[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

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No. 19-11630

Non-Argument Calendar

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D.C. Docket No. 1:17-cv-00381-C

ANGELA GARRISON, 

 Plaintiff - Appellant,

versus

SAM'S EAST, INC., 

SAM'S EAST, INC., 

d/b/a Sam's Club, 

WAL-MART STORES EAST, INC., 

 Defendants - Appellees.

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Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Southern District of Alabama

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(October 1, 2019)

Before WILSON, NEWSOM, and HULL, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

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In this slip-and-fall case, Angela Garrison appeals the district court’s (1) 

exclusion of evidence, (2) limitation on discovery, and (3) grant of summary 

judgment in favor of defendants Sam’s East, Inc.—doing business as Sam’s 

Club—and Walmart on her premises-liability claims for negligence and 

wantonness. After careful review, we affirm.

I

The facts of this case are straightforward. After purchasing a fountain drink 

from the Sam’s Club cafe, Garrison fell as she turned away from the counter. 

After the fall, she felt wet and observed liquid on the floor that extended 

underneath the counter. She also saw a mop behind the counter. Walmart 

employees cleaned up the area using cones, paper towels, and the mop. Five 

months after the fall, Garrison sent Sam’s a letter demanding that it preserve all 

video evidence of the incident. Unfortunately, the video system retains footage for 

only three months, and as a result some (but not all) of the pertinent video had 

already been overwritten. Ultimately, neither the remaining surveillance video nor 

any witness has been able to identify the source of the liquid or how long it had 

been on the floor. Nor could anyone describe the nature or size of the spill. 

Garrison filed suit asserting premises-liability claims for negligence and 

wantonness. During proceedings below, the district court excluded Garrison’s outof-court statements to her insurance claims adjuster as hearsay and denied her 

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motion to compel discovery into whether Walmart remodeled the store after the 

incident, possibly as a subsequent remedial measure. She now appeals these 

orders,1 as well as the district court’s ultimate grant of summary judgment in favor 

of defendants on all claims, arguing that there is sufficient evidence of negligence 

and wantonness, including the alleged spoliation of the video footage, to survive 

summary judgment.

II

Garrison’s arguments that the district court erred in its evidentiary and 

discovery orders are without merit. We review a district court’s exclusion of 

evidence for abuse of discretion. Rosenfield v. Oceania Cruises, Inc., 654 F.3d 

1190, 1192 (11th Cir. 2011) (concerning the admission of expert testimony in slipand-fall liability case). Garrison argues that the district court erred in excluding 

the recording of a telephone conversation between herself and a claims adjuster, 

which she maintains should have been admitted under the recorded-recollection 

hearsay exception in Federal Rule of Evidence 803(5). A recorded recollection 

1 In her reply brief, Garrison also argues that the district court erred in sustaining Sam’s 

objection to a surreptitiously recorded phone conversation. Because she failed to clearly raise 

this issue in her opening brief, it is abandoned. See United States v. Jernigan, 341 F.3d 1273, 

1283 n.8 (11th Cir. 2003) (“Under our caselaw, a party seeking to raise a claim or issue on 

appeal must plainly and prominently so indicate. Otherwise the issue—even if properly 

preserved at trial—will be considered abandoned.”); see also, e.g., Allstate Ins. Co. v. Swann, 27 

F.3d 1539, 1542 (11th Cir. 1994) (citation omitted) (“Issues that clearly are not designated in the 

initial brief ordinarily are considered abandoned.”). The district court also observed “that the 

submitted evidence, even if considered by the Court, would not change the outcome here.”

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must be “made or adopted by the witness when the matter was fresh in the 

witness’s memory.” Fed. R. Evid. 803(5)(B). The recording here was made five 

months after the incident. It was not “manifestly erroneous” for the district court 

to determine that the recording should not be admitted, and so we affirm its 

exclusion. Rosenfield, 654 F.3d at 1192 (quoting Gen. Elec. Co. v. Joiner, 522 

U.S. 136, 142 (1997)).

