WORKS CITED

T h e H a n d b o o k o n B i o l o g i c a l E v i d e n c e P r e s e r v a t i o n : 

B e s t P r a c t i c e s f o r E v i d e n c e H a n d l e r s

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References for Short and Long Term Storage Matrices

Note: References are used in both Short and Long Term Matrices unless otherwise indicated.

Liquid Blood

Austin, M. A., J. M. Ordovas, J. H. Eckfeldt, R. Tracy, E. Boerwinkle, J. M. Lalouel, and M. Printz. 1996. 

“Guidelines of the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Working Group on Blood Drawing, 

Processing, and Storage for Genetic Studies.” American Journal of Epidemiology 144, no. 5 

(September 1): 437 – 41.

Farkas, Daniel H., Karen L. Kaul, Danny L. Wiedbrauk, and Frederick L. Kiechle. 1996. “Specimen 

Collection and Storage for Diagnostic Molecular Pathology Investigation.” Archives of Pathology 

and Laboratory Medicine 120, no. 6: 591 – 96.

Gino, S., C. Robino, and C. Torre. 2000. “DNA Typing of Liquid Blood Samples Stored at 4 Degrees C for 

15 Years.” In Progress in Forensic Genetics 8, edited by George F. Sensabaugh, Patrick J. Lincoln, 

and Bjørnar Olaisen. Paper presented at the 18th Congress of the International Society for 

Forensic Genetics, San Francisco, California, August 17 - 21, 1999.

Ross, K. S., N. E. Haites, and K. F. Kelly. 1990. “Repeated Freezing and Thawing of Peripheral Blood and 

DNA in Suspension: Effects on DNA Yield and Integrity.” Journal of Medical Genetics 27, no. 9 

(September): 569 - 70.

Visvikis, Sophie, Alexandra Schlenck, and Mickaël Maurice. 2005. “DNA Extraction and Stability for 

Epidemiological Studies.” Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 36, no. 8 (June): 551 - 55. 

doi:10.1515/CCLM.1998.094.

Urine

Benecke, Mark. 2004. “Forensic DNA Samples—Collection and Handling.” Chap. 103 In Encyclopedia of 

Medical Genomics and Proteomics, edited by Jürgen Fuchs and Maurizio Podda. Dekker 

Encyclopedias Series, 1420. New York: CRC Press.

Gino, S., C. Robino, and C. Torre. 2000. “DNA Typing of Liquid Blood Samples Stored at 4 Degrees C for 

15 Years.” In Progress in Forensic Genetics 8, edited by George F. Sensabaugh, Patrick J. Lincoln, 

and Bjørnar Olaisen. Paper presented at the 18th Congress of the International Society for 

Forensic Genetics, San Francisco, California, August 17 - 21, 1999.

Prinz, M., W. Grellner, and C. Schmitt. 1993. “DNA Typing of Urine Samples Following Several Years of 

Storage.” International Journal of Legal Medicine 106, no. 2 (March 1): 75 - 79. 

doi:10.1007/BF01225044.
WORKS CITED

T h e H a n d b o o k o n B i o l o g i c a l E v i d e n c e P r e s e r v a t i o n : 

B e s t P r a c t i c e s f o r E v i d e n c e H a n d l e r s

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Short Term Only

Elliott, Paul, and Tim C. Peakman. 2008. “The U.K. Biobank Sample Handling and Storage Protocol for the 

Collection, Processing and Archiving of Human Blood and Urine.” International Journal of 

Epidemiology 37, no. 2 (April): 234 - 44. doi:10.1093/ije/dym276.

Dry Biological Stained Items

Aggarwal, R. K., J. W. Lang, and L. Singh. 1992. “Isolation of High-Molecular-Weight DNA from Small 

Samples of Blood Having Nucleated Erythrocytes, Collected, Transported, and Stored at Room 

Temperature.” Genetic Analysis: Techniques and Applications 9, no. 2 (April): 54 - 57.

Gino, S., C. Robino, and C. Torre. 2000. “DNA Typing of Liquid Blood Samples Stored at 4 Degrees C for 

15 Years.” In Progress in Forensic Genetics 8, edited by George F. Sensabaugh, Patrick J. Lincoln, 

and Bjørnar Olaisen. Paper presented at the 18th Congress of the International Society for 

Forensic Genetics, San Francisco, California, August 17 - 21, 1999.

Kobilinsky, L. 1992. “Recovery and Stability of DNA in Samples of Forensic Science Significance.” Forensic 

Science Review 4, no. 1: 67 - 87.

