FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

FEB 27, 2012

JOHN LEY

CLERK

 [DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 11-13334

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 8:09-cr-00394-VMC-EAJ-1

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

TIMOTHY GEENEN,

Defendant-Appellant.

__________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

_________________________

(February 27, 2012)

Before CARNES, HULL and FAY, Circuit Judges.
PER CURIAM:

After pleading guilty to violating 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(1) and (b)(1) by

knowingly transporting and shipping child pornography in interstate commerce,

Timothy Geenen appeals his 324-month sentence, imposed at the low end of the

Guidelines range. After review, we affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

In September 2008, a police detective contacted Defendant Geenen in the

course of investigating a child murder that occurred near Geenen’s residence in

Florida. Law enforcement agents interviewed Geenen at his residence, and he

denied any knowledge of the murder. However, one of the agents told Geenen

that he believed Geenen was in possession of child pornography, and the agent

requested that Geenen turn over any contraband. Geenen voluntarily produced

and consented to a search of one of his external hard drives. The agent noticed

seven other removable hard drives, and Geenen surrendered those as well.

Geenen then voluntarily went to the police station to answer questions. 

During this interview, Geenen estimated that his hard drives contained 100 still

pictures and as many as 10 videos containing child pornography. Additionally, he

admitted to a past sexual relationship with an emancipated 16-year-old girl in

Florida. Geenen denied having any further inappropriate contact with minors and

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told agents that he used the child pornography only when he had a bad day at

work, or a stressful day, and needed a “kick.” A search of the hard drives revealed

that Geenen had 27 pornographic still images and 20 child pornographic movies,

some of which were longer than five minutes.

Geenen pled guilty to violating 18 U.S.C. § 2252(a)(1) and (b)(1) by

knowingly transporting and shipping in interstate commerce visual depictions of a

minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct. The plea agreement includes a

sentence appeal waiver, which provides:

The defendant agrees that this Court has jurisdiction and authority to

impose any sentence up to the statutory maximum and expressly waives

the right to appeal [his] sentence or to challenge it collaterally on any

ground, including the ground that the Court erred in determining the

applicable guidelines range pursuant to the United States Sentencing

Guidelines, except (a) the ground that the sentence exceeds the

defendant’s applicable guidelines range as determined by the Court

pursuant to the United States Sentencing Guidelines; (b) the ground that

the sentence exceeds the statutory maximum penalty; or (c) the ground

that the sentence violates the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution

. . . .

Plea Agreement at 13 (emphasis added). The plea agreement also stated that

Geenen’s offense was punishable by a statutory minimum sentence of 15 years and

a maximum of 40 years’ imprisonment.

The presentence investigation report (“PSI”) calculated Geenen’s total

offense level to be 39 and his criminal history category as III. Given these

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calculations, the Guidelines range was 324 to 405 months’ imprisonment. At

sentencing, Geenen objected to several paragraphs of the PSI, but the district court

overruled the objections and adopted the PSI’s factual statements and Guidelines

calculations. After hearing Geenen’s mitigation arguments, the district court

imposed a bottom-of-the-Guidelines-range sentence of 324 months’ imprisonment. 

After the imposition of sentence, Geenen objected, inter alia, that his sentence was

cruel and unusual in violation of the Eighth Amendment.

II. SENTENCE APPEAL WAIVER

Geenen first argues that the district court erroneously increased his offense

level under U.S.S.G. § 2G2.2(b)(5). However, Geenen knowingly and voluntarily

waived his right to appeal any defect in his sentence pertaining to the district

court’s determination of the applicable Guidelines range. Accordingly, to the

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extent Geenen challenges his sentence on this ground, we dismiss the appeal in

accord with his waiver.

III. EIGHTH AMENDMENT CLAIM

Noting the Eighth-Amendment exception in his appeal waiver, Geenen

argues that his 324-month sentence constitutes cruel and unusual punishment in

We review de novo the validity of a sentence appeal waiver. United States v. Johnson, 1

541 F.3d 1064, 1066 (11th Cir. 2008). A sentence appeal waiver is enforced if it was made

knowingly and voluntarily. United States v. Bushert, 997 F.2d 1343, 1351 (11th Cir. 1993).

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violation of the Eighth Amendment. He asserts that his sentence was both greater 2

than necessary to achieve the objectives arrayed at 18 U.S.C. § 3553(a) and

disproportionate to the seriousness of his offense because he merely viewed and

forwarded (as opposed to manufactured) images. Geenen further asserts that it is

cruel and unusual to punish him for conduct he is unable to control due to an

addiction.

The Eighth Amendment provides that “[e]xcessive bail shall not be

required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments

inflicted.” U.S. Const. amend. VIII. The Eighth Amendment “contains a narrow

proportionality principle that applies to noncapital sentences.” United States v.

Johnson, 451 F.3d 1239, 1242 (11th Cir. 2006). Nevertheless, “[o]utside the

context of capital punishment, successful challenges to the proportionality of

sentences [are] exceedingly rare.” United States v. Raad, 406 F.3d 1322, 1323

(11th Cir. 2005) (quoting Solem v. Helm, 463 U.S. 277, 289, 103 S. Ct. 3001

(1983)); see also United States v. Farley, 607 F.3d 1294, 1336-45 (11th Cir. 2010)

(holding that a thirty-year statutory minimum sentence for aggravated sexual

We review de novo the legality of a sentence under the Eighth Amendment. United 2

States v. Moriarty, 429 F.3d 1012, 1023 (11th Cir. 2005). 

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abuse of a minor in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 2241(c) did not violate the Eighth

Amendment). 

Here, the district court sentenced Geenen at the bottom of the Guidelines

range—thirteen years less than the forty-year statutory maximum. Further, outside

of a special category of juvenile offenders, this Court has “never found a term of

imprisonment to violate the Eighth Amendment . . . .” Farley, 607 F.3d at 1343. 

Because the district court sentenced Geenen within the statutory limits, “he has not

made a threshold showing of disproportionality with respect to his sentence.”

Johnson, 451 F.3d at 1243. Accordingly, we affirm Geenen’s sentence.

AFFIRMED IN PART, DISMISSED IN PART.3

To the extent Geenen argues that he received ineffective assistance of counsel, we 3

decline to review his claims because the record on direct appeal is not sufficiently developed for

us to review those claims. See United States v. Le, 256 F.3d 1229, 1241 (11th Cir. 2001); see

also Massaro v. United States, 538 U.S. 500, 504, 123 S. Ct. 1690, 1694 (2003) (“[I]n most cases

a motion brought under [28 U.S.C.] § 2255 is preferable to direct appeal for deciding claims of

ineffective assistance.”).

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