IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

SOUTHERN DIVISION

MICHAEL T. MAIBEN, :

Plaintiff, :

vs. : CA 09-0408-C

MICHAEL J. ASTRUE, :

Commissioner of Social Security,

:

Defendant.

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Plaintiff brings this action pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g) and

1383(c)(3), seeking judicial review of a final decision of the Commissioner of

Social Security denying his claims for disability insurance benefits and

supplemental security income. The parties have consented to the exercise of

jurisdiction by the Magistrate Judge, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c), for all

proceedings in this Court. (See Docs. 20-21 (“In accordance with provisions

of 28 U.S.C. § 636(c) and Fed.R.Civ.P. 73, the parties in this case consent to

have a United States magistrate judge conduct any and all proceedings in this

case . . . order the entry of a final judgment, and conduct all post-judgment

proceedings.”)) Upon consideration of the administrative record, plaintiff’s

Case 1:09-cv-00408-C Document 23 Filed 03/04/10 Page 1 of 14
1 Any appeal taken from this memorandum opinion and order and judgment shall

be made to the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals. (See Docs. 20-21 (“An appeal from a

judgment entered by a magistrate judge shall be taken directly to the United States court of

appeals for this judicial circuit in the same manner as an appeal from any other judgment of this

district court.”))

2

brief, the Commissioner’s brief, and the parties’ arguments at the February 24,

2010 hearing before the Court, it is determined that the decision to deny

benefits should be affirmed.1

Plaintiff alleges disability due to degenerative disc disease. The

Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) made the following relevant findings:

3. The claimant has the following severe impairment:

degenerative disc disease (20 CF R 404.1521 et seq., and

416.921 et seq.).

...

4. The claimant does not have an impairment of

combination of impairments that meets or medically equals

one of the listed impairments in 20 CFR Part 404, Subpart

P, Appendix 1 (20 CFR 404.1525, 404.1526, 416.925 and

416.926).

...

5. After careful consideration of the entire record, the

undersigned finds that the claimant has the residual

functional capacity to perform the full range of light work as

defined in 20 CFR 404.1567(b) and 416.967(b).

The medical evidence of record includes treatment notes from

the Veterans Administration, which document treatment of the

claimant from March, 2005, until November 15, 2006. Those

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notes refer to treatment for various reasons, including hepatitis,

for which the claimant was treated but also which was not

described as causing any exertional or nonexertional limitations.

Minor complaints, such as cold symptoms and an episode of low

back pain, were noted. The claimant was also noted to be taking

medication for his blood pressure, but no restrictions resulting

from his blood pressure were described. Significantly, the

reports specified that, although the claimant had a history of

depression, he was not being treated for that and no mental or

emotional symtomatology was described in those reports

(Exhibit 1F).

Annie Formwalt, Psy.D., a consulting psychologist, evaluated

the claimant and found no mental or emotional symptoms of

such significance as to warrant any diagnosis being made

(Exhibit 2F).

Amanda McBane, M.D., noted the claimant’s allegations of

back and grip problems in May, 2007. No significant physical

findings were described, however, and the Administrative Law

Judge arranged for the claimant to be evaluated by William A.

Crotwell, III, M.D. Dr. Crotwell is a Board-certified orthopedic

specialist. He obtained x-rays that revealed the claimant did

have a degree of degenerative disc disease and arthritis. Based

upon his examination of the claimant and the x-rays, Dr.

Crotwell concluded that the claimant could sustain light work

(Exhibits 3F and 7F).

Based on all of the evidence of record, the Administrative Law

Judge finds that the claimant has the following residual

functional capacity for light work, which is a lesser residual

functional capacity than described by the orthopedic specialist.

