IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

SOUTHERN DIVISION

KAREN PADGETT BROWN, :

Plaintiff, :

v. : CA 14-00343-KD-C

MOBILE COUNTY :

COMMISSIONERS, et al.,

:

Defendants.

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

This cause is before the Magistrate Judge for issuance of a report and 

recommendation, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b), on the Complaint (doc. 4), the motion 

to dismiss (doc. 9) and brief in support (doc. 10) filed by Defendant Mobile County 

Commissioners (“County”), the Plaintiff’s response (doc. 15), and the County’s reply 

(doc. 16). Upon consideration of the foregoing pleadings, the Magistrate Judge 

RECOMMENDS that the County’s motion to dismiss (doc. 9) be GRANTED.

I. Background

The Plaintiff has filed a pro se Complaint (doc. 4) asserting employment 

discrimination claims against her former employer, the County. (Id.) Specifically, she 

alleges that the County discriminated against her based on her race, sex, and disability. 

(Id., ¶ 8.) She alleges that the County terminated her employment and failed to promote 

her. (Id., ¶ 6.) Furthermore, she complains of the following other acts by the County: 

“Hostile Work Environment, Harrassment, Retali[a]tion[, and] Workplace Bullying 

[and] mobbing.” (Id.) 

Case 1:14-cv-00343-KD-C Document 26 Filed 02/24/15 Page 1 of 16
2

On January 7, 2015, United States District Judge Kristi K. DuBose entered 

summary judgment in the County’s favor on the Plaintiff’s discriminatory and 

retaliatory termination claims. (Doc. 18.) More specifically, Judge DuBose concluded 

that the Plaintiff cannot establish a prima facie case of race or sex discrimination, (id. at 

19-21), and that the Plaintiff cannot establish a prima facie case of retaliation, (id. at 18-

19). 

Therefore, the Plaintiff’s only remaining claims are her disability, failure to 

promote, and hostile work environment claims. The County has moved to dismiss 

those claims with prejudice pursuant to Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6) for the Plaintiff’s failure 

to exhaust her administrative remedies and for her failure to state a claim. (Doc. 9.) 

The undersigned addresses the County’s motion herein. 

II. Legal Standard

A. Pro Se Litigant Review.

The Plaintiff is a pro se litigant. “Pro se pleadings are held to a less stringent 

standard than pleadings drafted by attorneys and will, therefore, be liberally 

construed.” Tannenbaum v. United States, 148 F.3d 1262, 1263 (11th Cir. 1998). Even 

though courts are given leave to liberally construe pleadings of a pro se litigant in 

recognition of their lack of formal legal education, “this leniency does not give a court 

license to serve as de facto counsel for a party[.]” GJR Investments, Inc. v. County of 

Escambia, Florida, 132 F.3d 1359, 1369 (11th Cir. 1998) (citation omitted), overruled on other

grounds by Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 129 S. Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L. Ed. 2d 868 (2009). 

In addition, courts are not required to “rewrite an otherwise deficient pleading in order 

to sustain an action[.]” Id. (citation omitted).

B. In Forma Pauperis Standard.

Case 1:14-cv-00343-KD-C Document 26 Filed 02/24/15 Page 2 of 16
3

28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) & (ii) provides that, “the court shall dismiss the case at 

any time if the court determines that ... the action or appeal ... is frivolous or malicious 

[or] fails to state a claim on which relief may be granted[.]” Id. “A complaint is 

frivolous if it is without arguable merit either in law or in fact.” Williams v. St. Vincent 

Hosp., 258 F. App’x 293, 294 (11th Cir. 2007) (citing Bilal v. Driver, 251 F.3d 1346, 1349 

(11th Cir. 2001)). The court in Williams went on to state that § 1915 “’accords judges not 

only the authority to dismiss a claim based on [an] indisputably meritless legal theory, 

but also the unusual power to pierce the veil of the complaint’s factual allegations and 

dismiss those claims whose factual contentions are clearly baseless.’” Id. (quoting Bilal, 

251 F.3d at 1349).

C. Motion to Dismiss Standard.

Pursuant to Rule 12(b)(6) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, a defendant 

may move to dismiss a complaint on the basis that the plaintiff has failed to state a 

claim upon which relief may be granted. See Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(6). A Rule 12(b)(6) 

motion questions the legal sufficiency of a complaint (or portions of a complaint); 

therefore, in assessing the merits of a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court must assume that 

all the factual allegations set forth in the complaint are true. See, e.g., United States v. 

Gaubert, 499 U.S. 315, 327, 111 S.Ct. 1267, 1276, 113 L.Ed.2d 335 (1991); Powell v. Lennon, 

914 F.2d 1459, 1463 (11th Cir. 1990). Moreover, all factual allegations are to be construed 

in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. See, e.g., Brower v. County of Inyo, 489 U.S. 593, 

598, 109 S. Ct. 1378, 1382, 103 L. Ed. 2d 628 (1989).

