REVERSE, RENDER in Part, and REMAND; Opinion Filed April 30, 2015.

S

In The

Court of Appeals

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

No. 05-14-00393-CV

NORTH TEXAS MUNICIPAL WATER DISTRICT, Appellant

V.

JENNIE BALL A/K/A JENNY TISSING AND JEFFREY TISSING, Appellees

On Appeal from the 366th Judicial District Court

Collin County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 366-01429-2013

OPINION

Before Justices Myers, Evans, and O’Neill1

Opinion by Justice O’Neill

 This appeal involves a structure built by appellees Jenny and Jeffrey Tissing upon an 

easement owned by the appellant North Texas Municipal Water District. The District appeals 

the trial court’s judgment, which found in the Tissings’ favor on the parties’ cross motions for 

summary judgment and dismissed the District’s claims for declaratory and injunctive relief. In 

this Court the District contends the trial court erred by granting the Tissings’ summary judgment 

motion, by denying the District’s summary judgment motion, by denying the District’s request 

for equitable relief, and by refusing to allow the District to inspect the structure during discovery. 

The District seeks a reversal of the summary judgment rulings and a remand to determine 

whether it is entitled to attorney’s fees.

 1 The Honorable Michael J. O’Neill, Justice, Court of Appeals. Fifth District of Texas at Dallas, Retired, sitting by assignment.
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For the reasons that follow, we reverse the trial court’s judgment. We render a 

declaratory judgment in the District’s favor, and we remand the case (a) for entry of a mandatory 

injunction requiring the Tissings to remove the structure and (b) for determination of attorney’s 

fees for the District under the Declaratory Judgment Act.

Background

In 1980, Helen Lewis owned a twenty-one acre tract of land in Collin County, across 

which the District wished to install a water pipeline. Lewis conveyed a thirty-foot-wide 

permanent easement (the Easement) to the District. The District received the right to construct, 

operate, and maintain water pipelines within the Easement’s boundaries; Lewis retained the right 

to use the land making up the Easement “except for the purposes of erecting buildings or 

permanent structures” on the land. The District agreed to pay for damage it caused to fences and 

crops while performing its functions on the Easement. 

Over the years, Lewis’s tract was subdivided. In 2013, the Tissings owned a subdivided 

piece of the Lewis property, a two-and-one-half acre tract facing Stinson Road. The Easement 

and its pipeline run across the width of the Tissings’ property, parallel to Stinson Road. 

The Tissings began to erect a structure across the front of their property, and within the 

Easement boundaries, in March 2013. The structure was built by anchoring galvanized steel 

poles into holes with concrete, building a base with concrete blocks that encased the poles and 

created a wall across the front of the property, facing the wall with flagstone on both sides, and 

topping this base with a wood privacy fence.2

 The District learned of the construction in April 

2013 and contacted the Tissings to demand that the construction stop and the portion of the 

structure already built be removed from the Easement. When the Tissings refused to stop 

construction, the District filed suit. The District sought a declaration that it held a valid existing 

 2

 Not surprisingly, the Tissings refer to the structure as a “fence”; the District calls it a “wall.” To avoid the appearance of partiality in 

nomenclature, we will refer to the subject of this appeal as a “structure.”
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Easement across the Tissings’ property and that the structure erected within its Easement was a 

permanent structure that violated the terms of the Easement. The District also pleaded that the 

construction of the structure constituted an impermissible use and wrongful interference with the 

District’s reasonable use and enjoyment of the Easement. Finally, the District sought a 

mandatory injunction, requiring the Tissings to remove the structure being built within the 

Easement. The trial court granted a temporary restraining order and extended that order once. In 

the meantime, the Tissings answered. They generally denied the District’s claims and, soon 

after, filed a counterclaim seeking a declaratory judgment that the structure was not permanent in 

nature and that it did not violate any term in the Easement.

