PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.  No. 05-4228

JAMES E. SIMMS,

Defendant-Appellant. 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Maryland, at Baltimore.

Catherine C. Blake, District Judge.

(CR-03-386)

Argued: February 1, 2006

Decided: March 28, 2006

Before WILKINS, Chief Judge, and WILKINSON and

LUTTIG, Circuit Judges.

Affirmed by published opinion. Chief Judge Wilkins wrote the opinion, in which Judge Wilkinson and Judge Luttig joined. 

COUNSEL

ARGUED: Paresh S. Patel, OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL PUBLIC

DEFENDER, Greenbelt, Maryland, for Appellant. Jefferson McClure

Gray, Assistant United States Attorney, OFFICE OF THE UNITED

STATES ATTORNEY, Baltimore, Maryland, for Appellee. ON

BRIEF: James Wyda, Federal Public Defender, Peter R. Johnson,

Assistant Federal Public Defender, Greenbelt, Maryland, for Appel-
lant. Rod J. Rosenstein, United States Attorney, Baltimore, Maryland,

for Appellee.

OPINION

WILKINS, Chief Judge:

James E. Simms appeals the 15-year mandatory minimum sentence

of imprisonment imposed by the district court pursuant to the Armed

Career Criminal Act (ACCA) of 1984, see 18 U.S.C.A. § 924(e)

(West 2000 & Supp. 2005). Simms maintains that the district court

erred in utilizing an application for charge relating to a prior Maryland conviction to determine that the conviction was for a predicate

felony under the ACCA. Finding no error, we affirm. 

I.

Simms pleaded guilty in December 2004 to unlawful possession of

a firearm, see 18 U.S.C.A. § 922(g)(1) (West 2000). The Government

filed a notice of intention to seek a sentencing enhancement pursuant

to the ACCA on the basis of three prior Maryland state convictions:

one in 1985 for battery, one in 1985 for assault, and one in 1992 for

assault with the intent to murder. Simms did not dispute that the 1992

conviction qualified as a predicate felony under § 924(e) but maintained that the other two—both of which resulted from guilty pleas—

did not. The district court concluded that although the Maryland

crimes of battery and assault did not constitute crimes of violence per

se, it was clear from the charging document—including the facts

expressly incorporated into the document from the charge application

—that Simms’ convictions were each for a "violent felony" within the

meaning of the ACCA. 18 U.S.C.A. § 924(e). Accordingly, the district court found that Simms qualified as an armed career criminal and

sentenced him to a mandatory 15 years imprisonment. 

II.

Simms argues that the district court misapplied the ACCA in concluding, based on facts included in the charge application, that his

2 UNITED STATES v. SIMMS
1985 Maryland battery conviction was for a predicate felony. We disagree. 

The ACCA mandates a 15-year minimum sentence of imprisonment for individuals convicted pursuant to 18 U.S.C.A. § 922(g) who

have "three previous convictions . . . for a violent felony or a serious

drug offense, or both, committed on occasions different from one

another." 18 U.S.C.A. § 924(e)(1). A "violent felony" is defined as 

any crime punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding

one year . . . that— 

(i) has as an element the use, attempted use, or

threatened use of physical force against the person

of another; or 

(ii) is burglary, arson, or extortion, involves use

of explosives, or otherwise involves conduct that

presents a serious potential risk of physical injury

to another. 

Id. § 924(e)(2)(B). 

It is well settled that in determining whether a conviction constitutes a "violent felony" under § 924(e)(2)(B), a court generally must

"look only to the fact of conviction and the statutory definition of the

prior offense." Taylor v. United States, 495 U.S. 575, 602 (1990). As

a result, an offense that actually may have been committed by the use

of physical force against another person nevertheless is not considered to be a violent felony under subsection (e)(2)(B)(i) if the elements of the offense do not include the use, attempted use, or

threatened use of physical force. See id. at 600-02. Alternatively, an

offense that includes as an element the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force is a violent felony even if the underlying

offense in fact was committed in a relatively nonviolent way. See

United States v. Coleman, 158 F.3d 199, 201-02 (4th Cir. 1998) (en

banc). In such situations, the conduct actually underlying the conviction is irrelevant to the question of whether the conviction is a violent

felony because the critical issue is whether the fact finder was

UNITED STATES v. SIMMS 3
required to find the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical

force as an element of the offense. See id. at 202. 