Rule 8(a)(2) generally sets the benchmark for determining whether a complaint’s 

allegations are sufficient to survive a Rule 12(b)(6) motion. See Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 677-678,

129 S. Ct. at 1949 (“Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(a)(2), a pleading must 

contain a ‘short and plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to 

Case 1:14-cv-00343-KD-C Document 26 Filed 02/24/15 Page 3 of 16
4

relief.’ As the Court held in Twombly, . . . the pleading standard Rule 8 announces does 

not require ‘detailed factual allegations,’ but it demands more than an unadorned, the 

defendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation.”). Indeed, “[a] pleading that offers ‘labels 

and conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not 

do.’” Id. at 678, 129 S. Ct. at 1949 (quoting Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 

555, 127 S. Ct. 1955, 1964-1965, 167 L. Ed. 2d 929 (2007)). “Nor does a complaint suffice if 

it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Id. (quoting 

Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 127 S. Ct. at 1955).

To survive a motion to dismiss, a complaint must contain sufficient 

factual matter, accepted as true, to state a claim to relief that is plausible 

on its face. A claim has facial plausibility when the plaintiff pleads factual 

content that allows the court to draw the reasonable inference that the 

defendant is liable for the misconduct alleged. The plausibility standard is 

not akin to a probability requirement, but it asks for more than a sheer 

possibility that a defendant has acted unlawfully. Where a complaint 

pleads facts that are merely consistent with a defendant’s liability, it stops 

short of the line between possibility and plausibility of entitlement to 

relief.

Two working principles underlie our decision in Twombly. First, the 

tenet that a court must accept as true all of the allegations contained in a 

complaint is inapplicable to legal conclusions. Threadbare recitals of the 

elements of a cause of action, supported by mere conclusory statements, 

do not suffice. Rule 8 marks a notable and generous departure from the 

hyper-technical, code-pleading regime of a prior era, but it does not 

unlock the doors of discovery for a plaintiff armed with nothing more 

than conclusions. Second, only a complaint that states a plausible claim for 

relief survives a motion to dismiss. Determining whether a complaint 

states a plausible claim for relief will . . . be a context-specific task that 

requires the reviewing court to draw on its judicial experience and 

common sense. But where the well-pleaded facts do not permit the court 

to infer more than the mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has 

alleged–but it has not show[n]–that the pleader is entitled to relief.

Id. at 678-679, 129 S. Ct. at 1949-1950 (internal citations and quotation marks omitted); 

see also id. at 680, 129 S. Ct. at 1950-1951 (a plaintiff must nudge his claims “‘across the 

line from conceivable to plausible.’”); see Speaker v. United States Dep’t of Health & Human 

Services Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, 623 F.3d 1371, 1381 (11th Cir. 2010) 

Case 1:14-cv-00343-KD-C Document 26 Filed 02/24/15 Page 4 of 16
5

(“[G]iven the pleading standards announced in Twombly and Iqbal, [plaintiff] must do 

more than recite [] statutory elements in conclusory fashion. Rather, his allegations 

must proffer enough factual content to ‘raise a right to relief above the speculative 

level.’”).

III. Analysis

Failure to Exhaust Administrative Remedies

A plaintiff may not bring an employment discrimination action pursuant to Title 

VII without first submitting a charge of discrimination to the Equal Employment 

Opportunity Commission (EEOC). Gregory v. Georgia Dept. of Human Res., 355 F.3d 

1277, 1279 (11th Cir. 2004) (citing Sanchez v. Standard Brands, Inc., 431 F.2d 455, 460 (5th 

Cir. 1970)). 

The purpose of this exhaustion requirement “is that the [EEOC] 

should have the first opportunity to investigate the alleged discriminatory 

practices to permit it to perform its role in obtaining voluntary compliance 

and promoting conciliation efforts.” Evans v. U.S. Pipe & Foundry Co., 696 

F.2d 925, 929 (11th Cir. 1983); see also Wu v. Thomas, 863 F.2d 1543, 1548 

(11th Cir.1989) (“The purpose of the filing requirement is to insure that the 

settlement of grievances be first attempted through the office of the 

EEOC.”) (internal quotation and citation omitted). This Court further has 

noted that judicial claims are allowed if they “amplify, clarify, or more 

clearly focus” the allegations in the EEOC complaint, but has cautioned 

that allegations of new acts of discrimination are inappropriate. Wu, 863 

F.2d at 1547 (citation omitted).

