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https://www.nist.gov/el/fire-research-division-73300/wildland-urban-interface-fire-73305/hazard-mitigation-methodology-8

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Engineering LaboratoryFire Research Division

## Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Group

-  HAZARD MITIGATION METHODOLOGY (HMM)  Expand or Collapse    -  Why Implement HMM in your Community?  Expand or Collapse      -  Exposures During WUI Fires 
    -  HMM vs Traditional Hazard Mitigation 
    -  WUI Definitions 
    -  Structure Survivability in the WUI 
    -  Community Survivability in the WUI 
    -  Paths forward: Implementing HMM 
    -  Communities already implementing HMM 
  -  How Fire Spreads in the WUI  Expand or Collapse      -  How do Structures Survive WUI Fires? 
    -  Fire Spread Pathways 
    -  Why Exposure Matters, not Parcel Boundary 
    -  Hazard from Fuel Agglomeration 
    -  Community-scale WUI Fire Hazards 
  -  Community-Wide Structure- and Parcel-Level Hardening Actions  Expand or Collapse      -  How Density Impacts Community 
    -  Workflow for HMM Hardening Actions 
    -  Structure Hardening for Embers 
    -  Parcel Hardening for Fire: the Three R’s 
    -  Surrounding Parcel Hazard Mitigation 
    -  Primary Parcel Hazard Mitigation 
    -  Structure Hardening for Fire 
    -  Communities Hardening Actions 
  -  Hardening Actions: Construction Guidance 
  -  Contacts 

# Hardening Actions: Construction Guidance

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All structures and property should be fully protected from embers. Forty vulnerabilities and hardening actions have been identified for embers and are listed in Table A.

Diagrams and photographs of each vulnerability and hardening action are provided in the accompanying PDF files.

The following photographs and Computer-Aided Design (CAD) drawings are provided as illustrations of the described hardening actions. Implementation of each item should be done by a qualified individual following the appropriate codes, standards, and industry practices.

**Guides for each info sheet:**  Each information sheet is arranged as follows:

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#### Download the Adobe Acrobat document (pdf) of all these items listed as follows:

##### ***ROOF***

                      -  SKYLIGHTS 
                      -  ROOF-TO-SKYLIGHT FLASHING 
                      -  ROOF ASSEMBLY DETAILS (FLASHING) 
                      -  ASSEMBLY DETAILS (DORMER) 
                      -  SOLAR PANEL RAISED UP 
                      -  ROOF COVERING (OLD WOOD SHAKE) 
                      -  ROOF COVERING (CLASSES B AND C) 
                      -  ROOF COVERING WITH OPENINGS 
                      -  GUTTER MESH COVERING 
                      -  METAL DRIP EDGE 
                      -  NO GUTTERS 

##### ***CLADDING (SIDING)***

                      -  HEIGHT OF WALL ASSEMBLY 

##### ***WINDOWS***

                      -  WINDOW SCREEN 
                      -  WINDOW (SINGLE PANEL) 
                      -  WINDOW (DOUBLE PANE) 

##### ***VENTS***

                      -  RIDGE VENT 
                      -  OFF-RIDGE VENTS 
                      -  GABLE VENT 
                      -  UNDER EAVE VENT, VERTICAL 
                      -  UNDER EAVE VENT, HORIZONTAL 
                      -  CRAWL SPACE VENT 
                      -  CRAWL SPACE VENT, NONE 
                      -  DRYER VENTS 
                      -  MAKEUP AIR INTAKE 
                      -  OTHER ATTACHMENTS TO MOBILE HOME 

##### ***SKIRTING***

                      -  SKIRTING, MOBILE HOME 
                      -  SPACE ACCESS HINGED DOOR, MOBILE HOME 
                      -  CRAWL SPACE VENTS, MOBILE HOME 

