IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

SOUTHERN DIVISION

SHERON NAPIER, )

)

Plaintiff, )

)

v. ) Civil Action No. 13-00355-N

)

CAROLYN W. COLVIN, )

Acting Commissioner of Social Security, )

)

Defendant. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Plaintiff Sheron Napier brings this action, pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 405(g) 

and 1383(c)(3), seeking judicial review of a final decision of the Commissioner of 

Social Security denying her applications for supplemental security income (“SSI”) 

and disability insurance benefits (“DIB”).

The parties have consented to the exercise of jurisdiction by the undersigned 

United States Magistrate Judge for all proceedings in this Court pursuant to 28 

U.S.C. § 636(c). (See Doc. 26 (“In accordance with provisions of 28 U.S.C. 636(c) and 

Fed.R.Civ.P. 73, the parties in this case consent to have a United States Magistrate 

Judge conduct any and all proceedings in this case, including . . . order the entry of a 

final judgment, and conduct all post-judgment proceedings.”); see also Doc. 27 (order 

of reference).)

Upon consideration of the administrative record (“R.”) (Doc. 19), Napier’s brief 

(Doc. 21), the Commissioner’s brief (Doc. 22), and the arguments presented at the 

hearing held February 12, 2014 (see Docs. 23, 28), it is determined that the 

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Commissioner’s decision denying Napier benefits should be REVERSED and

REMANDED for further proceedings not inconsistent with this decision.1

I. Procedural Background

Napier filed applications for SSI and DIB on November 24, 2009 (R. 126-132). 

As to her SSI application, Napier’s protective filing date is November 9, 2009 (see R. 

58). As to her DIB application, Napier alleged she became disabled August 7, 2004

(see R. 126). Both applications were initially denied. (See R. 61-70.) A hearing

was then conducted before an Administrative Law Judge on July 12, 2011 (see R. 

41-56). On September 16, 2011, the ALJ issued a decision finding Napier not 

disabled (R. 21-40), and Napier sought review from the Appeals Council. The 

Appeals Council issued its decision declining to review the ALJ’s determination on 

May 15, 2013 (see R. 1-6)—making the ALJ’s determination the Commissioner’s final 

decision for purposes of judicial review, see 20 C.F.R. § 404.981—and a complaint 

was filed in this Court on July 11, 2013 (see Doc. 1).

II. Standard of Review and Claims on Appeal

In all Social Security cases, a plaintiff (also sometimes referred to herein as a 

claimant) bears the burden of proving that he or she is unable to perform his or her 

previous work. Jones v. Bowen, 810 F.2d 1001, 1005 (11th Cir. 1986). In 

evaluating whether a plaintiff has met this burden, and thus proven that he or she is 

 1 Any appeal taken from this memorandum opinion and order and judgment 

shall be made to the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals. (See Doc. 26 (“An appeal from a 

judgment entered by a Magistrate Judge shall be taken directly to the United States Court 

of Appeals for this judicial circuit in the same manner as an appeal from any other judgment 

of this district court.”).)

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disabled, the examiner (most often an ALJ) must consider the following four factors: 

(1) objective medical facts and clinical findings; (2) diagnoses of examining 

physicians; (3) evidence of pain; and (4) the plaintiff’s age, education, and work 

history. Id. An ALJ, in turn,

uses a five-step sequential evaluation to determine whether the 

[plaintiff] is disabled, which considers: (1) whether the claimant is 

engaged in substantial gainful activity; (2) if not, whether the claimant 

has a severe impairment; (3) if so, whether the severe impairment 

meets or equals an impairment in the Listing of Impairments in the 

regulations; (4) if not, whether the claimant has the [residual functional 

capacity, or] RFC[,] to perform her past relevant work; and (5) if not, 

whether, in light of the claimant’s RFC, age, education and work 

experience, there are other jobs the claimant can perform.

Watkins v. Commissioner of Soc. Sec., 457 Fed. App’x 868, 870 (11th Cir. Feb. 9, 

2012) (per curiam) (citing 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520(a)(4), (c)-(f), 416.920(a)(4), (c)-(f); 

Phillips v. Barnhart, 357 F.3d 1232, 1237 (11th Cir. 2004)) (footnote omitted).

