© 2018 National Research Council of Canada

Fire Protection Research Foundation

 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02169-7417, USA

 Email: research@nfpa.org | Web: nfpa.org/foundation

Fire Safety Challenges 

of Tall Wood Buildings 

– Phase 2: Task 2 & 3 –

Cross Laminated 

Timber Compartment 

Fire Tests 

FINAL REPORT BY:

Joseph Su and Pier-Simon Lafrance

National Research Council of Canada

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

Matthew Hoehler and Matthew Bundy

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD, USA 

February 2018
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—— Page iii ——

FOREWORD

Recent architectural trends include the design and construction of increasingly tall buildings with 

structural components comprised of engineered wood referred to by names including; cross 

laminated timber (CLT), laminated veneer lumber (LVL), or glued laminated timber (Glulam). 

These buildings are cited for their advantages in sustainability resulting from the use of wood as 

a renewable construction material.

Research and testing are needed to evaluate the contribution of mass timber elements to 

room/compartment fires with the types of structural systems that are expected to be found in tall 

buildings (e.g. CLT, etc.). Previous research has shown that timber elements contribute to the 

fuel load in buildings and can increase the initial fire growth rate. This has the potential to 

overwhelm fire protection systems, which may result in more severe conditions for occupants, fire 

fighters, property and neighboring property. 

There is a need to quantify the contribution of timber elements to compartment fires to assess the 

relative performance compared to noncombustible structural materials. The contribution of 

exposed timber to room fires should be quantified for the full fire duration using metrics such as 

charring rate, visibility, temperature and toxicity. This will allow a designer to quantify the 

contribution, validate design equations and develop a fire protection strategy to mitigate the level 

of risk to occupants, fire fighters, property and neighboring property. In addition, the effect of 

encapsulating the timber as means of preventing or delaying involvement in the fire (e.g. gypsum, 

thermal barrier) needs to be characterized.

Therefore, the Research Foundation initiated a research program with the goal to quantify the 

contribution of Cross Laminated Timber (CLT) building elements (wall and/or floor‐ceiling 

assemblies) in compartment fires. This Task 3 report summarizes the results from a series of fire 

tests conducted with CLT compartments. 

The Fire Protection Research Foundation expresses gratitude to the report authors Joseph Su 

and Pier-Simon Lafrance, who are with National Research Council (NRC) of Canada located in 

Ottawa, Ontario, Canada and Matthew Hoehler and Matthew Bundy, who are with the National 

Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) located in Gaithersburg, MD, USA. The Research

Foundation appreciates the guidance provided by the Project Technical Panelists, the funding 

provided by the project sponsors, and all others that contributed to this research effort. Special 

thanks are expressed to the US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service for being a 

sponsor of this study. Donations of gypsum board from USG Corporation and simulated thermal 

elements from FM Global are gratefully acknowledged. The Foundation would also like to 

acknowledge the substantial in-kind contribution by NRC to conduct the test program.

The content, opinions and conclusions contained in this report are solely those of the authors and 

do not necessarily represent the views of the Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF), 

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), Technical Panel or Sponsors. The Foundation 

makes no guaranty or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information published 

herein.
—— Page iv ——

About the Fire Protection Research Foundation

The Fire Protection Research Foundation plans, 

manages, and communicates research on a broad 

range of fire safety issues in collaboration with 

scientists and laboratories around the world. The Foundation is an affiliate of NFPA.

About the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)

Founded in 1896, NFPA is a global, nonprofit organization devoted to 

eliminating death, injury, property and economic loss due to fire, electrical and 

related hazards. The association delivers information and knowledge through 

more than 300 consensus codes and standards, research, training, education, 

outreach and advocacy; and by partnering with others who share an interest in 

furthering the NFPA mission.

All NFPA codes and standards can be viewed online for free.

NFPA's membership totals more than 65,000 individuals around the world.

Keywords: tall wood buildings, fire safety, tall timber, cross laminated timber, CLT, 

compartment fire, fire test

Report number: FPRF-2018-01
—— Page 

v ——
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PROJECT TECHNICAL PANEL

Carl Baldassarra, Wiss, Janney, Elstner Associates

David Barber, Arup

Jim Brinkley, International Association of Fire Fighters

Charlie Carter, American Institute Steel Construction

Kim Clawson, Jensen Hughes

Ronny Coleman, Fireforce One

Sean DeCrane, Battalion Chief (Retired), Cleveland Fire Department, OH

Michael Engelhardt, University of Texas at Austin

Patricia Layton, Clemson University

Steven Lohr, Fire Chief, Hagerstown Fire Department, MD

Rick McCullough, Fire Chief (Retired), City of Regina, Saskatchewan, 

Canada

Kevin McGrattan, NIST

Ben Johnson, Skidmore, Owings & Merrill LLP

Paul Shipp, USG Corporation

Ray Walker, Fire Marshal, Vernon, CT, International Fire Marshals 

Association

Tracy Vecchiarelli, NFPA Staff Liaison

PROJECT SPONSORS

American Wood Council (AWC)

US Department of Agriculture, Forest Service

National Research Council (NRC) of Canada

Property Insurance Research Group (PIRG): 

American International Group, Inc. (AIG)

CNA Insurance

FM Global

Liberty Mutual Insurance

Tokio Marine America

Travelers Insurance

XL Group

Zurich Insurance Group 
—— Page vii ——
Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood 

Buildings – Phase 2:

Task 2 & 3 - Cross Laminated Timber 

Compartment Fire Tests

Joseph Su, Pier-Simon Lafrance, Matthew Hoehler and 

Matthew Bundy

12 February 2018

CONSTRUCTION

A1-010659.1 i

Table of Contents

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................iv

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................ vii

Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. viii

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 1

2. TEST SETUP AND PROCEDURE......................................................................................... 1

2.1 CLT Compartment................................................................................................................ 2

2.1.1 CLT Compartment Structure.......................................................................................... 2

2.1.2 Ventilation.....................................................................................................................10

2.1.2.1 Equivalent leakage in W4 to simulate entrance doorway........................................10

2.1.2.2 Rough opening in W2 exterior wall.........................................................................10

2.1.3 Fire Protection and Flooring Materials ..........................................................................11

2.1.4 Structural Load .............................................................................................................13

2.2 Test Matrix ..........................................................................................................................13

2.3 Moisture Content.................................................................................................................14

2.4 Contents Fire Load and Ignition Scenario ...........................................................................15

2.4.1 Composition and location of contents fire load..............................................................15

2.4.2 Ignition source and first item ignited..............................................................................21

2.5 Instrumentation and Measurement Systems .......................................................................22

2.5.1 Data acquisition............................................................................................................31

2.5.2 NFRL calorimeter .........................................................................................................31

2.5.3 Gas sampling................................................................................................................33

2.5.3.1 Gas analyzer (O2, CO2, CO)...................................................................................33

2.5.3.2 Differential pressure ...............................................................................................34

2.5.3.3 Smoke density........................................................................................................35

2.5.4 Specimen sensors ........................................................................................................35

2.5.4.1 Thermocouples ......................................................................................................35

2.5.4.2 Simulated thermal elements...................................................................................38

2.5.4.3 Heat flux.................................................................................................................38

2.5.4.4 Bi-directional velocity probes..................................................................................42

2.5.4.5 Smoke and heat alarms .........................................................................................43

2.5.5 Imaging and video ........................................................................................................44

2.5.5.1 Water cooled GoPro cameras ................................................................................44

2.6 Test Procedure ...................................................................................................................45

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS............................................................................................45

3.1 Test 1-1...............................................................................................................................47
A1-010659.1 ii

3.1.1 Fire development..........................................................................................................47

3.1.2 Compartment temperatures ..........................................................................................49

3.1.3 Heat release rate..........................................................................................................50

3.1.4 Heat flux inside and outside fire compartment ..............................................................50

3.1.5 Temperatures at gypsum board interfaces and inside of CLT assemblies ....................52

3.1.6 Char depth of CLT panels and small CLT blocks ..........................................................53

3.2 Test 1-2...............................................................................................................................54

3.2.1 Fire development..........................................................................................................54

3.2.2 Compartment temperatures ..........................................................................................56

3.2.3 Heat release rate..........................................................................................................57

3.2.4 Heat flux inside and outside fire compartment ..............................................................57

3.2.5 Temperatures at gypsum board interfaces and inside of CLT assemblies ....................59

3.2.6 Char depth of CLT panels and small CLT blocks ..........................................................60

3.2.7 Comparison of two baselines Test 1-1 and Test 1-2 .....................................................62

3.3 Test 1-3...............................................................................................................................68

3.3.1 Fire development..........................................................................................................71

3.3.2 Compartment temperatures ..........................................................................................73

3.3.3 Heat release rate..........................................................................................................74

3.3.4 Heat flux inside and outside fire compartment ..............................................................74

3.3.5 Temperatures at surface and in depth of CLT as well as gypsum board interfaces.......76

3.3.6 Char depth of CLT panels.............................................................................................77

3.3.7 Contribution of the CLT structure to compartment fire...................................................80

3.4 Test 1-4...............................................................................................................................82

3.4.1 Fire development..........................................................................................................83

3.4.2 Compartment temperatures ..........................................................................................84

3.4.3 Heat release rate..........................................................................................................87

3.4.4 Heat flux inside and outside fire compartment ..............................................................87

3.4.5 Temperatures at surface and in depth of CLT as well as gypsum board interfaces.......89

3.4.6 Char depth of CLT panels.............................................................................................90

3.4.7 Contribution of the CLT structure to compartment fire...................................................93

3.5 Test 1-5...............................................................................................................................94

3.5.1 Fire development..........................................................................................................95

3.5.2 Compartment temperatures ..........................................................................................97

3.5.3 Heat release rate..........................................................................................................99

3.5.4 Heat flux inside and outside fire compartment ..............................................................99

3.5.5 Temperatures at surface and in depth of CLT as well as gypsum board interfaces.....101
A1-010659.1 iii

3.5.6 Char depth of CLT panels...........................................................................................102

3.5.7 Contribution of the CLT structure to compartment fire.................................................108

3.6 Test 1-6.............................................................................................................................112

3.6.1 Fire development........................................................................................................113

3.6.2 Compartment temperatures ........................................................................................115

3.6.3 Temperatures at surface and in depth of CLT and gypsum board interfaces ..............116

3.6.4 Heat release rate........................................................................................................118

3.6.5 Heat flux inside and outside fire compartment ............................................................118

3.6.6 Char depth of CLT panels...........................................................................................119

3.6.7 Contribution of the CLT structure to compartment fire.................................................124

3.7 Responses of Simulated Thermal Elements......................................................................126

4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ......................................................................................128

5. FURTHER WORK...............................................................................................................132

Acknowledgments...................................................................................................................132

References .............................................................................................................................132

Appendix A - Instrumentation and gypsum board layout .........................................................A-1

Appendix B - Pretest moisture content of the CLT panels .......................................................B-1

Appendix C - Moveable fuel load data.....................................................................................C-1

Appendix D - Hardware configurations....................................................................................D-1

Appendix E - Test 1-1 data......................................................................................................E-1

Appendix F - Test 1-2 data...................................................................................................... F-1

Appendix G - Test 1-3 data .....................................................................................................G-1

Appendix H - Test 1-4 data .....................................................................................................H-1

Appendix I - Test 1-5 data........................................................................................................ I-1

Appendix J - Test 1-6 data .......................................................................................................J-1

Appendix K - Alarm activation times........................................................................................K-1

Appendix L - Uncertainty of Measurements............................................................................. L-1
A1-010659.1 iv

List of Figures

Figure 1. Schematic of test compartments. ................................................................................ 4

Figure 2. Wall Panels of CLT Compartments. ............................................................................ 5

Figure 3. Ceiling Panels of CLT Compartments. ........................................................................ 6

Figure 4. Elevation and Section View of CLT Compartments. .................................................... 7

Figure 5. Photographs of compartment construction sequence.................................................. 8

Figure 6. Details of CLT Panel Connections............................................................................... 9

Figure 7. Ceiling panels connected with spline joints. ................................................................ 9

Figure 8. Stair-step installation for multilayer gypsum board. ....................................................12

Figure 9. Ceiling top and exterior wall extension. ......................................................................13

Figure 10. Measurement of panel moisture content. .................................................................14

Figure 11. Plan view of a model of the moveable fuel as installed.............................................16

Figure 12. Isometric view of a model of the moveable fuel as installed. ....................................16

Figure 13. Photograph of the movable fuel as installed. ............................................................17

Figure 14. Photographs of (a) installation of wood flooring, (b) kitchen cabinets with end cabinet 

placed inside to increase walkway, (c) and (d) detailed interior views. ......................................17

Figure 15. Isometric view of the movable fuel energy as installed (101 × 51 regions). ..............19

Figure 16. Plan view of the movable fuel energy as installed (101 × 51 regions).......................20

Figure 17. Isometric view of the movable fuel energy as installed (4 × 2 regions). ....................20

Figure 18. Photographs of (a) burner with copper tube for pilot flame and (b) the object of first 

ignition. .....................................................................................................................................21

Figure 19. Photographs of (a) mock-up corner burn setup and (b) the object of first ignition 

catching fire. .............................................................................................................................21

Figure 20. Locations of thermocouple trees and gas sampling tree inside the compartment. ....23

Figure 21. Illustration of heights of thermocouples and smoke-gas sampling ports on the trees 

inside the compartment.............................................................................................................24

Figure 22. Measurement devices on the ceiling and inside the ceiling assembly in the 

compartment.............................................................................................................................25

Figure 23. Measurement devices in W1 wall. ............................................................................26

Figure 24. Measurement devices in W3 wall. ............................................................................27

Figure 25. Measurement devices in W4 wall. ............................................................................28

Figure 26. Details of embedded thermocouples in ceiling and walls with the drilled holes sealed 

from the outside. .......................................................................................................................29

Figure 27. Measurements in the doorway and outside the compartment...................................30

Figure 28. Photographs of (a) cDAQ-9188 chassis populated with I/O-modules and (b) setup 

used to control the NFRL calorimeter and data acquisition........................................................31

Figure 29. (a) 15-m exhaust hood with natural gas reference burner at 5 MW and (b) 2.42-m 

diameter calorimeter exhaust duct with averaging pitot tubes and temperature sensors. ..........32

Figure 30. Photograph of stand with gas sampling tubes. .........................................................33

Figure 31. Photograph of gas analyzer rack..............................................................................34

Figure 32. Photograph of Greisinger model GMH 3181-01 handheld manometer. ....................34

Figure 33. Photograph of smoke density meter (PVC pipe) and manometers mounted outside of 

the compartment.......................................................................................................................35

Figure 34. Photographs of typical thermocouple applications; (a) layer interface temperature, (b) 

temperature through panel, (c) gas temperature near plate thermometer, (d) cooling water 

temperature, (e) roof tree, and (f) compartment tree. ................................................................37

Figure 35. (a) Sketch of back view of simulated thermal element (STE) and (b) photograph of 

STEs.........................................................................................................................................38
A1-010659.1 v

Figure 36. Photographs of heat flux sensors: (a) plate thermometer on wall inside compartment, 

