SYLLABUS

(This syllabus is not part of the opinion of the Court. It has been prepared by the Office of the Clerk for the 

convenience of the reader. It has been neither reviewed nor approved by the Supreme Court. Please note that, in the 

interest of brevity, portions of any opinion may not have been summarized.)

Bridgewater-Raritan Education Association v. Board of Education of the Bridgewater-Raritan School District

(A-85-13) (073873)

Argued March 3, 2015 -- Decided May 6, 2015

LaVECCHIA, J., writing for a unanimous Court.

In this appeal, the Court considers whether three teachers employed by the Board of Education of the 

Bridgewater-Raritan School District (Board) appropriately were denied tenure as a matter of law or equity under 

circumstances calling into question the interplay of N.J.S.A. 18A:28-5, which establishes the general rule by which 

teachers obtain tenure, and N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1, which creates an exception to that general rule.

Tamara Manzur was hired by the Bridgewater-Raritan School District in September 2006 as a replacement 

teacher for a full-time teacher who was commencing parental leave. The school principal informed Manzur that the 

job would count toward acquisition of tenure, a statement which later was confirmed by the district’s superintendent 

of schools, Dr. Michael Schilder. Manzur was rehired for the 2007-08 school year, although there is no evidence as 

to whether she was informed that the position was a replacement position. Manzur again was rehired for 2008-09 

and 2009-10. In a September 2009 letter, Schilder informed Manzur that only time worked in a permanent position, 

not as a replacement, counted toward tenure. The letter stated that Manzur’s tenure earning start date was 

September 1, 2008, since she served as a leave replacement from January 2, 2007 through June 30, 2007. In April 

2011, Manzur was informed that her contract would not be renewed. She completed her service in June 2011, less 

than three months short of her tenure date.

Carol O’Neil was hired by the district in March 2007 as a replacement for a teacher who was on maternity 

leave. The principal informed O’Neil that her service as a replacement would not count toward tenure. O’Neil was 

rehired for the 2007-08 school year and was told by the principal that her service that year would count toward 

tenure. However, her evaluation for the 2007-08 school year reaffirmed her status as a replacement, as did her 

evaluation for the following school year. In September 2009, O’Neil received a letter from Schilder stating that, 

since was a replacement teacher for the 2007-08 and 2008-09 school years, she would not receive tenure until 

September 2012. In April 2011, O’Neil was informed that her contract would not be renewed.

Maggie Cassidy began working as a replacement teacher in September 2007. Cassidy was informed by her 

building supervisor and Schilder that her position would count toward obtaining tenure. She was rehired for the 

same position for the 2008-09 school year and for a different position for the 2009-10 school year. Like Manzur and 

O’Neil, Schilder subsequently informed Cassidy that her 2007-08 replacement employment would not count toward 

tenure, projecting her tenure-acquisition date to be September 2011. Although Cassidy was rehired for the 2010-11 

school year, her contract was not renewed for 2011-12.

On behalf of Manzur, O’Neil, and Cassidy, the Bridgewater-Raritan Education Association filed a petition 

of appeal with the Commissioner. The matter was referred to the Office of Administrative Law as a contested case, 

and the Board moved for summary decision. The Association maintained that the teachers were entitled to tenure as 

a matter of law and under the equitable principles of apparent authority and equitable estoppel. An administrative 

law judge (ALJ) granted the Board’s motion, finding that none of the teachers met the statutory requirement for 

tenure because they each had served as temporary replacements for other tenured teachers. The ALJ rejected the 

Association’s equitable arguments and concluded that the Board was not required to notify teachers of their status as 

replacement teachers under N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1. The Commissioner affirmed the ALJ’s decision.

The Association appealed, and the Appellate Division, in an unpublished decision, affirmed. The panel 

noted that N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1 did not expressly require that a teacher be given notice of his or her replacement 

status. The panel also rejected all of the Association’s equitable arguments. It explained that apparent-authority 

theories are disfavored as against government actors, and invoking equitable estoppel would interfere with the 

essential government function of granting tenure. Moreover, the panel noted that the Board itself had not made any 

representations inducing the teachers’ reliance. This Court granted the Association’s petition for certification. 217 

N.J. 304 (2014). 
2

HELD: N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1 requires a board of education to give an employee notice of his or her designation as a 

“replacement.” With respect to the claim of Tamara Manzur, a genuine issue of material fact exists regarding 

whether she was provided such notice as to her status during the 2007-08 school year.

