FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

MAY 14, 2010

JOHN LEY

 CLERK

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 08-11655 

________________________

D. C. Docket No. 07-20585-CR-JLK

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

LARON FRAZIER,

Defendant-Appellant.

______________________

No. 08-12136

______________________

D. C. Docket No. 07-20585-CR-JLK

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

versus

GARY BERTRAM ROACH,

Defendant-Appellant.
________________________

Appeals from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Florida 

_________________________

(May 14, 2010)

Before EDMONDSON, BLACK and SILER, Circuit Judges.

*

SILER, Circuit Judge: 

In this consolidated criminal case, Laron Frazier appeals his convictions for

making false statements to a firearms dealer in connection with the acquisition of

firearms in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(6), counts 4 and 6, and exporting firearms

in violation of 18 U.S.C. § 554, count 17, and argues that his convictions were not

supported by sufficient evidence. Gary Bertram Roach appeals his conviction for

conspiracy to commit money laundering in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 1956(a)(1)(A)(i)

and (h), count 14, also on the basis that his conviction was not supported by sufficient

evidence. Roach further appeals his sentence of 135 months of imprisonment and

argues that his advisory Guidelines sentencing range was improperly calculated by

the district court. We AFFIRM Frazier’s and Roach’s convictions as supported by

sufficient evidence. Because we find that Roach’s advisory Guidelines range were

Honorable Eugene E. Siler, Jr., United States Circuit Judge for the Sixth Circuit, sitting *

by designation.

2
improperly calculated, we REVERSE his sentence and REMAND to the district court

for resentencing. 

BACKGROUND1

A. Introduction

Beginning in 2006, Frazier and Roach became involved in a firearms

smuggling operation from the United States to Canada. Frazier and Roach would

buy, or have someone else buy, firearms in the United States and hire drivers to

deliver the firearms in rental cars to Canada and exchange the firearms for drugs or

money, which were transported back to the United States. 

After indictment and trial, a jury found Frazier guilty of seven counts and

found Roach guilty of ten counts of the indictment. Frazier was sentenced to 180

months of imprisonment and Roach was sentenced to 135 months of imprisonment. 

Frazier appeals the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his convictions for

two counts of aiding and abetting the making of false statements in connection with

the purchase of a firearm, and also his conviction for exporting firearms. Roach

appeals his sentence and the sufficiency of the evidence supporting his conviction for

money laundering. 

We limit our discussion of the facts to those relevant to this appeal, including facts 1

related to counts 4, 6, 14, and 17 of the indictment, and facts related to Roach’s sentence. 

3
B. Aiding and Abetting False Statements in Connection with the

Acquisition of Firearms Counts Against Frazier

In September 2006, Frazier purchased four handguns at Pantera Guns &

Guitars (“Pantera”) in Miami, Florida. The owner of Pantera, Sean Gilley, testified

that Frazier was a prior customer whom he had dealt with on several occasions. 

Later that month Frazier returned to Pantera, this time accompanied by

Cassandra Davis. Frazier gave Davis the money to purchase the firearms, told her

what to say, and instructed her to explain that she was purchasing the guns as gifts. 

Davis ordered the same firearm models that Frazier had purchased from Pantera

earlier that month. She filled out Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives

(“ATF”) Form 4473 and affirmed that she was the “actual buyer” of the firearms. 

Due to a waiting period, Davis picked up the firearms fromPantera two days later and

took them to Frazier’s warehouse. Frazier instructed Davisthat if she was ever asked

what happened to the firearms, she should say they were stolen. Frazier paid Davis

$1500 for her services. 

Because Davis purchased more than one handgun within a five-day period,

Gilley was required to report the purchase to the ATF. Gilley also reported that

Davis’s purchase was similar to Frazier’s purchase made earlier that month. On

September 29, 2006, ATF agents contacted Davis about her purchase. She initially

4
told the ATF agents that they were given as gifts, but eventually showed Special

AgentBryan Miller the warehouse where she delivered the firearms and admitted that

they were purchased for Frazier. 

In January 2007, Frazier informed Gilley that someone was interested in

purchasing M-11 or M-12 handguns and inquired into their availability. Although

not accompanied by Frazier, Welline Lubin entered Pantera and purchased a Kel-Tec

P-32 handgun. The next day, Frazier told Gilley that Lubin had not picked up the

firearms she wanted and would return to the store to purchase an M-11 and an M-12. 

