Figure 1. Chair Descriptions (Continued)

CHATR CHATR FABRIC CONTENT FABRIC | FABRIC] SUBSTRATES IN ARM | SUBSTRATES IN BACK | SUBSTRATES IN SEAT

HUMBER | STYLE (#'s) WEIGHT |BACK- [top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
(0z./sq.yd.) | COATING _

820-87 |Rocker [100% Polypropylene 6.9 37.8% P.U, Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad

590-87 |Swivel 65% Acrylic 1.9 23.6% Blended Cotton P.U, Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad

Rocker }35% Polyester Batting
1064-87|Swive) 62% Polyester 8.9 18.6% P.U. Foam Pad

Desk 24% Nylon
Chair 14% Acrylic

1115-87|Rattan [100% Cotton 4.5 None Resinated Polyester
Chair Fiber Batting
P.U. Foam Pad
1003-87|Wingback 62% Nylon 17.5 30.4% |P.U, Foam Pad Blended Cotton
Chair 138% Cotton Batting
P.U. Foam Pad
850-87 jArmchair |61% Acetate 8.5 21.8% Blended Cotton Resinated Polyester |P.U. Foam Pad
39% Nylon Batting Fiber Batt ing
P.U. Foam Pad
CHAIR CHAIR FABRIC CONTENT EABRIC SUBSTRATES IN ARM | SUBSTRATES IN BACK | SUBSTRATES IN SEAT
HUMBER | STYLE (#'s) WEIGHT |BACK- |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
(oz. /sq. yd.) | COATING _
817-87 |Swivel [73% Acrylic 13.1 33.9% [Blended Fiber Batt- |Shredded Poly- Resinated Polyester
Rocker |27% Polyester ing (93% Cotton/ | urethane Foam Fiber Batting
7% Polyester) P.U, Foam Pad
P.U. Foam Pad



Test Procedure

A total of 200 mock-up smoldering tests were performed
100 tests using the “Tulip” fabric with non-FR polyurethane
foam and 100 tests using the standard California cotton
velvet fabric with non-FR blended cotton batting. The proce-
dure was essentially the same as the procedure used in
earlier NBS studies. The mock-up systems used are well-
established in the fire-sclence community for conducting
small-scale cigarette ignition resistance tests.

The “Tulip’ fabric/foam system tests used the seat/back
mock-up configuration as specified in California Bureau of
Home Furnishings Technical Bulletin No. 117, (see Appendix
B). This mock-up test frame was constructed of 34" plywood,
as shown in Figures 1 and 2. Each substrate foam set
consisted of one seat foam piece 4" x 8” x 2” and one
back foam piece 8” x 7.25" x 2” The foam was weighed,
placed in the test frame and covered with Tulip fabric. The
back foam piece was covered with a fabric swatch 8” x 14°,
and the seat foam piece was covered with a swatch 8” x
8" Fabric was placed on the foam with the beige smooth
side facing up, the tulips showing in an upright position and
the fill threads (rust/blue floating fabric sewn into bottom

Figure 1. Crevice Mock-up
Frame Schematic

2-exox3 pivteod
aes

2-exex3 pL¥o00
want

26 x0x3 PLYWOOD
panes

35

Figure 2. Crevice Mock-up Test
Apparatus

H<——-Upholstery Fabric
Staple Fabric to Wood Frane

Sheet Covering

wn Foam
MAS i<--—--Upholstery Fabric
_— wN
“ee NX
A) Bes VAN
J oN
Nina NN \ t<é———-Test Frame
nnn NAN ANNAN NNN
y RAR
NNANAS NAINA,
ay WN WS ~ . XN NN

side) running left to right as one faces the mock-up.

A total of 10 types of cigarettes, representing a cross
section of brands, sizes, and types, were used as the igni-
tion source and placed in the seat/back crevice. Five repli-
cate tests were conducted each type of cigarette
covered with a 6" x 6” swatch of 100% cotton sheeting and
5 replicate tests were conducted with each cigarette type
without sheeting. During the smoldering phase, systems
were closely observed for obvious signs of ignition. At the
conclusion of smoldering, char fragments were removed, the
unburned foam was reweighed and a weight loss
percentage was calculated. Those foam/fabric systems
exhibiting vigorous smoldering were extinguished before
damage could occur to the test frame. Systems wt
to be extinguished with water were considered “ignitions"

“California fabric/cotton batting systems were tested in a
flat mock-up configuration as specified by the Center for Fire
Research at the National Bureau of Standards. A mock-up
test frame (Figure 3) consisting of a smooth (sanded) 34”
thick piece of plywood 5” wide x 8” long was used. Three
layers of cotton batting were cut to dimensions 5” x 8" and
placed over the plywood frame. The “California” fabric was
cut to dimensions 12” (fill direction) x 10” (warp direction),
placed over the 3 layered batts, wrapped around the edges
of the frame and stapled at the borders to provide a smooth



Introduction

For a number of years, the fire protection community in the
US. and worldwide has been concerned about mitigation of
fire losses where cigarettes and other smoking materials
have been the first source of ignition. One method of
reducing losses is to produce cigarettes with a lowered
propensity to cause sustained smoldering combustion when
placed in contact with building contents, especially items
such as home furnishings, which may be ignited by
cigarettes.

As a result of congressional approval of the Cigarette
Safety Act of 1984, a 3 year study of the technical feasibility
of producing a commercially viable cigarette with a lower
propensity to ignite home furnishings was mandated. This
study was directed by a Technical Study Group. One request
of the study group was to confirm results of cigarette fire
testing done at the Center for Fire Research of the National
Bureau of Standards on a variety of cigarettes. This testing

31

involved smoldering tests performed with several types of
fabric/substrate systems and a variety of types of cigarettes.
The goals of the study were to attempt to determine differ-
ences in smoldering propensity of various cigarettes, and to
evaluate those cigarette properties which appeared to signifi
cantly influence smoldering potential.

The California Bureau of Home Furnishings was selected
to conduct confirmatory tests on earlier work performed by
the National Bureau of Standards, to establish the reproduci-
bility and validity of data. Two fabric/substrate systems inves-
tigated by N.BS, were retested using cigarettes identical to
those tested by the Center for Fire Research. These systems,
1) a non-fire retardant polyurethane foam and a 100% cellu-
losic fabric and 2) non-fire retardant cotton batting and the
“California standard” 100% cotton napped fabric were
among the systems studied by N.BS. in differentiating
between the smoldering propensity of the cigarettes tested.


Figure 4. Smoldering Test Results

SMOLDERING TEST. RESULTS - CALIFORNIA STANDARD FABRIC/COTTON B /
(FLAT MOCK-UP)

I = Ignition
NI = No Ignition

Test # Cov, /Uncov Cigarette Code I/NI Result
1 Uncov. 1 I
2 Uncov. 1 I
3 Uncov., 1 I
4 Uncov. 1 I
5 Uncov. 1 I
1 Uncov. 2 I
2 Uncov. 2 I
3 Uncov. 2 I
4 Uncov. 2 I
5 Uncov. 2 I
1 Uncov. 3 I
2 Uncov. 3 I
3 Uncov. 3 I
4 Uncov. 3 I
5 Uncov. 3 I
1 Uncov. 4 I
2 Uncov. 4 I
3 Uncov. 4 I
4 Uncov. 4 I
5 Uncov. 4 I
1 Uncov. 5 I
2 Uncov. 5 I
3 Uncov. 5 I
4 Uncov. 5 I
5 Uncov. 5 1
1 Uncov. 6 I
2 Uncov. 6 I
3 Uncov. 6 I
4 Uncov. 6 I
5 Uncov. 6 I

40



Figure 1. Chair Descriptions (Continued)

CHAIR CHAIR FABRIC CONTENT FABRIC =| 4 FABRIC} SUBSTRATES IN ARM | SUBSTRATES IN BACK | SUBSTRATES IN SEAT

NUMBER | STYLE (z's) WEIGHT |BACK- top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
(oz. /sq.yd.)}COATING

2713-86|Chair/ | 100% Cotton 8.4 [None Blended Fiber Blended Fiber
Futon Batting (97% Cot. | Batting (97% Cot.
3% P.Est) 3% P.Est)

P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad

2633-86|Loveseat [100% Polypropylene 9.3 137.5% |P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad

2895-86]Swivel [50% Polypropylene 12.9 |12.3% [Blended Cotton Resinated Polyester |P.U. Foam Pad

Rocker |38% Cotton Batting Fiber Batting
12% Polyester P.U. Foam Pad

151-87 |Chair/ 100% Cotton 8.4 None

Resinated Polyester |Resinated Polyester
Futon Fiber Batt ing Fiber Batt ing
Blended Cotton Blended Cotton
Batting Batt ing
P.U. Foam Pad P.U, Foam Pad
2896-86|Swivel {72% Rayon 8.2 [10.9% |P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
Rocker |28% Polyester Blended Fiber
Batting (96% Cot.
4% P.Est)
2902-86|Wingback |48% Acrylic 13.1 [5.8% [Blended cotton Resinated Polyester |Resinated Polyester
Chair 42% Rayon Batting Fiber Batting Fiber Batting
10% Polyester P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
2903-86|Swivel [69% Acrylic 10.4 {20.3% |Resinated Polyester |Resinated Polyester |Res inated Polyester
Rocker |31% Polyester Fiber Batt ing Fiber Batting Fiber Batt ing
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
CHAIR CHATR FABRIC CONTENT FABRIC =| FABRIC] SUBSTRATES IN ARM | SUBSTRATES IN BACK | SUBSTRATES IN SEAT
NUMBER | STYLE (z's) HEIGHT |BACK- [top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer /top to bottom layer
(02./sq. yd.) | COATING
2904-86|Swivel —_|50% Polyester 7.7 132.4% |P.U, Foam Pad Resinated Polyester |P.U. Foam Pad
Rocker |34% Nylon Knit Fabric Quilted | Fiber Batting
9% Rayon to 1/4" thick P.U, Foam Pad
7% Cotton P.U, Foam Pad
Cotton Waste Batting
2905-86 jChair 100% Polyester 9.1 None ne P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
(Cane Blended Fiber
Arms) Batting (92% Cot.
8% P.Est)
3009-86{Armchair 177% Rayon 6.2 |12.1%  |P.U. Foam Pad Non-Woven Ticking |Resinated Polyester
23% Polyester (1-1/2" thick) [Polyester Fiber Fiber Batt ing
Blended Res inated Batt ing P.U. Foam Pad
Fiber Waste Pad: |Blended Res inated
4B Acrylic Fiber Waste Pad
34% Polyester
9% Cotton (sama as arm)
7% Rayon
3% Nylon
2% Acetate
3010-86|Swive)  |43% Cotton 1.2 [20.1% |P.U. Foam Pad Resinated Polyester |Resinated Polyester
Rocker |31% Polypropylene (1/2" thick) Fiber Batting Fiber Batting
26% Rayon P.U. Foam Pad P.U, Foam Pad
825-87 |Flip-Top |Quilted Fabric: 9.9 Hone P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad

Chair Woven Cotton Fabric
P.Est Fiber Batting
Non-Woven Scrim



Iv. Test Results
1. The time of flame spread of individual specimens shall
be noted. Average flame spread shall be determined.
2. If a specimen burn does not reach the specified end
point, the self-extinguishing time shall be noted.
v. NOTE: Mixed Fiber Fillers
1. Fillers consisting of 60 percent or greater of non-man-
made fibers (e.g. cottons, kapok, hair, etc.) must meet
the requirements of Section B, Part I.
2. Fillers consisting of 60 percent or greater of man-made
fibers must meet the requirements of Section C.
3. Fillers not classified in V.1. and V.2. above must meet
the requirements of both Section B, Part I and Section
Cc.
SECTION D
PART I

Resilient Filling Materials - Cigarette Resistance
Requirements

I.

Il.

1.

2.

3.

All resilient filling materials other than cellular
materials (such as foams) shall meet the requirements of
this procedure.

The maximum char length of any specimen shall not exceed
2 inches in any direction from the cigarette.

Resilient cellular materials shall meet the requirements
of Section D Part II.

Test Procedure

1.

2.

Specimens no less than 12 x 12 inches and in the
thickness of intended use shall be tested.

Cigarettes, meeting the cigarette specification of DOC
FF 4-72, shall be burned on the surface, at the center
of the specimen.

Specimens shall be tested with cigarettes both
uncovered, and covered with one layer of sheeting
material.

68









VII.

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Quilted Location Test. Three burning cigarettes shall
be placed on quilted locations of the test furniture.
The cigarettes shall be positioned directly over the
thread in the depression created by the quilting
process. If the quilt design is such that the
cigarettes cannot burn their full lengths over the
thread, then the cigarettes shall be positioned in a
manner which will allow as much of the butt ends as
possible to burn on the thread.

Tufted Location Test. Three burning cigarettes shall be
placed on tufted locations of the test furniture. The
cigarettes shall be positioned so that they burn down
into the depression caused by the tufts and so that the
butt ends of the cigarettes burn out over the buttons or
laces used in the tufts.