1. N.J.S.A. 18A:28-5 establishes the general rule by which teachers employed in a school district acquire tenure. 

The Legislature created an exception to that rule in situations where an individual is designated to act in the place of 

an employee during that employee’s absence, disability, or disqualification. In such cases, N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1 

provides that “no person so acting shall acquire tenure in the office or employment in which he acts pursuant to this 

section when so acting.” It is well-settled that, in order to acquire tenure, a teacher must demonstrate compliance 

with the conditions set forth in N.J.S.A. 18A:28-5. Plaintiffs here fall within the express terms of the statute and are 

presumptively eligible for tenure in the absence of a statutory exception. (pp. 11-12) 

2. Although it is a settled principle of school law that temporary replacement, or substitute, teachers do not earn 

credit toward tenure for time spent as a replacement, there is a paucity of case law explaining how someone can be 

designated as a replacement teacher. In order for N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1 to apply, two criteria must be met: (1) the 

individual must be acting in place of a teacher; and (2) the teacher must be absent or disabled. Here, the Court must 

determine if a third criterion is necessary, namely that the individual be notified that he or she is a replacement 

teacher. N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1 repeatedly states that a replacement teacher should be “designated” as such. A natural 

reading of “designate” contemplates that a person, who is “designated” as having some conferred status, is informed 

of the designation or is made aware of the conferred status. Thus, applying the basic rule of statutory construction 

that plain language is ascribed its ordinary meaning, the Court construes N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1 to require a board of 

education to make an employee aware that he or she is being employed as a “replacement.” The Court is 

unpersuaded that the absence of an express notice requirement means that the Legislature intended to forego a notice 

obligation under N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1. Withholding notice of a teacher’s designation as a replacement could allow 

school districts to manipulate designations to avoid tenure, thereby undermining the Legislature’s efforts to prevent 

boards from abusing their power over teachers in contract negotiations. The Court recognizes that its interpretation 

of “designate” is the first declaration of the notice obligation contained in N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1, and it affords the 

benefit of this interpretation to the Association. (pp. 12-17)

3. Turning to the matters at issue here, the Court agrees with the Appellate Division that equitable principles are 

inapplicable. Under the tenure statutes, only a school board, and not individual members of the administration, may 

employ teaching staff members, a fact of which the teachers here were aware. The doctrine of apparent authority, 

which offers an equitable remedy where a principal’s manifestations of support induce a third party to reasonably 

rely on an agent’s representations, is inapplicable here because, although the superintendent and administrators acted 

as agents of the Board, the Board itself never misrepresented those agents’ authority to alter the conditions for tenure 

acquisition. The doctrine of equitable estoppel is only invoked against government entities to prevent manifest 

injustice and requires a knowing and intentional misrepresentation by the party sought to be estopped. Again, the 

Board itself never made misrepresentations that could have misled the teachers. Although the administrators’ 

misrepresentations of the teachers’ status was inappropriate, they cannot bind the Board. (pp. 17-20) 

4. Here, the three teachers were told that they were replacements for another teacher for each school year of their 

service, thereby receiving the rudiments of notice that the Court holds must be provided to replacement teachers. 

However, Manzur’s claim may be an exception. Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to Manzur, as the 

party who did not move for summary decision, the Court finds that a genuine issue of material fact exists with 

regard to her 2007-08 teaching status. Specifically, there is no evidence establishing that Manzur was given notice 

that she continued to work as a replacement during that school year. Thus, the Board was not entitled to summary 

decision on Manzur’s claim. If Manzur ultimately succeeds on her claim that no notice was provided, she is entitled 

to receive credit for the school year in question. (pp. 20-24)

The judgment of the Appellate Division is AFFIRMED IN PART and REVERSED IN PART, and the 

matter is REMANDED for further proceedings consistent with this opinion in respect of the claim involving 

Tamara Manzur.

CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER; JUSTICES ALBIN, PATTERSON, FERNANDEZ-VINA, and 

SOLOMON; and JUDGE CUFF (temporarily assigned) join in JUSTICE LaVECCHIA’s opinion. 
1

SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY

 A-85 September Term 2013

073873

BRIDGEWATER-RARITAN EDUCATION 

ASSOCIATION on behalf of 

TAMARA MANZUR, CAROL O’NEIL 

and MAGGIE CASSIDY,

Petitioners-Appellants,

v.

BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE 

BRIDGEWATER-RARITAN SCHOOL 

DISTRICT, SOMERSET COUNTY,

Respondent-Respondent.

Argued March 3, 2015 – Decided May 6, 2015

On certification to the Superior Court, 

Appellate Division.

William P. Hannan, II, argued the cause 

for appellants (Oxfeld Cohen, attorneys;

Mr. Hannan and Sanford R. Oxfeld, of counsel 

and on the brief).

Stephen J. Edelstein argued the cause for 

respondent Bridgewater-Raritan Regional Board 

of Education (Schwartz Simon Edelstein & Celso, 

attorneys; Nicholas Celso, III, of counsel, 

Mr. Celso and Douglas M. Silvestro, on the 

brief).