If a plaintiff proves that he or she cannot do his or her past relevant work, it 

then becomes the Commissioner’s burden to prove that the plaintiff is 

capable—given his or her age, education, and work history—of engaging in another 

kind of substantial gainful employment that exists in the national economy. Id.; 

Jones v. Apfel, 190 F.3d 1224, 1228 (11th Cir. 1999); Sryock v. Heckler, 764 F.2d 834, 

836 (11th Cir. 1985). Finally, but importantly, although “the [plaintiff] bears the 

burden of demonstrating the inability to return to [his or] her past relevant work, 

the Commissioner of Social Security has an obligation to develop a full and fair 

record.” Shnorr v. Bowen, 816 F.2d 578, 581 (11th Cir. 1987) (citations omitted).

The task for this Court, then, is to determine whether the Commissioner’s

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decision to deny a plaintiff benefits is supported by substantial evidence. 

Substantial evidence is defined as more than a scintilla, and means such relevant 

evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion. 

Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971). “In determining whether 

substantial evidence exists, [a court] must view the record as a whole, taking into 

account evidence favorable as well as unfavorable to the [Commissioner’s] decision.” 

Chester v. Bowen, 792 F.2d 129, 131 (11th Cir. 1986). Courts are precluded, 

however, from “deciding the facts anew or re-weighing the evidence.” Davison v. 

Astrue, 370 Fed. App’x 995, 996 (11th Cir. Apr. 1, 2010) (per curiam) (citing Dyer v. 

Barnhart, 395 F.3d 1206, 1210 (11th Cir. 2005)). And, “[e]ven if the evidence 

preponderates against the Commissioner’s findings, [a court] must affirm if the 

decision reached is supported by substantial evidence.” Id. (citing Crawford v. 

Commissioner of Soc. Sec., 363 F.3d 1155, 1158-59 (11th Cir. 2004)) (emphasis 

added).

On appeal to this Court, Napier argues that three reasons require this Court 

to find that the Commissioner’s decision to deny her benefits is in error (i.e., is not 

supported by substantial evidence):

(1) The Commissioner erred in rendering a physical RFC that is not 

supported by the evidentiary records and not linked to the evidence of 

record;

(2) The Commissioner erred in failing to assess Napier’s credibility; and

(3) The Commissioner erred in relying upon the assessment of both a 

non-examining, reviewing State Agency consultant (Dr. Hinton) and a 

non-examining, reviewing psychologist (Dr. McKeown, who was present 

at the hearing) as the evidentiary basis for the mental RFC.

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Napier’s first asserted error requires the Court to find that the ALJ’s RFC 

determination is not supported by substantial evidence, which thus, triggers remand 

to the Commissioner. Therefore, there is no need to consider Napier’s other two 

asserted errors herein. Cf. Salter v. Astrue, No. CA 11–00681–C, 2012 WL 3817791, 

at *2 (S.D. Ala. Sept. 4, 2012) (“Because the Court determines that the decision of 

the Commissioner should be reversed and remanded for further proceedings based 

on the plaintiff’s second claim, regarding the RFC determination, there is no need for 

the Court to consider the plaintiff’s other claims.” (citing Robinson v. Massanari, 176 

F. Supp. 2d 1278, 1280 & n.2 (S.D. Ala. 2001); Pendley v. Heckler, 767 F.2d 1561, 

1563 (11th Cir. 1985) (“Because the ‘misuse of the expert’s testimony alone warrants 

reversal,’ we do not consider the appellant’s other claims.”))).

III. Analysis

A plaintiff’s RFC—which “includes physical abilities, such as sitting, standing 

or walking, and mental abilities, such as the ability to understand, remember and 

carry out instructions or to respond appropriately to supervision, co-workers and 

work pressure”—“is a medical assessment of what th[at plaintiff] can do in a work 

setting despite any mental, physical or environmental limitations caused by [his or 

her] impairments and related symptoms.” Watkins, 457 Fed. App’x at 870 n.5 

(citing 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1545(a)-(c), 416.945(a)-(c)); see also Packer v. Commissioner, 

Soc. Sec. Admin., 542 Fed. App’x 890, 891 (11th Cir. Oct. 29, 2013) (per curiam) (“An 

RFC determination is an assessment, based on all relevant evidence, of a claimant’s 

remaining ability to do work despite her impairments.” (citing Lewis, 125 F.3d at

