IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

Assigned on Briefs April 11, 2017

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. COURTNEY MEANS

Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County

No. 03-05193, 03-05200 James C. Beasley, Jr., Judge

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No. W2016-02209-CCA-R3-CD

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More than twelve years ago, Defendant, Courtney Means, was convicted of three counts 

of aggravated robbery. As a result, he was sentenced to an effective sentence of twentyfour years in confinement. His convictions and sentence were affirmed on direct appeal. 

State v. Courtney Means, No. W2005-00682-CCA-R3-CD, 2006 WL 709206 (Tenn. 

Crim. App. Mar. 21, 2006), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 5, 2006). In January of 2016, 

Defendant filed a motion to correct an illegal sentence pursuant to Tennessee Rule of 

Criminal Procedure 36.1. The trial court appointed counsel, had a hearing, and then 

determined that Defendant’s claims were not colorable. As a result, the trial court denied 

relief. Defendant appealed. We affirm the denial of relief.

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgment of the Criminal Court Affirmed

TIMOTHY L. EASTER, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which ALAN E. GLENN and 

J. ROSS DYER, JJ., joined.

Courtney Means, Henning, Tennessee, Pro se (on appeal), and Mark Mesler, Memphis, 

Tennessee (at hearing), for the appellant, Courtney Means.

Herbert H. Slatery III, Attorney General and Reporter; Andrew C. Coulam, Assistant 

Attorney General; Amy P. Weirich, District Attorney General; and Michael McClusker, 

Assistant District Attorney General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

Defendant is no stranger to the legal process. Defendant targeted elderly people in 

the Memphis area—in this case, gutlessly robbing three of them at gunpoint in their 

driveways or carports. See id. at *1; see also State v. Courtney Means, No. W2004-

01446-CCA-R3-CD, 2005 WL 1323260 (Tenn. Crim. App. June 3, 2005) (detailing 

Defendant’s robberies of four additional elderly victims during the Christmas shopping 

06/07/2017
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season of December 2002), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Dec. 5, 2005).

1

 Ten years after his 

convictions and sentences were affirmed in this case, Defendant filed a pro se motion for 

relief pursuant to Tennessee Rule of Criminal Procedure 36.1. Defendant argued that he 

was entitled to relief from his allegedly illegal sentences because an outdated presentence 

report from another case was used at his sentencing hearing, the trial court failed to award 

pre-trial jail credits, and the sentence was excessive.

Without just reason, a judge from a different division of the criminal court

appointed counsel to represent Defendant.

2

 After a hearing by the proper judge, the trial 

court determined that Defendant did not present a colorable claim because “[a]ny issues 

that are now being raised under the guise of 36.1 . . . are procedural in nature and should 

have been raised in a post-conviction petition. . . .” Defendant appealed.

Defendant argues on appeal that the trial court improperly denied relief under Rule 

36.1. Specifically, he insists that his sentences are illegal due to: (1) the absence of an 

updated presentence report; (2) the trial court’s failure to award pre-trial jail credits; and 

(3) the trial court’s abuse of its discretion in sentencing. Defendant’s brief does not raise 

ineffective assistance of counsel. Defendant also argues that the statute of limitations 

does not bar him from stating a colorable claim because Rule 36.1 provides that he can 

file a motion to correct the illegal sentence “at any time.” The State urges this Court to 

affirm the denial of relief under Rule 36.1.

Rule 36.1 permits a defendant to seek correction of an illegal sentence. “[A]n 

illegal sentence is one that is not authorized by the applicable statutes or that directly 

contravenes an applicable statute.” Tenn. R. Crim. P. 36.1(a) (2015). At the time 

Defendant filed his motion in January of 2016, Rule 36.1 provided that “[e]ither the 

defendant or the state may, at any time, seek the correction of an illegal sentence.” Id.

The rule has since been amended by deleting the “at any time” language. Tenn. R. Crim. 

App. 36.1(a) (2016). That change was in response to our supreme court’s decision in 

State v. Brown, 479 S.W.3d 200 (Tenn. 2015). In that case, the court held that Rule 36.1 

“does not authorize the correction of expired illegal sentences.” Id. at 211. 