In light of the purpose of the EEOC exhaustion requirement, we 

have held that a “plaintiff's judicial complaint is limited by the scope of 

the EEOC investigation which can reasonably be expected to grow out of 

the charge of discrimination.” Alexander v. Fulton County, Ga., 207 F.3d 

1303, 1332 (11th Cir. 2000) (internal quotation and citation omitted); 

Sanchez, 431 F.2d at 466 (noting that the allegations in a judicial complaint 

filed pursuant to Title VII may encompass any kind of discrimination like 

or related to the allegations contained in the charge). Courts are 

nonetheless “extremely reluctant to allow procedural technicalities to bar 

claims brought under [Title VII].” Sanchez, 431 F.2d at 460-61. As such, this 

Court has noted that “‘the scope of an EEOC complaint should not be 

strictly interpreted’” Id. at 465 (citation omitted).

Id. at 1279-80.

Case 1:14-cv-00343-KD-C Document 26 Filed 02/24/15 Page 5 of 16
6

The County argues that the Plaintiff’s failure to promote, hostile work 

environment and disability claims are barred because the Plaintiff failed to assert them 

in her charge filed with the EEOC. (Doc. 10 at 3-5.) The County argues that the 

Plaintiff’s charge “focused solely on [her] contention that she was discharged in 

November 2013 because of her race, her sex, and in retaliation for her prior grievance in 

2011.” (Id. at 4.) Therefore, the County argues that, because the Plaintiff’s failure to 

promote, hostile work environment and disability claims fall outside the scope of her 

EEOC charge, such claims are barred. (Id.) In her response, the Plaintiff does not 

address the scope of her EEOC charge or otherwise discuss the exhaustion of her 

administrative remedies. (See doc. 15.)

The undersigned’s review of the Plaintiff’s EEOC charge reveals that the Plaintiff 

failed to assert any failure to promote, hostile work environment or disability claims. 

The Plaintiff filed her EEOC charge on February 22, 2014. (Doc. 4 at 20.) In her charge 

she indicated, by checking boxes on the form, that she was complaining of 

discrimination by the County on the basis of race, sex and retaliation, but not disability. 

(Id.) She stated that the discrimination complained of occurred on November 27, 2013, 

the day her employment was terminated. (Id.) She explained the details of her claim in 

the following narrative statement:

I was hired on November 3, 2007, by the Respondent as an Auto Parts 

Buyer. On November 27, 2013, Theodore Lawson, Sr. (White, 

Superintendent of Public Works) terminated my employment. I believe I 

was discriminated against because of my race (Black), sex and in 

retaliation for filing a grievance in December 2011.

In April 2013, Eddie Rome (White, Auto Parts Buyer) purchased $5,000-

$7,0000 [sic] worth of cleaning supplies from a vendor in exchange for 

staying at the vendor’s beach property in Gulf Shores, AL. Lawson 

suspended Rome for 10 days and did not terminate his employment.

Case 1:14-cv-00343-KD-C Document 26 Filed 02/24/15 Page 6 of 16
7

On November 6-7, 2013, I was accused of creating Mobile County 

purchase orders to vendors for items for my personal vehicle totaling 

$314.25. This is not true. I was terminated.

I believe I have been retaliated against in violation of Title VII of the Civil 

Rights Act of 1964, as amended.

(Id.)

1

 

The undersigned agrees with the County that the Plaintiff’s failure to promote 

and hostile work environment claims do not fall within “the scope of the EEOC 

investigation which can reasonably be expected to grow out of the charge of 

discrimination.” See Gregory, 355 F.3d at 1280 (citation and internal quotation marks 

omitted). The Plaintiff stated in her charge that the discrimination occurred on the date 

of her termination. (See doc. 4 at 20.) In her narrative statement, she specifically 

referred to the incidents surrounding her termination, without any discussion of more 

general discrimination that could be construed as encompassing her failure to promote 

or hostile work environment claims. (See doc. 4 at 20.) The Plaintiff’s charge could not 

reasonably be expected to lead to an EEOC investigation of whether the County failed 

to promote the Plaintiff or whether the County maintained a hostile work environment 

and, therefore, those claims are barred. See Green v. Elixir Indus., Inc., 152 F. App’x 838, 

 1 While not argued by the Plaintiff, the undersigned acknowledges that, in the 

Intake Questionnaire and documentation attached to the Intake Questionnaire submitted to the 

EEOC, the Plaintiff alleges that she was harassed and denied a promotion by the County. (Doc. 

4 at 22-25, 33-34.) However, intake questionnaires generally are not treated as charges for 

purposes of determining whether a plaintiff exhausted her claims. See Francois v. Miami Dade 

Cnty., Port of Miami, 432 F. App’x 819, 822 (11th Cir. 2011). Here, as in Francois, the Intake 

Questionnaire and attached documentation do not constitute a charge because the Intake 

Questionnaire was not verified by the Plaintiff, (doc. 4 at 25), and because the Plaintiff 

demonstrated her understanding that the Intake Questionnaire and attached documentation did 

not constitute a charge by subsequently filing a timely charge, (compare id. at 22-25, with id. at 20). 