The trial court heard the application for temporary injunction. The parties stipulated that 

the structure was built within the boundaries of the Easement. The District presented testimony 

from William Bentley Powell, its real estate manager. Powell explained the workings of the 

District as well as the location and purpose of this particular pipeline. He testified that, in his 

opinion, the structure was permanent. The Tissings called land surveyor Garey Gilley, who 

surveyed the Easement and area around the Easement. Although he did not specifically opine 

that the structure was a fence, he did testify that he was not aware of a fence ever being declared 

a permanent structure. At the close of evidence, the District asked the court to maintain the 

status quo by halting further construction of the wall. When counsel for the District suggested 

that a temporary injunction would save the Tissings money in the event of a final decision in 

favor of the District, counsel for the Tissings replied:

I don’t think we should have the Municipal Water District telling the Tissings

what they should do with their property or their money. 

If they want to build a fence and if, in the future, they have to tear it down based 

on the rulings from the Court, they should be allowed to do so. That’s their 

property. They should be able to use it and enjoy it as they see fit.

***
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If, at the end of the day, they have to tear the fence down and put something else 

up, that’s on them, and they’re willing to accept the Court’s ruling on that at a 

later date and time.

The trial court denied the application for temporary injunction, concluding that the structure was 

“more in the nature of a fence.”

The parties both filed summary judgment motions, which we discuss below. In the end, 

the trial court granted the Tissings’ motion, denied the District’s motion, and dismissed the 

District’s claims. The District appeals.

The Motions for Summary Judgment

Approximately three months after the District filed suit, the Tissings moved for a noevidence summary judgment. The District filed a preliminary response and a motion for 

continuance, arguing adequate time for discovery had not passed. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i) 

(party without presenting summary judgment evidence may move for summary judgment “[a]fter 

adequate time for discovery”). The trial court granted the continuance, and the District 

ultimately filed both an amended response to the motion and its own traditional and no-evidence 

motion for summary judgment. 

Standard of Review

We apply well-known standards in our review of traditional and no-evidence summary 

judgment motions. See Timpte Indus., Inc. v. Gish, 286 S.W.3d 306, 310 (Tex. 2009); Nixon v. 

Mr. Prop. Mgmt. Co., 690 S.W.2d 546, 548 (Tex. 1985). With respect to a traditional motion for 

summary judgment, the movant has the burden to demonstrate that no genuine issue of material 

fact exists and it is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(c); Nixon, 690 

S.W.2d at 548–49. We review a no-evidence summary judgment under the same legal 

sufficiency standard used to review a directed verdict. TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i); Gish, 286 S.W.3d 
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at 310. To defeat a no-evidence summary judgment, the nonmovant is required to produce 

evidence that raises a genuine issue of material fact on each challenged element of its claim. 

Gish, 286 S.W.3d at 310; see also TEX. R. CIV. P. 166a(i). Within these standards, we review the 

summary judgment de novo. Travelers Ins. Co. v. Joachim, 315 S.W.3d 860, 862 (Tex. 2010).

The Easement

At the outset, we address the paragraph of the Easement that governs the parties’ 

summary judgment motions. 

The said Grantors herein, their heirs and assigns, shall have the right fully to use 

and enjoy the said premises covered by the said above described easement except 

for the purposes hereinabove granted, and except for the purposes of erecting 

buildings or permanent structures over said right-of-way. The said North Texas 

Municipal Water District does further covenant and agree to pay for any damage 

that may be done to crops or fences by laying, erecting, maintaining, operating, or 

removing such pipe line. (Emphasis added.)

The District’s fundamental position is that the structure is “permanent” within the meaning of the 

Easement, so the Tissings had no right to erect it over the Easement’s right-of-way. The Tissings 

contend the structure is not permanent in nature. But they also argue that—even if the structure 

is permanent within the meaning of the Easement—it is a fence, and the Easement contemplates

an exception for fences when it states the District will pay for any damage it does to fences while 

working on the Easement.

The rules of contract construction and interpretation apply to easement agreements. 

DeWitt Cnty. Elec. Co-op., Inc. v. Parks, 1 S.W.3d 96, 100 (Tex. 1999). Unless the agreement is 

ambiguous, and no such claim is made in this case, we interpret its provisions as a matter of law. 

Id. As we interpret the two Easement provisions at issue in this appeal, our primary concern is to 

ascertain the true intentions of the parties as expressed in the instrument. See Coker v. Coker, 

650 S.W.2d 391, 393 (Tex. 1983). We strive to harmonize and give effect to all the provisions

of the agreement so that none will be rendered meaningless. Id. 

