# Patent

## Title
Microwave ablation antenna radiation detector

## Abstract

A radiation detector is disclosed. The radiation detector is disposed on a microwave antenna assembly. The radiation detector includes a receiving antenna adapted to receive microwave energy. The receiving antenna includes a first tubular antenna member and a second tubular antenna member disposed concentrically about a longitudinal axis defined by the microwave antenna assembly. The detector also includes at least one rectifier coupled to the receiving antenna adapted to rectify at least a portion of the microwave energy and a filter coupled to the at least one rectifier and adapted to convert the rectified microwave energy into a detection signal.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION
The present application is a continuation-in-part of a U.S. application Ser. No. 12/487,917 titled “Microwave Ablation Antenna Radiation Detector” by Joseph D. Brannan on Jun. 19, 2009, which is hereby incorporated by reference.


BACKGROUND
1. Technical Field
The present disclosure relates generally to microwave antennas. More particularly, the present disclosure is directed to radiation detectors for microwave ablation antennas.
2. Background of Related Art
Treatment of certain diseases requires destruction of malignant tissue growths (e.g., tumors). It is known that tumor cells denature at elevated temperatures that are slightly lower than temperatures injurious to surrounding healthy cells. Therefore, known treatment methods, such as hyperthermia therapy, heat tumor cells to temperatures above 41° C., while maintaining adjacent healthy cells at lower temperatures to avoid irreversible cell damage. Such methods involve applying electromagnetic radiation to heat tissue and include ablation and coagulation of tissue. In particular, microwave energy is used to coagulate and/or ablate tissue to denature or kill the cancerous cells.
Microwave energy is applied via microwave ablation antennas that penetrate tissue to reach tumors. There are several types of microwave antennas, such as monopole and dipole, in which microwave energy radiates perpendicularly from the axis of the conductor. A monopole antenna includes a single, elongated microwave conductor whereas a dipole antenna includes two conductors. In a dipole antenna, the conductors may be in a coaxial configuration including an inner conductor and an outer conductor separated by a dielectric portion. More specifically, dipole microwave antennas may have a long, thin inner conductor that extends along a longitudinal axis of the antenna and is surrounded by an outer conductor. In certain variations, a portion or portions of the outer conductor may be selectively removed to provide more effective outward radiation of energy. This type of microwave antenna construction is typically referred to as a “leaky waveguide” or “leaky coaxial” antenna.
Conventional microwave antennas operate at a single frequency allowing for creation of similarly shaped lesions (e.g., spherical, oblong, etc.). Some antennas are capable of radiating energy inside as well as outside tissue, due to well-tuned impedance matching. In some instances this may result in inadvertent radiation outside the tissue.
SUMMARY
According to one embodiment of the present disclosure, a radiation detector is disclosed. The radiation detector is disposed on a microwave antenna assembly. The radiation detector includes a receiving antenna adapted to receive microwave energy. The receiving antenna includes a first tubular antenna member and a second tubular antenna member disposed concentrically about a longitudinal axis defined by the microwave antenna assembly. The detector also includes at least one rectifier coupled to the receiving antenna adapted to rectify at least a portion of the microwave energy and a filter coupled to the at least one rectifier and adapted to convert the rectified microwave energy into a detection signal.
According to another embodiment of the present disclosure, a microwave antenna assembly is disclosed. The microwave antenna assembly includes a hub configured to couple the microwave antenna assembly to a microwave generator and a cooling system that circulates a coolant fluid through the antenna assembly. The microwave antenna assembly also includes a radiating section coupled to the hub through a feedline and a radiation detector disposed about the hub. The radiation detector includes a receiving antenna adapted to receive microwave energy. The receiving antenna includes a first tubular antenna member and a second tubular antenna member disposed concentrically about a longitudinal axis of the hub, the first and second tubular antenna members having with a predetermined gap defined therebetween. The receiving antenna also includes at least one rectifier coupled to the first and second tubular antenna members across the gap and adapted to rectify at least a portion of the microwave energy and a filter coupled to the at least one rectifier and adapted to convert the rectified microwave energy into a detection signal.