Crevices. If crevices exist, created by the orientation
of seat cushions and side or/and back panels, then at
least three cigarettes shall be placed at the crevice
location so that it burns between the seat cushion and
the upholstered panel.

Tops of Arms and Backs. Three burning cigarettes shall
be placed on tops of arms and tops of backs where
present.

Covering Material

All test cigarettes shall be covered with one layer of
sheeting material during test. Cotton or +
cotton/polyester blend bed sheeting material 3.7 - 0.8
oz/yd“, white in color, and not treated with flame
retardants shall be used. The sheeting shall be
laundered and dried at least once before use. 6 x 6
inch pieces of sheeting shall be used for test.

58



Figure 4. Smoldering Test Results

I/NI

Test # Cov./Uncov. Cigarette (%) Weight Average Weight
Code Recovery Recovery (%) Result
1 Cov. 1L 71.5 I
2 Cov. 11 72.7 I
3 Cov. 11 73.7 72.5 I
4 Cov. il 75.4 1
5 Cov. 11 69.0 I
1 Cov. 12 74.9 I
2 Cov. 12 72.7 I
3 Cov. 12 76.0 74.0 I
4 Cov. 12 74.5 I
5 Cov. 12 71.6 I

46



wide cross section of the seat/back or seat/arm interface of
the chair (Figure 3). The mock-up seat was constructed of
substrates from the chair seat area closest to the crevice
and the back was constructed of substrates from the lower
chair back area. Since the mock-up frame is designed to
hold only a 2 inch thick sample, only 2 layers of substrate
could be feasibly used in most cases in constructing the
mock-up, although 3 layers were used in a few cases. In
some cases, the seating layers extended slightly above 2
inches but ample crevice area remained for cigarettes. A
weight in grams was determined to the nearest 0.1 grams for
each substrate system before constructing the mock-up.

The seat and back substrate materials were then each
covered with an uncharred swatch of upholstery fabric from
the chair, with the fabric weave orientation relative to the
crevice direction exactly as in the original furniture article.
Fabric dimensions were 8" x 15” (vertical back panel) and
8" x 11" (horizontal seat panel). The back fabric panel was
stapled to the plywood back frame to insure tightness. Since
the majority of the furniture articles had been broken down
before the study began, the exact tightness of the fabric in
the furniture could not be duplicated in the mock-ups, but
was approximated.

Cigarettes identical to the type described earlier in this
report were used as an ignition source. After lighting, the
cigarette was placed on the crevice and a 6" x 6” swatch
of cotton sheeting, identical to the type described earlier in
this report, was placed over the cigarette. To insure good
fabric contact, a finger was run along the length of the
covered cigarette, and the sheeting was supported by two
straight pins placed in the vertical panel. Caution was taken
"0 insure the cigarette made contact with both the vertical
and horizontal panels of the crevice, and was equidistant
‘rom the edges of the sample.

Smoldering was allowed to continue until all evidence of
combustion had ceased for at least 5 minutes. If a particular

Figure 4. Flat Mock-up Test Frame

/ 3 LAYERS COTTON

BATTING
SSPFSN SANSAASASSSSY
— “* STAPLES

CALIFORNIA STANDARD mee

{_____ g°___..
(FILL DIRECTION}

SIDE VIEW
FABRIC (OVER COTTON}
/

TAPLES“L,
34" PLYWOOD ~

/

¥

* (WARP DIRECT:ON)

\
\a5e( = 15°)

BURNING TIP

|

|
CIGARE STE
TOP VIEW

18

Figure 5. Typical Small-Scale
Mock-Up Systems Tested

system exhibited vigorous sustained smoldering, it was
manually extinguished before damage to the test frame
could occur, and was considered to be an ignition. Upon
completion of smoldering, the cover fabric was removed and
the unburned substrate material was separated from the
char, reweighed and a total weight loss percentage for the
system was calculated

Flat mock-up tests on fabrics and substrates from furniture
seat surfaces were conducted in a similar fashion to the
crevice tests, using the test frame shown in Figure 4, to
accommodate the seating layers only. This frame,
constructed of a 34" x 8” x 9” plywood base, with side
support panels 2 inches wide, allowed for testing of a
seating substrate cross section 5 inches wide x 8 inches
long x approximately 1¥2 to 2 inches deep. The substrate
layers, selected from a partion of the chair seat were cut to
dimensions of 5 inches x 8 inches, covered with a swatch
of seat upholstery fabric from the same chair (8 inches wide
and 9 inches long) and placed in the test frame so that the
fabric fit snugly around the substrate and extended past the
edges to the plywood base. An attempt was made to dupli-
cate the original fabric tension of the furniture in the
mock-ups.

A lit cigarette was placed on the flat surface in the length-
wise direction, equidistant from the edges and covered with
a 6” x 699 swaich of cotton sheeting. Sample recovery.
weighing, etc. was completed as for the crevice mock-ups.

Photographs of typical small-scale mock-up systems are
shown in Figure 5.


flat surface simulating a seat cushion. The fabric was placed
over the frame with the fill direction parallel to the 8” side of
the frame. Each of the cigarette types was tested by placing
the lit cigarette on the fabric at approximately a 45 degree
angle to the warp edge, with the burning tip near the
geometric center of the mock-up and the paper seam of the
cigarette up. A total of 5 replicate tests were run with each
cigarette type covered by 6” x 6” swatches of standard
cotton sheeting. Five replicate tests were also performed
with each cigarette type without sheeting. During the tests,
systems were closely observed for obvious signs of ignition
Since cotton may smolder without significant loss of weight,
close attention was paid to char lengths. At the conclusion of
smoldering, char length maxima were measured in all direc-
tions and post test weight losses were obtained. Those
cotton/fabric systems exhibiting vigorous smoldering were
extinguished before damage could occur to the test frame
and were not weighed.

Figure 3. Flat Mock-Up Test Frame

starues—/]

Nh szarues
>|

FABRIC (OVER COTTON!

5° 1215°)

57 [WARP orRECTION)

croaRerte

BORING THF


II. Test Procedure

i.

3.

4.

Scope

This procedure is intended for use in determining the
resistance of resilient man-made fiber filling materials
to flame spread, when tested using a modified version of
Commercial Standard 191-53.

Test Specimen

Test specimens shall be rectangles of fillers 6 x 3
inches and in the thickness in which the fillers are to
be used. A minimum of 5 specimens shall be tested.

Apparatus

3.1. Cabinet - A test cabinet fabricated in accordance
with the requirements of Commercial Standard 191-
53 shall be used.

3.2. Burner and Gas - The burner and gas specified in
Commercial Standard 191-53 shall be used.

3.3. Specimen Holder - A modified stainless steel
Specimen holder fabricated in accordance with the
requirements of Figure 117B shall be used.

Summary of Method

4.1. All specimens shall be tested, and conditioned for
a minimum of 24 hours, at 70 -5°F and less than 55
percent relative humidity.

4.2. The specimen in its holder shall be supported at
an angle of 45 degrees.

4.3. The burner flame, adjusted to a length of 5/8
inches, shall be applied to the specimen near the
lower edge for 5 seconds.

4.4, The time required for the flame to proceed up the
batting a distance of 5 inches shall be recorded.

4.5. The cabinet door shall remain shut during testing.

III. Definitions

1.

2.

Flame Spread - The time in seconds from application of
the burner until the specified burn end point is
reached.

Self-Extinquishing Time - The time in seconds from
application of the burner until the specimen flame
extinguishes, provided the flame front has not reached
the specified burn end point.

67



|
Contents

Section 1:
Correlation Study of Small Scale

Furniture Mock-up Smoldering Tests

to Full Scale Cigarette Tests

Executive Summary .............
Introduction

Test Procedure (Finished Articles)
Test Procedure (Small Scale Mock-t ups)
Test Results . sees
Conclusions .

List of Figures for Section 1
Figure 1. Chair Descriptions

Figure 2. Crevice Mock-up Frame
Schematic a

Figure 3. Crevice Mock-up Test Apparatus
Figure 4. Flat Mock-up Test Frame

Figure 5. Typical Small-Scale Mock-up
Systems Tested .

Figure 6. Small-Scale Mock-up Correlation
Results bees

15
16

- 26

20

iii

Section 2:

A Smoldering Ignition Study Using
Two Small-Scale Mock-up Systems
and Ten Types of Cigarettes

Executive Summary

introduction

Tested Equipment/Supplies/Samples
Test Procedure
Test Criteria
Test Results
Conclusions . . eee o
Recommendations ..........

List of Figures for Section 2

Figure 1. Crevice Mock-up Frame
Schematic...

Figure 2. Crevice Mock-up Test Apparatus
Figure 3. Flat Mock-up Test Frame

Figure 4. Smoldering Test Results
Section 3:

Results of a Second Mock-Up Ignition

Study Using Ten Types of Cigarettes

Appendix A: Technical Bulletin No. 116
Appendix B: Technical Bulletin No. 117

35

36

40

51

55


should not be left unattended. If flaming combustion
should occur, the test should be immediately
terminated. The availability of a functioning fire
extinguisher is advisable.

Test Materials

2.1.

Ignition Source - Shall be cigarettes without filter
tips made from natural tgbacco 85 - 2,mm long with a
packing density of 0.27 ~ 0.02 gms/cm~, and a total
weight of 1.1 ~ 0.1 gms.

Test Foams - Shall be 7.25 x 8 x 2 inches for vertical
panels, and 8 x 4 x 2 inches for horizontal panels.

Standard Test Fabric - (see Note 6.2) The standard
test fabric shall be 15 x 8 inches for vertical
panels, and 11 x 8 inches for horizontal panels.

Cover Sheeting Material - Cotton,or cotton/polyester
blend bed sheeting material 3.7 = 0.8 oz/yd“, white in
color, and not treated with flame retardants shall be
used to cover test cigarettes. The sheeting shall be
laundered and dried at least once before use. 6 x 6
inch pieces of sheeting shall be used for test.

Procedure

3.1.
3.2.

Weigh foam test panels correct to the nearest 0.1 gms.

Assemble the foam test panels, standard fabric,
cigarette and cover fabric as shown in Figure 2.
Straight pins may be used to support the cover fabric.
The cigarette shall be placed at the crevice created
by the abutment of the vertical and horizontal panels,
such that the cigarette contacts both horizontal and
vertical panels, and shall be equidistant from the
edges of the test panels.

Light the cigarette (but no more than 4 mm burn),
attach cover sheeting material and cover cigarette.
(Note. A finger shall be run along the length of the
covered cigarette to ensure good cover fabric-to-
cigarette contact.)

Continue test until all evidence of combustion has
ceased for at least 5 minutes. If a test is
inadvertently interrupted it must be repeated from the
beginning.

After all combustion has ceased remove cover fabric
and remains of standard test fabric. Carefully remove
foam test panels, clean all carbonaceous char from
panels by scraping with a spatula and weight the non
burned portions of the test panels to the nearest 0.1
gms.



III. Tes

Sheeting materials shall meet the sheet specifications
of Section D Part II 2.2.4.

A minimum of 3 specimens both covered and uncovered
shall be tested.

All test materials shall be cgndigsioned for at least 24
hours prior to testing at 70 - 5 ~F and less than 55
percent relative humidity.

t Results

1.

SECTION D

PART IT

The char dimensions of each specimen shall be measured
to the nearest 0.1 inches.

Resilient Cellular Materials - Smoldering Screening Test
1. Apparatus

1.1.

Test Stand - A test stand constructed as shown in
Figure 1 shall be used in all tests. Construction
material shall be 3/4 inch plywood.

Test Enclosure - To prevent extreme changes in surface
ventilation rate, tests should be performed inside an
enclosure measuring 48 inches long, 21 inches deep and
18 inches high, with an integral bottom, but without
top. The enclosure is designed such that three
individual tests stands may be positioned
simultaneously. Individual test stands should be at
least six (6) inches apart. The enclosure
construction material may be wood, transite, sheet
metal, PMMA or other similar materials. It is
desirable that the enclosure contain an observation
window so that tests may be visually monitored.

Test Hood - The test enclosure shall be placed under a
canopy type hood or in a conventional laboratory hood
for all testing. Ventilation shall be controlled such
that air flow for the particular hood shall be just
sufficient to remove products of combustion. Extreme
or excessive air flow is not desirable and may affect
test results.

Caution - Products of combustion can be irritating and
dangerous to test personnel. Test personnel must
avoid exposure to smoke and gases produced during
testing as much as possible. Flaming combustion is a
possibility in tests such as these, therefore tests

69



6.2. Standard Fabric - The standard upholstery test fabric

shall have the following

FABRIC :
COLOR 3
FIBER CONTENT 3

WEIGHT/LINEAL YD. :
(54 inches)

BACKCOATING A
MANUFACTURER :
AVAILABLE FROM 3

specifications:
Pattern 8500
Beige
100% Cotton Velvet

14.5 oz.

