrial motion. The circuit court overruled her 

motion to exclude the evidence. Immediately prior to trial, Zuroweste pleaded guilty to 

the misdemeanor possession of drug paraphernalia charge.4

 On the morning of trial, the 

circuit court asked Zuroweste if she was sure she wanted to reject the State’s plea offer for 

the felony possession charge, which contemplated dismissing the felony charge pending 

successful completion of a drug court program. Zuroweste confirmed she wished to reject 

3

 The State did not disclose the recordings of the other telephone calls Zuroweste made 

while she was detained in the Warren County jail. The State contended there were no 

exonerating statements contained in the other calls but nonetheless offered to provide

recordings of the other calls to Zuroweste. 4

 Zuroweste was sentenced to 90 days in jail for this offense. 
4 

the State’s offer, explaining she could not commit to the drug court program due to the 

distance between the court and her residence. Zuroweste’s case proceeded to trial. 

During the trial, the State introduced the September 26 telephone call, over 

Zuroweste’s objection, as evidence in support of its theory that Zuroweste knew the baggy 

contained methamphetamine, equating the recorded statements with an admission of guilt. 

During closing arguments, the State encouraged the jury to play the recorded telephone 

call during its deliberations, and the jury did request the recording during deliberations. 

The jury returned a verdict finding Zuroweste guilty of felony possession of 

methamphetamine. Zuroweste moved for a new trial, again citing the State’s alleged

discovery violation. The circuit court overruled her motion and entered judgment on the 

jury’s verdict. The circuit court sentenced Zuroweste to seven years in prison pursuant to

the 120-day institutional treatment program authorized by § 559.115.5

 Zuroweste 

appealed, and this Court granted transfer after an opinion by the court of appeals pursuant 

to Rule 84.04. 

Standard of Review

“In reviewing criminal discovery claims, this Court will overturn the trial court only 

if it appears that the trial court abused its discretion.” State v. Taylor, 944 S.W.2d 925, 932 

(Mo. banc 1997). Even when there is a discovery violation, “[a] trial court’s denial of a 

requested sanction is an abuse of discretion only where the admission of the evidence 

results in fundamental unfairness to the defendant.” State v. Taylor, 298 S.W.3d 482, 502 

5

 All statutory references are to RSMo, 2000, as amended, unless otherwise specified. 
5 

(Mo. banc 2009); see also State v. Edwards, 116 S.W.3d 511, 534 (Mo. banc 2003); State 

v. Royal, 610 S.W.2d 946, 951 (Mo. banc 1981).

Analysis

Through its rules, this Court seeks to facilitate and promote discovery in criminal 

cases. The rules of criminal discovery exist “to eliminate surprise by allowing both sides 

to know the witnesses and evidence to be introduced at trial.” State v. Walkup, 220 S.W.3d 

748, 753 (Mo. banc 2007) (internal brackets and quotation omitted). “The Rules of 

criminal discovery are not mere etiquette nor is compliance discretionary.” State v. 

Whitfield, 837 S.W.2d 503, 507 (Mo. banc 1992) (internal quotation omitted). The 

discovery rules exist to “aid the truth-finding aspect of the legal system.” Id. at 508. The 

rules also “foster informed pleas, expedited trials, a minimum of surprise, and the 

opportunity for effective cross-examination.” State v. Wells ̧ 639 S.W.2d 563, 566 (Mo. 

banc 1982). 

On appeal, Zuroweste claims the circuit court erred in admitting the recorded 

telephone call she placed September 26th because the call was untimely disclosed in 

violation of the rules of discovery, and the late disclosure prevented her from adequately 

preparing for trial. Although this Court agrees the State violated the rules of discovery, the 

circuit court did not abuse its discretion admitting the recorded telephone call at trial 

because any unfairness resulting from the late disclosure could have been remedied by a 

continuance, which Zuroweste never requested. For this reason, the admission of the 

evidence did not result in fundamental unfairness to Zuroweste warranting reversal of her 

conviction. 
6

A. The untimely disclosure of the recorded telephone call was a discovery violation.

The State labored both in its brief and at oral argument to convince this Court its 

late response to Zuroweste’s discovery request did not constitute a discovery violation. 

The State’s arguments ring hollow, however, as there can be no question there was a 

discovery violation in this case. 

The State first argues it did not violate the rules of discovery because the call was 

not in its possession. Both the plain text of Rule 25.036 and Missouri cases expose the 

weakness in the State’s position. Rule 25.03 sets out the mandatory disclosures the State 

is required to make when it receives a request for discovery in a criminal case. It states, in 

pertinent part, “[T]he state shall, upon written request of defendant’s counsel, disclose to 

defendant’s counsel such part or all of the following material and information within its 

possession or control ... [a]ny written or recorded statements and the substance of any 

oral statements made by the defendant.” Rule 25.03(A)(2) (emphasis added). For the 

purpose of this rule and subdivision, “the state” is limited to “the prosecutor as a 

representative of the State of Missouri, and not to any other state official or entity.” State 

v. Johnson, 513 S.W.3d 360, 366 n.3 (Mo. App. 2016). Therefore, because the recorded 

telephone calls Zuroweste made in the Warren County jail were not in the prosecutor’s 

possession, but instead were in the possession of the Warren County sheriff’s department,7

the State is correct that Rule 25.03(A) did not obligate disclosure by the prosecutor in this 

 6

 Rule 25.03 was amended December 19, 2017, effective July 1, 2018. Zuroweste’s trial 

took place in November 2016, so rule references are to the rules in effect in 2016 unless 

otherwise stated.

7

 The Warren County jail is operated by the Warren County sheriff’s department.
7

case. But the scope of information and material subject to mandatory disclosure under 

Rule 25.03 encompasses more than information in the prosecutor’s possession. 

Although Rule 25.03(A) did not require disclosure, Rule 25.03(C) obligated the 

State to exercise diligence and good faith to retrieve and disclose the recorded telephone 

calls Zuroweste made while she was detained in the Warren County jail. The State 

contends the rules of criminal discovery “[do] not impose an affirmative duty on the State” 

to search for and retrieve information from the Warren County jail, but this position is

inconsistent with the language of Rule 25.03(C) and exhibits a disingenuous reading of this 

Court’s relevant cases. Rule 25.03(C) clearly states:

If the defense in its request designates material or information which would 

be discoverable under this Rule if in the possession or control of the state but 

which is, in fact, in the possession or control of other governmental

personnel, the state shall use diligence and make good faith efforts to cause 

such material to be made available to the defense counsel.

(Emphasis added). Zuroweste’s written discovery request sought “[a]ny written or 

recorded statements ... made by the defendant.” Pursuant to Rule 25.03(A)(2), this specific 

request would have obligated the State to disclose the recorded telephone calls Zuroweste 

made from the Warren County jail if the recordings were in the prosecutor’s possession. 

Therefore, because the recordings would have been “discoverable under this Rule” if they 

were in the prosecutor’s possession, Rule 25.03(C) required the State to “use diligence and 

make good faith efforts” to cause the recordings to be made available to Zuroweste if the 

recordings were “in the possession or control of other governmental personnel.” Rule 

25.03(C). The recorded telephone calls made by Zuroweste were, in fact, in the possession 

and control of the Warren County sheriff’s department, another government entity. Rule 
8

25.03(C) required the State, therefore, to use diligence and make a good faith effort to make

the recordings available to Zuroweste. Furthermore, this Court has unequivocally held 

Rule 25.03 “imposes an affirmative requirement of diligence and good faith on the state to 

locate records not only in its own possession or control but also in the control of other 

governmental personnel.” Merriweather v. State, 294 S.W.3d 52, 55 (Mo. banc 2009) 

(emphasis added). It is beyond debate that Rule 25.03(C) and this Court’s decision in 

Merriweather required the State to use diligence and make a good faith effort to seek out 

and retrieve the recorded telephone calls from the Warren County jail and disclose the calls

to Zuroweste.

The facts in Merriweather further expose the infirmity of the State’s position. In 

Merriweather, this Court held Rule 25.03(C) obligated the State to disclose prior criminal 

convictions of a witness called by the State even though the convictions in question “were 

Illinois records, but Missouri officials had access to them . ” Id. at 56. Put another way, 

Rule 25.03(C) placed an affirmative duty on the State to retrieve and disclose evidence 

from another state because the State had the ability to access the evidence. 

