IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

SOUTHERN DIVISION

CORNELIUS SMITH, et al., )

 )

Plaintiffs, )

 )

v. ) CIVIL ACTION 14-0107-WS-B

 )

WERNER ENTERPRISES, INC., ) 

 )

Defendant. )

 ORDER

This matter is before the Court on the defendant’s motion for summary 

judgment as to plaintiff Cornelius Smith. (Doc. 9). The parties have filed briefs 

and evidentiary materials in support of their respective positions, (Docs. 10, 19, 

20), and the motion is ripe for resolution. After careful consideration, the Court 

concludes that the motion is due to be denied.

BACKGROUND

Smith and other plaintiffs filed this FLSA action on March 10, 2014, 

alleging that the defendant has not paid them overtime compensation to which 

they are entitled. (Doc. 1). On May 7, 2014, the defendant filed the instant 

motion, asserting that Smith is judicially estopped from seeking monetary 

compensation for any overtime violation because he had not disclosed this claim 

in his Chapter 13 bankruptcy proceedings. 

Smith filed his petition in December 2011. The plan was confirmed in May 

2012, and it remains in effect until approximately May 2017. (Docs. 10-2, 10-4). 

On May 20, 2014, the plaintiff amended his bankruptcy filings to reflect his FLSA 

claim. (Doc. 19-2). 

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DISCUSSION

Summary judgment should be granted only if “there is no genuine dispute 

as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” 

Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). The party seeking summary judgment bears “the initial 

burden to show the district court, by reference to materials on file, that there are no 

genuine issues of material fact that should be decided at trial.” Clark v. Coats & 

Clark, Inc., 929 F.2d 604, 608 (11th Cir. 1991). The moving party may meet its 

burden in either of two ways: (1) by “negating an element of the non-moving 

party’s claim”; or (2) by “point[ing] to materials on file that demonstrate that the 

party bearing the burden of proof at trial will not be able to meet that burden.” Id. 

“Even after Celotex it is never enough simply to state that the non-moving party 

cannot meet its burden at trial.” Id.; accord Mullins v. Crowell, 228 F.3d 1305, 

1313 (11th Cir. 2000); Sammons v. Taylor, 967 F.2d 1533, 1538 (11th Cir. 1992). 

“When the moving party has the burden of proof at trial, that party must 

show affirmatively the absence of a genuine issue of material fact: it must support 

its motion with credible evidence ... that would entitle it to a directed verdict if not 

controverted at trial. [citation omitted] In other words, the moving party must 

show that, on all the essential elements of its case on which it bears the burden of 

proof, no reasonable jury could find for the nonmoving party.” United States v. 

Four Parcels of Real Property, 941 F.2d 1428, 1438 (11th Cir. 1991) (en banc) 

(emphasis in original); accord Fitzpatrick v. City of Atlanta, 2 F.3d 1112, 1115 

(11th Cir. 1993).1

“If the party moving for summary judgment fails to discharge the initial 

burden, then the motion must be denied and the court need not consider what, if 

 1 Judicial estoppel is an affirmative defense. E.g., Mirando v. United States 

Department of Treasury, 766 F.3d 540, 544 (6th Cir. 2014); Nature Conservancy v. 

Wilder Corp., 656 F.3d 646, 650 (7th Cir. 2011); Reed v. City of Arlington, 650 F.3d 571, 

576 (5th Cir. 2011); Hansen v. Harper Excavating, Inc., 641 F.3d 1216, 1227 (10th Cir. 

2011). 

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any, showing the non-movant has made.” Fitzpatrick, 2 F.3d at 1116; accord 

Mullins, 228 F.3d at 1313; Clark, 929 F.2d at 608. 

“If, however, the movant carries the initial summary judgment burden ..., 

the responsibility then devolves upon the non-movant to show the existence of a 

genuine issue of material fact.” Fitzpatrick, 2 F.3d at 1116. “If the nonmoving 

party fails to make ‘a sufficient showing on an essential element of her case with 

respect to which she has the burden of proof,’ the moving party is entitled to 

summary judgment.” Clark, 929 F.2d at 608 (quoting Celotex Corp. v. Catrett, 

477 U.S. 317 (1986)) (footnote omitted); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(e)(2) (“If a 

party fails to properly support an assertion of fact or fails to properly address 

another party’s assertion of fact as required by Rule 56(c), the court may ... 

consider the fact undisputed for purposes of the motion ....”).