None
J.B. Martin

VAN WATERS AND ROGERS
16300 Shoemaker Avenue
Cerritos, CA 90701
(213) 926-0441

NOTE: This fabric was changed pursuant to a note to
interested parties dated December 2, 1982. The
change was caused by unavailability of previous

fabric.

SECTION E
PART I

Upholstery Fabrics

1.

Fabrics which do not meet the Class 1 requirements of U.S.
Department of Commerce Commercial Standard 191-53 shall not
be used on articles of upholstered furniture.

Both surfaces of the fabric shall be tested to determine

conformance with C.S. 191-53.

Specimens shall not be laundered or dry cleaned prior to

testing.

Test a minimum of 5 specimens with the warp yarns in the long
direction of test and 5 specimens with the fill yarns in the

long direction of test.

72



Executive Summary

In accordance with the provisions of the Cigarette Safety Act
of 1984, the State of California, Bureau of Home Furnishings
conducted a study to confirm previous findings of the Center
for Fire Research, National Bureau of Standards, relating to
cigarette smolderability. The goals of the study were an
attempt to determine differences in smolder potential of a
population of cigarettes when tested on various
fabric/substrate systems, as an aid in evaluating those ciga-
rette properties significantly influencing smolder potential

Replicate cigarette smoldering tests were conducted on
two systems:

1. A 100% cotton fabric over non-fire-retardant polyurethane
foam in a seat/back crevice small-scale mock-up configu-
ration and

2. A 100% cotton napped fabric (California standard type)
over non-fire-retardant cotton batting in a flat mock-up
configuration.

193-806 0 - 87 -3-Q@3

Tests were conducted with and without cotton sheeting over
the cigarettes. A total of 200 tests were conducted. Tests
were repeated as ignitions or non-ignitions based on specific
smoldering criteria. An analysis was made of systems which
exhibited the widest range of smoldering results and thus
the clearest delineation between cigarettes.

Although the cotton fabric/polyurethane foam mock-up
system showed the widest range of cigarette smoldering
performance, the differences in smolderability of the 10
cigarettes tested were still marginal, when compared to
results obtained with other types of cigarettes in similar
studies, The Bureau recommends additional testing using
similar protocols on experimental and potential cigarettes.


Test Procedure

in performing the smoldering tests on finished articles of
‘urniture, all applicable procedures outlined in Technical
Bulletin 116 (see Appendix A) were followed as specified.
Furniture samples and cigarettes were conditioned for at
ieast 48 hours at a temperature of 70°F + 5°F and a rela
tive humidity of less than 55%, before testing, and the furni-
ture was tested under identical conditions. Cigarettes made
‘rom natural tobacco, without filters, were used as the stan-
dard smoldering ignition source and had the following
dimensions: 85 + 2 mm length, 0.3 + 0.02 inch diameter
and 1.1 + 0.1 gram weight

Actual smoldering tests were performed in a laboratory
under a canopy type low draft hood to prevent employee
exposure to combustion products. Each piece of furniture
was tested with lit cigarettes at all horizontal surfaces large
enough to support a cigarette and where a cigarette might
reasonably be expected to land, including smooth surfaces,
crevices, welt cords, quilted areas, decking surfaces, tops of
arms and backs, tufts and buttons, if present. All areas were
tested in triplicate if sufficient area was available. For the
purposes of this study, only the smooth surfaces, seat/back
crevices and seat/arm crevices were used in correlation to
small scale mock-up results. Tests were performed so that
each differently-dyed area was included in the test locations.
No cigarettes were placed closer than 6 inches apart. All
cigarettes were covered, after lighting with one layer of
cotton sheeting material meeting the following specifications
3.7 + 08 ounces per square yard fabric weight, color—

white, no flame-retardant treatment. The sheeting was laun-
dered and dried before use and 6 inch by 6 inch swatches
were used for testing. Care was taken to insure that the
sheeting contacted the cigarette surface by running ones
finger across the sheet/cigarette interface. If a cigarette extin-
guished before burning its entire length, the test was
repeated with a freshly lit cigarette on a different portion of
the same location type. Each cigarette location was tested
until three cigarettes had burned their full length, three
cigarettes self-extinguished before burning their full length or
one or more cigarettes led to a smoldering failure. Any furni-
ture article, based on the criteria cited in Technical Bulletin
116, fails the standard if sustained smoldering occurs leading
to a char length more than 2 inches in any direction from
the cigarette, measured from its nearest point, or if obvious
open flaming occurs.

All cigarette locations resulting in sustained smoldering
failures were manually extinguished by application of water
and/or char removal after ascertaining that an ignition had
occurred, in order to save as much of the fabric and
substrate material for the subsequent small-scale correlation
tests.


Figure 6. Technical Bulletin #116/Small-Scale Mock-Up Correlation Results
(Continued)

2713-86] 0/1 o/t ---- ---- | 1/1 V1
2533-86] 1/1 wi | av 2/2 Wi 3/3 |
2895-86) 1/1 Wi wie | 1/2 wi

151-87 1/1 w/t ---- ee | 1/1 Wi
2996-86] 1/1 Wt 1/1 2/2 ast 3/3. |
2902-86 1/1 Wt Ww 2/2 V1 3/3
2903-86] 1/1 wv i 2/2 Wi 3/3
2904-86} 1/1 wi Wi 2/2 Wi 3/3
2905-86| 1/1 wi ---- e--- | M1 3/3
3009-86] 1/1 WV W/1 2/2 wi 3/3
3010-86] 1/1 Wt W1 2/2 val 3/3. |
\325-87 w/t w/t oo ---- | W/ 3/3 |
1186-86] ---- a ---- | wie | 273
1194-86] 1/1 wt ---- ---- | U1 3/3 |
1199-86] 1/1 a ---- | W/L 3/3
142-87 | ---- wees | wooo e--- | W/L 2/2
1399-86] ---- a oo ---- | 1/1 3/3
3012-86| ---- a ---- | Wt 3/3
3027-86| 1/1 W/1 WV 2/2 vat a3 |
3011-86] 1/1 w/t wv 2/2 W/1 3/3. |
3013-86|  ---- were | were | nee | 3/3
3026-86) 1/1 1/1 W/1 a 3/3 |

® Does not correlate

al



Test Procedure
(Small-Scale Mock-Ups)

After completion of the smoldering cigarette tests on the
finished articles, each of these articles was broken down into
its component parts and each substrate and upholstery
fabric component was identified generically. Also, fabric
weights, fiber blend percentages and percentage of back-
coating were determined for each upholstery fabric.

Small-scale smoldering mock-up tests were then
performed for each article for which adequate fabric and
substrate material remained. Where possibie, small-scale
mock-up tests were performed on both smooth (seat)
surface materials, using a “flat” mock-up test frame (see
Figure 2) and also on materials from seat/back and seat/arm
interfaces using a ‘crevice’ mock-up test frame (see Figure
3). In some articles, no arms were present or no seat/arm or
seat/back cushioning interface existed, so all mock-up tests
were no performed. For any article, the maximum number of
smatl-scale tests performed included, when possible, one
smooth seai test, one seat/back crevice test and one
seat/arm crevice test. No duplicate tests were performed for
any chair location, due to a lack of sufficient test materials.

Figure 2. Crevice Mock-up
Frame Schematic

2-2x0K3 murwoco
ances

2-6 xax2 pLywooo
PaNeCs

7

Substrates and fabrics were conditioned and small-scale
mock-ups were tested under the conditions described earlier.
All tests were conducted in the same laboratory area used
for the full-scale furniture samples. Mock-up test frames were
placed in P.M.M.A. test boxes specified in California Bureau
of Home Furnishings Technical Bulletin Number 117, Section
D, Pt. Il (inside dimensions 48” x 21” x 18” high with no
top) to minimize effects of surface ventilation on smoldering.
The test boxes were located under a low-draft canopy type
hood to minimize employees exposure to combustion
products.

The ‘crevice’ mock-up test frame is shown in Figures 2
and 3. The frame, identical to the type specified in Technical
Bulletin Number 117, Section D, Pt. Il, is constructed from
34" thick plywood and is designed to accommodate a
substrate with seat dimensions 2” x 8” x 4” and back
dimensions 299 + 8” x 7.2" with a perpendicular
seat/back interface. Unburned layers of the substrate fillings
were Cut to the sizes specified and placed in the test frame
in the exact order in which the layers were positioned in the
actual chair from which the substrates were removed, in
order to approximate as nearly as possible a small 8 inch

Figure 3. Crevice Mock-up Test
Apparatus

Foan

Upholstery Fabric
Staple Fabric to Wood Frame

Sheet Covering

}——Foan
}<———Upholstery Fabric

/<-——Test Frane





Figure 1. Chair Descriptions (Continued)

CHATR CHATR FABRIC {% FABRIC] SUBSTRATES IN ARM | SUBSTRATES IN BACK | SUBSTRATES IN SEAT
NuMBER | STYLE (z's) WEIGHT |BACK- “top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
(oz. /sq. yd.) {COATING
601-87 |office {100% Acrylic 11.5 |None P.U. Foam Pad
Chair
1025-87|Dinette |712 Cotton 12.1 |1.0% P.U. Foam Pad
Chair |29% Polyester
1027-87]Dinette |100% Polyester 4.7 |None P.U, Foam Pad
Chair
1028-87|Dinette |100% Cotton 8.4 — |None P.U. Foam Pad
Chair
1029-87|Dinette —|100% Polypropylene 9.5 |15.6% P.U. Foam Pad
Chair
819-87 |Chair 84% Rayon 8.4 |20.3% Resinated Polyester |P.U. Foam Pad
32% Acrylic Fiber Batt ing
14% Polyester P.U. Foam Pad
CHAIR CHAIR FABRIC CONTENT. FABRIC |X FABRIC] SUBSTRATES IN ARM | SUBSTRATES IN BACK | SUBSTRATES IN SEAT
NUMBER | STYLE (3's) WEIGHT |BACK- [top to bottom layer {top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
(oz./sq.yd.) [COATING
823-87 |Loveseat [100% Nylon 13.0 [20.3% areccn ee P.U. Foam Pad
851-87 |Computer |59x Acrylic 12.8 [None P.U. Foam Pad
Chair |28% Polyester
7% Nylon
4% Cotton/2% Rayon
~ . 7 |
176-87 |Hanmock 100% Cotton 6.3 None P.U, Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
Chair
588-87 /Armchair |79% Acrylic 9.7 5.6% P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
13% Polyester Resinated Polyester
8% Rayon Fiber Pad
821-87 |Computer [72% Acrylic 8.8 3.6% P.U. Foam Pad
Chair |28% Polyester
951-87 {Rattan [42% Cotton 11.6 6.8% P.U. Foam Pad
Chair 137% Polyester
21% Nylon



4.

Test Measurements
4.1. The following weight measurements of the foam test
panels shall be made:
(a) Pre-test weight - A

(b) Post test weight of non-smoldered
foam - B.

4.2. Calculate the percent non-smoldered foam.

100 B
A
4.3. Tests on each foam formulation shall be conducted in
triplicate.
5. Test Criteria
TEST THREE SPECIMENS OF EACH FOAM
If all If two or more If one test
test specimens test specimens specimen with
greater than 80% with less than 80% less than 80%
non-smoldered non-smoldered non-smoldered
residue residue residue
FOAM PASSES (P) FOAM FAILS (F) TEST THREE ADDITIONAL

6.

TEST SPECIMENS

If one test If all test
specimen with specimens greater
less than 80% than 80%
non-smoldered non-smoldered

residue residue

FOAM FAILS (F) FOAM PASSES (P)

Notes

6.1. Conditioning - All test foams, standard fabric, cever
sheeting and,cigapettes shall be maintained at 70°F -
5°F (21.1°C = 2.8°C) and less than 55 percent relative
humidity for at least 24 hours prior to test.

al



TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 116

REQUIREMENTS, TEST PROCEDURE AND APPARATUS FOR
TESTING THE FLAME RETARDANCE OF UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE

I. Upholstered furniture means any product as set forth in
Section 19006 of the State of California Home Furnishings
Act.

Requirements:

(1) An article of upholstered furniture fails to meet the
provisions of law if any of the following conditions
occur?

(A) If obvious flaming combustion occurs.

(B) If a char develops more than two inches in any
direction from the cigarette, measured from its
nearest point.

(2) Flame retardant properties shall be retained by the
furniture under all normal conditions of temperature,
humidity and use.

II. Test Materials

(1) Cigarettes. Cigarettes,shall be made from natural
tobacco and shall be 85- 2mm long with a diameter of
0.3- 0.02 inches and a weight of 1.1 gms ~ 0.1 gms.
Filter tip cigarettes shall not be used.

{2) Furniture. The article of upholstered furniture tested
shall be: (a) the finished product ready for sale to
the consumer; or (b) a prototype mock-up of actual
components which duplicate the design and structure of
the finished product.

