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 The Organization of Scientific Area Committees for Forensic Science
    
      
  OSAC Lexicon

The OSAC Lexicon is a compendium of forensic science terms and definitions. This terminology tool was created to help bring consistency and understanding to the way terms are used by the various forensic science. Use of the OSAC Lexicon does not replace the need to reference the original published source.

The terms and definitions in the OSAC Lexicon come from the published literature, including documentary standards and technical reports. It is continually updated with the latest work from OSAC units, as well as terms from newly published documentary standards and standards elevated to the OSAC Registry.

Gradually terms are evaluated and harmonized by the OSAC to a single term. This process results in an OSAC Preferred Term. An OSAC Preferred Term is a term, along with its definition, that has undergone review and evaluation by the FSSB Terminology Task Group and has been approved by the FSSB. The FSSB recommends that subcommittees use OSAC Preferred Terms when drafting standards.

The OSAC Lexicon should be the primary resource for terminology and used when drafting and editing forensic science standards and other OSAC work products.



Keyword Search
  
  
  Searches term, definition, and source for any of these keywords.
  Term
  
  
  Searches term name.
  OSAC Committee
  
  
  - Any -Bloodstain Pattern AnalysisCrime Scene Investigation & ReconstructionDigital EvidenceDogs & SensorsFacial and Iris IdentificationFire & Explosion InvestigationFirearms & ToolmarksFootwear & TireForensic AnthropologyForensic Document ExaminationForensic NursingForensic OdontologyForensic ToxicologyFriction RidgeFSSBHuman Forensic BiologyIgnitable Liquids, Explosives & Gunshot ResidueInterdisciplinaryMedicolegal Death InvestigationSeized DrugsSpeaker RecognitionTrace MaterialsVideo/Imaging Technology & AnalysisWildlife Forensic Biology
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Displaying 301 - 350 of 3424
      Export results (CSV)Blank Search
  A training or certification exercise in which the target scent is not present.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASB 027 Standard for Training and Certification of Canine Detection of Humans: Patrol Canine Team. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Blank Search
  A training or certification exercise in which the target scent is not present.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASB 026 Standard for Training and Certification of Canine Detection of Humans: An Aged Trail Using Pre-scented Canines. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Blank Search
  A training or certification exercise in which the target scent is not present.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASB 024 Standard for Training and Certification of Canine Detection of Humans: Location Check Using Pre‐scented Canines. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Blank Testing
  A known odor/scent sample that is used to assess the canine's proficiency in a non-matching odor/scent scenario. The canine is expected to give a negative response.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Crime Scene/Death Investigation - Dogs and Sensors - Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Blast Pressure Front
  The expanding leading edge of an explosion reaction that separates a major difference in pressure between normal ambient pressure ahead of the front and potentially damaging high pressure at and behind the front.
            
            Committee
                    Fire & Explosion Investigation

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          NFPA 921:2021 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Blasting agent
  a non-detonator sensitive explosive that must be initiated by a booster, or that requires a primer to detonate
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-23 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2023.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Blasting Cap
  A cylindrical shell, usually of metal, containing both a primary high explosive and a secondary high explosive, which is used to initiate other explosives; also known as a detonator or cap.
            
            Committee
                    Ignitable Liquids, Explosives & Gunshot Residue

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ASTM E3196-21 Standard Terminology Relating to the Examination of Explosives. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2021.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Bleve
  Boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion.
            
            Committee
                    Fire & Explosion Investigation

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          NFPA 921:2021 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Blind Experiments
  The person(s) obtaining the measurements does not know the treatments.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Crime Scene/Death Investigation - Dogs and Sensors - Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  blind verification
  A type of verification in which the subsequent examiner(s) has no knowledge of any other examiner’s decisions, conclusions or observed data used to support the conclusion.
            
            Committee
                    Friction Ridge

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                02/26/2024

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASB 142-22 Best Practice Recommendations for the Resolution of Conflicts in Friction Ridge Examination. AAFS Academy Standards Board, 410 North 21st Street Colorado Springs, CO 80904 , 2022.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Blinding
  The process of withholding information that may bias the forensic dental age assessment practitioner.
            
            Committee
                    Forensic Odontology

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ADA 1077-2020 Human Age Assessment by Dental Analysis. American Dental Association (ADA), 211 East Chicago Ave., Chicago, IL, 60611, 2020.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Blocker
  An oversized outsole made of one or more components that is later cut to size.
            
