1... See TEX. R. APP. P. 47.4.

COURT OF APPEALS

SECOND DISTRICT OF TEXAS

FORT WORTH

NO. 2-07-247-CV

REBECCA LYNN MAHADY APPELLANT

V.

JOSEPH DANIEL MAHADY APPELLEE

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FROM THE 233RD DISTRICT COURT OF TARRANT COUNTY

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MEMORANDUM OPINION1

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This is an appeal from the trial court’s no-evidence summary judgment

denying appellant Rebecca Lynn Mahady relief in her bill of review proceeding

attempting to set aside the trial court’s final decree of divorce between the

parties. Rebecca brings two issues challenging the propriety of the no-evidence

summary judgment. We reverse and remand.
2... The trial court had already granted a new trial as to the provisions of

the decree affecting Rebecca’s and Joseph’s three minor children and severed

those proceedings from the divorce and property division. 

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Background Facts

Rebecca and appellee Joseph Daniel Mahady were married and had five

children. In 2005, Rebecca left Texas for California; while she was in

California, Joseph instituted divorce proceedings in Texas. After speaking with

Joseph, the process server attempted to serve Rebecca in person and by

alternative service at the parties’ residence in Keller; however, he was unable

to do so because Rebecca was in California. Rebecca was finally served in

California on August 24, 2005, making her answer date September 19, 2005

at 10:00 a.m. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 99(b). 

Although Rebecca contends that she sent an answer by UPS and that the

answer was delivered at 9:28 a.m. on September 19, 2005, Joseph obtained

a default decree of divorce that same day. A note on the decree shows that

the prove-up occurred at 10:06 a.m. Rebecca timely filed a motion for new

trial, but the trial court denied it because she failed to appear at the motion for

new trial hearing. 

On January 12, 2006, Rebecca filed a petition for bill of review seeking

to set aside the property division in the decree. On May 2, 2007, Joseph filed 2
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a motion for no-evidence summary judgment and a traditional motion for

summary judgment. Rebecca responded to both motions. On June 25, 2007,

Joseph withdrew his motion for traditional summary judgment but not his noevidence motion. That same day, the trial court granted Joseph’s no-evidence

motion for summary judgment and ordered that Rebecca take nothing on her bill

of review petition. Rebecca filed this appeal. 

Standard of Review

After an adequate time for discovery, the party without the burden of

proof may, without presenting evidence, move for summary judgment on the

ground that there is no evidence to support an essential element of the

nonmovant’s claim or defense. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). The motion must

specifically state the elements for which there is no evidence. Id.; Johnson v.

Brewer & Pritchard, P.C., 73 S.W.3d 193, 207 (Tex. 2002). The trial court

must grant the motion unless the nonmovant produces summary judgment

evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i)

& cmt.; Sw. Elec. Power Co. v. Grant, 73 S.W.3d 211, 215 (Tex. 2002).

When reviewing a no-evidence summary judgment, we examine the entire

record in the light most favorable to the nonmovant, indulging every reasonable

inference and resolving any doubts against the motion. Sudan v. Sudan, 199

S.W.3d 291, 292 (Tex. 2006). If the nonmovant brings forward more than a
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scintilla of probative evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact, then

a no-evidence summary judgment is not proper. Moore v. K Mart Corp., 981

S.W.2d 266, 269 (Tex. App.—San Antonio 1998, pet. denied).

Applicable Law

A bill of review is an equitable proceeding to set aside a judgment that is

not void on the face of the record but is no longer appealable or subject to a

motion for new trial. King Ranch, Inc. v. Chapman, 118 S.W.3d 742, 751

(Tex. 2003); Baker v. Goldsmith, 582 S.W.2d 404, 406 (Tex. 1979); Hartford

Underwriters Ins. v. Mills, 110 S.W.3d 588, 590 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003,

no pet.). Traditionally, a bill of review requires proof of three elements: (1) a

meritorious defense to the underlying cause of action, (2) that was not asserted

due to fraud, accident, wrongful act of an opponent, or official mistake, (3)

unmixed with any fault or negligence by the movant. Ross v. Nat’l Ctr. for the

Employment of the Disabled, 197 S.W.3d 795, 797 (Tex. 2006); King Ranch,

118 S.W.3d at 751–52. A bill of review is proper when a party has exercised

due diligence to prosecute all adequate legal remedies against a former

judgment. King Ranch, 118 S.W.3d at 751; Baker, 582 S.W.2d at 408. This

due diligence requirement is distinct from the three elements of the bill of
3... Joseph alleged that Rebecca failed to exercise due diligence in

exhausting all legal remedies against the decree only in his traditional motion for

summary judgment, which he withdrew. Therefore, we will not address the

due diligence prerequisite in determining whether the trial court’s no-evidence

summary judgment was proper.