What is a permanent structure?
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Whether a structure is “permanent” is necessarily a fact-specific inquiry that will depend

on such factors as the nature of the structure and its location on the restricted area. However, our 

inquiry is assisted by this Court’s analysis in Auerbach v. Dallas Area Rapid Transit, No. 05-94-

01207-CV, 1995 WL 447530 (Tex. App.—Dallas July 26, 1995, writ denied) (not designated for 

publication). Auerbach sued DART for abuse of easement, seeking removal of a billboard 

constructed in DART’s right-of-way easement, which abutted Auerbach’s land. The case 

presented a limitations issue: the accrual date depended upon whether the injury caused by the 

billboard was permanent or temporary in nature. Id. at *2. The nature of the billboard became 

important because “[w]here a building or permanent structure is placed on a private easement, 

the limitations period on an action to abate the obstruction begins to run with the completion of 

the obstruction.” Id. at *3 (citing Eidelbach v. Davis, 99 S.W.2d 1067, 1073 (Tex. Civ. App.—

Beaumont 1936, writ dism’d)). The opinion describes the billboard, which:

consists of a metal column supporting an aerial structure to accommodate 

advertising panels approximately 10 by 40 feet in size, lighting, walkways, 

ladders, appliances, and an electric meter. The footing of the billboard is 

embedded in concrete in the ground. Removal of the billboard would require 

dismantling the steel aerial structure with the use of a crane and excavation of the 

concrete footing and column. It is undisputed that the billboard has remained 

continuously in place since completion of its construction on October 19, 1981. 

There has been nothing sporadic about the billboard’s presence and it is not 

contingent upon any irregular force.

Id. Auerbach argued the billboard was temporary because it could be removed, but we 

acknowledged that any structure placed upon the land is removable. Id. Instead, we stated that 

“a structure which is designed as a continuous fixture is permanent as a matter of law.” Id. We 

went on to determine the billboard was a permanent structure that was indicative of a permanent 

injury to the land. Id. at *4. 

The Easement requires our application of the facts—as established by the summary 

judgment evidence—to the rule expressed in Auerbach. Thus, a structure is “permanent” within 
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the meaning of the Easement if the facts establish it was designed as a continuous fixture. See id.

at *3.

Is construction of a fence an exception to the prohibition of permanent structures? 

The Tissings argue our inquiry into the permanent nature of the structure is asking the 

wrong question. They contend the Easement intends fences to be an exception to the prohibition 

against erecting permanent structures. According to the Tissings, the plain language of the

Easement contemplates the presence of fences within its boundaries. And to a limited extent, we 

agree with this last statement. The Easement states “[t]he said North Texas Municipal Water 

District does further covenant and agree to pay for any damage that may be done to crops or 

fences by laying, erecting, maintaining, operating, or removing such pipe line.” This language 

could speak to a fence already standing within the Easement’s boundaries. It could also speak to 

a fence near the Easement’s boundaries that might be damaged by pipeline construction. It could 

even speak to a fence intended to serve as temporary protection for a homeowner project. In 

each of those cases, the existence and location of the fence would be reasonable, and it would be 

reasonable to require the District to compensate a damaged fence’s owner. 

However, the language relied upon by the Tissings speaks only to this remedy of 

compensation for damage, not to any additional rights reserved by the original landowner. It is 

true we avoid burdening the servient estate when possible. Severance v. Patterson, 370 S.W.3d 

705, 721 (Tex. 2012) (easement grants unlimited reasonable use to dominant estate holder with 

as little burden as possible to servient owner). But it is not reasonable to create an exception to 

an express prohibition within an easement agreement—here, construction of a permanent 

structure—when that exception, by its very nature, would significantly interfere with the 

easement holder’s ability to carry out the purposes specifically granted to it by the Easement. 

The Tissings’ interpretation of the Easement’s reference to fences gives that provision control 

over not only the permanent-structure prohibition, but also the essential purpose of the Easement. 
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We will not give a single provision, taken alone, controlling effect in this Easement; instead, we 

must consider all provisions with reference to the purpose of the whole instrument. See Coker, 

650 S.W.2d at 393. And the District’s ability to install, maintain, and repair its water pipeline 

would be undermined by a permanent structure within the Easement boundaries, regardless of 

whether the permanent structure is a fence or a wall or a billboard or any other continuous 

fixture.

