Stirred Ultrafiltration Cells

Models 8003, 8010, 8050, 8200, 8400

User Guide

228_RevM.indd 39 8/7/2
Notice

The information in this document is subject to change 

without notice and should not be construed as a 

commitment by Millipore Corporation or an affiliated 

corporation. Neither Millipore Corporation nor any of its 

affiliated corporations assumes responsibility for any 

errors that may appear in this document. This manual 

is believed to be complete and accurate at the time of 

publication. In no event shall Millipore Corporation or an 

affiliated corporation be liable for incidental or consequential damages in connection with or arising from the 

use of this manual.

© 2008 MILLIPORE CORPORATION. PRINTED IN 

THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. ALL RIGHTS 

RESERVED. 

Millipore and Amicon are registered trademarks of Millipore Corporation.

The M mark is a trademark of Millipore Corporation.

Cellosolve is a registered trademark of Union Carbide Chemicals & 

Plastics Technology Corporation.

Tygon is a registered trademark of Saint-Gobain Performance Plastics 

Corporation.

Saint-Gobain is a registered trademark of Compagnie de Saint-Gobain 

Corporation.

99228, Rev. M, 08/08

228_RevM.indd 35 8/7/2
Contents

Introduction............................................. 1

Models Available..................................... 1

Safety Features ...................................... 1

Model 8003 Parts List ............................. 2

Model 8010 Parts List ............................. 4

Model 8050 Parts List ............................. 6

Model 8200 Parts List ............................. 8

Model 8400 Parts List ........................... 10

Operating Modes .................................. 12

Unpacking the System.......................... 13

Setting Up the System .......................... 14

Operating Guidelines............................ 17

Limitations ............................................ 18

Cell Operation....................................... 19

Shutting Down the System.................... 21

228_RevM.indd 36 8/7/2
Sterilization........................................... 21

Storage................................................. 22

Maintenance......................................... 22

Troubleshooting.................................... 23

Specifications ....................................... 24

Materials of Construction ...................... 24

Compliance with the Pressure Equipment 

Directive, 97/23/EC............................... 25

Product Ordering Information................ 26

Technical Assistance............................. 30

Standard Warranty................................ 30

228_RevM.indd 37 8/7/2
Introduction

Millipore stirred ultrafiltration cells are designed for 

rapid concentration or purification of macromolecular 

solutions in volumes from 3 to 400 mL. All models are 

used in conjunction with a stirring table. The table is 

magnetically coupled to a stirring bar, which maintains 

fluid movement during operation, thereby reducing the 

negative effects of concentration polarization (i.e., the 

buildup of concentrated solutes on the membrane).

Models Available

Model Capacity Millipore Cat. No.

8003 3 mL 5125

8010 10 mL 5121

8050 50 mL 5122

8200 200 mL 5123

8400 400 mL 5124

Safety Features

■ Cell has a built-in pressure-relief valve, preset to 

nominal 75 psi (5.3 kg/cm2). The recommended 

operating pressure is <55 psi (3.9 kg/cm2

).

■ Cell remains fixed in the retaining stand until 

the pressure-relief valve is opened and the cap 

depressed.

■ Stand provides a large base for improved cell stability.

228_RevM.indd 1 8/7/2
Model 8003 Parts List

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228_RevM.indd 2 8/7/2
Model 8003 Parts List, continued

Item Description Quantity Supplied

A Cap Assembly 1

B Pressure Relief Valve —

C O-Ring 2

D Stirrer Assembly 1

E Body 1

F O-Ring 2

G Membrane —

H Membrane Holder 1

I Elastomeric Tubing 4 in.

J Base 1

K Tube Fitting Assembly 2

L Tubing, Plastic 4 ft

M Stand Assembly 1

N O-Ring 2

228_RevM.indd 3 8/7/2
Model 8010 Parts List

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228_RevM.indd 4 8/7/2
Model 8010 Parts List, continued

Item Description Quantity Supplied

A Cap Assembly 1

B Pressure Relief Valve —

C O-Ring 2

D Stirrer Assembly 1

E Body 1

F O-Ring 2

G Membrane —

H Membrane Holder 1

I Elastomeric Tubing 4 in.