According to a further embodiment of the present disclosure, a microwave antenna assembly is disclosed. The microwave antenna assembly includes a hub configured to couple the microwave antenna assembly to a cable connector and a cooling system that circulates a coolant fluid through the antenna assembly. The microwave antenna assembly also includes a radiating section coupled to the hub through a feedline and a radiation detector disposed about the hub. The radiation detector includes a receiving antenna adapted to receive microwave energy. The receiving antenna includes a first tubular antenna member and a second tubular antenna member disposed concentrically about a longitudinal axis of the hub, the first and second tubular antenna members having a predetermined gap defined therebetween. The first tubular antenna member is coupled to the cable connector and the second tubular antenna member includes a hub portion and an extended portion extending over at least a portion of the radiating section. The receiving antenna also includes at least one rectifier coupled to the first and second tubular antenna members across the gap and adapted to rectify at least a portion of the microwave energy and a filter coupled to the at least one rectifier and adapted to convert the rectified microwave energy into a detection signal.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The above and other aspects, features, and advantages of the present disclosure will become more apparent in light of the following detailed description when taken in conjunction with the accompanying drawings in which:
FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a microwave ablation system according to an embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIGS. 2A and 2B are schematic diagrams of rectifying circuits and a filter according to embodiments of the present disclosure;
FIG. 3 is a sectional, side view of an antenna assembly according to one embodiment of the present disclosure;
FIG. 4 is a sectional, side view of an antenna assembly according to another embodiment of the present disclosure; and
FIG. 5 is a sectional, side view of an antenna assembly according to another embodiment of the present disclosure.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Particular embodiments of the present disclosure will be described herein below with reference to the accompanying drawings. In the following description, well-known functions or constructions are not described in detail to avoid obscuring the present disclosure in unnecessary detail.
The present disclosure provides for a radiation detector disposed on a microwave antenna. Generally, the detector is disposed in a location such that any unintended and/or errant radiation of microwave energy along the antenna is detected. The radiation detector converts the detected radiation into a detection signal, which is then transmitted to a control system (e.g., microwave generator) to either shut off the power supply and/or alert the user.
In one embodiment, the radiation detector includes a receiving antenna adapted to receive microwave energy radiating along the microwave antenna and a rectifying circuit including a rectifying device and a filter. The rectifying circuit rectifies the microwave energy incident on the receiving antenna into a sensing signal and then passes the sensing signal through the filter to the control system.
FIG. 1 shows a microwave ablation system 10 that includes a microwave antenna assembly 12 coupled to a microwave generator 14 via a flexible coaxial cable 16. The generator 14 is configured to provide microwave energy at an operational frequency from about 500 MHz to about 10,000 MHz. In the illustrated embodiment, the antenna assembly 12 includes a radiating section 18 connected by feedline 20 (or shaft) to the cable 16. More specifically, the feedline 20 is connected to a hub 22, which is connected to the cable 16 through a cable connector 19. The hub 22 may have a variety of suitable shapes, e.g., cylindrical, rectangular, etc.
The feedline 20 may be coaxial and may include an inner conductor surrounded by an inner insulator, which is, in turn, surrounded by an outer conductor 17 (e.g., a cylindrical conducting sheath). The outer conductor 17 is coupled to the outer conductor (not explicitly shown) of the cable 16 via the connector 19. The inner conductor and outer conductor 17 may be constructed of copper, gold, stainless steel or other conductive metals with similar conductivity values. The metals may be plated with other materials, e.g., other conductive materials, to improve their properties, e.g., to improve conductivity or decrease energy loss, etc. In one embodiment, the feedline 20 may be formed from a coaxial, semi-rigid or flexible cable having a wire with a 0.047′′ outer diameter rated for 50 Ohms.
The connection hub 22 also couples the antenna assembly 12 to a cooling system 13. The connection hub 22 includes an outlet fluid port 30 and an inlet fluid port 32 that are connected in fluid communication with a sheath 38. The sheath 38 encloses radiating portion 18 and feedline 20 allowing a coolant fluid 37 to circulate from ports 30 and 32 around the antenna assembly 12. The ports 30 and 32 are also coupled to a supply pump 34 that is, in turn, coupled to a supply tank 36 via supply lines 86 and 88, respectively. The supply pump 34 may be a peristaltic pump or any other suitable type. The supply tank 36 stores the coolant fluid 37 and, in one embodiment, may maintain the fluid at a predetermined temperature. More specifically, the supply tank 36 may include a coolant unit that cools the returning liquid from the antenna assembly 12. In another embodiment, the coolant fluid 37 may be a gas and/or a mixture of liquid and gas.
The coolant fluid 37 provides for dielectric impedance buffering for the antenna assembly 12. This allows for radiation of significant amounts of power while the antenna assembly 12 is partially inserted in the tissue or exposed to air. Although the buffering provides for increased coupling, errant radiation may leak from the antenna assembly 12. The antenna assembly 12 includes a radiation detector 40 disposed on the outer surface of the hub 22. The radiation detector 40 senses unintended radiation and shuts off the generator 14 if the sensed stray radiation exceeds predetermined safety thresholds. In another embodiment, the generator 14 may adjust the energy output therefrom in response to the sensed radiation.