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1440)). At the fourth step of the sequential analysis, at which the ALJ determines a 

plaintiff’s RFC, an ALJ utilizes the plaintiff’s past relevant work as a starting point, 

from which his or her current impairments (or at least those documented by credible 

evidence) are deducted, to determine: (1) the RFC; and (2) whether that RFC allows 

the plaintiff to perform his or has past relevant work or, if not, whether, 

considering that RFC, along with the plaintiff’s age, education, and work experience, 

there are other jobs he or she can perform.2 See Watkins, 457 Fed. App’x at 870 n.5

(“The ALJ’s finding as to a [plaintiff’s] RFC is based on all the relevant evidence 

in the record, including any medical evidence, and is used in steps four and five of 

the sequential evaluation to determine whether the claimant can do her past 

relevant work or any other work.” (citing §§ 404.1545(a)(1), (5), 416.945(a)(1), (5)) 

(emphasis added)).

In his decision finding Napier not disabled, the ALJ’s RFC determination 

details very specific physical and mental limitations, which he states were 

determined “[a]fter careful consideration of the entire record[.]” (R. 27.) As to

Napier’s physical RFC, the ALJ found she

 2 Indisputably, an ALJ is never going to find an RFC that is in excess of a 

plaintiff’s past-relevant work, as that work is categorized by the ALJ. Therefore, if a 

claimant had past relevant work in the medium and light range—as categorized by the 

ALJ—an ALJ is not going to then find an RFC greater than medium work and, indeed, 

might even “default” to light work. Cf. Squires v. Astrue, Civil No. 07-5096, 2008 WL 

1776941, at *9 (W.D. Ark. Mar. 24, 2008) (rejecting a plaintiff’s argument “that the ALJ 

[erred] in concluding that she could return to work at a heavier exertional level than she had 

ever performed in the past”; in doing so, the court noted that the VE was present during the 

plaintiff’s description of her past work as a caregiver and “categorized the caregiver job 

based on plaintiff’s own description of the position, which would qualify the job as heavy 

work” under the regulations (citations omitted)).

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has the residual functional capacity to sit for 6 hours out of 8 hours, and 

sit without interruption for 1 to 2 hours; stand for 6 hours out of 8 

hours, without interruption 1 to 2 hours; can lift, carry, push and pull 

frequently up to 15 pounds, and occasionally up to 30 pounds; can 

perform simple grasping and fine manipulations with the right hand 

and left hand; use feet, right, left, both, for repetitive movements such 

as operating foot controls or push and pull; can occasionally bend, 

stoop, crawl, climb stairs, ladders, ropes and scaffolds, crouch, kneel 

and balance.

(R. 27.)

Napier contends that these physical limitations are not supported by, and 

linked to, substantial record evidence.

To find that an ALJ’s RFC determination—or any aspect of that 

determination—is supported by substantial evidence, it must be shown that the ALJ 

has “provide[d] a sufficient rationale to link” substantial record evidence “to the legal 

conclusions reached.” Russ v. Barnhart, 363 F. Supp. 2d 1345, 1347 (M.D. Fla. 

2005); compare id., with Packer v. Astrue, Civil Action No. 11–0084–CG–N, 2013 WL 

593497, at *4 (S.D. Ala. Feb. 14, 2013) (“[T]he ALJ must link the RFC assessment to 

specific evidence in the record bearing upon the claimant’s ability to perform the 

physical, mental, sensory, and other requirements of work.” (quoting Salter, 2012 

WL 3817791, at *3)), aff’d 542 Fed. App’x 8903; see also Hanna v. Astrue, 395 Fed. 

App’x 634, 636 (11th Cir. Sept. 9, 2010) (per curiam) (“The ALJ must state the 

grounds for his decision with clarity to enable us to conduct meaningful review. . . . 

 3 In affirming the ALJ, the Eleventh Circuit rejected Packer’s substantial 

evidence argument, noting, she “failed to establish that her RFC determination was not 

supported by substantial evidence” in light of the ALJ’s consideration of her credibility and 

the medical evidence. Id. at 892.