Lubin arrived at Pantera in a pickup truck registered to a business owned by Frazier

and was accompanied by Nedson Jeanovil. While in Pantera, Jeanovil received a call

from Frazier on his cell phone and handed the phone to Gilley. Frazier inquired as

to whether Gilley had an M-11 or M-12 in stock. Lubin then paid for one M-11 and

one M-12, but was required to wait to pick the firearms up. Lubin filled out ATF

Form 4473 and indicated that she was not the actual buyer of the firearms. Upon

Lubin’s subsequent return to pick up the firearms, Gilley noticed the mistake on ATF

Form 4473 and Lubin amended the form to indicate that she wasthe actual buyer. At

that time, Jeanovil took possession of all three firearms. 

C. Exporting Firearms Count Against Frazier

5
Serena Clark testified that from September through November 2006, she

purchased numerous firearms on behalf of Frazier and Roach. Frazier or Roach

would wire money to Clark’s “wire plastic card,” which she would use to purchase

the firearms. Although Clark had more contact with Frazier, she usually received

instructionsfrom Roach, while Frazier ensured that she was paid. Frazier and Roach

usually had someone pick up the firearms from Clark’s house, but Clark also

delivered firearms to Roach in person. 

Clark transported firearms to Canada for Frazier and Roach. On two occasions

she transported firearms from Alabama to Canada at Roach’s request, in return for

$1000 per trip. Frazier told her she was transporting guns to Canada for resale

because Canadians could not easily obtain guns. 

Before her first trip to Canada, Roach picked up Clark’s Oldsmobile and

returned it an hour later. When she arrived in Canada, she notified Roach who sent

Rodney Glouden, a Canadian firearms purchaser, to pick up the car. Clark also called

Frazier to inform himthatshe had arrived in Canada. Clark left the vehicle in Canada

and took a plane home to Alabama, where Frazier and Roach paid for her use of a

rental car. 

In December 2006, Clark made her second trip to Canada. Frazier told her the

purpose of the trip was to deliver some more “goods” to Canada, which, Frazier

6
explained to her, consisted oftaking the gunsthat were purchased in the United States

to Canada to be resold. On her second trip, Clark drove a grey Nissan rental car that

she paid for with money that Frazier and Roach had wired to her. Before she left,

Roach picked up the Nissan for about an hour. After it was returned, Clark drove to

Canada and once again met with Gloudon. Clark left the Nissan with Gloudon and

drove her Oldsmobile home to Alabama. Later that month, Frazier was observed at

Gloudon’s Canadian residence driving the Nissan and wasstopped by Toronto police,

but was not arrested at that time. 

Daniel Christie, one of Roach’s Canadian contacts, testified at trial. Roach

would instruct someone to drive a rental car containing firearms to Christie in

Canada, and Christie would remove the firearms and place marijuana or ecstacy in the

car to be returned to Roach. In Canada, Christie sold several firearms to Glouden. 

D. Conspiracy to Commit Money Laundering Count Against Roach 

In 2007, Roach hired Tashana Watts, a resident of Canada, to drive to and from

Canada on his behalf. Roach would wire her money, which she would use to rent cars

to drive to the United States. On three occasions, Watts rented a car in Canada and

drove to Alabama atRoach’s direction. Generally, Watts would meet with Roach and

Roach’s associate, Geocobi “Cobi” Nnadi, whereby Roach would take possession of

Watts’s rental car, remove any drugs that may have been sent from Canada, place

7
firearms in the dashboard or door panels, and return the car to Watts. Watts would

then drive the car back to Canada where a contact, such as her sister, would take

possession of the car and drive it to an undisclosed location. Roach paid Watts

approximately $1500 for each trip. 

In May 2007, Watts rented a Toyota in Canada and drove to Alabama, and left

the Toyota with Nnadi and Roach. Roach removed the door panels of the Toyota and

retrieved several packages of marijuana and ecstacy. He replaced the drugs with

firearms that Nnadi had picked up on Roach’s behalf. Roach then asked Watts to

drive the Toyota to Miami in exchange for more than her usual $1500 fee. Watts

agreed and drove to Miami where she met Roach and Frazier.

