[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 20-14227

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 5:16-cv-00483-LCB

SAMANTHA MALONE, 

MARK BLEDSOE, 

TRAVIS MOSELY,

Plaintiffs,

HOLLY KIMMONS,

ANDY FENNELL, 

On behalf of themselves and those similarly situated,

Plaintiffs-Appellants,

versus

PROFESSIONAL PROBATION SERVICES, INC., 

A business entity wholly owned subsidiary of 

Universal Health Services Inc,

Defendant-Appellee,

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CITY OF DECATUR, ALABAMA, 

A Municipality,

EMILY BAGGETT,

City of Decatur Prosecutor, 

in her individual and official capacity, et al.,

Defendants.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Alabama

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(August 18, 2021)

Before WILLIAM PRYOR, Chief Judge, NEWSOM and ANDERSON, Circuit 

Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

Holly Kimmons and Andy Fennell appeal the summary judgment in favor of 

Professional Probation Services, Inc. Kimmons, Fennell, and three other 

plaintiffs—all former municipal probationers—filed a putative class action against 

Probation Services, its parent company, the City of Decatur, Alabama, and two of 

its employees for allegedly exacting excessive fines and fees when administering

sentences of probation. The plaintiffs’ second amended complaint alleged 

violations of federal constitutional rights, 42 U.S.C. § 1983, and of the

Racketeering Influenced and Corrupt Organization Act, 18 U.S.C. § 1962(c)–(d),

and torts under state law. Kimmons and Fennell challenge only the summary 

judgment against their state claim of abuse of process. We affirm.

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The second amended complaint filed by the former probationers alleged that 

the City violated their rights to due process and equal protection under the 

Fourteenth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution and that the City and its 

employees falsely imprisoned them and violated their rights to be free of 

unreasonable searches and seizures under the Fourth Amendment and to counsel 

under the Sixth Amendment. They also complained that Protection Services and its 

parent company violated the federal racketeering act and that Protection Services 

committed a state tort by abusing the process of probation. The former 

probationers alleged that, when an offender could not pay the fine for a minor 

offense, the Decatur municipal court imposed a sentence, which it then suspended

and released the offender on probation under the supervision of Probation Services. 

They alleged that, if the offender failed to pay a prearranged installment of the 

court costs or the $35 supervision fee to Probation Services, it notified the 

municipal court, which initiated revocation proceedings, extended the offender’s 

term of probation, and multiplied the fines and fees due. The former probationers 

also alleged that the defendants threatened them, “fail[ed] to give [them] full 

information about their due process rights and other rights, and fail[ed] to provide 

a process for evaluating or presenting indigency to the court when [they] were 

unable to pay.”

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The City, its employees, Probation Services, and its parent company moved

to dismiss the complaint, which the district court granted in part and denied in part. 

The district court dismissed all claims against both City employees and the claim 

of racketeering against Probation Services and its parent company. The district 

court ruled that Kimmons and the others had stated claims against the City for 

violating their federal constitutional rights and for false imprisonment and against 

Probation Services for abuse of process. Later, the plaintiffs moved to dismiss all 

claims against the City with prejudice, and the district court granted the motion.

Probation Services moved for summary judgment. It argued that Malone’s, 

Bledsoe’s, and Moseley’s claims for abuse of process were barred by the two-year 

statute of limitations for personal injuries, see Ala. Code § 6-2-38(1), and that no 

material dispute existed about whether it had abused the process of probation. 

Probation Services argued that the former probationers submitted no evidence that 

it had issued or had caused the municipal court to issue legal process for failure to 

pay. The company also argued that it had not acted with malice because any threat

of arrest its staff had made related to a lack of compliance with the condition of 

probation to timely pay court-imposed costs.

Probation Services attached to its motion a copy of its contract with the City

and a declaration from corporate counsel. The contract stated that Probation 

Services supervised “offenders placed on probation or referred for the supervision 

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and collection of payment of fines, court costs, restitution or other sums ordered by 

the court.” A specification incorporated into the contract provided for “offenders 

the Court . . . determine[d] as indigent . . . [to be] supervised at no cost,” for 

Probation Services “staff [to] identify those defendants who are lacking the 

resources to make payments and recommend . . . possibly converting portions of 

the fines or costs to community service hours,” and for “services . . . [to be made] 

available to indigent offenders at no cost . . . .” The specification also stated that 

probationers paid $35 for “basic supervision” and that the staff only “collect[ed]

the monthly court-ordered supervision fee until such time the defendant has paid 

fines and cost in full and the case is suspended.” Counsel for Probation Services 

declared that the municipal court made all sentencing decisions and that company 

staff were trained to enforce sentencing orders and to treat probationers equitably.