The claimant can sit for two hours at one time an[d] for up to

eight hours in a work day, he can stand for two hours at one time

and for eight hours in a work day, and he can walk for two hours

at a time and for eight hours in a work day. He can lift and carry

objects weighing 20 pounds and he can frequently lift and carry

objects weighing 10 pounds. He can use his upper and his lower

Case 1:09-cv-00408-C Document 23 Filed 03/04/10 Page 3 of 14
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extremities without restrictions. He can frequently bend, squat,

crawl, and climb, and he can continuously reach. He has no

significant postural restrictions and no significant environmental

restrictions. He can communicate in the work place without

limitation.

...

In terms of the claimant’s alleged inability to hold objects,

nothing in the record supports any significant loss of gripping

ability. His allegations of severe pain and an inability to sit or

stand for long periods of time are not supported by his history of

medical treatment or by the evaluation of an orthopedic

specialist.

As for the opinion evidence, no treating or examining source has

opined the claimant is disabled. A consulting orthopedic

specialist concluded that the claimant could perform a full range

of light work. Considering the absence of medical opinion

supportive of disability, as well as the qualifications of the

consulting specialist, the Administrative Law Judge affords

significant weight to the opinion of that orthopedic specialist,

noting that lesser lifting capacities have been established. 

In sum, the above residual functional capacity assessment is

supported by the claimant’s history of treatment since 2005,

which reflected periodic treatment for various complaints, and

by the evaluation of consulting experts.

6. The claimant is unable to perform any past relevant

work (20 CFR 404. 1565 and 416.965).

...

7. The claimant was born on September 20, 1954 and

was 50 years old, which is defined as an individual closely

approaching advanced age, on the alleged disability onset

date (20 CFR 404.1563 and 416.963).

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8. The claimant has at least a high school education and

is able to communicate in English (20 CFR 404.1564 and

416.964).

9. Transferability of job skills is not an issue in this case

because the claimant’s past relevant work is unskilled (20

CFR 404.1568 and 416.968).

10. Considering the claimant’s age, education, work

experience, and residual functional capacity, there are jobs

that exist in significant numbers in the national economy

that the claimant can perform (20 CFR 404.1569, 404.1569a,

416.969, and 416.969a).

In determining whether a successful adjustment to other work

can be made, the undersigned must consider the claimant’s

residual functional capacity, age, education, and work

experience in conjunction with the Medical-Vocational

Guidelines, 20 CFR Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 2. If the

claimant can perform all or substantially all of the exertional

demands at a given level of exertion, the medical-vocational

rules direct a conclusion of either “disabled” or “not disabled”

depending upon the claimant’s specific vocational profile (SSR

83-11). When the claimant cannot perform substantially all of

the exertional demands of work at a given level of exertion

and/or has nonexertional limitations, the medical-vocational

rules are used as a framework for decisionmaking unless there

is a rule that directs a conclusion of “disabled” without

considering the additional exertional and/or nonexertional

limitations (SSRs 83-12 and 83-14). If the claimant has solely

nonexertional limitations, section 204.00 in the MedicalVocational Guidelines provide a framework for decisionmaking

(SSR 85-15).

Based on a residual functional capacity for the full range of light

work, considering the claimant’s age, education, and work

experience, a finding of “not disabled” is directed by MedicalCase 1:09-cv-00408-C Document 23 Filed 03/04/10 Page 5 of 14
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Vocational Rule 202.13.

11. The claimant has not been under a disability, as

defined in the Social Security Act, from February 2, 2005

through the date of this decision (20 CFR 404.1520(g) and

416.920(g)). 

(Tr. 12, 13, 13-14, 14-15 & 15) The Appeals Council affirmed the ALJ's

decision (Tr. 1-3) and thus, the hearing decision became the final decision of

the Commissioner of Social Security.

DISCUSSION

In all Social Security cases, the claimant bears the burden of proving

that he is unable to perform his previous work. Jones v. Bowen, 810 F.2d 1001

(11th Cir. 1986). In evaluating whether the claimant has met this burden, the

examiner must consider the following four factors: (1) objective medical facts

and clinical findings; (2) diagnoses of examining physicians; (3) evidence of

pain; and (4) the claimant's age, education and work history. Id. at 1005.