Donna S. Arons, Deputy Attorney General, 

appeared on behalf of respondent New Jersey 

Commissioner of Education (John J. Hoffman, 

Acting Attorney General of New Jersey, 

attorney; Lewis A. Scheindlin, Assistant 

Attorney General, of counsel; Frederick H. Wu, 
2

Deputy Attorney General, on letter in lieu of 

brief). 

JUSTICE LaVECCHIA delivered the opinion of the Court.

Teachers ordinarily obtain tenure in a position when they

serve for any of the time periods set forth in N.J.S.A. 18A:28-

5. The Legislature created an exception to that general rule in 

N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1. Under that exception, a board of education 

may designate a person to act in the place of an officer or 

employee during the officer’s or employee’s absence, disability, 

or disqualification and no person so designated as a replacement 

shall acquire tenure based on such temporary service. Ibid.

In this appeal, the Court is asked to decide whether three 

teachers employed by the Board of Education of the BridgewaterRaritan School District (Board) appropriately were denied tenure 

as a matter of law or equity under circumstances calling into 

question the interplay of those two statutes. The Appellate 

Division judgment under review affirmed the Commissioner of 

Education’s dismissal of the action brought on behalf of the 

three teachers. We now affirm in part and reverse in part.

I.

A.

Petitioner Bridgewater-Raritan Education Association 

(Association) appealed on behalf of the teachers after they were 

notified by the Board that their contracts would not be renewed. 
3

All three teachers (1) had been told by high-level school 

district administrators -- including the district’s 

superintendent of schools -- that their time working as a 

replacement teacher counted toward the acquisition of tenure, 

(2) had worked for the school district for at least three full 

school years, and (3) had worked for at least one full school 

year as a replacement teacher. Their individual circumstances 

are summarized below.1

Tamara Manzur initially was hired by the school district in 

September 2006 as a replacement teacher for a full-time sixthgrade teacher who was commencing parental leave. She was 

informed that the job was for the entire school year (from 

September 2006 to June 2007), and was told by the school’s 

principal that the job would count toward acquisition of tenure. 

Upon Manzur’s inquiry, the district’s superintendent of schools, 

Dr. Michael Schilder, confirmed to her, at a later date, that 

time spent replacing a teacher on maternity leave counted toward 

 

1 The facts are taken from the teachers’ affidavits and 

supporting documents, which were filed in opposition to the 

Board’s motion for summary decision and must be taken as true 

for purposes of summary decision. See Brill v. Guardian Life 

Ins. Co. of Am., 142 N.J. 520, 535 (1995); Contini v. Bd. of 

Educ. of Newark, 286 N.J. Super. 106, 121 (App. Div. 1995), 

certif. denied, 145 N.J. 372 (1996).
4

tenure acquisition. Manzur received a copy of her 2006-07 

school-year contract in January 2007.

Manzur was rehired as a sixth-grade teacher for the 2007-08 

school year; however, there is no evidence in this record that 

she was informed that she was replacing another teacher nor was 

she so notified in her contract or other written materials. 

There appears in this record no dispute that she taught in the 

same classroom as she did in the 2006-07 school year. Manzur 

was rehired for the same position for the 2008-09 school year, 

but she was notified that she was being transferred to a fifthgrade teaching position prior to the beginning of the school 

year. Manzur was rehired for the 2009-10 school year again as a 

fifth-grade teacher.

In a September 2009 letter, Schilder informed Manzur that 

pursuant to the law governing covering teacher tenure, “only 

time worked in a permanent position can be counted toward” 

tenure and that time worked in a position while covering another 

teacher’s absence from that position does not count toward 

tenure. Schilder’s letter further informed Manzur that her 

“tenure earning start date” was September 1, 2008, and that she 

would receive tenure on September 2, 2011. The letter stated, 

“[s]ince you were a leave replacement for Concetta Fischer from 

1/2/07 to 6/30/07, this time does not count toward tenure.” No 
5

reference was made to the 2007-08 school year for which Manzur 

was rehired as a sixth-grade teacher. Manzur asserts that she 

was not told she was filling in for another teacher for the 

2007-08 school year.

After being rehired as a fifth-grade teacher for the 2010-

11 school year, Manzur was informed by letter dated April 27, 

2011, that the school district would not be renewing her 

contract. Manzur completed her service in June 2011, less than 

three months short of the three years that she would have needed 

in order to secure tenured status.

Carol O’Neil was hired by the district in March 2007 as a 

replacement for a fourth-grade teacher who was going on 

maternity leave. The school’s principal told O’Neil that her 

service as a replacement teacher through the end of the school 

year would not count toward tenure. O’Neil was not provided a 

contract for the period of March 2007 to June 2007.