See Francois, 432 F. App’x at 822 (determining that the intake questionnaire did not constitute an 

EEOC charge for purposes of exhaustion). The undersigned’s finding in this regard is further 

supported by the fact that the EEOC did not treat the Plaintiff’s Intake Questionnaire as a 

charge, (doc. 4 at 21), and the fact that the Plaintiff was assisted by an attorney before 

submitting her Intake Questionnaire, (id. at 25). 

Case 1:14-cv-00343-KD-C Document 26 Filed 02/24/15 Page 7 of 16
8

841 (11th Cir. 2005) (concluding that the plaintiff’s EEOC charge did not encompass a 

hostile work environment claim where “[n]othing in [the charge] related to incidents of 

harassment, nor did anything mention the dates on which they occurred.”); Mulhall v. 

Advance Sec., Inc., 19 F.3d 586, 589 n.8 (11th Cir. 1994) (affirming district court’s 

conclusion that the plaintiff’s failure to promote claims were barred where the plaintiff 

only asserted an unequal pay claim in her charge); see also Ezekiel v. Tift Cnty. Sch. Dist., 

No. 7:08-cv-127 (HL), 2010 WL 431977, at *5 (M.D. Ga. Feb. 1, 2010) (“To hold that a 

disparate pay claim grows out of failure to promote claims would be to determine that 

the simple act of raising one kind of discrimination claim with the EEOC would allow 

plaintiffs to file all manner of discrimination claims, no matter how remote they may be 

factually from the initial claim, in the district court. This is not acceptable.”). 

Accordingly, it is RECOMMENDED that the County’s motion to dismiss be granted 

with respect to the Plaintiff’s failure to promote2 and hostile work environment claims.3

 2 The undersigned notes that, even if the Plaintiff had raised her failure to promote 

claim in her EEOC charge, that claim would be barred for being untimely. “In a non-deferral 

state such as Alabama, the deadline for filing [an EEOC charge] is 180 days after the alleged 

discriminatory act.” Carter v. Univ. of South Ala. Children’s & Women’s Hosp., 510 F. Supp. 2d 596, 

606 (S.D. Ala. 2007). In the Plaintiff’s response to the County’s motion to dismiss, the Plaintiff 

states that her failure to promote claim is based on the County’s March 3, 2009 denial of her 

application for the position of “Public Service Supervisor II.” (Doc. 15 at 2, 10; see doc. 4 at 9.) 

The Plaintiff was required to file her charge of discrimination with respect to that act not later 

than 180 days after it occurred. See Carter v. Austal, U.S.A., L.L.C., Civil Action No. 08-00155-

KD-N, 2011 WL 3203761, at *2-4 (S.D. Ala. July 27, 2011) (concluding that the defendant’s failure 

to promote claims were barred as untimely because the failure to promote a plaintiff is a 

discrete act that cannot give rise to a discrimination claim when the plaintiff did not file a 

charge within 180 days of the employer’s decision denying the promotion); Johnson v. City of 

Tampa, No. 8:11-cv-2372-T-33EAJ, 2013 WL 1912790, at *8-9 (M.D. Fla. May 9, 2013) (same). 

Because the Plaintiff did not file her EEOC charge until February 22, 2014, (doc. 4 at 20), five 

years after she was denied the promotion at issue, her failure to promote claim is time barred. 

3 The undersigned further notes that the Plaintiff’s hostile work environment 

claim is frivolous. 

To state a claim for hostile work environment under either Title VII or the 

ADA, plaintiff must allege facts which demonstrate: (1) that she belongs to a 

protected group, (2) that she was subjected to unwelcome harassment, (3) that 

Case 1:14-cv-00343-KD-C Document 26 Filed 02/24/15 Page 8 of 16
9

 the harassment was based on a protected characteristic, (4) that the harassment 

was sufficiently severe or pervasive to alter the terms and conditions of 

employment, and (5) that the employer is either directly or vicariously 

responsible for the abusive work environment.

O’Donnell v. Punta Gorda HMA, LLC, No. 2:10-cv-785-FtM-29SPC, 2011 WL 3168144, at *3 (M.D. 

Fla. July 27, 2011) (citing Burgos v. Chertoff, 274 F. App'x 839, 842 (11th Cir. 2008); Miller v. 

Kenworth of Dothan, Inc., 277 F.3d 1269, 1275 (11th Cir. 2002)). “While a prima facie case need not 

be proven at the pleading stage, a plaintiff ‘is still required to properly plead a cause of action 

pursuant to Twombly and Iqbal.’” Baker v. Hafez Corp., Civil Action No. 13-00641-KD-N, 2014 WL 

1760976, at *8 n.11 (S.D. Ala. May 2, 2014) (citing Henderson v. JP Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 436 F. 