Not only is the Warren County sheriff’s department a Missouri government entity, 

but the Warren County prosecuting attorney and the Warren County sheriff’s department

are located in the same building. If this Court found diligence and good faith required the 

State to discover and disclose criminal records originating from another state government,

then the diligence and good faith requirement of Rule 25.03(C) would also require the State 

to discover and disclose records maintained by another Missouri government entity located 

in the same building as the prosecutor. Furthermore, the State cannot justifiably claim 
9

discovering and disclosing recorded telephone calls Zuroweste made at the Warren County 

jail goes beyond the diligence and good faith requirement of Rule 25.03(C) because the 

use of recorded jailhouse telephone calls has become commonplace in criminal 

prosecutions and the State frequently uses such recordings as evidence in criminal trials. 

Therefore, the State, utilizing diligence and a good faith effort, should have discovered and 

disclosed the recorded telephone calls Zuroweste made from the Warren County sheriff’s 

department as required by Rule 25.03(C).

The State attempts to distinguish Merriweather from this case because the discovery

at issue in Merriweather was exclusively available to the State through online criminal 

history databases, whereas Zuroweste could have requested and received copies of her 

recorded jail calls. But this distinction is immaterial because Rule 25.03 requires disclosure 

of any recorded statements the defendant made if those statements are in the possession or 

control of other governmental personnel. Whether Zuroweste had access to the recordings

is irrelevant to the State’s duty to discover and disclose the recordings. Moreover, the 

State’s attempt to pass responsibility for locating the call onto Zuroweste ignores the 

fundamental nature of a criminal prosecution. The State wields enormous power during a 

criminal prosecution, and with great power comes great responsibility. If the State seeks 

to deprive a defendant of liberty, the State must spare no effort to fulfill its obligations 

under this Court’s discovery rules.

In a final attempt to convince this Court it did not commit a discovery violation, the 

State argues it disclosed the recording as soon as the State came into possession of the call, 

but a review of the disclosure timeline and the relevant rule of discovery establishes the 
10

State’s disclosure was untimely. Rule 25.02 states, in pertinent part, “Requests [for 

discovery] shall be answered within ten days after service of the request.”8

 “This duty to 

disclose is not discretionary and is continuing.” State v. Bucklew, 973 S.W.2d 83, 92 (Mo. 

banc 1998). The relevant telephone call was recorded September 26, 2015. Zuroweste 

filed her written request for discovery June 10, 2016. The State was obligated under Rule 

25.03(C) to use diligence and good faith efforts to locate the recordings from the Warren 

County sheriff’s department and disclose the recordings to Zuroweste on or before June 

20, 2016, as required by Rule 25.02.9

Although the State provided Zuroweste with a copy of the telephone call 

immediately after coming into possession of the recording, the State waited until the final 

days leading to trial before giving any thought to locating and disclosing the call. The State 

does not claim locating the recorded telephone calls was difficult,10 and, as stated above, 

the use of jailhouse telephone calls in criminal trials has become commonplace. The State, 

therefore, has no excuse for not discovering and disclosing all the recorded telephone calls

 8

 The 2018 amendment to Rule 25.02 requires a response within 14 days after being served 

with the defendant’s request for discovery.

9

 The only justification for not disclosing within the 10-day period is extension of the 

deadline by the circuit court. See Rule 25.02 (“The court may enlarge or shorten the times 

herein specified.”) The State did not seek nor did the court extend the 10-day deadline in 

this case.

10 If the State had sought the recorded telephone calls from the Warren County sheriff’s 

department and the department refused to provide them or otherwise failed to cooperate 

with the State’s efforts to obtain the recordings, then the State could properly claim it used 

diligence and good faith efforts to discover and disclose the records, but there is no record

such circumstances occurred. See State v. Doney, 622 S.W.2d 227, 231 (Mo. App. 1981)

(finding no discovery violation when prosecutor requested tape recording from police 

department, but police department claimed, contrary to defendant’s testimony, recording 

did not exist).
11

within 10 days as required by Rule 25.02. Sitting idly on Zuroweste’s discovery request 

for six months and then waiting until mere days before trial to locate and disclose

discoverable material containing recorded statements made by Zuroweste is the antithesis 

of the diligence and good faith requirement of Rule 25.03(C) and the 10-day deadline 

mandated by Rule 25.02. 

The prosecutor inexcusably tried to pass the blame for the late disclosure onto the 

defense bar by accusing defendants of engaging in a “shell game” through which 

defendants prevent the State from knowing which defendants will take their case to trial 

and which defendants will accept plea agreement offers. This Court, however, has no 

sympathy for the State’s position because the State’s job is to be prepared to try every case 

it brings and to assume each case will be tried to verdict.

Accordingly, the State’s failure to timely retrieve and disclose the September 26 

telephone call from the Warren County jail undoubtedly constituted a discovery violation. 

The only remaining question is what sanction or remedy, if any, the State’s discovery 

violation warranted.

B. The discovery violation did not warrant exclusion of the recorded telephone call.

Rule 25.18 sets forth the sanctions and remedies the circuit court may consider and 

impose for discovery violations occurring in criminal cases. The rule states in pertinent 

part:

If at any time during the course of the proceeding it is brought to the attention 

of the court that a party has failed to comply with an applicable discovery 

rule ..., the court may order such party to make disclosure of material and 

information not previously disclosed, grant a continuance, exclude such 
12

evidence, or enter such other order as it deems just under the 

circumstances. 

Rule 25.18 (emphasis added). This rule gives circuit courts significant discretion, and a 

circuit court’s decision will be disturbed “only upon a very strong showing that the court 

abused its discretion and prejudice resulted.” Edwards, 116 S.W.3d at 535. Nonetheless,

the circuit court’s discretion is not absolute. The circuit court must ensure the sanction

imposed or remedy applied, if any, is proportional to the violation and the resulting 

prejudice. “When the trial court declines to impose a sanction, [this Court] must determine 

whether the State’s violation resulted in fundamental unfairness or bore a real potential for 

substantively altering the outcome of the trial.” State v. Johnston, 957 S.W.2d 734, 750 

(Mo. banc 1997). “Fundamental unfairness occurs when the state’s failure to disclose 

results in defendant’s ‘genuine surprise’ and the surprise prevents meaningful efforts to 

consider and prepare a strategy for addressing the evidence.” State v. Tisius, 92 S.W.3d 

751, 762 (Mo. banc 2002). 

In her motion for sanctions, Zuroweste sought exclusion of the jail call recording as 

a sanction for the State’s discovery violation. Notably, Zuroweste did not request or seek 

a continuance as a remedial measure, even in the alternative. The exclusion of evidence is 

among the sanctions and remedies authorized by Rule 25.18. However, the exclusion of 

evidence is “a drastic remedy that should be used with the utmost of caution.” State v. 

Mansfield, 637 S.W.2d 699, 703 (Mo. banc 1982), overruled on other grounds by State v. 

Clark, 652 S.W.2d 123, 127 n.4 (Mo. Banc 1983); see also State v. Destefano, 211 S.W.3d 

173, 181 (Mo. App. 2007). As the United States Supreme Court has said in the context of 
13

a Fourth Amendment violation, “for exclusion to be appropriate, the deterrence benefits of 

suppression must outweigh its heavy costs” of ignoring reliable evidence and suppressing 

the truth. Davis v. United States, 564 U.S. 229, 237 (2011). 

The purpose of any trial, criminal or civil, is to seek justice. A fair trial and just 

result may be compromised if reliable and relevant evidence is suppressed from the fact 

finder. Accordingly, such an extreme sanction is warranted only if supported by adequate 

cause and required to prevent “fundamental unfairness.” Johnston, 957 S.W.2d at 750; see 

also State v. Smothers, 605 S.W. 2d 128, 132 (Mo. banc 1980) (“A conviction resulting

from a fair trial should not be reversed for the purpose of disciplining and deterring 

prosecutors, particularly where the mechanism for discipline and deterrence is provided 

elsewhere.”). For this reason, before the drastic sanction of exclusion is imposed, circuit 

courts must consider employing less severe remedies to address the prejudice resulting 

from the discovery violation and achieve fundamental fairness for all parties. 