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Absent such explanation, it is unclear whether substantial evidence supported the 

ALJ’s findings; and the decision does not provide a meaningful basis upon which we 

can review [a plaintiff’s] case.” (internal citation omitted)); Ricks v. Astrue, No. 3:10–

cv–975–TEM, 2012 WL 1020428, at *9 (M.D. Fla. Mar. 27, 2012) (“‘The existence of 

substantial evidence in the record favorable to the Commissioner may not insulate 

the ALJ’s determination from remand when he or she does not provide a sufficient 

rationale to link such evidence to the legal conclusions reached.’ Where the district 

court cannot discern the basis for the Commissioner’s decision, a sentence-four 

remand may be appropriate to allow him to explain the basis for his decision.” 

(quoting Russ, 363 F. Supp. 2d at 1347)); compare Packer, 2013 WL 593497, at *4 

(While “the Eleventh Circuit has declined to impose overly rigid requirements when 

reviewing disability decisions[,] meaningful review . . . requires [that] ALJs [ ] state 

with clarity the grounds for their decisions.” (internal citations and quotation marks 

omitted)), with Packer, 542 Fed. App’x at 891-92 (“There is no rigid requirement that 

the ALJ specifically refer to every piece of evidence, so long as the ALJ’s decision is 

not a broad rejection, i.e., where the ALJ does not provide enough reasoning for a 

reviewing court to conclude that the ALJ considered the claimant’s medical condition 

as a whole.” (citing Dyer, 395 F.3d at 1211)).4

 4 It is the ALJ’s (or, in some cases, the Appeals Council’s) responsibility, not the 

responsibility of the Commissioner’s counsel on appeal to this Court, to “state with clarity” 

the grounds for an RFC determination. Stated differently, “linkage” may not be 

manufactured speculatively by the Commissioner—using “the record as a whole”—on 

appeal, but rather, must be clearly set forth in the Commissioner’s decision. See, e.g., 

Durham v. Astrue, Civil Action No. 3:08CV839-SRW, 2010 WL 3825617, at *3 (M.D. Ala. 

Sept. 24, 2010) (rejecting the Commissioner’s request to affirm an ALJ’s decision because, 

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While there are no medical opinions in the record to support the ALJ’s 

assessment of Napier’s physical RFC, that alone is not fatal. See, e.g., McMillian 

v. Astrue, CA No. 11–00545–C, 2012 WL 1565624, at *4 n.5 (S.D. Ala. May 1, 2012)

(noting that decisions of this Court “in which a matter is remanded to the

Commissioner because the ALJ’s RFC determination was not supported by 

substantial and tangible evidence still accurately reflect the view of this Court, but 

not to the extent that such decisions are interpreted to require that substantial 

and tangible evidence must—in all cases—include an RFC or PCE from a physician” 

(emphasis added, internal punctuation altered, and citation omitted)). As to the

physical RFC assessment, however, the ALJ has merely set forth his assessment 

(see R. 27), laid out the record evidence and mental opinion evidence (see R. 28-34), 

and assessed Napier’s credibility (see R. 32-34). The ALJ neither explains the basis 

for the physical restrictions he imposes nor links his legal conclusions (i.e., the 

physical restrictions he imposes) to record evidence.5 In this regard, this ALJ’s 

 

according to the Commissioner, overall, the decision was “adequately explained and 

supported by substantial evidence in the record”; holding that affirming that decision would 

require that the court “ignor[e] what the law requires of the ALJ[; t]he court ‘must reverse 

[the ALJ’s decision] when the ALJ has failed to provide the reviewing court with sufficient 

reasoning for determining that the proper legal analysis has been conducted’” (quoting 

Hanna, 395 Fed. App’x at 636 (internal quotation marks omitted))); see also id. at *3 n.4 (“In 

his brief, the Commissioner sets forth the evidence on which the ALJ could have relied . . . . 

There may very well be ample reason, supported by the record, for [the ALJ’s ultimate 

conclusion]. However, because the ALJ did not state his reasons, the court cannot evaluate 

them for substantial evidentiary support. Here, the court does not hold that the ALJ’s 

ultimate conclusion is unsupportable on the present record; the court holds only that the 

ALJ did not conduct the analysis that the law requires him to conduct.” (emphasis in 

original)); Patterson v. Bowen, 839 F.2d 221, 225 n.1 (4th Cir. 1988) (“We must . . . affirm the 

ALJ’s decision only upon the reasons he gave.”).