App’x 935, 937 (11th Cir. 2011); Veale v. Florida Dep’t of Health, No. 2:13-c-77-FtM-38UAM, 2013 

WL 5703577, at *5 (M.D. Fla. July 29, 2013)) (emphasis omitted); see Edwards v. Prime, Inc., 602 

F.3d 1276, 1301 (11th Cir. 2010) (concluding that the Plaintiff did not allege sufficient facts to 

state a plausible claim because, “[a]lthough the amended complaint does allege that [the 

plaintiff] was threatened, assaulted, and shunned by his Hispanic and Latino co-workers, which 

created a hostile work environment, it does not plausibly allege that he was harassed because 

he is Caucasian.”). 

In the Plaintiff’s Complaint, she does not articulate any allegations supporting a hostile 

work environment claim beyond stating that she complains of “[h]arassment” and “[w]orkplace 

bullying [and] mobbing.” (See doc. 4 at 1-6.) Those bare and conclusory allegations clearly fall 

short of stating a plausible hostile work environment claim. The most notable deficiency is the 

Plaintiff’s failure to allege that the harassment was based on a protected characteristic. (See id.) 

The employment records attached to the Plaintiff’s Complaint contain evidence of instances of 

harassment and bullying behavior by the Plaintiff’s supervisor. (See doc. 4 at 38-62.) However, 

the evidence demonstrates that the harassment and bullying of which the Plaintiff complains 

was not based on the Plaintiff’s race, sex, alleged disability, or any other protected characteristic. 

(See, e.g., doc. 4 at 55, correspondence from the Plaintiff to the County (“[T]here was an attack 

on me by [my supervisor]. He became raged [sic] about an[] order that came in. As we were 

unloading the order [he] stormed into the parts room cursing about the order. . . . He continued 

cursing and swearing which . . . happens very often. . . . [He] threaten[ed] my position . . . . He 

was cursing in a bad way. This action was very unprofessional and should not be part of the 

workplace. According to the Law of Human Right of 1964 no persons should be harassed and 

cursed as part of any workplace.”); id. at 59, correspondence from the Plaintiff to the County 

(“[He] now is using the Indirect Bullying Style and he has recruited followers. He’s in a more 

subtle form of bullying also known as social aggression. . . . [He] employs techniques such [as] 

criticism, gossip, and seeks isolation towards me.”); id. at 60, correspondence from the County’s 

attorney to the Plaintiff (“You and I discussed the meaning of [sexual harassment and 

discrimination] and you advised me this has not occurred. You did, however, describe bullying 

and consistently negative and accusatory actions, statements, and attitudes on the part of [your 

supervisor]. You advised that this is not directed only at you, or only at protected classes such 

as blacks or females, but also at whites and males.”).) Thus, the Plaintiff cannot state a plausible 

hostile work environment claim. See Edwards, 602 F.3d at 1301. 

As Judge DuBose stated when addressing the County’s motion for summary judgment, 

“the law [does not] impose[] a general civility code in the workplace,” (doc. 18 at 18 (“[N]othing 

in the grievance or subsequent grievance proceedings indicated [the Plaintiff] truly believed at 

the time [her supervisor] was cursing her or threatening her simply because she was black or a 

woman or both—she just mistakenly believes the law imposes a general civility code in the 

workplace. Accordingly, [the Plaintiff’s] October 2011 grievance is not ‘protected activity’ 

under Title VII.”). See Hill v. Bd. of Sch. Commissioners of Mobile Cnty, Ala., Civil Action No. 12-

Case 1:14-cv-00343-KD-C Document 26 Filed 02/24/15 Page 9 of 16
10

The undersigned also finds that the Plaintiff failed to exhaust her disability 

discrimination claim by failing to check the box on her charge for disability 

discrimination, (doc. 4 at 20), and by failing to include any reference to a disability in 

the narrative statement portion of her charge, (id.). See Sessom v. Wellstar Hosp., Civil 

Action File No. 1:08-CV-2057-TWT, 2009 WL 1562876, at *2-3 (N.D. Ga. May 29, 2009) 

(“Because Plaintiff’s charge does not reference discrimination on the basis of disability 

and clearly excludes it as a basis when she did not check the box indicating that her 

charge was based on disability discrimination, the Court cannot conclude that the 

EEOC’s investigation of Plaintiff’s charge would have reasonably included her 

disability discrimination claim.”). However, in this Circuit, the Title VII exhaustion 

requirements only apply to employment discrimination claims on the basis of disability 

if those claims are brought pursuant to Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act 

(ADA).4 Those exhaustion requirements do not apply to employment discrimination 

 00510-KD-N, 2014 WL 1604004, at *8 (S.D. Ala. Apr. 22, 2014) (“Title VII is not a ‘federal civility 

code’ . . . and does not create liability for ‘the ordinary tribulations of the workplace, such as the 

sporadic use of abusive language.’” (quoting Faragher v. City of Boca Raton, 524 U.S. 775, 788 

(1998); Mendoza v. Borden, Inc., 195 F.3d 1238, 1245 (11th Cir. 1999))). Any hostile work 

environment claim based on the Plaintiff’s allegations of harassment, bullying or “mobbing” 

clearly lacks merit and is due to be dismissed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1915(e)(2)(B)(i) and (ii). 

