IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF ALABAMA

SOUTHERN DIVISION

SONDRA WYNN, :

Plaintiff, : 

vs. : CA 09-0790-CG-C

DAVISON DESIGN & :

DEVELOPMENT, INC.,

:

Defendant.

REPORT AND RECOMMENDATION

This cause is before the undersigned for issuance of a report and

recommendation, pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(B), on the complaint

(Doc. 1) and answer (Doc. 28), the defendant’s motion for partial judgment on

the pleadings (Doc. 29), plaintiff’s memorandum in opposition (Doc. 38), and

the defendant’s reply brief (Doc. 41). After consideration of the foregoing

pleadings, it is the undersigned’s recommendation that the defendant’s motion

for partial judgment on the pleadings be GRANTED IN PART AND

DENIED IN PART.

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 1 of 25
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FINDINGS OF FACT

1. Sondra Wynn filed a three-count complaint against Davison

Design & Development, Inc. in the United States District Court for the

Northern District of Florida on October 8, 2009. (Doc. 1) The complaint arose

out of an agreement entered into by the parties in 2003 to promote plaintiff’s

invention of a flower bouquet wrap. (See id.) The claims set forth in plaintiff’s

complaint allege breach of contract (Count I), violation of 35 U.S.C. § 297

(Count II), and unjust enrichment (Count III). (Id.)

4. At all material times, Ms. Wynn has been in the

business of wedding planning.

5. It is common for the bride and her wedding party

to carry a bouquet of flowers during the wedding ceremony and

also during photographs taken in connection with a wedding.

However, it is often difficult to use bouquets of actual, longstemmed flowers for these purposes because some types of

flowers preferred by brides do not maintain their freshness for

extended periods of time outside of water.

6. In the late 1990's or early 2000's, Smithers-Oasis

Company [] began marketing a patented bouquet holder. A copy

of U.S. Patent No. 5,927,002 [] describing this product is

attached as Exhibit A. The ‘002 Patent claims a product that

creates the illusion that a person is holding a bouquet of longstemmed flowers. In fact, however, the stems have been cut and

each end placed into a wettable foam mass, thus extending the

life and freshness of the flowers.

7. Ms. Wynn was familiar with and used the

Smithers bouquet holder in planning weddings. 

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 2 of 25
3

8. In or around 2001, Ms. Wynn [] conceived an

idea for a bouquet wrap for use with the Smithers bouquet

holder. The wrap designed by Ms. Wynn circumscribed the

bouquet holder and was fastened with Velcro. Ms. Wynn

designed the wrap to be comprised of various fabrics and bows

in order to provide a more finished and decorative “look” to the

Smithers bouquet holder, which was made of a simple piece of

white plastic.

9. Ms. Wynn developed several prototypes of the

bouquet wrap and contacted Davison about the possibility of

promoting her invention by assisting in patenting, marketing or

licensing the product that she had conceived.

10. In or around April 2003, Ms. Wynn and Davison

entered a contract for invention promotion services. Pursuant to

the contract, Ms. Wynn retained Davison, inter alia, to file in her

name disclosure documents with the United States Patent and

Trademark Office [], perform a research patent search for

product design purposes only, perform a project related data

search, and compile all data into a professional business format.

As part of the contract, Davison specifically agreed to maintain

the confidentiality of Ms. Wynn’s conception and to refrain

from nonconfidential disclosures. Attached as Exhibit B is an

excerpt from Davison’s project summary acknowledging the

contractual relationship and Ms. Wynn’s conception of the

bouquet wrap product.

11. Notwithstanding that Ms. Wynn hired Davison to

promote her bouquet wrap invention, beginning in early 2004

Davison began directing Ms. Wynn’s efforts toward the design

of a modified version of the Smithers bouquet holder. Ms. Wynn

provided Davison several ideas for such a modified design,

including implementation of a cone shape (as opposed to a

cylindrical shape) for easier carrying, and implementation of a

“lip” at the top of the device to prevent water from the foam

from spilling over to the outside of the holder.

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 3 of 25
1 The correct date is December of 2006. (See Doc. 15, at 2)

4

12. Davison continued to focus its efforts on the

modified bouquet holder throughout 2004 and 2005. Ultimately,

in approximately August 2005, Davison presented Ms. Wynn

with various prototypes and marketing materials relating to the

modified bouquet holder, which Davison dubbed the “Easy

Grip.” During this time, Davison developed little, if any, work

or effort toward development of Ms. Wynn’s primary

conception, which was the unique bouquet wrap.

13. In December 2007 (sic),1

 Ms. Wynn visited a

wholesale store in order to purchase various supplies for a

wedding she was planning that weekend. While in the store, Ms.