In support of her request for the exclusion of the recorded telephone call as a 

sanction for the State’s discovery violation, Zuroweste and the dissent argue the violation 

involves her own inculpatory statements. Zuroweste and the dissent contend the failure to 

disclose a defendant’s own statements is inherently prejudicial. To be sure, the State’s 

failure to produce a defendant’s own statement is a particularly concerning form of 

discovery violation. See State v. Henderson, 410 S.W.3d 760, 764 (Mo. App. 2013)

(holding “[t]he State’s failure to produce a statement of the accused is in a different 

category from failure to disclose a witness or a photograph”). “Because they carry such 

great weight with the jury, inculpatory statements demand disclosure, and a violation of 
14

the rule of disclosure requires examination with grave suspicion.” Id. at 765. Indeed, the 

State relied heavily on the jail call, equating the recorded statements with an admission of 

guilt. The State also repeatedly referenced the recorded telephone call during closing 

arguments, and the jury requested the recording during deliberations. The significant 

weight of Zuroweste’s inculpatory statements in the recorded telephone call, however, does 

not create a presumption of prejudice mandating exclusion of the evidence or reversal if 

the evidence is not excluded. Rather, Zuroweste must demonstrate the discovery violation 

resulted in “fundamental unfairness” warranting exclusion of the evidence rather than 

another sanction or remedy. Johnston, 957 S.W.2d at 750. 

Zuroweste argues the State’s late disclosure resulted in fundamental unfairness 

because she did not have sufficient time to adequately prepare a defense in light of the

recording. If a criminal defendant claims a late discovery disclosure prevented her from 

adequately investigating and preparing for trial, the appropriate remedy is a continuance, 

not exclusion of the evidence, unless the complaining party establishes prejudice from the 

delay. See Royal, 610 S.W.2d at 953 (finding it “strange to hear defense counsel make 

these claims [of insufficient time to prepare] while not seeking a continuance”); State v. 

Ivy, 531 S.W.3d 108, 119(Mo. App. 2017) (observing a defendant could have “potentially 

removed the prejudice” from a late disclosure by asking for a continuance). Moreover, a 

defendant’s “[f]ailure to seek a continuance leads to the inference that the late endorsement 

was not damaging to the complaining party.” State v. Hutchison, 957 S.W.2d 757, 764 

(Mo. banc 1997). “A defendant’s failure to ask for a continuance can be properly 

considered by the appellate court in determining whether the trial court abused its 
15

discretion,” and the failure to request a continuance may also justify finding the defendant 

“could have requested the less-drastic remedy of a continuance as an alternative to the 

tape’s exclusion.” State v. Bynum, 299 S.W.3d 53, 62 (Mo. App. 2009) (internal quotation 

omitted). Zuroweste’s failure to request a continuance must be considered when assessing

the credibility of Zuroweste’s claim that she did not have adequate time to prepare and 

whether fundamental unfairness resulted from admission of the evidence. If Zuroweste 

truly needed additional time to investigate the call, a continuance would have remedied her 

concerns. By not requesting a continuance, the credibility of her claim is shaken, and the 

circuit court did not abuse its discretion denying her request to exclude the evidence.

Importantly, Zuroweste was out of custody and had requested several continuances during 

the course of this prosecution, and there is no evidence or record before the circuit court 

suggesting another continuance or a delay in the trial would have somehow prejudiced 

Zuroweste. Because a continuance would have remedied any unfairness caused by the 

discovery violation in this case and Zuroweste has not demonstrated prejudice by a delay 

in the proceedings, Zuroweste has not shown the drastic remedy of exclusion was justified 

over a simple continuance, and the circuit court did not abuse its discretion overruling her 

motion to exclude the recorded telephone call.11

 11 The dissent and Zuroweste, in her reply brief, contend the circuit court abused its 

discretion by not granting a continuance even though it was not specifically requested in 

her motion for sanctions. In the motion for sanctions, Zuroweste specifically requested 

exclusion of the recorded telephone call. She also requested “any such relief [the circuit 

court] deems necessary.” The dissent and Zuroweste claim this request could properly be 

characterized as a request to continue Zuroweste’s trial because a continuance is one of the 

remedies set forth in Rule 25.18. Zuroweste did not raise this argument in her opening 
16

In addition, Zuroweste fails to identify exactly what she would have done differently 

had the State timely disclosed the recorded call. Vague and indefinite responses about how 

a defense strategy would have changed in light of untimely disclosed evidence is 

insufficient to establish prejudice. Royal, 610 S.W.2d at 952-53. Rather, Zuroweste must 

establish the late disclosure “bore a real potential for substantively altering the outcome of 

the trial.” Johnston, 957 S.W.2d at 750. Zuroweste claims, with more time, she could have 

investigated and interviewed a person she referenced on the recorded telephone call, but 

she does not explain how investigating and interviewing this person potentially could have 

created a different result at trial. Although the State most certainly should have discovered 

and disclosed the recording in a timely fashion, Zuroweste has neither claimed nor 

demonstrated she was genuinely surprised by the recording to an extent that “prevent[ed] 

meaningful efforts to consider and prepare a strategy for addressing the evidence.” State 

v. Thompson, 985 S.W.2d 779, 785 (Mo. banc 1999). Zuroweste does not allege she was 

forced to alter her trial strategy at the last minute, nor that the late disclosure “crippled” her 

 

brief, so this argument is waived. See Berry v. State, 908 S.W.2d 682, 684 (Mo. banc 1995)

(“Assignments of error set forth for the first time in the reply brief do not present issues for 

appellate review.”); see also Newson v. Kan. City, Mo. Sch. Dist., 520 S.W.3d 769, 777 n.7 

(Mo. banc 2017). Nonetheless, the circuit court could have asked Zuroweste if she would 

agree to a continuance if the court overruled her motion to exclude the evidence of the 

recorded telephone call and granted a continuance of the trial based on the late disclosure 

at Zuroweste’s request. This sua sponte action by the circuit court could have avoided the 

issue in this case and been the preferred method to address the late disclosure, but the circuit 

court did not abuse its discretion by not doing so. Indeed, this Court has held a circuit court 

did not abuse its discretion by declining to sanction the State for a discovery violation when 

the defendant did not specifically seek a continuance to provide more time to review 

evidence the State untimely disclosed. See Royal, 610 S.W.2d at 953.
17

defense.12 See Henderson, 410 S.W.3d at 766. “Bare assertions of prejudice are not 

sufficient to establish fundamental unfairness and [do] not show how the trial was 

substantially altered.” Tisius ̧ 92 S.W.3d at 762. Accordingly, by merely claiming the late 

disclosure deprived her of an opportunity to adequately prepare for trial, Zuroweste has not 

demonstrated a reasonable likelihood the State’s discovery violation “affected the result of 

the trial.” 13 Edwards ̧116 S.W.3d at 534. 

Zuroweste relies heavily on Henderson, 410 S.W.3d at 762 and another court of 

appeals case, State v. Willis, 2 S.W.3d 801 (Mo. App. 1999), for her claim that the State’s 

late disclosure resulted in fundamental unfairness, but those cases can be distinguished 

from the present action. In Henderson, the defendant was charged with unlawfully 

possessing a firearm. 410 S.W.3d at 762. The defendant’s theory of defense was he did not 

live at the address where the firearm was recovered. Id at 763. However, the defendant 

listed the address where the firearm was found as his address on the booking form he 

completed after his arrest. Id. Although the defendant submitted a written discovery 

 12 This suggests Zuroweste did not need additional time to prepare an alternate defense 

strategy in light of the recording, which may explain why Zuroweste did not seek a 

continuance as a remedy for the discovery violation. See Hutchison, 957 S.W.2d at 764 

(“Failure to seek a continuance leads to the inference that the late endorsement was not 

damaging to the complaining party.”). 13 The dissent focuses heavily on the fact that the State failed to disclose not only the 

recorded telephone call used at trial but also the recordings of other jail calls Zuroweste

made. But this discovery violation also could have been remedied by a continuance. If 

Zuroweste needed additional time to review and respond to the additional calls before trial, 

she merely needed to make such request as she had done previously in this case. Because 

a continuance could have easily remedied any alleged prejudice from the late disclosure of 

one or more of the recorded calls, the ultimate sanction of exclusion was unwarranted. 
18

request, the State waited until after trial had begun to disclose the booking form. Id. The 

court of appeals found this resulted in fundamental unfairness, noting:

the booking form was the State’s most damning documentary evidence that 

[the defendant] actually lived at the residence where police found the rifle. 