O’Neil was rehired as a fourth-grade teacher for the 2007-

08 school year and was assured by the school’s principal that, 

because she would work under a contract for the entire year, her 

service for that period would count toward attaining tenure. 

Her contract for that school year did not state that she was 

serving as a replacement teacher; however, her evaluation for 

the 2007-08 school year, which was provided to her, reaffirmed
6

that she worked as a replacement teacher. The 2007-08 

evaluation, dated March 31, 2008, states: “Mrs. O’Neil joined 

our staff this year as a Grade 4 maternity leave replacement for 

Mrs. Karen Bauer.” O’Neil was rehired for the 2008-09 school 

year and again her 2008-09 evaluation, dated March 31, 2009, 

referred to her replacement status: “Mrs. O’Neil has been 

serving as a Grade 4 maternity leave replacement for Mrs. Karen 

Bauer.” She received contracts to teach for the 2009-10 and 

2010-11 school years also, and “at all times” her principal 

openly stated O’Neil was on a tenure track. 

O’Neil believed that she would acquire tenure at the 

beginning of the 2010-11 school year. However, like Manzur, 

O’Neil received a letter from Schilder in September 2009 

informing O’Neil of her tenure-acquisition date. The letter 

stated that O’Neil would not receive tenure until September 2012 

because she had served as a replacement teacher for the 2007-08 

and 2008-09 school years. O’Neil received another letter on 

April 27, 2011, informing her that her contract would not be 

renewed.

Maggie Cassidy began working in the school district on 

September 1, 2007, as a replacement for a teacher on maternity 

leave. Cassidy had been serving as a replacement teacher in 

another district, where she had been informed that her time 
7

spent serving as a replacement did not count toward tenure. 

Seeking a tenure-track position, Cassidy specifically asked 

whether her position as a replacement teacher in the district 

would count toward the acquisition of tenure. Both her building 

supervisor and Schilder told her that the position would indeed 

count toward qualifying for tenure. 

Cassidy was rehired for the same position in the 2008-09 

school year, and she was hired to fill a different position at

another school building for the 2009-10 school year. Cassidy’s 

contracts made no reference to her being a replacement teacher 

or indicated that her service under those contracts would not 

count toward tenure. 

Like Manzur and O’Neil, Schilder informed Cassidy by letter 

that her 2007-08 employment would not count toward achieving 

tenure because Cassidy was serving as a replacement. The letter 

projected her tenure-acquisition date to be September 2, 2011. 

After being rehired for the 2010-11 school year, Cassidy’s 

contract was not renewed for the 2011-12 school year.

Both Manzur and O’Neil aver that they would have sought 

work elsewhere had they known that service as a replacement 

teacher in the district did not count toward acquiring tenure. 

Similarly, Cassidy states that she would not have sought 

employment with the district if she had known that her 
8

replacement-teacher status was a bar to accruing time toward 

tenure.

B.

The Association filed a Petition of Appeal with the 

Commissioner on behalf of Manzur, O’Neil, and Cassidy, arguing 

that all three teachers were entitled to tenure. After the 

matter was transferred to the Office of Administrative Law (OAL) 

as a contested case, the Board filed a motion for summary 

decision pursuant to N.J.A.C. 1:1-12.5 and N.J.A.C. 6A:3-

1.12(b). 

In opposing summary decision, the Association argued that 

the teachers were entitled to tenure under the principles of 

apparent authority and equitable estoppel, noting that they had 

been told by high-level administrators that replacement-teacher 

service counts toward tenure. The Association further contended

that Manzur was entitled to tenure as a matter of law because 

Schilder’s September 2009 letter -- written after Manzur had 

worked the entire 2007-08 and 2008-09 school years -- stated 

Manzur was “a leave replacement for Concetta Fischer from 1/2/07 

to 6/30/07,” but made no reference to the 2007-08 school year. 

According to the Association, even if the administrators’ 

representations that replacement teaching counted toward tenure 

are disregarded, Manzur’s 2007-08, 2008-09, and 2009-10 teaching 
9

time rendered her tenured when she began work for the 2010-11 

school year on September 2, 2010.

An administrative law judge (ALJ) assigned to hear the 

matter granted the Board’s motion for summary decision, finding 

that none of the teachers met the statutory requirement for 

tenure because they had each served as temporary replacements 

for other tenured teachers. The ALJ concluded that the Board 

was not required to notify the teachers of their status as 

replacement teachers under N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1 and also rejected 

the Association’s equitable arguments. The ALJ determined that 

the Board could not be bound by the representations of its 

agents and that the Board itself never made any intentional 

misrepresentations of fact.

The Commissioner affirmed the ALJ’s decision and, in an 

unpublished decision, the Appellate Division affirmed.