J Base 1

K Tube Fitting Assembly 2

L Tubing, Plastic 4 ft

M Stand Assembly 1

228_RevM.indd 5 8/7/2
Model 8050 Parts List

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228_RevM.indd 6 8/7/2
Model 8050 Parts List, continued

Item Description Quantity Supplied

A Cap Assembly 1

B Pressure Relief Valve —

C O-Ring 2

D Stirrer Assembly 1

E Body 1

F O-Ring 2

G Membrane —

H Membrane Holder 1

I Elastomeric Tubing 4 in.

J Base 1

K Tube Fitting Assembly 2

L Tubing, Plastic 4 ft

M Stand Assembly 1

228_RevM.indd 7 8/7/2
Model 8200 Parts List

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228_RevM.indd 8 8/7/2
Model 8200 Parts List, continued

Item Description Quantity Supplied

A Cap Assembly 1

B Pressure Relief Valve —

C O-Ring 2

D Stirrer Assembly 1

E Body 1

F O-Ring 2

G Membrane —

H Membrane Holder 1

I Elastomeric Tubing 4 in.

J Base 1

K Tube Fitting Assembly 2

L Tubing, Plastic 4 ft

M Stand Assembly 1

228_RevM.indd 9 8/7/2
Model 8400 Parts List

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228_RevM.indd 10 8/7/2
Model 8400 Parts List, continued

Item Description Quantity Supplied

A Cap Assembly 1

B Pressure Relief Valve —

C O-Ring 2

D Stirrer Assembly 1

E Body 1

F O-Ring 2

G Membrane —

H Membrane Holder 1

I Elastomeric Tubing 4 in.

J Base 1

K Tube Fitting Assembly 2

L Tubing, Plastic 4 ft

M Stand Assembly 1

228_RevM.indd 11 8/7/2
Operating Modes

Stirred ultrafiltration cells can be operated in two 

modes: concentration and diafiltration.

Concentration

In this mode, apply gas pressure directly to the ultrafiltration cell. Solutes above the membrane molecular 

weight cut-off are retained in the cell, while water and 

solutes below the cut-off pass into the filtrate and out of 

the cell.

Diafiltration

Connect the ultrafiltration cell to an auxiliary reservoir 

(Millipore cat. no. 6028) containing a diafiltration 

solution with the desired microsolute concentration. 

The use of stirred cells in the diafiltration mode also 

requires use of the CDS-10 Concentration/Dialysis 

Selector (Milipore cat. no. 6003). The combination of 

the auxiliary reservoir and the CDS-10 selector form 

a system that keeps the stirred cell fluid volume and 

macrosolute concentration constant as the filtrate 

volume is replaced by the diafiltration solution. This 

technique provides a simple means for rapid microsolute exchange, and is typically used as a substitute for 

dialysis. 

228_RevM.indd 12 8/7/2
Unpacking the System

Place cell on a level surface and remove packing 

inserts. Turn the pressure relief valve knob to the horizontal position. Hold the body and push the cap down. 

Slide the cell out of the retaining stand and remove the 

cap assembly with a twisting motion. Pull out the stirrer 

assembly and discard packing. Unscrew the base and 

remove the membrane holder. Remove the O-ring from 

the membrane holder.

228_RevM.indd 13 8/7/2
Setting Up the System

To identify the parts of the stirred cell, refer to the 

diagrams in the appropriate model parts list section. 

This section explains how to install the membrane and 

stirring assembly.

Membrane Installation

NOTE: Handle the membrane by its edges, to avoid 

scratching or contaminating the surface.

1. Model 8003 only:

Invert the cell body and place the smaller membrane 

holder O-ring (Model 8003 Parts List — N) into the 

recess. Gently tap to ensure that the O-ring remains 

when the body is upright. Place the membrane into 

the holder, shiny side up. Then place the larger 

membrane holder O-ring (Model 8003 Parts List — F) 

down, so that it contacts and seats the membrane 

evenly in the bottom of the holder.

All other models (8010, 8050, 8200, and 8400): 

Place the membrane into the holder, shiny side up. 

Place the O-ring on top of the membrane. Gently 

push the O-ring down, so that it contacts and seats 

the membrane evenly in the bottom of the holder.