In Miami, Roach called Nnadi in Alabama and asked himto obtain money from

an “associate” of his and wire it to Watts in Miami. Nnadi complied, met with

Roach’s associate to pick up the money, and then wired it to Watts in Miami based

on personal information that Roach obtained from Watts. Roach and Watts went to

a grocery store to receive the wired money. She received $900, $100 of which she

returned to Roach. The next day, Watts drove from Miami to Canada where she was

stopped by Canadian officers. The officers discovered firearms and cocaine in the

panels of the Toyota and arrested Watts. Roach was recorded via a wiretap

discussing with Glouden the arrest of Watts. 

8
E. Procedure and Trial 

After indictment, Jeanovil pled guilty to his involvement in the case and

Frazier and Roach proceeded to trial. The district court granted a judgment of

acquittal as to count 18 of the indictment, but denied it as to all other counts. A jury

found Frazier guilty of seven counts and Roach guilty of ten counts.

Frazier appeals his convictions as to counts 4, 6, and 17, two counts of

violating 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(a)(6) and 2, and one count of violating § 554,

respectively, by challenging the sufficiency ofthe evidence to support his conviction. 

Roach appeals his conviction as to count 14, violating 18 U.S.C. § 1956(a) and § 2,

also on the basis of insufficient evidence.

F. Roach’s Sentencing Hearing

At Roach’s sentencing hearing on March 27, 2008, the district court sustained

several of Roach’s objections to his Presentence Investigation Report (“PSI”). Based

on the rulings, the probation officer recalculated Roach’s base offense level, but

erroneously informed the court that Roach’s total offense level was 31. Under this

2

calculation, Roach’s recommended sentencing Guidelines range was 108 to 135

months of imprisonment. Based, in part, on the erroneously calculated offense level,

The sentencing transcript and amended PSI indicate that the probation officer correctly 2

calculated the base offense level and the enhancements under the Guidelines, but merely misadded the sum of the total offense level as 31 instead of 30. 

9
the district court sentenced Roach to 135 months on counts 14, 15, 16, to run

concurrently with sentences of 120 and 60 months that he received on the other

counts.

During the sentencing hearing, the court informed Roach that he had ten days

to appeal from the judgment against him and asked if there were any further motions. 

Roach’s attorney, Theodore Mastos, informed the court that he intended to withdraw

and that Roach needed a court-appointed attorney to conduct his appeal. The court

stated that a “Tjoflat” hearing would be conducted by a magistrate judge to determine

whether Mastos could withdraw and informed Roach that it would take a number of

days before the magistrate judge could conduct the hearing. The court then stated

that Roach would have ten days from the magistrate’s ruling on the motion to

withdraw to file his notice of appeal. Mastos submitted a written motion to withdraw

later that day. 

On April 4, 2008, seven days after the sentence was entered, the government

filed a notice pursuant to Federal Rule of Criminal Procedure 35(a), stating that

Roach’s offense level had been miscalculated at the sentencing hearing. The

government claimed that Roach’s correct offense level was 30, instead of 31. Under

this calculation, Roach’s Guidelines range would have been 97 to 121 months,

instead of 108 to 135 months.

10
On April 17, 2008, a magistrate judge granted Mastos’s motion to withdraw.

Neal Gary Rosensweig was appointed as counsel for Roach that same day. On April

18, 2008, Rosensweig filed a motion for an extension of time for Roach to file the

appeal pursuant to Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(b) and also filed a notice

of appeal. 

On May 2, 2008, the district court denied Roach’s motion for extension of time

to file the appeal. The order stated, “[t]he Court cannot be responsible for failure of

counsel to file a Notice of Appeal, and the acquisition of new counsel on April 17,

2008, after the deadline to file a Notice of Appeal had passed, has no bearing on the

time limit to file the Notice of Appeal.” 

Roach argues that his appeal was timely because he relied on an oral order of

the court granting him an extension to file the appeal until ten days after his new

counsel was appointed. In its appellate brief, the government originally objected to

Roach’s notice of appeal as untimely, but has now withdrawn its objection. Roach

claims, that if this court has jurisdiction, the district court committed plain error in

miscalculating his sentencing Guidelines range. 