 

1 These offenses are unrelated to the aggravated robberies at issue herein. Defendant obtained 

partial federal habeas relief on this unrelated case, with the District Court ordering the trial court to reduce 

Defendant’s sentences to the minimum in his range in light of Blakely v. Washington, 542 U.S. 296 

(2004). See Courtney Means v. Shawn Phillips, 136 F. Supp. 3d 872 (W.D. Tenn. 2015); Courtney 

Means v. Jerry Lester, No. 11-2646-JPM-tmp, 2013 WL 3992506 (W.D. Tenn. Aug. 5, 2013).

2 The record contains a May 16, 2016 order signed by Judge Paula Skahan, Division I of the 

Criminal Court for Shelby County, finding Defendant financially unable to employ counsel and that 

private counsel should be appointed. This finding is not supported by the technical record from Division

X of the Criminal Court, which is the court wherein the matter was filed. 
- 3 -

While Defendant’s sentences are not expired, Rule 36.1 permits only the 

correction of illegal sentences. Our supreme court recently interpreted the meaning of 

“illegal sentence” as defined in Rule 36.1 and concluded that the definition “is 

coextensive, and not broader than, the definition of the term in the habeas corpus 

context.” State v. Wooden, 478 S.W.3d 585, 594-95 (Tenn. 2015). The court then 

reviewed the three categories of sentencing errors: clerical errors (those arising from a 

clerical mistake in the judgment sheet), appealable errors (those for which the Sentencing 

Act specifically provides a right of direct appeal), and fatal errors (those so profound as 

to render a sentence illegal and void). Id. at 595. Commenting on appealable errors, the

court stated that those “generally involve attacks on the correctness of the methodology 

by which a trial court imposed [the] sentence.” Id. In contrast, fatal errors include 

“sentences imposed pursuant to an inapplicable statutory scheme, sentences designating 

release eligibility dates where early release is statutorily prohibited, sentences that are 

ordered to be served concurrently where statutorily required to be served consecutively, 

and sentences not authorized by any statute for the offenses.” Id. The court held that 

only fatal errors render sentences illegal. Id.

Defendant’s pro se motion, while written in nearly perfect penmanship, is 

essentially a primer on all the wrong ways to seek relief through a motion filed under 

Rule 36.1. Defendant’s claim that the trial court failed to award pre-trial jail credits is not 

a fatal error. Brown, 479 S.W.3d at 212-13 (determining that pre-trial jail credit claims 

cannot form the basis for relief under Rule 36.1). Moreover, any issue with regard to the

inaccuracy of a presentence report is, at most, an appealable error indicating some issue 

with the actual process by which Defendant’s sentences were imposed. See Wooden, 478 

S.W.3d at 595. Additionally, any claim that a sentence is excessive is an appealable 

error. See State v. Brian E. Dodson, No. E2016-00037-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 3131272 

(Tenn. Crim. App. Apr. 27, 2016) (holding that claim of an excessive within-range 

sentence is not cognizable under Rule 36.1), perm. app. denied (Tenn. Sept. 23, 2016). 

Finally, to the extent that Defendant tried to insert a claim of ineffective assistance of 

counsel into the motion by way of his testimony at the hearing3on the motion, ineffective 

assistance is not a colorable claim for relief via Rule 36.1. See State v. Markhayle

Jackson, No. W2015-02068-CCA-R3-CD, 2016 WL 7664771, at *2 (Tenn. Crim. App. 

May 31, 2016), no perm. app. filed. The trial court properly denied the motion. 

Defendant is not entitled to relief. The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

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TIMOTHY L. EASTER, JUDGE

 

3 Defendant did not raise this issue in his motion for relief under Rule 36.1, so it was not properly 

before the trial court or this Court. See State v. Leach, 148 S.W.3d 42, 55 (Tenn. 2004) (stating that “[a]s 

a general rule, a party may not litigate an issue on one ground, abandon that ground post-trial, and assert a 

new basis or ground on appeal”) (citing Johnson v. State, 38 S.W.3d 52, 60 n.8 (Tenn. 2001)).