By the time the State disclosed the booking form, the defendant had already 

committed in his opening statement to the jury to the theory of defense that 

he did not live at the residence where police found the rifle ... The timing 

crippled the defendant’s theory of defense and left defense counsel with no 

time to investigate and employ another strategy.

Id. at 766. Untimely disclosure of the booking form, therefore, resulted in fundamental 

unfairness not because the defendant had merely formulated a strategy prior to trial that 

did not contemplate the booking form, but because he had already presented the theory to

the jury when the State made the late disclosure, so a continuance could not have remedied 

the discovery violation. 

Similarly, in Willis, the State waited until the day the trial began before disclosing 

inculpatory letters the defendant wrote directly contradicting his chosen theory of defense.

2 S.W.3d at 803. The court of appeals held this late disclosure resulted in fundamental 

unfairness warranting exclusion because it did not give the defendant enough time to adjust 

his trial strategy. Id. at 807. In contrast, the State, in this case, disclosed the recorded call 

four days before trial started, not on the day the trial commenced. Four days was enough 

time for Zuroweste, at the very least, to determine if she needed additional time to 

investigate and prepare for trial in light of the late disclosure and request a continuance to 

seek more time, if necessary, to properly respond to the late disclosure of the telephone 

call.
19

Zuroweste also claims the late disclosure resulted in fundamental unfairness 

because it left her with insufficient time to decide whether to plead guilty or to accept the 

State’s plea offer. But again, Zuroweste failed to request a continuance. If she needed 

additional time to consider the State’s offer in light of the late disclosure, she had four days 

before the start of the trial to simply request a continuance. Moreover, Zuroweste fails to 

explain how she was genuinely surprised by the disclosure or how having more time 

between disclosure of the recording and trial would have influenced her decision on 

whether to plead guilty. See Tisius, 92 S.W.3d at 762. Although Zuroweste claims timely 

disclosure would have given her more time to consider the effect the recording would have 

on her trial, “extremely general responses” are insufficient to show prejudice. Royal, 610 

S.W.2d at 953. 

Furthermore, Zuroweste still had sufficient time after receiving the recording from 

the State to contemplate the State’s plea offer, and, in any event, there is no evidence

showing the recorded telephone call influenced her decision to accept or reject the plea 

offer. Zuroweste was presented with a chance to accept the State’s plea offer as late as the 

morning of trial, but she rejected the offer because she was hesitant to commit to a drug 

court program due to the distance between the court and her residence. This demonstrates

Zuroweste was not contemplating the weight of the State’s evidence or the effect of the 

recording on the outcome of her trial when she rejected the State’s plea offer. Instead, she 

rejected the offer on logistical grounds unrelated to the State’s evidence or the recorded 

telephone call. The late disclosure, therefore, had no bearing on Zuroweste’s decision to 

accept or reject the State’s plea offer. Accordingly, the State’s discovery violation was not 
20

fundamentally unfair because Zuroweste has not demonstrated how timely disclosure of 

the recorded call would have reduced her reluctance to accept the State’s plea offer and 

enter a drug court program.

Finally, Zuroweste characterizes the State’s late disclosure of the recorded call as a 

willful discovery violation and therefore contends exclusion is warranted pursuant to Rule 

25.18. Rule 25.18 provides in pertinent part, “Willful violation by counsel of an applicable 

discovery rule or an order issued pursuant thereto may subject counsel to appropriate 

sanctions by the court.” (Emphasis added). While clearly the State’s choice to delay 

seeking and obtaining the jail calls until it determined Zuroweste’s case was proceeding to 

trial was intentional, there was no evidence showing the State’s decision was made in bad 

faith or to gain a strategic advantage. Missouri courts have emphasized the distinction 

between discovery violations made willfully in bad faith and those occurring due to poor 

discovery practices and trial preparation. In Johnson, the court of appeals reversed a 

conviction due to a discovery violation but only after finding the State “intentionally 

withheld the recordings from the defense to gain a strategic advantage.” 513 S.W.3d at 

365 (emphasis added).14 Clearly, if the State willfully violated the discovery rules to gain 

 14 Zuroweste and the dissent rely on Johnson to support their positions that the circuit court 

abused its discretion by failing to exclude the jail call recordings. Although the dissent 

characterizes Johnson as “eerily similar,” the prosecutor in Johnson was found to have 

acted in bad faith. In contrast, Zuroweste made no allegations of bad faith, making Johnson

easily distinguishable. The dissent claims there is no difference between late disclosure of 

evidence with the intent to sabotage the defendant’s case and late disclosure caused by poor

discovery practices. The distinction, however, is germane to the character of the 

prosecutor’s malicious intent in Johnson. Committing a discovery violation with the intent 

to harm a defendant is categorically more culpable than committing a discovery violation 
21

a strategic advantage or because of another bad faith motive, exclusion of relevant evidence 

would be the minimum sanction warranted. See State ex rel. Jackson Cnty. Prosecuting 

Attorney v. Prokes, 363 S.W.3d 71, 85 (Mo. App. 2011) (denying the State’s writ petition

after the circuit court imposed the “ultimate sanction” by excluding all the State’s 

evidence after finding the extensive record was “replete with instances of the State’s bad 

faith”). In contrast, there was no evidence the State, in this case, attempted to sabotage 

Zuroweste’s defense, gain an advantage at trial through the late disclosure, or otherwise 

acted in bad faith. Rather, the State unjustifiably chose to delay determining whether 

Zuroweste made calls from the jail and disclose the recorded call until it determined 

whether Zuroweste’s case would proceed to trial. While this was an intentional choice and 

could properly be considered a willful discovery violation, the record does not establish 

the State committed the violation in bad faith warranting the disfavored and severe sanction 

of excluding the evidence.

Furthermore, despite the dissent’s attempt to characterize the sanctions authorized 

by Rule 25.18 as mandatory, a willful violation of the discovery rules does not mandate 

exclusion. In other words, Rule 25.18 does not require the imposition of a sanction in this 

case; it merely authorizes the circuit court to do so in its discretion. “A trial court’s denial 

of a requested sanction is an abuse of discretion only where the admission of the evidence 

results in fundamental unfairness to the defendant.” Edwards, 116 S.W.3d at 534. 

Zuroweste has not shown the State’s late disclosure resulted in fundamental unfairness

 

merely because one does not wish to bother with following the rules of discovery unless 

the case is actually proceeding to trial.
22

requiring exclusion of the recorded telephone call. Accordingly, the circuit court did not 

abuse its discretion in overruling Zuroweste’s motion for sanctions.

Conclusion

Because the State’s discovery violation did not warrant exclusion of the evidence, 

the circuit court’s judgment is affirmed.

 

 

___________________

W. Brent Powell, Judge

Fischer, C.J., Wilson, J., and Chapman, Sp.J., concur; 

Stith, J., dissents in separate opinion filed; 

Draper and Russell, JJ., concur in opinion of Stith, J. 

Breckenridge, J., not participating.
1

SUPREME COURT OF MISSOURI

en banc

STATE OF MISSOURI, )

)

Respondent, )

)

vs. ) No. SC97229

)

DANIELLE ANN ZUROWESTE, )

)

Appellant. )

Concurring in Part and Dissenting in Part

I agree with the portion of the majority opinion holding the prosecutor committed a 

serious violation of Rule 25.03(C)1 by failing to timely disclose the recording of one of 

defendant’s jail telephone calls until late in the afternoon of the Thursday before a holiday 

weekend, with trial beginning on Monday. I strongly disagree, however, with the 

majority’s conclusion that, even in light of the prosecutor’s willful violation of Rule 

25.03(C), the trial court did not abuse its discretion in failing to impose any sanction for 

the prosecutor’s intentional disobedience to this Court’s rules. 