Once the claimant meets this burden, as here, it becomes the Commissioner’s

burden to prove that the claimant is capable, given his age, education and work

history, of engaging in another kind of substantial gainful employment which

exists in the national economy. Sryock v. Heckler, 764 F.2d 834, 836 (11th

Cir. 1985).

The task for the Court is to determine whether the Commissioner’s

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2 This Court's review of the Commissioner's application of legal principles,

however, is plenary. Walker v. Bowen, 826 F.2d 996, 999 (11th Cir. 1987).

7

decision to deny claimant benefits, on the basis that he can perform the full

range of light work, is supported by substantial evidence. Substantial evidence

is defined as more than a scintilla and means such relevant evidence as a

reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.

Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 91 S.Ct. 1420, 28 L.Ed.2d 842 (1971).

“In determining whether substantial evidence exists, we must view the record

as a whole, taking into account evidence favorable as well as unfavorable to

the [Commissioner's] decision.” Chester v. Bowen, 792 F.2d 129, 131 (11th

Cir. 1986).2

The sole argument raised is that the ALJ failed to fully and fairly

develop the record in the case of an unrepresented plaintiff.

It is clearly established that an “‘ALJ has a basic obligation to develop

a full and fair record.’” Welch v. Bowen, 854 F.2d 436, 438 (11th Cir. 1988)

(citation omitted); see also Ellison v. Barnhart, 355 F.3d 1272, 1276 (11th Cir.

2003) (“It is well-established that the ALJ has a basic duty to develop a full

and fair record.”). This duty exists whether or not the plaintiff is represented

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3 “[W]here the right to representation has not been waived, the hearing examiner’s

obligation to develop a full and fair record rises to a special duty. This special duty requires the

ALJ to ‘scrupulously and conscientiously probe into, inquire of, and explore for all the relevant

facts’ and to be ‘especially diligent in ensuring that favorable as well as unfavorable facts and

circumstances are elicited.’” Graham, 129 F.3d at 1422-1423 (internal citations omitted).

Plaintiff concedes that he waived his right to an attorney (Doc. 17, at 4 (“The claimant chose to

appear without the assistance of counsel.”); see also Tr. 31 (“Mr. Maiben, the first thing we

need to talk about is the fact that you do not have an attorney representing you. Do you

understand you have the right to have a lawyer represent you? CLMT: Yes. . . . ALJ: Have you

talked to any lawyer? CLMT: No, I haven’t. ALJ: Well, it’s optional. You can proceed. We’ll go

ahead with the hearing today if you want to, or I can continue the case and give you time to get a

lawyer. What do you want to do? CLMT: We can go ahead on. ALJ: You want to go ahead with

the case? CLMT: Yes, sir.”)); therefore, no heightened duty to develop the record existed in this

case. Robinson v. Astrue, 2007 WL 1072927, *1 & *2 (11th Cir. 2007) (“By implication, where

counsel has been waived, the special duty to develop the record does not take effect. . . .

Although he was unrepresented at the hearing, because Robinson waived counsel, the ALJ did

not have a special duty to develop the record.”). 

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by counsel. See Graham v. Apfel, 129 F.3d 1420, 1422 (11th Cir. 1997).3

However, it remains the claimant’s burden to prove that he is disabled and he

is responsible for producing evidence in support of his claim. Ellison, supra,

355 F.2d at 1276. In addition, “there must be a showing of prejudice before it

is found that the claimant’s right to due process has been violated to such a

degree that the case must be remanded to the [Commissioner] for further

development of the record.” Graham, supra, 129 F.3d at 1423 (citation

omitted). In considering whether a remand is required, “[t]he court should be

guided by whether the record reveals evidentiary gaps which result in

unfairness or ‘clear prejudice.’” Id. (citation omitted). 