DISCUSSION

I. Jurisdiction to hear Roach’s Appeal

11
Federal Rule of Appellate Procedure 4(b)(1) requires a defendant to file a

notice of appeal within ten days after the entry of the judgment of conviction, and

Rule 4(b)(4) allows a district court to extend the deadline up to thirty days if it finds

excusable neglect or good cause. Since “the deadline in Rule 4(b) for criminal

defendants is not jurisdictional,” United States v. Lopez, 562 F.3d 1309, 1313 (11th

Cir. 2009), an objection to an untimely notice of appeal in a criminal case may be

forfeited, see id. at 1314. Here, although Roach filed his notice of appeal on April

18, 2008, some eleven days past the filing deadline, the government voluntarily

forfeited its objection to the untimeliness of Roach’s notice of appeal by withdrawing

its objection. Therefore, we have jurisdiction to hear his appeal. Thus, we do not

need to discuss whether the district court’s oral order at sentencing constituted an

extension of the time to file the notice of appeal, or whether it abused its discretion

in later declining to extend the time for filing the notice under Rule 4(b)(4).

II. Sufficiency of the Evidence Arguments

1. Standard of Review

Frazier and Roach both challenge the sufficiency of the evidence supporting

their convictions. The sufficiency of evidence presented at trial to support a criminal

conviction is a question of law reviewed de novo. United States v. Diaz, 248 F.3d

1065, 1084 (11th Cir. 2001) (citing United States v. Keller, 916 F.2d 628, 633 (11th

12
Cir.1990)). In evaluating the sufficiency of the evidence, we “view the evidence in

the light most favorable to the government, with all reasonable inferences and

credibility choices made in the government’s favor.” United States v. Martinez, 83

F.3d 371, 374 (11th Cir. 1996).

2. Frazier’s Convictions for Two Counts of Aiding and Abetting the

Making of False Statements to a Firearms Dealer

Frazier argues that there was insufficient evidence to support his convictions

for aiding and abetting making false statements to a firearms dealer in connection

with the acquisition of firearms in violation of 18 U.S.C. §§ 922(a)(6) and 2. 

Specifically, he argues that the false statements made by Davis and Lubin on ATF

Form 4473 were not material to the lawfulness of the sale of the firearm and,

therefore, there was no violation of § 922(a)(6). 

3

For a conviction under § 922(a)(6), the government must prove that: “(1) the

defendant knowingly made; (2) a false or fictitious written [or oral] statement in

connection with the purchase of firearms; (3) intended to deceive or likely to deceive

a licensed firearms dealer; (4) and the false statement was a fact material to the

lawfulness of the sale or disposition of the firearm.” Ortiz, 318 F.3d at 1036. “To

Frazier also argues that there was insufficient evidence that Lubine was purchasing the 3

firearms on his behalf. This argument is meritless, as the circumstantial evidence that Lubine

was acting on his behalf was overwhelming. See United States v. Ortiz, 318 F.3d 1030, 1037 &

n.14 (11th Cir. 2003). 

13
prove guilt under a theory of aiding and abetting, the Government must prove: (1) the

substantive offense was committed by someone; (2) the defendant committed an act

which contributed to and furthered the offense; and (3) the defendant intended to aid

in its commission.” United States v. Camacho, 233 F.3d 1308, 1317 (11th Cir. 2000).

Both parties agree that § 922(a)(6) is violated when “an unlawful purchaser .

. . uses a lawful ‘straw man’ purchaser . . . to obtain a firearm.” Ortiz, 318 F.3d at

1037. However, Frazier argues that § 922(a)(6) was not violated because he was

eligible as a lawful purchaser to purchase firearms, and Davis and Lubin, acting as

his agents, were also lawful purchasers. 

Frazier’s argument is based on a theory made popular in a Fifth Circuit case,

United States v. Polk, 118 F.3d 286 (5th Cir. 1997). In Polk, the defendant directed

a “straw purchaser” to buy several firearms on his behalf. Id. at 295. In Polk, as here,

a “straw purchaser” falsely indicated that he was the “actual buyer” of the firearms,

when in reality he was purchasing the firearm on behalf of the defendant. Id. at 289-

90. However, the court reversed Polk’s conviction and held that § 922(a)(6) was not

violated because both the defendant and his “straw purchaser” were eligible to

purchase the firearms legally. Id. at 296. Thus, the court reasoned, the false

statement the “straw purchaser” made to the firearms dealer was not a false statement

of a fact “material to the ‘lawfulness of the sale’ of firearms” and, therefore, there was

14
no liability under § 922(a)(6). Id. at 295. The court noted that liability under a

“straw purchaser” theory only attachesif either the actual purchaser, id. at 295, or the

“straw purchaser,” id. at 295 n.8, is ineligible to purchase firearms. 