(b) co-located Gardon gauge, plate thermometer and differential flame thermometer on wall 

inside compartment, (c) heat flux sensors on stands facing the doorway, (d) detail of heat flux 

sensors facing the doorway, (e) heat flux sensors in the wall above the doorway and (f) detail of 

heat flux sensors above the doorway. .......................................................................................41

Figure 37. Photographs of bi-directional velocity probes located (a) on the ceiling and (b) on 

stand in doorway.......................................................................................................................43

Figure 38. Photographs of (a) installed smoke and heat alarms and (b) circuit for power supply 

and signal extraction from alarms..............................................................................................43

Figure 39. Photographs of (a) networked video camera and (b) web USB camera. ..................44

Figure 40. Photographs of water-cooled camera setup (a) 1st attempt and (b) improved setup. 44

Figure 41. Photographs (a)-(h) of the CLT compartment during and after Test 1-1 including 

subsequent cleanup and removal of gypsum board. .................................................................48

Figure 42. Temperatures in the compartment space during Test 1-1. .......................................49

Figure 43. Heat release rate during Test 1-1.............................................................................50

Figure 44. Heat fluxes inside and outside the compartment during Test 1-1. ............................51

Figure 45. Temperatures in CLT and at gypsum board interfaces in Test 1-1. ..........................52

Figure 46. Char of small CLT blocks in Test 1-1........................................................................53

Figure 47. Photographs of the CLT compartment during and after Test 1-2..............................55

Figure 48. Temperatures in the compartment space during Test 1-2. .......................................56

Figure 49. Heat release rate during Test 1-2.............................................................................57

Figure 50. Heat fluxes inside and outside the compartment during Test 1-2. ............................58

Figure 51. Temperatures in CLT and at gypsum board interfaces in Test 1-2. ..........................59

Figure 52. Photographs of CLT compartment #2 with localized charring after Test 1-2 after 

cleanup and removal of gypsum board......................................................................................61

Figure 53. Char of small CLT blocks in Test 1-2........................................................................62

Figure 54. Heat release rates and total heat releases in Test 1-1 and Test 1-2.........................63

Figure 55. Hot layer temperatures in fire compartments in Test 1-1 and Test 1-2. ....................64

Figure 56. Heat fluxes inside fire compartments in Test 1-1 and Test 1-2. ................................65

Figure 57. Temperatures outside fire compartments in Test 1-1 and Test 1-2...........................66

Figure 58. Heat fluxes outside fire compartments in Test 1-1 and Test 1-2...............................67

Figure 59. Repair of localized charring on ceiling after Test 1-2 before Test 1-3. ......................68

Figure 60. Photographs of CLT structure before Test 1-3. ........................................................69

Figure 61. Photograph of CLT compartment with exposed W1 wall for Test 1-3. ......................70

Figure 62. Photographs of the CLT compartment during Test 1-3.............................................72

Figure 63. Temperatures in the compartment space during Test 1-3. .......................................73

Figure 64. Heat release rate during Test 1-3.............................................................................74

Figure 65. Heat fluxes inside and outside the compartment during Test 1-3. ............................75

Figure 66. Temperatures in CLT and at gypsum board interfaces in Test 1-3. ..........................77

Figure 67. Char in CLT compartment before and after Test 1-3. ...............................................78

Figure 68. Exterior of the W1 wall at 198 min in Test 1-3. ........................................................80

Figure 69. Heat release rate of Test 1-3 superimposed over baseline (Test 1-2). .....................81

Figure 70. CLT contribution to heat release rate in Test 1-3......................................................82

Figure 71. Photograph of CLT compartment with exposed ceiling for Test 1-4..........................83

Figure 72. Photographs of the CLT compartment during Test 1-4.............................................85

Figure 73. Temperatures in the compartment space during Test 1-4. .......................................86

Figure 74. Heat release rate during Test 1-4.............................................................................87

Figure 75. Heat fluxes inside and outside the compartment during Test 1-4. ............................88

Figure 76. Temperatures in CLT and at gypsum board interfaces in Test 1-4. ..........................90

Figure 77. Photograph of CLT compartment and panels after Test 1-4. ....................................91

Figure 78. Heat release rate of Test 1-4 superimposed over baseline (Test 1-1). .....................93
A1-010659.1 vi

Figure 79. CLT contribution to heat release rate in Test 1-4......................................................94

Figure 80. Photograph of CLT compartment with exposed W1 wall for Test 1-5. ......................95

Figure 81. Photographs of the CLT compartment during Test 1-5.............................................96

Figure 82. Temperatures in the compartment space during Test 1-5. .......................................98

Figure 83. Heat release rate during Test 1-5.............................................................................99

Figure 84. Heat fluxes inside and outside the compartment during Test 1-5. ..........................100

Figure 85. Temperatures in CLT and at gypsum board interfaces in Test 1-5. ........................102

Figure 86. Observation and measurement of char after Test 1-5. ...........................................103

Figure 87. Exterior surface and joints of CLT compartment after Test 1-5...............................107

Figure 88. Heat release rate of Test 1-5 superimposed over baseline (Test 1-1). ...................108

Figure 89. CLT contribution to heat release rate in Test 1-5....................................................109

Figure 90. Effect of ventilation – Heat release rates in Test 1-3 and Test 1-5..........................110

Figure 91. Effect of ventilation – Temperatures in Test 1-3 and Test 1-5.................................111

Figure 92. Effect of ventilation – Exterior heat fluxes in Test 1-3 and Test 1-5. .......................112

Figure 93. CLT compartment with exposed ceiling and W1 wall for Test 1-6...........................113

Figure 94. Photographs of the CLT compartment during Test 1-6...........................................114

Figure 95. Temperatures in the compartment space during Test 1-6. .....................................115

Figure 96. Temperatures in CLT and at gypsum board interfaces in Test 1-6. ........................117

Figure 97. Heat release rate during Test 1-6...........................................................................118

Figure 98. Heat fluxes inside and outside the compartment during Test 1-6. ..........................119

Figure 99. CLT compartment after Test 1-6. ...........................................................................120

Figure 100. Heat release rate of Test 1-6 superimposed over baseline (Test 1-1). .................125

Figure 101. CLT contribution to heat release rate in Test 1-6..................................................125

Figure 102. Responses of simulated thermal elements (STE’s) in CLT compartment tests.....127

Figure 103. Heat release rates in CLT compartment tests. .....................................................129

Figure 104. Total heat releases in CLT compartment tests. ....................................................130

Figure 105. CLT contributions to heat release rates in compartment tests. .............................131
A1-010659.1 vii

List of Tables

Table 1. Test Matrix of CLT Compartments for Fire Tests.........................................................14

Table 2. Pretest panel moisture content....................................................................................15

Table 3. Calorific values used to determine energetic content of moveable fuel........................18

Table 4. Contents fire load density............................................................................................19

Table 5. CLT Compartment Fire Tests (February to April 2017)................................................46

Table 6. Char depth of CLT wall panels in Test 1-3...................................................................79

Table 7. Accumulated char depth of CLT ceiling panels in Test 1-2 and Test 1-3. ....................79

Table 8. Char depth of cut CLT samples in Test 1-3. ................................................................79

Table 9. Char depth of CLT wall panels in Test 1-4...................................................................92

Table 10. Char depthof CLT ceiling panels in Test 1-4..............................................................92

Table 11. Char depth of cut CLT samples in Test 1-4. ..............................................................92

Table 12. Char depth of CLT wall panels in Test 1-5...............................................................104

Table 13. Char depth of CLT ceiling panels in Test 1-5...........................................................104

Table 14. Char depth of cut CLT samples in Test 1-5. ............................................................105

Table 15. Char depth of CLT wall panels in Test 1-6...............................................................121

Table 16. Char depth of CLT ceiling panels in Test 1-6...........................................................121

Table 17. Char depth of cut CLT samples in Test 1-6. ............................................................122

Table 18. Simulated thermal element activation times.............................................................126
A1-010659.1 viii

Executive Summary

The Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF) initiated the project “Fire Safety Challenges of 

Tall Wood Buildings - Phase 2” to address the need for evaluating the contribution of mass 

timber elements to compartment fires. In part, this is linked to the concern that timber elements 

in tall wood buildings could increase the fire load, affect the fire growth rate, and potentially

compromise fire protection systems in buildings, all of which could result in more severe 

conditions for occupants and responding fire fighters and increase the threat of damage to the 

property and adjacent properties. This project aimed to quantify the contribution of cross 

laminated timber (CLT) building elements to compartment fires, and to characterize the fire 

protection of the CLT structural elements using physical barrier (e.g., gypsum board) for

delaying or preventing their involvement in the fire.

As part of the project, six large CLT compartment fire tests were conducted. The fire tests were 

conducted without any sprinklers and without firefighting intervention until the end of the tests in 

order to quantify the CLT contribution to compartment fires. Note that it would be the typical 

arrangement and requirement for tall wood buildings to be equipped with automatic sprinklers in 

North America.

For this FPRF test series, CLT test compartments (9.1 m long x 4.6 m wide x 2.7 m high or 

30 ft long x 15 ft wide x 9 ft high) were constructed using 175-mm thick 5-ply CLT structural 

panels. The CLT panels were manufactured using 2 x 4 spruce-pine-fir lumber glued with a 

polyurethane structural adhesive (with a brand name of HBE1, 1% of the CLT panel weight), 

conforming to American National Standard ANSI/APA PRG 320 manufacturing standard. The 

compartment had a rough opening of 1.8 m wide x 2.0 m high (6 ft wide x 6.7 ft high) in four 

tests and 3.6 m wide x 2.0 m high (12 ft wide x 6.7 ft high) in two tests, with a ventilation factor

of 0.03 m1⁄2 and 0.06 m1⁄2, respectively. The CLT surfaces in the compartments were fully or 

partially protected using multiple layers of 15.9-mm (5/8 in.) thick Type X gypsum board as the 

physical barrier. Real residential contents and furnishings were used in the compartment tests 

with a moveable fire load density of 550 MJ/m2. 

Two baseline tests (Test 1-1 and Test 1-2) with all CLT surfaces protected in the compartments,

defined the contribution of the moveable fire load to the compartment fires and provided 

baseline data for quantifying the CLT contribution to the compartment fires in the tests involving 

various amounts of exposed CLT surfaces. Protecting the CLT surfaces using the physical 

barrier was an effective means to delay and/or prevent the ignition and involvement of the 

timber structural elements in the fires, limiting and/or eliminating their contribution to the fires.

Ventilation conditions had significant impacts on the fire development in the compartments. The 

smaller opening, which was used in four of the six tests, provided a longer duration of interior 

compartment fire than the larger opening, since the fire was more ventilation-limited with the 

smaller opening and a longer duration of fully-developed fire exposure conditions ensued. The 

larger opening provided a higher overall peak heat release rate, albeit for a shorter duration. As 

expected, with the smaller opening, the CLT elements were exposed to a longer duration of 

fully-developed fire, and therefore the CLT became more involved over the duration of the 

test(s), which made it more likely to distinguish and quantify the CLT contribution.

 

1 Certain commercial products are identified in this report to specify the materials used and the 

procedures employed. In no case does such identification imply endorsement or recommendation by the 

National Research Council Canada or the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it 

indicate that the products are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
A1-010659.1 ix

The CLT contribution to the compartment fire increased with the increasing surface area of the 

CLT panels that were exposed and involved in the fires, and was also influenced by the 

ventilation condition.

The impact of the ventilation opening size on the CLT contribution to the compartment fires was 

demonstrated by Test 1-3 and Test 1-5, where the same long wall was exposed in both tests. 

The peak temperatures in the compartments were similar in both tests. In Test 1-3, with the 

larger ventilation opening, the fire exhibited a general trend of decay following the fullydeveloped phase although the initial heat release rate and exterior heat fluxes were higher and 

two small transient increases occurred (due to the delamination of two plies of CLT from the 

exposed wall). In Test 1-5, with the smaller ventilation opening, more heat was trapped inside 

the compartment and, after the initial decay, a large re-flash occurred on the exposed wall with 

delamination of the second ply of the CLT, which caused the second flashover and induced the 

full involvement of all originally protected CLT panels in the fire.

The area and orientation of exposed CLT surface had a large impact on the CLT contribution to 

compartment fires. In all tests with exposed CLT surface(s), flashover occurred approximately

3 min to 5 min earlier than the two baseline tests (i.e., ≈ 15 min). The peak compartment 

temperatures were similar to the baseline. However, the heat release rates and heat fluxes to 

the exterior façade were higher than the baseline; the exposed CLT panels increased the fuel 

load in the test compartments. The unprotected (exposed) CLT surface exhibited heat 

delamination, which led to one or more periods of fire regrowth after decay in Test 1-3, Test 1-4 

and Test 1-5 and no decay of the fire prior to suppression in Test 1-6.

Although the CLT compartment fire tests were conducted without sprinklers, simulated thermal 

elements (STE) were used in the tests to replicate the time temperature response of a quickresponse (QR) sprinkler element. In all the tests, the STEs reached 68 °C (a typical temperature 

rating for residential sprinklers) well before the flashover while the fire was still limited to the first 

item ignited, predicting a likely time for sprinkler activation if sprinklers had been installed in the 

tests.

The CLT compartment fire tests produced a large amount of technical information. The test data

can be used to compare the fire performance of CLT structural systems with other types of 

structural systems used in tall buildings, to validate design equations and models and to 

develop a fire protection strategy to mitigate potential fire hazards to occupants, fire fighters and 

properties.
A1-010659.1 1

Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings – Phase 2: 

Task 2 & 3 - Cross Laminated Timber Compartment Fire Tests

Joseph Su, Pier-Simon Lafrance, National Research Council of Canada, Canada

Matthew Hoehler, Matthew Bundy, National Institute of Standards and Technology, USA

1. INTRODUCTION

Recent architectural trends include the design and construction of increasingly tall buildings with 

structural components comprised of mass timber including cross laminated timber (CLT). These 

buildings are cited for their advantages for sustainability resulting from the use of wood as a 

renewable construction material. 

Research and testing are needed to evaluate the contribution of mass timber elements to 

room/compartment fires with the types of structural systems that are expected to be found in tall 

buildings (e.g., CLT, etc.). The Fire Protection Research Foundation (FPRF) initiated the project 

“Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings – Phase 2”. It is recognized that current and 

future tall wood buildings in North America will use various structural wood elements which may 

include timber beams and columns, CLT walls and CLT floors, or other mass timber products. 

This phase of the research project aimed to quantify the contribution of CLT building elements 

(wall and/or floor‐ceiling assemblies) to compartment fires, and also to characterize the fire 

protection of the CLT using physical barriers (e.g., gypsum board) for delaying or preventing its 

involvement in the fire. Six large-scale CLT compartment fire tests (unsprinklered) were planned 

in consultation with the Project Technical Panel (PTP) [1-3] and in consideration of gaps 

identified by a literature review [4]. Modeling was also conducted to support the choice of test 

parameters [5].

North American codes require that all tall buildings be fully sprinklered in accordance with 

National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) standard NFPA 13 [6] and that fire services are 

required to respond to fire incidents in accordance with NFPA 1710 and 1720 [7, 8]. However, in 

order to achieve the project objective to quantify the contribution of CLT building elements, the 

CLT compartment fire tests were conducted without sprinklers and without firefighting 

intervention. Although the CLT compartment fire tests used no sprinklers, simulated thermal 

elements (STEs) were used in the tests to replicate the time temperature response of a quickresponse (QR) sprinkler element. This report documents the results of the CLT compartment 

fire tests.