With reference to FIGS. 1 and 3, the radiation detector 40 includes a cylindrical receiving antenna 42 formed as a first tubular antenna member 44 and a second tubular antenna member 45. The first antenna member 44 is disposed about a proximal portion of the hub 22 and the second antenna member 45 is disposed around a distal portion of the hub 22. As used herein the term “distal” refers to that portion of the antenna assembly 12, or component thereof, farther from the user while the term “proximal” refers to that portion of the antenna assembly 12 or component thereof, closer to the user.
The antenna members 44 and 45 are cylindrical tubes that are concentrically disposed on a top surface of the hub 22. In other words, the antenna members 44 and 45 are concentric to each other, such that the antenna members 44 and 45 are centered about a longitudinal axis A-A as defined by the antenna assembly 12.
In one embodiment, the hub 22 may be formed from a non-conductive, conformal material such as polyesters, polyimides, polyamides, polyamide-imides, polyetherimides, polyacrylates, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinylidene chloride, polysiloxanes, combinations thereof and the like. The antenna and antenna members 44 and 45 may be formed from a conformal sheet of conductive material such as copper, gold, stainless steel or other conductive metals with similar conductivity values. In one embodiment, the receiving antenna 42 may be plated with other materials, e.g., other conductive materials, to improve, the conductive properties thereof. The radiation detector 40 may also be encased in an encasement shell (e.g., epoxy) to provide for sterilization compatibility. The encasement may be accomplished once the radiation detector 40 is conformed to the hub 22.
With reference to FIGS. 1 and 3, the antenna members 44 and 45 are separated by a gap distance “G.” The radiation detector 40 also includes a rectifying circuit 50 coupled to one or more rectifiers 52 (FIG. 1) disposed across the gap “G.” The rectifier 52 is electrically coupled to the antenna members 44 and 45. Rectifier 52 is placed in locations of high electric field density and low current density. The gap “G” may be arranged at any position along the hub 22. In other words, the antenna members 44 and 45 may be of varying width to optimized the voltage drop over the rectifier 52 based on the frequency of the microwave power being supplied to the antenna assembly 12.
The rectifier 52 may be any type of suitable diodes such as Zener diode, Schottky diode, tunnel diode and the like. The rectifier 52 may be in direct contact with the antenna members 44 and 45 or through an impedance matching network, which may include lumped elements and/or a transmission line. The rectifiers 52 convert the sinusoidal shape of the microwave waveform by clipping the negative portion of the waveform. In other words, the rectifiers 52 clip the bottom portion of the sinusoid to rectify the microwave waveform.
As shown in FIGS. 2A and B, rectifying circuit 50 includes a filter 54 that is coupled to the rectifier 52. The filter 54 may be an inductor-resistor-capacitor (“LRC”) low pass filter that is adapted to convert the rectified sinusoidal waveform from the rectifiers 52 into a detection signal, which may be a DC voltage signal representative of the detected microwave radiation. The filter 54 is coupled to the rectifier 52 at connections 58, 62a, 62b. The connection 58 may be coupled to one terminal of the rectifier 52 and the connections 62a and 62b may be coupled to another terminal thereof.
The filter 54 includes a capacitor 60 coupled between the connections 58 and 62a. The capacitor 60 is connected in series with an inductor 64, which is connected through a resistor 66 to the connection 62b as shown in FIG. 2A. In another embodiment, the capacitor 60, the inductor 64 and the resistor 66 may be coupled to each other in parallel as shown in FIG. 2B. The inductor 64 is coupled to the receiving antenna at the connection 58.
The filter 54 is also connected to a voltage output 70 that may be coupled to a wire 71 (FIG. 1). The wire 71 may be disposed anywhere along the antenna assembly 12 such that the wire 71 has minimal effect on the radiation efficiency of the antenna assembly 12. When the filter 54 is configured as an LRC filter and connected to the voltage output 70, the filter 54 limits the microwave radiating from escaping through the wire 71 and allows the rectified DC current, namely, the detection signal to travel to the generator 14. A ground wire 73 is coupled to the antenna member 44 and provides the generator 14 with a reference signal for comparison of the detection signal therewith. The filter 54 also includes a high impedance voltage buffer 73 coupled to the voltage output 70. The voltage buffer 73 provides a reliable detection signal transmission to the generator 14.
The detection signal may then be transmitted to the generator 14 or another control system, which compares the detection signal with a reference threshold signal. The reference signal may be preset to denote a threshold level indicative of dangerous levels of microwave radiation. If the generator 14 determines that the detection signal is above the reference signal, then the generator 14 may terminate or suspend the supply of energy to the antenna assembly 12 and/or alert the user. The generator 14 may include any suitable type of alert or alarm (e.g., audio, visual, etc.) that is activated when the detection signal is above the threshold. In another embodiment, the generator 14 adjusts the output power as a function of the detection signal In other words, the generator 14 may lower or increase the output power based on the detected signal.