Wynn saw on the shelf, and purchased for $8.00, a direct copy

of the bouquet wrap she had presented to Davison in 2003. The

bouquet wrap purchased by Ms. Wynn was and continues to be

sold by Smithers, doing business as “Oasis Floral.”

14. On information and belief, Davison disclosed Ms.

Wynn’s bouquet wrap idea to Smithers, in violation of the

confidentiality provisions of its contract with Ms. Wynn. In this

regard, a design research package provided to Ms. Wynn by

Davison includes a copy of the ‘002 Patent. Thus, Davison knew

and was aware of Smithers’ involvement in the floral bouquet

market and its potential interest in Ms. Wynn’s bouquet wrap.

15. On information and belief, Smithers has sold Ms.

Wynn’s bouquet wraps, at a price of approximately $8.00 per

wrap, on a nationwide basis since at least 2007. Ms. Wynn

believes that revenues from her bouquet wrap during this time

may be in the hundreds of thousands, if not millions of dollars.

...

Count I: Breach of Contract

...

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 4 of 25
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18. Davison breached its contract with Ms. Wynn by

failing to provide any or all of the services it promised to

provide under the contract. Specifically, Davison essentially

ignored the bouquet wrap idea and instead focused its efforts on

a modified version of the Smithers bouquet holder.

19. Davison also breached the confidentiality

provisions of its contract with Ms. Wynn by disclosing to

Smithers, or others in contact with Smithers, Ms. Wynn’s

conception for the bouquet wrap, without Ms. Wynn’s

knowledge or consent.

20. Any conditions precedent to the maintenance of

the claims alleged herein have been met, waived, discharged,

performed, excused, or have occurred.

21. Ms. Wynn suffered damages caused by

defendant’s breach of the contract including, but not limited to:

(a) lost time in patenting, marketing, selling or licensing the

bouquet wrap, thereby preventing Ms. Wynn from realizing the

revenues that ultimately accrued to Smithers; and/or (b)

depriving Ms. Wynn of royalties, license fees or other

compensation justly belonging to her by licensing or otherwise

disclosing to Smithers, in violation of the contractual

confidentiality provisions and for its own benefit and profit, Ms.

Wynn’s bouquet wrap product.

Count II: Violation of 35 U.S.C. § 297

...

23. At all material times, Davison is and has been an

invention promoter within the meaning of 35 U.S.C. § 297(c)(3).

24. Ms. Wynn was a customer of Davison under the

meaning of 35 U.S.C. § 297(c)(2).

25. Ms. Wynn and Davison entered into a contract

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 5 of 25
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whereby Davison was to provide invention promotion services

within the meaning of 35 U.S.C. § 297(c)(4).

26. Prior to entering into the contract for invention

promotion services, Davison did not disclose to Ms. Wynn in

writing the total number of inventions evaluated by defendant

for commercial potential in the previous five years, nor did it

disclose the number of those inventions that received positive

evaluations, or the number of those inventions that received

negative evaluations.

27. Prior to entering into the contract for invention

promotion services, Davison did not disclose to Ms. Wynn in

writing the total number of customers who had contracted with

defendant during the previous five years.

28. Prior to entering into the contract for invention

promotion services, Davison did not disclose to Ms. Wynn in

writing the total number of customers known by defendant to

have received a net financial profit as a direct result of the

invention promotion services provided by defendant.

29. Prior to entering into the contract for invention

promotion services, Davison did not disclose to Ms. Wynn in

writing the total number of customers known by defendant to

have received license agreements for their inventions as a direct

result of the invention promotion services provided by

defendant.

30. Prior to entering into the contract for invention

promotion services, Davison did not disclose to Ms. Wynn in

writing the names and addresses for all previous invention

promotion companies with which defendant or its officers had

collectively or individually been affiliated during the previous

ten years.

31. Plaintiff is informed and believes and on that basis

alleges that, to the extent and if any disclosure was made with

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 6 of 25
7

respect to the matters mentioned in paragraphs 26, 27, 28, 29

and 30, such information was inaccurate, false and misleading.

32. Plaintiff is informed and believes and on that basis

alleges that, to the extent and if any disclosure was made with

respect to the matters mentioned in paragraphs 26, 27, 28, 29

and 30, such information was orally dismissed and mentioned as

irrelevant.

33. As a direct result of the failures to disclose and/or

provision of inaccurate, false, and misleading information, as

mentioned in paragraphs 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32, plaintiff

was induced to pay at least $8,000.00 to defendant.

34. As a direct result of the failures to disclose and/or

provision of inaccurate, false and misleading information, as

mentioned in paragraphs 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 and 32, plaintiff

has been damaged by the loss of time in patenting[,] marketing

and selling plaintiff’s bouquet wrap product.