The panel noted that the Legislature did not expressly 

require in N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1 that a teacher be given notice of 

his or her replacement status, “despite requiring notice to 

teachers of other information” in other statutes. The panel 

added that, “[n]otice or not, Manzur apparently did not serve as 

a regular teacher for the statutorily-required period.” The 

panel noted that Manzur occupied the same position in 2007-08 as 

in 2006-07, when she had been informed of her status as a 
10

replacement, and observed further that Schilder’s September 2009 

letter’s projected tenure date of September 2, 2011, was 

consistent with replacement status for 2007-08. The panel 

stated that Manzur’s affidavit did not assert that she was not 

serving as a replacement in 2007-08, “but only that she was 

never told she was replacing another teacher that year.” 

Therefore, the panel concluded that the Commissioner had 

rightfully determined that Manzur had not raised a material 

issue as to her employment status in 2007-08. 

Further, the Appellate Division rejected all of the 

Association’s equitable arguments. The panel noted that under 

N.J.S.A. 18A:27-1, -4 only the Board could have reduced the time 

necessary to acquire tenure and did not do so here. It declined 

to find apparent authority in this setting, noting that the use 

of apparent-authority theories are disfavored as against 

government actors. Finally, the panel stated that invoking 

equitable estoppel to bind the Board would interfere with the 

“essential government function” of granting tenure, that the 

Board itself had made no representations that would have induced 

the teachers’ reliance, and concluded with the observation that 

the administrators’ actions did not rise to the level of a 

“manifest injustice.”

II.
11

Because this case requires us to assess the interplay of 

two statutes affecting the acquisition of tenure, we begin with 

a review of that background law and our conclusion as to how the 

statutes were intended to operate together. 

At all times pertinent to this matter, N.J.S.A. 18A:28-5 

provided that teachers acquire tenure upon employment in a 

school district for:

(a) Three consecutive calendar years, or any 

shorter period which may be fixed by the 

employing board for such purpose; or

(b) Three consecutive academic years, 

together with employment at the beginning of 

the next succeeding academic year; or

(c) The equivalent of more than three 

academic years within a period of any four 

consecutive academic years.

The Legislature created an exception to that general rule with 

N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1, which provides:

In each district the board of education may 

designate some person to act in place of any 

officer or employee during the absence, 

disability or disqualification of any such 

officer or employee subject to the provisions 

of section 18A:17-13.

The act of any person so designated shall in 

all cases be legal and binding as if done and 

performed by the officer or employee for whom 

such designated person is acting but no person 

so acting shall acquire tenure in the office 

or employment in which he acts pursuant to 

this section when so acting.
12

[(Emphasis added.)]

Several aspects of tenure acquisition and the interplay of 

those two statutes are well-settled. First, “[b]y the express 

terms of [the Tenure Act], an employee of a board of education 

is entitled to tenure if (1) she works in a position for which a 

teaching certificate is required; (2) she holds the appropriate 

certificate; and (3) she has served the requisite period of 

time.” Spiewak v. Bd. of Educ. of Rutherford, 90 N.J. 63, 74 

(1982). Second, to acquire tenure a teacher must demonstrate 

compliance with “the precise conditions articulated in the 

statute.” Picogna v. Bd. of Educ. of Cherry Hill, 143 N.J. 391, 

400 (1996). The plaintiffs in this litigation fall within the 

express terms of the statute and “are therefore presumptively 

eligible for tenure unless a statutory exception applies.” 

Spiewak, supra, 90 N.J. at 74 (emphasis added).

The exception at issue here concerns the tenure statute’s 

applicability to temporary replacement, or substitute, teachers. 

The exception enables a school district to “designate some 

person to act in place of any officer or employee during the 

absence, disability or disqualification of any such officer or 

employee,” N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1, and “no person . . . acting [as 

a replacement] shall acquire tenure in the office or employment

in which he acts pursuant to this section when so acting,” ibid. 
13

It is a settled principle of school law that substitute teachers 

who “act in place of” another employee do not earn credit toward 

tenure for time spent as a replacement. Spiewak, supra, 90 N.J.

at 74. Even if a regular teacher’s absence is “protracted,” so 

long as his or her “return to duty is contemplated,” any teacher 

acting in place of the on-leave teacher will not be awarded 

tenure credit. Sayreville Educ. Ass’n v. Bd. of Educ. of 

Sayreville, 193 N.J. Super. 424, 428 (App. Div. 1984). 

That said, there is a paucity of case law explaining how 

someone can be designated as a replacement teacher. In Platia 

v. Board of Education of Hamilton, 434 N.J. Super. 382 (App. 