2. Fit the membrane holder into the cell body, aligning 

the tabs on the sides of the holder with the slots in 

the base of the cell body.

3. Invert the cell body and membrane holder; screw the 

base firmly into the bottom of the cell body.

4. Push the filtrate exit tubing onto the exit spout of the 

membrane holder.

228_RevM.indd 14 8/7/2
Stirrer Assembly Installation

1. Place the stirrer assembly into the cell body. When 

properly installed, the arms of the stirrer assembly 

will rest on the small ridge inside the top of the cell 

body.

2. Pour the sample into the cell.

3. Push the cap assembly down onto the cell body, 

using a twisting motion and orienting the gas inlet 

port on the cap opposite the filtrate exit port on the 

holder. 

NOTE: If the cap assembly does not slide easily, 

lubricate the O-ring lightly with water or 

petroleum jelly. To avoid clogging the 

membrane pores, do not allow petroleum 

jelly to contact the membrane.

4. Set the pressure-relief valve knob to the horizontal 

(open) position.

5. Slide the cell into the retaining stand, fitting the ring 

on the cell base into the hole in the stand. The 

flattened edge on the bottom flange of the cap 

ensures that the cell is inserted properly and 

prevents rotation of the cell once inside the stand.

6. Turn the pressure-relief valve knob to the vertical 

(closed) position.

228_RevM.indd 15 8/7/2
Gas Pressure Line Installation

Attach the gas pressure line to the tube fitting on the 

cap as follows:

1. Unscrew the hexagonal nut (a) from the cap assembly and remove the O-ring (d). 

2. Slide the hex nut onto the end of gas tubing. 

3. Slide the metal grab ring (b) down one half-inch onto 

the tubing, with the flange facing away from the hex 

nut. 

4. Add the white spacer (c), positioning the countersunk surface toward the flange on the grab ring. 

5. Slide the O-ring (d) onto the end of the tubing. 

6. Insert the exposed tubing into the cap assembly and 

hand-tighten the hexagonal nut. Do not overtighten.

a

b

d c

1⁄2”

228_RevM.indd 16 8/7/2
Operating Guidelines

■ See membrane instructions for cleaning and storage 

procedures, and for buffer and solvent compatibility.

■ Highly viscous solutions filter slowly, as do solutions 

containing particulate matter, such as colloids. 

Where a viscous agent (sucrose, glycerin, etc.) 

is to be removed, flow can often be increased by 

pre-dilution.

■ Prefilter or centrifuge any solution containing particulate matter, such as cell debris or precipitates.

■ During extended diafiltration, liquid level may 

increase slightly. To correct, concentrate briefly.

■ To maximize recovery of retained substances, 

continue stirring for a few minutes after 

depressurization. This will resuspend the polarized 

layer at the membrane surface.

CAUTION: Always check that the pressure-relief 

valve knob is set to the horizontal (open) 

position, before removing the cell top. 

Removal of the top with the pressurerelief valve knob in the vertical (closed) 

position can create a partial vacuum, 

which can rupture the membrane.

228_RevM.indd 17 8/7/2
Limitations

This section explains the limitations of the stirred ultrafiltration cell.

Pressure Limits

Do not exceed 75 psi (5.3 kg/cm2) nitrogen gas pressure. 

CAUTION: Never operate the cell without its 

retaining stand. The cap will pop off when 

the cell is pressurized, and the liquid in 

the cell may spill or splatter.

Temperature Limits

Although brief exposure to higher temperatures is 

possible, do not operate cell continuously above 85 °C 

(185 °F).

Chemical Resistance

Do not use the stirred cell with:

Strong acids (pH < 2) or strong alkalies (pH > 10)

Ketones (including acetone)

Aromatic hydrocarbons (including toluene)

Cellosolve® solvent

Halogenated hydrocarbons

DMF

Aliphatic esters

DMSO

Polar aromatics

NOTE: The spring in the pressure-relief valve is NOT 

compatible with 0.1 N NaOH.

228_RevM.indd 18 8/7/2
Chemical Resistance, continued

For other solvent compatibilities, consult a standard 

text or contact Millipore Technical Service. For the 

chemical resistance of disc membranes, see the 

instructions packed with the product.