We conclude the Easement prohibits a structure when the facts indicate it was “designed 

as a continuous fixture.” See Auerbach, 1995 WL 447530 at *3. We further conclude the 

Easement’s prohibition contains no exception for fences. See Coker, 650 S.W.2d at 393. With 

this construction of the Easement’s language, we review the summary judgment motions. 

The Tissings’ No-Evidence Motion

In its first issue, the District contends the trial court erred by granting the Tissings’ noevidence motion for summary judgment. At the outset, the District identifies a number of 

procedural problems with the Tissings’ motion, the most significant being the Tissings’ failure to 

identify any specific elements of the District’s claims for which there was no evidence. A noevidence motion “must state the elements as to which there is no evidence.” TEX. R. CIV. P.

166a(i). “A no-evidence motion that only generally challenges the sufficiency of the nonmovant’s case and fails to state the specific elements that the movant contends lack supporting 

evidence is fundamentally defective and cannot support summary judgment as a matter of law.” 

Jose Fuentes Co. v. Alfaro, 418 S.W.3d 280, 283 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2013, pet. denied). The 

Tissings effort to identify the elements at issue in its no-evidence motion states only the 

following:

Tissing moves for summary judgment on all of the Plaintiffs claims because, after 

an adequate time for discovery, Plaintiff can produce no evidence which supports 

the essential elements of breach of contract.
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This statement fails to identify any particular element or elements of the District’s claims; 

indeed, it does not even speak to a claim that the District pleaded. The legal sufficiency of a noevidence motion for summary judgment may be challenged for the first time on appeal. Id. at

287. We conclude the Tissings’ no-evidence motion was insufficient as a matter of law and

cannot support summary judgment. See id.

Although the Tissings cast their motion as a no-evidence motion, the motion has certain 

characteristics of a traditional motion as well. The Tissings attached evidence to the motion, and 

they asked for judgment on their own declaratory judgment claim, on which they bore the burden 

of proof. We must determine the nature and standard governing a summary judgment motion 

after considering the substance of the motion, rather than categorizing the motion strictly by its 

form or title. Rodgers v. Weatherspoon, 141 S.W.3d 342, 344 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, no 

pet.). Thus, although the Tissings’ motion failed to meet the requirements of rule 166a(i) on the 

District’s claims, we conclude we may review it as a traditional motion on the Tissings’ own 

declaratory judgment claim. See id.

The Competing Traditional Motions

We turn, therefore, to the competing motions for summary judgment on the parties’ 

mirror-image claims for declaratory judgment. When both parties move for summary judgment 

and the trial court grants one motion and denies the other, we consider both motions, their 

evidence, and their issues, and we may render the judgment that the trial court should have 

rendered. Mann Frankfort Stein & Lipp Advisors, Inc. v. Fielding, 289 S.W.3d 844, 848 (Tex. 

2009).

The Tissings’ motion argued they were entitled to judgment as a matter of law on their 

declaratory judgment claim:

Defendants seek the court to construe the terms of the Easement. Specifically, the 

Tissings’ request a declaration that: 1) the subject fence(s) are not permanent 

structures 2) the fence(s) do not violate any term or contract construed in the 
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Easement. See the attached photographs, collectively as Exhibit "B". Defendants

seek a declaration from this Court as to whether or not Plaintiffs have been 

deprived of the use of the easement with the privacy fence in place.

The motion seeks exactly the relief the Tissings sought in their answer to the District’s lawsuit. 

The District’s traditional motion, likewise, seeks the relief it sought in its petition: a declaration 

that the structure is a permanent structure and an order removing the structure from the 

boundaries of the easement.3

 We proceed, then, to look at all the summary judgment evidence 

and to determine whether either party has established its right to judgment as a matter of law. 

The Summary Judgment Evidence

The Tissings attached a copy of the Easement and seven photographs of the structure to 

their motion.4

 The District’s summary judgment evidence (attached to both its amended 

response to the Tissings’ motion and its own traditional motion) included excerpts from the 

Tissings’ depositions, a survey of the Easement, the Affidavits of Scott Craft and Joseph M. 