            Committee
                    Footwear & Tire

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Terminology Used for Forensic Footwear and Tire Evidence. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2019.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Blood Chemistry
  A panel of blood tests that measures the components of blood including electrolytes, glucose and enzymes that provides information about organ function and physiologic state.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Crime Scene/Death Investigation - Dogs and Sensors - Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Blood Chemistry
  A panel of blood tests that measures the components of blood including electrolytes, glucose and enzymes that provides information about organ function and physiologic state.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASB 085 Standard for Detection Canine Selection, Kenneling, and Healthcare. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Blood Clot
  A gelatinous mass formed by a complex mechanism involving red blood cells, fibrinogen, platelets, and other clotting factors.
            
            Committee
                    Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Terms and Definitions in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Bloodstain
  A deposit of blood on a surface.
            
            Committee
                    Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Terms and Definitions in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Bloodstain Pattern
  A grouping or distribution of bloodstains that indicates through regular or repetitive form, order, or arrangement the manner in which the pattern was deposited.
            
            Committee
                    Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Terms and Definitions in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Blunt Force Pattern Injury
  An injury to the skin by an object resulting in a pattern that may replicate the design of the object. (Also known as a pattern contusion.)
            
            Committee
                    Footwear & Tire

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Terminology Used for Forensic Footwear and Tire Evidence. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2019.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Body Burden Calculation
  An estimate of the total drug in the body based on quantitative analysis of blood, urine, and/or tissue samples
            
            Committee
                    Forensic Toxicology

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASB Best Practice Recommendation 037 Guidelines for Opinions and Testimony in Forensic Toxicology. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2019.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Body Condition
  Weight for frame and relative proportions of muscle and fat.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Crime Scene/Death Investigation - Dogs and Sensors - Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Body Condition
  Weight for frame and relative proportions of muscle and fat.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASB 085 Standard for Detection Canine Selection, Kenneling, and Healthcare. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Body Condition Scoring
  The process of evaluating the relative fat composition of the canine. Scores are based on 1 to 5 with normal as a 2-3; or 1-9 with normal as a 4-5.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Crime Scene/Death Investigation - Dogs and Sensors - Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Body Condition Scoring
  The process of evaluating the relative fat composition of the canine. Scores are based on 1 to 5 with normal as a 2 to 3; or 1 to 9 with normal as a 4 to 5.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASB 085 Standard for Detection Canine Selection, Kenneling, and Healthcare. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Body Fluids
  Fluids associated with a human body (e.g., sweat, saliva, blood, vomit, decomposition fluids).
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Crime Scene/Death Investigation - Dogs and Sensors - Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Bomb
  an explosive device, usually some kind of container filled with explosive, incendiary material, gas, or other destructive substance, designed to cause damage by way of thermal, blast, or fragmentation effects on impact or when detonated by a time mechanism, switch, remote control device, electric match, or lit fuse
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-23 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2023.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Bond
  Positive relationship, rapport between canines or a human(s) and a canine.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Crime Scene/Death Investigation - Dogs and Sensors - Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Bonding
  The permanent joining of metallic parts to form an electrically conductive path that ensures electrical continuity and the capacity to conduct safely any current likely to be imposed.
            
            Committee
                    Fire & Explosion Investigation

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          NFPA 921:2021 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Booby trap
  a device with a hidden or concealed triggering mechanism designed to be initiated by the victim; also known as a victim-activated device.
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-24 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2024.
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Booster
  a detonator-sensitive high explosive charge used to initiate a main-charge explosive that is usually detonator insensitive.
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-24 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2024.
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Boundary Testing
  Checking to confirm expected outputs are obtained when inputs are at the limits of the software (e.g., testing allele frequencies below the 5/2N minimum threshold or testing upper and lower limits for amplification setup calculations).
            
            Committee
                    Human Forensic Biology

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASB Best Practice Recommendation 114 Best Practice Recommendations for Internal Validation of Software used in Forensic DNA Laboratories. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2022.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Bragg Equation Or Bragg's Law
  Describes the physical phenomenon of X-ray scattering from a crystallographic three-dimensional lattice plane as n?=2dsin?, in which n is any integer, ? is the wavelength of the X-ray, d is the crystal plane separation, also known as d-spacing, and ? is the angle between the crystal plane and the diffracted beam, also known as the Bragg Angle.
            
            Committee
                    Trace Materials

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E3294-22 Standard Guide for Forensic Analysis of Geological Materials by Powder X-Ray Diffraction. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2022.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Braid
  the intertwining of strands in a braiding process to produce a rope structure.
            
            Committee
                    Trace Materials

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E2225-23 Standard Guide for Forensic Examination of Fabrics and Cordage. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2023.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Branched alkane
  a subclass of aliphatic hydrocarbons with the general formula CnH2n+2, with subordinate chains branching off of the main chain; also known as isoparaffin and isoalkane.
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-24 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2024.
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Brannock Device
  A foot-measuring device.
            