It is worthy of note that, in support of code development efforts of the International Code 

Council’s Ad Hoc Committee on Tall Wood Buildings, US Department of Agriculture’s Forest 

Products Laboratory recently conducted another series of CLT compartment fire tests at the 

Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives Fire Test Laboratory (ATF). The fire test 

series at ATF included tests with various levels of exposed CLT elements as well as tests of 

fully exposed CLT compartments with sprinklers [9].

 

2. TEST SETUP AND PROCEDURE

Under a collaborative agreement between the National Research Council Canada (NRCC) and

National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the CLT compartment fire tests were 
A1-010659.1 2

conducted by a joint NRCC-NIST team at NIST’s National Fire Research Laboratory [10].

Computer modelling was conducted by the RISE Research Institutes of Sweden to help 

determine experimental parameters [5].

2.1 CLT Compartment

In the original request for proposals, a steel-framed compartment structure had been specified 

as a baseline to determine the contribution from the CLT compartment structure to the fire 

severity. However, the project team and the Project Technical Panel agreed that, for the 

purpose of quantifying CLT contributions to the compartment fires, a steel baseline test was not 

absolutely necessary. Instead, a fully protected CLT compartment would have the same fire 

dynamics as a compartment with noncombustible construction, and therefore could be used as 

a baseline to define the contribution of all movable fire loads (room contents) to the 

compartment fires and then to quantify the contributions of CLT structural elements to the fires 

in other tests. This allowed more CLT compartment tests with better use of limited resources.

Figure 1 is a schematic of the test compartments, which simulated studio sized apartments. A 

total of four CLT compartments were constructed in two series, with two compartments

constructed simultaneously in each series under the calorimeter hood.

2.1.1 CLT Compartment Structure

Each CLT test compartment was 9.1 m x 4.6 m x 2.7 m high (30 ft x 15 ft x 9 ft), representing a 

studio sized apartment unit. The size of the fire compartments was chosen by the Project 

Technical Panel from two options presented in the discussion paper [1]. The original request for 

proposals called for a compartment size of not less than a 4 m x 4 m (13 ft x 13 ft) footprint and 

not less than 2.4 m (8 ft) in height. After reviewing the literature survey by Brandon and Östman 

[4] and relevant references, the Panel decided that the CLT compartment size specified in the 

request for proposals was similar in size to most CLT compartments tested previously and that 

the size of 9.1 m x 4.6 m x 2.7 m (30 ft x 15 ft x 9 ft) would be more representative of current 

and future CLT structures in tall buildings [1, 11]. 

Test compartments were constructed using 175-mm (7 in.) thick 5-ply CLT structural panels

manufactured using 2 x 4 spruce-pine-fir (SPF) lumber glued with a polyurethane adhesive (with 

a brand name of HBE2, 1% of the panel weight) for all wall and ceiling assemblies. All CLT 

panels conformed to American National Standard ANSI/APA PRG-320 [12]. The ceiling 

assembly spanned in the 4.6-m (15 ft) direction parallel to walls W2 and W4. Figure 2 to Figure 

7 show construction details.

As shown in Figure 2 to Figure 4 each compartment consisted of twelve CLT wall panels, one 

CLT header, and four CLT ceiling panels. Figure 5 shows the construction sequence. The 

connection details are shown in Figure 6. The wall panels were connected using lap joints and 

the adjacent walls were connected using butt joints with screws. The ceiling panels were 

connected to the walls using butt joints with screws. The ceiling panels were connected to each 

other using spline joints with strips of 12.7 mm (1/2 in.) thick plywood nailed on each panel 

every 300 mm (12 in.). Figure 7 are photographs of the spline joints on top of the ceiling.

 

2 Certain commercial products are identified in this report to specify the materials used and the 

procedures employed. In no case does such identification imply endorsement or recommendation by the 

National Research Council Canada or the National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor does it 

indicate that the products are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
A1-010659.1 3

Although sealants are normally required to seal the CLT panel joints in field applications, no 

sealant was used in the construction of the test compartments. The project focused on the 

contribution of CLT elements to a compartment fire and the structural performance was 

secondary. The absence of the sealant could allow minor smoke and flame leakage from the 

compartment, but would be unlikely to cause a significant difference in quantifying the CLT 

contribution. Test 1-3 was an exception where caulking was used to repair the compartment 

after a preceding fire test (the compartment was used twice; see Section 3.3 for details). For the 

two tests (Test 1-4 and Test 1-6) which involved an exposed CLT ceiling on the interior side, 

gypsum concrete was poured along each joint on top of the ceiling panels (see Section 2.1.3 for 

details).
A1-010659.1 4

Figure 1. Schematic of test compartments.
A1-010659.1 5

Figure 2. Wall Panels of CLT Compartments.

C

M101

A

M101

B

M101

1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2

A

B

10_024 10_007

10_012 10_013 10_011 10_009

10_014

10_026 10_008

10_015

10_025 10_023 10_022 10_021 10_020 10_017 10_018 10_019

10_002 10_01610_001 10_005 10_006 10_003 10_004 10_010

A

B

A

M101
A1-010659.1 6

Figure 3. Ceiling Panels of CLT Compartments.

175-5S

TYP. S.I.C.

11_004

11_002

11_005 11_001

11_006

11_007

11_008

11_003

A

B

A

B

1.1 1.2 2.1 2.2
A1-010659.1 7

Figure 4. Elevation and Section View of CLT Compartments.

D SECTION

M101

A ELEVATION

M101

B ELEVATION

M101

+ 2875

ABOVE X-LAM

+0

GROUND

+0

GROUND

+2875

+0

GROUND

+ 2875

ABOVE X-LAM

ABOVE X-LAM

2.2 2.1 1.2 1.1

B A

175-5S

175-5S

175-5S

175-5S

175-5S

175-5S 175-5S

2-HOLES Ø 200 mm 2-HOLES Ø 200 mm

TYP. S.I.C.

175-5S 175-5S

175-5S 175-5S

2.2 2.1 1.2 1.1
A1-010659.1 8

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Figure 5. Photographs of compartment construction sequence.
A1-010659.1 9

(a) wall panel lap joint (b) wall-wall butt joint

(c) ceiling-wall butt joint (d) ceiling panel spline joint

Figure 6. Details of CLT Panel Connections.

Figure 7. Ceiling panels connected with spline joints. 175

Ø6x160 @ 300mm 175

Ø8x280 @ 300mm

= = 175

Ø8x280 @ 300mm

ASSY 3.0 SCREW PLY WOOD 175

WIDTH OF PLYWOOD

PL12.7mm Ø3x70 GALV. SPIRALED NAILS

1 ROW

OF NAILS @

300 C/C S.I.C.
A1-010659.1 10

2.1.2 Ventilation

Ventilation is one of the key parameters which has significant impact on the duration of each fire 

stage, heat release rate and total heat release as well as charring of timber elements in 

compartment fires. Due to a limited number of tests, two ventilation configurations were used in 

the compartment fire tests. Ventilation openings were created in the W2 and W4 walls. Other 

ventilation configurations could be addressed by computer modelling.

2.1.2.1 Equivalent leakage in W4 to simulate entrance doorway

Doorways can provide ventilation air to a fire. In high-rise apartment buildings, an entrance door

to an apartment unit would normally be a fire-protection rated door (0.8 m wide by 2.0 m high, or 

32 in. wide by 80 in. high). 

In fire tests, however, if the duration of the fully developed fire is too long, even a rated door 

may fail and may introduce an undesirable ventilation test-to-test variable. PTP agreed with an 

alternative approach – using small openings to simulate an equivalent leakage area around a 

door. Two small openings of 150-mm (6 in.) diameter were created in wall W4 at 0.3 m and 

1.8 m (1 ft and 6 ft) heights as shown in Figure 1 (the 150-mm diameter was the finished 

dimension of the small openings after installing a protective ceramic fibre blanket around the 

edge). These openings provided an equivalent leakage of 0.035 m2(54 in.2) without actually 

having a door located in the wall.

2.1.2.2 Rough opening in W2 exterior wall

A rough opening was located in the exterior wall (W2). Ventilation to the fire compartment was 

mainly through the rough opening.

In order to compare the results from test-to-test it is critical to create similar ventilation 

conditions between these tests. Since the focus was on what would be happening inside the 

compartment, the exterior wall used in each test was a protected CLT wall to keep a constant 

size of the ventilation opening during the test. 

Previous studies of residential fires in both noncombustible and protected CLT compartments 

[13, 14] show that a rough opening of 1.5 m x 1.5 m (5 ft x 5 ft) maximized the fire severity and 

its impact to the fire compartment wall and floor-ceiling assemblies, in terms of peak 

temperature and duration of the fully developed fire stage. A smaller opening size would result

in an under-ventilated fire with lower temperatures inside the compartment; a larger size would 

lead to an increased burning rate (faster burn out of the room content) and earlier fire decay –

both creating a lower fire impact on the wall and floor assemblies inside. Computer modelling 

conducted by RISE also indicated that temperatures in the compartment would increase with 

the increase of the opening size but reach a plateau beyond the size of 1.5 m x 1.5 m and that 

the total charring depth would be maximized with a 1.5 m x 1.5 m opening size [5].

During the deliberation of ventilation options, the PTP voted in favor of using a larger opening 

similar to the size of a sliding door, and also pointed out that the minimum opening area should 

be at least 8% of the floor area as required by the International Building Code. This led to a

decision to use an opening size of 1.8 m wide x 2.0 m high (6 ft wide x 6.7 ft high) in four tests. 

There was no actual door installed in the rough opening in order to reduce test-to-test ventilation 

variables. This also represented a scenario of the door being left fully open.

Several PTP members expressed a desire to have more ventilation as some buildings being 

built or considered would have even larger openings. To accommodate this suggestion and to 

obtain data under this ventilation condition, two tests were conducted with a rough opening of 
A1-010659.1 11

3.6 m wide x 2.0 m high (12 ft wide x 6.7 ft high). This large opening was expected to result in a 

more intense but shorter duration fire.

The ventilation factor for the fire tests was 0.03 m1⁄2 with the 1.8 m x 2.0 m opening, and 0.06 m1⁄2

with the 3.6 m x 2.0 m opening, respectively. The ventilation factors are calculated using 

A0√H0 / At, where Ao and Ho are the area and height of the opening and At the total area of the 

boundary surfaces. Most previous fire tests involving exposed CLT were conducted for 

compartments with a ventilation factor close to 0.04 m1⁄2.

2.1.3 Fire Protection and Flooring Materials

The CLT compartments used in the tests were either fully or partially protected using multiple 

layers of 15.9 mm x 1.22 m x 3.05 m (5/8 in. x 4 ft x 10 ft) Type X gypsum board on the walls 

and ceiling. The gypsum board was directly applied to the CLT panels using type S drywall 

screws. Detailed drawings of the gypsum board layout and screw patterns for each test are 

shown in Appendix A. In general:

 The gypsum board was applied to the CLT ceiling and wall panels in a staggered fashion 

so that no joint would line up with any joint of the CLT panels and other gypsum board 

layers.

 The gypsum board was always installed onto the ceiling (horizontal board) first followed 

by the W1, W4, W3 and W2 walls (vertical board) for each layer. After a layer of gypsum 

board was complete on the ceiling and walls, the next layer of gypsum board was then 

installed in the same sequence to the ceiling and walls. This sequence was repeated 

until all layers were installed. This multiple layer installation sequence is known as the 

stair-step sequence, illustrated schematically in Figure 8.

 Type S drywall screws were 41 mm, 51 mm and 76 mm (1 5/8 in., 2 in. and 3 in.) long 

for a three-layer gypsum board installation; 41 mm and 51 mm (1 5/8 in. and 2 in.) long 

for a two-layer gypsum board installation (see Section 3.3 on Test 1-3 for exception on 

the ceiling). These screw lengths achieved a minimum of 19 mm (3/4 in.) penetration 

into the wood elements. The screws were spaced at 305 mm (12 in.) on centre. Near the 

joints, screws were placed at 38 mm (1 1⁄2 in.) from the edges of the gypsum board 

sections. Care was taken not to over drive the screw head into the gypsum board (to 

prevent damaging the board surface).

 On the face layer, the joints between gypsum board sections were covered with tape 

and joint compound and the screw heads were also covered with joint compound.

The concrete floor of the lab was protected using two layers of 15.9 mm (5/8 in.) thick Type X 

gypsum board and then two layers of 12.7 mm (1/2 in.) thick cement board (see Figure 5 and 

Figure 9). Laminated wood flooring was installed on top of the cement board in the CLT 

compartments. The laminated flooring was 7 mm thick (each piece had a dimension of 7 mm x 

194 mm x 1290 mm (9/32 in. x 7-9/16 in. x 50-25/32 in.)).

CLT wall surfaces outside the fire compartment were bare for the W1 and W3 walls. The outside 

surface of the W4 wall was mostly bare except for limited areas surrounding the two small 

openings where one layer of 15.9 mm (5/8 in.) thick Type X gypsum board was installed.

The exterior wall (W2) was covered with one layer of 15.9 mm (5/8 in.) thick Type X gypsum 

board. The edges of the rough opening were lined with two layers of 15.9 mm (5/8 in.) thick 

Type X gypsum board followed by a layer of 25 mm thick ceramic fiber insulation wrapped 

around. A 2-m high extension was added on top of the W2 exterior wall to better simulate the 

geometry of exterior façade, as shown in Figure 9. 
A1-010659.1 12

Figure 8. Stair-step installation for multilayer gypsum board (cross section view).

Wall

Ceiling W2 Note: Cross Section ViewW2

W4 W4

W3 W1

W3 W1

Note: Cross Section View
A1-010659.1 13

On the top of the fire compartment, as shown in Figure 9(a), the CLT ceiling panels were 

covered by one layer of 12.7 mm (1/2 in.) thick cement board fastened with 38 mm (11⁄2 in.) long 

wood screws of size 8 with 610 mm (24 in.) spacing in the two baseline tests (cement board 

was not used in other tests). For the two tests (Test 1-4 and Test 1-6) with exposed CLT ceiling 

on the interior side, 38 mm (1-1/2 in.) thick and 305 mm (12 in.) wide gypsum concrete was 

poured on top of each of the ceiling panel joints, as shown in Figure 9(b).

(a) cement board on top of ceiling (b) gypsum concrete on top of ceiling joints

(c) W2 exterior wall with extension (d) W2 exterior wall with extension 

Figure 9. Ceiling top and exterior wall extension.

2.1.4 Structural Load

As the project focused on the contribution of CLT elements to a compartment fire and the effect 

of fire protection using gypsum board as the physical barrier on delaying or preventing CLT 

involvement, the structural performance of the compartments was secondary. Nevertheless, a 

structural load of 0.95-kN/m2(20-psf), which is one half of the design live load for a residential 

occupancy, was superimposed on top of the ceiling using eight cylindrical water tanks 1.5 m tall 

and 0.78 m in diameter. Each water tank weighed approximately 510 kg (1125 lbs). Two tanks 

were placed along the centerline (parallel to spanning direction) of each of the four ceiling CLT 

panels and positioned at one third and two third of the CLT span distance.