See Williams v. Ala. Pub. Health Dept., 159 F. App’x 120, 121 (11th Cir. 2005) (affirming the district 

court’s dismissal of hostile work environment claim where the plaintiff “alleged that her coworkers’ conduct was annoying and unprofessional but failed to allege that it was attributable 

to her membership in a protected category.”).

4 See Bledsoe v. Palm Beach Cnty. Soil & Water Conservation Dist., 133 F.3d 816, 824 

(11th Cir. 1998) (“[T]he Ethridge court noted the difference in the application of the exhaustion 

requirement which is mandatory in Title I but not in Title II of the ADA. The court found that 

although Title I requires exhaustion, Title II does not because it ‘incorporates the enforcement 

procedures of the Rehabilitation Act, . . . which do not require exhaustion of administrative 

remedies for non-federal employees.’ [Ethridge v. Alabama,] 847 F. Supp. [903,] 907 [(M.D. Ala. 

1993)]. ‘An analysis of Title II regulations further makes clear that, while resort to 

administrative remedies is optional, it is not required.’ Id. The court referenced the regulations, 

which plainly state that exhaustion is not required. . . . We agree with this analysis and note that 

it is generally presumed that Congress acts intentionally and purposely where ‘”it includes 

particular language in one section of a statute but omits it in another.”’”), cert. denied, 525 U.S. 

826, 119 S. Ct. 72, 142 L. Ed. 2d 57 (1998); King v. Clarke County, Ala., No. CA 12-0312-CG-C, 2012 

Case 1:14-cv-00343-KD-C Document 26 Filed 02/24/15 Page 10 of 16
11

claims brought by non-federal employees against public entities pursuant to Title II of 

the ADA.5

Here, the pro se Plaintiff used a form complaint provided by the Court in 

employment discrimination cases. (Doc. 4 at 1-3; see doc. 3 at 2 (“[T]he Clerk’s Office is 

instructed to send to Ms. Brown a form complaint utilized in discrimination cases. Ms. 

Brown is ORDERED to complete all sections of the form complaint[.]”).) She checked 

an entry on the form complaint indicating that she has a “Physical disability,” and, 

“[t]herefore, [she is] bringing this action pursuant to the [ADA], specifically, 42 U.S.C. § 

12117.” (Doc. 4, ¶ 8.) That statutory reference is to Title I of the ADA. However, an 

employment discrimination claim on the basis of disability also may be brought against 

a public entity, such as the County, pursuant to Title II of the ADA. Bledsoe, 133 F.3d at 

825 (holding that Title II encompasses employment discrimination claims). Because the 

Plaintiff is proceeding pro se and used the form complaint provided by the Court, the 

undersigned construes the Plaintiff’s disability discrimination claim liberally as being 

brought pursuant to Title I and Title II of the ADA. Thus, while the Plaintiff’s Title I 

claim is barred for her failure to exhaust her administrative remedies, her Title II claim 

is not foreclosed on those grounds. 

Title II Disability Discrimination Claim 

With regard to her disability discrimination claim, the Plaintiff alleges that she 

was “[r]un over by [a] truck on Mobile County property” and that the event was 

“malic[i]ous.” (Doc. 4, ¶ 8.) However, the Plaintiff does not provide any further 

specific allegations regarding the manner in which she was discriminated against or 

 WL 5287040, at *7 (S.D. Ala. Sept. 27, 2012) (discussing Bledsoe, 133 F.3d at 824), report and 

recommendation adopted by 2012 WL 5265954. 

5 See supra note 4. 

Case 1:14-cv-00343-KD-C Document 26 Filed 02/24/15 Page 11 of 16
12

otherwise describe the events that gave rise to her claims. (See id., ¶¶ 1-14.) Instead, the

Plaintiff refers to seventy-three pages of documents attached to her Complaint. (Id., ¶ 

11 (“See Attached [and] See Exhibits”); id. at 4 (“See Attached”); see id. at 7-79.) Those 

attached documents include records from her employment with the County and records 

from her EEOC file. (See id. at 7-79.) In one of the documents submitted to the EEOC, 

the Plaintiff stated that “[she] was run over by a truck in the employee parking lot [on]

March 8, 2010. (Doc. 4 at 34).