On the other hand, it is equally well recognized that in a certain

limited number of situations it is appropriate for a court to look

beyond the fact of conviction and the elements of the offense in

deciding whether an offense constitutes a violent felony. See Taylor,

495 U.S. at 602. In those narrow circumstances in which an offense

could have been committed either with or without the use, attempted

use, or threatened use of physical force, a district court must look past

the fact of conviction and the elements of the offense. See Coleman,

158 F.3d at 202; United States v. Cook, 26 F.3d 507, 509 (4th Cir.

1994). 

A Maryland conviction for battery presents the unusual situation in

which an offense may be committed in several ways—some of which

require the use, attempted use, or threatened use of physical force and

some of which do not. See United States v. Kirksey, 138 F.3d 120,

125 (4th Cir. 1998) (noting that Maryland battery includes "kissing

without consent, touching or tapping, jostling, and throwing water

upon another" (internal quotation marks omitted)). Accordingly, we

are unable to conclude that a Maryland conviction for battery is per

se a violent felony within the meaning of § 924(e)(2)(B). Nevertheless, because at least one of the ways in which a Maryland battery can

be committed involves the use, attempted use, or threatened use of

physical force against another, the district court properly looked

beyond the fact of conviction and the elements of the offense to determine whether the particular offense of which Simms was convicted

was a violent felony. See id.

In determining that the 1985 battery conviction was for a violent

felony, the district court first considered the portion of the charging

papers containing the statement of charges. See Md. R. Crim. P. 4-

201(b), (c)(3) (explaining that an appropriate charging document in

district court includes "a statement of charges filed pursuant to section

(b) of Rule 4-211" and an appropriate charging document in circuit

court under some circumstances is a "charging document filed in the

District Court for an offense within its jurisdiction"); id. 4-211(b)

(requiring a complaining witness or arresting officer to provide an

affidavit containing facts showing probable cause that the defendant

4 UNITED STATES v. SIMMS
committed the charged offense); see also Kirksey, 138 F.3d at 126

(holding that under Maryland law the affidavit required by Rule 4-

211(b) setting forth facts demonstrating probable cause is a part of the

charging papers). The charging papers charged, as is relevant here,

that "UPON THE FACTS CONTAINED IN THE APPLICATION

OF . . . Eddie Mabrey," Simms "did batter Eddie Mabrey in Baltimore

City, State of Md." J.A. 51. The court thus considered the charge

application, in which Mabrey swore under oath that on September 29,

1984, Simms "[p]istol whipped me, shot at me, kick[ed] me, face[,]

arm[,] back."1Id. at 50. It was on that basis that the court determined

that the battery conviction was for a violent felony. 

It is well established that in determining whether a conviction is for

a violent felony the court properly may look to the charging papers.

See Taylor, 495 U.S. at 602; Coleman, 158 F.3d at 202. And, the

material relied upon by the district court was proper because, as we

have held, it was a part of the charging papers under Maryland law.

See Coleman, 158 F.3d at 202; Kirksey, 138 F.3d at 126. 

Coleman and Kirksey notwithstanding, Simms maintains that the

recent decision of the Supreme Court in Shepard v. United States, 125

S. Ct. 1254 (2005), requires a contrary result. In Shepard, the Court

held that a court could not consider police reports and a charge application in determining whether a prior Massachusetts conviction constituted a predicate felony under the ACCA. See Shepard, 125 S. Ct.

at 1257. The Court reiterated its holding from Taylor that in determining the character of a prior conviction resulting from a jury verdict,

courts may consider "charging documents filed in the court of conviction, or . . . recorded judicial acts of that court limiting convictions

to the . . . category [at issue], as in giving instruction to the jury." Id.

at 1259. And, the Court held that Taylor’s reasoning applied as well

in cases in which the prior convictions were obtained by bench trial

or guilty plea. See id. The Court therefore concluded that in such

cases, courts could consider analogous materials, which in pleaded

cases would be, in addition to the charging documents, "the statement

of factual basis for the charge, shown by a transcript of plea colloquy

1Both the Statement of Charges and the Application for Statement of

Charges were stamped with the District Court of Maryland seal, indicating that they were official court records. 

UNITED STATES v. SIMMS 5
or by written plea agreement presented to the court, or by a record of

comparable findings of fact adopted by the defendant upon entering

the plea." Id. at 1259-60 (citation omitted). However, the Court found

no justification for extending the Taylor rule to allow consideration

of "documents submitted to lower courts even prior to charges," such

as the police reports and charge application there at issue. Id. at 1260.

To do so, the Court reasoned, would undermine "the Taylor conclusion, that respect for congressional intent and avoidance of collateral

trials require that evidence . . . be confined to records of the convicting court approaching the certainty of the record of conviction . . . ."