Cell Operation

1. Select the cell operating mode as follows:

For concentration: Connect the inlet line to a 

regulated gas pressure source.

NOTE: Use nitrogen gas for pressurizing the cell. 

Using compressed air can cause large pH 

shifts, due to dissolution of carbon dioxide. 

With sensitive solutions, oxidation may also 

occur, potentially leading to other problems.

For diafiltration: Connect the cell to an auxiliary 

reservoir, using the Concentration/Dialysis 

Selector Valve, model CDS10 (Millipore 

cat. no. 6003). Refer to User Guide 99104 

for detailed instructions.

2. Hold the cell steady on the laboratory bench and 

pressurize. Follow the instructions in the membrane 

package to determine optimal operating pressure. 

Do NOT exceed the cell pressure limit of 75 psi 

(5.3 kg/cm2

). Once the system is pressurized, the 

cap assembly moves upward, forming a secure lock 

with the retaining stand.

228_RevM.indd 19 8/7/2
Cell Operation, continued

▲WARNING: When operating with hazardous 

or especially valuable materials, 

pressure-check the cell 

thoroughly, to ensure that all 

components have been properly 

assembled, before turning on 

the stirring table.

3. Place the cell on the magnetic stirring table.

4. To avoid membrane damage, make sure that the cell 

is pressurized before turning on the stirring table.

5. Turn on the stirring table and adjust the stirring rate, 

until the vortex created is approximately one-third 

the depth of the liquid volume.

228_RevM.indd 20 8/7/2
Shutting Down the System

1. Turn off the stirring table and then turn off the 

nitrogen pressure source.

CAUTION: In the next step, overly rapid 

depressurization can cause the 

membrane to buckle up and rupture.

2. Slowly vent the pressure inside the cell, by turning 

the pressure-relief valve knob to the horizontal 

position. Push the cap down, and then slide the cell 

out from the retaining stand.

3. With a twisting motion, remove the cell cap and the 

magnetic stirrer assembly. Pour out the solution.

4. Disassemble the cell, wash all components with a 

mild detergent/water solution and rinse thoroughly. 

Sterilization

Millipore stirred ultrafiltration cells can be autoclaved 

at 121 °C (250 °F) for 30 minutes. They are compatible 

with standard sterilizing gas mixtures, 70% ethanol, 

isopropanol and 5% formalin. The tubing is NOT 

autoclavable.

CAUTION: To avoid pressure build-up in the body, 

which could result in damage such as 

cracking, partially tighten the base before 

autoclaving.

228_RevM.indd 21 8/7/2
Storage

Disassemble the ultrafiltration cell whenever it is 

unlikely to be used for several weeks.

Maintenance

■ Replace O-rings at the first sign of damage or wear.

■ If installation or removal of the cap assembly 

becomes difficult, lubricate the cap O-ring with a 

small amount of petroleum jelly or water. 

CAUTION: To ensure proper filtration, do not allow 

petroleum jelly to come in contact with 

the membrane.

■ Periodically inspect the transparent body for cracks 

and inspect the stirrer assembly for washer wear or 

rough edges, which could damage the membrane.

CAUTION: Do not use cell if the transparent body 

is cracked or crazed.

228_RevM.indd 22 8/7/2
Troubleshooting

Symptom: Little or No Filtrate Obtained

■ Rotate the pressure-relief valve knob to check for 

pressure. If the cell is not pressurized, check the 

nitrogen source and regulator.

■ Make sure the glossy side of the disc membrane faces 

up.

■ If the sample solution is highly viscous, due to microsolutes, either dilute or diafilter to increase flow rate.

■ Check the membrane holder and filtrate port for 

blockage.

Symptom: Filtration Rate Abnormally High

■ Check the membrane for lesions, scratches and roughness.

■ Make sure that the correct membrane type is being used.

■ Make sure cell is pressurized prior to placing onto 

magnetic stirring table.

■ Check the stirrer assembly to ensure that the stirring 

bar is not contacting the membrane surface.

Symptom: Cell Leaks

■ Be sure that the lower O-ring rests entirely on the 

peripheral surface of the membrane.

■ Check the O-rings for nicks or cuts.

■ Make sure that the membrane support is seated 

properly, and that the base is screwed in firmly.