III. Preparation of Test Materials

Furniture and cigarettes shall be conditioned for not
less than 48 hours at a temperature of 65 - 80°F and a
relative humidity of less than 55% immediately prior to
test. Furniture shall be positioned so as to allow for
maximum surface exposure to conditioning environment.

Iv. General Requirements

(1) The furniture shall be tested under conditions of
between 65 - 80°F temperature and less than 55% relative
humidity.

(2) Test shall be performed in such a manner that each
differently-dyed area of the furniture fabric is
included in the test locations.

56





a

Tests of Smoldering
Ignition of Chairs
and Reduced-Scale
Mock-ups by
Various Cigarettes

A Smoldering
ignition Study Using
Two Small-Scale
Mock-Up Systems
and Ten Types

of Cigarettes

27


2. Maximum and average char length, afterglow and
afterflame shall be determined for each resilient
cellular material.

SECTION A
PART _IT

Shredded Resilient Cellular Materials (e.g. shredded polyurethane
foams)

Shredded resilient cellular materials shall meet the following
requirements.

1. The resilient cellular material used for shredding shall
meet the requirements of Section A and D of this Technical
Bulletin prior to shredding, or a post flame treated
shredded foam may be used.

2. All resilient cellular material shall be encased in a
fabric/ticking, and the requirements of the following test
procedure shall be met.

3. A 13 x 13 inch (finished size) pillow/cushion fabricated
from the fabric/ticking and filled with the flame retardant
foam, shall be used for testing.

4, The packing density of the shredded foam shall approximate
that of intended use.

5. The pillow/cushion shall not lose more than 5 percent in
weight when subjected to a 1.5 inch flame from a Bunsen
Burner for 12 seconds.

6. The burner shall be positioned 0.75 inches below the center
of the bottom lateral surface of the horizontally positioned
pillow/cushion.

7. The pillow/cushion shall be supported in such a manner that
a minimum 10 inch diameter circular portion of the lower
fabric surface be directly exposed to the burner flame.

8. The pillow/cushion shall meet the test requirements both
before and after aging for 24 hours at 220°F (104°C).

9. The test gas shall be Matheson Gas B, and all
pillow/cushigns shall be conditioned for a minimum of 24
hours at 70 -— 5°F and less than 55 percent relative
humidity.

10. The burner flame shall be adjusted by means of a needle
valve in the base of the burner to give a flame height of
1.5 inches with air supply to the burner permanently shut
off.

63



Cc. Test Procedure

1. All test material shall be aged for a minimum of 48 hours
at 150,- 3 F, and conditioned for a minimum of 24 hours
at 70 - 5°F and less than 55 percent relative humidity
before testing.

2. A pre-weighed wire basket shall be filled to the 3-inch
level with the aged material, and the weight of the test
material determined.

3. Place the test basket on a sheet of aluminum foil ina
fume hood. The hood fan should remain off during the
test.

4. Hold a methehamine tablet with tongs and ignite with a
match.

5. Place the burning tablet gently on the top center of the
test material.

6. Continue the test until all flames are completely
extinguished.

7. After cooling, reweigh the basket and record percentage
weight loss. Molten material which remains in the basket
or on the aluminum foil is not considered as weight loss.

8. A total of five test samples of each material shall be
evaluated.

SECTION B
PART I

Non-Man-Made Filling Materials

I.

Non-man-made filling materials shall meet all the
requirements under Section A of this technical bulletin with
the following modifications:

1.

Specimens shall not be mounted in a specimen holder, but
shall be vertically suspended into the flame. The upper
1/2 inch of the specimen may be used for suspension.

Specimens size shall be 12 x 3 inches and in the
thickness in which the batting is to be used up to 1
inch. If the filler is to be used in thicknesses of
greater than one inch, specimens shall be cut to one inch
thickness prior to testing.

Nonsman-mage products shall not be aged for 24 hours at
220°F (104°C).

65



SECTION B
PART_IT

Shredded and Loose Fill Materials

Feathers and Down

Feathers and down may be used in articles of upholstered
furniture provided that the following requirements are met:

1. The feathers and down shall be encased in a flame
retardant fabric/ticking.

2. The fabric/ticking shall meet the requirements of
Technical Bulletin 117, Section A, Requirements 1, 2, 3,
4 and 5, when tested in accordance with Federal Test
Method Standard No. 191 Method 5903.2.

3. The burner flame shall be applied vertically at the
middle of the lower edge of the specimens for both 3
seconds and 12 seconds.

4. Specimen size shall be 12 x 2 3/4 inches.

5. Twenty specimens shall be tested as follows:

Test Yarn-Vertical Specimens
3 Warp 5
3 Fill 5
12 Warp 5
12 Fill 5
SECTION C

Man-Made Fiber Filling Materials
I. Requirements

1. The average flame spread of all specimens shall not be
less than 10 seconds.

2. The minimum flame spread of any individual specimens
shall not be less than 7 seconds.

3. Man-made fiber fillers shall meet these requirements when
tested both with and without any attached woven or non-
woven materials such as scrims, cheese cloth, etc.

4, Man-made fiber fillers shall meet these requirements when
tested in both machine (or linear) and transverse
directions.



Figure 6. Technical Bulletin #116/Small-Scale Mock-Up Correlation Results
(Continued)

CHAIR /SEAT/BACK CREVICE|SEAT/ARM CREVICE] FLAT SEAT _
NUMBER | MOCK-UP [T.B.116/MOCK-UP [T.B.116|MOCK-UP|T.B.116
229-87 — ---- were | meee | 3/3
230-87 ---- | ---- wee [ ---- | 1/1 3/3
591-87 Ww wn w--- | ---- | 1/1 3/3
1005-87) 0/1 “Olt one e--- | ie | ost
233-87 V1 a fee ---- | Wi 3/3
234-87 Ww rat were |---| 3/3.
820-87 wi WL ---- ---- | i | 3/3
590-87 w/1 Vi Wi 2/2 in| 373
1064-87} ---- | ---- weee | ---- |] Mt 3/3
us-87[ | |e | | an | ava
1003-87; 1/1 | 1/1 - wie | 0/2 | 173
850-87 wv i | oon ov | in 3/3. |
817-87 w/t " ine | ave | in 3/3

* Does not correlate

24




Tests of Smoldering
Ignition of Chairs
and Reduced-Scale
Mock-ups by
Various Cigarettes

Correlation Study
of Small-Scale
Furniture Mock-Up
Smoldering Tests




Figure 1. Chair Descriptions (Continued)

CHAIR CHATR FABRIC |X FABRIC) SUBSTRATES IN ARM | SUBSTRATES IN BACK | SUBSTRATES IN SEAT
NUMBER | STYLE (x's) WEIGHT —|BACK-  |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
(oz./sq. yd.) {COATING
1030-87/Armchair |55x Rayon 13.9 None =| P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
45% Cotton
43-87 |Rocker [54x Polyester 8.6 None Polyester Fiber Polyester Fiber
46% Cotton Batting Batting
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
44-87 [Armchair [68% Acrylic 9.2 None Resinated Polyester |Resinated Polyester
32% Rayon Fiber Batting Fiber Batting
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
73-87 JArmchair | 74% Acrylic 12.7 Blended Cotton Blended Cotton
26% Polyester Batting Batting
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
74-87 |Office  |64% Polypropylene 10.3 26.4% P.U. Foam Pads P.U, Foam Pad
Swivel [36% Polyester
Chair
75-87 |Swivel 771% Aerylic 11.8 13.1% |Blended Cotton Resinated Polyester |Resinated Polyester
Rocker |23% Polyester Batting Fiber Batting Fiber Batting
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
CHATR CHATR FABRIC SUBSTRATES IN_ARM | SUBSTRATES IN BACK | SUBSTRATES IN SEAT
NUMBER | STYLE (#'s) WEIGHT — | BACK- top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
(oz./sq.yd.)
229-87 |stool 100% Cotton 8.3 None P.U. Foam Pad
230-87 |Deskchair |100% Cotton 5.9 None P.U. Foam Pad
$91-87 JArmchair |73% Acrylic 13.0 40.4% P.U. Foam Pad Resinated Polyester
27% Polyester Fiber Batting
P.U. Foam Pad
1005-87]Armchair |85% Cotton 9.8 22.8% P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
15% Polypropylene (decubitus) (decubitus)
233-87 |Parlor — |43% Cotton 10.3 None P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
Chair |41% Acrylic
16% Polypropylene
234-87 |Parlor | 65% Polyester 10.9 None P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
Chair = [26% Acrylic
19% Rayon
193-806 0 - 87 - 2- OL 3 ‘8



Executive Summary

in accordance with the provisions of the Cigarette Safety Act
of 1984, the State of California, Bureau of Home Furnishings
conducted a study to determine the level of correlation
between cigarette smoldering tests on finished articles of
upnolstered furniture and on smali scale mock-ups
constructed from the fabrics and substrates in the furniture.

A total of 100 upholstered chairs, randomly sampied from
the California retail market, were tested to the State of
Californias cigarette ignition resistance standard, Technical
Bulletin Number 116. 496 cigarette tests were performed at
various locations on the chairs, including 287 flat seat loca-
tions, 66 seat/back crevices and 66 seat/arm crevices. Tests
resulting in obvious ignitions were noted and extinguished
Up to four cigarette tests were performed at any one type of
charr location.

Upon completion of full-scale testing, the 100 chairs were
broken down and small-scale tests were performed using
materials from equivalent chair locations. Crevice tests and
flat mock-up tests were performed on the furniture materials.
Ignitions were noted and extinguished. A total of 196 mock-
up tests were performed (100 flat, 63 seat/back crevices. 33
seat/arm crevices). Comparison was then made between the
ignition results on the chair tests and the small-scale tests.
Good correlation was observed if all small-scale tests and all
chair tests performed at any one location type of a specific
chair exhibited the same results.

Results showed very good correlation between full-scale
(chair) and small-scale (mock-up) tests. On the 196 sm
scale tests conducted, 180 correlated with the chair results.
Of the 16 tests showing poor correlation, 9 were flat tests, 4
were seat/back crevices and 3 were seat/arm crevices. All
16 mock-up locations showing no correlation did not ignite
while the 16 equivalent chair locations showed ignition in at
least one or more replicate tests. On a chair basis, the corre-
lation rate was 90%.

Due to limited numbers of chairs available, equal numbers
of small scale and large scale tests could not be conducted.
The Bureau recommends further testing by this protocol
using a larger data base to establish the efficiency of using
small-scale mock-ups to predict the cigarette smoldering
performance of furniture.





Test Results

Results of small scale mock-up and Technical Bulletin 116
testing are summarized in Figure 6 for the 100 chairs tested
A total of 419 cigarette tests were performed on finished
furniture articles by the Technical Bulletin 116 procedure, at
the 3 types of locations equivalent to the mock-up tests.
These consisted of 287 flat seat locations, 66 seat/back
crevice iocations, and 66 seat/arm crevice locations. For any
specific chair, up to 4 Technical Bulletin 116 cigarette tests
were performed at any one type of location, depending on
available space and chair geometry.

Aiter breakdown of the chairs, a total of 196 small-scale
mock-up correlation tests were performed, consisting of 100
flat seat test locations, 63 seat/back crevice locations and 33
seat/arm crevice locations. Comparisons of smoldering
results were then made between the Technical Bulletin 116
tests and the small-scale mock-up tests for each chair loca-
tion. Figure 6 summarizes, for each chair, the number of
cigarette tests showing no ignition (i.e, passing the smolder
criteria) versus the total number of tests performed for each
location type. The ratios showing number of locations not
igniting compared to number tested are listed side by side
for the 2 types of tests conducted for easy comparison of
small-scale and full-scale results. As stated earlier, a non-
ignition location exhibited no sustained smoidering beyond a
2 inch char length. Perfect correlation was observed if all
small-scale mock-up tests and Technical Bulletin 116 tests
performed at any one location type of a specific chair
exhibited the same results (i.e., sustained ignition or self-
extinguishment). Those chair locations where the small-scale
mock-up test ignited and one or more Technical Bulletin 116
tests did not ignite or the small-scale mock-up test did not
ignite and one or more Technical Bulletin 116 tests did ignite
were defined to be non-correlating and are indicated by an
asterisk in the mock-up column of Figure 6.

Based on these definitions, correlation to the Technical
Bulletin 116 tests was observed in 180 of the 196 small-scale
tests conducted for a correlation rate of 91.8%. Uncertain
correlation or no correlation at all was observed in 16 of the
196 tests for a non-correlation rate of 8.2%. When correla-
tions for the individua! location types were examined, the
poorest correlation was observed at the flat seat location,
where 91 of 100 small-scale tests (91.0%) correlated. Also,
non-correlation was observed in 4 of 63 (6.3%) of the small-

scale seat/back crevice tests and in 3 of 33 (9.1%) of the
small-scale seat/arm crevice tests. On a chair for chair basis,
10 chairs showed ignitions at one or more locations while
the equivalent mock-ups showed no ignition, for a 90.0%
correlation rate.