 1 All rule references are to the Missouri Supreme Court Rules in effect in 2016 unless 

otherwise stated.
2

I. The Prosecutor Willfully Violated Rule 25.03 by Failing to Disclose the 

Inculpatory Call until the Weekend before Trial and by Never Providing the Other 

Jail Calls

First, as the majority concedes, this violation was willful. The prosecutor’s own 

words show he made it his practice not to attempt compliance with Rule 25.03 until a case 

actually was set for trial, even though he knew Rule 25.02 required a complete response to 

discovery within 10 days. While the record shows the prosecutor failed to comply with the 

rule as an ill-considered means of balancing a busy docket by only providing discovery in 

cases he thought would not plead rather than in a bad faith attempt to sabotage the defense, 

his violation was still both knowing and willful. Moreover, he did not just fail to disclose 

the single call he relied on so heavily at trial; there were other known calls that he never 

turned over to the defense. Rule 25.03(C) does not state it applies only to defendants who 

intend to go to trial, nor does it allow the prosecutor to cherry-pick what evidence he or she

thinks the defense needs to see. Timely, complete responses to discovery are required in 

all cases. Indeed, without those responses it often would be difficult for the defendant to 

make a knowing determination whether to plead or to go to trial. Such was the case here.

While the majority says the defense had “four days” to prepare to meet this new 

evidence after the prosecutor finally revealed one of the defendant’s telephone calls, such 

artful wording cannot hide the fact the prosecutor sent defense counsel the recording of the 

phone call in question only 20 minutes before the close of the last business day before trial. 

He called defense counsel at 4:40 p.m. on a Thursday before a national holiday. Defense 

counsel had only Veterans Day, Saturday and Sunday to attempt to investigate this 
3

evidence, and she stated her investigator was not available on a holiday without notice. 

This caused fundamental unfairness because, as defense counsel told the court below:

Judge, the primary object of the discovery process is to permit the 

defendant an opportunity to prepare in advance for trial and avoid surprise. 

Those discovery rules lay out the time period with which the State has to 

follow those rules and disclose everything to the defense. Here they have ten 

days to disclose all discovery, and that’s noted in the Rule 25.03. We filed

our request for discovery on June 10th, 2016. Here we are November 10th at 

4:45 in the afternoon, or 4:40, excuse me, I think that’s the actual time, when 

the State has sent me this call.

Judge, the phone call is from September of 2015, so it’s not like the 

State can say well this call was just made or anything like that. I think that 

would be a unique situation that would allow this late discovery, but Judge 

the facts are this case or this phone call is more than a year old and the State 

should have known.

Defense counsel noted that such late disclosures were a pattern and practice of this 

prosecutor’s office, stating:

Further, Judge, I think my issue is that this isn’t the first time this has 

happened with the prosecutor’s office, that it seems to be a pattern to me and 

I’m not alleging any kind of, you know, malfeasance on the part of the State, 

but I am getting discovery very late for other trials. In, I think it was the

September trial, I was forced to ask for a continuance at the last minute 

because of that. In October I was given information at the last minute. We 

proceeded with trial anyway, but this has been happening quite a lot. And 

Judge, I think that the failure to comply with the rules of discovery not only 

violates Miss Zuroweste’s rights to a fair trial here but it also clogs up the

Court’s docket.

The prosecutor did not deny that he had failed to reveal the inculpatory telephone 

call until 20 minutes before the holiday weekend began. Nor did he claim he had tried but 

been unable to find this call until the day he revealed it. Indeed, he did not even deny that 

this was not the first time he had failed to comply with Rule 25.03. Instead, he made it 

clear that he did not even try to fully comply with discovery requests until he knew a case 
4

was going to trial. If the prosecutor believed a case would be continued or result in a plea 

deal, he willfully chose to not comply with discovery requests. He then said he was not 

casting blame, but, in effect, he argued it was the fault of defense counsels in general for

not letting him know in advance whether they would be pleading guilty so he would know 

in which cases he had to actually produce discovery and in which he could safely fail to 

follow the rules: 

Moreover, I would point out that the defense counsel casts aspersions 

upon the prosecutor’s office for saying that this is some kind of pattern of 

behavior and I would point out that as this Court and both counsel are well 

aware it’s difficult to juggle the trial docket. We don’t know what case is 

going sometimes until days before and I would point out that defense counsel 

was representing [name and case number omitted] which had a UMDDL. 

The prosecutor’s office was ready to try it and thought it was going and

defense counsel actually filed a motion to continue in this case which then 

takes our attention off of preparing this case. So it’s a little bit disingenuous

when they’re saying this is a pattern of behavior and yet there’s a shell game 

being played to where the State’s having to prep multiple cases for trial and 

but we don’t know which one’s going to go until days before, in part because 

of defense counsel’s conduct. I’m not -- Again, I’m not saying, this isn’t a 

personal attack. Miss Thoman is very thorough and does her job well. I don’t 

think she’s doing anything to vex, harass or delay 

As the majority recognizes, at the time relevant here the prosecution was required 

to file its response within ten days after service unless an extension was granted under Rule 

25.02, and there is no suggestion such an extension was requested here.2

 This dilemma of 

not knowing which case warrants full discovery until the week before trial existed only 

because the prosecutor knowingly and willfully chose not to comply with the deadlines for 

discovery and did not even search for all discoverable material until the last minute. The 

 2 As amended effective July 1, 2018, the prosecutor has 14 days to respond to a discovery 

request under Rule 25.02, absent an extension of time.
5

duty to respond to discovery within ten days does not vary depending on whether the 

prosecutor thinks the defendant will take a plea or go to trial. Indeed, a defendant’s 

decision whether to plead or go to trial itself will be affected by the strength of the 

prosecution’s case, which in turn depends on what evidence the defense believes the 

prosecutor has. That is exactly why the prosecution is not permitted to wait until just days 

before trial to respond to discovery. And that is exactly the prejudice defense counsel says 

occurred here – the late disclosure prevented her from properly investigating the case:

Judge, this violates the defendant’s right to due process, effective 

representation, confrontation and fair trial and I think that Rule 25.18 says, 

or I know that it says when a party fails to comply with the rules of discovery 

the Court may exclude that evidence as a sanction and I think that’s the 

appropriate remedy here since it was given to me on November 10th at 4:40, 

which is the day before a holiday. My investigator can’t work. There’s no 

way that I can work on getting more information for this.

....

And Judge, can I make a further point? And once again the State is 

saying well the defense should have known about this, but I reiterate my point 

that it is not my job as defense counsel to seek out evidence against my client. 

It is the State’s job to prove the case against Miss Zuroweste here today and 

it is the State’s job to disclose what evidence they have. When they fail to do 

that you can’t shift the burden to me. That’s not the way this goes and that’s 

what it feels like the State is doing by saying well you should have known 

all these things, but that’s shifting the burden of their evidence to me and 

that’s incorrect. 

Further, the majority ignores another highly significant and willful failure to 

disclose by the prosecutor. Even after the prosecutor found out about the inculpatory 

telephone call on the Thursday before trial and sent a recording of it to defense counsel, he 

failed to disclose there were numerous other telephone calls made by the defendant from 

the jail. Even on the morning of trial, the prosecutor did not disclose or even bring to court 
6

a recording or transcript of these other calls. Defense counsel objected this precluded her 

from investigating possible defenses which these recordings might support or reveal:

Judge, my other issue with this is this is one phone call. Miss 

Zuroweste was in custody for at least several days. I don’t know if there are 

other phone calls that could be potential Brady material, they could contain 

exculpatory evidence or they could put into context the September 26th, 

2015, call. The failure to disclose this until the very last minute prevents me 

from being able to investigate those things and try and discover that.

Later, defense counsel further addressed the difficulties caused by the failure to 

reveal these other calls:

... Judge, I think the fact that I was unable to seek out any further calls that 

may put this call into context I think is prejudicial to the defendant here and 

I think not being able to have the time to do that and be able to offer any kind 

of evidence to counteract what the State will present to the jury I think is 

prejudicial to defendant and that’s why it shouldn’t be allowed.