■ Make sure that the O-rings have not been not squeezed 

out of their slots.

■ Check the fittings on the gas inlet tubing for correct 

order and position. See the Gas Pressure Line 

Installation section of this user guide.

228_RevM.indd 23 8/7/2
Specifications

Model No. 8003 8010 8050 8200 8400

Cell capacity (mL) 3 10 50 200 400

Minimum process

volume (mL)

0.075 1.0 2.5 5.0 10.0

Membrane diam. (mm) 25 25 44.5 63.5 76

Effective membrane

area (cm2

)

0.9 4.1 13.4 28.7 41.8

Hold-up volume1

 (mL) 0.07 0.2 0.5 1.2 1.5

Empty weight,

approx. (g)

130 130 220 360 610

Retaining stand base

dimensions (cm)

6 × 6 6 × 6 7 × 7 9 × 9 11 × 11

Retaining stand

height (cm)

7.7 7.7 9.8 12.8 15.5

Maximum operating pressure: 75 psi (5.3 kg/cm2

)

Relief valve setting: 90 psi (6.3 kg/cm2

)

Maximum diafiltration operating pressure: 55 psi (3.9 kg/cm2

)

1

 Non-recoverable volume (below membrane surface)

Materials of Construction

Cap: nylon

Membrane holder: polysulfone

Body: polysulfone

Magnetic stirrer assembly: acetal, polysulfone

Retaining stand: nylon

O-rings: silicone rubber (red), buna-N copolymer (black)

Tube fitting assembly: nylon

228_RevM.indd 24 8/7/2
Compliance with the Pressure Equipment 

Directive, 97/23/EC

Millipore Corporation certifies that this product 

complies with the European Pressure Equipment

Directive, 97/23/EC of 29 May 1997.

This product is classified under Article 3 § 3 of the 

Pressure Equipment Directive. It has been designed 

and manufactured in accordance with sound 

engineering practice to ensure safe use. 

The product is accompanied by user instructions and 

bears markings to permit identification of Millipore 

Corporation as the manufacturer or authorized 

representative of this product within the European 

Community.

In compliance with Article 3 § 3 of the Pressure 

Equipment Directive, this product does not bear the CE 

mark.

228_RevM.indd 25 8/7/2
Product Ordering Information

This section lists the catalogue numbers for the Model 

8000 series Stirred Ultrafiltration Cells, accessories, and 

replacement parts. See Technical Assistance section for 

information about contacting Millipore. To order Millipore 

products on-line, go to www.millipore.com/products.

Catalogue 

Number

Description Qty/pk

Ultrafiltration Cell

5125 Model 8003 1

5121 Model 8010 1

5122 Model 8050 1

5123 Model 8200 1

5124 Model 8400 1

Accessories

6003 CDS10 Concentration/Dialysis 

Selector. For instant switching 

from concentration to rapid dialysis 

(diafiltration). 

1

6015 MF2 Push-Button Manifold.

For operation of multiple cells or 

reservoirs; individually valved. 

1

6028 RC800 Reservoir. Provides 

800 mL extra fluid volume. Can be 

used for rapid dialysis (diafiltration).

1

6022 TA1 Tubing Adapter Kit. Adapts 

plastic tubing to 1/8” or 1/4” male 

or female gas fittings.

1

228_RevM.indd 26 8/7/2
Product Ordering Information, 

continued Replacement Parts Use the following table to determine which replacement kit to order. Refer to ultrafiltration cell assembly diagrams on pages 2–11 for letter designations. The parts contained in each kit are listed on pages 28—29. Description Item 8003 8010 8050 8200 8400

Cap A,B 8003SCPKIT 8010SCPKIT 8050SCPKIT 8200SCPKIT 8400SCPKIT

O-ring C 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT

Stirrer assembly D 8003SCPKIT 8010SCPKIT 8050SCPKIT 8200SCPKIT 8400SCPKIT

Body E N/A (5125) N/A (5121) N/A (5122) N/A (5123) N/A (5124)

O-ring F 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT

Membrane Holder H 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT

Elastomeric tubing

I Fisher cat. no. 14-169-1C [Saint Gobain® Tygon® R-3603, 

I.D. 3/32 (2.4 mm), O.D. 5/32 in. (4mm)]