Title II of the ADA provides that “no qualified individual with a 

disability 6 shall, by reason of such disability, be excluded from 

participation in or be denied the benefits of the services, programs, or 

activities of a public entity, or be subjected to discrimination by any such 

entity.” 42 U.S.C. § 12132. The Eleventh Circuit recognizes employment

discrimination claims as cognizable under Title II. Bledsoe[, 133 F.3d at 

825]. A plaintiff proceeding under Title II must prove: (1) that she is a 

qualified individual with a disability; (2) that she was either excluded 

from participation in or denied the benefits of a public entity's services, 

programs, or activities, or was otherwise discriminated against by the 

public entity; and (3) that the exclusion, denial of benefit, or 

discrimination was by reason of the plaintiff's disability. Bircoll v. Miami–

Dade Cnty., 480 F.3d 1072, 1083 (11th Cir. 2007).

Butts v. Ga. State Patrol Div., No. 4:11-CV-60 (CDL), 2011 WL 5597258, at *6 (M.D. Ga. 

Nov. 17, 2011).

Here, the Plaintiff has failed to adequately state a disability discrimination claim. 

First, the Plaintiff has not alleged any facts showing that she is a qualified individual 

with a disability. (See doc. 4 at 1-6; see also id. at 7-79, documentation attached to the 

Complaint.) Second, The Plaintiff has not alleged an adverse action by her employer

 6 Under the ADA, an individual has a “disability” if he (1) has a physical or 

mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities; (2) 

has a record of such an impairment; or (3) is regarded as having such an 

impairment. 42 U.S.C. § 12102(2); Cash v. Smith, 231 F.3d 1301, 1305 (11th Cir. 

2000). Major life activities include “functions such as caring for oneself, 

performing manual tasks, walking, and working.” 29 C.F.R. § 1630.2(i).

Butler v. Greif Bros. Serv. Corp., 231 F. App’x 854, 856 (11th Cir. 2007) (emphasis omitted).

Case 1:14-cv-00343-KD-C Document 26 Filed 02/24/15 Page 12 of 16
13

related to her disability. (See id. at 1-6.) The record is clear, and Judge DuBose has 

determined, that the Plaintiff’s employment was terminated “because her employer 

concluded she should not have been misusing the purchasing system.” (Doc. 18 at 24.) 

There is no suggestion in the Complaint or in the documentation attached to the 

Complaint that she was terminated for reasons related to her disability. (See doc. 4 at 

20, Plaintiff’s EEOC Charge (asserting that she was terminated because of her race, sex, 

and for filing a grievance, but not due to any disability); see generally id. at 1-79.) 

Likewise, there are no allegations by the Plaintiff, and no evidence in the 

documentation attached to the Complaint, that the Plaintiff was denied a promotion 

due to her disability. (See doc. 4.) In fact, the Plaintiff ties her failure to promote claim 

to a denied promotion on March 4, 2009, (doc. 15 at 2, 10), and the Plaintiff’s purported 

disability did not occur until March 2010, (doc. 4 at 34). Furthermore, the Plaintiff has 

not alleged, and there is no evidence indicating, that she ever requested or was ever 

denied reasonable accommodations for a disability. (See id. at 1-6; id. at 7-79.) 7 

 7 In a document submitted to the EEOC, the Plaintiff discussed her injury related 

to the automobile accident as follows:

I was run over by a truck in the employee parking lot March 8, 2010. I was off 

workman compensation. When I returned to work my desk was filled with 

Purchase Orders that basically piled there, no other buyer was allowed to help 

per Ray Shelly. This was another one of Ted Lawson and Ray Shelly schemes to 

deem me incompetent, I had to talk to the Account Payable Director Judy Ford. 

She did not know that I had got ran over in the parking lot. All this was thrown 

out. The mental anguish that I have suffered has left me with serious health 

issue[s].

(Doc. 4 at 34.) Notably, the Plaintiff does not state that she requested or was denied a 

reasonable accommodation related to a covered disability. See Gaston v. Bellingrath Gardens & 

Home, Inc., 167 F.3d 1361, 1363 (11th Cir. 1999) (holding that, under the ADA, an employer’s 

“duty to provide a reasonable accommodation is not triggered unless a specific demand for an 

accommodation has been made”); see also Russell v. City of Mobile, Civil Action No. 11-0267-CG-B, 

2013 WL 1567372, at *6 (S.D. Ala. Apr. 12, 2013) (citing Gaston, 167 F.3d at 1363-64). 

Additionally, were the Plaintiff to clearly articulate any disability discrimination claim arising 

from this incident, it would surely be barred by the statute of limitations. “[F]or discrimination 

claims under Title II of the ADA . . . the applicable limitations period is governed by the most 

analogous state statute of limitations,” Horsley v. Univ. of Ala., 564 F. App’x 1006, 1008 (11th Cir. 

