# Patent

## Title
Increased speed of processing of data received over a communications link

## Abstract

A method and apparatus for processing data samples utilizes a channel map populated by device descriptor, or by an application program interface. Packet processing code loops through all of the samples contained in a packet while incrementing through a channel map and steering table without having to look up a table to determine in what audio buffer the sample is to be stored or read. Additionally, the present invention utilizes a stride map, so the audio subsystem knows how many samples to skip in order to reach the next sample frame. The present invention can be used for handling received packets as well as forming packets to send over a bus.

## Background
PRIORITY
This application is a continuation of and claims priority to co-owned co-pending U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/279,866 filed Apr. 14, 2006 and entitled “INCREASED SPEED OF PROCESSING OF AUDIO SAMPLES RECEIVED OVER A SERIAL COMMUNICATIONS LINK BY USE OF CHANNEL MAP AND STEERING TABLE”, incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates broadly to digital audio transmitted between devices on a network. Specifically, the present invention relates to storing audio data in audio buffers in locations as determined by the contents of steering registers and channel maps.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
A data bus can be utilized for interconnecting electronic devices such as computers, audio systems, television receivers, display devices, video recorders, and home control devices such as security system or appliance control systems. Communication using a data bus occurs in accordance with a bus protocol recognized by devices attached to the bus. Examples of bus protocols include the IEEE 1394 High Performance Serial Bus and the Universal Serial Bus (USB). A bus protocol typically provides for communicating both control information and data. On an IEEE 1394 serial bus, control information is generally passed using the asynchronous services of the serial bus. Control information for a particular application can be defined using, for example, Common Application Language (CAL) or Audio-Video/Control (AV/C).
Like video processing, in audio processing applications, audio samples can be packed in the order the samples enter an audio processing engine. The order could be by stereo pairs, mono channels, interleaved channels, or whatever order the audio hardware chooses to packetize the audio data. This places a significant processing burden on the packetizer or depacketizer to determine which audio channel buffer is associated with each audio sample in the packet. The complexity is further compounded when multiple devices transmit audio data to the audio processing engine, as the different devices do not conform to a single standard or sample ordering. Rather, existing audio devices order the audio samples within the packet as efficiently as possible for themselves, and this efficiency does not necessarily apply to the target device that receives the audio packets.
While device descriptors are commonly used on the communication bus, current device descriptors can only describe the channel ordering used to insert audio samples in the packet, this only works for in-order processing. With multiple devices, there are multiple channel orderings, so there is a question as to how to handle all possible sample orderings and interleaved as well as non-interleaved buffers. As there is no current solution to this problem, the burden on the audio processing engine remains, and device performance suffers.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The present invention solves the problems described above and provides a method and apparatus for processing audio samples that utilizes a channel map that is populated by a modified device descriptor, or by an application program interface. In accordance with the present invention, low-level packet processing code loops through all of the samples contained in a packet while incrementing through a channel map and steering table without having to look up a table to determine in what audio buffer the sample is to be stored or read. This method and apparatus functions regardless of whether or not the audio buffer is interleaved or not, and regardless of how many channels are accommodated by an interleaved audio buffer. Additionally, the present invention utilizes a stride map, so the audio subsystem knows how many samples to skip in order to reach the next sample frame. The present invention can be used for handling received packets as well as forming packets to send over a bus.
In a preferred embodiment, the present invention encompasses software commands executed by a processor to perform the methods of the present invention. In another preferred embodiment, hardware is configured to execute the methods of the present invention.
Many other features and advantages of the present invention will become apparent from reading the following detailed description, when considered in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, in which:



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 illustrates in block diagram form functional components used in embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 2 illustrates the format of a CIP packet used in embodiments of the present invention;
FIG. 3 illustrates a steering table used in accordance with the present invention;
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate sample buffers having different stride sizes;
FIG. 6 illustrates the organization of a stride map array used in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 7 illustrates the organization of a channel map used in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 8 illustrates the organization of audio channel buffers used in accordance with the present invention;
FIG. 9 illustrates in flow diagram form a sequence of acts performed in accordance with the present invention;