35. Plaintiff is informed and believes and on that basis

alleges that Davison took the actions herein discussed

intentionally, willfully and with the purpose of deceiving

plaintiff.

Count III: Unjust Enrichment

...

37. On information and belief, Davison (or its

predecessors) had access to and knowledge of Ms. Wynn’s

conceptions and ideas and communicated those ideas to

Smithers or persons in contact with Smithers, likely in exchange

[f]or a license fee or some other compensation.

38. As a direct and proximate result of the use and

misappropriation of Ms. Wynn’s ideas for the bouquet wrap

product, without identifying Ms. Wynn as the true inventor,

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 7 of 25
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Davison has been unjustly enriched.

(Id. at ¶¶ 4-15, 18-21, 23-35 & 37-38 (footnote added))

2. On November 2, 2009, Davison filed a motion to dismiss the

complaint for lack of personal jurisdiction (Doc. 7). By order dated December

1, 2009, United States District Judge M. Casey Rodgers found personal

jurisdiction lacking in Florida but in lieu of dismissing the case, she transferred

the case to this Court. (Doc. 15) 

3. Davison answered the complaint in this Court on December 29,

2009 (Doc. 28) and that same day filed its motion for partial judgment on the

pleadings (Doc. 29). Therein, defendant seeks dismissal of Count II, alleging

a violation of 35 U.S.C. § 297, on the basis that it is barred by the four-year

uniform federal statute of limitations. (Id. at 1) In addition, Davison seeks the

dismissal of Count III, alleging unjust enrichment, arguing that same is barred

under Alabama law since both parties “agree in their pleadings that an express

contract on the subject governs the party’s (sic) relations.” (Id.) 

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 8 of 25
2 “Federal district courts have applied a ‘fairly restrictive standard in ruling on

motions for judgment on the pleadings.’” Dawley v. NF Energy Saving Corp. of America, 2008

WL 4534263, *1 (M.D. Fla. 2008), quoting 5A C. WRIGHT & A. MILLER, FEDERAL

PRACTICE and PROCEDURE § 1368, at 222 (2004).

9

CONCLUSIONS OF LAW

A. Motion for Judgment on the Pleadings.

1. Rule 12(c) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure provides that

“[a]fter the pleadings are closed–but early enough not to delay trial–a party

may move for judgment on the pleadings.”2

 A motion for judgment on the

pleadings is governed by the same standard as a Rule 12(b)(6) motion to

dismiss for failure to state a claim upon which relief may be granted.

International Fidelity Ins. Co. v. BMC Contractors, Inc., 2009 WL 2143803,

*2 (M.D. Ga. 2009) (citation omitted); see also Horsley v. Feldt, 304 F.3d

1125, 1131 (11th Cir. 2002) (“‘Judgment on the pleadings is appropriate only

when the plaintiff can prove no set of facts in support of his claim which

would entitle him to relief.’”); Mergens v. Dreyfoos, 166 F.3d 1114, 1117

(11th Cir.) (“Judgment on the pleadings is appropriate where no issue of

material fact remains unresolved and the moving party is entitled to judgment

as a matter of law.”), cert. denied, 528 U.S. 820, 120 S.Ct. 63, 145 L.Ed.2d 55

(1999). 

The Court may grant the motion only if it appears beyond doubt

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 9 of 25
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that the nonmovant can prove no set of facts in support of his

claim, which would entitle him to relief, or if material facts are

undisputed and judgment on the merits is possible by merely

considering the contents of the pleadings. In ruling on a motion

for judgment on the pleadings, the Court must view the

complaint in the light most favorable to the plaintiff. In general,

the plaintiff need not set forth all the facts upon which the claim

is based; rather, a short and plain statement of the claim is

sufficient if it gives the defendant fair notice of what the claim

is and the grounds upon which it rests.

International Fidelity Ins. Co., supra, at *2 (internal citations omitted). While

Rule 8(a)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires only “a short and

plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief[,]” the

Supreme Court recently made clear in Bell Atlantic Corp. v. Twombly, 550

U.S. 544, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007) and Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 

U.S. , 129 S.Ct. 1937, 1949, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) that the rule’s

pleading standard “demands more than an unadorned, the defendantunlawfully-harmed-me accusation.” U.S. at , 129 S.Ct. at 1949. Indeed,

“[a] pleading that offers ‘labels and conclusions’ or ‘a formulaic recitation of

the elements of a cause of action will not do.’” Id., quoting Bell Atlantic Corp.

v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 1964-1965, 167 L.Ed.2d 929

(2007). “Nor does a complaint suffice if it tenders ‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid

of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Id., quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 127

S.Ct. at 1955.