Div. 2014), the Appellate Division discussed two requirements in 

the text of N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1. Specifically, an individual 

may not be characterized as a replacement unless the record 

demonstrates that he or she is (1) “act[ing] in place of” a 

teacher (2) “who is absent or disabled.” Platia, supra, 434 

N.J. Super. at 391 (quoting Spiewak, supra, 90 N.J. at 74) 

(internal quotation marks omitted). Both of those criteria must 

be satisfied for N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1 to apply. Ibid. In this 

matter, we must determine whether a third criterion is 

necessary, namely that the individual be notified that he or she 

is being designated as a replacement teacher. 
14

N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1 repeatedly states that a teacher 

serving in place of another should be “designated” as such. To 

“designate” in common parlance means “[t]o indicate or specify,” 

“[t]o give a name or title to,” or “[t]o select for a duty, 

office, or purpose.” Webster’s II New Riverside University 

Dictionary 367 (1994). Thus, the natural reading of “designate” 

contemplates that a person, who is “designated” as having some 

conferred status, is informed that he or she has been so 

designated or is made aware of that conferred status. It is a 

basic rule of statutory construction to ascribe to plain 

language its ordinary meaning. See D’Annunzio v. Prudential 

Ins. Co. of Am., 192 N.J. 110, 119–20 (2007) (“[W]e look first 

to the plain language of the statute, and we ascribe to the 

statutory language its ordinary meaning.” (citations omitted)); 

N.J.S.A. 1:1-1 (providing that words in statutes shall be given 

their “generally accepted meaning, according to the approved 

usage of the language” unless that reading is inconsistent with 

“the manifest intent of the legislature” or “different meaning 

is expressly indicated”).

Applying that principle here -- to a statute that exists as 

an exception to the otherwise generally applicable statute that 

confers tenure upon mere completion of service for a period of 

time –- convinces us that the term “designate” in N.J.S.A.
15

18A:16-1.1 should be given its plain meaning. That meaning 

incorporates an obligation that the employer give notice to the 

employee receiving the specialized designation that takes the 

employee off the normal service road toward tenure. We construe 

N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1 to require a board of education to make an 

employee aware that he or she is being employed as a 

“replacement.” That construction reasonably and fairly ensures 

that a person being offered specific employment as a replacement 

will not have the normal expectation that his or her time in 

service will count toward the acquisition of tenure, as commonly

is the case under N.J.S.A. 18A:28-5.

The lack of transparency inherent in withholding the fact 

of such a designation could allow school districts to manipulate 

those designations to avoid tenure. We have previously noted 

that keeping teachers in the dark as to their employment status 

effectively negates what the Legislature has endeavored to 

address by the tenure statute, namely, “prevent[ing] school 

boards from abusing their superior bargaining power over 

teachers in contract negotiations.” Spiewak, supra, 90 N.J. at

73.

In so concluding, we reject the Board’s argument, accepted 

by the Appellate Division, that if notice was intended by the 

Legislature it could have said so. As the Board argued, such 
16

express notice was included by the Legislature in other 

statutes. See, e.g., N.J.S.A. 18A:6-4.15 (requiring notice to 

applicant of qualification for employment following criminal 

history background check); N.J.S.A. 18A:6-11 (requiring written 

notice of charges to tenured teachers in order to commence 

dismissal or reduction in salary); N.J.S.A. 18A:27-10 (requiring 

notice to teachers of either renewal or non-renewal of 

employment contract by May 15 of each year with continued 

employment being consequence of non-notice under N.J.S.A.

18A:27-11). We are unpersuaded that the specific type of notice 

required in those statutes compels the conclusion that the 

Legislature intended to forgo any notice obligation under 

N.J.S.A. 18A:16-1.1. 

In recognition that our construction is the first 

declaration of the notice obligation we find evident by the use 

of the term “designate” in that statute, we shall afford this 

clear statement of the statute’s notice requirement application 

to the parties that successfully obtained the judgment in this 

matter. See Rutherford Educ. Ass’n v. Bd. of Educ. of 

Rutherford, 99 N.J. 8, 26 (1985) (“It has long been our position 

that fundamental fairness generally requires that champions of 

the cause should be rewarded for their effort and expense in 

challenging existing law.”). That said, we perceive that only 
17

Manzur is entitled to a remand in this matter for the reasons 

expressed below.

III.

The Association, on behalf of the three teachers, asserted 

a number of equitable arguments that it says require the Board 

to grant the teachers tenure. Essentially for the reasons 

expressed in the Appellate Division decision, we reject the 

argument that equitable principles may have any applicability in 

this matter.

Specifically, the teachers claimed that they were entitled 

to tenure in light of the misrepresentations by administrators’ 

explicit statements that their time as temporary teachers would 

accrue tenure credit, when in fact it did not. However, under 

the tenure statutes only a school board, and not individual 

members of an administration, may employ teaching staff members. 