2.2 Test Matrix 

The CLT compartments were fully or partially protected using multiple layers of 15.9-mm 

(5/8 in.) thick Type X gypsum board. Table 1 is a test matrix for the CLT compartments.
A1-010659.1 14

Table 1. Test Matrix of CLT Compartments for Fire Tests.

Rough

Opening in 

Wall W2

Compartment Surface

Test

CLT

Compartment Date

W1

9.1 m x 2.7 m

W2

4.6 m x 2.7 m

W3

9.1 m x 2.7 m

W4

4.6 m x 2.7 m

Ceiling

9.1 m x 4.6 m

1.8 m wide x

2.0 m high

3GB 3GB 3GB 3GB 3GB 1-1 1 Feb. 16

3GB 3GB 3GB 3GB exposed 1-4* 1* Mar. 21

exposed 3GB 3GB 3GB 3GB 1-5 4 Apr. 13

exposed 3GB 3GB 3GB exposed 1-6 3 Apr. 18

3.6 m wide x

2.0 m high

2GB 2GB 2GB 2GB 2GB 1-2 2 Feb. 23

exposed 2GB 2GB 2GB 3GB 1-3* 2* Mar. 16

GB: 15.9 mm (5/8 in.) thick Type X gypsum board; 2GB: 2 layers of GB; 3GB: 3 layers of GB

* Reused CLT structure.

Test 1-1 served as a baseline for the tests with the 1.8 m x 2.0 m (6 ft x 6.7 ft) rough opening. 

Three layers of the gypsum board were used to fully protect the CLT compartment in Test 1-1 

so that the CLT structure would neither contribute to the compartment fire nor develop char 

during the test and could then be re-used for another test. Test 1-2 served as a baseline for the 

tests with the 3.6 m x 2.0 m (12 ft x 6.7 ft) rough opening. 

An exposed W1 wall was tested in both ventilation configurations (Test 1-3 and Test 1-5). The

room corner formed by the W1 and W4 walls was the ignition location (see section 2.4). 

Therefore, the exposed W1 wall was right beside the first item ignited in Test 1-3 and Test 1-5 

as well as Test 1-6. Test 1-4 and Test 1-6 involved an exposed ceiling and a combination of 

exposed ceiling and W1 wall, respectively, with the 1.8 m x 2.0 m rough opening, as data

available in the literature for the exposed ceiling (alone or in combination) was lacking.

2.3 Moisture Content

Prior to fire testing the compartments, the moisture content of each wall was sampled using a 

handheld moisture meter (Figure 10). For Test 1-1 and Test 1-2, the measurements were made 

on the outside surface of the compartment after the gypsum board had been applied because 

there was no longer access to the inside surfaces. In Test 1-3 to Test 1-6, the measurements 

were made on the inside surfaces of the compartments shortly prior to installation of the gypsum

board. Three measurements were made at random locations on each wall.

Figure 10. Measurement of panel moisture content using Delmhorst (BD-2100) meter.
A1-010659.1 15

Table 2 summarizes the mean values for panel moisture content. For the entire test series, the 

mean moisture content of the panels was 7.7 % with a standard deviation of less than 1.1 %. 

The complete data can be found in Appendix B. It should be noted that the device used to 

sample the moisture content reports the value measured between the instrument pins, which 

just penetrate the surface of the CLT panel. Therefore, any gradient in the moisture content 

through the panel thickness is not captured and the measurements are potentially susceptible to 

transient variations in the panel surface moisture. 

Table 2. Pretest panel moisture content.

Mean moisture content, %

Wall Compartment 

W1 W2 W3 W4 Roof Mean SD

Test 1-1 7.2 - 8.2 7.9 6.2 7.4 1.0

Test 1-2 8.0 - 7.6 8.1 6.9 7.7 0.9

Test 1-3 8.2 7.5 8.6 6.8 6.4 7.5 1.0

Test 1-4 9.9 8.7 8.8 8.8 7.2 8.7 1.1

Test 1-5 7.8 7.7 7.6 7.9 7.9 7.8 0.7

Test 1-6 7.2 7.7 6.4 6.7 7.9 7.2 0.7

2.4 Contents Fire Load and Ignition Scenario

Since the primary objective of the experiments was to evaluate the effect of the CLT structural 

elements on the fire growth and fire dynamics, the contents fire load and ignition scenario was 

designed to produce a medium fire growth rate. Movable fuel refers to all combustible material 

inside of the compartment (including the laminated flooring) that is not a CLT structural element.

2.4.1 Composition and location of contents fire load

The movable fuel represented residential contents in a studio apartment with sleeping, living 

and kitchen areas. Figure 11 illustrates the arrangement and location of the furnishings. The 

furnishings included a queen size bed with mattress and wooden bedframe and large storage 

drawers underneath, night tables, dressers, shelves, desk, upholstered sofa, coffee table, dining 

table and chairs, and kitchen counters. A floating laminated wood floor (without underlay) was 

installed in the compartment. The movable contents and furnishings target a fire load density 

(FLD) of 550 MJ/m2in the compartment. This corresponds to the average fire load density for a

bedroom, living room and kitchen from a survey on residential fire load by Bwalya [15], 

assuming a quarter of the space as kitchen, a quarter as sleeping area, and half as living area. 

This value is consistent with those used in previous studies by Su and Lougheed [14] and 

Janssens [16]. 

Complete listings of all movable fuel in the compartment, including the item manufacturer, article 

number or description, dimensions, material and mass, are provided in Appendix C. A limited 

number of supplemental wood cribs were placed in the shelves to achieve the target fuel load 

density. Dimensionally accurate 2D and 3D representations of the as-tested fuel locations are 

shown in Figure 11 and Figure 12. The positions were verified using a tape measure prior to 

each test and varied less than +/- 25 mm. The measured positions and dimensions used to 

generate these figures are provided in Appendix C. A photograph of a furnished compartment 
A1-010659.1 16

(mirrored furniture layout) is provided in Figure 13 and photographs of select furnishings in 

Figure 14. 

Three small CLT blocks (305 mm x 203 mm x 175 mm) were also positioned on the floor in the 

front, middle and rear sections of the compartment in the two baseline tests for char 

measurements. Each block had its top surface exposed and all other surfaces were protected 

using ceramic fiber wraps. 

Figure 11. Plan view of a model of the moveable fuel as installed (units in mm).

Figure 12. Isometric view of a model of the moveable fuel as installed (units in mm).
A1-010659.1 17

Figure 13. Photograph of the movable fuel as installed.

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

Figure 14. Photographs of (a) installation of wood flooring, (b) kitchen cabinets with end 

cabinet placed inside to increase walkway, (c) and (d) detailed interior views.
A1-010659.1 18

Every piece of combustible material was weighed prior to placement. The total weight of the 

combustible material in each compartment was 1,169 kg +/- 8 kg (standard uncertainty). Using 

the calorific values in Table 3 [17], the estimated energy for each item was determined (see 

Appendix C). Accounting for the paper on the innermost layer of drywall (the layer participating 

during flashover) which constituted less than 1.6 % of the total fuel by energy, the total 

estimated energy for the movable fuel was 23,074 MJ +/- 161 MJ (standard uncertainty). Table 

4 summarizes the fuel load density used in each test, which varied between 548 MJ/m2 and 

556 MJ/m2. 

The detailed measured dimensional and mass information for the movable fuel was used to 

generate fuel energy distributions for Test 1-1. The distributions for the other tests were similar. 

The 3D model in Figure 12 split each piece of fuel into 8 surfaces (6 sides plus a vertical and a 

horizontal plane through the centre). The mass distribution to each surface was estimated. The 

values used are provided in Appendix C. The compartment was arbitrarily divided into 

101 (length) by 51 (width) regions and the energy of the content (from floor to ceiling) in each 

region was calculated. A 3D bar plot of the resulting energy distribution is shown in Figure 15.

Figure 16 shows the same data viewed as a 2D contour plot. At this high resolution, the 

non-homogenous nature of the fuel distribution for real contents is highlighted, however, if one 

increases the region size to result in only eight regions, the fuel energy distribution appears 

more homogenous; except for a higher contribution in the back corner at the kitchen (Figure 17).

Table 3. Calorific values used to determine energetic content of moveable fuel.

Material Calorific Value Units

Hardboard 19.9 MJ/kg

White pine 19.2 MJ/kg

Douglas fir 21.0 MJ/kg

Polyurethane foam 29.0 MJ/kg

Cotton 20.3 MJ/kg

Paper 17.0 MJ/kg
A1-010659.1 19

Table 4. Contents fire load density (FLD, MJ/m2).

Test FLD (w/o paper)* FLD (w/ paper)*

1-1 540 549

1-2 539 548

1-3 549 556

1-4 543 548

1-5 549 556

1-6 546 550

* w/o paper – without drywall paper; w/ paper – with drywall paper.

Figure 15. Isometric view of the movable fuel energy as installed (101 × 51 regions).
A1-010659.1 20

Figure 16. Plan view of the movable fuel energy as installed (101 × 51 regions).

Figure 17. Isometric view of the movable fuel energy as installed (4 × 2 regions).
A1-010659.1 21

2.4.2 Ignition source and first item ignited

A room corner ignition scenario was used in the CLT compartment fire tests. The ignition corner 

was formed by the adjacent W1 and W4 walls. The ignition source used was a natural gas 

diffusion burner (200 mm x 400 mm or 8 in. x 16 in.) placed in the corner partially under the 

shelving unit (console table). The natural gas flowed into a cavity below porous ceramic plates

in the burner and then diffused upward. A small pilot flame was used to ignite the burner. The 

shelving unit (console table) was the first item ignited (Figure 18). A heat release rate of 50 kW 

(similar to a burning waste basket) from the burner was maintained until the total measured heat 

release rate from the compartment exceeded 1000 kW (due to ignited contents), at which time 

the burner was shut off. Four small wood cribs (85 MJ each) were placed in the console table to 

achieve a reliable ignition (Figure 18b). Two ‘mock-up’ tests of the ignition scenario were 

performed using a corner burn setup prior to the compartment test (Figure 19). The mock-up 

tests showed a reproducible fire growth and heat release sufficient to ignite neighboring 

contents in the compartment.

(a) (b)

Figure 18. Photographs of (a) burner with copper tube for pilot flame and (b) the object of 

first ignition (console table with wood cribs).

(a) (b)

Figure 19. Photographs of (a) mock-up corner burn setup and (b) the object of first 

ignition catching fire.
A1-010659.1 22

2.5 Instrumentation and Measurement Systems

Various measurement devices were installed inside and outside the fire compartment in each 

test. Figure 20 to Figure 27 illustrate a general instrumentation plan for the tests. Some minor 

adjustments were made to the general plan from test to test; a more specific instrumentation 

plan for each test is detailed in Appendix A.

Data was collected from multiple systems during the experiments. These systems can be 

grouped into four categories related to: (1) the NFRL calorimeter – dedicated to measuring fuel 

flow to the small burner and performing oxygen depletion calorimetry, (2) gas sampling in the 

compartment, (3) the constituent measurements for the test specimens, and (4) imaging and 

video. Because these systems often captured more data than was germane to the experiments, 

in additional to storage of all data locally, key channels were digitized and ported to a single 

data acquisition system for recording. Information about measurement uncertainties is provided 

in the following sections and in the Appendices. Where expanded uncertainty is reported, a 

coverage factor of 2 corresponding to an approximately 95 % confidence interval is used.
A1-010659.1 23

Figure 20. Locations of thermocouple trees and gas sampling tree inside the compartment.

INSTRUMENTATION TREES

TREE 02

TREE 03

TREE 06

TREE 07

TREE 05 TREE 01

TREE 04 1496

2536 1779 804 804 1496

1941 W1
A1-010659.1 24

Figure 21. Illustration of heights of thermocouples and smoke-gas sampling ports on the trees inside the compartment. 600

(Dimensions in mm)

CLT CEILING

STRONG FLOOR

TREE 01 TREE 02 TREE 03 TREE 04 TREE 05 TREE 06

NOTE: FOR HORIZONTAL TREE

LOCATION REFER TO DRAWING

"LARGE COMPARTMENT CLT -

CEILING - INSTRUMENTATION

LAYOUT".

29

167

30

168

31

32

169

33

170

34

35

171

36

172

37

38

173

39

174

40

41

175

42

176

43

44

177

45

178

46

TREE 07

310 1100 1600 2100 2600

TREE MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

GAS CONCENTRATION SAMPLING TUBE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

101

134, 135, 136 P 120

P DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE

CEMENT BOARD &

WOOD FLOOR

137, 166

SMOKE OBSCURATION SAMPLING PIPE
A1-010659.1 25

Figure 22. Measurement devices on the ceiling and inside the ceiling assembly in the compartment.

(Dimensions in mm)

2480 1150 3450

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

2011 2334 2275

152

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

76 2300

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

152

76 152

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

89-91 86-88

92-94 95-97

115

116, 165

117

132

133

113, 164

1-7

112

114

123, 124

LOCATED 12" AND 18"

BELOW CEILING

127, 128

LOCATED 12" AND 18"

BELOW CEILING

121

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

122

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

125

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

3048

3048 1000 2452

PLATE THERMOMETER (SANDIA)

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

HEAT DETECTOR

SMOKE ALARM

VELOCITY PROBE

SPRINKLER TESTING ELEMENTS

SPRINKLER TESTING ELEMENTS X2

98-100

GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

1275

NOTE: THERMOCOUPLES

86, 89, 92, 95, 98 ARE TO BE

INSTALLED PRIOR TO

GYMPSUM WALL BOARD.

4665
A1-010659.1 26

Figure 23. Measurement devices in W1 wall.

(Dimensions in mm)

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

PLATE THERMOMETER (SANDIA)

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE) GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

1927 580 1180 17801927 2374 2859

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

1977 OPEN SIDE

48, 51, 54

62, 63, 64 47, 50, 53 65, 66, 67

105

104, 161

103

8-14

49, 52, 55

102

106

108 56, 57, 58

109

111 59, 60, 61

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

(D)

(A) (B)

(C)

4475

EXTERIOR WALL
A1-010659.1 27

Figure 24. Measurement devices in W3 wall.

(Dimensions in mm) 580 1180 1780

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

4301 OPEN SIDE

69, 72, 75

68, 71, 74

15-21

70, 73, 76

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

4475

EXTERIOR WALL

PLATE THERMOMETER (SANDIA)

107, 162
A1-010659.1 28

Figure 25. Measurement devices in W4 wall.

(Dimensions in mm)

150MM VENTILATION OPENING TO SIMULATE

LEAKAGE. 580 1180 1780

150MM VENTILATION OPENING TO SIMULATE

LEAKAGE.

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

2022

110, 163

22-28

79, 82, 85

78, 81, 84

77, 80, 83

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

PLATE THERMOMETER (SANDIA)

LAMINATE

FLOOR

2196

EXTERIOR WALL
A1-010659.1 29

Figure 26. Details of embedded thermocouples in ceiling and walls with the drilled holes sealed from the outside (additional 

thermocouples added at the 2nd and 3rd gluelines in Test 1-5 and Test 1-6).