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 10 of 25
3 PTO is an acronym for the United States Patent and Trademark Office. See

Invention Submission Corp., infra.

11

Two working principles underlie our decision in

Twombly. First, the tenet that a court must accept as true all of

the allegations contained in a complaint is applicable to legal

conclusions. Threadbare recitals of the elements of a cause of

action, supported by mere conclusory statements, do not suffice.

Rule 8 marks a notable and generous departure from the hypertechnical, code-pleading regime of a prior era, but it does not

unlock the doors of discovery for a plaintiff armed with nothing

more than conclusions. Second, only a complaint that states a

plausible claim for relief survives a motion to dismiss or a

motion for judgment on the pleadings]. Determining whether a

complaint states a plausible claim for relief will . . . be a

context-specific task that requires the reviewing court to draw

on its judicial experience and common sense. But where the

well-pleaded facts do not permit the court to infer more than the

mere possibility of misconduct, the complaint has alleged–but

it has not show[n]–that the pleader is entitled to relief.

Id. at , 129 S.Ct. at 1949-1950 (internal citations and quotation marks

omitted); see also id. at , 129 S.Ct. at 1950-1951 (a plaintiff must nudge his

claims “‘across the line from conceivable to plausible.’”). 

B. The Inventors’ Rights Act of 1999/American Inventors’

Protection Act, 35 U.S.C. § 297.

2. “Congress enacted the Inventors’ Rights Act of 1999, 35 U.S.C.

§ 297, to protect inventors from invention promotion scams and the deceptive

advertising related to them by authorizing the PTO3

 to publicize complaints

that it receives against invention promoters.” Invention Submission Corp. v.

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 11 of 25
4 This Act has also been referred to as the American Inventor’s Protection Act

(“AIPA”). See Federal Trade Comm’n v. Davison Associates, Inc., infra.

12

Rogan, 357 F.3d 452, 454 (4th Cir.) (footnote added), cert. denied sub nom.

Invention Submission Corp. v. Dudas, 543 U.S. 955, 125 S.Ct. 415, 160

L.Ed.2d 317 (2004).4

 The Act reads, in relevant part, as follows:

(a) In general.– An invention promoter shall have a duty

to disclose the following information to a customer in writing,

prior to entering into a contract for invention promotion

services:

(1) the total number of inventions

evaluated by the invention promoter for

commercial potential in the past 5 years, as well

as the number of those inventions that received

positive evaluations, and the number of those

inventions that received negative evaluations;

(2) the total number of customers who

have contracted with the invention promoter in

the past 5 years, not including customers who

have purchased trade show services, research,

advertising, or other nonmarketing services from

the invention promoter, or who have defaulted in

their payment to the invention promoter;

(3) the total number of customers known

by the invention promoter to have received a net

financial profit as a direct result of the invention

promotion services provided by such invention

promoter;

(4) the total number of customers known

by the invention promoter to have received

license agreements for their inventions as a direct

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 12 of 25
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result of the invention promotion services

provided by such invention promoter; and

(5) the names and addresses of all previous

invention promotion companies with which the

invention promoter or its officers have

collectively or individually been affiliated in the

previous 10 years.

(b) Civil action.–(1) Any customer who enters into a

contract with an invention promoter and who is found by a court

to have been injured by any material false or fraudulent

statement or representation, or any omission of material fact, by

that invention promoter (or any agent, employee, director,

officer, partner, or independent contractor of such invention

promoter), or by the failure of that invention promoter to

disclose such information as required under subsection (a), may

recover in a civil action against the invention promoter (or the

officers, directors, or partners of such invention promoter), in

addition to reasonable costs and attorneys’ fees– 

(A) the amount of actual damages incurred

by the customer; or

(B) at the election of the customer at any

time before final judgment is rendered, statutory

damages in a sum of not more than $5,000, as the

court considers just.

(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), in a case where the

customer sustains the burden of proof, and the court finds, that

the invention promoter intentionally misrepresented or omitted

a material fact to such customer, or willfully failed to disclose

such information as required under subsection (a), with the

purpose of deceiving that customer, the court may increase

damages to not more than three times the amount awarded,

taking into account past complaints made against the invention

promoter that resulted in regulatory sanctions or other corrective

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 13 of 25
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actions based on those records compiled by the Commissioner

of Patents under subsection (d).

