Skip to main content    

An official website of the United States government

Here’s how you know

**Official websites use .gov**              A **.gov** website belongs to an official government organization in the United States.            

**Secure .gov websites use HTTPS**              A **lock** (  LockA locked padlock) or **https://** means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites.            

https://www.nist.gov/el/fire-research-division-73300/context-toxicity-and-hazard

            -  Topics  -  All Topics 
-  Advanced communications 
-  Artificial intelligence 
-  Bioscience 
-  Buildings and construction 
-  Chemistry 
-  Climate 
-  Cybersecurity 
-  Electronics 
-  Energy 
-  Environment 
-  Fire 
-  Forensic science 
-  Health 
-  Information technology 
-  Infrastructure 
-  Manufacturing 
-  Materials 
-  Mathematics and statistics 
-  Metrology 
-  Nanotechnology 
-  Neutron research 
-  Performance excellence 
-  Physics 
-  Public safety 
-  Resilience 
-  Standards 
-  Transportation 
 
            -  Publications 
            -  Labs & Major Programs  -  Laboratories    -  Communications Technology Laboratory 
  -  Engineering Laboratory 
  -  Information Technology Laboratory 
  -  Material Measurement Laboratory 
  -  Physical Measurement Laboratory 
-  User Facilities    -  NIST Center for Neutron Research 
  -  CNST NanoFab 
-  Research Test Beds 
-  Research Projects 
-  Tools & Instruments 
-  Major Programs    -  Baldrige Performance Excellence Program 
  -  CHIPS for America Initiative 
  -  Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP) 
  -  Office of Advanced Manufacturing 
  -  Special Programs Office 
  -  Technology Partnerships Office 
 
            -  Services & Resources  -  Standards and Measurements    -  Calibration Services 
  -  Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP) 
  -  Quality System 
  -  Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) 
  -  Standards.gov 
  -  Time Services 
  -  Office of Weights and Measures 
-  Software 
-  Data    -  Chemistry WebBook 
  -  National Vulnerability Database 
  -  Physical Reference Data 
  -  Standard Reference Data (SRD) 
-  Storefront 
-  License & Patents 
-  Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC) 
-  NIST Research Library 
 
            -  News & Events  -  News 
-  Events 
-  Blogs 
-  Feature Stories 
-  Awards 
-  Video Gallery 
-  Image Gallery 
-  Media Contacts 
 
            -  About NIST  -  About Us    -  Leadership 
  -  Organization Structure 
  -  Budget & Planning 
-  Contact Us 
-  Visit 
-  Careers    -  Student programs 
-  Work with NIST 
-  History    -  NIST Digital Archives 
  -  NIST Museum 
  -  NIST and the Nobel 
-  Educational Resources 
 

Engineering Laboratory

## Fire Research Division

-  Groups  Expand or Collapse    -  Fire Fighting Technology 
  -  Engineered Fire Safety 
  -  Flammability Reduction 
  -  Wildland-Urban Interface Fire 
  -  National Fire Research Laboratory 
-  Product & Services  Expand or Collapse    -  Consolidated Fire and Smoke Transport Model (CFAST) 
  -  Fire Calorimetry Database (FCD) 
  -  Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) and Smokeview 
  -  Fire Research Grants Program 
  -  Fire on the Web 
  -  Fire.Gov for the Fire Service 
  -  NIST Technical Note 1483 
  -  Next Generation Fire Suppression Technology 
  -  Selected Publications 
  -  Software 
  -  Turnout Gear Selector (ToGS) 
-  Programs/Projects  Expand or Collapse    -  Fire Risk Reduction in Buildings Program 
  -  Fire Risk Reduction in Communities Program 
-  Employment 

# Context: Toxicity and Hazard

## Share

Facebook

Linkedin

Twitter

Email

----

Evaluation of Halon Alternatives.. Robin, M. L.; 1991

Air Force Approach to Toxicology of Halon Replacements.. McDougal, J. N.; Dodd, D. E.; 1992

Human Health and Environmental Toxicity Issues for Evaluation of Halon Replacements.. Rubenstein, R.; 1992

Implications of Using Halon and CFC Substitutes on Occupational Safety and Health Standards.. Perry, W.; Kent, M.; 1992

Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics of Halon 1211 and Its Potential Replacements HCFC-123 and Perfluorohexane.. Brashear, W. T.; Vinegar, A.; 1992

Toxicity Testing of Alternatives: An Industry Perspective.. Derelanko, M. J.; 1992

Development of Perfluoroalkanes as Clean Extinguishing Agents: System and Fire Test Protocols.. Pignato, J. A., Jr.; Rivers, P. E.; Pike, M. T.; 1993

Final Firefighter Exposure Results: A Comparison of Halon 1211, HCFC 123 and PFH.. Floden, J. R.; Scheil, G.; Klamm, S.; 1993

Hazard Assessment of Thermal Decomposition Products of Halon Alternatives.. Hanauska, C.; Forssell, E. W.; DiNenno, P. J.; 1993