Of the 16 small-scale test locations where poor or uncer-
tain correlation was observed, all showed no ignition in the
small-scale mock-up test but exhibited sustained smoldering
in one or more of the Technical Bulletin 116 tests. However,
tests of 6 of the chairs gave inconsistent results at specific
locations. For example, in testing a chair crevice location,
only one of three test locations might ignite. Under the
criteria of Technical Bulletin 116, this is considered an ignition
of that location and a failure of the chair. In the six equiva-
lent tests, with no replicates, mock-up results correlated with
“no ignition’ chair locations, but not with the ignited locations
on the same chair. Discounting these 6 locations of uncer-
tain correlation, the correlation rate for the remaining 190
test locations increased to 94.7%, with 180 of 190 locations
in good correlation. Complete lack of correlation, where the
small-scale test did not ignite but all of the equivalent Tech-
nical Bulletin 116 tests ignited, was observed in 10 locations.

Thorough correlation of small-scale mock-up tests to Tech-
nical Bulletin 116 tests was impossible because equal
numbers of tests were not possible for each chair location
by the two test methods. In most cases, one small-scale
mock-up result was compared to one to four Technical
Bulletin 116 results, for the same chair locations. Thus, for
example, one flat surface failure of three Technica! Bulletin
116 tests would constitute an ignition, even though two other
cigarette locations did not ignite. If the equivalent small-scale
mock-up did not ignite, the comparison was defined to be a
non-correlation. In order to more adequately assess the
degree of correlation, equal numbers of small-scale mock-up.
and full-scale furniture tests should be conducted, for each
chair location, which is usually not possible.


Technical

Study Group
Cigarette Safety
Act of 1984

Tests of Smoldering
Ignition of Chairs
and Reduced-Scale
Mock-ups by
Various Cigarettes

October 1987

GORDON H. DAMANT
JOHN A. MCCORMACK
BERNADETTE CLAIRE

Bureau

of Home
Furnishings
State of
California


Figure 4. Smoldering Test Results

Tv #t Cov. /Uncov. Cigarette Code I/NI_ Result
1 Cov. 4 I
2 Cov. 4 I
3 Cov. 4 I
4 Cov. 4 I
5 Cov. 4 I
1 Cov. 5 IT
2 Cov. 5 I
3 Cov. 5 I
4 Cov. 5 I
5 Cov. 5 I
1 Cov. 6 I
2 Cov. 6 I
3 Cov. 6 I
4 Cov. 6 I
5 Cov. 6 I
1 Cov. 7 I
2 Cov. 7 I
3 Cov. 7 I
4 Cov. 7 NI
5 Cov. 7 NI
1 Cov. 10 I
2 Cov. 10 I
3 Cov. 10 I
4 Cov. 10 I
5 Cov. 10 I
1 Cov. il I
2 Cov. 11 I
3 Cov. 1 L
4 Cov. 11 I
5 Cov. 11 I
1 Cov. 12 I
2 Cov. 12 I
3 Cov. 12 I
4 Cov. 12 1
5 Cov. 12 I

42


Figure 1. Chair Descriptions

CHAIR CHAIR (ENT FABRIC =X FABRIC] SUBSTRATES IN ARM | SUBSTRATES IN BACK | SUBSTRATES IN. SEAT
NUMBER | SIYLE (a's) WEIGHT — | BACK~ top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
(0z./sq. yd.) {COATING
1138-86}Loveseat |100% Leather 16.9 [None Polyester Fiber Polyester Fiber
Batting Batting
P.U. Foam Pad P.U, Foam Pad
1137-86 |Chair/ 100% Cotton 8.5 — |None Blended Fiber Blended Fiber
Futon Batting (83% Cot. | Batting (83% Cot.
17% P.Est) 17% P.Est)
P.U. Foam Pad P.U, Foam Pad
1612-86|Chair/ —|100% Cotton 8.5  |None Blended Fiber Blended Fiber
Futon Batting (94% Cot. | Batting (94% Cot.
6% P.Est) 6% P.Est)
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
1723-86|Chair/ 100% Cotton 7.4 [None Blended Fiber Blended Fiber
Futon Batting (89% Cot. | Batting (89% Cot.
J1e P.Est) 11% P.Est)
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
1799-86 |Chair/ 100% Cotton 8.7 |None Blended Fiber Blended Fiber
Futon Batting (92% Cot. | Batting (92x Cot.
8x P.Est) 8% P.Est)
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
2285-86|Chair/ 100% Cotton 8.6 |None Blended Fiber Blended Fiber
Futon Batting (90% Cot. | Batting (90% Cot.
10% P.Est) 10% P.Est)
P.U. Foam Pad P.U, Foam Pad
CHAIR CHATR FABRIC SUBSTRATES IN ARM | SUBSTRATES IN BACK | SUBSTRATES IN SEAT
NUMBER | STYLE (t's) HEIGHT - |top to bottom layer |tap to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
(oz./sq.yd.)
2286-86 |Chair/ 100% Cotton 8.2 Blended Fiber Blended Fiber
Futon Batting (90% Cot. | Batting (90% Cot.
10x P.Est) 10% P.Est)
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
2412-86|Flip-Top [100% Cotton 6.3 None P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
Chair
2413-86|Flip-Top {98x Polypropylene 5.3 40.0% P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
Chair | 2% Rayon
1189-86 ]Armchair |100% Rayon 9.9 None —[P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
(1/2" thick)
Blended Fiber Waste
Batting:
27% Rayon
25% Polyester
15% Acetate
15% Cotton
10% Nylon
8% Acrylic



Introduction

For a number of years, the fire protection community in the
U.S. and worldwide has been concerned about mitigation of
fire losses where cigarettes and other smoking materials
have been the first source of ignition. One method of
reducing losses |s to produce cigarettes with a lowered
propensity to cause sustained smoldering combustion when
placed in contact with building contents, especially items
such as home furnishings, which may be easily ignited by
cigarettes.

As a result of congressional approval of the Cigarette
Safety Act of 1984, a 3-year study of the technical feasibility
of producing a commercially viable cigarette with a low
propensity to ignite home furnishings was mandated. This
study was directed by a Technical Study Group. One request
of the study group was to validate the use of small-scale
furniture mock-ups as an aid in predicting the smoldering
performance of finished articles of furniture. This task was
assigned to the flammability laboratory of the California
Bureau of Home Furnishings, since California law contains a
standard for cigarette smolder resistance of furniture articles,
and furniture samples are available on a continuous basis
for correlation testing.

This voluntary standard, known as Bureau of Home
Furnishings Technical Bulletin Number 116, “Requirements,
Test Procedure and Apparatus for Testing the Flame
Retardance of Upholstered Furniture,” January, 1980 (see
Appendix A) has been in effect since 1975, and becomes
enforceable if a furniture manufacturer labels furniture as
complying with the standard.

Since 1981, the California Bureau of Home Furnishings
has tested about 600 articles of new upholstered furniture for
compliance with the Technical Bulletin 116 standard. The
states mandatory furniture flammability standard, Technical
Bulletin Number 117, “Requirements, Test Procedure and
Apparatus for Testing the Flame Retardance of Resilient
Filling Materials Used in Upholstered Furniture? (Appendix
B), requires that all fabrics and stuffings used in furniture
offered for sale in California must meet minimum flammability
performance standards, for flaming and smoidering. Section
D, PT. II of Technical Bulletin 117 specifically states that all
cellular foam pads used in California furniture, when tested
in a small-scale seat/back crevice mock-up configuration
with a standard 100% cotton velvet fabric shall not lose

more than 20% of their origina! weight when a lit cigarette is
placed in the crevice, covered with a swatch of cotton
sheeting and allowed to smolder. Other sections of the stan-
dard require that man-made fiber battings, cotton and other
natural fiber battings and blended fiber battings containing
mixtures of natural and man-made fibers all meet a specific
smoldering standard which requires that the char length in
any direction from the cigarette not exceed 2 inches when a
12 in. by 12 in. swatch is tested in a flat configuration, with a
lit cigarette covered by cotton sheeting. However, Technical
Bulletin 117 standard does not require that small-scale mock-
ups, using fabrics and substrates identical to those found in
the finished furniture article be smolder-resistant, either in the
flat or crevice configuration. Thus, correlation tests had not
been performed on all furniture articles cited above. The
Bureau has, however, performed a total of 196 flat and
crevice mock-up tests on fabrics and substrate materials
taken from 100 finished furniture articles in an attempt to
correlate these smoldering results with those from the Tech-
nical Bulletin 116 cigarette tests performed on finished
articles. The finished furniture articles used in the study were
sampled randomly in 1986 or 1987, by Bureau inspectors on
the California retail market and represented a wide variety of
manufacturers, styles, sizes, shapes, fabric types and under-
lying substrate materials. A summary description of the furni-
ture articles tested; including style, upholstery fabric content,
fabric weight, % fabric backcoating and filling contents of
the seat, arms and back, etc., is given in Figure 1. Only the
contents of the chair that were actually used in the small-
scale mock-up tests are listed, although a number of the
articles contained additional stuffings, remote from the cover
fabric.


Appendix A
Technical Bulletin 116

STATE OF CALIFORNIA
DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS
BUREAU OF HOME FURNISHINGS
3485 ORANGE GROVE AVENUE
NORTH HIGHLANDS, CALIFORNIA 95660-5595

TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 116

REQUIREMENTS, TEST PROCEDURE AND APPARATUS FOR
TESTING THE FLAME RETARDANCE OF UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE

JANUARY 1980

55





a =
Ff

Technical
Study Group
Cigarette Safety
Act of 1984




Figure 4. Smoldering Test Results

SMOLDERING TEST RESULTS--TULIP FABRIC/FOAM
CREVICE MOCK-UP

I = Ignition
NI= No Ignition

Test # Cov./Uncov Cigarette (%) Weight Average Weight I/NI

Code Recovery Recovery (%) Result
1 Uncov. 1 100.0 NI
2 Uncov. 1 99.9 98.7 NI
3 Uncov. 1 100.0 NI
4 Uncov. L 99.9 NI
5 Uncov. 1 93.6 NI
1 Uncov. 2 99.5 NI
2 Uncov. 2 100.0 NI
3 Uncov. 2 100.0 99.7 NI
4 Uncov. 2 99.8 NI
5 Uncov. 2 99.1 NI
1 Uncov. 3 99.9 NI
2 Uncov. 3 100.0 NI
3 Uncov. 3 99.3 99.7 NI
4 Uncov. 3 99.5 NI
5 Uncov. 3 99.8 NI
1 Uncov. 4 99.3 NI
2 Uncov. 4 99.7 NI
3 Uncov. 4 99.8 97.5 NI
4 Uncov. 4 89.5 NI
5 Uncov. 4 99.0 NI
1 Uncov. 5 88.9 NI
2 Uncov. 5 99.9 NI
3 Uncov. 5 88.8 92.3 NI
4 Uncov. 5 85.3 NI
5 Uncov. 5 98.4 NI
1 Uncov. 6 73.0 I
2 Uncov. 6 71.1 1
3 Uncov. 6 80.5 74.3 NI
4 Uncov. 6 74.5 I
5 Uncov. 6 72.3 I

43


Conclusions

Correlations obtained were good, given the number of vari-
abies which influence the smoldering behavior of furniture.
Since a limited number of chairs and locations were tested,
the trends exhibited in correlation (i.e., lower correlation rate
for flat seat surfaces than for crevices, etc.) may not be
significant. Note that the results of this testing do not repre-
sent the total range of smoldering performance of furniture
found in consumer's homes. This protocol does, however,
show promise as a method for predicting whether a finished
furniture article, filled with particular contents and covered
with a particular fabric, will exhibit sustained smoldering igni-
tion, at smooth surfaces or crevice locations, Based on the
results of this preliminary study, the Bureau of Home
Furnishings recommends continued research in this area to
generate a larger data base and establish the efficacy of
using small-scale substrate/fabric mock-ups to assess the
smolder potential of finished articles of furniture.

25


TIl.
i.

requirements specified in Figure 117A shall be

used.

Procedure

4.1. All specimens shall be tested, ,ang conditioned for
a_minimum of 24 hours, at 70 - 5°F and less than
55 percent relative humidity.

4.2. The specimen in its holder shall be suspended
vertically in the cabinet in such a manner that
the lower end of the specimen is 0.75 inches above
the top of the burner.

4.3, The burner flame shall be adjusted by means of a
needle valve in the base of the burner to give a
flame-height of 1.5 inches with air supply to the
burner permanently shut off.

4.4. After inserting the specimen, the burner flame
shall be applied vertically at the middle of the
lower edge of the specimens for 12 seconds.

4.5. The cabinet door shall remain shut during testing.

Definitions

Afterflame

The afterflame time shall be the time the specimen

continues to flame after the burner flame is

extinguished, and shall include afterflame of molten
drops of material.

Afterglow

The afterglow time shall be the time the specimen

continues to glow after it has ceased to flame, and shall

include afterglow of molten drops of material.