35 U.S.C. § 297(a) & (b); see Federal Trade Comm’n v. Davison Associates,

Inc., 431 F.Supp.2d 548, 553 (W.D. Pa. 2006) (“The American Inventor’s

Protection Act, 35 U.S.C.A. § 297 (‘AIPA’), requires invention-promotion

firms to make the following disclosures before selling their services: (1) total

number of inventions evaluated for commercial potential in the past 5 years,

as well as the number of these inventions that received positive evaluations,

and the number that received negative evaluations; (2) the total number of

customers who have contracted with the invention promoter in the past 5 years,

not including customers who have purchased, among other things, research or

other non-marketing services; (3) the total number of customers known by the

invention promoter to have received net financial profit as a direct result of the

invention promotion services; (4) the total number of customers to have

received licensing agreements as a direct result of the invention promotion

services; and (5) the names and addresses of all previous invention promotion

companies with which the invention promoter or its officers have been

affiliated in the previous 10 years.”). 

3. Davison contends that Count II of plaintiff’s complaint, alleging

a violation of 35 U.S.C. § 297, is barred by the four-year uniform federal

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 14 of 25
15

statute of limitations. (Doc. 29, at 1) The parties in this case are in agreement

that the four-year statute of limitations set forth in 28 U.S.C. § 1658(a) is

applicable to this case. (Compare id., at 2 (“35 U.S.C. § 297(b) does not

contain its own statute of limitations. It thus falls within the ‘catch-all’ uniform

federal statute of limitations of 28 U.S.C. § 1658(a)[.]”) with Doc. 38, at 4

(“Davison argues that the four-year ‘catch-all’ statute of limitations governs

Ms. Wynn’s claim for violation of the AIPA. . . . Ms. Wynn agrees.”)) “Except

as otherwise provided by law, a civil action arising under an Act of Congress

enacted after the date of the enactment of this section may not be commenced

later than 4 years after the cause of action accrues.” 28 U.S.C. § 1658(a). Since

the AIPA was enacted on November 29, 1999, see 35 U.S.C. § 297 ( historical

& statutory notes), almost nine years after the December 1, 1990 enactment

date of 28 U.S.C. § 1658(a), see id. (practice commentary), the four-year

statute of limitations set forth in § 1658(a) is applicable to this case.

4. The key issue in this case becomes determining when Ms.

Wynn’s cause of action under the AIPA accrued. As the defendant correctly

points out (see Doc. 41, at 1), the general rule is that a statute of limitations

period commences when a plaintiff has “‘a complete and present cause of

action[,]’” that is, when “ the plaintiff can file suit and obtain relief.” Bay Area

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 15 of 25
16

Laundry & Dry Cleaning Pension Trust Fund v. Ferbar Corp. of California,

522 U.S. 192, 201, 118 S.Ct. 542, 549, 139 L.Ed.2d 553 (1997) (citations

omitted). According to Davison, plaintiff’s four-year statute of limitations

began to run in 2003 when it (allegedly) failed to make the required

disclosures under the AIPA prior to entering into the invention promotion

contract with plaintiff thereby barring her present October 8, 2009 cause of

action. (Doc. 29, at 1-3; Doc. 41, at 1-3) In an attempt to persuade this Court

to find Count II of plaintiff’s complaint time-barred, the defendant likens the

disclosures required by the AIPA to disclosures required under the Truth in

Lending Act (“TILA”) and cites to a TILA case out of this district, Williams

v. Saxon Motgage Services, Inc., 2007 WL 2828752, for the proposition that

“the statute of limitations on TILA claims runs from the date of the loan

transaction and claims are time-barred on their face after a year unless saved

by equitable tolling.” (Doc. 41, at 2) The defendant, again relying on Williams,

contends that since Wynn “does not allege fraud or any other action by

defendant to conceal evidence of the alleged non-disclosure[,]” equitable

tolling is inapplicable and cannot save the running of the four-year statute of

limitations since the invention promotion contract was executed in 2003 and

this action was not filed until October of 2009. (See id. at 2-3)

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 16 of 25
5 The language of § 297(b) providing that “[a]ny customer who enters into a

contract with an invention promoter and who is found by a court to have been injured by any

material false or fraudulent statement or representation . . . or by the failure of that invention

promoter to disclose such information as required under subsection (a), may recover in a civil

action” convinces the undersigned, at this stage of the proceedings, that a court could

legitimately run the four-year limitations from the point at which a plaintiff discovers (or should

have discovered) she has been injured by the failure to disclose (or the making of false

disclosures) as opposed to the date upon which the promotion contract was executed. Cf. Barry

Aviation Inc. v. Land O’Lakes Municipal Airport Comm’n,377 F.3d 682, 688 (7th Cir. 2004)

(“For both RICO claims and § 1983 claims, a cause of action accrues when the plaintiff knew or

should have known that it had sustained an injury. This rule is referred to as the discovery rule

because the accrual date is not determined when the injury occurs but when it is discovered or

should have been discovered.”); Cada v. Baxter Healthcare Corp., 920 F.2d 446, 450 (7th Cir.