In another embodiment, in addition to transmission of the detection signal to the generator 14, the detection signal may also be used to power any suitable alarm device, such as a light-emitting device (e.g., LED 72) disposed on the bottom surface 41. The LED 72 may be configured to operate above a predetermined threshold voltage. This may be accomplished by coupling the LED 72 to a resistive divider network (not explicitly shown). Thus, the detection signals above the threshold trigger the LED 72, indicates to the user that dangerous levels of microwave energy are emitted outside the radiating section 18. In another embodiment, an audible alarm (e.g., a speaker) may be used in place of the LED 72.
In a further embodiment, the radiation detector 40 may include a voltage limiting circuit 74 to ensure that the voltage level of the detection signal is regulated, such that, excessive voltage does not pass to the control circuitry of the generator 14. The voltage limiting circuit 74 may include a Zener diode.
The rectifying circuit 50 and components thereof (e.g., filter 54) may be disposed on a dielectric substrate 75. In one embodiment, the rectifying circuit 50 may be formed as a printed circuit board, with the components thereof connected by traces on an epoxy resin substrate.
FIG. 4 illustrates another embodiment of a radiation detector 140 and includes a cylindrical receiving antenna 142 having a first antenna member 144 and a second antenna member 145. The first antenna member 144 is disposed about a proximal portion of the hub 22 and the second antenna member 145 is disposed around a distal portion of the hub 22. The antenna members 144 and 145 are cylindrical tubes that are concentrically disposed on a top surface of the hub 22. In other words, the antenna members 144 and 145 are concentric to each other, such that the antenna members 144 and 145 are centered about a longitudinal axis A-A as defined by the antenna assembly 12.
As discussed above with respect to FIGS. 1-3, the first and second antenna members 144 and 145 are also separated by a gap “G” and are coupled together by a rectifier 152. The rectifier 152 is, in turn, coupled to the rectifying circuit 50 (FIGS. 2A and 2B), which processes the detected microwave radiation.
In this embodiment, the first antenna member 144 is electrically coupled to the cable connector 19, more specifically to the outer conductor 17 to create a short-circuited coaxial geometry. This obviates the need for the ground wire 73 coupling the antenna member 144 to the generator 14. In other words, the coupling of the first antenna member 144 to the cable connector 19 provides the generator 14 with a reference signal for comparison of the detection signal from the rectifying circuit 50 therewith.
FIG. 5 illustrates another embodiment of a radiation detector 240 that includes a cylindrical receiving antenna 242 having a first antenna member 244 and a second antenna member 245. The first antenna member 244 is disposed about a proximal portion of the hub 22 and the second antenna member 245 is disposed around a distal portion of the hub 22.
The antenna members 244 and 245 are cylindrical tubes that are concentrically disposed on a top surface of the hub 22. In other words, the antenna members 244 and 245 are concentric to each other, such that the antenna members 244 and 245 are centered about a longitudinal axis A-A as defined by the antenna assembly 12.
The second antenna member 245 includes a hub portion 246 and an extended portion 248 that extends distally along the feedline 20 up to a proximal end of the radiating section 18. The hub portion 246 is of substantially the same diameter as the first antenna member 244 and is disposed about the hub 22. The extended portion 248 may be of a smaller diameter than the hub portion 246 to better conform to a smaller diameter of the feedline 20.
Encasing of the hub 22 and the feedline 20 in the first and second antenna members 244 and 245 extends the effectiveness of the radiation detector 240, allowing for detection of stray microwave energy closer to the radiating section 18. This is particularly useful in laparoscopic or percutaneous applications, where tissue structures reside between the radiating section 18 and the hub 22 and it is useful to prevent damage to these structures.
As discussed above with respect to FIGS. 1-3, the first and second antenna members 244 and 245 are also separated by a gap “G” and are coupled together by a rectifier 252. The rectifier 252 is, in turn, coupled to the rectifying circuit 50 (FIGS. 2A and 2B), which processes the detection.
Similar to the embodiment of FIG. 4, the first antenna member 244 is electrically coupled to the cable connector 19, more specifically to the outer conductor 17 to create a short circuited coaxial geometry. This obviates the need for the ground wire 73 coupling the antenna member 244 to the generator 14. In other words, the coupling of the first antenna member 144 to the cable connector 19 provides the generator 14 with a reference signal for comparison of the detection signal from the rectifying circuit 50 therewith.
The described embodiments of the present disclosure are intended to be illustrative rather than restrictive, and are not intended to represent every embodiment of the present disclosure. Various modifications and variations can be made without departing from the spirit or scope of the disclosure as set forth in the following claims both literally and in equivalents recognized in law.