Stankiewicz, and the reporter’s record of the temporary injunction hearing.5 The Tissings filed 

no response—either argument or evidence—to the District’s motions. 

Our review of the summary judgment record focuses on the physical character of the 

structure, the cost of the structure, the location of the structure on the easement, and the impact 

of the structure’s presence on the District’s ability to repair and maintain the pipeline. We 

address each of these issues in turn.

The physical character of the structure is proved by photographs as well as deposition 

testimony by the Tissings. The base of the structure was created by setting twenty-five 

 3

 The District titles its motion one for “partial” summary judgment. But the only further proceedings it sought if its motion was granted—

and the only further proceeding it seeks if we reverse the trial court’s judgment—is a hearing on its entitlement to attorney’s fees under the 

Declaratory Judgment Act. As to liability and injunctive relief, the motion sought judgment as a matter of law. 

4

 The District filed written objections, arguing the photographs were not properly authenticated, were hearsay, and had not been previously 

produced in response to the District’s discovery request. Our record, however, includes no ruling by the trial court on the District’s objections, 

and the District does not complain on appeal of the failure to rule. Accordingly, we will consider the Tissings’ photographs along with the other 

summary judgment evidence.

5

 The Tissings filed no objections to the District’s evidence.
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galvanized steel posts in two-feet-deep holes and filling the holes with concrete. Concrete 

blocks were then installed over the poles to form the base of the structure, and both sides of the 

base were covered with a flagstone facing. A line of cedar pickets was installed atop the base, 

creating the structure’s final height of approximately ten feet. There is no dispute that the 

structure is anchored to the land and that its base is a concrete wall, covered with stone.

Jenny Tissing testified during her deposition that building the structure cost between 

$22,000 and $23,000. That testimony is undisputed.

Counsel for the parties stipulated that the structure was erected within the Easement. The 

actual location of the structure in relation to the Easement is proved most precisely by the 

Easement survey prepared by the Tissings’ expert witness, Gary Gilley. Gilley was called as an 

expert witness by the Tissings at the temporary injunction hearing. His survey indicates the 

thirty-foot-wide Easement runs parallel to—and some twenty feet from—Stinson Road, across 

the Tissing property. The structure was built essentially parallel to—and inside of—the 

Easement’s road-side boundary, leaving the majority of the Easement between the structure and 

the Tissings’ property, now separated from Stinson Road by this structure.

Joseph Stankiewicz is the Deputy Director of the District and a civil engineer. He 

testified that the terms of the Easement allow the District to construct additional pipelines within 

the Easement and require the District to repair and maintain the existing pipeline. He testified 

further that these activities would damage or destroy the Tissings’ structure. Specifically, he 

testified:

In the event the District is required to excavate that pipeline to fully expose the 

pipeline, accepted safety standards could require a trench of approximately 20–25 

feet wide at the top of the ditch in order to have full access to the District’s 

pipeline. Excavating the Easement to provide full access to the pipeline will not 

be possible within the District’s Easement with the permanent wall in place, 

without damaging or destroying it.
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Stankiewicz also testified that, given the Easement’s requirement that the District pay for 

damages to fences, it would never have approved a $23,000 structure within the Easement. None 

of Stankiewicz’s testimony was controverted by the Tissings.

We conclude the summary judgment evidence establishes that—under the facts of this

case—the structure was designed as a continuous fixture. Therefore, the structure is a permanent 

structure within the meaning of the Easement. See Auerbach, 1995 WL 447530, at *3. And 

assuming—without deciding—that the structure should be characterized as a fence, we have 

concluded that the Easement does not provide an exception to the prohibition of permanent 

structures for fences. We conclude further that the placement of the structure interferes with the 

District’s use of the Easement for its intended purposes. As a matter of law, therefore, the 

structure violates the terms of the Easement. The trial court erred in granting summary judgment 

for the Tissings and denying summary judgment for the District.

We sustain the District’s first and second issues.6

Injunctive Relief

In its third issue, the District contends the trial court erred by not granting its request for a 

permanent mandatory injunction that would require the Tissings to remove the structure from the 

easement. We agree. Injunctive relief has been held to be the proper remedy to halt interference 

with easement rights. Harris Cnty. v. S. Pac. Transp. Co., 457 S.W.2d 336, 340 (Tex. Civ. 