Rather than concede his violation, the prosecutor erroneously told the trial court the 

prosecution had to disclose only calls it intended to introduce at trial, but nonetheless 

magnanimously offered to make the other calls available to defense counsel but told the 

judge the failure to produce them should not be considered in ruling on the admissibility 

of the inculpatory call:

[Prosecutor]: Absolutely the State -- any evidence the State has that 

it intends to use against the defendant the State has to turn or over and as 

soon as I got the tape I turned it over. I made diligent effort to inform Miss 

Thoman. I didn’t just send it through the mail because I didn’t want it to be 

like that. I think it should be fair so I instantly informed Miss Thoman of the 

existence and the nature of this statement. But certainly Miss Zuroweste knew 

about it before the State did and so I think that reduces the prejudicial 

impact. It’s not about shifting burden. It’s about prejudice to the defendant 

with the trial strategy.

What we still haven’t heard is how this particular call affects the trial 

strategy. To the extent she’s trying to get access to other calls, fine, we can 

do that.
7

I’ll go -- We can go downstairs and make a disk of all the calls but I 

don’t -- there’s nothing -- that doesn’t mean this call doesn’t come in.

THE COURT: Okay.

[Prosecutor]: There’s nothing exonerating on the calls and that’s the 

other point I want to make.

(Emphasis added).

This was enough for the judge, who admitted the inculpatory evidence:

I’m going to grant the motion to endorse the witness, Matt Schmutz, 

and over the defendant’s objection. I’m going to deny their motion to exclude 

that telephone call. Okay.

Of course, the prosecutor is not permitted to turn over only that evidence which he, 

the prosecutor, thinks may be exculpating. He obviously is not aware of the defense 

strategy and so could not know what other calls might be relevant. The rules require all 

statements of the defendant to be turned over, not merely exculpatory ones. See Rule 25.03. 

The prosecutor admitted he was aware of these calls and had been since at least the prior 

Thursday, yet even as trial began had failed to make them available to the defense. If, as 

the majority says, the prosecutor’s failure to reveal the inculpatory phone call can be 

forgiven because defense counsel had an alleged “four days” – albeit all but 20 minutes of 

that time constituted a holiday weekend – then counsel was deprived of even those “four 

days” in regard to these other telephone calls. This clearly constitutes another knowing 

and willful violation of Rule 25.03.

II. The Prosecutor’s Violation was Categorically Worse Because He Failed to 

Disclose Zuroweste’s Own Statements

Bad as the prosecutor’s failure to take ownership of his discovery violation was, his 

next comments to the court were even worse. He argued the effect of his violation should 
8

be discounted because it was merely a failure to disclose the defendant’s own statements, 

and of course defendant knew jail calls were subject to recording so there could not be 

much unfairness resulting from the late disclosure:

Your Honor, I would point out a couple things. Number one, I agree 

with the case law she cited. The idea of the rules in discovery is to prevent 

trial by ambush. If we had a bloody knife hidden in an evidence locker 

somewhere that we didn’t pull out until the day of trial that would be unfair. 

But if you look at the nature of this evidence this is her client’s statements 

on a recording where when she’s making the call it says these are subject to 

monitoring, so it’s a little bit different than evidence that she had no idea 

could possibly exist.

The trial court apparently also thought the fact the statements were those of the 

defendant mitigated any resulting unfairness, stating:

Well, and my only thought would be that perhaps if it’s extremely 

damning that maybe she would of taken a plea, you know, because my 

understanding was there was a plea, and maybe we can do that in just a little 

bit, the Frye hearing on it, but my understanding, that would be my thought, 

is that perhaps if it was, you know, so bad, you know, saying yep, I did it and 

they’ve got her on recording saying that I can see why now at the last minute 

it might affect their defense strategy a little bit as far as being able to either 

have her get on the stand and say oh, nope, I didn’t do it and I never said 

anything about it and now all of a sudden we’ve got a tape, a recording that 

says she did. So I can understand that. 

On the other hand, I can understand the State’s argument where, you 

know, if she said it she said it and you’ve had at least time to look at it and 

listen to it since he sent it to you and I mean it is what it is. It could come in 

as that statement. 

The prosecution and the court were entirely wrong on the law regarding failure to 

disclose a statement of the defendant, however. This Court and the appellate courts have

recognized on multiple occasions that such a failure to disclose a defendant’s own 

statements is more, rather than less, likely to result in fundamental unfairness because
9

“inculpatory statements, carrying such great weight with the jury, demand disclosure, and 

violation of the rule of disclosure [must be] examined with grave suspicion.” State v. Scott 

943 S.W.2d 730, 739 (Mo. App. 1997). “If the State can be forgiven its duty to disclose a 

statement of the accused on the basis that the accused must have already known about the 

statement because he made it, then we will have eviscerated Rule 25.03(A)(2).” State v. 

Willis, 2 S.W.3d 801, 808 (Mo. App. 1999). 

In more than one instance, therefore, courts have held a defendant’s “trial was 

rendered ‘fundamentally unfair’ when [he] was refused inspection of the substance of oral 

statements made by [him] to [the detective].” State v Scott, 479 S.W.2d 438, 442-43 (Mo. 

banc 1972) (Internal citation omitted). Moreover, Scott cautioned:

We must be mindful of the role of a confession. It frequently becomes the 

core of the State’s case. It is not uncommon for the judicial proceeding to 

become more of a review of what transpired at headquarters than a trial of 

the basic criminal event itself.... When a confession is given and issues 

surrounding it tend to displace the criminal event as the focus of the trial, 

there should be like opportunity to get at the facts of the substituted issue. 

Simple justice requires that a defendant be permitted to prepare to meet what 

thus looms as the critical element of the case against him.

Id. at 442. This Court reached a similar result in State v. Harrington, 534 S.W.2d 44, 47-

48 (Mo. banc 1976), which quoted extensively from Scott and held it was fundamentally 

unfair for the prosecutor to disclose defendant’s own statements the morning of trial.

Accord State v. Childers, 852 S.W.2d 390, 391 (Mo. App. 1993) (“Statements made by a 

defendant which are inculpatory are almost by definition prejudicial.”).

This reasoning has specifically been applied to a failure to disclose telephone calls 

made from jail. In State v. Johnson, 513 S.W.3d 360, 363 (Mo. App. 2016), a case eerily 
10

similar to this one, the defendant made incriminating phone calls while in jail awaiting 

trial. The prosecutor had recordings of these phone calls but waited until the Friday before 

trial, which happened to be a state holiday, to disclose them. Id. In finding the prosecutor’s 

discovery violation resulted in fundamental unfairness the court referred to the jail calls as 

“highly prejudicial” and quoted State v. Henderson, 410 S.W.3d 760, 766 (Mo. App. 2013),

as saying, “[F]ailure to produce a statement made by the defendant is uniquely prejudicial 

compared to failure to disclose a witness or photograph, for example, because of the great 

weight that the defendant’s inculpatory statements carry.” Id. at 367.

The majority tries to distinguish Johnson by noting that there, the prosecutor 

admitted he had failed to produce the statements in order to gain a strategic advantage, and 

suggests such was not the case here. This is wrong in two respects. First, while the 

prosecutor in this case did not act in “bad faith” in the sense that he acted with a conscious 

intent to sabotage the defense, he can hardly be described as acting in good faith. The facts 

show he acted willfully and with knowledge that he was not going to prepare for trial until 

the last couple of days before trial, and this meant that any evidence he discovered would 

not be produced to the defense until just before trial. Moreover, the defense reminded the 

trial court that this was not the first time the prosecutor had tried to play this sort of game 

with the discovery rules, citing two cases in just the few months prior where the prosecutor 

had similarly hidden the ball until the last minute.

Second, Rule 25.18 does not make a distinction between sanctions for actions 

undertaken willfully as compared to actions taken in bad faith. To the contrary, it 
11

distinguishes between actions undertaken willfully and a mere failure to comply with an 

order without regard to the intent with which it was done:

If at any time during the course of the proceeding it is brought to the 

attention of the court that a party has failed to comply with an applicable 

discovery rule or an order issued pursuant thereto, the court may 

order such party to make disclosure of material and information not 

previously disclosed, grant a continuance, exclude such evidence, or 

enter such other order as it deems just under the circumstances. Willful 

violation by counsel of an applicable discovery rule or an order issued 

pursuant thereto may subject counsel to appropriate sanctions by the court.