Char length

The char length shall be the distance from the end of the
specimen which was exposed to the flame, to the upper
edge of the void area, In the measurement of char length
all readily removable portions of carbonaceous char shall
be removed prior to measurement.

Iv. Test Results

1.

The char length of each specimen shall be recorded to
the nearest 0.1 inches and the afterflame time and
afterglow time to the nearest 0.1 seconds.

62







Results of a Second Mock-Up
Ignition Study Using Ten
Types of Cigarettes

(Note: These tests were performed using configurations,
materials, and test procedures identical to those used by the
Center for Fire Research of the National Bureau of Stan-
dards.’ The California B.H.F. testing was performed blind,
with the Center for Fire Research test results obtained only
after completion of B.H.F. testing. The maximum number of
ignitions per cigarette is 10; per substrate, 50. CA/CB means
California fabric over cotton batting; SPL/PU means splendor
fabric over polyurethane foam. All tests were run with uncov-
ered cigarettes on a flat mockup.)

93

Cigarette
Code Number of Ignitions
(B.H.F) Total

Ignitions
SPL/PU B.H.F N.BS.

BHF N.BS. CAICB

105
118
126
122
114
102
201

3
108
106

=~C©S0anNDOR

c-rommoom>
OaMO+MAGRO
-anonowuanan
=~uSovaaddw

\
|
|

nD
a

33

Q
g

'Gann, RG., Harris, Jt, RH., Krasny, JF, Levine, RS, Miler, H.E., and
Ohtemiller, TJ, “The Effect of Cigarette Characteristics on the Ignition of
Soft Furnishings,” Report No. 3, Technical Study Group, Cigarette Safety
Act of 1984, 1987, Tables 3-1 and 3-2.


Foam

€——-Upholstery Fabric
Staple Fabric to Wood Frame

N
\~ t<——~Sheet Covering
NS Cigarette
N
NS Upholstery Fabric
IN
Ni
»~
S \f< Test Frame
TM“
ike . XN SSS
NNN AN ANOXNUNUNUNIN
SANAN ANN ANAN ANNAN S

Figure 2

77
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE :

1987 O - 193-806 QL 3


TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 117

REQUIREMENTS, TEST PROCEDURE AND APPARATUS FOR

TESTING THE FLAME RETARDANCE OF RESILIENT FILLING MATERIALS USED

IN UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE

SECTION A

PART I

Resilient Cellular Materials

I. Requirements

1.

The average char length of all specimens shall not exceed
6 inches.

The maximum char length of any individual specimen shall
not exceed 8 inches.

The average afterflame, including afterflame of molten
material or other fragments dropping from specimens,
shall not exceed 5 seconds.

The maximum afterflame of any individual specimen,
including afterflame of molten material or other
fragments dropping from the specimen, shall not exceed 10
seconds.

The average afterglow, including afterglow of molten
material or other fragments dropping from the specimen,
shall not exceed 15 seconds.

Resilient cellular materials shall meet the above
requirements both before and after aging fox 24 hours in
a forced air circulating oven at 220°F (104°C).

A minimum of 10 test specimens shall be tested; 5
specimens before aging and 5 specimens after aging.

Test requirements for resilient cellular materials shall
be evaluated according to the following sampling

60



Tested Equipment/
Supplies/Samples

All test fabrics, filling substrates and cigarettes were supplied
by the Center for Fire Research of the National Bureau of
Standards, to the Bureau of Home Furnishings laboratory.
The samples were conditioned for at least 48 hours at 70 +
5°F and Jess than 55% relative humidity before testing. Prior
to testing, a portion of each substrate and fabric was generi
cally identified and a fabric weight was determined for each.
Substrate and fabric sample descriptions are shown below.

Substrates:

1. Blended cotton batting (approx. %” thick), undyed, (0.8%
trash, Boric Acid content — 0%)

2. Polyurethane foam pads, (light yellow) (2” thick) (non-fire
retardant)

Fabrics:

1. “Tulip” fabric: woven beige fabric (with navy/blue/rust tulip
print on top surface). Navy blue/rust fill threads stitched
on back side in floating parallel patterns. Fiber content:
74% cotton/26% rayon (note: Beige threads all cotton
Navy/rust fill threads are cotton and rayon). Fabric weight
11.7 ounces per square yard. (4.0% water soluble sizing
present). Backcoating-none.

2. “California standard”: Fabric: Beige woven napped fabric.

Fiber Content: 100% cotton

Fabric weight: 9.6 oz. per square yard
Backcoating: None

Manufacturer: J.B. Martin

Pattern 8500 (Brittany)

33

Cigarettes:

Ten types of commercially available cigarettes (25 each)
were provided by the National Bureau of Standards. The
numbers cited for the cigarettes (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 11
and 12) were assigned by N.B.S. and used by the Bureau to
describe the results. A variety of cigarette types and sizes
were submitted. Lengths ranged from 83 to 120 millimeters,
with the majority of types containing filters. Seven of the 10
types were covered by white paper while 3 (tiparillo style)
were covered by gold or dark brown paper. Specific brands
and specifications of the cigarettes were unknown to Bureau
of Home Furnishings personnel and were identical to 10 of
the 12 types of cigarettes used in an earlier National Bureau
of Standards study reported in 1986.

Cotton Sheeting (Supplied by National
Bureau of Standards):

Color: White

Fiber Content: 100% cotton

Fabric Weight: 3.7 + 0.8 ounces per square yard (no fire
retardant treatment) (laundered and dried before use)

All tests were conducted in a laboratory area conditioned to
the temperature and humidity conditions as stated. Mock up.
test frames were placed in PMMA test boxes specified in
California Bureau of Home Furnishings Technical Bulletin No.
117, Section D, Pt. Il {inside dimensions 48” x 21” x 18”
high with no top) (see Appendix A) to minimize effects on
smoldering due to surface ventilation. The test boxes were
located under a low-draft canopy type hood to minimize
employees exposure to smoke and gases.


CALIFORNIA BUREAU OF HOME FURNISHINGS
FLAMMABILITY LABELING

(a) This label to be attached to every
article of furniture complying
ONLY with mandatory flammability
requirements of Technical
Bulletin 117.

NOTICE
ONLY THE RESILIENT FILLING : ;
MATERIALS CONTAINED IN THIS| ‘C) {o's 2208) te ne aztached
ARTICLE MEET CALIFORNIA Hon the eeestieg
BUREAU OF HOME FURNISHINGS requirements.
FLAMMABILITY REQUIREMENTS.
CARE SHOULD BE EXERCISED NOTICE
NEAR OPEN FLAME OR WITH BURN- THIS ARTICLE DOES
NOT MEET CALIFOR ~
ING CIGARETTES. ve ne AG oe
HOME FURNISHINGS
{b) This label to be attached to every article REOUIRE MENTS
of furniture complying with both Technical
Bulletin 117 and Technical Bulletin 116. TECHNICAL BUL-
LETIN 117. CARE
SHOULD BE EXER-
NOTICE CISED NEAR
OPEN FLAME OR
THIS ARTICLE MEETS ALL WITH BURNING
FLAMMABILITY REQUIREMENTS CIGARETTES.
OF CALIFORNIA BUREAU OF HOME
FURNISHINGS BULLETINS
116 AND 117.
CARE SHOULD BE EXERCISED
NEAR OPEN FLAME OR WITH
BURNING CIGARETTES.

73





Recommendations

Further study is probably required to establish the efficiency
of these systems for determining relative smoldering potential
of cigarettes and the effect of cigarette parameters on
smolder potential. These fabric/substrate systems should be
used to test a different population of cigarettes, including
experimental and patented types, especially those type
previously tested under this protocol by N.BS.

49


Figure 6. Technical Bulletin #116/Small-Scale Mock-Up Correlation Results
(Continued)

CHAIR | SEAT/BACK CREVICE | SEAT/ARM CREVICE
NUMBER | MOCK-UP |T,B.116/MOCK-UP |T.B.116|/MOCK-UP|T.B.116

3028-86 W/1 V/1 2/2 1/1 3/3

3029-86 ---- Staal Stead W/1 3/3 |
3030-86 | : _— | _ ---- W/1 3/3 |
3041-86 1/t V/1 W/1 2/2 1/1 3/3

3129-86 Wi 3/3 7 V/1 2/2 VW/1 6/6 |

143-87 -+-- — ne od 1/1 3/3

144-87 1/1 W/. V/1 2/2 i 3/3

973-87 ---- ---- ns Vt 3/3

974-87 weee ---- ---- ---- W/1 3/3

975-87 ---- ---- oe Vv 3/3

976-87 — -+-- ne W/L 3/3

977-87 ---- — ---- wo--] 1/1 2/2

978-87 oon ---- ---- -o-- 1/1 2/2

1187-86 ---- oo-- ---- ---- 1/1 3/3

1403-86]  ---- woee won- | neee V/1 3/3

1733-86]  ---- ---- cen W/1 3/3

1786-86| ---- os ne od WV/1 3/3
_ a

2287-86| ---- — os VW/1 3/3

1130-86 ---- — a oo WV. 3/3

1504-86]  ---- — ---- wi 3/3
1797-86] 1/1 Wl e--- | ---- | 1 414

2288-86|  ---- oe--

---- 1/1 3/3

* Does not correlate

22




procedure both before and after aging:

Test 5 Specimens

All specimens Two or more One test
meet all test specimens fail specimen fails
criteria one or more one or more test
ones ory
Material Passes Material Fails Test 5 Additional

Test Specimens

One or more All specimens
test specimens meet all test
fail one or criteria
more test
origi

Material Fails Material Passes

II. Test Procedure

1. Scope
This procedure is intended for use in determining the
resistance of resilient cellular materials to flame and
glow propagation and tendency to char.

2. Test Specimen
Test specimens shall be rectangles of cellular materials
12 x 3 x 1/2 inches.

3. Apparatus
3.1. Cabinet - A test cabinet fabricated in accordance
with the requirements of Federal Test Method
Standard No. 191 Method 5903.2 or FF 3-71 shall be
used.

3.2. Burner - The burner shall be in accordance with
the requirements of Federal Test Method Standard
No. 191 Method 5903.2 or FF 3-71.

3.3. Gas - The test gas shall be Matheson Gas B.

3.4. Specimen Holder ~ A stainless steel specimen
holder fabricated in accordance with the

61





Figure 4. Smoldering Test Results

Test # Cov. /Uncov.. Cigarette Code I/NI_ Result
1 Uncov. 7 I
2 Uncov. 7 I
3 Uncov. 7 I
4 Uncov. 7 1
5 Uncov. 7 I
1 Uncov. 10 I
2 Uncov. 10 I
3 Uncov. 10 T
4 Uncov. 10 I
5 Uncov. 10 I
1 Uncov. 11 I
2 Uncov. 11 I
3 Uncov. 11 1
4 Uncov. 11 I
5 Uncov. 11 1
1 Uncov. 12 I
2 Uncov. 12 I
3 Uncov. 12 I
4 Uncov. 12 I
5 Uncov. 12 I
1 Cov. 1 I
2 Cov. 1 I
3 Cov. 1 I
4 Cov. 1 1
5 Cov. 1 I
1 Cov. 2 NI
2 Cov. 2 I
3 Cov. 2 NI
4 Cov. 2 NI
5 Cov. 2 I
1 Cov. 3 I
2 Cov. 3 I
3 Cov. 3 I
4 Cov. 3 I
5 Cov. 3 I

44


Test Results

A summary of test results is shown in Figure 4, for both
fabric/substrate systems. The California standard fabric/cotton
batting substrate system proved to be a poor delineating
system for relative smolderability of the 10 cigarette types
tested. All five replicate tests for each of the 10 cigarette
types led to sustained smoldering in the flat mock-up
systems, where cigarettes were not covered by cotton
sheeting. With the exception of cigarettes number 2 and
number 7, where 3 of 5 and 2 of 5 tests, respectively, led to
no ignition, all flat mock-up systems with cigarettes covered
by cotton sheeting led to sustained smoldering. These
results are generally predictable from the high smoldering
propensity of each of the mock-up components selected:
non-fire retardant cotton batting and 100% cotton velvet
fabric. Since uncharred cotton was not easily recovered from
the smoldering cotton systems, no cotton weight recoveries
were obtained

The Tulip cellulosic fabric/non-fire retardant polyurethane
foam proved to be a better but still inadequate delineating
system for the 10 cigarettes used. Weight recovery was avail-
able for the foam substrates, since polyurethane foam smol-
dering is easily quenched allowing recovery and post-test
weighing of uncharred foam. Tests which self-extinguished
are indicated by N.1., representing no ignition in the
summary of results. Tests which were extinguished manually
while smoldering are indicated by an |, representing ignition.
Weight recoveries shown for foam systems were measured

39

either after self-extinguishment or after manual quenching of
smoldering. For the 10 cigarettes tested with no cover
sheeting, 5 cigarette types (Nos. 1, 2, 3, 4 and 12) had
average weight recoveries of 94.9% or greater, 4 cigarette
types (No. 5, 7, 10 and 11) had weight recoveries between
81.2% and 92.3% and one type (cigarette no. 6) had an
average recovery of 74.3%. At least one cigarette of the 5
replicates tested produced sustained ignition in uncovered
tests with cigarettes number 6, 7, 10, 11 and 12. Cigarette
number 6 exhibited 4 ignitions of 5 specimens tested
uncovered.