## Claims

1. A radiation detector disposed on a microwave antenna assembly, the radiation detector comprising:
a receiving antenna adapted to receive microwave energy, the receiving antenna including a first tubular antenna member and a second tubular antenna member disposed concentrically about a longitudinal axis defined by the microwave antenna assembly, wherein the receiving antenna includes:
a hub configured to couple the microwave antenna assembly to a microwave generator; and
a cooling system that circulates a coolant fluid through the antenna assembly and wherein the first and second tubular antenna members are disposed about the hub;

at least one rectifier coupled to the receiving antenna adapted to rectify at least a portion of the microwave energy; and
a filter coupled to the at least one rectifier and adapted to convert the rectified microwave energy into a detection signal.

2. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein the hub is formed from a dielectric material and the first and second tubular antenna members are formed from a conductive material.

3. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein the first and second tubular antenna members are separated by a gap.

4. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein the least one rectifier is coupled to the first and second tubular antenna members across the gap.

5. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein the at least one rectifier is a diode.

6. The radiation detector according to claim 1, further comprising:
a light-emitting device coupled to the filter, the light-emitting device adapted to operate when the detection signal is above a predetermined threshold signal.

7. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein the filter includes a capacitor, an inductor and a resistor coupled in series or parallel.

8. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein first tubular antenna member is coupled to a cable connector.

9. The radiation detector according to claim 1, wherein the second tubular antenna member includes a hub portion having a first diameter and an extended portion having a second diameter smaller than the first diameter.