Rule 25.18 (emphasis added).

In other words, Rule 25.18 provides that willful violations are so serious that counsel 

may themselves be sanctioned for their misconduct. It does not limit this greater liability 

for sanctions to conduct undertaken in bad faith; rather, a willful violation of the rules is 

sufficient to merit the higher sanction. And this is as it should be. A prosecutor’s knowing 

decision to flout the discovery rules, particularly as here where he does so on a repeated 

basis confirming it is a knowing and not an inadvertent violation, merits at least some 

sanction. 

This is made all the worse by the fact the undisclosed evidence was defendant’s 

own statement. Even the majority opinion recognizes the heightened severity of failing to 

disclose defendant’s own statements:

The State’s failure to produce a defendant’s own statement is a particularly 

concerning form of discovery violation. See State v. Henderson, 410 S.W.3d 

760, 764 (Mo. App. 2013) (holding the State’s “failure to produce a statement 

of the accused is in a different category from failure to disclose a witness or 

a photograph”). “Because they carry such great weight with the jury, 

inculpatory statements demand disclosure, and a violation of the rule of 

disclosure requires examination with grave suspicion.” Id. at 765. 
12

But, it appears the majority then applies exactly the same analysis to whether the 

trial court abused its discretion in not imposing sanctions as it would have had the violation 

not involved the defendant’s own statements. Moreover, it never discusses the heightened 

level of violation caused by the prosecutor’s admitted failure to disclose the other telephone 

calls even as of the morning of trial. The majority thereby ignores the many cases it just 

acknowledged discussing the uniquely prejudicial effect of using a defendant’s own 

statements against her, and gives absolutely no weight to the prosecutor’s multiple 

violations or to the fact those violations were willful rather than inadvertent or negligent. 

III. An Express Request for a “Continuance” was not Required Where Counsel 

Requested Other Relief, the Prosecutor had a Pattern of Willfully Failing to 

Disclose and the Trial Court Failed to Afford Any Sanction 

Despite the gravity of the prosecutor’s misconduct and the complete failure of the 

trial court to impose any sanction, the majority puts the responsibility on the criminal 

defendant, arguing that because the defendant primarily requested an exclusion rather than 

a continuance, it was proper to afford her no relief at all. This is wrong for at least three

reasons.

First, Missouri law has recognized “Exclusion of a witness may be proper when no 

reasonable justification is given for the failure to disclose the witness.” State v. Martin, 

103 S.W.3d 255, 261 (Mo. App. 2003), citing, State v. Miller, 935 S.W.2d 618, 623 (Mo.

App. 1996); State v. Watson, 755 S.W.2d 644, 646 (Mo. App. 1988); State v. Harris, 664 

S.W.2d 677, 680-81 (Mo. App. 1984). This reasoning is equally applicable to the failure to 

disclose the telephone call. Here, not only did the prosecutor not offer a reasonable 

justification for his failure to disclose, but he admitted it was a considered tactic he chose 
13

to use to deal with his burgeoning caseload, and then made the jail call the key focus of his 

case. 

Second, defense counsel did not solely ask for exclusion of the phone call. She 

requested the trial court “preclude the introduction of the jail phone call made by Defendant 

... under Missouri Supreme Court Rule (Rule) 25.18, as sanction for the State’s failure to 

timely disclose discovery as mandated by Rule 25.03 and 25.08, or any such relief this 

court deems necessary.” (Emphasis added). She so requested because Rule 25.18 provides 

“the court may order such party to make disclosure of material and information not 

previously disclosed, grant a continuance, exclude such evidence, or enter such other order

as it determines just under the circumstances.” Rule 25.18.

The rule thereby gives the trial court discretion as to what type of remedy to provide, 

and counsel called on the trial court to exercise that discretion. Yet, the trial court did 

nothing. It simply allowed the evidence to come in without limitation or delay despite the 

knowing and willful violation of the discovery rules as to both the inculpatory telephone 

call and the unknown content of the other jail calls, and despite the prosecutor’s admission 

it was his practice not to respond to discovery in the time set by the rules.

In State v. Whitfield, 837 S.W.2d 503, 507 (Mo. banc 1992), this Court said:

In general, the trial court has discretion in the sanctions imposed for 

failure to comply with Rule 25.03(A). See Kilgore, 771 S.W.2d at 66. Rule 

25.16 makes sanctions permissive rather than mandatory. The trial court, 

however, is required to tailor the remedy to alleviate harm to the defense 

from the failure to disclose. “The Rules of criminal discovery are not ‘mere 

etiquette’ nor is compliance discretionary.” State v. Luton, 795 S.W.2d 468, 

477 (Mo.App.1990).
14

(Emphasis added). Numerous decisions have reaffirmed that it is the trial court’s duty to 

“tailor the remedy to alleviate harm to the defense.” State v. Wolfe, 13 S.W.3d 248, 259 

(Mo. banc 2000), overruled on other grounds by Mitchell v. Kardech, 313 S.W.3d 667, 670 

(Mo. banc 2010); State v. Petty, 967 S.W.2d 127, 137 (Mo. App. 1998) (accord); see also 

State v. Spencer, 49 S.W.3d 221, 224 (Mo. App. 2001) (court offered defense counsel a 

short period of time to interview a few untimely disclosed witnesses, and denied a 

continuance to consider other untimely disclosed evidence). 

That was the trial court’s abuse of discretion – it did not simply fail to exclude the 

evidence, it did nothing. Rule 25.18 suggests three tools for trial courts in the face of a 

discovery violation: ordering disclosure, granting a continuance, or exclusion. While the 

defendant stated a preference for exclusion, the motion specifically cites to Rule 25.18 and 

asks for “or any such relief this court deems necessary.” There is no way to read that other 

than the defendant asking the trial court to consider the other two options provided by the 

rule. The trial court could have delayed the start of the trial or delayed its ruling on the 

motion to exclude until after the prosecutor turned over the remaining unproduced phone 

calls, or until defense counsel could contact the persons defendant had called once she 

learned from the tapes who they were. It could have ordered the prosecutor to turn over 

the other jail calls. Yet, it did none of these things. It did not even give counsel adequate 

time to discuss the issues with her client. Instead, the court reasoned defendant could still 

decide whether to plead or whether to go to trial because, as the statements were her own, 

she must know what they were. Doing nothing is the opposite of tailoring a remedy to 

alleviate the harm. This decision resulted in fundamental unfairness.
15

Third, while here counsel did ask the trial court to grant such other relief as it found 

necessary, which would include a continuance, at least three cases have found reversible 

error due to fundamental unfairness where the trial court undertook no sanctions even 

where defense counsel failed to ask for a continuance. In Willis, similar to the case now 

before the Court, the prosecutor waited until the day before trial to produce letters written 

by defendant expressing his remorse for injuring his baby and saying it was an accident. 2 

S.W.3d at 803. The appellate court agreed the letters should be excluded because the 

discovery violation was the failure to disclose the defendant’s own statements and a few 

hours delay would not have made any difference in the prejudice, stating: 

[U]nder the circumstances of this case, Appellant’s failure to ask for a 

continuance has no bearing on whether the State’s discovery violation 

resulted in fundamental unfairness to Appellant. Furthermore, we emphasize 

that failure to produce a statement of the accused is in a different category 

from failure to disclose a witness or a photograph.

Id. at 807. The parallels are evident – the prosecutor here, as in Willis, failed to disclose 

defendant’s own statements and thus gave the defense insufficient time for investigation. 

In Willis, defense counsel at least had a full work day in which to try to determine a theory 

to respond to the newly disclosed letters, whereas here defense counsel had only 20 minutes 

on Thursday and then a holiday weekend. See also Henderson, 410 S.W.3d at 766

(continuance request not necessary where prosecutor revealed defendant’s own statement 

only after opening statements). 

Despite the majority’s attempt to distinguish it, Johnson is also directly on point.