When tested with the cigarettes covered by cotton
sheeting, all 10 cigarette types led to sustained ignitions of
the tulip fabric/foam mock-up systems with average foam
weight recoveries, at the time the samples were extin-
guished, ranging from 69.7% to 75.0%. Actual foam weight
recoveries would have been even lower, had the tests been
allowed to continue but would not necessarily have been
zero. The majority of tests where vigorous smoldering was
observed were extinguished manually, after visual observa-
tion showed weight loss to be greater than 20%, and at
approximately the same time from test to test, before
damage was incurred to the wooden test frame.

All foam mock-up systems which self-extinguished before
sustained ignition had occurred had weight recoveries
exceeding 80%. Thus the choice of an 80% weight recovery
criteria, as an indicator of non-ignition, was justified


ll. The fabric/ticking used to encase the shredded resilient
cellular material shall meet the requirements of Technical
Bulletin 117, Section A, Requirements 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, when
tested in accordance with Federal Test Method Standard No.
191 Method 5903.2. The burner flame shall be applied
vertically at the middle of the lower edge of the specimens
for both 3 seconds and 12 seconds.

12. A total of 20 fabric specimens shall be tested as follows:

Test Flame Yarns Vertical Specimens
3 Sec. Warp 5
3 Sec. Fill 5

12 Sec. Warp 5

12 Sec. Fill 5

SECTION A
PART IIT

Expanded Polystyrene Beads
A. Requirements

1. Weight loss shall not exceed 5 percent in any of five
consecutive tests.

2. Materials shall meet the above requirement after aging

for 48 hours, in an air circulating mechanical convection

oven at 150 -5°F.

B. Apparatus

1. Oven - A mechanical convect jon air circulating oven
capable of maintaining 150 -5°F.

2. Laboratory Hood - The test shall be conducted in a
laboratory fume hood.

3, Test Basket - 3-inch deep, 8-inch square, wire mesh
basket. (U.S. mesh No, 12 or finer)

4, Aluminum Foil - To catch molten material.

5. Methenamine reagent tablets - Eli Lilly No. 1588.
6. Tongs.

7. Matches.

8. Balance - Capable of measuring to the nearest 0.1 gram.

64



Figure 1. Chair Descriptions (Continued)

CHAIR CHAIR, FABRIC SUBSTRATES IN ARM | SUBSTRATES IN BACK | SUBSTRATES IN SEAT
HUMBER | STYLE (x°s) HEIGHT |BACK-  /top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
(oz./sq.yd.) [COATING
1186-86 /Par lor 49% Cotton 15.9 None P.U. Foam Pad
Chair 48% Rayon (7/8" thick)
‘3% Polyester Shredded P.U, Foam
P.U. Foam
(irregular shapes)
1194-86 /Armchair [76% Rayon 6.9 None P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
24% Acrylic
1199-86 | Rocker 100% Cotton 8.8 None Polyester Fiber Polyester Fiber
Batting Batting
Woven Fabric Woven Fabric
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
142-87 |Chair 64% Acrylic 8.9 2.3% P.U, Foam Pad
36% Polyester
1399-86}Barstool |55% Cotton 4.8 None P.U. Foam Pad
45% Rayon Waste Material:
Batting (syn.)
Shredded Polyure-
thane Foam
Cloth Scraps
3012-86 | Rocker 48% Polypropylene 8.3 36.3% P.U. Foam Pad
29% Polyester
128 Nyton
11g Acetate
CHAIR CHAIR FABRIC SUBSTRATES IN_ARM | SUBSTRATES IN. BACK | SUBSTRATES IN SEAT
NUMBER ‘STYLE ('s) WEIGHT BACK ~ top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
(oz./sq.yd.)|COATING
3027-86 | Swivel 58% Polypropylene 10.4 30.8% P.U. Foam Pad Resinated Polyester |Resinated Polyester
Rocker {42% Polyester Fiber Batting Fiber Batting
P.U, Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
3011-86|/Armchair/ |100% Polypropylene 10.0 48.8% P.U. Foam Pad Resinated Polyester |Resinated Polyester
Hide-A-Bed Fiber Batting Fiber Batting
P.U. Foam Pad P.U, Foam Pad
3013-86] Office 70% Acrylic 74 None P.U, Foam Pad
Chair 20% Polyester
6% Rayon
4% Nylon
1x Acetate
3026-86 | Swivel 65% polyester 13.3 34.3% PU, Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad Resinated Polyester
Rocker/ |23% Rayon Blended Cotton Blended Cotton Fiber Batting
Armchair} 12% Polypropylene Batting Batting P.U. Foam Pad
3028-86}Armchair |55% Rayon 12.4 5.1% P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad Resinated Polyester
23% Polyester Fiber Batting
22% Cotton P.U, Foam Pad
3029-86 |Chair 41% Nylon 7.9 50.2% PU. Foam Pad
36% Polyester
23% Cotton



Oe

Tests of Smoldering
Ignition of Chairs
and Reduced-Scale
Mock-ups by
Various Cigarettes

Results of a
Second Mock-Up
ignition Study
Using Ten Types
of Cigarettes

51


(3) If a cigarette extinguishes before burning its full
length, the test is considered "no test" and must be
repeated with a freshly lit cigarette on a different
portion of the same type of location on the furniture.

(4) Location of the test cigarettes on the furniture shall
be no less than 6 inches apart.

(5) All exposed horizontal surfaces (including smooth,
welted, quilted, decking, tops of arms and backs,
tufted, or button locations plus all crevices created by
the orientation of seat cushions and furniture side and
back panels) shall be tested.

(6) Horizontal Surfaces include all surfaces which may be
vertical in normal use but which are designed to become
horizontal surfaces in special use, e.g., recliners,
etc.

(7) Horizontal surfaces which are not of sufficient size to
support a cigarette need not be tested.

v. Testing

Each furniture surface shall be tested until either (a)
three cigarettes have burned their full length, (b)
three cigarettes have extinguished before burning their
full length, or (c) one cigarette has resulted in
failure as outlined in (I), (A) and (B).

VI. (1) Smooth Surface and Decking Tests. Three burning
cigarettes (well lighted but not burned more than 4mm
(0.16 inch)) shall be placed directly on a smooth
surface location on the test furniture. The cigarettes
should burn their full lengths on a smooth surface
without burning across a tuft or stitching of a quilted
area. However, if this is not possible because of
furniture design, then the cigarettes shall be
positioned on the furniture in a manner which will allow
as much of the butt ends as possible to burn on smooth
surfaces.

(2) Welt Test. Three burning cigarettes shall be placed in
the depression created by the upholstered furniture and
the welt parallel to the welt. If there is no
depression at the welt, hold the cigarettes in place
along the edge and parallel to the edge with straight
pins. Three straight pins may be inserted through the
edge at a 45° angle such that one pin supports the
cigarette at the top, one at the center, and one at the
butt. The heads of the pins must be below the upper
surface of the cigarette.

87



Figure 1. Chair Descriptions (Continued)

CHAIR CHATR FABRIC SUBSTRATES IN ARM | SUBSTRATES IN BACK | SUBSTRATES IN SEAT
NUMBER | STYLE (2's) WEIGHT |BACK- top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
(oz./sq. yd.) |COATING
1403-86|Rocker | 68% Acrylic 9.9 [10.4% P.U. Foam Pad
32% Polyester
1733-86|Dinette —|66% Cotton 14.1 [None P.U. Foam Pad
Chair |17% Polyester
14% Acrylic
3x Nylon
1786-86|Dinette 79% Cotton 12.2 {5.0% P.U. Foam Pad
Chair | 9% Rayon
6% Polyester
6% Acrylic
2287-86|Dinette [81% Cotton 8.6 P.U. Foam Pad
Chair |19% Acrylic
1130-86|Dinette [72% Cotton 11.0 [None P.U, Foam Pad
Chair {24% Rayon
4% Polyester
1504-86|Dinette |71% Cotton 7.4 |Wone P.U, Foam Pads
Chair [21% Acrylic
8% Rayon
CHAIR CHAIR EABRIC SUBSTRATES IN ARM | SUBSTRATES IN BACK | SUBSTRATES IN SEAT
MUMBER | STYLE (3's) HEIGHT |BACK- top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
(0z./sq.yd.) | COATING . _
1797-86|Dinette 55% Rayon 8.9 135.9% P.U. Foam Pad P.U, Foam Pad
Chair |25% Polyester
20x Cotton
2288-86|Dinette [73% Cotton 8.1 [None . Foam Pads
Chair |27% Acrylic
1185-86|Parlor 56% Polyester 11.7 {None . Foam Pad
Chair {26% Cotton
18% Rayon
1405-86 |Rocker 100% Cotton 12.6 None P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
3042-86]Swivel [81% Acetate 19.1 |4.0% [Blended Cotton P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
Armchair] 19% Nylon Batting
689-87 |Caneback |72% Acrylic 12.4 {49.5% Resinated Polyester
Chair |28x Polyester Fiber Batting
P.U. Foam Pad



Technical

Study Group
Cigarette Safety
Act of 1984

Tests for Smoldering
Ignition of Chairs
and Reduced-Scale
Mock-Ups by
Various Cigarettes

October 1987

GORDON H. DAMANT
JOHN A. MCCORMACK
BERNADETTE CLAIRE

Bureau

of Home
Furnishings
State of
California




f Vr 1
FU FLAMMABILITY TEST FRAME
FLEXIBLE FOAMS
1/8" STAINLESS STEEL
ROD
2e 1"
16 5
12"
3"
o
bo
3"
3m g
U U a J
FIGURE A FIGURE B

FIGURE 117 - A

74



Figure 6. Technical Bulletin #116/Small-Scale Mock-Up Correlation Results

(Number of locations not igniting/Number of locations tested)

CHAIR | SEAT/BACK CREVICE |SEAT/ARM CREVICE} FLAT SEAT __
NUMBER | MOCK-UP ]T.B.116/MOCK-UP |T.B.116|MOCK-UP|T.B. 116
1138-86] 1/1 2i2 | ---- | 2/2 | am | 4/4
1137-86] 0/1 ot | ---- | ---- | wie] ov2
1512-86] 0/1 o/1 | n--- | ---- | asi*® | oa
1723-86] 0/1 oft | we |---| ane] ie
1799-86} 0/1 ova ; ---- | ie | ost
2285-86| 0/1 of | ---- ---|ain | 3
2286-86] 0/1 on | --- | —-{ in | 33
paiz-86| ase | oft | ---- | ---- | a | av3
2413-86] 1/1 wi wee | oe | ain | 303
1189-86] 1/1 wi wi a2 | im | 3/3
1210-86} 1/1 V1 Wi ze | im | av3
2712-86} 0/1 on | ---- |---| aA Ww
1073-86| 1/1 vt in | ae | in | an |
1203-86] 1/1 1 in | a | in | a |
1311-86] 1/1 Ww wi | a2 | am | 373
1398-86] 1/1 Wi W/1 2/2 in | 2 |
1490-86] 1/1 wi | wa | ae | am | avs |
1508-86] 1/1 rept wi | a2 | am | 3/3
1705-86| 1/1 Ww W W/1 wi | 33 _|
2392-86] 1/1 11 V1 ze | i | 3/3
2393-86| 1/1 wt Wi ze | i | 3/3

*® Does not correlate

20


Mission and Members

The Technical Study Group on Cigarette and Little Cigar Fire
Safety was established by Public Law 98-567, the Cigarette
Safety Act of 1984, on October 30, 1984. Its mission is to,

‘undertake such studies and other activities as it considers
necessary and appropriate to determine the technical and
commercial feasibility, economic impact, and other conse-
quences of developing cigarettes and little cigars that will
have a minimum propensity to ignite upholstered furniture or
mattresses. Such activities include identification of the
different physical characteristics of cigarettes and little cigars
which have an impact on the ignition of upholstered furniture
and mattresses, an analysis of the feasibility of altering any
pertinent characteristics to reduce ignition propensity, and
an analysis of the possible costs and benefits, both to the
industry and the public, associated with any such product
modification.”

Copies of this or any other reports of the Technicai Study
Group may be obtained from Mr. Colin B. Church,
Secretarial, Technical Study Group, Consumer Product
Safety Commission, 5401 Westbard Avenue, Washington.
DC., 20207.

MEMBERS:

Richard G. Gann, Ph.D., Chairman
Edward Press. M.D., Vice-Chairman
Charles M. Carey

James L. Charles, Ph.D.