Overview of Toxicity/Effectiveness Issues.. Laursen, T.; 1993

Recommending Exposure Limits for Halon Replacements.. McDougal, J. N.; Dodd, D. E.; Skaggs, S. R.; 1993

Short Duration High-Level Exposure to Halon Substitutes: Potential Cardiovascular Effects.. Rubenstein, R.; Bellin, J. S.; 1993

Structure-Activity Relationship of 2- and 3-Carbon Halogenated Halocarbons.. Skaggs, S. R.; 1993

Fluoroiodocarbons as Halon 1211/1301 Replacements: An Overview.. Kibert, C.; 1994

Perfluorohexane Clean Extinguishing Agent for Streaming and Local Application systems.. Pignato, J. A., Jr.; Ruffing, J. F.; 1994

Regulation of Halon and Halon Substitutes. Keynote Address.. Metchis, K.; 1994

Toxicological Assessment of a Fire Suppressant and Potential Substitute for Ozone Depleting Sustances.. Smith, E. A.; Kimmel, E. C.; Bowen, L. E.; Reboulet, J. E.; Carpenter, R. L.; 1994

90-Day Inhalation Toxicity Study of CF3I in Fischer 344 Rats.. Vinegar, A.; Kinkead, E. R.; Leahy, H. F.; English, J. H.; Jepson, G. W.; 1995

Assessment of Toxicity After Exposure to a Pyrotechnically-Generated Aerosol.. Smith, E. A.; Kimmel, E. C.; English, J. H.; Carpenter, R. L.; 1995

Halon Alternatives Health Effects Assessment.. Rubenstein, R.; 1995

Physical and Chemical Characteristics of SFE Fire Suppressant Atmospheres: Comparison of Small With Large Scale Laboratory Atmospheres.. Kimmel, E. C.; Smith, E. A.; Reboulet, J. E.; Black, B. H.; Sheinson, R. S.; Carpenter, R. L.; 1995

Toxicological Evaluation of a Halon Replacement.. Chengelis, C. P.; Nemec, M. D.; Nass, D. J.; Walter, G. J.; 1995

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency: Regulatory Update.. Metchis, K.; 1995

Ab Initio Calculations and Kinetic Modeling of Halon and Halon Replacements.. Paige, H. L.; Berry, R. J.; Schwartz, M.; Marshall, P.; Burgess, D. R. F., Jr.; Nyden, M. R.; 1996

Determinants of SFE Toxicity: Interaction of Atmospheric, Dynamic, and Physiological Responses.. Carpenter, R. L.; Kimmel, E. C.; Smith, E. A.; 1996

Laboratory Optimization and Medium-Scale Screening of Iodide Salts and Water Mixtures.. Moore, T. A.; Weitz, C. A.; McCormick, S.; Caluson, M. S.; 1996

Physicochemical Properties of SFE Fire Suppressant Atmospheres in Toxicity vs. Fire Extinguishment Tests: Implications for Aerosol Deposition and Toxicity.. Kimmel, E. C.; Smith, E. A.; Reboulet, J. E.; Carpenter, R. L.; 1996

Pulmonary Edemagenesis in F-344 Rats Exposed to SFE (Fromulation A) Atmospheres.. Kimmel, E. C.; Smith, E. A.; Prues, S.; Zepp, K.; English, J. H.; Carpenter, R. L.; 1996

Toxic Gas Measurement in Inhibited Flames Using Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy.. McNesby, K. L.; Daniel, R. G.; Modiano, S. H.; Miziolek, A. W.; 1996

Toxicological Evaluation of Exposure to Two Formulation of a Pyrotechnically-Generated Aerosol: Range Finding and Multiple Dose.. Smith, E. A.; Kimmel, E. C.; Reboulet, J. E.; Prues, S.; Zepp, K.; Bulger, S.; Cassell, J. L.; Carpenter, R. L.; 1996

Concepts in the Inhalation Toxicity of Fire Suppressants: Pneumotoxicity.. Kimmel, E. C.; Carpenter, R. L.; 1997

Determination of Risk Factors for Acute Exposure to Powdered Aerosols.. Rusch, G. M.; 1997

Development of Quantitative Structure-Property Relationships for Screenings of Tropodegradable Halocarbons.. Grzyll, L. R.; Back, D. D.; Vitali, J. A.; Linscheer, G.; 1997

PBPK Modeling of CF3I Releases From F15 Engine Nacelles.. Vinegar, A.; Jepson, G. W.; 1997

Cardiac Sensitization: Methods Development and Understanding the Hazard and Potential Risk.. Brock, W. J.; 1998

Examining the Risks of Carbon Dioxide as a Fire Suppressant.. Skaggs, S. R.; 1998

Next-Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program.. Gann, R. G.; 1998

Pharmacokinetic Modeling for Determining Egress From Exposure to Halon Replacement Chemicals.. Vinegar, A.; Jepson, G. W.; 1998

Review of the Inhalation Toxicity of Hydrogen Fluroide.. Delly, D. P.; 1998

Epinephrine Challenge for Cardiac Sensitization Testing VS. Endogenous Epinephrine: A Perspective.. Vinegar, A.; Jepson, G. W.; 1999