Lund, Stine, and Jørgen Dissing. 2004. “Surprising Stability of DNA in Stains at Extreme Humidity and 

Temperature.” In Progress in Forensic Genetics 10, edited by Ch. Doutremépuich and N. Morling. 

Paper presented at the 20th Congress of the International Society for Forensic Genetics, 

Arcachon, France, April 2003.

Sjöholm, Malin Ida Linnea, Joakim Dillner, and Joyce Carlson. 2007. “Assessing Quality and Functionality 

of DNA from Fresh and Archival Dried Blood Spots and Recommendations for Quality Control 

Guidelines.” Clinical Chemistry 53, no. 8 (August): 1401 - 07. doi:10.1373/clinchem.2007.087510.

Long Term Only

Kline, Margaret C., David L. Duewer, Janette W. Redman, John M. Butler, and David A. Boyer. 2002. 

“Polymerase Chain Reaction Amplification of DNA from Aged Blood Stains: Quantitative 

Evaluation of the ‘Suitability for Purpose’ of Four Filter Papers as Archival Media.” Analytical 

Chemistry 74, no. 8 (March 15): 1863 - 69. doi:10.1021/ac015715e.

McCabe, Edward R. B., Shu-Zhen Huang, William K. Seltzer, and Martha L. Law. 1987. “DNA 

Microextraction from Dried Blood Spots on Filter Paper Blotters: Potential Applications to 

Newborn Screening.” Human Genetics 75, no. 3 (March): 213 - 16. doi:10.1007/BF00281061.
WORKS CITED

T h e H a n d b o o k o n B i o l o g i c a l E v i d e n c e P r e s e r v a t i o n : 

B e s t P r a c t i c e s f o r E v i d e n c e H a n d l e r s

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Wet Bloody Items

Short Term Only

Kanter, E., M. Baird, R. Shaler, and I. Balazs. 1986. “Analysis of Restriction Fragment Length 

Polymorphisms in Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Recovered from Dried Bloodstains.” Journal of 

Forensic Sciences 31, no. 2: 403 - 08.

Bones

Kobilinsky, L. 1992. “Recovery and Stability of DNA in Samples of Forensic Science Significance.” Forensic 

Science Review 4, no. 1: 67 – 8.

Hair

Steinberg, Karen K., Karen C. Sanderlin, Chin-Yih Ou, W. Harry Hannon, Geraldine M. McQuillan, and Eric 

J. Sampson. 1997. “DNA Banking for Epidemiologic Studies.” Epidemiologic Reviews 19, no. 1 

(May): 156 - 62.

Vaginal Smears

Gill, Peter, Alec J. Jeffreys, and David J. Werrett. 1985. “Forensic Application of DNA ‘Fingerprints’.” 

Nature 318, no. 6046 (December 12): 577 - 79.

Feces

Benecke, Mark. 2004. “Forensic DNA Samples—Collection and Handling.” Chap. 103 In Encyclopedia of 

Medical Genomics and Proteomics, edited by Jürgen Fuchs and Maurizio Podda. Dekker 

Encyclopedias Series, 1420. New York: CRC Press.

Buccal Swabs

Steinberg, Karen K., Karen C. Sanderlin, Chin-Yih Ou, W. Harry Hannon, Geraldine M. McQuillan, and Eric 

J. Sampson. 1997. “DNA Banking for Epidemiologic Studies.” Epidemiologic Reviews 19, no. 1 

(May): 156 - 62.

Short Term Only

Sigurdson, A. J., M. Ha, M. Cosentino, T. Franklin, K. A. Haque, Y. Qi, C. Glaser, Y. Reid, and A. W. Bergen. 

2006. “Long-Term Storage and Recovery of Buccal Cell DNA from Treated Cards.” Cancer 

Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention 15, no. 2 (February): 385 - 88
WORKS CITED

T h e H a n d b o o k o n B i o l o g i c a l E v i d e n c e P r e s e r v a t i o n : 

B e s t P r a c t i c e s f o r E v i d e n c e H a n d l e r s

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All Other References

Bonnet, Jacques, Marthe Colotte, Delphine Coudy, Vincent Couallier, Joseph Portier, Benedictine Morin, 

and Sophie Tuffet. 2010. “Chain and Conformation Stability of Solid-State DNA: Implications for 

Room Temperature Storage.” Nucleic Acids Research 38, no. 5 (March): 1531 - 46. 

doi:10.1093/nar/gkp1060.