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Directing attention to FIG. 1, there is shown a contemplated audio subsystem 100. Device 102 is in communication with driver 104 and sends driver 104 audio packets as well as control information. Driver 104 typically includes a packetizing/depacketizing engine that functions to either form packets in the case of packetization, or process received packets into audio streams in the case of depacketization. Driver 104 consults steering table 106, channel map 108 and stride map 110 to select the appropriate buffer from audio channel buffers 112. Audio buffers 112 can feed output to an operating system of the host of audio subsystem 100, or audio buffers 112 can be fed to hardware devices. Steering table 106 is a lookup table that returns an address of a sample buffer based on the channel index of the audio sample in the packet. Channel map 108 is a pointer array that contains starting addresses of individual sample buffers associated with samples in the packet. Stride map 110 is an array of step sizes for incrementing audio pointers to the next sample in the packet.
Channel map 108 can be allocated to the size of the audio packets' sampleframe width. Channel map 108 can also accommodate mismatched sample size or packet size with respect to application stream size. For example, if an audio application is only recording a stereo stream but device 102 is sending data over 24 audio channels, channel map 108 can be configured to publish only a stereo stream while still extracting a large sample frame from the packet. This increases efficiency because driver 104 is only processing samples belonging to the stereo stream that will be recorded by the application.
The present invention thus also provides efficient hardware play-through support. By steering the input channel map to an output channel map on a channel-by-channel-basis, any channel can be played through directly in the driver. Custom channel-steering can also be performed by the present invention; a single channel can be sent to all available channels by duplicating the same starting sample buffer pointer in channel map 108.
A Common Isochronous Packet (CIP packet) having an AM 824 format is contemplated for use with an embodiment of the present invention utilizing an IEEE 1394 High Performance Serial Bus, but other packet formats can be used as well. Directing attention to FIG. 2, the organization of exemplary CIP packet 200 is shown. CIP packet 200 has two headers, header 202 and 204. Following headers 202, 204 are various audio samples, packed in numerical order from left to right, top to bottom. As illustrated in FIG. 2, CIP packet 200 is divided into sample frames. Sample frame 206 comprises samples 1 through 6. Next is sample frame 208, comprising audio samples 7-12. This 6-sample frame size continues for additional sample frames until the end of CIP packet 200. Typically, there are eight sample frames in one CIP packet. However, other packet configurations can be used in embodiments of the present invention.
Directing attention to FIG. 3, steering table 106 describes an indexed channel order of 1, 3, 5, 2, 4, 6 for each 6-channel sample frame in CIP packet 200. This means that the first sample is processed in the sample frame, followed by the third sample, the fifth sample, the second sample, the fourth sample, and the sixth sample. This indexed order can be provided in a device descriptor passed from device 102 to system 100. In an alternative embodiment, the indexed order can be supplied during execution to audio system 100 by an application program interface (API) or other software executing on audio subsystem 100. This is especially useful when different devices are connected to audio subsystem 100, and packet processing shifts from one device to another.
FIGS. 4 and 5 illustrate sample buffer 150 having different stride sizes as used in accordance with stride map 110. In each case, the address offset can be obtained from the pointer to sample buffer 150. FIG. 4 shows sample buffer 150 as a two-channel sample buffer used for a stereo audio stream, having a left channel and a right channel. In this example, the stride size is two, as the samples alternate between left and right, so one sample is skipped for example, when reading or writing the left channel or the right channel. Similarly, FIG. 5 illustrates sample buffer 150 as four-channel sample buffer, where the stride size is four, as the samples repeat a four-element sequence. In this case, to read channel 1, three samples are skipped after each time the sample for channel 1 is read. Thus, the stride size indicates the number of samples to skip in a sample buffer. In FIG. 4, where the stride size is two, two samples are skipped to reach the desired channel, and, in FIG. 5, where the stride size is four, four samples are skipped.
FIG. 6 illustrates stride map 110, which is an array of stride sizes for sample buffers used in embodiments of the present invention. As shown, the first exemplary element indicates a stride size of two, and corresponds to a sample buffer as shown in FIG. 4. The next two elements each have a stride size of four, followed by a stride size of two and additional elements having stride sizes of four.
FIG. 7 illustrates channel map 108, which is an array of pointers that constitute the starting addresses of the individual sample buffers in audio channel buffers 112. As shown, the first element of channel map 108 has a pointer having the value 100, which indicates a starting address of 100. The next element is a pointer having the value 200. The third pointer has a value 208, followed by a pointer having the value 104, a pointer having the value 204 and another pointer having the value 212.