Despite the misrepresentations made by the superintendent of 

schools and other school administrators about reduced time 

periods for tenure acquisition, none of those individuals 

possessed the authority to alter the teachers’ capability to 

accrue credit toward tenure. That roadblock is substantial and, 

ultimately, dooms all but Manzur’s claims in this matter, even 

in their present posture as having been disposed of on motions 
18

for summary decision. We briefly dispense with the equitable 

arguments advanced on behalf of the teachers.

The doctrine of apparent authority, relied upon by the 

teachers, in general offers an equitable remedy in situations 

when a principal’s manifestations of support induce a third 

party to reasonably rely on an agent’s representations. See

Restatement (Third) of Agency § 2.03 (2006) (providing that

apparent authority arises “when a third party reasonably 

believes the actor has authority to act on behalf of the 

principal and that belief is traceable to the principal’s 

manifestations”); see, e.g., N.J. Lawyers’ Fund for Client Prot. 

v. Stewart Title Guar. Co., 203 N.J. 208, 220-21 (2010) (relying 

on Restatement (Third) of Agency, supra, § 2.03 in finding 

attorney did not act with apparent authority on behalf of title 

insurance company). Here, the superintendent and other 

administrators acted as agents of the Board; however, the Board 

itself never misrepresented the authority of the superintendent 

or other administrators to offer a shortened period of time or 

alteration of conditions for the acquisition of tenure. 

Moreover, we note that there is no question but that each 

plaintiff had every reason to believe that it was the Board and 

only the Board that was employing them, not the individual 

members of the administration with whom they communicated. 
19

Significantly, the doctrine of apparent authority generally 

is not held to apply to governmental actors. Governmental 

principals are “bound only by acts within the scope of the 

agent’s actual authority.” See Restatement (Third) of Agency, 

supra, § 2.03 comment g. As involved here, the doctrine exceeds 

its traditional parameters. Although we by no means countenance 

what the Superintendent of Schools -- the chief administrator of 

this school district -- did here in making representations to 

these teachers about replacement service being counted toward 

tenure acquisition, we are constrained by the state of the law 

that renders apparent-authority doctrine inapplicable to the 

instant matter.

Plaintiffs also argue that the doctrine of equitable 

estoppel should prohibit the Board from denying them tenure, 

despite that “equitable estoppel is rarely invoked against the 

government.” In re Johnson, 215 N.J. 366, 386 (2013). 

Equitable estoppel may be invoked against a governmental entity 

only “to prevent manifest injustice.” O’Malley v. Dep’t of 

Energy, 109 N.J. 309, 316 (1987).

Here, plaintiffs seek to estop the Board from denying them 

tenure, despite that the superintendent and administrators, not 

the Board, made the misrepresentations in question. Application 

of estoppel, however, requires “a knowing and intentional 
20

misrepresentation by the party sought to be estopped under 

circumstances in which the misrepresentation would probably 

induce reliance, and reliance by the party seeking estoppel to 

his or her detriment.” Id. at 317 (emphasis added) (citations 

omitted). The Board itself never made knowing and intentional 

misrepresentations that could have misled the teachers involved 

here. Nothing in this record suggests that the Board 

mischaracterized the authority of administrators in respect of

decisions regarding tenure. In an application of estoppel “the 

focus must be on the conduct of the person or entity who had the 

authority to act,” which here can only be the Board. Maltese v. 

Twp. of N. Brunswick, 353 N.J. Super. 226, 245 (App. Div. 2002). 

As inappropriate as it was for these administrators to 

mischaracterize the teachers’ status, the Association’s 

assertion that the statements made by the superintendent and 

other school administrators warrant a finding of estoppel is 

misplaced. The misrepresentations by the superintendent, or 

other administrators who suggested that the teachers would be 

entitled to tenure credit for their positions as replacements, 

cannot bind the Board. 

IV.

In this matter the three teachers were told, with one 

exception, that they were replacements for another teacher for 
21

each school year of their service. Thus, they received the 

rudiments of notice that we now hold must be provided to a 

teacher hired as a replacement. Manzur’s claim may be an 

exception. We turn to analyze more closely her argument about 

the second year of her service in light of the current record.

In that analysis, the procedural posture of this matter and 

the standard of review that applies in this setting must be 

borne in mind. The Board filed a motion for summary decision, 

which will be granted by the ALJ assigned to this contested case 

if “the pleadings, discovery and affidavits ‘show that there is 

no genuine issue as to any material fact challenged and that the 

moving party is entitled to prevail as a matter of law.’” 