1990) (“The rule that postpones the beginning of the limitations period from the date when the

plaintiff is wronged to the date when he discovers he has been injured is the ‘discovery rule’ of

federal common law, which is read into statutes of limitations in federal-question cases . . . in the

absence of a contrary directive from Congress.”), cert. denied, 501 U.S. 1261, 111 S.Ct. 2916,

115 L.Ed.2d 1079 (1991); Brian Route 50 Auto Sales, Inc. v. City of Kankakee, 2010 WL

375597, *4 (C.D. Ill. 2010) (“Section 1983 claims accrue when a plaintiff knows or should know

that his or her constitutional rights have been violated. Accrual is the date on which the statute of

limitations begins to run. ‘It is not the date on which the wrong that injures the plaintiff occurs,

but the date–often the same, but sometimes later–on which the plaintiff discovers that he has

been injured.’ The rule that postpones the beginning of the limitations period from the date when

plaintiff is wronged to the date when he discovers he has been injured is the ‘discovery rule’ of

federal common law[.]”).

17

5. While defendant’s statute-of-limitations argument has facial

appeal, it is one which the Court should decline to grant at the pleadings stage

since there are no reported cases which have addressed the issues of when a

plaintiff has a complete and present cause of action under the AIPA5

 and

applicability of the doctrine of equitable tolling to AIPA cases. Because no

cases have addressed these issues in relation to AIPA cases, the undersigned

recommends that this Court, at this stage of the proceedings, decline to find it

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 17 of 25
18

apparent from the face of the pleadings either that plaintiff’s AIPA claim is

time-barred or that plaintiff can prove no set of facts that toll the statute. Cf.

Tello v. Dean Witter Reynolds, Inc., 410 F.3d 1275, 1288 & 1288 n.13 (11th

Cir. 2005) (“Dismissal under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6) ‘on

statute of limitations grounds is appropriate only if it is “apparent from the face

of the complaint” that the claim is time-barred.’ At the motion-to-dismiss

stage, a complaint may be dismissed on the basis of a statute-of-limitations

defense ‘only if it appears beyond a doubt that Plaintiffs can prove no set of

facts that toll the statute.’”). 

6. Based on the foregoing, the undersigned recommends that the

Court deny defendant’s motion for judgment on the pleadings as it relates to

Count II of plaintiff’s complaint.

C. Alabama State-Law Claim for Unjust Enrichment.

7. Defendant has moved to dismiss plaintiff’s unjust enrichment

claim on the basis that it “relates to the same subject matter–alleged breach of

confidentiality regarding plaintiff’s ideas for an invention–which is governed

by an express contract that plaintiff has alleged and defendant has admitted.”

(Doc. 29, at 3 (emphasis supplied)) In so moving, defendant cites to Alabama

case law and law from this district, and another federal district court in

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 18 of 25
19

Alabama, recognizing “‘that where an express contract exists between two

parties, the law generally will not recognize an implied contract regarding the

same subject matter.’” White v. Microsoft Corp., 454 F.Supp.2d 1118, 1133

(S.D. Ala. 2006 (citations omitted)); see also id. (“[W]here a plaintiff has

brought claims sounding in both express contract and quasi-contract as to the

same subject matter, Alabama courts have deemed the quasi-contract claim not

to be cognizable.”); Pearson’s Pharmacy, Inc. v. Express Scripts, Inc., 505

F.Supp.2d 1272, 1278 (M.D. Ala. 2007) (“The court finds that plaintiffs have

an adequate remedy at law for damages under a theory of breach of contract.

Therefore, the plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment and constructive trust count is due

to be DISMISSED with prejudice.”); Kennedy v. Polar-BEK & Baker

Wildwood Partnership, 682 So.2d 443, 447 (Ala. 1996) (“[U]nder Alabama

law, claims of both an express and an implied contract on the same subject

matter are generally incompatible. This Court has recognized that where an

express contract exists between two parties, the law generally will not

recognize an implied contract regarding the same subject matter.”); see

Brannan & Guy, P.C. v. City of Montgomery, 828 So.2d 914, 921 (Ala. 2002)

(“When an express contract exists, an argument based on a quantum meruit

recovery in regard to an implied contract fails.”); Betts v. McDonald’s Corp.,

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 19 of 25
6 The undersigned finds plaintiff’s citation to Wynfield Inns of limited value

because the Eleventh Circuit derived this general proposition from Florida law. Id. at 488, citing

Barbe v. Villeneuve, 505 So.2d 1331, 1333 (Fla. 1987).