10. A microwave antenna assembly, comprising:
a hub configured to couple the microwave antenna assembly to a microwave generator and a cooling system that circulates a coolant fluid through the antenna assembly;
a radiating section coupled to the hub through a feedline; and
a radiation detector disposed about the hub, the radiation detector including:
a receiving antenna adapted to receive microwave energy, the receiving antenna including a first tubular antenna member and a second tubular antenna member disposed concentrically about a longitudinal axis of the hub, the first and second tubular antenna members having a predetermined gap defined therebetween;
at least one rectifier coupled to the first and second tubular antenna members across the gap and adapted to rectify at least a portion of the microwave energy; and
a filter coupled to the at least one rectifier and adapted to convert the rectified microwave energy into a detection signal.

11. The microwave antenna assembly according to claim 10, wherein the hub is formed from a dielectric material and the first and second tubular antenna members are formed from a conductive material.

12. The microwave antenna assembly according to claim 10, wherein the at least one rectifier is a diode.

13. The microwave antenna assembly according to claim 10, further comprising:
a light-emitting device coupled to the filter, the light-emitting device adapted to operate when the detection signal is above a predetermined threshold signal.

14. The microwave antenna assembly according to claim 10, wherein the filter includes a capacitor, an inductor and a resistor coupled in series or parallel.

15. The microwave antenna assembly according to claim 10, wherein first tubular antenna member is coupled to a cable connector.

16. The microwave antenna assembly according to claim 10, wherein the second tubular antenna member includes a hub portion having a first diameter and an extended portion having a second diameter smaller than the first diameter.

17. A microwave antenna assembly, comprising:
a hub configured to couple the microwave antenna assembly to a cable connector and a cooling system that circulates a coolant fluid through the antenna assembly;
a radiating section coupled to the hub through a feedline; and
a radiation detector disposed about the hub, the radiation detector comprising:
a receiving antenna adapted to receive microwave energy, the receiving antenna including a first tubular antenna member and a second tubular antenna member disposed concentrically about a longitudinal axis of the hub, the first and second tubular antenna members having a predetermined gap defined therebetween, wherein the first tubular antenna member is coupled to the cable connector and the second tubular antenna member includes a hub portion and an extended portion extending over at least a portion of the radiating section;
at least one rectifier coupled to the first and second tubular antenna members across the gap and adapted to rectify at least a portion of the microwave energy; and a filter coupled to the at least one rectifier and adapted to convert the rectified microwave energy into a detection signal.

18. The microwave antenna assembly according to claim 17, further comprising:
a light-emitting device coupled to the filter, the light-emitting device adapted to operate when the detection signal is above a predetermined threshold signal.

19. The microwave antenna assembly according to claim 17, wherein the filter includes a capacitor, an inductor and a resistor coupled in series or parallel.

20. A radiation detector disposed on a microwave antenna assembly, the radiation detector comprising:
a receiving antenna adapted to receive microwave energy, the receiving antenna including a first tubular antenna member and a second tubular antenna member disposed concentrically about a longitudinal axis defined by the microwave antenna assembly, wherein the first and second tubular antenna members are separated by a gap;
at least one rectifier coupled to the receiving antenna adapted to rectify at least a portion of the microwave energy, wherein the least one rectifier is coupled to the first and second tubular antenna members across the gap; and
a filter coupled to the at least one rectifier and adapted to convert the rectified microwave energy into a detection signal.

21. A radiation detector disposed on a microwave antenna assembly, the radiation detector comprising:
a receiving antenna adapted to receive microwave energy, the receiving antenna including a first tubular antenna member and a second tubular antenna member disposed concentrically about a longitudinal axis defined by the microwave antenna assembly, wherein the second tubular antenna member includes a hub portion having a first diameter and an extended portion having a second diameter smaller than the first diameter;
at least one rectifier coupled to the receiving antenna adapted to rectify at least a portion of the microwave energy; and
a filter coupled to the at least one rectifier and adapted to convert the rectified microwave energy into a detection signal.