Case 1:14-cv-00343-KD-C Document 26 Filed 02/24/15 Page 13 of 16
14

Significantly, in the Plaintiff’s response to the County’s motion to dismiss, the Plaintiff 

did not make any attempt to explain the nature of her disability discrimination claim or 

otherwise argue that she has adequately alleged such a claim. (See doc. 15.)

Therefore, the undersigned finds that the Plaintiff’s disability discrimination 

claim is frivolous. The Plaintiff’s bare assertion that she was discriminated against on 

the basis of disability is unsupported by any factual allegations demonstrating the 

plausibility of such a claim. The Plaintiff cannot state a claim for disability 

discrimination merely by asserting that she was injured in an automobile accident in 

her employee parking lot. See Marsh v. Ga. Dept. of Behavioral & Health Developmental 

Disabilities, No. CV410-273, 2011 WL 806423, at *1 (S.D. Ga. Feb. 14, 2011) (“[P]laintiff 

must plead more than threadbare recitals, legal conclusions and the mere possibility of 

misconduct. . . . [I]t is not sufficient to simply cite to various health problems and an 

adverse employment result.” (citations omitted)), report and recommendation adopted by

2011 WL 806658; Royster v. Escambia Cnty. Nursing Home, No. 3:06cv52/MCR/MD, 2006 

WL 5882171, at *3 (N.D. Fla. Mar. 31, 2006) (“[P]laintiff neither claims nor alleges facts to 

suggest she has a disability. Even assuming arguendo that she does, she fails to allege 

facts that even remotely suggest defendants’ decision to deny her medical benefits was 

the result of discrimination based on disability.”). Furthermore, the copious documents 

attached to the Complaint do not provide any indication that Plaintiff could state a 

plausible disability discrimination claim if given the opportunity to amend her

 2014) (citing Everett v. Cobb Cnty. Sch. Dist., 138 F.3d 1407, 1409-10 (11th Cir. 1998)); Williams v. 

Raymond & Assoc., LLC, Civil Action No. 13-0634-CG, 2014 WL 2215872, at *1 (S.D. Ala. May 29, 

2014) (citing Everett, 138 F.3d at 1409), and for a case such as this where the incident occurred in 

Alabama, “the applicable limitations period is two years,” Horsley, 564 F. App’x at 1008 (citing 

Ala. Code § 6-2-38(l)). Because the events described by the Plaintiff occurred in 2010, (see doc. 4 

at 34), and the Plaintiff did not file her Complaint until 2014, (doc. 1; doc. 4), any claim arising 

from those events would be barred by the two–year statute. 

Case 1:14-cv-00343-KD-C Document 26 Filed 02/24/15 Page 14 of 16
15

Complaint.8 Accordingly, it is RECOMMENDED by the undersigned that Plaintiff’s 

disability discrimination claim be dismissed with prejudice pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 

1915(e)(2)(B)(i) and (ii).

III. Conclusion

For the reasons stated herein, the Magistrate Judge RECOMMENDS that the 

County’s motion to dismiss (doc. 9) be GRANTED and that all remaining claims 

against the County be DISMISSED WITH PREJUDICE. 

NOTICE OF RIGHT TO FILE OBJECTIONS

A copy of this report and recommendation shall be served on all parties in the 

manner provided by law. Any party who objects to this recommendation or anything in 

it must, within fourteen (14) days of the date of service of this document, file specific 

written objections with the Clerk of this Court. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1); Fed. R. Civ. P. 

72(b); S.D. ALA. L.R. 72.4. The parties should note that under Eleventh Circuit 

precedent, “the failure to object limits the scope of [] appellate review to plain error 

review of the magistrate judge’s factual findings.” Dupree v. Warden, 715 F.3d 1295, 1300 

(11th Cir. 2013) (emphasis in original). In order to be specific, an objection must identify 

the specific finding or recommendation to which objection is made, state the basis for 

the objection, and specify the place in the Magistrate Judge’s report and 

recommendation where the disputed determination is found. An objection that merely 

 8 The Plaintiff has not requested to amend her Complaint and, as stated above, she 

did not argue in response to the County’s motion to dismiss that she has a valid disability 

discrimination claim. (See doc. 15.)

Case 1:14-cv-00343-KD-C Document 26 Filed 02/24/15 Page 15 of 16
16

incorporates by reference or refers to the briefing before the Magistrate Judge is not 

specific.

DONE this the 23rd day of February 2015.

s/WILLIAM E. CASSADY

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

Case 1:14-cv-00343-KD-C Document 26 Filed 02/24/15 Page 16 of 16