Probation Services also submitted copies of Kimmons’s and Fennell’s 

depositions. The two former probationers testified that the municipal court 

imposed all fines and fees in their cases and warned them of the possibility of 

imprisonment for nonpayment of court-imposed costs. Kimmons testified that the 

municipal court told her that community service was a sentencing option, that she 

never pleaded indigency or requested a substitute sentence of community service, 

and that she only had to pay the fines and fees imposed at sentencing. She

contended that she had been “harassed” to pay outstanding fines and fees, but she

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recounted that her probation officer urged her to make full instead of partial 

monthly payments and requested that she bring money when rescheduling 

appointments she had missed. Kimmons also testified that her probation officer

warned her that a warrant might issue for her arrest if she failed to reduce her 

outstanding balance and that she continued to pay what she could afford and was 

never imprisoned for nonpayment.

Fennell maintained that, when he expressed concern about his ability to pay 

fines, the municipal court responded, “pay or go to jail.” But Fennell testified that 

he paid all his court costs and never was arrested for nonpayment. He authenticated 

his criminal judgments and acknowledged that they ordered him to “timely pay 

fines, costs, and restitution as ordered” and to remain “supervised on probation . . . 

until all fines, court costs, and restitution are paid in [the] case.” Fennell also 

acknowledged that the judgments warned that his “[f]ailure to comply with all 

orders and conditions of probation could result in [his] probation being modified, 

extended, or revoked” and that he was “subject to summons and/or arrest for 

violation of any rule, order, or condition of probation.”

Kimmons and Fennell argued that the company “charged all persons it 

supervised monthly fees of $35 . . . [that] were not authorized by state law and at 

times [were] in excess of the amount specified in the Contract.” They also argued 

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that the company “threatened [probationers] with probation revocation and 

incarceration if they did not pay the fees associated with their supervised release.”

The district court entered summary judgment in favor of Probation Services. 

The district court ruled that Malone’s, Bledsoe’s, and Moseley’s claims were 

untimely. See Ala. Code § 6-2-38(1). The district court also ruled that “[n]either 

Kimmons nor Fennell . . . presented any evidence to show that lawful process was 

issued for an ulterior purpose,” as required to prove a claim of abuse of process. 

The district court found that “[a]ll harassment alleged by . . . Kimmons [and] 

Fennell [had been] in furtherance of the Municipal Court’s Sentencing Orders” and 

they presented “no evidence that any alleged threats were ever made for any reason 

other than ensuring [their] compliance with the terms of their sentencing orders.”

Only Kimmons and Fennell appeal, and we review de novo the summary 

judgment against their complaint of abuse of process. Mosley v. Zachery, 966 F.3d 

1265, 1270 (11th Cir. 2020). Summary judgment is appropriate when there exists 

no genuine dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as 

a matter of law. Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a).

To prove an abuse of process, Kimmons and Fennell had to “offer 

substantial evidence indicating: (1) the existence of an ulterior purpose; 2) a 

wrongful use of process, and 3) malice.” Hollander v. Nichols, 19 So. 3d 184, 193 

(Ala. 2009) (internal quotation marks omitted). And they had “to prove all three 

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elements” to survive summary judgment. C.C. & J., Inc. v. Hagood, 711 So. 2d 

947, 952 (Ala. 1998). An ulterior purpose “usually takes the form of coercion to 

obtain a collateral advantage” that is akin to extortion. Hollander, 19 So. 3d at 194 

(quoting Reynolds v. McEwen, 416 So. 2d 702, 706 (Ala. 1982)).“The ulterior 

motive must culminate in an actual abuse of the process by perverting it to a use to 

obtain a result which the process was not intended by law to effect.” Id. at 193 

(quoting Willis v. Parker, 814 So. 2d 857, 865 (Ala. 2001)) (alterations adopted).

Kimmons and Fennell presented no evidence that Probation Service acted 

with an ulterior motive. The record established that Probation Service officers

performed their assigned task of collecting court-ordered fines and fees and 

conveyed truthful information to probationers that they were required timely to 

make payments and that nonpayment could result in them having their term of 

probation extended or being arrested. Even if, as Kimmons and Fennell 

maintained, their probation officers’ threats were made with bad intentions, that 

was insufficient to establish they acted with an ulterior motive when collecting the 

fines and fees imposed by the municipal court. See Willis, 814 So. 2d at 865 

(“‘[T]here is no liability where the defendant has done nothing other than carry out 

the process to its authorized conclusion, even though with bad intentions.’”). 

Because the probation officers’ “action [was] confined to its regular and legitimate 

function [of ensuring that probationers complied with the conditions of their 

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probation] . . . there [was] no abuse” of process. Id. (quoting Dempsey v. Denman, 

442 So. 2d 63, 65 (Ala. 1983)). So the district court did not err by entering 

summary judgment in favor of Probation Services and against Kimmons and 

Fennell’s complaint of abuse of process.

We AFFIRM the summary judgment in favor of Professional Probation 

Services, Inc.

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