Audio subsystem 100 initializes by obtaining the channel order and number of channels to process. As described earlier, this information can be obtained by driver 104 from device 102 in the form of a device descriptor passed from device 102 to driver 104. Also as described above, this information can be passed to driver 104 from a process executing on audio subsystem 100, such as an API or other process. In an embodiment, such information could be passed to driver 104 when a user manipulates a device interface, such as an interface that allows the user to select from a plurality of devices connected to audio subsystem 100. Such information also could be passed to driver 104 when a user selects a particular operating mode of a connected audio device, such as an operating mode that requires a change in the amount of data processed by audio subsystem 100. For example, if a user wishes to change from four-channel audio to stereo audio, channel information sent to driver 104 would also change to reflect the change in operating mode.
At act 302, driver 104 uses the information received in act 300 to construct steering table 106, channel map 108, and stride map 110. Channel order information is reflected in steering table 106, number of channels is reflected in stride map 110, and assignment of audio sample streams is made to audio channel buffers 112 in channel map 108.
Operation of the present invention in a depacketizing embodiment is illustrated in flow diagram form as shown in FIG. 8. Beginning at act 300, initialization having already been performed on driver 104, a packet is received at audio subsystem 100. Driver 104 obtains the starting address from channel map 108 based on the sample frame index supplied by steering table 106 (which channel in the frame is being processed) in act 302. At act 304, driver 104 reads the sample buffer index, indicating which sample in main sample buffer 150. At act 306, device driver 104 reads the stride size from stride map 110. At act 308, an address within audio channel buffers 112 is calculated as the starting address of the channel read in act 302 plus the product of the offset value read in act 304 multiplied by the value read from stride map 110 in act 306 multiplied by the size of the sample.
At act 310, the audio data read from the packet is then written in audio channel buffers 112 at the address generated in act 308. If the end of a frame has not been reached (decision act 312), control proceeds to act 313, where the sample frame index is incremented. If the end of a frame has been reached, control transitions to act 314, where the sample frame index is reset and the sample buffer index is incremented (act 316). At decision act 318, if the end of a packet being processed has been reached, control transitions back to act 300 where processing of a new packet begins. If the end of the packet has not been reached, then control transitions back to act 302, where processing advances on the current packet. This sequence of acts repeats until there are no more additional packets to be processed.
FIG. 9 illustrates a sequence of acts performed when driver 104 is applied as a packetizing function on data stored in audio channel buffers. Rather than receiving packets, as shown in FIG. 8, packets are being constructed and transmitted to device 102. Directing attention to FIG. 9, initialization having already been performed on device driver 104, in preparation for sending data stored in audio channel buffers 112, obtains the starting address from channel map 108 based on the sample frame index supplied by steering table 106 (which channel in the frame is being processed) in act 402. At act 404, driver 104 reads the sample buffer index, indicating which sample in main sample buffer 150. At act 406, driver 104 reads the stride size from stride map 110. At act 408, an address within audio channel buffers 112 is calculated as the starting address read in act 402 plus the product of the offset value read in act 404 multiplied by the value read from stride map 110 in act 306.
At act 410, audio data is read from audio channels buffer 112 at the address generated in act 408. This data is then written to a packet formed by driver 104 in act 412. If the end of a frame has not been reached (decision act 414), control proceeds to act 415, where the sample frame index is incremented. If the end of a frame has been reached, control transitions to act 416, where the sample frame index is reset and the sample buffer index is incremented (act 418). At decision act 420, if the end of a packet being processed has been reached, control transitions to act 422, where a new packet is begun and control loops back to act 402 where processing of the new packet begins. If the end of the packet has not been reached, then control still transitions back to act 402, where processing advances on the current packet. This sequence of acts repeats until there are no more additional packets to be processed. The constructed packets are then sent to device 102.
Combining the functionality of FIGS. 8 and 9 into a single driver 104 allows audio subsystem 100 to operate in play-through mode. Referring back to FIG. 1, in this embodiment, there are two channel maps 108-1 and 108-2. Channel map 108-1 is designated for input as described with respect to FIG. 8 and channel map 108-2 is designated for output as described with respect to FIG. 9. By steering channel map 108-1 to channel map 108-2 on a channel-by-channel basis, the audio data received from device 102 can be played through any channel in driver 104 to device 103.
While the present invention has been described and illustrated in detail, it is to be understood that many changes and modifications can be made to the various embodiments of the invention without departing from the spirit thereof.