Caputo, Mariela, Luis A. Bosio, and Daniel Corach. 2011. “Long-Term Room Temperature Preservation of 

Corpse Soft Tissue: An Approach for Tissue Sample Storage.” Investigative Genetics 2, no. 17 

(August 16): 6. doi:10.1186/2041-2223-2-17.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2012. “Surface Sampling Procedures for Bacillus Anthracis 

Spores from Smooth, Non-Porous Surfaces.” Last modified April 26, 2012, accessed July 5. 

http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/emres/surface-sampling-bacillus-anthracis.html.

Daly, Dyan J., Charlotte Murphy, and Sean D. McDermott. 2012. “The Transfer of Touch DNA from Hands 

to Glass, Fabric and Wood.” Forensic Science International: Genetics 6, no. 1 (January): 41 - 46. 

doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.12.016.

DNA Initiative. 2012. “Glossary.” Accessed July 5. http://www.dna.gov/glossary.

Federal Bureau of Investigation. 2013. “Clearances.” Accessed April 16. http://www.fbi.gov/aboutus/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2011/crime-in-the-u.s.-2011/clearances.

Frippiat, Cristophe, Sabrina Zorbo, Daniel Leonard, Anne Marcotte, Mariella Chaput, Charlotte 

Aelbrecht, and Fabrice Noel. 2011. “Evaluation of Novel Forensic DNA Storage Methodologies.” 

Forensic Science International: Genetics 5, no. 5 (November): 386 - 92. 

doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2010.08.007.

Goray, Mariya, Roland A. H. van Oorschot, and John R. Mitchell. 2012. “DNA Transfer within Forensic 

Exhibit Packaging: Potential for DNA Loss and Relocation.” Forensic Science International: 

Genetics 6, no. 2 (March): 158 - 66. doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.03.013.

Graham, E. A. M., E. E. Turk, and G. N. Rutty. 2008. “Room Temperature DNA Preservation of Soft Tissue 

for Rapid DNA Extraction: An Addition to the Disaster Victim Identification Investigators 

Toolkit?”. Forensic Science International: Genetics 2, no. 1 (January): 29 - 34. 

doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2007.07.003.

Greene, Susan, and Miles Moffeit. 2007. “Bad Faith Difficult to Prove.” The Denver Post, July 22. 

http://www.denverpost.com/evidence/ci_6429277.

Halsall, Antony, Paul Ravetto, Yancy Reyes, Nicola Thelwell, Alice Davidson, Rupert Gaut, and Stephen 

Little. 2008. “The Quality of DNA Extracted from Liquid or Dried Blood Is Not Adversely Affected 
WORKS CITED

T h e H a n d b o o k o n B i o l o g i c a l E v i d e n c e P r e s e r v a t i o n : 

B e s t P r a c t i c e s f o r E v i d e n c e H a n d l e r s

5 | P a g e

by Storage at 4°C for up to 24 H.” International Journal of Epidemiology 37, Supplement 1 

(April): i7 - i10. doi:10.1093/ije/dym278.

Hampikian, Greg, Emily West, and Olga Akselrod. 2011. “The Genetics of Innocence: Analysis of 194 U.S. 

DNA Exonerations.” Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 12 (September): 97 - 120. 

doi:10.1146/annurev-genom-082509-141715.

HERC (Healthcare Environmental Resource Center). 2012. “Regulated Medical Waste—Overview.” 

Accessed July 5. http://www.hercenter.org/rmw/rmwoverview.cfm.

Kansagara, Anjali G., Heather E. McMahon, and Michael E. Hogan. 2008. “Dry-State, Room-Temperature 

Storage of DNA and RNA.” Nature Methods 5, no. 9.

Kiley, William P. 2008. “An Impending Crisis: The Property Room Is Full.” The Police Chief August.

———. 2009. “The Effects of DNA Advances on Police Property Rooms.” The FBI Law Enforcement 

Bulletin (March): 20 – 21

Kilpatrick, C. William. 2002. “Noncryogenic Preservation of Mammalian Tissues for DNA Extraction: An 

Assessment of Storage Methods.” Biochemical Genetics 40, no. 1-2 (February): 53 - 62.

Latta, Joseph T., and Gordon A. Bowers. 2011. Property and Evidence by the Book Second ed.: 

International Association for Property and Evidence, Inc.

Lee, Henry C., Elaine M. Pagliaro, Karen M. Berka, Nancy L. Folk, Daniel T. Anderson, Gualberto Ruano, 

Tim P. Keith, et al. 1991. “Genetic Markers in Human Bone: I. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 

Analysis.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 36, no. 2 (March): 320 - 30.

