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https://www.nist.gov/el/fire-research-division-73300/wildland-urban-interface-fire-73305/hazard-mitigation-methodology-4

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Engineering LaboratoryFire Research Division

## Wildland-Urban Interface Fire Group

-  HAZARD MITIGATION METHODOLOGY (HMM)  Expand or Collapse    -  Why Implement HMM in your Community?  Expand or Collapse      -  Exposures During WUI Fires 
    -  HMM vs Traditional Hazard Mitigation 
    -  WUI Definitions 
    -  Structure Survivability in the WUI 
    -  Community Survivability in the WUI 
    -  Paths forward: Implementing HMM 
    -  Communities already implementing HMM 
  -  How Fire Spreads in the WUI  Expand or Collapse      -  How do Structures Survive WUI Fires? 
    -  Fire Spread Pathways 
    -  Why Exposure Matters, not Parcel Boundary 
    -  Hazard from Fuel Agglomeration 
    -  Community-scale WUI Fire Hazards 
  -  Community-Wide Structure- and Parcel-Level Hardening Actions  Expand or Collapse      -  How Density Impacts Community 
    -  Workflow for HMM Hardening Actions 
    -  Structure Hardening for Embers 
    -  Parcel Hardening for Fire: the Three R’s 
    -  Surrounding Parcel Hazard Mitigation 
    -  Primary Parcel Hazard Mitigation 
    -  Structure Hardening for Fire 
    -  Communities Hardening Actions 
  -  Hardening Actions: Construction Guidance 
  -  Contacts 

# Exposures During WUI Fires

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### Two problems:  *Embers* and *Fire***⇨****One integrated approach: *HMM*

Structures need to be protected from both embers and fire.Protected structures help protect the entire community.

### Embers

Embers are inevitable in WUI fires and may be generated from burning vegetative or structural fuels.
                      - Embers can travel miles ahead of a wildfire and ignite spot fires ahead of the flaming front.
                      - Embers can ignite structures and parcel-level features such as parked vehicles, storage sheds, decks, and neighboring structures.
                      - Embers can vary in size and shape.
                      - Ember ignitions may occur hours after the flame front has passed.

Structure ignition from embers will depend on the vulnerabilities present on the structure and the intensity/duration of local ember exposures. Burning structures may result in generation of additional embers that are typically larger in size than those generated from vegetative fuels.

**Source:**

### Fire

**Source:**

-  **‹** Why Implement HMM in your Community? 
-  HMM vs Traditional Hazard Mitigation **›** 

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