FILED U.S. COURT OF AP P EALS E LEVEN T HC IRC UIT AUG 29, 2008 THOMAS K. KAH

N CLERK [ DO NO T P UB L I S H] I N THE UN I TE D STATE S C OU RT OF APPE ALS F O R T H E E L E V E N T H C IR C U IT

________________________ N o. 08- 10353 N on -A rgum entC al endar

________________________ D. C. Do c k e tNo . 0 7 - 1 4 0 6 1 - CR - DLG U N I T E D S T A T E S O F A M E R I C A , P la in tif f - A p p e lle e , v ersu s R A N D Y C H A R L E S H A R R I S , D e f e n d a n t- A p p e lla n t.

________________________ A pp ea l fr om the U ni t ed S t at es D i stri ctC ou rt f orthe S outhe rn D i s tr i c tof F l or i da

_________________________ ( A u gu s t 29, 2008) B efo re C A RN E S , B A R K E T T an d P R Y O R , C i rcu i tJu d g es. P E R C U R I A M: R a ndy H a rr i s appe a l s hi s s e nt e nc e of 360 m onths of

i m pr i s onm e ntf

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in d u c in g a n d c o n s p ir in g to in d u c e am in o rto e n g a g e in s e x u a lly e x p lic it c o n d u c t to p r o d u c e av is u a l d e p ic tio n o f th a t c o n d u c t. 1 8 U .S .C . § 2 2 5 1 ( a ) , ( e ) . H a rr is c ha l l e nge s the appl i c a t i on of a n a ggr a va t i ng r ol e e nha nc e m e nt , the s uf f i c i e nc y of th e e x p la n a tio n f

o rh is s e n te n c e , a n d th e r e a s o n ab le n e s s o f h is s e n te n c e . W e a f f i rm. I . B AC KG RO UN D H arri s’ s r oo m m at e provi ded l aw enforce m entw i th p ho t og raph s thathe had re corded on hi s c el l ul art el epho ne thatdepi ct ed H arri s vi deot api ng 15 and 1 6 year o ldb o ys en g ag in g in se x u al ac ts. O ff icer s o b tain ed a s ea rc h w arra n t fo r H arris’s r e s id e n c e . W h e n th e y e x e c u te d th e w a rr a n t, th e o f f ic e r s f o u n d H a rr is try in g to de s tr oy c a m e r a s tha tw e r e c onc e a l e d i n as m oke de t e c t ora nd a n a i rc ondi t i oni ng venti n h i s bathroo m . O ff i ce rs di sc ov er ed a c om pu t eri n H arri s’ s bedroom that c ont a i ne d f

ourvi de os m a de by H a rr i s of m i nor s e nga gi ng i n s e xua l a c t i vi t i e s . T he vi de os m a t c he d the c e l l ul a rphone da t ar e c or de d by H a rr i s ’ s r oom m a t e . T he c om put e ra l s o c ont a i ne d a n i ns t a ntm e s s a ge s e s s i on be tw e e n H a rr i s a nd c ode f e nda ntS a l va dorA gui rr e i n w hi c h H a rr i s t ol d A gui rr e tha the w a s w a t c hi ng tw o m i n o r m al es h av i n g sex an d A g u i rre ask ed H arri s t o p h o t o g rap h th e act s. O ff i ce rs exec ut ed a s earc h w arranton A gu i rr e’ s r es i dence. A gu i rr e a dm i tt ed th a t h e h a d p a rtic ip a te d in th e in s ta n t m e s s a g e s e s s io n a n d h e h a d r e c e iv e d c h ild3