Thus, the issue becomes whether Frazier’s aiding in the falsification of the

identity of the “actual purchaser” statement of Form 4473 was material to the

lawfulness of the sale of the firearm since he could have lawfully purchased the

firearms himself. We find that the falsification was material to the lawfulness of the

sale. “Whether the identity of the purchaser is a fact material to the lawfulness of the

transaction (that is, whether the lawfulness of a firearms sale can hinge on the identity

of the purchaser) is purely a question of law.” United States v. Klais, 68 F.3d 1282,

1283 (11th Cir.1995). We review issues of law de novo. See United States v. Kelly,

888 F.2d 732, 739 (11th Cir. 1989). 

Decisions in other circuits have indicated that false statements regarding

addresses, names, and other information are misrepresentations material to the

lawfulness of the sale of firearms under § 922(a)(6). See United States v. Queen, 408

F.3d 337, 339 (7th Cir. 2005) (holding that lying about a street address on Form 4473

was a material misrepresentation that violated § 922(a)(6)); United States v. Crandall,

453 F.2d 1216, 1217 (1st Cir. 1972) (holding that misrepresentation of one’s name,

age, and place of residence was material to the lawfulness of a sale). Likewise,

15
giving a fictitious address on Form 4473 is a violation of § 922(a)(6) even if the

purchaser is a resident of the state where he purchased the firearm. See United States

v. Grudger, 472 F.2d 566, 567-68 (5th Cir. 1972) (upholding the conviction of a

Florida resident under § 922(a)(6) for listing a fictitious Miami Beach address in

connection with the purchase of a firearm). 

4

Grudger notes that § 922(b)(5) makes a sale unlawful unless the seller records

the name, age, and place of residence of the purchaser. Id. at 568. Thus, when the

defendant listed a false address, he violated § 922(a)(6) because his misrepresentation

was material to the lawfulness of the sale. Id. Likewise, in the instant case, Davis

and Lubin falsified the name of the purchaser of the firearms when they represented

themselves as being the actual buyers. This action was in violation of § 922(b)(5)

because it caused Gilley to record the incorrect name of the buyer. Correspondingly,

the misrepresentation also made the sale unlawful under § 922(a)(6). See Ortiz, 318

F.3d at 1038-39 (stressing the importance of the “actual buyer” requirement in Form

4473). 

Therefore, we find the act of falsifying the identity of the “actual buyer” on

Form 4473 to be a violation of § 922(a)(6). See Ortiz, 318 F.3d at1036-37 (“The

In Bonner v. City of Prichard, 661 F.2d 1206, 1209-10 (11th Cir. 1981) (en banc), the 4

Eleventh Circuit adopted the rulings of the old Fifth Circuit (pre-October 1, 1981) as binding

precedent. 

16
identity of the actual purchaser is clearly ‘a fact material to the lawfulness of the sale’

of a firearm under 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(6).” (citing Klais, 68 F.3d at 1283)). Although

the court in Ortiz declined to “address the situation where both the ultimate buyer and

the ‘straw purchaser’ are lawfully eligible to purchase firearms,” because the actual

buyer in that case was ineligible, we now extend its rationale to the current instance

where both the actual purchaser and the “straw man” are eligible buyers. 318 F.3d

at 1038 n.16 (citing Polk, 118 F.3d 286). 

5

The Fifth Circuit in Polk agrees that the identity of the actual purchaser is

material to the lawfulness of a sale when the actual purchaser is an unlawful

purchaser, such as a convicted felon. 118 F3d at 295 & n.8. However, Polk’s

holding also asserted that a misrepresentation of the identity of the actual purchaser

is not material to the lawfulness of a sale if both parties in a “straw purchase”

transaction can lawfully purchase firearms. See id. at 295 (“Thus, if the true

purchaser can lawfully purchase a firearm directly, § 922(a)(6) liability (under a

“straw purchase” theory) does not attach.”). 

This court has yet to address a § 922(a)(6) situation similar to Polk, with two eligible 5

buyers effecting a straw purchase. See United States v. Opoku, 210 F. App’x 848, 853-54 (11th

Cir. 2006) (upholding the conviction of a lawful “straw purchase” defendant under 18 U.S.C. §

924(a)(1)(A), and contrasting it with § 922(a)(6), because § 924(a)(1)(A) did not require the

element of materiality to the lawfulness of the sale).