App.—Houston [1st Dist.] 1970, no writ) (citing City of Mission v. Popplewell, 294 S.W.2d 712, 

714 (Tex. 1956)). But in a summary judgment case, we may order a mandatory injunction only 

when the summary judgment evidence demonstrates that the denial of relief would be a clear 

 6

 Although ordinarily we review a party’s no-evidence motion before their traditional motion, our obligation to review the Tissings’

traditional motion requires us to review the two traditional motions together. Because the District has satisfied the “more onerous traditional 

summary judgment burden,” we need not address its no-evidence motion in this opinion. See Pitts v. Winkler Cnty., 351 S.W.3d 564, 571 (Tex. 

App.—El Paso 2011, no pet.).
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abuse of discretion. Texas Health Care Info. Council v. Seton Health Plan, Inc., 94 S.W.3d 841, 

853 (Tex. App.—Austin 2002, pet. denied). 

Stankiewicz testified that “[i]n order for the District to have full and unobstructed access 

to its pipeline to make repairs, maintain the pipeline, or to excavate it, it is necessary that the 

wall be removed from the District’s Easement.” Because the structure is a permanent structure, 

the placement of which violates the District’s Easement, we agree that no remedy but its removal 

will allow the District full and necessary access to its Easement. The summary judgment 

evidence demonstrates that denial of injunctive relief was a clear abuse of discretion. See id. 

The trial court should have granted the District’s request for mandatory injunctive relief from the 

Tissings’ encroachment on the Easement.

We sustain the District’s third issue.

Attorney’s Fees

In its fifth issue, the District asks us to remand this case solely for determination of its 

attorney’s fees under the Declaratory Judgment Act. The statute provides that “[i]n any 

proceeding under this chapter, the court may award costs and reasonable and necessary 

attorney’s fees as are equitable and just.” TEX. CIV. PRAC. & REM. CODE ANN. § 37.009 (West 

2015). Accordingly, we remand the issue of attorney’s fees under the Declaratory Judgment Act 

to the trial court for its consideration in light of our opinion. See Hartsell v. Town of Talty, 130 

S.W.3d 325, 329 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2004, pet. denied).

 We sustain the District’s fifth issue.
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Conclusion

We reverse the trial court’s judgment and render judgment in part for the District, 

declaring that the structure is a permanent structure within the meaning of the Easement and that 

the structure violates the terms of the Easement. We remand this cause to the trial court (a) for 

entry of a mandatory injunction requiring the Tissings to remove the structure from the 

boundaries of the Easement, and (b) for determination of attorney’s fees for the District under the 

Declaratory Judgment Act.7

140393F.P05

 7

 Given our resolution of these matters, the District’s fourth issue, which involves the District’s request to inspect the wall, is now moot.

/Michael J. O'Neill/

MICHAEL J. O’NEILL

JUSTICE, ASSIGNED
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Court of Appeals

S

Fifth District of Texas at Dallas

JUDGMENT

NORTH TEXAS MUNICIPAL WATER 

DISTRICT, Appellant

No. 05-14-00393-CV V.

JENNIE BALL A/K/A JENNY TISSING 

AND JEFFREY TISSING, Appellees

On Appeal from the 366th Judicial District 

Court, Collin County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 366-01429-2013.

Opinion delivered by Justice O’Neill. 

Justices Myers and Evans participating.

In accordance with this Court’s opinion of this date, the judgment of the trial court is 

REVERSED.

Judgment is RENDERED IN PART for North Texas Municipal Water District, 

declaring that the structure erected by appellees is a permanent structure within the meaning of 

the Easement and that the structure violates the terms of the Easement.

We REMAND this cause to the trial court (a) for entry of a mandatory injunction 

requiring appellees to remove the structure from the boundaries of the Easement, and (b) for 

determination of attorney’s fees for the North Texas Municipal Water District under the 

Declaratory Judgment Act.

It is ORDERED that appellant North Texas Municipal Water District recover its costs of 

this appeal from appellees Jennie Ball a/k/a Jenny Tissing and Jeffrey Tissing.

Judgment entered this 30th day of April, 2015.