Hydrogen Fluoride: How Toxic Is Toxic? (A Hazard and Risk Analysis).. Brock, W. J.; 1999

Potential CF3I Depolyment: An Airframe Perspective.. Harper, G.; Kay, M. C.; 1999

Setting the Occupational Exposure Limit for CF3I.. Skaggs, S. R.; Rubenstein, R.; 1999

Toxicity Data Comparison of CF3I With Currently Used Fire-Extinguishing Agents and Refrigerants of Interest to the Military.. Dodd, D. E.; Vinegar, A.; 1999

Toxicity Review for Iodotrifluoromethane (CF3I).. McCain, W. C.; Macko, J. C.; 1999

Comparative Testing of Halon 1301 Substitutes Using a Method for Assessing Toxic Hazard.. Kopylov, N. P.; Ilitchkine, V. A.; Potanine, B. V.; Belevtsev, J. G.; 2000

Tropodegradable Bromocarbon Extinguishants: Progress Overview.. Mather, J. D.; Tapscott, R. E.; 2000

Update on NFPA 2001 and ISO/fDIS 14520 Standards.. Robin, M. L.; 2000

Effect of Fire Size on Suppression Characteristics of Halon Replacement Total-Flooding Systems.. Kashiwagi, H.; Oshikawa, S.; Yui, J.; Saso, Y.; 2001

Toxic Hazard Associated With Fire Engineering Aerosols: The Current State of the Art and a Method for Assessment.. Kopylov, N. P.; Ilitchkine, V. A.; Potanine, B. V.; Novikov, I. A.; 2001

Development and Testing of Goodrich 244 Fire Suppressant.. Olander, D. E.; 2002

Toxicity Screening of Halogenated Aliphatics Using a Novel In Vitro Volatile Chemical Exposure System.. Geiss, K. T.; Frazier, J. M.; Dodd, D. E.; 2002

Tropodegradable Bromocarbon Extinguishants: Compound Selection and Testing Issues.. Mather, J. D.; Tapscott, R. E.; 2002

Study of Effect of Aerosol and Vapor of Organophosphorus Fire Suppressants on Diffusion Heptane and Premixed C3H8/Air Flames.. Korobeinichev, O. P.; Shmakov, A. G.; Shvartsberg, V. M.; Knyazkov, D. A.; Makarov, V. I.; Koutsenogii, K. P.; Samsonov, Y. N.; Nifantev, E. E.; Kudryavtsev, I. Y.; Goryunov, E. I.; Nikolin, V. P.; Kaledin, V. I.; 2003

Suitability of CF3I to Replace Halon 1301 as the Inerting Agent in Wing Fuel Tanks on the F-16 Aircraft.. Gann, R. G.; 2003

Tropodegradable and Other Environmentally Acceptable Flame Extinguishants NAGP Elements: 4D/14/1 and 4B/6/23.. Mather, J. D.; Tapscott, R. E.; 2003

Environmentally Acceptable Flame Extinguishants NGP Element: 4D/6/23.. Mather, J. D.; Tapscott, R. E.; 2004

Next Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program: FY2004 Progress.. Gann, R. G.; 2004

Study of Effectiveness of Flame Suppression by Organophosphorus Compounds in Laboratory and Scaled-Up Tests.. Korobeinichev, O. P.; Shmakov, A. G.; Chernov, A. A.; Shvartsberg, V. M.; Rybitskaya, I. V.; Makarov, V. I.; Nifantev, E. E.; Kudryavtsev, I. Y.; Goryunov, E. I.; 2004

Environmentally Acceptable Flame Extinguishants.. Mather, J. D.; Tapscott, R. E.; 2005

Evaluation of Calculation Methodologies for the Safe Use of Clean Agents Onboard Aircraft.. Colton, B. A.; Nay, A.; 2005

Research and Development Program of the German Armed Forces Scientific Institute for Protection Technologies in the Field of Fire Protection and Halon Replacement.. Schilling, H.; Pauli, R.; Kummerlen, F. R.; Grabski, R.; 2005

Methods of Quantifying and Mitigating Aerosol Fire and Explosion Hazards Associated With Low Vapor Pressure Liquids.. Willauer, H. D.; Ananth, R.; Hoover, J. B.; Mushrush, G. W.; Williams, F. W.; 2006

Screening Tests for Alternative Suppressants for In-Flight Aircraft Fires.. Gann, R. G.; 2006

Buildings and ConstructionBuildings and Construction

### HEADQUARTERS

301-975-2000

Webmaster | Contact Us | Our Other Offices

TwitterFacebookLinkedInInstagramYouTubeGiphyRSS FeedMailing List

Feedback

            -  Site Privacy 
            -  Accessibility 
            -  Privacy Program 
            -  Copyrights 
            -  Vulnerability Disclosure 
            -  No Fear Act Policy 
            -  FOIA 
            -  Environmental Policy 
            -  Scientific Integrity 
            -  Information Quality Standards 
            -  Commerce.gov 
            -  Science.gov 
            -  USA.gov 
            -  Vote.gov