            Committee
                    Footwear & Tire

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Terminology Used for Forensic Footwear and Tire Evidence. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2019.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Breeds Of Dogs
  Groups of canines based on canalized or restrictive gene pools derived by selective breeding by humans for behavior or function and / or conformation. When sire and dam come from the same breed, puppies are expected to fall within the broad outlines of the breed standard, which outlines physical and behavioral attributes said to be typical of the breed.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Crime Scene/Death Investigation - Dogs and Sensors - Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Bridge Or Bridging Stimulus
  A signal (conditioned reinforcer) that marks (reinforces) a desired behavior. Often called a bridge because it bridges the gap in time from when the animal performs the desired behavior to when it receives the reward. An example would be the use of a clicker.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Crime Scene/Death Investigation - Dogs and Sensors - Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Brisance
  the ability of an explosive to shatter an object when fired in direct contact or in its vicinity.
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-24 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2024.
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  British Thermal Unit (Btu)
  The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water 1F at the pressure of 1 atmosphere and temperature of 60F; a British thermal unit is equal to 1055 joules, 1.055 kilojoules, and 252.15 calories
            
            Committee
                    Fire & Explosion Investigation

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          NFPA 921:2021 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Bubble Ring
  An outline within a bloodstain resulting from air in the blood.
            
            Committee
                    Bloodstain Pattern Analysis

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Terms and Definitions in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Buccal swab
  A cotton swab or similar collection substrate; used in a relatively non-invasive sample collection technique for scraping the inside of a mouth to collect cells from the inner cheek lining; this is a common method for collecting and preserving samples for DNA testing from known individuals.
            
            Committee
                    Wildlife Forensic Biology

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASB 138 Standard for Collection of Known DNA Samples from Domestic Mammals. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2022.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Buckling
  An abrupt change in the shape and orientation of a hair shaft with or without a slight twist.
            
            Committee
                    Trace Materials

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E3316-22 Standard Guide for Forensic Examination of Hair by Microscopy. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2022.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Building Search
  A training or certification exercise that is conducted on the interior or exterior of a building or structure.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Crime Scene/Death Investigation - Dogs and Sensors - Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Building Search
  A training or certification exercise that is conducted on the interior of a building or structure.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASB 027 Standard for Training and Certification of Canine Detection of Humans: Patrol Canine Team. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Burning Rate
  See Heat Release Rate (HRR)
            
            Committee
                    Fire & Explosion Investigation

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          NFPA 921:2021 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  C-216C
  Form C-216C is a fingerprint form used in Canada to have background record checksperformed. See https://reliabilityscreening.ca/downloads/RCMP_GRC_C216C_Form.pdf[
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/NIST-ITL 1-2011 Update:2015 Data Format for the Interchange of Fingerprint, Facial & Other Biometric Information. ANSI/National Institute of Standards and Technology, 2011.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Cache
  In computer forensics, a temporary storage area set aside on a processor, in memory, or in a filesystem to keep frequently needed data readily available, designed to speed up processing and improve performance.
            
            Committee
                    Facial and Iris Identification

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E2916-19e1 Standard Terminology for Digital and Multimedia Evidence Examination. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2019.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link
  Cad/Cam: Computer Aided Design/ Computer Aided Manufacturing
  Computer systems used to design and manufacture footwear and tires.
            
            Committee
                    Footwear & Tire

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Terminology Used for Forensic Footwear and Tire Evidence. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2019.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Cadaver
  A dead human body or the physical remains of a dead human body at one location. Note that this use of the word is different from that often used in law enforcement, which describes the body at a scene where it was found as a corpse, and only as a cadaver once it is under a coroner's or medical examiner's examination.
            
            Committee
                    Dogs & Sensors

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Technical Report/Other Source** (Author, Title of report. Publisher, Year.)
          ANSI/Academy Standards Board (ASB), Crime Scene/Death Investigation - Dogs and Sensors - Terms and Definitions. AAFS Academy Standards Board (ASB), 410 North 21st Street, Colorado Springs, CO 80904, 2017.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Calcination Of Gypsum
  A fire effect realized in gypsum products, including wallboard, as a result of exposure to heat that drives off free and chemically bound water.
            
            Committee
                    Fire & Explosion Investigation

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          NFPA 921:2021 Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations. The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA, 2021.
                          Source link
      Term link
  Calendaring
  a method of producing adhesive tape by pressing an adhesive to a backing material through a series of heated rollers. The surface appearance depends on the type of roller used.
            
            Committee
                    Interdisciplinary

            Date Added to Lexicon
                                06/12/2023

            **Standard Source** (Designation Number Title of Standard. Publisher, Place, Year.)
          ANSI/ASTM E1732-23 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science. ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428, 2023.
                          Source link
                  *Reprinted, with permission, from ASTM, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, https://www.astm.org*
      Term link

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