20

567 So.2d 1252, 1255 (Ala. 1990) (“Betts quantum meruit argument fails. ‘It

has long been recognized in Alabama that the existence of an express contract

[here, the broker’s statement] generally excludes an implied agreement relative

to the same subject matter.’”). 

8. In opposing Davison’s motion to dismiss her unjust enrichment

claim, plaintiff admits that the defendant “is likely correct” that she cannot

“recover the same damages for both her breach of contract and unjust

enrichment claims[,]” but contends that the issue is one of election remedies

and that she need not make such election at the pleadings stage. (Doc. 38, at

9) While plaintiff cites to Wynfield Inns v. Edward LeRoux Group., Inc., 896

F.2d 483, 488 (11th Cir. 1990) for the general proposition that “an election

between inconsistent remedies is made after a verdict is entered but prior to the

entry of judgment[,]”6

 she relies on cases outside Alabama and the federal

districts in Alabama in arguing that courts have denied motions to dismiss

unjust enrichment/quasi-contractual claims based on the argument Davison

presses (see Doc. 38, at 9-10, citing Siegel-Robert, Inc. v. Mayco Int’l, LLC,

2007 WL 3173365 (E.D. Mich. 2007); Lewis v. First American Title Ins. Co.,

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 20 of 25
7 Recognizing that the court in Pearson’s Pharmacy, Inc., supra, did dismiss an

unjust enrichment claim at the pleadings stage, plaintiff simply contends that this case is of

limited precedential value because the court engaged in no real discussion of the issue. (Id. n.5) 

21

2007 WL 2815041 (D. Idaho 2007); and Ironton Metals Corp. v. Niagra

LaSalle UK Ltd., 2006 WL 53955 (W.D. Pa. 2006)). Moreover, plaintiff seeks

to distinguish the cases cited by defendant arguing that they “do not stand for

the proposition that an alternative claim for unjust enrichment, asserted in

connection with a claim for breach of express contract, should be dismissed at

the pleading stage.” (Doc. 38, at 10)7

9. With this last stroke of the pen, plaintiff is clearly admitting that

her unjust enrichment claim relates to the same subject matter as her breach of

express contract claim. (Doc. 38, at 10) In other words, both claims relate to

the alleged breach of confidentiality regarding plaintiff’s ideas for an invention

as set forth in the written confidentiality agreements. (See id.) Nevertheless,

plaintiff contends that she does not have to elect her remedy at this stage of the

proceedings. 

10. While plaintiff’s election-of-remedies argument would have

merit if Davison had made any noise that there exists no express contract in

this case, cf. ANZ Advanced Technologies, LLC v. Bush Hog, LLC, 2009 WL

3415650, *9 & *10 (S.D. Ala. Oct. 20, 2009) (“Plaintiffs argue, however, that

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 21 of 25
22

they assert these claims in the alternative in the event Defendants prevail on

their contention that the termination provisions agreed to by Bush Hog after

Bush Hog exercised its alleged option under the ‘Non-Cause Termination’

provision of the 2007 UTV Supply Agreement did not constitute an express

contract which would bar Plaintiffs’ claims to equitable relief. . . . Plaintiffs

are entitled to an opportunity to prove that they performed services for Bush

Hog pursuant to promises made by Bush Hog after it exercised its alleged

option under the ‘Non-Cause Termination’ provision of the 2007 UTV Supply

Agreement and the value of those services. . . . Plaintiffs are entitled to pursue

their unjust enrichment claim at this juncture.” (emphasis supplied)), given that

the existence of an express contract is not disputed (compare Doc. 29, at 3

(defendant’s admission that the confidentiality agreements entered by the

parties constitute express contracts) with Doc. 28, ¶ 10 (“Defendant admits that

in March 2003 and June 2003 it entered into written agreements with plaintiff

which provided for confidentiality regarding plaintiff’s ideas for an

invention.”) and Doc. 38, Plaintiff’s Memorandum in Opposition to

Defendant’s Motion for Partial Judgment on the Pleadings, at 1 (“Ms. Wynn

entered two contracts with Davison in 2003, while she was living in Ozark,

Alabama.”)), and plaintiff admits that her breach of contract and unjust

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 22 of 25
23

enrichment claims concern the same subject matter (Doc. 38, at 10), the two

claims are incompatible and require dismissal of the unjust enrichment claim,

Northern Assurance Co. of America v. Bayside Marine Constr., Inc., 2009 WL

151023, *3 & *4 (S.D. Ala. Jan. 21, 2009) (“Dismissal of a claim under Rule

12(b)(6) for failure to state a claim is proper where it is clear that no relief can

be granted under any set of facts that could be proved consistent with the

allegations. . . . In Alabama, the doctrine of unjust enrichment is an equitable

remedy which issues only where there is no adequate remedy at law. . . .

