[DO NOT PUBLISH] IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS
FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________ No. 2 0

- 1 4 227 Non

- Argument Calendar

________________________ D.C. Docket No. 5:16

- cv - 00483

- LCB

SAMANTHA MALONE, MARK BLEDSOE, TRAVIS MOSELY , Plaintiffs, HOLLY KIMMONS, ANDY FENNELL, O n behalf of themselves and those similarly situated , Plaintiff s - Appellant s ,

versus

PROFESSIONAL PROBATION SERVICES , INC

. , A business entity wholly owned subsidiary of Universal Health Services Inc , Defendant

- Appellee ,

USCA11 Case: 20-14227 Date Filed: 08/18/2021 Page: 1 of 92 CITY OF DECATUR, ALABAMA, A Municipality, EMILY BAGGETT, City of Decatur Prosecutor, in her individual and official capacity, et al

. , Defendants.

________________________ Appeal from the United States District Court for the Nor thern District of Alabam a

________________________ (August 18, 2021) Before WILLIAM PRYOR , Chief Judge, NEWSOM and ANDERSON , Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM: Holly Kimmons and Andy Fennell appeal the summary judgment in favor of Professional Probation Services , Inc . Kimmons , Fennell , and three other plaintiffs

— all former municipal probationers

— f iled a putative class action against Probation Services, its parent company, the City of Decatur, Alabama, and two of its employees for allegedly exacting excessive fines and fees when administer ing sentences of probation. The plaintiffs’ second amended complaint alleged violations of federal constitutional rights, 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and of the Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act , 18 U.S.C. § 1962 (c)

– (d), and torts under state law

. Kimmons and Fennell c hallenge only the summary judgment against their state claim of abuse of process . We affirm.

USCA11 Case: 20-14227 Date Filed: 08/18/2021 Page: 2 of 93 The second amended complaint filed by t he former probationers alleg ed that the City violated their rights to due process and equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and that the City and its employees falsely imprisoned them and violated their right s to be free of unreasonable searches and seizures under the Fourth Amendment and to counsel under the Sixth Amendment . They also complained that Protection Services and its
p arent company violated the federal racke t eering act and that Protection Services committed a state tort by abus ing the process of probation. The former probationer s alleg ed that, w hen an offender could not pay the fine for a minor offense, the Decatur municipal court imposed a sentence, which it then suspend ed and release d the offender on probation under the supervision of Probation Services. They alleged that , if the offender failed to pay a prearranged installment o f the court costs or the $35 supervision fee to P robation S ervices, i t notified the municipal court, which initiated revocation proceedings, extended the offender’s term of probation , and multiplied the f ines and f ees due

. The former probationers also al leged that the defendants threaten ed them , “fail [ed] to give [them] full information about their due process rights and other rights, and fail [ed] to provide a process for evaluating or presenting indigency to the court when [they] were unable to pay .”

USCA11 Case: 20-14227 Date Filed: 08/18/2021 Page: 3 of 94 The City, its employees, Probation Services, and its parent company mo ved to dismiss the complaint , which the district court granted in part and denied in part

. The district court dismissed all claims against both City employees and the claim of racketeering against Probation Services and its parent company

. The district court ruled that Kimmons and the other s had stated claims against the City for violating their federal constitutional rights and for false imprisonment and against Probation Services for abuse of process. Later, the plaintiffs moved to dismiss all claims against the City with prejudice, and the district court granted the motion. Probation Services moved for summary judgment . It argued that Malone’s, Bledsoe’s, and Moseley’s claim s for abuse of process were barred by the two

- year statute of limitations for personal injuries , see Ala. Code § 6

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- 38(1), and that no material dispute existed about whether it had abuse d the process of probation

. Probation Services a rgu e d that the former probationer s submitted n o evidence that it had issued or had caused the municipal court to issue legal process for failure to
pay
. The company also a rgu ed that it had not acted with malice because any threat of arrest it s staff had made related to a lack of compliance with the condition of probation to timely pay court

- imposed costs

. Probation Services attached to its motion a copy of its contract with the City and a declaration from corporate counsel. The contract stated that Probation Services supervised “ offenders placed on probation or referred for the supervision

USCA11 Case: 20-14227 Date Filed: 08/18/2021 Page: 4 of 95 and collection of payment of fines, court costs, restitution or other sums ordered by the court

. ” A specification incorporated into the c ontract provid ed for “ offenders the Court

. . . determine [d] as indigent . . . [to be] supervised at no cost ,” for Probation Services “ staff [to] identify those defendants who are lacking the resources to make payments and recommend

. . . possibly converti ng portions of the fines or costs to community service hours ,” and for “ services . . . [to be made] available to indigent offenders at no cost . . . .” The specification also stated that probationers paid $35 for “basic supervision” and that the staff only “ collect [ed] the monthly court

- ordered supervision fee until such time the defendant has paid fines and cost in full and the case is suspended. ” Counsel for Probation Services declare d that the municipal court made all sentencing decisions and that co mpany staff were trained to enforce sentencing orders and to treat probationers equitably

. Probation Services also submitted c opies of Kimmon s ’s and Fennell’s depositions. The two former probationers testified that the municipal court imposed all fines and fees in their cases and warned them of the possibility of imprison ment for nonpayment of court