p o rn o g r ap h y f

r o m H a rr is . O f

f ic e r s d is c o v e r e d ac a m e r ab a g th a t b e lo n g e d to c ode f e nda ntL e ona r d P a rks , J r . I ns i de the ba g, the of f i c e r s f ound aphone dr i ve c o n ta in in g s e v e r a l v id e o s a n d p h o to g r ap h s o f m in o r s e n g a g e d in s e x u a lly e x p lic it co n d u ct in H arris’s b ed ro o m . S ev en m in o rs , tw o o f w h o m w er e H arris’s godc hi l dr e n a nd s ubj e c tt o H a rr i s ’ s pow e rof a tt orne y , w e r e de pi c t e d i n the vi de os an d p h o t o g rap h s. O ff i ce rs al so l earned that , on on e occ as i on , H arri s c al l ed P arks and i nv i t ed h im to c o m e o v e ra n d o b s e rv e tw o m in o rm a le s e n g a g e in s e x u a l a c tiv itie s . H a rr is v i d eo t ap ed P ark s h av i n g sex w i th o n e o f th e m i n o rs. H a rr is a d m itte d v id e o tap in g m in o r s e n g a g e d in s e x u a l a c ts . T h e m in o r s to ld l aw enforce m entthatH arri s bef ri ended them , spentm on eyon them , and then ph ot og raph ed and v i deot aped them w hi l e they w er e naked and eng aged i n sexual ac t s. H arri s pl ea ded g ui l ty t o cou nt s one and three of hi s i nd i ctm ent , w hi ch char ged h i m w i th i nd uci ng and con spi ri ng t o i nd uce am i no r t o eng age i n sexual cond uctt o p rodu ce a vi sual depi ct i on of the cond uct . 18 U . S . C . § 2 25 1(a) , (e ). T o acc ou ntfor the expl oi t at i on of se ven m i no rs , H arri s’ s s ent ence w as c a lc u la te d a s th o u g h th e e x p lo ita tio n o f e a c h m in o rh a d b e e n c h a r g e d in as e p a r a te c o u n t o f c o n v ic tio n . U n ite d S ta te s S e n te n c in g G u id e lin e s § 2 G 2 .1 ( d ) ( N o v . 2 0 0 4 ) . H arri s’ s act s ag ai n steach m i n o r w as rep resen t ed b y a sep arat e g ro u p . G ro u p s 24

an d 3 h ad b as e o ff

en se lev els o f 3 2 th at w er e in cr ea se d b y tw o lev els f o r H arris’s r o le a s a n o r g a n iz e r , le a d e r , m a n a g e r , o rs u p e rv is o rin th e c r im in a l a c ts . I d . § 3 B 1 .1 ( c ) . T h e p r e s e n te n c e in v e s tig a tio n r e p o rt lis te d th e o f f e n s e le v e l ap p lic ab le t o e a c h of

the s e ve n gr oups , the n c a l c ul a t e d the c om bi ne d of f e ns e l e ve l by s e l e c t i ng the hi ghe s ta dj us t e d of f e ns e l e ve l of

40, w hi c h r e pr e s e nt e d G r oup 2, a nd in c r e a s in g it b y 5 le v e ls to r e f le c t th e 6 .5 u n its a s s ig n e d f o rth e o f f e n s e le v e ls appl i c abl e t o e a c h gr oup. I d. §§ 3D 1. 1( a ) ( 3) , 3D 1. 4. T he r e portde c r e a s e d the b a s e o f f e n s e le v e l b y 3 le v e ls f

o rH a rr is ’s a c c e p ta n c e o f r e s p o n s ib ility , id . § 3E 1. 1(a) –(b), for an adj ust ed offens e l evel of 42 . W i th a cr i m i nal hi st ory c at egory of II and a st atut ory m axi m um t erm of i m pri sonm entof 30 ye ar s f or ea ch charge, the r e portpr ovi de d as e nt e nc i ng r a nge be tw e e n 360 a nd 720 m onths of i m pri sonm ent . 18 U . S . C . § 2 25 1(e) ; U . S . S . G . § 5 G 1. 2(d). H arri s obj ec t ed t o the appl i ca t i on of the enhancem entand argued thathe w as n o ta n o r g a n i z e ru n d e rs e c t i o n 3 B1 . 1 ( c ) b e c au s e h e d i d n o ti n s tru c tPa rk s t o c o me to h is h o u s e to p a rtic ip a te in s e x u a l a c tiv ity o ra d v is e P a rk s to h a v e s e x . H a rr is te s tif ie d a t th e s e n te n c in g h e a r in g th a t am in o ra s k e d H a rr is to in v ite P a rk s to jo in them , P arks ca m e t o H arri s’ s hou se t o o bserve tw o m i no rs have se x, and o nl y a ft er P a rk s s a t o n th e b e d a n d b e g a n to h a v e s e x w ith o n e o f th e m in o r s d id H a rr is de c i de t o vi de ot ape the a c t i vi ty . H a rr i s a dm i tt e d on c r os s - e xa m i na t i on tha the5

c a lle d P a rk s , to ld P a rk s ab o u t th e m in o r s , a n d P a rk s w o u ld n o t h a v e c o m e to H a rr is ’s h o u s e b u t f