Lee, Steven B., Kimberly C. Clabaugh, Brie Silva, Kingsley O. Odigie, Michael D. Coble, Odile Loreille, 

Melissa Scheible, et al. 2012. “Assessing a Novel Room Temperature DNA Storage Medium for 

Forensic Biological Samples.” Forensic Science International: Genetics 6, no. 1 (January): 31 - 40. 

doi:10.1016/j.fsigen.2011.01.008.

Lee, Steven B., Cecelia A. Crouse, and Margaret C. Kline. 2010. “Optimizing Storage and Handling of DNA 

Extracts.” Forensic Science Review 22, no. 2 (July): 131 - 44.

Michaud, Corinne L., and David R. Foran. 2011. “Simplified Field Preservation of Tissues for Subsequent 

DNA Analyses.” Journal of Forensic Sciences 56, no. 4 (July): 846 - 52. doi:10.1111/j.1556-

4029.2011.01771.x.

National Institute of Justice. 2000. “Crime Scene Investigation: A Guide for Law Enforcement.” NCJ 

178280. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National 

Institute of Justice, Technical Working Group on Crime Scene Investigation, 58.
WORKS CITED

T h e H a n d b o o k o n B i o l o g i c a l E v i d e n c e P r e s e r v a t i o n : 

B e s t P r a c t i c e s f o r E v i d e n c e H a n d l e r s

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———. 2000. “The Future of Forensic DNA Testing: Predictions of the Research and Development 

Working Group.” NCJ 183697. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice 

Programs, National Institute of Justice, National Commission on the Future of DNA Evidence, 

Research and Development Working Group, 91.

———. 2002. “Using DNA to Solve Cold Cases.” NCJ 194197. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of 

Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, National Commission on the 

Future of DNA Evidence Crime Scene Investigation Working Group, 32.

National Institute of Justice, and Office of Law Enforcement Standards. 1998. “Forensic Laboratories: 

Handbook for Facility Planning, Design, Construction, and Moving.” NCJ 168106. Washington, 

D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, National Institute of Justice, 

Technical Working Group, 71.

OSHA (Occupational Safety and Health Administration). 2012. “Bloodborne Pathogens.” Toxic and 

Hazardous Substances. 29 CFR 1910.1030, (April 3). 

http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=standards&p_id=10051.

Roberts, Katherine A., and Donald J. Johnson. 2012. “Investigations on the Use of Samplematrix to 

Stabilize Crime Scene Biological Samples for Optimized Analysis and Room Temperature 

Storage.” 237838. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 296.

Ross, K. S., N. E. Haites, and K. F. Kelly. 1990. “Repeated Freezing and Thawing of Peripheral Blood and 

DNA in Suspension: Effects on DNA Yield and Integrity.” Journal of Medical Genetics 27, no. 9 

(September): 569 - 70.

Seah, L. H., and L. A. Burgoyne. 2001. “Photosensitizer Initiated Attacks on DNA under Dry Conditions 

and Their Inhibition: A DNA Archiving Issue.” Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: 

Biology 61, no. 1-2 (August 15): 10 - 20. doi:10.1016/S1011-1344(01)00132-4.

Swinfield, Chloe E., Eleanor A. M. Graham, Diane Nuttall, Sabine Maguire, Alison Kemp, and Guy N. 

Rutty. 2009. “The Use of DNA Stabilizing Solution to Enable Room Temperature Storage and 

Transportation of Buccal and Trace Sample Swabs.” In Progress in Forensic Genetics 13, edited 

by N. Morling. Paper presented at the 23rd Congress of the International Society for Forensic

Genetics, Buenos Aires, Argentina, September 2009.

Wan, Eunice, Matthew Akana, Jennifer Pons, Justin Chen, Stacy Musone, Pui-Yan Kwok, and Wilson Liao. 

2010. “Green Technologies for Room Temperature Nucleic Acid Storage.” Current Issues in 

Molecular Biology 12: 135 - 42.
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B e s t P r a c t i c e s f o r E v i d e n c e H a n d l e r s

7 | P a g e

Yates, J. R., S. Malcolm, and A. P. Read. 1989. “Guidelines for DNA Banking. Report of the Clinical 

Genetics Society Working Party on DNA Banking.” Journal of Medical Genetics 26, no. 4 (April): 

245 - 50. doi:10.1136/jmg.26.4.245.

Zhu, Bo, Takao Furuki, Takashi Okuda, and Minoru Sakurai. 2007. “Natural DNA Mixed with Trehalose 

Persists in B-Form Double-Stranding Even in the Dry State.” The Journal of Physical Chemistry B 

111, no. 20 (May): 5542 - 44. doi:10.1021/jp071974h.