Id. at 1261. 

Simms contends that the Maryland application relied on by the district court in the present case "is equivalent to the Massachusetts complaint application that was at issue in Shepard" because, in each case,

"the application consists of sworn statements by the complaining witness that provides the basis for the charging document." Br. of Appellant at 10 n.2. But this argument fails to account for the fact that the

Maryland application, although originally "submitted to [the] lower

court[ ] . . . prior to charges," Shepard, 125 S. Ct. at 1260, was later

explicitly incorporated into Maryland’s statement of charges against

Simms. Cf. Parrilla v. Gonzales, 414 F.3d 1038, 1044 (9th Cir. 2005)

("Although police reports and complaint applications, standing alone,

may not be used to enhance a sentence following a criminal conviction, the contents of these documents may be considered if specifically incorporated into the guilty plea or admitted by a defendant."

(citation omitted)). Simms maintains that Maryland’s inclusion of this

application as part of its charging document is merely a matter of

labeling, and therefore not legally significant. See United States v.

Shepard, 348 F.3d 308, 314 (1st Cir. 2003) (holding that whether

charge application was formally incorporated as part of charging document affected only "the label given to the document" and thus did

not affect whether court could consider it), rev’d on other grounds,

125 S. Ct. 1254 (2005). That is simply not the case, however. Maryland’s incorporation of the application facts into the charging document served the purpose of satisfying Maryland’s requirement that

each of its charging documents contains "a concise and definite statement of the essential facts of the offense with which the defendant is

charged." Md. Rule Crim. P. 4-202(a); see Kirksey, 138 F.3d at 126.

The incorporated application thus advised Simms of "the nature of the

6 UNITED STATES v. SIMMS
charges against [him] . . . with sufficient particularity . . . that a disposition may be pled to avoid double jeopardy." Kirksey, 138 F.3d at

126. The Massachusetts application considered by the Court in Shepard did not serve the same purposes. 

The facts of Simms’ application, having been expressly incorporated into Simms’ charging document, were no less a part of that

charging document in any relevant respect than they would have been

had they been included by any other method. By contrast, the relevant

facts of Shepard’s Massachusetts application, not having been

included in Shepard’s charging document, were not a part of the

charging document at all. Because Taylor and Shepard specifically

allow district courts to consider charging documents in determining

the nature of prior convictions, this distinction makes all the difference in the application of the Taylor rule. Thus, the district court

properly considered the facts in the application here.2

Of course, from the fact that the court properly considered the

application facts, it does not necessarily follow that those facts justified the "violent felony" finding. But in a case such as this one, in

which the charging document unambiguously alleges a "violent felony," and the record provides no basis for a belief that the facts

admitted by the defendant might not have constituted such a crime,

we must affirm the violent felony determination. See Coleman, 158

F.3d at 203 & n.4 (affirming determination under such circumstances); Kirksey, 138 F.3d at 126 (same). 

Simms maintains that this analysis is at odds with Shepard in that

Shepard refused to allow consideration of police reports and the

charge application indicating that the prior conviction was for a violent felony even though no other records were inconsistent with that

conclusion. See Shepard, 125 S. Ct. at 1260-61. No such conflict

exists, however. Shepard held that the fact that there was nothing in

the record to contradict the proposition that the facts admitted by

2Simms also maintains that because the district court considered documents other than those sanctioned by the Court in Shepard and Taylor,

his Sixth Amendment rights were violated. Because we hold that the district court did not violate the Taylor-Shepard rule, we need not decide

whether the rule is of constitutional dimension. 

UNITED STATES v. SIMMS 7
Shepard were essentially those included in the police reports and the

charge application was not sufficient to justify extending the Taylor

rule to allow consideration of those documents. See id. But Shepard

specifically allows reference to the charging document—into which

the application facts here were incorporated. See id. at 1259. Because

the weight to be given certain facts properly considered by the district

court is beyond the scope of Shepard, Shepard does not call into

question our prior decisions in Coleman and Kirksey; thus, these decisions are controlling, see United States v. Collins, 415 F.3d 304, 311

(4th Cir. 2005) ("A decision of a panel of this court becomes the law

of the circuit and is binding on other panels unless it is overruled by

a subsequent en banc opinion of this court or a superseding contrary

decision of the Supreme Court." (internal quotation marks omitted)).

III.

In sum, because the district court did not err in determining, based

on the charge application, that Simms’ 1985 battery conviction was

a qualifying predicate conviction, the court correctly imposed a sentence under the ACCA.

AFFIRMED

8 UNITED STATES v. SIMMS