5 This is significant because the ALJ found Napier suffered from two severe 

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failure “to show [his] work”6 is similar to the RFC assessment this Court addressed 

in Hunter v. Colvin, No. CA 2:12–00077–C, 2013 WL 1219746 (S.D. Ala. Mar. 25, 

2013):

Here, the ALJ summarizes the plaintiff’s testimony (see R. 17) and 

makes a credibility determination as to the same (see R. 19); he 

discusses the medical expert testimony from the hearing, offered by Dr. 

Johns, (see R. 18) and accords it great weight (see R. 21); the ALJ 

summarizes the medical evidence (see R. 18-19); and he discusses the 

medical evidence in relation to each severe impairment (to find “the 

claimant’s statements concerning the intensity, persistence and 

limiting effects of [her] symptoms are not credible to the extent they are 

inconsistent with the [his RFC] assessment”) (see R. 19-21). The ALJ, 

however, fails to consider the medical and other evidence and link that 

evidence—i.e., “describing how the evidence supports each 

conclusion”—to his ultimate conclusion that the plaintiff retains the 

ability to perform less than the full range of light work. This failure 

compels the Court to conclude that the RFC determination is not 

supported by substantial evidence, which prevents meaningful review 

by this Court and requires that this matter be remanded to the 

Commissioner for further consideration. See, e.g., Saunders v. Astrue, 

Civil Action No. 1:11cv308–WC, 2012 WL 997222, at *5 (M.D. Ala. Mar.

23, 2012) (concluding that, where the record does not include an 

evaluation of the plaintiff’s ability to perform the physical requirements 

of work, “[i]t is unclear how the ALJ reached the conclusion that 

Plaintiff ‘can lift and carry up to fifty pounds occasionally and 

twenty-five pounds frequently’ and sit, stand and/or walk for six hours 

in an eight hour workday”); cf. Dunham v. Astrue, No. 1:09CV 53 

SNLJ(LMB), 2010 WL 2553878 (E.D. Mo. May 6, 2010) (“There is no 

opinion from any physician, treating or consulting, regarding plaintiff’s 

ability to function in the workplace with his combination of 

impairments. As such, there is no medical evidence in the record 

suggesting that plaintiff can, or cannot, perform light work.”) (emphasis 

 

physical impairments: arthritis and degenerative disc disease. (See R. 26.)

6 Compare Sosa v. Colvin, Civil Action No. 13–00269–N, 2014 WL 413491, at *7 

(S.D. Ala. Feb. 4, 2014), with Grayer v. Colvin, No. CA 13–0292–C, 2014 WL 852451, at *13 

(S.D. Ala. Mar. 5, 2014) (“The linkage requirement is simply another way to say that, in 

order for this Court to find that an RFC determination is supported by substantial evidence, 

ALJs must ‘show their work’ or, said somewhat differently, show how they applied and 

analyzed the evidence to determine a plaintiff's RFC.” (emphasis in original)).

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added), report & recommendation adopted, 2010 WL 2553882 (E.D. Mo. 

June 23, 2010).

Id. at *10 (citation modified and footnote omitted). The ALJ’s assessment is, thus, 

not supported by substantial evidence because this Court lacks a “sufficient 

rationale to link” tangible record evidence as to Napier’s remaining ability to do 

work, despite her documented severe physical impairments, “to [the] legal 

conclusions [as to Napier’s physical limitations] reached” by the ALJ. Russ, 363 F. 

Supp. 2d at 1347; accord Hanna, 395 Fed. App’x at 636 (the ALJ’s decision lacks 

sufficient “clarity to enable [this Court] to conduct [a] meaningful review” and thus

find that the decision is supported by substantial evidence).

IV. Conclusion

It is accordingly ORDERED that the decision of the Commissioner of Social 

Security denying Napier benefits be REVERSED and REMANDED pursuant to 

sentence four of 42 U.S.C. § 405(g), see Melkonyan v. Sullivan, 501 U.S. 89 (1991), for 

further proceedings not inconsistent with this decision. The remand pursuant to 

sentence four of § 405(g) makes the plaintiff a prevailing party for purposes of the 

Equal Access to Justice Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2412, see Shalala v. Schaefer, 509 U.S. 292 

(1993), and terminates this Court’s jurisdiction over this matter.

DONE and ORDERED this the 17th day of March, 2014.

/s/ Katherine P. Nelson

KATHERINE P. NELSON

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

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