There can be no doubt but that “[t]he ALJ is required to develop the

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claimant’s complete medical history for at least the 12 months preceding the

month in which the application was filed, and to make every reasonable effort

to help a claimant get medical reports from the claimant’s own medical sources

when permission is given.” Robinson, supra, at *2. Notwithstanding the ALJ’s

duty in this regard, a claimant bears “the ultimate burden of producing

evidence in support of his claim.” Id.; see also O’Neal v. Astrue, 2008 WL

705248, *6 (M.D. Fla. 2008) (“[The ALJ] is not bound to develop the record

for the period after the filing of the application, since that is the plaintiff’s

burden.”). 

In this case, the ALJ was duty bound to develop Maiben’s complete

medical history for at least the 12 months preceding February of 2007, the

month in which he filed his applications (see Tr. 64-77 (applications filed on

February 12, 2007)). The record reflects that plaintiff’s medical history was

developed not only for the relevant period, that is, from at least February of

2006 through February of 2007 but, as well, for a short period both prior

thereto and thereafter. (See Tr. 133-213) In addition, following the September

30, 2008 hearing (Tr. 29-39), the ALJ referred Maiben to a consultative

orthopedic surgeon for evaluation (Tr. 251-253) and the record contains the

September 2008 records from the University of South Alabama Medical

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Center detailing plaintiff’s hospital stay following removal of his appendix (Tr.

255-265). In truth, plaintiff makes no argument that his medical history for the

relevant period was not developed. (See Doc. 17) Instead, he contends that the

ALJ failed to follow the HALLEX and send to him the results of Dr. William

Crotwell’s post-hearing consultative evaluation thereby enabling him to offer

evidence countering the consultative physician’s assessment. (See id.)

The Hearings, Appeals and Litigation Law Manual (“HALLEX”) is a

policy manual written by the Social Security Administration to provide policy

and procedural guidelines to ALJs and other staff members. See Moore v.

Apfel, 216 F.3d 864, 868 (9th Cir. 2000). The HALLEX recognizes that most

post-hearing actions taken by ALJs involve the development and receipt of

additional evidence. HALLEX, Chapt. I-2-7-1.

When an Administrative Law Judge (ALJ) receives additional

evidence after the hearing from a source other than the claimant

or the claimant’s representative, and proposes to admit the

evidence into the record, the ALJ must proffer the evidence, i.e.,

give the claimant and representative the opportunity to examine

the evidence and comment on, object to, or refute the evidence

by submitting other evidence, requesting a supplemental

hearing, or if required for a full and true disclosure of the facts,

cross-examining the author(s) of the evidence.

Id. Moreover, HALLEX I-2-7-30 provides that an ALJ must proffer all posthearing evidence unless: (1) the evidence was submitted by the claimant; (2)

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4 This section further provides that in the case of an unrepresented claimant, the

ALJ is to prepare a proffer letter to the claimant.

5 In Moore, supra, the Ninth Circuit determined that since the “HALLEX does not

have the force and effect of law [and] [] is not binding on the Commissioner” it would not

“review allegations of noncompliance with the manual.” Id. at 869 (citation omitted). Relying

on the Moore decision, several district courts in the Eleventh Circuit have declined to find that

an ALJ’s failure to follow the HALLEX in writing their decisions warrants reversal of a

Commissioner’s decision. See, e.g., Childs v. Astrue, 2009 WL 902614, *6 (M.D. Ala. 2009)

11

the claimant knowingly waived his right to examine the evidence; or (3) the

ALJ proposes to issue a fully favorable decision.4

In this case, in light of Maiben’s hearing testimony that his primary

problems revolved around his back, legs, and hands (Tr. 36-37), the ALJ

informed plaintiff that he was going to send him to an orthopedic physician for

examination (Tr. 38). Thereafter, Maiben was examined by Dr. William

Crotwell on November 7, 2008. (Tr. 251-253) Dr. Crotwell concluded that

plaintiff had lumbar degenerative disc disease and arthritis but that he can

perform work in the national economy, more specifically, the full range of

light and sedentary work. (See id. at 252-253) Of course, in determining that

plaintiff retains the RFC to perform the full range of light work, the ALJ relied

upon the evaluation of Dr. Crotwell. It is undisputed that the ALJ failed to

proffer Dr. Crotwell’s report to plaintiff for comment. 