## Claims

1. at least one input channel map;
at least one output channel map; and
a computer readable apparatus comprising non-transitory storage media comprising a computer program having a plurality of instructions which, when executed on said processor, enable said apparatus to:
unpack a plurality of packets into a first set of said data channels based at least in part on said at least one input channel map;
pack a subset of the first set of said data channels into a second set of data channels based at least in part on said at least one output channel map;
publish the second set of data channels to at least one media device driver; and
where the at least one media device driver is configured to process only the published second set of data channels.

2. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein the published second set of data channels substantially offloads processing from said media device driver.

3. The apparatus of claim 1, wherein each of said data channels comprises a plurality of sequential data samples.

4. The apparatus of claim 1, further comprising instructions which, when executed on the processor publish a third set of data channels to at least one other media device driver.

5. receiving a device descriptor comprising information enabling unpacking of said at least one frame of data;
publishing, based at least in part on said information enabling unpacking of said frames of data:
a steering table indicating a channel order, said channel order describing an order of packed data channels within said frames of data;
a stride map indicating at least one stride size, said at least one stride size determining a number of data samples to skip, corresponding to others of said data channels, between sequential data samples of the same data channel; and
a channel map indicating one or more start addresses, wherein said start addresses for said data channels reside within a sample buffer, wherein the channel map accommodates a mismatched sample size or packet size with respect to an application stream size.

6. The method of claim 5, wherein the act of publishing the steering table, the stride map, and the channel map substantially offloads processing from said audio device driver.

7. The method of claim 5, further comprising unpacking said at least one frame into its constituent data channels based at least in part on said information received in said device descriptor.

8. The method of claim 5, wherein the mismatched sample size or packet size is larger than the application stream size.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein a driver need only process the application stream size.

10. a computer readable apparatus comprising non-transitory media containing at least one computer program having a plurality of instructions, said plurality of instructions which, when executed, cause said apparatus to:
read a device descriptor, where the device descriptor is configured to enable unpacking of said frames of data;
read one or more of said frames of data in said sample buffer;
unpack said read one or more frames into its constituent data channels based at least in part on said information in said device descriptor; and
publish only a subset of the constituent data channels to an audio device driver, wherein the audio device driver responsively processes only the published subset.

11. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the subset of the constituent data channels is further stored in an output channel map.

12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the audio device driver directly plays the output channel map.

13. The apparatus of claim 10, wherein the published subset of constituent data channels is provided to at least one other audio device driver.

14. The apparatus of claim 13, wherein each data channel comprises one or more Common Isochronous Packets (CIP).

15. a computer readable apparatus comprising non-transitory media containing at least one computer program having a plurality of instructions, said plurality of instructions which, when executed, cause said apparatus to:
receive a device descriptor comprising information enabling unpacking of said frames of data;
read one or more of said frames of data in said sample buffer;
unpack said read one or more frames into a first set of data channels based at least in part on said information in said device descriptor;
pack a second set of data channels from the first set of data channels based at least in part on said information in said device descriptor;
publish the second set of data channels to at least one audio device driver; and
where the at least one audio device driver processes only the published second set of data channels.

16. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said first interface comprises a IEEE Standard 1394 compliant bus.

17. The apparatus of claim 15, wherein said first interface comprises a Universal Serial Bus (USB) compliant bus.

18. The apparatus of claim 15, further comprising a second interface configured to transmit the second set of data channels to at least one second device.

19. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the at least one audio device driver is resident within the at least one other second device.

20. The apparatus of claim 18, wherein the at least one audio device driver is local to the apparatus.