In deciding a motion for summary judgment, “[t]he evidence, and all 

reasonable inferences, must be viewed in the light most favorable to the 

nonmovant ....” McCormick v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 333 F.3d 1234, 1243 

(11th Cir. 2003).

“Judicial estoppel is an equitable doctrine invoked at a court’s discretion.” 

Burnes v. Pemco Aeroplex, Inc., 291 F.3d 1282, 1285 (11th Cir. 2002). “[J]udicial 

estoppel is applied to the calculated assertion of divergent sworn positions. The 

doctrine is designed to prevent parties from making a mockery of justice by 

inconsistent pleadings.” Id. (internal quotes omitted). 

There are “two primary factors for establishing the bar of judicial estoppel.” 

Robinson v. Tyson Foods, Inc., 595 F.3d 1269, 1273 (11th Cir. 2010). “First, it 

must be shown that the allegedly inconsistent positions were made under oath in a 

prior proceeding. Second, such inconsistencies must be shown to have been 

calculated to make a mockery of the judicial system.” Id. (internal quotes 

omitted). “[T]hese factors are not exhaustive; rather, courts must always give due 

consideration to the circumstances of the particular case.” Id. 

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It is uncontroverted that the plaintiff was unaware of any possible FLSA 

claim when he filed his Chapter 13 petition in December 2011 or when his plan 

was confirmed in May 2012. (Doc. 19-1). However, a Chapter 13 debtor has a 

continuing duty to amend his bankruptcy schedules to disclose new assets arising 

after his plan is confirmed but before he receives a discharge, and “a pending 

lawsuit seeking monetary compensation qualifies as an asset.” Robinson, 595 F.3d 

at 1274-75.

It is uncontroverted that the plaintiff became aware of a potential FLSA 

claim in mid- to late February 2014. (Doc. 19-1). He filed the instant action on 

March 10 and amended his bankruptcy schedules to reflect the existence of his 

FLSA claim on May 20. In Ajaka v. BrooksAmerica Mortgage Corp., 453 F.3d 

1339 (11th Cir. 2006), the plaintiff learned of a possible TILA claim on January 3, 

filed a TILA action on April 11, and amended his Chapter 13 bankruptcy 

schedules to reflect the TILA claim on June 20. Id. at 1342-43. The Eleventh 

Circuit noted that “[t]here is no question that Ajaka failed to timely amend his 

Chapter 13 reorganization plan ....” Id. at 1344. The Court concludes that the 

plaintiff likewise failed to amend his bankruptcy schedules in a timely manner. 

He “therefore took inconsistent positions ... under oath in a prior proceeding.” 

Id.; accord Robinson, 595 F.3d at 1275 (“Ajaka held that failure to timely amend a 

Chapter 13 reorganization plan to reflect a pending claim while simultaneously 

purs[u]ing that claim in another court of law constitutes inconsistent positions 

under oath.”). The plaintiff makes no argument to the contrary.

“[T]he doctrine of judicial estoppel applies in situations involving 

intentional contradictions, not simple error or inadvertence.” Burnes, 291 F.3d at 

1286. The “requisite intent to mislead the bankruptcy court” need not be proved 

directly; rather, “deliberate or intentional manipulation can be inferred from the 

record.” Id. at 1286-87. In particular, “the debtor’s failure to satisfy its statutory 

disclosure duty is ‘inadvertent’ only when, in general, the debtor either lacks 

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knowledge of the undisclosed claims or has no motive for their concealment.” 

Robinson, 595 F.3d at 1275 (internal quotes omitted). 

The plaintiff plainly had knowledge of his FLSA claim, and “a financial 

motive to secret assets exists under Chapter 13 ... because the hiding of assets 

affects the amount to be discounted and repaid.” DeLeon v. Comcar Industries, 

Inc., 321 F.3d 1289, 1291 (11th Cir. 2003). The defendant treats these two facts as

dispositive, (Doc. 10 at 6-9), but they are not.

The defendant assumes that, if knowledge and motive are shown, 

inadvertence cannot be shown and intent to make a mockery of the judicial system 

is the only remaining conclusion available. The Court disagrees. The Eleventh 

Circuit has repeatedly identified knowledge and motive merely as “sufficient” 

evidence from which to “infer” the requisite intent. See Barger, 348 F.3d at 129 

(the plaintiff’s knowledge and motive “are sufficient evidence from which to infer 

her intentional manipulation”); DeLeon, 321 F.3d at 1292 (from knowledge and 

motive, “we can infer” intent to make a mockery of the judicial system); Burnes, 

291 F.3d at 1287-88 (“[I]t is clear that the record in this case contains sufficient 

evidence from which to infer intentional manipulation by [the plaintiff].”). Such 

language suggests that an inference of intent from the existence of knowledge and 

motive is permissive only. 