140mm

115mm

90mm

65mm

50mm

35mm

20mm

5

8" TYPE-X GYPSUM BOARD

SURFACE

BASE GWB

MID GWB

7 x1/8" HOLES,

DRILLED FROM THE

UNEXPOSED SIDE

AROUND 2" DIA

CIRCLE FOR

EMBEDDED

THERMOCOUPLES

2" DIA

5 PLY CLT
A1-010659.1 30

Figure 27. Measurements in the doorway and outside the compartment.

(Dimensions in mm) 617 1000 1000 1000 1000

THERMOCOUPLE

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

VELOCITY PROBE

THERMOCOUPLES

SPACED AT

250MM

THERMOCOUPLE

TREE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

2400

2400

145

146

147

149

150

148

139

141

143

144

179

180

181

182

157

184

155

183

151

152

156

158

159

154

153

140

142

138 1500

150mm OFFSET

OFF CENTER LINE
A1-010659.1 31

2.5.1 Data acquisition 

The constituent measurements from the test specimens were acquired using three National 

Instruments cDAQ-9188 data acquisition (DAQ) chassis populated with the following 

I/O-Modules: NI 9213 for thermocouples and NI-9205 for sensors with voltage outputs (Figure 

28a). Additional details are provided on National Instruments’ website.

In addition to measurements of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), and carbon monoxide (CO) 

ported from the gas analyzer and the Heat Release Rate (HRR) and the burner heat release 

rate (HRRburner) ported from the NFRL calorimeter, 185 specimen-related data channels were 

recorded. These included data from thermocouples, simulated thermal elements, heat flux 

sensors, bi-directional velocity probes, a pressure transducer, and smoke and heat alarms. Both 

raw and processed data was recorded. A listing of the channels for each test is provided in the 

‘Hardware Configurations’ in Appendix D.

An in-house software developed in LabVIEWTM called MIDAS (Modular In situ Data Acquisition 

System) was used to allocate channels and control the data acquisition (Figure 28b). Each

channel was sampled at 90 Hz and data were averaged and recorded at a rate of 1 Hz along 

with the standard deviations from the averaging process. The I/O-Modules had at least 16-bit 

precision, resulting in uncertainties from the DAQ that were orders of magnitude lower than 

those from other sources in all of the measurements reported here.

(a) (b)

Figure 28. Photographs of (a) cDAQ-9188 chassis populated with I/O-modules and 

(b) setup used to control the NFRL calorimeter and data acquisition.

2.5.2 NFRL calorimeter

Heat release rate measurements were performed using an oxygen consumption fire calorimeter. 

The calorimeter consisted of a 15 m square canopy style smoke collection hood, a 2.42 m 

diameter exhaust duct instrumented for mass flow measurements and a gas sampling system 

for measuring exhaust gas composition. The smoke collection hood was located 12.5 m above 

the test floor and was equipped with 6 m retractable side curtains (Figure 29a). The 

measurement section of the duct was located on the roof 25 m downstream of the hood. The 

total straight run of the roof duct was 35 m (Figure 29b).

A 9.5 mm diameter sample tube was used to extract 38 splm (standard L/min) of exhaust gas 

from the duct to the gas analyzers located in the instrumentation room. A 5 slpm sample stream 

of exhaust gas was conditioned to remove particles and water before entering the gas 

analyzers. High efficiency particle filters and multistage dryers, consisting of Nafion membrane 
A1-010659.1 32

tube dryers and desiccant, were used to condition the sample to a dryness of less than 

100 micro L of water. 

The oxygen was measured using a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer. Carbon dioxide and carbon 

monoxide were measured using a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer. The gas analyzers 

were calibrated prior to each test using ultra high purity nitrogen zero gas (99.999% N2) and 

high precision span gases. The oxygen span gas was 21.397% +/- 0.021% with a balance of 

nitrogen. The CO2 span gas was 1.0025% +/- 0.00022% and the CO span gas was 0.09970% 

+/- 0.00022% with a balance of nitrogen. The sample gas delay time was 25 s. Heat release 

rate measurements were adjusted to account for this delay time. 

The exhaust gas mass flow rate was determined using a pressure based velocity measurement 

in the duct and four Type K thermocouple temperature sensors (Figure 29b). Two averaging 

pitot tube flow velocity sensors were installed in the duct measurement section. The velocity 

probes were separated by a distance of 2.4 m and offset by 90°. The pressure from each 

velocity probe was measured using a high precision capacitance manometer. The pressure 

transducers had a range of 0 Pa to 1333.3 Pa and an accuracy of 0.15 % of the reading per 

manufacturer’s specification. The exhaust duct velocity was taken as the average of these two 

measurements. The exhaust flow was set to approximately 100 kg/s prior to each test. The 

exhaust flow rate measurement standard deviation was 0.5 kg/s. 

The heat release rate measurement system was verified using a natural gas burner reference 

fire. The heat release rate of the reference fire had a measurement combined standard 

uncertainty of less than +/- 1%. Calorimeter verification tests were performed on 2 separate 

days at heat release rate values of 1 MW, 5 MW, 10 MW, 15 MW and 20 MW. The maximum 

relative difference between the measured heat release rate and reference fire was less than 

4.5%. The relative standard deviation of the heat release rate varied from 6.5 % at 1 MW to 3 % 

at 20 MW for a steady reference fire over a period of 180 s. The combined standard relative 

uncertainty for the heat release rate measurements was determined to be 7.4 % for this set of 

experiments. This uncertainty estimate is valid for near steady state fires. Transient events 

(< 30 s) have larger uncertainty due to the effect of system response time. Additional time 

delays and smearing of heat release rate data related to transport of the combustion gases out 

of the test compartment are not quantified in this report.

(a) (b)

Figure 29. (a) 15-m exhaust hood with natural gas reference burner at 5 MW and 

(b) 2.42-m diameter calorimeter exhaust duct with averaging pitot tubes and temperature 

sensors (gas sample tube not shown).
A1-010659.1 33

2.5.3 Gas sampling

Gas samples inside the compartment were taken using metal tubes attached to a steel stand 

located at the centre of the room (Figure 20, Figure 21 and Figure 30). Samples for the gas 

analyzer and differential room pressure were drawn from two 6-mm (1/4 in) diameter stainless 

steel tubes with their opening 210 cm from the floor. Samples for the smoke meter were drawn 

from a 50-mm (2 in.) diameter steel pipe with an opening 160 cm from the floor.

Figure 30. Photograph of stand with gas sampling tubes.

2.5.3.1 Gas analyzer (O2, CO2, CO)

Room gases were extracted and analyzed using the gas measurement rack shown in Figure 20, 

Figure 21 and Figure 30. A Permapure MiniGASS sample conditioning system was used to filter 

and dry the sample gas. The sample gas flow rate was set to 1 slpm for these tests. The delay 

time from the room inlet port to the gas rack was approximately 60 s. The oxygen was 

measured using a paramagnetic oxygen analyzer. Carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide were 

measured using a nondispersive infrared (NDIR) analyzer. The analyzers were calibrated prior 

to each test using calibrated zero and span gases. Nitrogen gas was used to zero each 

analyzer and room air was used to span the oxygen analyzer. Room air was assumed to have 

an oxygen concentration of 20.95% +/- 0.05 %. The carbon dioxide span gas consisted of 9.0% 

+/- 0.09% CO2 in N2 and the carbon monoxide span gas consisted of 4.0 % +/- 0.04% CO in N2. 

A high pressure air line was used to blow out the sample line during the test if the sample line 

became clogged by soot. The maximum range of the CO and CO2 measurements was 20 %. 

This range was exceeded during several of the tests. There were other periods where gas 

sample data was invalid due to loss of sample flow and loss of sample tube support. The 

sample tube deformed and fell onto the room floor during several of the tests. The gas sample 

measurements were more reliable early in the tests. All gas measurements are reported on a 

dry basis. 

Smoke

Gas and 

pressure
A1-010659.1 34

Figure 31. Photograph of gas analyzer rack.

2.5.3.2 Differential pressure

The pressure difference between the inside and outside of the compartment was made using a 

Greisinger (Model GMH 3181-01) manometer (Figure 32). For these experiments, we used the 

0 V to 1 V analog output to record the data and scaled the data range to +/- 200 Pa. The

combined standard uncertainty for this measurement was +/- 1.1 Pa.

Figure 32. Photograph of Greisinger model GMH 3181-01 handheld manometer.
A1-010659.1 35

2.5.3.3 Smoke density

Smoke sample was drawn from the compartment to the smoke meter, consisted of a completely 

enclosed black measuring chamber with a white light source (light emitting diode (LED)), 

aperture and silicon PIN diode as the detector inside. The LED source approximates the light 

sensitivity of the human eye. Each smoke meter was calibrated using neutral density filters and 

also calibrated at 100% and 0% transmission.

Visibility through smoke can be related to the optical density of smoke (OD in m-1) expressed as

[17]:















I

I

L

OD 0

10 log 1

where I0 is the intensity of the incident light, I is the intensity of the light transmitted through the 

path length, L (m), of the smoke. The optical density is related to the extinction coefficient k (m-1) 

by OD = k/2.303. The combined standard uncertainty for this measurement is around +/- 10 % 

for full-scale fire tests.

Figure 33. Photograph of smoke density meter (PVC pipe) and manometers mounted 

outside of the compartment.

2.5.4 Specimen sensors

In this section, the specimen sensors are described and photographs of representative 

applications for each sensor are shown. Detailed drawings of the location of each sensor are 

provided in Figure 20 to Figure 27. The key relating the sensor wire numbers in the drawings to 

the specific sensor can be found in the ‘Hardware Configurations’ in Appendix D. It is noted that 

wire numbers 119 and 160 were not assigned. These wire numbers were assigned to channels 

in the original test plan that were eliminated (channel 119) or did not require wiring (channel 

160).

2.5.4.1 Thermocouples

Temperatures were measured using four types of thermocouples. All of them were Type K

thermocouples from Omega Engineering with a measurement range from -200 °C to 1250 °C 

and a standard uncertainty of the greater of +/- 0.75 % or 2.2 °C. No correction for radiation on 

the bead temperature was performed.
A1-010659.1 36

The majority of the thermocouples were glass-sheathed, 24-gauge, 0.5-mm diameter bare-bead 

thermocouples (Model GG-K-24-SLE-1000). The wire was purchased in 305 m (1000 ft) spools, 

cut to length and a bead was created in-house using a thermocouple welder. These

thermocouples were used to measure the temperatures at the interface between gypsum layers 

(Figure 34a), CLT panel temperatures (Figure 34b) as well as other gas-phase temperatures 

(e.g., Figure 34c,e).

 Eighteen of these thermocouples were installed on the interior side of the CLT panels: 

(1) five thermocouples located at the centre and four quarter points of the ceiling 

assembly, respectively, (2) three thermocouples located at the centre of each of the W1, 

W3 and W4 wall assemblies at 0.6 m, 1.2 m and 1.8 m above the floor, and (3) extra 

four thermocouples installed at the quarter points of the W1 wall assembly.

 Another eighteen thermocouples were installed at each interface between two adjacent 

gypsum board layers at the same positions as on the interior side of the CLT ceiling and 

walls.

 The thermocouples were also embedded in the CLT panels at the depths of 20 mm, 

35 mm, 50 mm, 65 mm, 90 mm, 115 mm, 140 mm (interior side as 0) at the centre of the 

ceiling and at the mid length of the W1, W3 and W4 walls 1.8 m above the floor, 

respectively. The embedded thermocouples were also added at the 70 mm depth in 

some CLT panels for the last two tests. The drilled holes were sealed from the outside

after embedding the thermocouples.

 One thermocouple was installed beside each plate thermometer (see Section 2.5.4.3).

 Five thermocouples were located at the 3.5 m, 4.5 m, 5.5 m, 6.5 m and 7.5 m height 

above the rough opening along its vertical centerline on a vertical metal pole. The 

thermocouples at the 3.5 m and 4.5 m height were flush against the exterior wall; the 

thermocouples at the 5.5 m, 6.5 m and 7.5 m height were open to the air. 

The thermocouples used on the trees inside the compartment (Figure 34f) and in the doorway 

were stainless steel sheathed, 3.175 mm (1/8 in.) diameter, grounded junction thermocouples 

(Model HKQSS-18G-400) purchased in fixed lengths. The sheathing allowed the trees to be 

reused in multiple tests, with replacement of individual thermocouples as required. 

 Six trees using these thermocouples were installed in the fire compartment, each tree 

with five thermocouples at 0.6 m, 1.1 m, 1.6 m, 2.1 m and 2.6 m above floor.

 A vertical array of these thermocouples was located at the centreline of the rough 

opening with 7 thermocouples spaced at intervals of 1/8 the height of the rough opening. 

Stainless steel sheathed (Model KMQSS-040) or plastic coated thermocouples 

(Model EXPP-K-24-SLE-1000) were used to measure cooling water temperatures for various 

instruments (Figure 34d). These thermocouples were used for monitoring and the data is not 

reported.
A1-010659.1 37

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Figure 34. Photographs of typical thermocouple applications; (a) layer interface 

temperature, (b) temperature through panel, (c) gas temperature near plate thermometer, 

(d) cooling water temperature, (e) roof tree, and (f) compartment tree.
A1-010659.1 38

2.5.4.2 Simulated thermal elements

Simulated Thermal Elements (STEs) manufactured by FM Global were installed to replicate the 

time temperature response of a quick-response (QR) sprinkler element. STEs were constructed 

of spring steel having a diameter of 25.4 mm (1 in.) and a thickness of 0.46 mm (0.018 in.), with

type K chromel-alumel thermocouple wires tack welded to one side (Figure 35a). The response 

time index (RTI) of QR STEs was established with plunge tunnel testing to have an average and 

standard deviation of 28.4 (m s)

1/2 +/- 1.1 (m s)1/2 (i.e., 51.4 (ft s)1/2 +/- 2.0 (ft s)1/2).

Ten STEs were located at 305 mm (12 in.) or 457 mm (18 in.) from the ceiling (Figure 35b) at 

various locations for each test, with the disk plate in horizontal orientation parallel to the ceiling. 

For the eight STEs near walls, they were installed 100 mm (4 in.) away the wall..

(a) (b)

Figure 35. (a) Sketch of back view of simulated thermal element (STE) and (b) photograph 

of STEs located 305 mm (12 in.) and 457 mm (18 in.) from the ceiling (1 inch = 25.4 mm).

2.5.4.3 Heat flux

Total heat flux was measured at twelve locations during each experiment (Figure 36). Eight 

locations were inside of the compartment: five wall locations (the W1 wall at the approximate 1⁄4, 

1⁄2 and 3⁄4 lengths at a height of 1.8 m; the W3 wall at the approximate 1⁄2 length at a height of 

1.8 m; the W4 wall at the approximate 1⁄2 length at a height of 1.8 m), two ceiling locations (the 

ceiling centre and above the bed) and one floor centre location. Two locations were outside the 

compartment 2.4 m and 4.8 m away facing the doorway at the 1.5 m height. Two locations were 

outside the compartment in the W2 wall above the doorway along its vertical centerline at the 

3.5 m and 5.5 m heights from the ground level.