o rH a rr is ’s c a ll. H a rr is d e n ie d th a t h e c a lle d P a rk s to orches tra t e s exual ac t i vi t i es t o v i deot ape. H arri s a l so t es t i fi ed thathe di d n otpl an the s e xua l a c t i vi t i e s tha the ha d vi de ot ape d. T he di s tr i c tc ourtf

ound tha tH a rr i s w a s “ i nvol ve d w i th m i norki ds ” w hom h e a llo w e d to h a v e s e x in h is h o m e , H a rr is “in v ite d . . . [ o ]th e rin d iv id u a ls ” to h is ho m e “ for the pu rpose of havi ng se x, ” and H arri s “ re cord[ed] [tho se ] se ss i on s. ” T h e c o u rt c o n c lu d e d “[ t]h a t c le a r ly is a n o r g a n iz a tio n th a t is o r g a n iz in g w ith re spec tt o” i nd uci ng m i no rs t o eng age i n sexual ac t i vi t i es t o p rodu ce a vi sual d e p ic tio n o f

th a t c o n d u c t. H arri s c om pare d h i m se l f t o an add i ctand asked the di stri ctcourtt o con si der i n m i t i ga t i on hi s phy s i c a l i nf i rm i t i e s a nd hi s r e l a t i ons hi p w i th hi s f a the ra nd m othe r . H a rr i s a r gue d tha tthe purpos e s of s e nt e nc i ng c oul d be s a t i s f i e d w i th a b e lo w - g u id e lin e s s e n te n c e b e tw e e n 1 5 y e a r s an d 3 2 0 m o n th s o f im p r is o n m e n t. T he di s tr i c tc ourts t a t e d tha ti tha d “ c ons i de r e d the s t a t e m e nt s of a l l pa rt i e s , the pres ent ence re po rt. . . , and the st atut ory f ac t ors” and sel ec t ed a s ent ence thatw as

“ suff i ci ent l y pun i t i ve t o d et er[H arri s] fr om future c ri m i nal cond uct . ” T he court s e n te n c e d H a rr is to c o n c u rr e n t te rm s o f 3 6 0 m o n th s o f

im p r is o n m e n t a n d to supervi se d rel ea se for l i fe .6 I I . STA N D A R D S O F R EVI EW T h e u p w ard ad

j u stm en to f a g u i d el i n es o ffen se l ev el “ d u e t o [a d efen d an t ’ s] st atus as a l ea der or organi ze r und erU . S . S . G . § 3 B 1. 1 i s afi nd i ng of fa ctre vi ew ed on l y f or cl ear e rr or. ” U ni t ed S t at es v. P hi l l i ps, 28 7 F . 3d 10 53 , 10 55 (11th C i r. 2 0 0 2 ) . W e r e v ie w d e n o v o w h e th e rad is tr ic t c o u rt c o m p lie d w ith 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 5 3 ( c ) . U n ite d S ta te s v . W illia m s , 4 3 8 F .3 d 1 2 7 2 , 1 2 7 4 ( 1 1 th C ir . 2 0 0 6 ) . W e r e vi e w the r e a s onabl e ne s s of ac r i m i na l s e nt e nc e f

ora n abus e of

di s c r e t i on. G a l l v. U ni t ed S t at es , 12 8 S . C t . 58 6, 59 4, 59 6– 97 (200 7). “ [T ] he party w ho chal l enges th e s e n te n c e b e a r s th e b u r d e n o f e s tab lis h in g th a t th e s e n te n c e is u n r e a s o n ab le in the l i ghtof

both [ the ] r e c or d a nd the f a c t or s i n s e c t i on 3553( a ) . ” U ni t e d S t a t e s v. T al l ey , 43 1 F . 3d 78 4, 78 8 (11 th C i r. 20 05 ). I I I . DI S CUS S I ON H arri s r ai se s three chal l enges t o h i s s ent ence . A l l fa i l . W e a dd re ss ea ch a r gum e nti n turn.

A . T he D is tr i c t

C our t D i d N ot C le ar l yE rrbyAppl

y i ng th e A g g r a v a tin gR o le E n h a n c e m e n t. H a rr i s a r gue s tha tthe di s tr i c tc ourte rr e d by appl y i ng the e nha nc e m e ntf or h is r o le a s a n o r g a n iz e rin th e c r im in a l a c tiv itie s . S e e U .S .S .G . § 3 B 1 .1 ( c ) . H a rr is arg u es th atth e d i stri ctco u rterro n eo u sl y ch aract eri zed th e m i n o rs as “ p art i ci p an t s” i n th e cri m i n al “ o rg an i zat i o n . ” H arri s al so arg u es th atth e fact s d i d n o test ab l i sh7