When reviewing a district court’s denial of a motion to compel discovery, 

we likewise apply an abuse-of-discretion standard that affords the district court a 

wide “range of choice” that we will not second-guess absent “a clear error of 

judgment.” Holloman v. Mail-Well Corp., 443 F.3d 832, 837 (11th Cir. 2006) 

(quotation omitted). No such abuse occurred here. Federal Rule of Evidence 407 

prohibits the admission of evidence pertaining to subsequent remedial measures in 

order to prove negligence or culpable conduct. Although Garrison argues that it 

should have nonetheless been admitted for impeachment purposes, we cannot say 

that the district court abused its discretion in denying her motion to compel.

III

We review the district court’s grant of summary judgment de novo, and we 

view the evidence and all reasonable factual inferences in the light most favorable 

to the nonmoving party. Skop v. City of Atlanta, 485 F.3d 1130, 1136 (11th Cir. 

2007). “Summary judgment is appropriate if the evidence establishes no genuine 

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issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to judgment as a 

matter of law.” McCormick v. City of Fort Lauderdale, 333 F.3d 1234, 1243 (11th 

Cir. 2003) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). 

A plaintiff alleging negligence in a premises-liability suit under Alabama 

law must establish “duty, breach of duty, cause in fact, proximate or legal cause, 

and damages.” Ex parte Harold L. Martin Distrib. Co., Inc., 769 So. 2d 313, 314 

(Ala. 2000) (quotation omitted). At summary judgment, “the plaintiff bears the 

burden of presenting substantial evidence as to each disputed element of her 

claim.” Id. (citation omitted). “There is no presumption of negligence which 

arises from the mere fact of an injury to an invitee.” Id. (quoting Tice v. Tice, 361 

So. 2d 1051, 1052 (Ala. 1978)).

The district court properly rejected Garrison’s negligence claim because, at 

the end of the day, she offered only her own speculation about the cause of the fall, 

and speculation is insufficient to overcome a summary judgment motion. See Id. at 

315; see also Cordoba v. Dillard’s Inc., 419 F.3d 1169, 1181 (11th Cir. 2005) 

(“[U]nsupported speculation . . . does not meet a party’s burden of producing some 

defense to a summary judgment motion. Speculation does not create a genuine

issue of fact; instead it creates a false issue, the demolition of which is a primary 

goal of summary judgment.” (emphasis and ellipses in original)). The district 

court correctly concluded that “Garrison’s theory of liability”—that a Sam’s

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employee’s cleaning supplies spread from behind the counter to the customer 

area—“does not rise above the level of speculation and guesswork, which is 

insufficient to survive summary judgment.” Garrison’s separate argument that 

Sam’s should be held liable based on alleged spoliation of evidence is grasping at 

straws. She did not alert Sam’s to the need to preserve the video until nearly half a 

year had elapsed, and Sam’s still managed to recover key camera angles despite 

this delay. Because Garrison cannot identify the source of the liquid or how long it 

had been on the floor, let alone who is responsible for the spill, her claim for 

negligence fails. 

Garrison’s claim for wantonness fails for the same reason. Although 

wantonness under Alabama law “is not merely a higher degree of culpability than 

negligence,” Ex parte Anderson, 682 So. 2d 467, 470 (Ala. 1996) (quotation 

omitted), the fact that Garrison has not brought forward any evidence tending to 

show Defendants’ knowledge of the spill is equally conclusive of both claims. 

“The defendants’ knowledge of a dangerous condition, prior to the accident, is the 

most crucial element of wantonness.” Christian v. Kenneth Chandler Const. Co., 

Inc., 658 So. 2d 408, 411 (Ala. 1995). Garrison’s claim is supported by nothing 

more than speculation, and therefore we affirm the district court’s grant of 

summary judgment to defendants.

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After careful review, we affirm the district court’s grant of summary 

judgment and associated rulings.

AFFIRMED.

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