Base J 8003SCPKIT 8010SCPKIT 8050SCPKIT 8200SCPKIT 8400SCPKIT

Tube Fitting assembly K 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT

Tubing, plastic

L 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT 8000SCPKIT

Stand

M N/A (5125) N/A (5121) N/A (5122) N/A (5123) N/A (5124)

O-ring N 8000SCPKIT

—

—

—

—

228_RevM.indd 27 8/7/2
Product Ordering Information, 

continued

Catalogue

Number

Item* Description Qty/pk

8000SCPKIT 8000 Series Stirred Cell Replacement Part 

Kit (contains the following parts for Models 

8003, 8010, 8050, 8200, 8400)

C Cap O-Rings

Models 8003, 8010 2

Model 8050 2

Model 8200 2

Model 8400 2

F Membrane holder O-Rings

Models 8003, 8010 2

Model 8050 2

Model 8200 2

Model 8400 2

N Membrane holder O-Ring for 

Model 8003 2

H Membrane Holders

Model 8003 1

Model 8010 1

Model 8050 1

Model 8200 1

Model 8400 1

K Tube Fitting Assembly 1

L Tubing, plastic 10 ft

* Refer to ultrafiltration cell assembly diagrams on pages 

2–11 for letter designations.

228_RevM.indd 28 8/7/2
Product Ordering Information, 

continued

Catalogue

Number

Item* Description Qty/pk

8003SCPKIT Model 8003 Replacement Parts Kit 

(contains the following components)

A, B Cap Assembly 1

D Stirrer Assembly 1

J Base 1

8010SCPKIT Model 8010 Replacement Parts Kit 

(contains the following components)

A, B Cap Assembly 1

D Stirrer Assembly 1

J Base 1

8050SCPKIT Model 8050 Replacement Parts Kit 

(contains the following components)

A, B Cap Assembly 1

D Stirrer Assembly 1

J Base 1

8200SCPKIT Model 8200 Replacement Parts Kit 

(contains the following components)

A, B Cap Assembly 1

D Stirrer Assembly 1

J Base 1

8400SCPKIT Model 8400 Replacement Parts Kit 

(contains the following components)

A, B Cap Assembly 1

D Stirrer Assembly 1

J Base 1

* Refer to ultrafiltration cell assembly diagrams on pages 

2–11 for letter designations.

228_RevM.indd 29 8/7/2
Technical Assistance

For more information, contact the Millipore office nearest you. 

In the U.S., call (1-800-645-5476). Outside the U.S., see your 

Millipore catalogue for the phone number of the office nearest 

you or go to our web site at www.millipore.com/offices for 

up-to-date worldwide contact information. You can also visit 

the tech service page on our web site at www.millipore.com/

techservice.

Standard Warranty

Millipore Corporation (“Millipore”) warrants its products will 

meet their applicable published specifications when used in 

accordance with their applicable instructions for a period of 

one year from shipment of the products. MILLIPORE MAKES 

NO OTHER WARRANTY, EXPRESSED OR IMPLIED. 

THERE IS NO WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR 

FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. The warranty 

provided herein and the data, specifications and descriptions 

of Millipore products appearing in Millipore’s published 

catalogues and product literature may not be altered except 

by express written agreement signed by an officer of Millipore. 

Representations, oral or written, which are inconsistent with 

this warranty or such publications are not authorized and if 

given, should not be relied upon.

In the event of a breach of the foregoing warranty, Millipore’s 

sole obligation shall be to repair or replace, at its option, 

the applicable product or part thereof, provided the 

customer notifies Millipore promptly of any such breach. If 

after exercising reasonable efforts, Millipore is unable to 

repair or replace the product or part, then Millipore shall 

refund to the customer all monies paid for such applicable 

product or part. MILLIPORE SHALL NOT BE LIABLE 

FOR CONSEQUENTIAL, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL OR 

ANY OTHER INDIRECT DAMAGES RESULTING FROM 

ECONOMIC LOSS OR PROPERTY DAMAGE SUSTAINED 

BY ANY CUSTOMER FROM THE USE OF ITS PRODUCTS.

228_RevM.indd 30 8/7/2
228_RevM.indd 40 8/7/2