This provided three different environments for the measurement with respect to the surrounding 

gas temperature. Three different sensor types were used to measure heat flux: Gardon gauges, 

plate thermometers and differential flame thermometers. In some instances, multiple types of 

heat flux gauges were co-located to investigate the various techniques; the locations of the

sensors are shown in Figure 20 to Figure 25 and Figure 27.
A1-010659.1 39

Gardon gauge

The Gardon gauges were 25.4 mm (1 in.) diameter water cooled sensors manufactured by 

Medtherm (Model 64-20-18). The nominal range for the gauges was 227 kW/m2from a field of 

view of 180 with a manufacturer-reported standard uncertainty of 1.5 % in the responsivity (the 

slope in kW/m2/mV). Heat fluxes as high as approximately 300 kW/m2 were observed. These 

heat fluxes are beyond the stated range of the gauges. According to the manufacturer, the 

calibrations remain linear and valid beyond the stated range as long as the materials do not 

degrade and change the sensitivity of the gauge. Gauges located inside the compartment –

where the highest heat fluxes were observed – were replaced after each test. Gauges located 

outside of the compartment were reused.

The wall mounted Gardon gauges inside the compartment were placed in steel pipes with a 

25.4 mm (1 in.) inside diameter, wrapped with a 25 mm thick thermal ceramic blanket and 

covered with aluminum foil (Figure 36b). Floor mounted Gardon gauges were either installed 

like the wall mounted gauges or were boxed-out with multiple layers of gypsum board and 

covered with a thermal ceramic blanket to protect the cooling water tubes and wiring. Gardon 

gauges located outside the compartment were either placed in steel pipes with a 25.4 mm (1 in.) 

inside diameter (Figure 36d) or attached to a stand on the roof of the compartment with the front 

face of the probe flush with the wall above the doorway (Figure 34e, Figure 36f).

Cooling water to the gauges was supplied at 43 °C +/- 5 °C. Water flowing out of the gauges 

was monitored for the gauges that experienced the highest heat flux. During testing, for gauges 

located outside the compartment, the outflow water temperature rose to no more than 56 °C in 

all tests, except Test 1-5, where a peak outflow water temperature of 71 °C was observed. For 

Gardon gauges located inside the compartment, the outflow water approached 100 °C in all 

tests. In several cases, the cooling lines failed and the measurement was lost.

For the gauges where the water temperatures increased to 100 °C, the heat fluxes were on the 

order of 100 kW/m2to 300 kW/m2 which represent blackbody temperatures in the 950 °C to

1300 °C range. The most extreme combination (affecting uncertainty) of cooling water and 

environment temperature would be a 55 °C increase in cooling water in a 950 °C environment. 

This combination would have less than a 0.5 % effect on the measured heat flux. The effect was 

determined by calculating the ratio of the T4 difference between 950 °C and the 55 °C cooling 

water with 950 °C and the 100 °C cooling water. This is a simplified comparison which assumes 

everything else is equal, but generates an approximation of the magnitude of the cooling water 

effect under specified conditions [18].

Heat flux uncertainty due to soot and dust deposition on the gauges is difficult to quantify. 

Bundy [18] estimated that the soot coating on the gauge would add an additional uncertainty of 

+/- 10 % due to variations in surface emissivity, and soot agglomerates shadowing the surface 

of the gauge.

Plate thermometers

The plate thermometers (PT) manufactured by Pentronic (Model 5928060) were in conformance 

with EN 1363-1 [19] or ISO 834 [20]. The nominal range of the probe was 1200 °C. Sensors that 

exceeded this temperature (i.e., all sensors inside of the compartment), were replaced after 

each test. A manufacturer-reported standard uncertainty is not available. 

Three different mounting conditions were used. Inside of the compartment, the sensors were 

affixed to a metal bracket such that the plate was parallel to the mounting surface (wall or 

ceiling) with a standoff of 100 mm (Figure 36a). The bracket and sensor wiring were wrapped in
A1-010659.1 40

a thermal ceramic blanket. In this configuration, heating of the probe from all sides was 

possible. In front of the doorway (outside the compartment), the sensors were attached to metal 

stands with the probe face oriented toward the doorway (Figure 36c,d). In this configuration, 

heating of the probe was one-directional. Above the doorway (outside the compartment), the 

sensors were attached to a stand on the roof of the compartment with the front face of the probe 

flush with the wall above the doorway (Figure 34e, Figure 36e,f). Any gap between the probe 

and the wall was filled with a thermal ceramic blanket and the back of the probe was surrounded 

with a thermal ceramic blanket as well. In this configuration, heating of the probe was onedirectional.

The gas temperature near the probe (Tgas) was measured using a glass-sheathed, 24-gauge, 

bare-bead thermocouple (Figure 36a) with a measurement range from -200 °C to 1250 °C and a 

standard uncertainty of the greater of +/- 0.75 % or 2.2 °C.

The incident heat flux at the plate thermometer at step i ([q̇

inc

′′ ]

i

, in W) is calculated, using the 

measured temperature of the plate thermometer (TPT, in K) and the gas temperature near the 

plate thermometer (Tgas, in K), as follows:

[q̇

inc

′′ ]

i = σ[TPT

4

]

i +

(h + KPT) ([Tgas]

i

− [TPT]

i

) − CPT

[TPT]

i+1 − [TPT]i−1

[t]

i+1 − [t]i−1

εPT

where the time (t) is in seconds, the Stefan Boltzmann constant (σ) is 5.6704E-8 W/m2/K4, the 

convection coefficient (h) is taken to be 10 W/m2/K, the heat transfer coefficient due to heat 

losses of the plate thermometers (KPT) is taken to be 8 W/m2/K [21], the lumped heat capacity of 

the plate thermometers (CPT) is taken to be 4200 J/m2/K [21], and the emissivity of the plate 

thermometer (εPT) is taken to be 0.9. The emissivity was suggested by the inventor of the plate 

thermometers based on experience. The convective portion of the heat flux was relatively small 

inside the compartment as the gas temperature was relatively close to the plate thermometer 

temperature, resulting in a small convective heat flux. The convective heat flux was also low 

away from the compartment since no significant airflow or wind occurred in the lab space. The 

convective heat flux above the ventilation opening had more influence on the total heat flux.

Differential flame thermometers

The differential flame thermometers (DFT) manufactured by Fire Instrument Research 

(Model TN-TN-K) were in conformance with American Society for Testing and Measurement 

(ASTM) standard E3057-16 [22]. These sensors were only used in Test 1-1 and Test 1-2 and 

were not reusable after the test. A manufacturer-reported standard uncertainty is not available. 

All sensors were installed inside the compartments. The sensors were affixed to a metal bracket 

such that both plates (front and back) were parallel to the mounting surface (wall or ceiling) with 

a standoff of 100 mm to the back plate (Figure 36b). The bracket and sensor wiring were

wrapped in a thermal ceramic blanket. In this configuration, heating of the probe from all sides 

was possible. 

The incident heat flux at the plate thermometer was determined using the measured 

temperature of the front (TDFT.front) and back plate (TDFT.back) of the DFT using a proprietary 

software package purchased with the sensors.
A1-010659.1 41

(a) (b)

(c) (d)

(e) (f)

Figure 36. Photographs of heat flux sensors: (a) plate thermometer on wall inside 

compartment, (b) co-located Gardon gauge, plate thermometer and differential flame 

thermometer on wall inside compartment, (c) heat flux sensors on stands facing the 

doorway, (d) detail of heat flux sensors facing the doorway, (e) heat flux sensors in the 

wall above the doorway and (f) detail of heat flux sensors above the doorway.

Plate 

thermometer

Thermocouple

Gardon 

gauge

Plate 

thermometer

Directional 

flame 

thermometer

Plate 

thermometer

Thermocouple Gardon 

gauge

Thermocouple

Gardon 

gauge

Plate 

thermometer

Thermocouple
A1-010659.1 42

2.5.4.4 Bi-directional velocity probes

Dynamic pressure was measured 305 mm from the ceiling 227.5 cm from the rear of the 

compartment along the centerline (Figure 37a) and at 6 locations in the doorway of the 

compartment (Figure 37b) to determine velocities. The six locations in the doorway included:

(1) three bi-directional velocity probes installed at 1.5 m height, one on the centerline of the 

opening and one on each side, 0.5 m from the centerline; (2) three bi-directional velocity probes 

installed at the 1.5 m height, one on the centerline of the opening and one on each side, 0.5 m 

from the centerline.

The differential pressure transducers (0 V to 1 V output) were the same type as that used to 

measure the differential pressure in the room; Greisinger Model GMH 3181-01. The output 

voltage was scaled to achieve a range of +/- 200 Pa with a combined standard uncertainty of 

+/- 1.1 Pa. Each pressure transducer was mounted outside of the compartment (Figure 33). 

Each transducer produced a voltage, Vbdp, related to the exposed differential pressure by the 

following equation: ∆Pbdp = 13.332(Vbdp − Vbdp,zero), where the pressure difference is in 

Pascals and the voltages are measured in volts. The zero voltage, Vbdp,zero, condition is created 

when the positive and negative ports of the transducer are connected so there can be no 

pressure difference between them.

The transducers were connected to 1.3 cm diameter bi-directional probes [23] with 4.7 mm 

diameter stainless steel (inside compartment) or copper (outside compartment) tubing. Probe 

leads were routed close to each other so each lead was exposed to the same levels of heating. 

This installation care minimized differential heating and any resulting non-flow induced pressure 

differences between the leads.

Bi-directional probes enable the measurement of dynamic pressure, which is the difference 

between the total pressure on the face where flow impinges and the static pressure on the 

downstream face of the probe. Using Bernoulli’s principle and including a calibration factor, 

velocity, v, can be obtained from the dynamic pressure and a local gas temperature through the 

following relation: v = C√∆PbdpTbdp where ∆Pbdp is the measured pressure across the bidirectional probe, Tbdp is the temperature (in K) of the gases flowing past the probe and C is 

defined as: C =

1

Cbdp √

2R

PrefMWgas

.

The calibration coefficient, Cbdp, for a bi-directional probe is equal to 1.08 +/- 0.05 [23] when the 

local Reynolds number (defined by the probe diameter) is greater than 1000. R is the ideal gas 

constant, Pref is the reference pressure and MWgas is the molecular mass of the gas.

To generate the velocity from the differential pressure, the temperature near the bi-directional 

probe is required. Assuming standard atmosphere values for air: 

v = sign(∆Pbdp)

1

1.08 √2|∆Pbdp|Tbdp

R

PrefMWgas

= sign(∆Pbdp)

1

1.08 √

2|∆Pbdp|Tbdp

353.06

The measured velocities had a combined standard uncertainty of +/- 15.2 %.
A1-010659.1 43

(a) (b)

Figure 37. Photographs of bi-directional velocity probes located (a) on the ceiling (colocated STE visible) and (b) on stand in doorway (tubes for zeroing sensor visible).

2.5.4.5 Smoke and heat alarms

A commercially-available photoelectric non-ionizing smoke detector (Kidde PE120) and heat 

alarm (Kidde HD135F) were located on the ceiling near the centre of the compartment in each 

test (Figure 38a). The devices were modified to generate a voltage drop when the alarms 

triggered, which could be measured by the data acquisition system (Figure 38b). 

(a) (b)

Figure 38. Photographs of (a) installed smoke and heat alarms and (b) circuit for power 

supply and signal extraction from alarms.
A1-010659.1 44

2.5.5 Imaging and video

Various networked high-definition video cameras (Figure 39) and handheld cameras were used 

to document the experiments. 

(a) (b)

Figure 39. Photographs of (a) networked video camera and (b) web USB camera.

2.5.5.1 Water cooled GoPro cameras

High-definition video footage of the inside of the compartment during the fire was captured from 

the doorway using a waterproof GoPro camera placed in a water bath. The water served dual 

purposes of cooling the camera and filtering out the thermal radiation produced by the fire; 

water is very efficient at absorbing energy in the infrared spectrum. For the first test, a partiallyfilled borosilicate (Pyrex) container supported on a stand was continuously supplied with tap 

water (23 °C +/- 5 °C) and a pump was used to extract the water as it heated (Figure 40a). This 

worked for about 10 min after flashover, but the high thermal gradient caused the vessel to 

fracture. For the subsequent tests, a thinner borosilicate container was filled completely to the 

top with water that could overflow out the back of the container where it was collected and 

drained (Figure 40b). Additionally, the field of view for the camera was minimized using thermal 

ceramic boards to reduce the view factor. This approach allowed the camera to capture images 

indefinitely (limited by battery life).

(a) (b)

Figure 40. Photographs of water-cooled camera setup (a) 1st attempt and (b) improved 

setup.
A1-010659.1 45

2.6 Test Procedure

The following procedure was used for the fire tests.

(1) Start data acquisition and instrumentation system;

(2) Ignite the gas burner with the small pilot flame;

(3) Turn off the gas burner once the combustion of the room contents reaching 1 MW in 

heat release rate;

(4) Let the fire continue to a total burnout where possible and practicable; 

(5) Terminate the test based on the following criteria:

a. Any safety threat to personnel and facilities; 

b. An elapsed time of 4 h;

c. Total burnout to self-extinguishment; or,

d. Continuous fire decay with temperatures in CLT and/or compartment falling 

below 250 °C and heat release rate falling below 1 MW.

(6) Examine debris and take necessary measurements (photographs, charring depth of 

selected samples, etc.) after the fire test.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

Six large-scale CLT compartment fire tests were conducted as part of the FPRF project “Fire 

Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings – Phase 2”. A large amount of technical data was 

produced, including the heat release rate, interior and exterior heat fluxes, gas and flow 

conditions, temperatures inside and outside the compartment and through the ceiling and wall

assemblies, and char depth, etc. All the measurement data is included in Appendixes E-K. 

Table 5 summarizes some selected data. This section presents key results of the tests and 

analysis to quantify the contribution of the CLT structural panels to the compartment fires.
A1-010659.1 46

Table 5. CLT Compartment Fire Tests (February to April 2017).