- impos ed costs. Kimmons testified that the municipal court told her that community service was a sentencing option, that she never pleaded indigency or requested a substitute sentence of community service, and that she only had to pay the fines and fees imposed at sentencing. She contended that she had been “harassed” to pay outstanding fines and fees, but she

USCA11 Case: 20-14227 Date Filed: 08/18/2021 Page: 5 of 96 recounte d that her probation officer urged her to make full instead of partial monthly payment s and r equested that she bring money whe n rescheduling appointments she had miss ed

. Kimmons also testified that her probation officer warned her that a warrant might issue for her arrest if she failed to reduce her outstanding balance and that she continued to pay what she could afford and was never imprisoned for nonpayment

. Fennell maintain ed that, when he expressed concern a bout his a bility to pay fines, the municipal court responded, “pay or go to jai l

. ” But Fennell testified that he paid all his court costs and never was arrested for non pay ment

. He authenticated his criminal judgment s and acknowledged that t hey ordered him to “timely pay fines, costs, and restitution as ordered” and to remain “supervised on probation . . . until all fines, court costs, and restitution are paid in [the] case

. ” Fennell also acknowledged that the judgment s warned that his “[f]ailure to comply with all orders and conditions of probation could result in [his] probation being modified, extended, or revoked” and that he was “subject to summons and/or arrest for violation of any rule, order, or condition of probation.” Kimmons and Fennell argu ed that the company “ charged all persons it supervised monthly fees of $35 . . . [that] were not authorized by state law and at times [were] in excess of the amount specified in the Contract

. ” They also argued

USCA11 Case: 20-14227 Date Filed: 08/18/2021 Page: 6 of 97 that the company “ threatened [ probationer s] with probation revocation and incarceration if they did not pay the fees associated with their supervised release .” The district court entered summary judgment in favor of Probation Services. The district court ruled that Malone’s, Bledsoe’s, and Moseley’s claims were untimely. See Ala. Code § 6

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- 38(1). The district court also ruled that “[n]either Kimmons nor Fennell . . . presented any evidence to show that lawful process was issued for an ulterior purpose,” as required to prove a claim of abuse of process. The district court found that “[a]ll harassment alleged by . . . Kimmons [and] Fennell [had been] in furtherance of the Municipal Court’s Sentencing Orders” and they presented “ no evidence that any alleged threats were ever made for any reason other than ensuring [their] compliance with the terms of their sentencing orders.” Only Kimmons and Fennell appeal, and w e review de novo the summary judgment against their complaint of abuse of process

. Mosley v. Zachery , 966 F.3d 1265, 1270 (11th Cir. 2020)

. Summary judgment is appropriate when there exists no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).
To prove an abuse of process, Kimmons and Fennell had to “ offer substantial evidence indicating: (1) the existence of an ulterior purpose; 2) a wrongful use of process, and 3) malice. ” Hollander v. Nichols , 19 So. 3d 184, 193 (Ala. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). And they had “ to prove all three

USCA11 Case: 20-14227 Date Filed: 08/18/2021 Page: 7 of 98 elements ” to survive summary judgment. C.C. & J., Inc. v. Hagood , 711 So. 2d 947, 952 (Ala. 1998)

. An ulterior purpose “ usually takes the form of coercion to

o btain a collateral advantage ” that is akin to extortion. Hollander , 19 So. 3d at 194 (quoting Reynolds v. McEwen , 416 So. 2d 702, 706 (Ala. 1982) ). “The ulterior motive must culminate in an actual abuse of the process by perverting it to a use to obtain a result which the process was not intended by law to effect

. ” Id. at 193 (quoting Willis v. Parker , 814 So. 2d 857, 865 (Ala. 2001 ) ) (alterations adopted)

. Kimmons and Fennell presented no evidence that Probation Service acted with an ulterior moti ve
. The record established that Probation Service officers performed their assigned task of collecting court

- ordered fines and fees and

c onveyed truth ful information t o probationers that the y were required timely to make pay ment s and that non payment could result in them having their term of probation extended or being arrest ed . Even if, as Kimmons and Fennell maintained, their probation officers’ threats were made with bad intentions , that was insufficient to establish they acted with an u lter ior motive when collecting the fines and fees imposed by the municipal court

. See Willis , 814 So. 2d at 865 ( “ ‘[ T ] here is no liability where the defendant has done nothing other than carry out the process to its authorized conclusion, even though with bad intentions .’”). Because the probation officers’ “ action [was] confined to its regular and legitimate function [of ensuring that probationers complied with the conditions of their

USCA11 Case: 20-14227 Date Filed: 08/18/2021 Page: 8 of 99 probation] . . . there [was] no abuse ” of process

. Id. (quoting Dempsey v . Denman , 442 So. 2d 63, 65 (Ala. 1983) ). So the district court did not err by entering summary judgment in favor of Probation Services and against Kimmons and Fennell’s complaint of abuse of process.
We AFFIRM the summary judgment in favor of Professional Probation Services , Inc

.

USCA11 Case: 20-14227 Date Filed: 08/18/2021 Page: 9 of 9