As noted by Judge Barkett in Barger, “Burnes and De Leon do not hold that 

the failure to meet the specific ‘inadvertence criteria’ automatically implies an 

intent to ‘make a mockery of the judicial system.’ Although a finding of 

inadvertence completely precludes judicial estoppel under Burnes, failure to meet 

the specific inadvertence criteria does not mean that judicial estoppel must apply.” 

348 F.3d at 1298 (Barkett, J., dissenting). And numerous sister courts have agreed 

that the inference of intent drawn from the existence of knowledge and motive is 

permissive only, not mandatory. See Melton v. National Dairy Holdings, L.P., 

2009 WL 653024 at *5 (M.D. Ala. 2009) (Moorer, M.J.); Roots v. Morehouse 

School of Medicine, Inc., 2009 WL 4798217 at *7 (N.D. Ga. 2008); Thompson v. 

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Quarles, 392 B.R. 517, 527 (S.D. Ga. 2008); Jackson v. Advanced Disposal 

Services, Inc., 2008 WL 958110 at *4 (M.D. Fla. 2008) (Covington, D.J.);

Snowden v. Fred’s Stores, Inc., 419 F. Supp. 2d 1367, 1373 (M.D. Ala. 2006) 

(Thompson, D.J.); Wheeler v. Florida Department of Corrections, 2006 WL 

2321114 at *6 n.7 (M.D. Fla. 2006) (Corrigan, D.J.).

Even if the inference of intent derived from knowledge plus motive is 

mandatory rather than permissive, the inference does not arise in every case but 

only “in general.” Robinson, 595 F.3d at 1275. In Robinson, the Court stated that 

a trial court’s finding of intent based on knowledge and motive can be 

“overturn[ed]” should the plaintiff “presen[t] sufficient evidence.” Id. at 1276. In 

Ajaka, despite evidence of knowledge and motive, the Court ruled “there is 

insufficient proof of Ajaka’s intent to support” summary judgment for the 

defendant based on judicial estoppel. 453 F.3d at 1346 & n.8. As Robinson and 

Ajaka make clear, other facts may appear in the record taking a particular case out 

of the general and supporting a determination that, despite knowledge and motive, 

the plaintiff did not harbor an intent to make a mockery of the judicial system – or 

at least creating a genuine issue of material fact in that regard. The Court 

concludes that this is such a case.

The following facts are key to the Court’s determination. First, the plaintiff 

did not fail to disclose an existing claim in his original bankruptcy filings but 

failed to amend those filings in a timely manner once the claim arose. Second, the 

plaintiff did amend his bankruptcy schedules, and he did so barely two months 

after filing this action and barely three months after first hearing that he might 

have a claim. Third, his discovery of a claim, filing of a lawsuit, and amendment 

of his schedules all transpired in the second year of a confirmed five-year reorganization plan, and no events significant to the bankruptcy occurred, and no 

deadlines passed or were imminent, during this period. The facts of this case are 

thus unlike those of any of the Eleventh Circuit cases on which the defendant 

relies.

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The plaintiff in De Leon failed to disclose an existing EEOC charge in his 

original schedules and then failed to amend his schedules when he filed suit. The

plaintiff’s non-disclosure lasted 17 months after filing his petition and 11 months 

after filing suit, and during this prolonged period of non-disclosure the plaintiff 

obtained confirmation of his Chapter 13 plan of re-organization. 321 F.3d at 

1290-91.

The plaintiff in Barger failed to disclose an existing lawsuit in her original 

schedules and then failed to amend her schedules when she amended her 

complaint to seek compensatory and punitive damages. The plaintiff’s nondisclosure lasted five to nine months after filing her petition and three to seven 

months after filing her amended complaint, and during this period the plaintiff was 

granted a complete discharge. 348 F.3d at 1291-92.

The plaintiff in Burnes failed to amend his schedules when he filed an

EEOC charge and then a lawsuit. The plaintiff’s non-disclosure never ended but, 

36 months after filing his charge and 13 months after filing his lawsuit, he was 

granted a complete discharge. 291 F.3d at 1284.