17
To say that the identity of the actual purchaser is material to the lawfulness of

one sale but not to another, is counterintuitive. Although Polk focused on whether

one’s identity affected the lawfulness of a sale under § 922(a)(6), 118 F.3d at 295, we

focus on whether one’s identity is a fact that is material to the lawfulness of a sale. 

See 18 U.S.C. § 922(a)(6). The identity of the purchaser is a constant that is always

material to the lawfulness of the purchase of a firearm under § 922(a)(6). See Ortiz,

318 F.3d at1036-37. Thus, it can be reasoned that although the lawfulness of a sale

may change depending on the identity of the purchaser, the fact that the identity of

the purchaser is material to the lawfulness of the sale does not. See, e.g., United

States v. Phanphil, 57 M.J. 6, 9 (C.A.A.F. 2002) (adopting the approach that under

§ 922(a)(6), “the identity of the true purchaser is a ‘fact’ material to the lawfulness

of the sale, regardless of the eligibility of the true purchaser”). Therefore, under §

922(a)(6), Davis’s and Lubin’s false statements of the identity of the actual buyer

satisfy the “fact material to the lawfulness of a sale” element, regardless of whether

the actors were all lawfully eligible to purchase a firearm. Frazier’s procurement of

the falsification affects his liability under the aiding and abetting statute. Therefore,

the district court did not err in denying Frazier’s motion for judgment of acquittal as

to these counts. 

3. Frazier’s Conviction for Exporting Firearms

18
Frazier argues that the evidence presented at trial was insufficient to support

his conviction under 18 U.S.C. §§ 554 and 2, fraudulently or knowingly exporting

firearms. One violates § 554 if that person:

fraudulently or knowingly exports or sends from the United States . . .

any merchandise, article, or object contrary to any law or regulation of

the United States, or receives, conceals, buys, sells, or in any manner

facilitates the transportation, concealment, or sale of such merchandise,

article or object, prior to exportation, knowing the same to be intended

for exportation contrary to any law or regulation of the United States

. . . .

18 U.S.C. § 554(a). 

Frazier argues that there was insufficient evidence that he participated in

transporting, concealing, or helping to transport firearms from the United States to

Canada. His argument is unfounded. 

Frazier was responsible for ensuring Clark was paid for transporting the

firearms to Canada. On at least one occasion, Clark contacted Frazier as soon as she

entered Canada to inform him of her status. Frazier also explained the purpose of the

trips to Clark. 

Although Frazier claims that Clark’s participation in the shipment of firearms

was solely at the behest of Roach, the facts indicate otherwise. Clark testified that

both Frazier and Roach were behind the shipment of the firearms. Clark’s testimony

does differ as to which defendant she had more contact with, but it does not differ in

19
the overall premise that both men were working together with her to transport the

firearms to Canada. Since Frazier stipulated that he did not have a license to export

firearms to Canada, the jury reasonably determined that he had violated § 554(a)

beyond a reasonable doubt and the district court did not err in denying his motion for

judgment of acquittal. 

4. Roach’s Conviction for Conspiracy to Commit Money

Laundering

Roach argues there was insufficient evidence to support his conviction on

count 14, conspiracy to commit money laundering in violation 18 U.S.C. §

1956(a)(1)(A)(i) and (h). Roach argues that there was a lack of evidence to prove two

elements in the crime, namely, that the funds he and Watts received from Nnadi on

May 18, 2007, at Western Union in Miami came from unlawful activity or that he

knew the funds were from unlawful activity. 

To obtain a conviction on a § 1956(a)(1)(A)(i) charge, the government must

prove beyond a reasonable doubt that:

(1) the defendant conducted or attempted to conduct a financial

transaction; (2) the defendant knew the property involved in the

transaction represented the proceeds of unlawful activity; (3) the

property involved was in fact the proceeds of the specified unlawful

activity; and (4) the defendant conducted the financial transaction “with

the intent to promote the carrying on of [the] specified unlawful

activity.” 

20
United States v. Williamson, 339 F.3d 1295, 1301 (11th Cir. 2003) (quoting §

1956(a)(1)(A)(i)). Section 1956(h) subjects anyone who conspiresto commit a crime

under § 1956 to the same penalties as the offense conduct. 