Contini v. Bd. of Educ. of Newark, 286 N.J. Super. 106, 121 

(App. Div. 1995) (quoting N.J.A.C. 1:1-12.5(b)), certif. denied, 

145 N.J. 372 (1996). Under that standard, “[o]nce the moving 

party presents sufficient evidence in support of the motion, the 

opposing party must proffer affidavits setting ‘forth specific 

facts showing that there is a genuine issue which can only be 

determined in an evidentiary proceeding.’” Ibid. (quoting 

N.J.A.C. 1:1-12.5(b)). The initial decision of the ALJ, as well 

as the final agency action on such a motion, must ultimately 

“determine ‘whether the competent evidential materials 

presented, when viewed in the light most favorable to the non-
22

moving party in consideration of the applicable evidentiary 

standard, are sufficient to permit a rational factfinder to 

resolve the alleged disputed issue in favor of the non-moving 

party.’” Id. at 122 (quoting Brill v. Guardian Life Ins. Co. of 

Am., 142 N.J. 520, 523 (1995)). 

Here, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to 

Manzur, a genuine issue of material fact exists with regard to 

Manzur’s 2007-08 teaching status. Although the Board asserts 

that replacement status for 2007-08 can be inferred from 

Schilder’s letter stating that Manzur’s service in 2006-07 did 

not count toward tenure because it was a replacement-teaching 

year, the Board produced no evidence to establish that the 

position Manzur occupied in 2007-08 was one that she was told 

was already assigned to another teacher. Indeed, both parties 

acknowledge that the record does not demonstrate that Manzur was 

acting in place of Concetta Fischer for the 2007-08 school year, 

or that Fischer was “absent” for that year. In other words, 

even if Schilder’s failure to mention the 2007-08 school year 

evinced his continued belief that Manzur worked as a replacement 

for Fischer for that year, no evidence proves that Manzur was 

given notice of the same. Manzur asserted in her affidavit that 

she was not told that 2007-08 was a replacement year, as she was 

before beginning work in the 2006-07 teaching year. 
23

As noted previously, when pronouncing what amounts to a new 

rule of law –- here an interpretation of a statute that had not 

been clear before today’s decision –- courts give to the party 

who carried the water and succeeded in securing the legal 

pronouncement the benefit of their successful argument. 

Rutherford Educ. Ass’n, supra, 99 N.J. at 26. Here Manzur is 

entitled to receive credit for the school year in question if 

she succeeds in her claim that no notice or other source of 

information of her replacement status was provided to her 

regarding her service for the 2007-08 school year. 

At the very least, the Board was not entitled to summary 

decision because it bears the burden in such a motion generally,

and on the question of notice of replacement status

specifically, for which it, as the offering employer, is in the 

best position to prove. Here, based on the absence of evidence 

as to Manzur’s actual status, Schilder’s letter’s failure to 

refer to the 2007-08 school year, and Manzur’s assertions that, 

unlike the 2006-07 school year, she was never informed that she 

was replacing anyone in the 2007-08 school year, there exists an 

issue of material fact. A rational factfinder could find for 

Manzur on this evidence, rendering erroneous the award of 

summary decision to the Board based on the status of the current 
24

record. The matter must be remanded for further proceedings as 

to Manzur’s claim for tenure. 

V.

For the reasons expressed, the judgment of the Appellate 

Division is affirmed in part and reversed in part, and the 

matter is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this 

opinion in respect of the claim involving Tamara Manzur. 

CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER; JUSTICES ALBIN, PATTERSON, FERNANDEZVINA, and SOLOMON; and JUDGE CUFF (temporarily assigned) join in 

JUSTICE LaVECCHIA’s opinion.
SUPREME COURT OF NEW JERSEY

NO. A-85 SEPTEMBER TERM 2013

ON CERTIFICATION TO Appellate Division, Superior Court

BRIDGEWATER-RARITAN EDUCATION

ASSOCIATION on behalf of 

TAMARA MANZUR, CAROL O’NEIL

and MAGGIE CASSIDY,

Petitioners-Appellants,

v.

BOARD OF EDUCATION OF THE

BRIDGEWATER-RARITAN SCHOOL

DISTRICT, SOMERSET COUNTY,

Respondent-Respondent.

DECIDED May 6, 2015

Chief Justice Rabner PRESIDING

OPINION BY Justice LaVecchia

CONCURRING/DISSENTING OPINIONS BY

DISSENTING OPINION BY 

CHECKLIST

AFFIRM IN PART/

REVERSE IN PART/

REMAND

CHIEF JUSTICE RABNER X

JUSTICE LaVECCHIA X

JUSTICE ALBIN X

JUSTICE PATTERSON X

JUSTICE FERNANDEZ-VINA X

JUSTICE SOLOMON X

JUDGE CUFF (t/a) X

TOTALS 7