Opening size in W2 wall 1.8 m wide x 2.0 m high 3.6 m wide x 2.0 m high

Test 1-1 (Feb 16) 1-4*(Mar 21) 1-5 (Apr 13) 1-6 (Apr 18) 1-2 (Feb 23) 1-3*(Mar 16)

W1 wall 3GB 3GB exposed exposed 2GB exposed

W2, W3 and W4 walls 3GB 3GB 3GB 3GB 2GB 2GB

Ceiling 3GB exposed 3GB exposed 2GB 3GB

Exposed CLT surface versus 

total ceiling and wall area (%) 0 36% 21% 57% 0 21%

Smoke / heat alarms (min) 2.1 / 3.5 2.5 / 1.5 1.8 / 2.5 2.0 / 3.0 3.4 / 2.9 5.5 / 2.9

STEs reaching 68 °C (min) 1.3-5.4 1.3-3.5 1.2-3.6 1.6-3.9 1.5-4.6 2.4-5.8

Smoke OD > 3.4 m-1(min) 12.6 11.6 11.0 9.4 15.2 12.4

Flashover (min) 14.9 11.5 11.5 9.8 15.3 12.5

Fully developed fire stage(min) 14.9 - 45 11.5 - 57 ☼ 11.5 - 50

☼ 9.8 - 160 15.3 - 37 12.5 - 35

HRR initial peak (MW) 9.5 13.1 9.6 12.9 12.4 14.2

HRR fully developed (MW) > 5 > 6 > 5 > 6 > 8 > 9

HRR near end (MW) 0.34 5.1 10 9.5 0.43 0.7

HF ceiling centre; bed (kW/m2) 160; 240 >100 190; 180 220; 200 170; 230 n/a; 220

HF W1 front; mid; rear (kW/m2)

250; 275; 

260

320; 320; 

235

270; 290; 

270

280; 270; 

290

220; 275; 

275

245; 320; 

320 

HF W3 (kW/m2) 180 - 250 280 200 n/a

HF W4 (kW/m2) 250 150 175 >170 230 210

HF floor (kW/m2) 190 205 190 170 190 200

HF 3.5 m; 5.5 m high (kW/m2) 70; 20 120; 30 120; 30 190; 60 105; 37 115; 45

HF 2.4 m; 4.8 m away(kW/m2) 40; 12 45; 17 40; 15 55; 20 65; 22 65; 25

GB back reaching 300 °C ceiling walls ceiling walls ceiling walls W3 W4 ceiling walls ceiling walls

face layer (min) 30-40 32-60 - 31-58 28-35 36-60 37-68 48-82 32-36 31-43 13-17 30-92

mid layer (min) 50-68 65†

- 53-80 46-56 58-72 60-102 83-120 - - 30-91 -

base layer (min) No No -

77-141 

rear only 70-85 98-191 86-123 102-130 53-67 rear only No 118-221 rear only

95-123 

upper 

only

GB fall-off time ceiling walls ceiling walls ceiling walls W3 W4 ceiling walls ceiling walls

face layer (min) 34-44 Nfo - 46-73 32-45 50-70 55-108 77-120 36-40 Nfo 25-35 Nfo

mid layer (min) Nfo Nfo - Nfo 70-144 155-180 85-120 93-120 - - Nfo -

base layer (min) Nfo Nfo - Nfo 144-155 185-195 125 125-130 Nfo Nfo Nfo Nfo

Test duration (min) 134 159 202 160 104 242

W1 char (mm) 0 0-14 102-141 88-143 0 60-86

W3 char (mm) 0 0-10 0-52 5-66 0 0-10

W4 char (mm) 0 0-2 25-51 25-68 0 0-20

Ceiling char (mm) 0 66-90 25-79 116-154 0-15 0-20

CLT contribution to HRR (MW) 0 5.5 3.3; 6.3; 9.5 7.5; 10 0 2.5

GB: 15.9 mm (5/8 in.) thick Type X gypsum board; 2GB: 2 layers of GB; 3GB: 3 layers of GB

Nfo: no fall-off (i.e., GB stayed intact during test); * Reused CLT structure; † W1 front upper portion only;  gauge failed; 

☼ re-flashed after 140 min.
A1-010659.1 47

3.1 Test 1-1

Test 1-1 was conducted on February 16th, 2017 using CLT compartment #1 with 3 layers of the 

gypsum board and the 1.8 m x 2.0 m ventilation opening. All CLT surfaces on the walls and 

ceiling were fully protected so that the CLT structure would neither contribute to the 

compartment fire nor develop char during the test and then be re-used for another test. Test 1-1 

served as a baseline to define the contribution of the movable fire loads (residential furnishings) 

and to quantify CLT contribution to the fire in subsequent tests for the compartments with the 

same ventilation conditions.

3.1.1 Fire development

The test started with ignition. The first item ignited was the shelf (console table) in the room 

corner (Figure 18). The smoke alarm and heat alarm activated at 2.1 min and 3.5 min, 

respectively. Between 1.3 min and 5.4 min, all ten STEs reached 68 °C, which is a typical 

temperature rating for residential sprinklers. By this time, the fire involved only a portion of the 

console table (first item ignited). The console table was fully involved at 7 min with the smoke 

layer descending to mid height in the compartment. At 12.6 min, the smoke optical density 

measured at the 1.6 m height in the room centre reached 3.4 m-1, at which occupants would not 

be able to see their hands in front of their faces [24]. The loss of visibility resulted from the first 

item ignited alone. At 14 min, the fire spread from the shelf to the adjacent dining table and 

chairs and dark smoke completely filled the room with dramatic changes of O2, CO2 and CO 

concentrations. Flashover occurred at 14.9 min and a large fire plume issued from the opening. 

After flashover, an intense burning of room contents lasted for approximately 30 min. The fire 

started to decay at 45 min and the fire plume ceased to issue from the opening at 50 min and 

thereafter; O2 recovered to above 15% in the compartment. The test lasted over 2 h and was 

terminated at 134 min after continuous fire decay (the heat release rate falling to 300 kW at the 

end). A household garden hose was used to mist water over the debris on the floor to terminate 

the test. Figure 41 shows some photographs during and after Test 1-1. 

(a) at 7 min after ignition (b) at 14.5 min – just before flashover
A1-010659.1 48

(c) at 15 min – flashover (d) at 60 min

(e) at 130 min – near end of test, gypsum board

remained: 2 layers on ceiling; 3 layers on walls

(f) after Test 1-1 – gypsum board remained: 2 layers

on ceiling; 3 layers on walls

(g) after cleanup and removal of gypsum board (h) after cleanup and removal of gypsum board

Figure 41. Photographs (a)-(h) of the CLT compartment during and after Test 1-1

including subsequent cleanup and removal of gypsum board.
A1-010659.1 49

3.1.2 Compartment temperatures

Figure 42 shows temperatures in the compartment, measured using six thermocouple (TC) 

trees with thermocouples at 60 cm, 110 cm, 160 cm, 210 cm and 260 cm heights. TC trees 2 

and 3 were in the front section of the compartment (near the rough opening), TC trees 5 and 6 

in the middle section (living area), and TC trees 1 and 4 in the rear section (dinning and kitchen 

area).

Figure 42. Temperatures in the compartment space during Test 1-1 (height in cm, test 

terminated at 134 min).
A1-010659.1 50

During the intense burning period (from flashover to decay at 15 min to 50 min), the vertical 

temperature difference along each TC tree was relatively small; for example, temperatures at 

160 cm, 210 cm and 260 cm height were almost identical; while the lateral temperature 

difference across the room at difference TC trees was much larger. As time elapsed, the hottest 

area was moving from the front section of the room (with TC trees 2 and 3), to the middle 

section (with TC trees 5 and 6), and then to the rear section (with TC trees 1 and 4). The 

temperature reached 1200 °C, respectively, in the front, middle and rear sections at 

approximately 30 min, 40 min and 50 min.

The temperature measured by TC tree 4 at the 2.6 m height (TC_260) had a sudden drop and 

oscillation (see Figure 42) at 34 min and thereafter, which corresponded to the fall-off of the 

face layer gypsum board from the ceiling (see Section 3.1.5), indicating that the falling gypsum 

board covered that thermocouple. 

3.1.3 Heat release rate

Figure 43 shows the heat release rate (HRR) during Test 1-1. The HRR was 9.5 MW at the 

initial peak right after the flashover and maintained above 5 MW until 45 min. As the fire 

decayed, the HRR reduced to 2 MW at 55 min and to 1 MW at 90 min. The test was terminated 

when HRR reduced to 0.3 MW at 134 min.

Figure 43. Heat release rate during Test 1-1 (test terminated at 134 min).

3.1.4 Heat flux inside and outside fire compartment

Various combinations of Gardon gauges, plate thermometers and differential flame 

thermometers provided measurements of heat flux at co-located positions. Figure 44 shows

heat fluxes measured at the twelve locations inside and outside the fire compartment during 

Test 1-1. The initial spike of each curve corresponded to the flashover. Table 5 provides the 
A1-010659.1 51

peak heat flux values at the fully developed fire stage after the flashover. The heat fluxes 

ranged from 160 kW/m2to 275 kW/m2inside the compartment and from 12 kW/m2to 70 kW/m2

outside the compartment during the fully developed fire stage, depending on the locations.

Comparisons of measurements made by different types of co-located heat flux gauges can be 

found in the appendices.

Figure 44. Heat fluxes inside and outside the compartment during Test 1-1 (test 

terminated at 134 min).
A1-010659.1 52

3.1.5 Temperatures at gypsum board interfaces and inside of CLT assemblies

The temperatures measured at the interfaces between the adjacent gypsum board layers and

between the CLT interior surface and the gypsum board base layer, as well as inside CLT 

panels at various depths, are shown in Figure 45. 

Figure 45. Temperatures in CLT and at gypsum board interfaces in Test 1-1 (test 

terminated at 134 min).

The temperature profiles at the interfaces indicated a typical three-stage heat transfer pattern

through the gypsum board. There was an initial temperature rise up to 100 °C, followed by a 

period of gypsum calcinations (removal of water from gypsum board) during which the 

temperatures stayed at 100 °C. After the calcination, the temperatures increased rapidly.

In the ceiling assembly, the temperatures at the interface between the face and mid layers of 

gypsum board increased sharply at 34-44 min to equal to the compartment temperatures, 

indicating the fall-off of the face layer gypsum board. The fall-off of the face layer gypsum board 

resulted in the mid layer gypsum board being directly exposed to the fire and also increased the 

rate of conductive heat transfer through the mid layer to its interface with the base layer gypsum 

board. The temperatures at the mid and base layer interface reached 320-430 °C at 50-68 min

in the ceiling assembly. If only two layers of the gypsum board had been used, the CLT ceiling 

panels would have been subjected to these temperatures (320-430 °C) and charred after these 

times. With the three layer gypsum board system, the CLT ceiling panels were kept below 

180 °C on the interior surface and at the ambient temperature on the exterior surface. 
A1-010659.1 53

In the wall assemblies, although the temperatures at the interface between the face and mid 

layers of gypsum board increased significantly up to 500-800 °C, the face layer gypsum board

stayed intact until the end of the test. The CLT wall panels stayed below 120 °C on the interior 

surface and at the ambient temperature on the exterior surface.

As shown in Figure 41 (e) and (f), two layers of gypsum board remained on the ceiling except 

the absence of small pieces of the mid layer, and all three layers of gypsum board remained on 

the walls, until the end of the test. Figure 41 (g) and (h) show CLT compartment #1 after Test 

1-1 with gypsum board removed, indicating no char was developed during the test. This CLT 

structure was re-used later in Test 1-4 with an exposed CLT ceiling.

The three layer gypsum board system successfully protected the CLT structure, preventing the 

ignition and involvement of CLT structural elements in the fire. Test 1-1 provided a baseline to 

quantify CLT contribution to the compartment fire in subsequent tests. 

3.1.6 Char depth of CLT panels and small CLT blocks

As shown in Figure 41 (g) and (h), the entire interior surface of the CLT compartment had no 

char; neither did the exterior surface. Although no sealant was used to seal the compartment, 

there was no char developed at any CLT panel joints. However, there was minor smoke 

deposition outside the two back corners at the wall-ceiling junction, which could have been 

prevented if the joint had been sealed.

Three small CLT blocks (305 mm x 203 mm x 175 mm) were placed on the floor in Test 1-1 for 

char measurements (only the top surface was exposed). After the test, each block was cut to 

half at the middle. Figure 46 shows the remaining thickness of the CLT blocks after Test 1-1.

The char depth was 55 mm, 45 mm and 42 mm for the blocks placed at the front, middle and 

rear sections of the compartment floor, respectively.

(a) CLT block near a TC Tree (b) front block near TC Tree 3 charred 55 mm 

(c) middle block near TC Tree 6 charred 45 mm (d) rear block near TC Tree 4 charred 42 mm 

Figure 46. Char of small CLT blocks in Test 1-1 (cut to half to show remaining thickness).
A1-010659.1 54

3.2 Test 1-2

Test 1-2 was conducted on February 23rd, 2017 using CLT compartment #2. All CLT surfaces 

on the walls and ceiling were fully protected using two layers of the gypsum board and the 3.6 m 

x 2.0 m ventilation opening. Test 1-2 served as a baseline to define the contribution of the 

movable fire loads (residential furnishings) and to quantify CLT contribution to the fire in a 

subsequent test for the compartment with the same ventilation conditions.

In the test plan [3], this test had originally been designed to incorporate the same ventilation 

opening (1.8 m x 2.0 m) in the W2 wall and the only intended difference between the two 

baseline tests in the original plan was the number of layers of gypsum board. However, based 

on the interface temperatures measured between gypsum board layers during Test 1-1 (see

Figure 45), two layers of gypsum board lining would very likely result in significant charring to 

the CLT compartment with the 1.8 m x 2.0 m opening, at least causing damages to the ceiling 

and the upper portion of the W1 wall.

This test was adjusted to incorporate the 3.6 m wide x 2.0 m high ventilation opening in order to 

address two needs. Firstly, during the development of the test plan, fire service representatives 

in the PTP expressed an interest of using a larger ventilation opening for the test series in order 

to collect data on the more intense exterior exposure that would result. Secondly, to better use 

the project resources, the CLT structure was intended to be restored after this baseline test for 

another test. A larger opening was expected to accelerate combustion of the room contents and 

shorten the intense burning duration thus reducing potential damages to the CLT structure. At 

the same time, the need of fire services would be addressed.

3.2.1 Fire development

The test also started with the ignition of the console table in the room corner. The smoke alarm 

and heat alarm activated at 3.4 min and 2.9 min, respectively. Between 1.5 min and 4.6 min, all 

ten STEs reached 68 °C, which is a typical temperature rating for residential sprinklers. The 

console table (first item ignited) was fully involved at 5 min. As the fire progressed in the dining 

area, the smoke layer descended to the mid height in the compartment and stayed at this height 

until flashover. At 15.2 min, the smoke optical density measured at the 1.6 m height in the room 

centre reached 3.4 m-1. Flashover occurred at 15.3 min with dramatic changes of O2, CO2 and 

CO concentrations; large fire plume was issued from the opening. After flashover, an intense 

burning of room contents lasted for approximately 24 min. As expected, the combustion of the 

room contents accelerated with the larger opening. The fire started to decay at 37 min and fire 

plume ceased to issue from the opening at 40 min and thereafter; O2 recovered to above 15% in 

the compartment at 47 min. The test lasted for 104 min and was terminated after continuous fire 

decay (the heat release rate falling to below 500 kW at the end). A fire hose was used to lightly 

spray water over the debris on the floor to terminate the test. Figure 47 shows some 

photographs during and after Test 1-2.
A1-010659.1 55

(a) at 7 min 49 s after ignition (b) at 15 min 9 s – just before flashover

(c) at 15 min – flashover (d) at 67 min

(e) at 100 min – near end of test, gypsum board 

remained: base layer on ceiling; 2 layers on walls

(f) after Test 1-2 – gypsum board remained: 1 layer

on ceiling; 2 layers on walls

Figure 47. Photographs of the CLT compartment during and after Test 1-2.
A1-010659.1 56

3.2.2 Compartment temperatures

Figure 48 shows temperatures in the compartment, measured using six thermocouple (TC) 

trees with thermocouples at 60 cm, 110 cm, 160 cm, 210 cm and 260 cm heights in Test 1-2. 

TC trees 2 and 3 were in the front section of the compartment (near the rough opening), 

TC trees 5 and 6 in the middle section (living area), and TC trees 1 and 4 in the rear section 

(dining and kitchen area).