th ath e ex ert ed co n tro l o r i n fl u en ce o v er P ark s. A courtm ustappl y atw o l evel aggravat i ng rol e e nh ance m entt o the se nt ence o f ad e f e n d a n t w h o s e rv e s a s a n o r g a n iz e ro rle a d e rin a n y c r im in a l a c tiv ity i n v o l v i n g l ess th an fi v e o th er p art i ci p an t s. U . S . S . G . § 3 B 1 . 1 (c). A p art i ci p an ti s a p e r s o n “c r im in a lly r e s p o n s ib le f o rth e c o m m is s io n o f

th e o f f e n s e .” I d . c m t. n .1 . S t a tus a s apa rt i c i pa nti s j udge d by “ the na tur e of pa rt i c i pa t i on i n the c om m i s s i on o f th e o f f e n s e , th e r e c ru itm e n t o f a c c o m p lic e s , . . . th e d e g r e e o f p a rtic ip a tio n in pl anni ng or organi zi ng the offens e, [and ] the nature and sc op e of the i l l egal a c t i vi ty . ” I d. c m t . n. 4. T h e f a c ts s u p p o rte d ap p lic a tio n o f th e e n h a n c e m e n t. H a rr is p le a d e d g u ilty t o b uyi ng youn g b oys pre se nt s, i nv i t i ng them i nt o h i s hom e, cr ea t i ng an a tm o s p h e r e c o n d u c iv e to s e x u a l c o n d u c t, a n d v id e o tap in g th a t c o n d u c t. H a rr is kne w of P a rks ’ s pe nc ha ntf

orthe boy s ’ c onduc tbe c aus e he ha d pr ovi de d t o P a rks v id e o tap e d m a te r ia l d e p ic tin g tw o m in o r s e n g a g e d in s e x u a l a c tiv itie s . H a rr is a dm i tt e d a ts e nt e nc i ng tha the i nvi t e d P a rks t o obs e rve tw o m i nor s ha ve s e x, a nd that , bu tfor hi s i nv i t at i on , P arks w ou l d n othave com e t o h i s hou se . B . T he D istri ct

C ou rt P rovi ded a Su

f f i ci ent E xplan at i on f

or H arris’s Sentence . H a rr i s a r gue s tha tthe di s tr i c tc ourtdi d notpr ovi de as uf f i c i e nte xpl a na t i on t o j us t i f y hi s s e nt e nc e , butw e di s a gr e e . T he di s tr i c tc ourtc om pl i e d w i th s e c t i on8

35 53 (c ) by e xp l ai ni ng the re as on s f or H arri s’ s s ent ence . 18 U . S . C . § 3 55 3(c) ; U ni t ed S t at es v. B on i l l a, 46 3 F . 3d 11 76 , 11 81 (11th C i r. 20 06 ). T he courtst at ed tha ti tha d “ c ons i de r e d the s t a t e m e nt s of a l l pa rt i e s , the pr e s e nt e nc e r e port. . . , a nd th e st atu t o ry fact o rs” an d co n cl u d ed th atth e sen t en ce w as n ecessary to p u n i sh H a rr is a n d “d e te r[ h im ] f r o m f u tu r e c r im in a l c o n d u c t.” C . H arris’s Sentence Is R easona bl e. T h e d is tr ic t c o u rt d id n o t ab u s e its d is c r e tio n b y im p o s in g as e n te n c e w ith in the a dvi s ory gui de l i ne r a nge . A l though H a rr i s a r gue s tha tthe di s tr i c tc ourtdi d not c ons i de rhi s f

a m i l y ba c kgr ound orthe abs e nc e of vi ol e nc e r e l a t e d t o hi s c r i m e s , the c o u rt s ta te d th a t it h a d c o n s id e r e d th o s e f a c ts in m itig a tio n . T h e c o u rt c o rr e c tly c a l c ul a t e d the a dvi s ory gui de l i ne r a nge a nd e xpl a i ne d tha tas e nt e nc e of 360 m o n th s o f

im p r is o n m e n t s e rv e d th e s ta tu to ry p u rp o s e s o f d e te rr e n c e a n d a d e q u a te p u n is h m e n t. S e e 2 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 5 3 ( a ) ; G a ll, 1 2 8 S . C t. a t 5 9 7 . H a rr is ’s s e n te n c e is re as on abl e.

I V . CONCL US I ON H arri s’ s sen t en ce i s AF F I RME D.