##### ***DOORS***

                      -  EXTERIOR DOOR (NON-SLIDING) 
                      -  EXTERIOR DOOR (SLIDING) 
                      -  WOOD-FRAME SCREEN DOOR 
                      -  PLASTIC SCREEN DOOR 
                      -  GARAGE DOOR 

##### ***ATTACHMENTS***

                      -  DECK ATTACHED TO RESIDENCE 
                      -  DECKS ATTACHED TO RESIDENCE 
                      -  DECK-TO-WALL INTERSECTION 
                      -  BETWEEN DECK BOARDS 
                      -  COMBUSTIBLE DECKS & NEARBY FUELS 
                      -  FENCE ATTACHED TO RESIDENCE 
                      -  STAIRS CONNECTED TO RESIDENCE 
                      -  ATTACHED RETAINING WALLS 
                      -  COMBUSTIBLE FURNITURE 
                      -  PERGOLA/TRELLIS 

----

**ROOF: Skylight** [download PDF]

----

**ROOF: Roof-to-Skylight Flashing** [download PDF]

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**ROOF: Roof Assembly Details (Flashing)** [download PDF]

----

**ROOF: Assembly Details (Dormer)** [download PDF]

----

**ROOF: Solar Panel Raised Up** [download PDF]

----

**ROOF: Roof Covering (Old Wood Shake)** [download PDF]

----

**ROOF: Roof Covering (Classes B and C)** [download PDF]

----

**ROOF: Roof Covering with Openings** [download PDF]

----

**ROOF: Gutter Mesh Covering** [download PDF]

----

**ROOF: Metal Drip Edge** [download PDF]

----

**ROOF: No Gutters** [download PDF]

----

**CLADDING: Height of Wall Assembly** [download PDF]

----

**VENTS: Ridge Vent** [download PDF]

----

**VENTS: Off-Ridge Vents** [download PDF]

----

**VENTS: Gable Vent** [download PDF]

----

**VENTS: Under Eave Vent, Vertical** [download PDF]

----

**VENTS: Under Eave Vent, Horizontal** [download PDF]

----

**VENTS: Crawl Space Vent** [download PDF]

----

**VENTS: Crawl Space Vent, None** [download PDF]

----

**VENTS: Dryer Vents** [download PDF]

----

**VENTS: Makeup Air Intake** [download PDF]

----

**VENTS: Other Attachments to Mobile Home** [download PDF]

----

**WINDOWS: Window Screen** [download PDF]

----

**WINDOWS: Window (Single Panel)** [download PDF]

----

**WINDOWS: Window (Double Pane)** [download PDF]

----

**DOORS: Exterior Door (non-sliding)** [download PDF]

----

**DOORS: Exterior Door (Sliding)** [download PDF]

----

**DOORS: Wood-Frame Screen Door** [download PDF]

----

**DOORS: Plastic Screen Door** [download PDF]

----

**DOORS: Garage Door** [download PDF]

----

**ATTACHMENT: Deck Attached to Residence** [download PDF]

----

**ATTACHMENT: Decks Attached to Residence** [download PDF]

----

**ATTACHMENT: Deck-to-Wall Intersection** [download PDF]

----

**ATTACHMENT: Combustible Decks & Nearby Fuels** [download PDF]

----

**ATTACHMENT: Fence Attached to Residence** [download PDF]

----

**ATTACHMENT: Stairs connected to residence** [download PDF]

----

**ATTACHMENT: Attached Retaining Walls** [download PDF]

----

**ATTACHMENT: Combustible Furniture** [download PDF]

----

**ATTACHMENT: Pergola/Trellis** [download PDF]

----

**SKIRTING: Skirting, Mobile Home** [download PDF]

----

**SKIRTING: Space Access Hinged Door, Mobile Home** [download PDF]

----

**SKIRTING: Crawl Space Vents, Mobile Home** [download PDF]

----

**OPTIONAL: Between Deck Boards** [download PDF]

-  **‹** Communities Hardening Actions 
-  Contacts **›** 

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