The Johnson prosecutor failed to disclose the phone calls to defense counsel until the 

Friday before trial, but the office was closed that Friday for a state holiday and the 
16

prosecutor did not personally notify defense counsel. 513 S.W.3d at 363. The only 

distinction is, in Johnson the prosecutor said he purposely delayed disclosure to handicap 

the defense; here he said he did it to benefit himself and his time for trial preparation. Id. 

at 365. The timing, however, is nearly identical – the defense by the majority’s method of 

counting would have had three days. Johnson properly recognized that, when those days 

are on a weekend and holiday, they do not provide sufficient notice to allow the defense to 

prepare for trial. Id. at 367. Whether the violation was in bad faith, as in Johnson, or

knowing and willful, as here, the result is the same – a continuance is inadequate and the 

evidence should be excluded. 

IV. The Prosecutor’s Willful Violation Resulted in Fundamental Unfairness

In light of the willful way in which the prosecutor violated and continued to violate 

the discovery rules, the majority erred in not finding fundamental unfairness resulted from 

the trial court’s failure to act. “Fundamental unfairness occurs when the state’s failure to 

disclose results in defendant’s ‘genuine surprise’ and the surprise prevents meaningful 

efforts to consider and prepare a strategy for addressing the evidence.” State v. Thompson, 

985 S.W.2d 779, 785 (Mo. banc 1999); accord State v. Taylor, 134 S.W.3d 21, 26 (Mo. 

banc 2004); State v. Tisius, 92 S.W.3d 751, 762 (Mo. banc 2002); Henderson, 410 S.W.3d 

at 764; State v. Zetina-Torres, 400 S.W.3d 343, 353-54 (Mo. App. 2013). 

The prosecutor’s willful misuse of the discovery rules should not be found to be 

harmless. Indeed, in the right circumstances, even a negligent violation can result in 

fundamental unfairness. Zetina-Torres, 400 S.W.3d at 354 (“Even if the state’s failure to 

disclose is merely the result of negligence, as opposed to a nondisclosure through deceit or 
17

guile, fundamental unfairness can still occur.”). Knowing and willful violations, such as 

the violation at issue here necessarily:

require more serious sanctions than mistaken violations precisely because, 

among other reasons, they are more likely to cause a “fundamental 

unfairness” to the opposing party and they show an intentional disregard for 

the rules and orders of the court rather than a mere negligent violation 

thereof.

State ex rel. Jackson Cnty. Prosecuting Attorney v. Prokes, 363 S.W.3d 71, 80 (Mo. App. 

2011). The prosecutor’s mere lack of bad faith does not provide a reasonable justification 

for his conduct and cannot be used to legitimize a knowing and willful failure to abide by 

discovery rules intended to protect the defendant’s right to a fair trial.

If such fundamental unfairness is demonstrated, no further showing of prejudice is 

required: 

Because no sanctions were imposed in this case, our task is to determine 

whether the State’s discovery violation resulted in fundamental unfairness or 

substantively altered the outcome of the case. See State v. Rhodes, 591 

S.W.2d 174 (Mo.App.1979); State v. Couch, 569 S.W.2d 789 

(Mo.App.1978). If either inquiry brings forth an affirmative answer, then the 

trial court’s failure to impose a sanction would constitute an abuse of 

discretion. State v. Royal, 610 S.W.2d 946 (Mo. banc 1981).

State v. Johnson, 702 S.W.2d 65, 73 (Mo. banc 1985) (Emphasis added). 

Moreover, this Court has recognized that it may be impossible to actually show how 

the trial would have been different when the violation precludes an investigation, for one 

cannot show what an investigation would have revealed when the defense was not allowed 

to undertake the investigation. But, in such a case, where the trial court declines to impose 

any sanction, it is sufficient if defendant shows “the State’s violation resulted in 
18

fundamental unfairness or bore a real potential for substantively altering the outcome of 

the trial.” State v. Johnston, 957 S.W.2d 734, 750 (Mo. banc 1997) (Emphasis added). 

In this case, however, we do know how prejudicial the evidence was, and what a 

difference its exclusion would have made, for we have the prosecution’s own words 

describing the import of the call and the jury’s own actions in requesting to listen to it one 

more time before it reached a verdict.

The prosecutor showed he understood how prejudicial the late-disclosed call was 

when he highlighted it for the jury again and again. In his opening statement he said:

[Prosecutor]: You’re also gonna hear a phone call.

[Defense Counsel]: Objection.

[Court discusses and overrules objection]

[Prosecutor]:You’re gonna get to hear a phone call that the defendant 

made a few days after she was booked into the jail. 

....

You’ll never hear on that tape, you’ll never hear her say they got me 

hooked up for something I didn’t do. You’ll never hear her say I didn’t know 

the stuff was there. You’ll never hear her say gosh, if I hadn’t smoked pot I 

wouldn’t be in trouble. What she’s doing is she’s confessing to her friend 

that she knowsshe messed up from using methamphetamine because it’s now 

put her lifestyle in jeopardy, it’s put her children in jeopardy. That’s what 

you’re gonna hear on that tape.

The prosecutor told the jury in closing argument that this inculpatory call was key 

and definitely was referring to methamphetamine:

And then you hear her on the jail call, State’s Exhibit 8. You hear how 

upset she is. You remember the audio from State’s Exhibit 8 she talks about 

how Brian regretted getting her into it. Brian regretted getting her into it. I 

knew it was wrong. She says I’m never doing it again. She says, and excuse

my language, folks, I’m using a direct quote here, I don’t mean to offend you, 

but she says I don’t want to do this shit no more. Her friend says I told your 

kids mommy’s sick and she needs to get better.

Well, you don’t say that about marijuana pipes. You don’t say that 

about marijuana pipes. She’s talking about methamphetamine. That’s proof 
19

that she knew what was in that baggy that she got busted for cause she’s in 

jail.

....

And when you look at all that evidence and when you think about the 

video, when you think about the testimony and when you think about that jail 

call, that admission of guilt, you’re right. She doesn’t come out and say gosh, 

I was caught with meth and I feel so bad about it. I wish I hadn’t had the 

meth in the orange baggy. No defendant ever admits to a crime like that. That 

exists in fantasy and fairy tales and “Law and Order”. That doesn’t actually 

happen. When they do things, when defendants admit to things they admit to

them by mitigating, minimizing and using synonyms. And that’s what she 

does here. She never says meth, but she says I knew it was wrong, I knew I 

was hooked on it, I knew I had to get off of it so I could get back to my kids. 

She’s talking about meth, folks. That’s an admission of guilt.

....

And you know what? On that jail call you heard how sad she was 

about it and Sergeant Beekman talked to you about how sad she was, how 

upset she was when she got busted. She knows she had to get off of it. She 

knows she has to get off of it to get back to her kids. She’s talking about her 

methamphetamine addiction. That’s what she’s talking about.

When you go back to the jury room you can ask for State’s Exhibit 8. 

You can listen to it again if you’d like. All you’ve got to do is send a note 

out to the judge, we want to hear that evidence again. Any piece of the 

evidence you can ask for and you can hear it again if it’s entered in as an 

exhibit.

The length of time the prosecutor spent on the telephone call in his closing argument 

demonstrates its centrality to the prosecution’s case. 

Defendant had no opportunity to counter this argument by investigating whether the 

person to whom defendant spoke, or the other telephone calls apparently never disclosed 

by the prosecutor would have shown defendant was talking about the marijuana she 

admitted having. The jury was left to accept what the prosecution argued that the one 

disclosed call was key and showed the defendant admitted to use of methamphetamine. 

Any doubt about the importance of this argument to the jury was removed when the jury 

requested the recording of the call during deliberations. The only other item the jury 
20

requested was defendant’s mug shot. The majority opinion may not think the phone call 

was important, but the jury certainly did.

The potential for substantially altering the outcome of the trial was clearly shown 

here. The prosecutor’s violation was serious. The majority notes its gravity with words 

and no action, sending a message to prosecutors everywhere they must not conduct 

themselves in this way, but if they do, there will be no consequences. The majority errs in 

failing to find the facts present here – a defendant’s own inculpatory statements, extremely 

late disclosure, emphatic use at trial, reliance by the jury during deliberations, and a willful

violation – do not add up to fundamental unfairness. 

____________________________

 LAURA DENVIR STITH, JUDGE