BMC’s unjust enrichment counterclaim (based on Plaintiff’s receipt of the

benefits of the insurance premiums and denial of coverage) clearly arises from

the contracts at issue–the insurance policies–the same policies upon which the

breach of contract counterclaim (Count Two) and bad faith denial of coverage

(Count One) are based. Such unjust enrichment claims are precluded, as there

is an adequate remedy at law for damages under those theories of recovery.”);

cf. ANZ Advanced Technologies, LLC, at *9 (court indicated that it would have

dismissed plaintiffs’ unjust enrichment and quantum meruit claims had the

defendant not challenged the existence of an express contract, given the

plaintiffs’ acknowledgment “that their claims founded on an express contract

would not support a claim for equitable relief such as their claim for unjust

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 23 of 25
24

enrichment or quantum meruit[,]” and their concession that “‘[w]hen an

express contract exists, an argument based on quantum meruit recovery in

regard to an implied contract fails.’”). In other words, because an express

contract exists regarding the same subject matter, plaintiff cannot claim unjust

enrichment.

11. In light of the foregoing, the undersigned recommends that the

Court grant Davison’s motion for judgment on the pleadings as it relates to

plaintiff’s claim for unjust enrichment (Count III). Plaintiff’s unjust

enrichment claim is due to be dismissed with prejudice.

CONCLUSION

It is recommended that defendant’s motion for partial judgment on the

pleadings (Doc. 29) be GRANTED IN PART and DENIED IN PART. The

Court should DENY the motion to the extent it is directed to Count II of

plaintiff’s complaint, that is, her AIPA claim; however, the motion should be

GRANTED to the extent it is directed to Count III of the complaint.

Plaintiff’s unjust enrichment claim should be dismissed with prejudice.

DONE this the 19th day of February, 2010. 

 s/WILLIAM E. CASSADY 

UNITED STATES MAGISTRATE JUDGE

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 24 of 25
8 Effective December 1, 2009, the time for filing written objections was extended

to “14 days after being served with a copy of the recommended disposition[.]” Fed.R.Civ.P.

72(b)(2). 

25

MAGISTRATE JUDGE'S EXPLANATION OF PROCEDURAL RIGHTS AND

RESPONSIBILITIES FOLLOWING RECOMMENDATION, AND

FINDINGS CONCERNING NEED FOR TRANSCRIPT

l. Objection. Any party who objects to this recommendation or anything in it must,

within fourteen (14) days of the date of service of this document, file specific written

objections with the Clerk of this court. Failure to do so will bar a de novo determination by

the district judge of anything in the recommendation and will bar an attack, on appeal, of the

factual findings of the Magistrate Judge. See 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(C); Lewis v. Smith, 855

F.2d 736, 738 (11th Cir. 1988); Nettles v. Wainwright, 677 F.2d 404 (5th Cir. Unit B,

1982)(en banc). The procedure for challenging the findings and recommendations of the

Magistrate Judge is set out in more detail in SD ALA LR 72.4 (June 1, 1997), which

provides that:

A party may object to a recommendation entered by a magistrate judge in

a dispositive matter, that is, a matter excepted by 28 U.S.C. § 636(b)(1)(A),

by filing a ‘Statement of Objection to Magistrate Judge’s Recommendation’

within ten days8

 after being served with a copy of the recommendation,

unless a different time is established by order. The statement of objection

shall specify those portions of the recommendation to which objection is

made and the basis for the objection. The objecting party shall submit to

the district judge, at the time of filing the objection, a brief setting forth the

party’s arguments that the magistrate judge’s recommendation should be

reviewed de novo and a different disposition made. It is insufficient to

submit only a copy of the original brief submitted to the magistrate judge,

although a copy of the original brief may be submitted or referred to and

incorporated into the brief in support of the objection. Failure to submit a

brief in support of the objection may be deemed an abandonment of the

objection. 

A magistrate judge's recommendation cannot be appealed to a Court of Appeals;

only the district judge's order or judgment can be appealed.

2. Transcript (applicable Where Proceedings Tape Recorded). Pursuant to 28 U.S.C.

§ 1915 and FED.R.CIV.P. 72(b), the Magistrate Judge finds that the tapes and original

records in this case are adequate for purposes of review. Any party planning to object to this

recommendation, but unable to pay the fee for a transcript, is advised that a judicial

determination that transcription is necessary is required before the United States will pay the

cost of the transcript.

Case 1:09-cv-00790-CG-C Document 47 Filed 02/19/10 Page 25 of 25