The plaintiff in Robinson failed to amend her schedules when she filed a 

lawsuit. The plaintiff’s non-disclosure never ended but, nine months after filing 

her lawsuit, she was granted a full discharge. 595 F.3d at 1272.2 

The difference between the failure to disclose an existing claim in an 

original filing and the actual but untimely disclosure of a new claim in an amended 

filing is significant. The former involves the judicial submission of an affirmative 

misrepresentation, one that is wrong when filed and that is never corrected. The 

 2 This case is also unlike Hands v. Winn-Dixie Stores, Inc., 2010 WL 4496798 

(S.D. Ala. 2010), a decision of the Court often cited by the defendant. The plaintiff in 

Hands failed to disclose an existing EEOC charge in his original schedules and then 

failed to amend his schedules when he filed suit. The plaintiff’s non-disclosure lasted 34

months after filing his petition and eleven months after filing suit, and during this 

prolonged period of non-disclosure the plaintiff obtained confirmation of his Chapter 13 

plan of re-organization. Id. at *1-2, *3, *5. 

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latter involves the judicial submission of an accurate representation that later 

events cause to become inaccurate and that is eventually corrected. See Snowden, 

419 F. Supp. 2d at 1373 (the plaintiff “did not affirmatively misrepresent that her 

claims did not exist [but] merely failed to amend her schedule for four months 

after she learned about the claims”); Roots, 2009 WL 4798217 at *7 (“The failure 

to amend does not create the same inference as the case where the debtor has 

knowledge of or has filed his non-bankruptcy claim prior to filing for Chapter 13 

bankruptcy.”).

The length of time a misstatement remains uncorrected is also significant. 

The longer a debtor permits a misrepresentation to remain, the stronger the 

inference that the reason is intent. This is especially so when an initially accurate 

schedule becomes wrong due to subsequent events, since there is no precise 

deadline for amending schedules and since it is no more uncommon or suspicious 

to briefly delay filing an amended schedule than it is to delay filing an original 

petition or any other pleading. The Ajaka Court found that two months and nine 

days between the filing of suit and the submission of amended schedules did not 

constitute timely amendment, 453 F.3d at 1343, 1344, but it also deemed that time 

period sufficiently short to suggest a lack of intent to make a mockery of the 

judicial system. Id. at 1346. The delay here was two months and ten days. 

“Judicial estoppel does not operate because a party did not move as quickly as she 

could have; it operates only against cold manipulation ....” Snowden, 419 F. 

Supp. 2d at 1373-74 (finding a delay of four months, standing alone, too short to 

be conclusive as to intent). 

The occurrence of key events, or the passage of key deadlines, while a 

debtor delays correcting a schedule is also significant, because it reflects the 

debtor’s receipt of a benefit from his delay and supports an inference that he 

sought by delay to obtain the benefit. Thus, in Strauss v. Rent-A-Center, Inc., 192 

Fed. Appx. 821 (11th Cir. 2006), the Court reversed the lower court’s finding of 

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judicial estoppel because, unlike in Barger, “[t]he bankruptcy court never entered 

any order discharging any of Strauss’s debts.” Id. at 823.3 

The defendant argues that judicial estoppel must apply here because the 

plaintiff did not amend his bankruptcy schedules until after the defendant filed the 

instant motion. (Doc. 20 at 2-3). “Such a bright-line rule, however, represents an 

unprecedented extension of judicial estoppel,” and such evidence “has never been 

treated as dispositive proof of intent to mislead.” Snowden, 419 F. Supp. 2d at 

1374. When, as in the defendant’s cited cases, the passage of substantial time and 

the receipt of benefit have already occurred, the debtor’s amendment in response 

to a motion for summary judgment on judicial estoppel grounds cannot easily

undo their damage. Here, however, the plaintiff amended his schedules barely two 

months after suit was filed and long before any possible benefit from nondisclosure could be realized. In light of those circumstances, that the plaintiff 

amended after the defendant asserted judicial estoppel is at best ambiguous. 

Because this matter is before the Court on motion for summary judgment, the 

defendant does not win in the face of ambiguity.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons set forth above, the defendant’s motion for summary 

judgment is denied. 

DONE and ORDERED this 21st day of November, 2014.

s/ WILLIAM H. STEELE

CHIEF UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE 

 3 “The application of judicial estoppel does not require that the nondisclosure 

must lead to a different result in the bankruptcy proceeding.” Robinson, 595 F.3d at 1275 

(emphasis added). The failure to affect the result, however – and in this case, the absence 

of any real possibility of affecting the result – is a circumstance that may weigh in the 

determination whether the plaintiff intended to make a mockery of the judicial system. 

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