In Newton v. Apfel, 209 F.3d 448 (2000), the Fifth Circuit determined

that “[w]hile HALLEX does not carry the authority of law,5

 this court has held

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(“In the Ninth Circuit, the HALLEX does not create judicially enforceable duties, and the court

‘will not review allegations of noncompliance with [its] provisions.’ The Third Circuit has held

likewise. . . . The court concludes that violation of HALLEX provisions do not provide an

independent basis for relief against the Commissioner.” (internal citations omitted)); Hall v.

Commissioner of Social Security, 2007 WL 4981325, *10 (M.D. Fla. 2007) (citing to Moore and

finding that “HALLEX like all administrative manuals lacks the legal authority to bind the

ALJ.”). 

6 All decisions of the former Fifth Circuit handed down prior to October 1, 1981

are binding precedent in the Eleventh Circuit. Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1207

(11th Cir. 1981). The Fifth Circuit handed down its decision in Hall, supra, on September 9,

1981. 660 F.2d at 116.

7 Plaintiff claims he was prejudiced by the ALJ’s failure to proffer to him

Crotwell’s report, arguing that “he was not able to comment on the report by Dr. Crotwell and

attempt to rebut Dr. Crotwell’s evidence with updated records.” (Doc. 17, at 6) During oral

argument, counsel for plaintiff indicated that had Dr. Crotwell’s report been provided to Mr.

Maiben the plaintiff could have pointed to x-rays taken at USA Hospitals in September 2008

revealing degenerative changes of the bilateral sacroiliac (hip) joints (see Tr. 263). However, this

Court is not inclined to find that plaintiff was prejudiced since there is no indication that the

degenerative changes in plaintiff’s hips would have impacted his residual functional capacity for

light work as found by the ALJ. In fact, the contrary is true, the examination results from Dr.

Crotwell revealing negative hip rotation bilaterally (Tr. 251) and there being no significant hip

joint range of motion problems noted by Dr. Amanda McBane (Tr. 212). Because such specific

12

that ‘where the rights of individuals are affected, an agency must follow its

own procedures, even where the internal procedures are more rigorous than

otherwise would be required.’” Id. at 459 (footnote added), quoting Hall v.

Schweiker, 660 F.2d 116, 119 (5th Cir. 1981).6

 Should a violation of the

HALLEX prejudice the claimant, “the result cannot stand.” Newton, supra,

209 F.3d at 459, citing Hall, 660 F.2d at 119. 

This Court finds that plaintiff was not prejudiced by the ALJ’s failure

to send Crotwell’s report7

 to him since that report was entirely consistent with

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findings support the ALJ’s determination that plaintiff can perform the physical requirements of

light work, plaintiff has not established how he was prejudiced by the failure of anyone to

specifically acknowledge that the degenerative disc disease in his lumbar spine extended into his

hips bilaterally.

13

the remaining evidence of record, same reflecting that plaintiff has at all times

been capable of performing the physical and mental requirements of light

work. (Compare Tr. 251-253 with Tr. 133-213 & 254-265) Importantly,

nothing in the consultative examination by Dr. Amanda McBane on May 17,

2007 (Tr. 210-213) conflicts with Dr. Crotwell’s examination findings and

conclusions (compare id. with Tr. 251-253). Accordingly, this Court agrees

with defendant that the ALJ’s failure to proffer Crotwell’s report to the

unrepresented plaintiff, if error at all, was mere harmless error. 

Because plaintiff raises no other claims, and substantial evidence of

record (Tr. 133-213 & 251-265) supports the ALJ’s determination that plaintiff

can perform the full range of light work, the ALJ’s fifth-step determination is

due to be affirmed.

CONCLUSION

The Court ORDERS that the decision of the Commissioner of Social

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Security denying plaintiff benefits be affirmed.

DONE and ORDERED this the 4th day of March, 2010.

 s/WILLIAM E. CASSADY 

 UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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