Joseph W. Cullen, Ph.D.

John C, Gerard

James F. Hoebel

Preston H. Leake, Ph.D.

Michael D. McGibeny

Andrew McGuire

Wendy H. Poel

Alan Rodgman. Ph.D.

Alexander W. Spears, Ill, Ph.D.
Henry Tovey

Judith P. Wilkenfeld, Esq

PAST MEMBERS:
Howard Beales, I!I
Harry |. Cohen

Craig G. Drummond
Max Hausermann, Ph.D.


Figure 4. Smoldering Test Results

Test # Cov./Uncov. Cigarette (%) Weight Average Weight I/NL

Code Recovery Recovery (%) Result
1 Uncov. 7 71.6 1
2 Uncov. 7 73.0 I
3 Uncov. 7 79.2 84.6 I
4 Uncov. 7 99.6 NI
5 Uncov. 7 99.4 NI
1 Uncov. 10 74.0 I
2 Uncov. 10 78.6 I
3 Uncov. 10 81.7 81.2 NI
4 Uncov. 10 72.4 I
5 Uncov. 10 99.2 NI
1 Uncov. il 77.2 1
2 Uncov. 11 78.4 I
3 Uncov. 11 91.2 82.9 NI
4 Uncov. 11 90.1 NI
5 Uncov. 11 77.7 I
1 Uncov. 12 99.7 NI
2 Uncov. 12 75.6 I
3 Uncov. 12 99.7 94.9 NI
4& Uncov. 12 99.9 NI
5 Uncov. 12 99.8 NI
1 Cov. 1 70.2 I
2 Cov. 1 72.0 I
3 Cov. 1 69.9 72.3 I
4 Cov. 1 76.1 T
5 Cov. 1 73.1 I
1 Cov. 2 77.5 I
2 Cov. 2 71.4 I
3 Cov. 2 72.6 75.0 I
4 Cov. 2 77.6 I
5 Cov. 2 76.1 I

44




Test Criteria

Each of the 200 mock-up systems tested was assigned a
result of ignition or no-ignition. Any foam/fabric system or
cotton/fabric system exhibiting sustained smoldering
constituted an ignition. Cotton batting/fabric systems were
assigned ignition status if the char length exceeded 2.0
nches in any direction from the cigarette. All systems
exceeding this 2.0 inch criteria lead to sustained smoldering
which, if not extinguished, would have led to total consump-
tion of the sample. Foam/fabric systems were assigned an
ignition status if weight recoveries were below 80%, after
self-extinguishment or manual extinguishment. Percentage
weight losses were reported for the foam pads after removal
of char. Systems observed to be smoldering vigorously and
obviously failing criteria were generally extinguished before
damage to the mock-up frame could occur, therefore, weight
recoveries reported for the foam systems were not minimums
in every case.

37
193-806 0 - 87 - 4- QL 3


Figure 6. Technical Bulletin #116/Small-Scale Mock-Up Correlation Results
(Continued)

CHAIR | SEAT/BACK CREVICE | SEAT/ARM CREVICE SEAT.
NUMBER | MOCK-UP |T.B.116/MOCK-UP |T.B.116 wok-UP] 18.116
1185-86]  ---- ---- on a va 3/3
1405-86 1/1* 0/2 Satatatad ooo V1 3/3 7
3042-86 1/1 1/1 0/1 0/1 V/1 3/3
589-87 ---- ---- |---| oun | an
601-87 a ---- ---- V1 3/3
1025-87] ---- es a W/1 3/3
1027-87|  ---- ---- eee | ---- | ot 3/3
1028-87|  ---- o--- en-- | ---- | ast 3/3
1029-87, ---- — w--e | -e-- | 3/3
819-87 Wl Wi e--- | nee | 1/1 3/3
823-87 ---- o--- weve | neee | 3/3
851-87 we- o--- enn--] ---- | ot 3/3
176-87 1/1* o/1 oore ciated V1 3/3
588-87 V1 ii onnn cone Wi 3/3
821-87 oce- onee Saeed wenn V1 3/3
951-87 one woe wees | nee | sie | 073
1030-87) 0/1 o/t o/1 1/2 Wi 3/3
43-87 1/1 vl ---- Salata V/1 3/3
44-87 1/1 WV/1 cone -—-- 1/1 3/3
73-87 1/1* o/1 ---- onne 1/1* 2/3**
74-87 Wi 1/1 oo ated 1/1 “3/3
75-87 W/1 1/1 V1 2/2 V1 3/3 |

* Does not correlate
* 73-87 Flat Seat TB 116 test was on tuft.

23


Figure 1. Chair Descriptions (Continued)

CHATR CHATR FABRIC FABRIC] SUBSTRATES IN ARM | SUBSTRATES IN.BACK | SUBSTRATES IN SEAT
NuMBER | STYLE (x's) WEIGHT |BACK-  |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
(oz./sq.yd.)| COATING
1210-86|Loveseat [53% Rayon 10.8 [None | P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
32% Acrylic (1/4" thick) (9/16" thick)
15% Polyester Blended Fiber Waste |Blended Fiber Waste
Batting: Batt ing:
43% Rayon
19% Polyester (same as arm)
14% Acetate
10% Nyton
8% Cotton
6% Acrylic
2712-86 |Chair/ 100% Cotton 8.4 |None | --~ Blended Fiber Blended Fiber
Futon Batting (97% Cot. | Batting (97% Cot.
3% P.Est, 3% P.Est)
P.U, Foam Pad P.U, Foam Pad
1073-86|Armchair [100% Leather 17.1 {None —‘| Polyester Fiber Polyester Fiber Polyester Fiber
Batting Batting Batting
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
1203-86|Armchair [100% Leather 17.8 |None —| Polyester Fiber Polyester Fiber Polyester Fiber
Batting Batting Batting
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad P.U, Foam Pad
1311-86]Armchair |100% Leather 17.9 |None [Polyester Fiber Polyester Fiber Polyester Fiber
Batting Batting Batting
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad P.U, Foam Pad
CHAIR CHATR FABRIC | % FABRIC] SUBSTRATES IN ARM | SUBSTRATES IN BACK | SUBSTRATES IN SEAT
NUMBER | STYLE. (%'s) WEIGHT = |BACK- —|top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
{oz./sq.yd.) }COATING
1398-86|Armchair |100% Leather 16.1 {None ~—|P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad Polyester Fiber
(7/8" thick) Batting
Resinated Polyester
Fiber Batting
1490-86/Armchair [100% Leather 21.7 |None = |Molded P.U. Foam Pad|Acrylic Fiber Acrylic Fiber
Batting Batting
Molded P.U, Foam Pad|P.U, Foam Pad
1508-86]Armchair |100% Leather 18.3 [None —| Polyester Fiber Polyester Fiber Polyester Fiber
Batting Batting Batting
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad P.U, Foam Pad
1705-86]Armchair |100% Leather 21.2 |None —‘| Polyester Fiber Polyester Fiber Polyester Fiber
Batting Batting Batting
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
2392-86]Armchair 100% Leather 31.3 |None =‘ |Resinated Acrylic |Resinated Acrylic |Resinated Acrylic
Fiber Batting Fiber Batting Fiber Batting
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
2393-86]Armchair |100% Leather 23.0 [None =‘ |Resinated Acrylic |Resinated Acrylic |Resinated Acrylic
Fiber Batting Fiber Batting Fiber Batting
P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad P.U, Foam Pad



Appenaix B
Technical Bulletin 117

STATE OF CALIFORNIA
DEPARTMENT OF CONSUMER AFFAIRS
BUREAU OF HOME FURNISHINGS
3485 ORANGE GROVE AVENUE
NORTH HIGHLANDS, CALIFORNIA 95660-5595

TECHNICAL BULLETIN NO. 117

REQUIREMENTS, TEST PROCEDURE AND APPARATUS FOR
TESTING THE FLAME RETARDANCE OF RESILIENT FILLING MATERIALS USED
IN UPHOLSTERED FURNITURE

JANUARY 1980

59



FLAMMABILITY TEST FRAME - MODIFIED CS 191-53

@
Q

\ ——,

Figure 117B

75



Figure 4. Smoldering Test Results

On  !
Test # Cov. /Uncov. Cigarette (%) Weight Average Weight I/NI
Code Recovery Recovery (%) Result
1 Cov. 3 68.5 I
2 Cov. 3 75.6 I
3 Cov. 3 74.3 73.3 I
4 Cov. 3 74.9 I
5 Cov. 3 73.0 T
1 Cov. 4 72.6 I
2 Cov. 4& 74.6 I
3 Cov. 4 74.9 74.4 T
4 Cov. 4 73.8 I
5 Cov. 4 76.1 I
1 Cov. 5 69.0 I
2 Cov. 5 74.7 I
3 Cov. 5 72.6 72.3 1
4 Cov. 5 73.7 1
5 Cov. 5 71.5 I
1 Cov. 6 72.3 I
2 Cov. 6 68.9 I
3 Cov. 6 70.9 69.7 I
4 Cov. 6 68.6 I
5 Cov. 6 67.8 I
1 Cov. 7 74.9 I
2 Cov. 7 74.9 I
3 Cov. 7 77.6 74.7 I
4 Cov. 7 72.4 I
5 Cov. 7 73.9 I
1 Cov. 10 69.6 I
2 Cov. 10 70.3 I
3 Cov. 10 75.8 72.3 I
4 Cov’. 10 68.5 I
5 Cov. 10 77.1 I

45


Conclusions

Based on the results of these 4 types of tests, the 10 ciga-
rette types exhibited no significant differences in their
propensity to cause sustained ignition to the fabric/substrate
systems tested. The flat cotton batting/fabric systems, unco.
vered and covered, generally showed across-the-board
sustained smoldering and thus poor delineations between
cigarettes, except for moderate performance by cigarettes
number 2 and 7 covered.

Since the uncovered foam crevice test generated the
largest degree of difference in the smoldering performance
of the 10 cigarettes, this test appeared to be the best of the
4 systems tested for delineating cigarette smoldering perfor-
mance.

47

The results obtained for smoldering propensity for these
10 cigarettes would not necessarily be similar for other
systems using different substrates and fabrics. Also, no
attempt was made in this study to correlate cigarette
parameters (brand, style, filter, type, length, packing density,
etc.) to smoldering results since no chemical or physical
data on the cigarettes was provided. Since the test results
for these cigarettes obtained at the National Bureau of Stan-
dards were unknown to the Bureau of Home Furnishings, it
was impossible to compare test results from the two labora
tories in this report.


Figure 1. Chair Descriptions (Continued)

CHAIR CHATR FABRIC SUBSTRATES IN ARM | SUBSTRATES IN BACK | SUBSTRATES IN SEAT
NUMBER | STYLE (x's) HEIGHT |BACK- —|top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
(oz. /sq.yd.) | COATING
3030-86] Chair 53% Rayon 9.6 [4.4% Polyester Fiber
30% Cotton Batt ing
17% Polyester P.U, Foam Pad
3041-86]Armchair |65% Rayon 9.9 8.7% Blended Fiber Blended Fiber Blended Fiber
35% Polyester Batt ing Batting (78% syn- | Batting (78% syn-
(784 synthetic thetic 22% cotton)} thetic 22% cotton)
22% cotton) P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
3129-86] Sofa/Hide-| 49% Polypropylene 5.5 |7.4x —|P.U Foam Pads Resinated Polyester |Resinated Polyester
a- bed |38% Polyester Fiber Batting Fiber Batt ing
13% Rayon P.U. Foam Pad P.U. Foam Pad
143-87 |Barstool [100% Polyvinyl 10.8 = |24.sx P.U. Foam Pad
Chior ide
144-87 |Swivel Arm]100% Polyviny? 29.38 |P.U. Foam Pads P.U. Foam Pads P.U, Foam Pad
Chair Chloride
973-87 |Swivel _|36x Polyester 8.4 {None P.U. Foam Pad
Office |29% Acrylic
Chair {15% Cotton
10% Rayon/10% Nylon
CHATR CHATR FABRIC = /4 FABRIC] SUBSTRATES IN ARM | SUBSTRATES IN BACK
NUMBER | STYLE (#'s) WEIGHT |BACK- |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer |top to bottom layer
(oz./sq.yd.) {COATING
974-87 |Caneback 100% Rayon 4.9 |None Polyester Fiber
Chair Batting
P.U. Foam Pad
975-87 |Barstool {75% Cotton 12.1 {26.0% Polyester Fiber
17% Polypropylene Batting
8% Polyester P.U. Foam Pad
976-87 Office — |100% Acrylic 12.9 |None P.U. Foam Pad
Chair
977-87 |Caneback 68% Acrylic 9.1 [10.8% P.U. Foam Pad
Chair 132% Polyester
978-87 |Caneback 68% Acrylic 9.1 |10.8% P.U. Foam Pad
Chair 132% Polyester
1187-86]Armchair |80% Rayon 15.4 jNone P.U. Foam Pad
13% Cotton
7% Polyester