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review and is a prerequisite to bringing a bill of review. Caldwell v. Barnes,

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975 S.W.2d 535, 537–38 (Tex. 1998); Davis v. Smith, 227 S.W.3d 299, 302

(Tex. App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 2007, no pet.). The grounds upon which a bill

of review can be obtained are narrow because the procedure conflicts with the

fundamental policy that judgments must become final at some point. King

Ranch, 118 S.W.3d at 751; Alexander v. Hagedorn, 148 Tex. 565, 226

S.W.2d 996, 998 (1950).

Analysis

Both of Rebecca’s issues challenge the propriety of the no-evidence

summary judgment on any of the grounds asserted by Joseph in his motion. 

Joseph moved for a no-evidence summary judgment on the following grounds:

a. Meritorious Defense - Petitioner [Rebecca] cannot show that

[she] did not have [the] opportunity to present a defense, rather

Petitioner had [the] opportunity to present a defense but chose

instead to ignore the Texas proceedings.

b. Justification for Failure to Assert Defense - Petitioner cannot

show how [she] failed to make a defense by fraud, accident,

wrongful act of Respondent [Joseph], or official mistake.
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c. No Fault or Negligence - Petitioner cannot show the default

judgment was not rendered as a result of [her] fault or negligence,

rather the California forum the Petitioner choose [sic] stated that

[she] has caused many problems for herself by not participating in

the Texas litigation. 

In response, Rebecca produced her own affidavit, in which she swore that

she filed her answer on September 19, 2005 and that she relied on the fact

that UPS said it delivered the answer on time in thinking that Joseph could not

obtain a default judgment against her. She also attached a printout from

ups.com showing that UPS had delivered a package to Fort Worth at 9:28 a.m.

on September 19, 2005 that was signed for by “Sellers” in the mail room.

Finally, Rebecca attached a copy of a page entitled “Minute Orders” from the

Superior Court of Marin County, California, in which the judge detailed a

conversation on September 5, 2006 with the presiding judge of the 233rd

District Court of Tarrant County. Although the orders state, “It appears that

[Rebecca] has caused many problems for herself by not participating in the

Texas litigation and that [Joseph] has taken full advantage of [her] status as a

self-represented or defaulting litigant,” the date of these orders is after the

motion for new trial hearing at which Rebecca failed to appear. The orders

appear to be more related to the custody proceedings involving the children

rather than the divorce and property division; in addition, they do not mention

whether Rebecca filed an answer in the divorce proceedings. Further, the
4... A careful reading of his no-evidence motion shows that he never

asserted as a ground that Rebecca failed to allege facts showing that she had

a meritorious defense to the property division. Nevertheless, we note that even

though the divorce was granted on the no-fault ground of insupportability, the

decree awards Rebecca, who had been married to Joseph for at least ten years,

only her clothing, jewelry, and personal effects then currently in her possession;

it also awards Joseph’s attorney $10,000 in attorney’s fees for trial even

though it recites that Joseph incurred only $4,500 in attorney’s fees. Thus, a

meritorious defense to at least part of the decree is apparent from its face.

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orders note that the California trial judge refused to register the decree in

California because Rebecca “did not have notice of all the proceedings in

Texas.” 

Joseph’s no-evidence motion is based solely on his contention that

Rebecca is not entitled to set aside the default divorce decree because of her

own failure to participate in the Texas proceedings. However, although the 4

evidence shows that Rebecca failed to appear at the motion for new trial

hearing after the default decree had already been entered, she did present

evidence in response to Joseph’s no-evidence motion showing that before the

decree was entered, she sent her answer via UPS and that it arrived at 9:28

a.m. on September 19, 2005, shortly before the 10:00 a.m. deadline and only

a few minutes before the 10:06 a.m. default hearing. Furthermore, at the

motion for new trial hearing, Joseph’s counsel admitted that Rebecca had filed

an answer on September 19. 
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In similar circumstances, the supreme court has held that “the necessity

of pleading and proving accident, fraud[,] or wrongful act” is obviated. Baker,

582 S.W.2d at 407. In that case, the defendants had sent a letter denying the

allegations in the suit directly to the trial judge, but the letter was misplaced

through no fault of the defendants after it had been received in the Travis

County courthouse mailroom. Id. at 405-07. The trial court denied the bill of

review, but the court of appeals reversed and the supreme court affirmed the

court of appeals. Id. at 406.

Here, there is at least some evidence that Rebecca attempted to

participate in the Texas proceedings by filing a timely answer and that she was

prevented from doing so through no fault of her own. Accordingly, we hold

that Rebecca brought forward more than a scintilla of evidence sufficient to

raise a genuine issue of material fact as to the three elements of a bill of review

proceeding. We sustain her first issue.
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Conclusion

Having sustained Rebecca’s first issue as dispositive and having

determined that the trial court erred by granting a no-evidence summary

judgment that Rebecca take nothing on her bill of review petition, we reverse

the trial court’s judgment and remand this case for trial.

TERRIE LIVINGSTON

JUSTICE

PANEL A: LIVINGSTON, DAUPHINOT, and WALKER, JJ.

DELIVERED: June 26, 2008