World Trade Ce

Evacuation

and Means of Eg

Design Implicat

Jake Pauls, CPE

Consulting Services in Building Us

Silver Spring, Maryland

World Trade Ce

Evacuation

and Means of Eg

Design Implicat

Jake Pauls, CPE

Consulting Services in Building Us

Silver Spring, Maryland
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Despite their presentamuch useful informatithe WTC disaster, the study and reports on obehavior and evacuatito be augmented relatitwo issues.

Despite their presentatmuch useful informatithe WTC disaster, the study and reports on obehavior and evacuatito be augmented relatitwo issues.
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

• Activity of evacuees a

others in the exit stai

• Extent to which exit 

well remoteness playrole in 9/11 

• Activity of evacuees a

others in the exit stai

• Extent to which exit s

well remoteness playrole in 9/11 
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

• Activity of evacuees a

others in the exit stai

• Activity of evacuees a

others in the exit stai
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

• Activity of evacuees a

others in the exit stai

got relative short shrif

NIST reports — due to relative emphasis by Nresearchers on pre-evbehavior of occupants

• Activity of evacuees a

others in the exit stai

got relative short shrif

NIST reports — due to relative emphasis by Nresearchers on pre-evbehavior of occupants
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

• Augment NIST’s trea

of exit use by employanalysis and presenttechniques developed years ago in high-risbuilding evacuation at NRC Canada.

• Augment NIST’s trea

of exit use by employanalysis and presenttechniques developed years ago in high-risbuilding evacuation at NRC Canada.
World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

Graphical Mod

of

Evacuation

Strategies

and

Activity

Graphical Mod

of

Evacuation

Strategies

and

Activity

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Hypothexample evacuat15-storebuilding
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Queuing
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

QueuingDescending the Stair
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Speed
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Speed

Density
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Flow

Speed

Density
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Constructingtraces fromposition andtime estimates
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

+

+

+

+

Constructingtraces fromposition andtime estimates
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

TIME TIME

FLOOR FLOOR 
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

TIME TIME

FLOOR 

FLOOR 
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

TIME TIME

100

50

0
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

100

50

0
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0

1500 ±

Fatalities
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0

1500 ±

Fatalities
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0

5 Floors/Min

0.6

1500 ±

Fatalities
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0

5 Floors/Min

0.6

1500 ±

Fatalities
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0

5 Floors/Min

0.6

1500 ±

Fatalities
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0

5 Floors/Min

0.6

1500 ±

Fatalities
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0

5 Floors/Min

0.6

1500 ±

Fatalities
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0

5 Floors/Min

0.6

1500 ±

Fatalities
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0

5 Floors/Min

0.6

1500 ±

Fatalities
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0

5 Floors/Min

0.6

1500 ±

Fatalities
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0

5 Floors/Min

0.6

1500 ±

Fatalities
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0

5 Floors/Min

0.6

1500 ±

Fatalities
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0

5 Floors/Min

0.6

1500 ±

Fatalities

?
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0

5 Floors/Min

0.6

1500 ±

Fatalities

?
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

100

50

0

1600 + 7000 + 500 Evacuee

5 Floors/Min

0.6

1500 ±

Fatalities

?
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

WTC

2
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

0

100

50

5 Floors/Min

0.6
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

3300 Evacuees

0

100

50

5 Floors/Min

0.6
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

3300 + 4700 Evacuees

0

100

50

5 Floors/Min

0.6

663 ±

Fatalities
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

3300 + 4700 Evacuees

0

100

50

5 Floors/Min

0.6

663 ±

Fatalities
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

3300 + 4700 Evacuees

0

100

50

5 Floors/Min

0.6

663 ±

Fatalities

?
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

3300 + 4700 Evacuees

0

100

50

5 Floors/Min

0.6

663 ±

Fatalities

?

*
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

3300 + 4700 Evacuees

0

100

50

5 Floors/Min

0.6

663 ±

Fatalities

?

*
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

3300 + 4700 Evacuees

0

100

50

5 Floors/Min

0.6

663 ±

Fatalities

?

*
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

3300 + 4700 Evacuees

0

?

100

50

5 Floors/Min

0.6

663 ±

Fatalities

?

*
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

3300 + 4700 Evacuees

0

?

100

50

5 Floors/Min

0.6

663 ±

Fatalities

?

*
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

3300 + 4700 Evacuees

0

?

100

50

*

5 Floors/Min

0.6

663 ±

Fatalities

?

*
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

NIST Study Focus on Eva

NIST Study Focus on Eva
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Pre-Evacuation Focus of Many 

Pre-Evacuation Focus of Man
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Exit Activity Focus of Very Few 

Exit Activity Focus of Very Few 
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

So what? A general failure by NIST to deffort on what happened in thstairwells should raise significquestions about projections mthe 4-hour total evacuation timbuilding occupancy and abouperson potential loss of life haattacks occurred with full buioccupancy.

So what? A general failure by NIST to deffort on what happened in thstairwells should raise significquestions about projections mthe 4-hour total evacuation timbuilding occupancy and about person potential loss of life haattacks occurred with full buioccupancy.
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Key Questions: Will NIST preserve—and makto other researchers—the occudata in the most original form other researchers can analyze present the data in more meanfashion?How Soon?

Key Questions: Will NIST preserve—and makto other researchers—the occudata in the most original form other researchers can analyze present the data in more meanfashion?How Soon?
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Key Questions: Will NIST preserve—and makto other researchers—the occudata in the most original form other researchers can analyze present the data in more meanfashion? YESHow Soon? WE DO NOT KN

Key Questions: Will NIST preserve—and makto other researchers—the occudata in the most original form other researchers can analyze present the data in more meanfashion? YESHow Soon? WE DO NOT KN
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Other Uses of the Ch

Other Uses of the C
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Other Uses of the C

Evacuation Prior

&

Deference Behav

Other Uses of the Ch

Evacuation Prior

&

Deference Behav
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

0.6

5 Floors/Min

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

Upper Floor Priority
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

0.6

5 Floors/Min

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

Lower Floor Priority
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

0.6

5 Floors/Min

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Exit Remotene

Exit Remoten
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Exit Remotene

Exit Remoten
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Exit Remotene

Exit Remoten
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Exit Remotene

Exit Remoten
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Exit Remotene

Exit Remoten
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Exit Remotene

Exit Remoten
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Exit Remotene

Exit Remoten
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Exit Remotene

Exit Remoten
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Exit Remotene

Exit Remoten
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Exit Remotene

Exit Remoten
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

So What ? So What ?
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

More-remot

exits might ha

reduced death 

especially in WT

More-remot

exits might ha

reduced death 

especially in WT
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Thank You Thank You

World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

Exit Remotene

Exit Remoten
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

W

3300 + 4700 Evacuees

0

?

100

50

*

5 Floors/Min

0.6

663 ±

Fatalities

?

*
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

0.6

5 Floors/Min

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

0.6

5 Floors/Min

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 00 10 20 

8:46 9:03 9:59 8:46 9:03 9:59 10:28 10:28

0.6

5 Floors/Min
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre
World Trade Center Evacuation and Me World Trade Center Evacuation and Means of Egres

ans of Egre