Roach concedesthat his encounter with Watts satisfied elements(1) and (4) of

the statute: a financial transaction that was conducted with the intent to promote

unlawful activity. However, he argues that there was insufficient evidence to show

that he had knowledge that the money transferred from Nnadi was the proceeds of

unlawful activity, element (2), and there was insufficient evidence to show that the

money transferred was, in fact, the proceeds of unlawful activity, element (3). 

A § 1956(a) conviction can be sustained by circumstantial evidence. United

States v. King, 169 F.3d 1035, 1038-39 (6th Cir. 1999). The government need not

prove that the funds came froma specific illegal action. See United States v. Jackson,

935 F.2d 832, 839 (7th Cir. 1991). Proof that the funds were drug proceeds may be

established by circumstantial evidence. United States v. Blackman, 904 F.2d 1250,

1257 (8th Cir. 1990). Circumstantial evidence may be used to prove a defendant

knew the funds were drug proceeds. United States v. Gallo, 927 F.2d 815, 822 (5th

Cir. 1991). 

Here, the facts establish that the $900 wire transfer came from money that one

of Roach’s associates in Alabama owed him. Roach’s associate gave the money to

21
Nnadi, a member of Roach’s smuggling operation. Nnadi wired the money from

Alabama, where a significant amount of Roach’s smuggling activities took place. 

The moneywasthen used to facilitate the illegal smuggling offirearms and drugs into

Canada. Further, there was no evidence that Roach had a source of income other than

his smuggling operation. From these facts, a reasonable jury would be able to infer

that the $900 involved in the wire transaction was the proceeds of unlawful activity

that Roach had knowledge of. 

Further, Roach wired money to Watts while she was in Canada to rent the

vehicles that she used to transport the firearms. Lastly, a substantial amount of

evidence was presented at trial that Roach transmitted money through wire

transactions to facilitate illegal activity or that was the proceeds of illegal activity. 

Although the facts do not establish that the $900 Nnadi wired to Watts came directly

from illegal activity that Roach knew of, there was ample circumstantial evidence to

allow a reasonable jury to draw such an inference. Thus, the district court did not err

in denying Roach’s motion for judgment of acquittal. 

III. Roach’s Sentencing Offense Level

We review “objections to sentencing calculation issuesraised for the first time

on appeal for plain error.” United States v. Bennett, 472 F.3d 825, 831 (11th Cir.

2006) (citing United States v. Harness, 180 F.3d 1232, 1234 (11th Cir.1999)). “This

22
standard requires that there be error, that the error be plain, and that the error affect

a substantial right.” Id. at 831. “A substantial right is affected if the appealing party

can show that there is a reasonable probability that there would have been a different

result had there been no error.” Id. at 831-32. “If these three conditions are met, then

we may exercise our discretion to notice the forfeited error if the error seriously

affects the fairness, integrity, or public reputation ofjudicial proceedings.” Id. at 832. 

Here, Roach’s base offense level was 24. His offense level was increased by

two levels for his conviction of a money laundering offense, and his leadership role

in the crimes resulted in a four-level enhancement, leaving Roach’s correct offense

level as 30. However, the district court miscalculated Roach’s total offense level as

31. 

A total offense level of 31 resulted in a recommended Guidelines range of 108

to 135 months’ imprisonment. Under the correct offense level of 30, Roach’s

Guidelines range would have been 97 to 121 months. His sentence of 135 months

was at the high end of the Guidelines range under an offense level of 31, but outside

of the Guidelines range under his correct total offense level of 30. Since his sentence

was outside of his correct Guidelines range, there is a reasonable probability that the

district court would have sentenced Roach differently based on the correct offense

level of 30. Thus, the miscalculated offense level affectedRoach’s substantial rights. 

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Since the miscalculation error seriously affected the fairness, integrity, or public

reputation of the judicial proceedings in this case, see id. at 834, we hold that the

district court plainly erred in sentencing Roach. 

Therefore, Roach’s sentence is vacated and remanded for the purpose of

resentencing based on the correct total offense level and corresponding advisory

Guidelines range. 

Conclusion

Both convictions were supported by sufficient evidence, so we affirm the

district court’s ruling in that regard. However, the district court plainly erred in using

an offense level of 31 in calculating Roach’s sentence. Therefore, we vacate and

remand Roach’s sentence for the limited purpose of resentencing him. 

AFFIRMED in part, VACATED and REMANDED in part. 

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