Figure 48. Temperatures in the compartment space during Test 1-2 (height in cm, test 

terminated at 104 min).
A1-010659.1 57

During the intense burning period (from flashover to decay, 15-40 min), the vertical temperature 

difference along each TC tree was relatively small, compared to the lateral temperature 

difference across the room at different TC trees. As time elapsed, the hottest area was moving 

from the front section of the room, to the middle section and then to the rear section of the 

compartment. The temperature reached 1200 °C, respectively, in the front, middle and rear 

sections at approximately 20 min, 30 min and 40 min. This hot area movement was similar in 

both Test 1-1 and Test 1-2. 

The temperatures measured by TC trees 1 and 4 had sudden drops and oscillations at 21 min 

and thereafter (see Figure 48). There appeared to be a malfunction with some thermocouples 

on these two TC trees.

3.2.3 Heat release rate 

Figure 49 shows the heat release rate during Test 1-2. The HRR was 12.4 MW at the initial 

peak right after the flashover and maintained above 7.5 MW until 37 min. As the fire decayed, 

the HRR reduced to 2 MW at 52 min and to 1 MW at 70 min. The test was terminated when 

HRR reduced to 0.43 MW at 104 min.

Figure 49. Heat release rate during Test 1-2 (test terminated at 104 min).

3.2.4 Heat flux inside and outside fire compartment

Various combinations of Gardon gauges, plate thermometers and differential flame 

thermometers provided measurements of heat flux at their co-located positions. Figure 50

shows heat fluxes measured at the twelve locations inside and outside the fire compartment 

during Test 1-2. The initial spike of each curve corresponded to the flashover. Table 5 provides 

the peak heat flux values at the fully developed fire stage after the flashover. The heat fluxes 
A1-010659.1 58

ranged from 170 kW/m2to 275 kW/m2inside the compartment and from 22 kW/m2to 105 kW/m2

outside the compartment during the fully developed fire stage, depending on the locations. The 

heat fluxes inside the compartment were comparable between Test 1-1 and Test 1-2. However, 

the heat fluxes outside the compartment were much higher in Test 1-2 than in Test 1-1. 

Comparisons of measurements made by different types of co-located heat flux gauges can be 

found in the appendices.

Figure 50. Heat fluxes inside and outside the compartment during Test 1-2 (test 

terminated at 104 min).
A1-010659.1 59

3.2.5 Temperatures at gypsum board interfaces and inside of CLT assemblies

The temperatures measured at the interfaces between the adjacent gypsum board layers, and 

between the CLT interior surface and the gypsum board base layer, as well as inside CLT 

panels at various depths are shown in Figure 51. The heat transfer through the gypsum board 

also followed the typical three-stage pattern as indicated by the temperature profiles at the 

interfaces: an initial temperature rise up to 100 °C, a period of gypsum calcinations at the 

constant temperature of 100 °C, then temperature increasing again after the calcination. As 

shown in Figure 47 (e) and (f), the base layer of gypsum board remained on the ceiling, and all 

two layers of gypsum board remained on the walls, to the end of the test.

Figure 51. Temperatures in CLT and at gypsum board interfaces in Test 1-2 (test 

terminated at 104 min).

In the ceiling assembly, the temperatures at the interface between the face and base layers of 

gypsum board increased sharply at 36-40 min to the compartment temperatures, indicating the 

fall-off of the face layer gypsum board. The fall-off of the face layer gypsum board resulted in 

the base layer gypsum board being directly exposed to the fire, resulting in an increased rate of 

conductive heat transfer through the base layer to its interface with the CLT surface. The 

temperatures at the gypsum board base layer and CLT interface reached 300 °C at 53-67 min in 

the rear and middle sections of the ceiling assembly and increased to a peak temperature of 

450 °C afterwards. This indicated that CLT ceiling panels started charring behind the base layer 
A1-010659.1 60

gypsum board in the rear and middle sections of the ceiling assembly but had no flaming 

combustion at the CLT surface, which had negligible contribution to the compartment fire. The 

CLT interface temperatures in the front section of the ceiling were less than 185 °C (well below 

the wood charring temperature of 300 °C). The temperatures inside the CLT ceiling panels were 

quite low: below 100 °C at the 20 mm depth, below 32 °C at the 140 mm depth, and at the 

ambient temperature on the exterior surface. 

In the wall assemblies, although the temperatures at the interface between the face and base 

layers of gypsum board increased significantly to 200-800 °C at different locations, the face 

layer gypsum board stayed intact until the end of the test. The maximum temperature measured 

at the CLT interface with gypsum board was 263 °C on wall W1 at the 1.8 m height; at other 

measurement locations, the CLT wall interface temperatures were 100-170 °C. The CLT wall 

panels were at the ambient temperature on the exterior surface.

3.2.6 Char depth of CLT panels and small CLT blocks

Figure 52 (a) and (b) show CLT compartment #2 after Test 1-2 with gypsum board removed. No 

char was developed on the CLT walls (except some smoke deposition). However, the CLT 

ceiling had surface char in the rear and middle sections, which were consistent with the CLT 

interface temperatures shown in Figure 51. The char depth ranged from 0 mm to 15 mm. The 

char pattern generally reflected the gypsum board joint layout. The char was more pronounced 

along the gypsum board joints and the CLT panel joints. However, there was deeper charring 

(approximately 50 mm) at two spots – the mid ceiling joint between panels 11_006 and 11_007

and the ceiling-wall corner joint – as shown in Figure 52 (c) and (d). Two layers of gypsum 

board were used for the CLT protection and one layer was lost in this test. Although the base 

layer gypsum board remained in place but the tape and joint compound were not applied on the 

base layer gypsum board joints, hot gases could get through these joints to reach the CLT joints

which were also not sealed. This could be the reason for the deeper charring at the two spots.

The exterior surface of the CLT compartment had no char except for some smoke deposition 

along the middle spline joint of the ceiling (no burn through). Had the panel joints been sealed, 

the char at these two spots could have been reduced.
A1-010659.1 61

(a) after cleanup and removal of gypsum board (b) after cleanup and removal of gypsum board

(c) ) joint of ceiling panels 11_006 and 11_007 (d) corner joint at ceiling and W1 and W4 walls

Figure 52. Photographs of CLT compartment #2 with localized charring after Test 1-2 

after cleanup and removal of gypsum board.

Although there was some charring of the CLT ceiling panels, it did not contribute to the 

compartment fire as the fire conditions in the compartment were not affected. This test provides 

a baseline for quantifying CLT contribution to the compartment fire for a subsequent test with 

the larger ventilation opening.

Figure 53 shows the remaining thickness of the three small CLT blocks placed on the floor (only 

the top surface was exposed), each cut to half at the middle after Test 1-2. The char depth was 

46 mm, 35 mm and 35 mm for the blocks placed at the front, middle and rear sections of the 

compartment, respectively.
A1-010659.1 62

(a) CLT block near a TC Tree (b) front block near TC Tree 3 charred 46 mm

(c) middle block near TC Tree 6 charred 35 mm (d) rear block near TC Tree 4 charred 35 mm

Figure 53. Char of small CLT blocks in Test 1-2 (cut to half to show remaining thickness).

3.2.7 Comparison of two baselines Test 1-1 and Test 1-2

While the differences in experimental variables between Test 1-1 and Test 1-2 included the 

number of gypsum board layers for protecting the fire compartment and the size of the 

ventilation opening as well as the test duration, the ventilation opening difference accounted for 

almost all of the differences in the fire development, energy release and compartment 

temperatures.

Figure 54 shows comparisons of the heat release rates and total heat releases (THR) during 

both tests. Test 1-2 with the larger ventilation opening had a higher heat release rate but earlier 

fire decay than Test 1-1. The two tests released virtually the same amount of total heat of 

18 000 MJ, which is equivalent to the total energy of the movable fuel with 80% combustion 

efficiency. This indicates that the combustion of room contents was faster but the fully 

developed fire stage was shorter in Test 1-2 than in Test 1-1. 
A1-010659.1 63

Figure 54. Heat release rates and total heat releases in Test 1-1 and Test 1-2.

The heat exposure conditions inside the fire compartment were more severe in Test 1-1 than in 

Test 1-2. Figure 55 shows hot layer temperatures in the fire compartments in both tests; the 

peak temperatures were similar in both test but the duration of the fully developed fire stage was 

longer in Test 1-1 than in Test 1-2. This was also demonstrated by the heat fluxes inside the fire 

compartments as shown in Figure 56. In addition, the char depths of the small CLT blocks

placed on the floor were 7-10 mm more in Test 1-1 than in Test 1-2.

There was more intense burning outside the fire compartment in Test 1-2. Figure 57 and Figure 

58 show comparisons of the temperatures and heat fluxes outside the fire compartments in both 

tests. The exterior heat fluxes and temperatures were higher in Test 1-2 than in Test 1-1.

All these show that the larger opening increased exterior fire challenges but reduced the fire 

challenges to the CLT compartment structure inside. This would have implications on exterior 

façade and adjacent buildings.
A1-010659.1 64

Figure 55. Hot layer temperatures in fire compartments in Test 1-1 and Test 1-2.
A1-010659.1 65

Figure 56. Heat fluxes inside fire compartments in Test 1-1 and Test 1-2.
A1-010659.1 66

Figure 57. Temperatures outside fire compartments in Test 1-1 and Test 1-2.
A1-010659.1 67

Figure 58. Heat fluxes outside fire compartments in Test 1-1 and Test 1-2.
A1-010659.1 68

3.3 Test 1-3

After Test 1-2, a cleanup operation was conducted in the CLT compartment #2 and all the 

remaining gypsum board was removed. The CLT compartment #2 was repaired, as shown in 

Figure 59. The deep charred spots between ceiling panels 11_006 and 11_007 and at the 

ceiling-W1-W4 corner joint were chiseled out. Plywood (0.3 m x 0.3 m) was screwed into the

chiseled spot between panels 11_006 and 11_007. Fire caulking was used in repairing these 

two damaged spots. Ceramic fiber material was also filled into the ceiling-W1-W4 corner spot.

Fire caulking was also used (only in this test) to seal limited CLT panel joints – between ceiling 

panels 11_006 and 11_007, between ceiling panels 11_007 and 11_008, and along the ceiling

joint with the W1 wall. 

(a) char chiseled out (b) 0.3 m x 0.3 m chiseled area

(c) plywood piece screwed in (d) ceiling-W1-W4 corner spot filled

Figure 59. Repair of localized charring on ceiling after Test 1-2 before Test 1-3.
A1-010659.1 69

(a) CLT structure after repair

(b) CLT structure after repair

Figure 60. Photographs of CLT structure before Test 1-3.
A1-010659.1 70

Figure 60 shows photographs of the CLT structure after the repair. The repaired CLT 

compartment #2 was relined with new gypsum board and re-used in Test 1-3. Three layers of 

15.9 mm (5/8 in.) thick Type X gypsum board were installed on the ceiling, two layers on the 

W2, W3 and W4 walls. The entire W1 wall was exposed – bare CLT surface on W1.

Because of some surface char on the ceiling, longer type S drywall screws were used to line the 

ceiling gypsum board. The gypsum board base layer was attached using 51 mm (2 in.) long 

screws, the middle layer 57 mm (2 1⁄4 in.) long screws, and the face layer 76 mm (3 in.) long 

screws to the ceiling. For the installation of the two-layer gypsum board on the walls, type S 

drywall screws were still 41 mm and 51 mm (1 5/8 and 2 in.) long.

Test 1-3 was conducted on March 16th, 2017 and designed to quantify the contribution of the 

exposed W1 wall to the compartment fire with Test 1-2 as the baseline with the 3.6 m x 2.0 m 

ventilation opening. Figure 61 shows the fully furnished CLT compartment before Test 1-3.

Figure 61. Photograph of CLT compartment with exposed W1 wall for Test 1-3.
A1-010659.1 71

3.3.1 Fire development

The test started with ignition of the console table in the dining area corner. The smoke alarm 

and heat alarm activated at 5.5 min and 2.9 min, respectively. Between 2.4 min and 5.8 min, all 

ten STEs reached 68 °C, which is a typical temperature rating for residential sprinklers. The 

console table was fully involved at 6 min and the smoke layer descended to the mid height in 

the compartment and stayed at this height until flashover. At 11.3 min, the fire from the console 

table ignited the upper portion of the W1 wall and the tall bookcase in the dining area. At 12 min, 

the dining table and chairs were fully involved in the fire. The smoke optical density measured at 

the 1.6 m height in the room centre reached 3.4 m-1 at 12.4 min. Flashover occurred at 12.5 min

with dramatic changes of O2, CO2 and CO concentrations. Large fire plume issued from the 

opening. Figure 62 shows some photographs of the CLT compartment during Test 1-3. 

After flashover, an intense burning of room contents, along with the exposed W1 wall, lasted for 

approximately 23 min. The gypsum board face layer was seen to start falling off the ceiling at 

31 min. The fire started to decay at 35 min. Fire plume ceased to issue from the opening at 

38 min and the compartment became visible inside. From 40 min to 80 min, the exposed W1 

wall surface was noticeably charred but had little visible flame during this period as shown in

Figure 62(c). O2 was recovered to above 15% in the compartment. From 80 min to 100 min, 

flaming combustion re-occurred to the W1 wall (Figure 62(d)), starting at the joint between 

panels 10_018 and 10_019; then, the charred first ply stared to fall off and the flame diminished 

on the W1 wall. Fire decayed again in the subsequent 80 min (from 100 min to 180 min (Figure 

62(e)). At 190 min, another flaming combustion occurred to the charred second ply of CLT 

panels on the W1 wall (Figure 62(f)), starting at the joint between panels 10_017 and 10_018. 

This flaming of the charred second ply lasted for 20 min and was less intense than the first 

re-occurrence. When the charred second ply started to fall off, the flame on the W1 wall

diminished again from 205 min to the end of the test (Figure 62(g)). The test was terminated at 

242 min (4 h after ignition). A fire hose was used to lightly spray water over the W1 wall and the 

debris on the floor to terminate the test. At the end of the test, two layers of gypsum board were 

still on the W3 and W4 walls and the ceiling (Figure 62(h)).
A1-010659.1 72

(a) just before flashover at 12 min (b) flashover at 12.5 min 

(c) exposed W1 at 48 min: charred, no visible flame (d) exposed W1 at 85 min before 1

st ply falling off

(e) exposed W1 at 120 min after 1

st ply falling off (f) exposed W1 at 190 min before 2nd ply falling off

(g) exposed W1 at 240 min after 2

nd ply falling off (h) two GB layers on ceiling and W3 and W4 at 240 min

Figure 62. Photographs of the CLT compartment during Test 1-3.
A1-010659.1 73

3.3.2 Compartment temperatures

Figure 63 shows temperatures in the compartment, measured using six thermocouple (TC) 

trees with thermocouples at 60 cm, 110 cm, 160 cm, 210 cm and 260 cm heights in Test 1-3. 

During the fully developed fire stage (12.5 min to 35 min), the hottest area was also moving 

from the front section of the room, to the middle section and then to the rear section of the 

compartment as time elapsed. The peak temperature reached 1200 °C.

Figure 63. Temperatures in the compartment space during Test 1-3 (height in cm, test 

terminated at 242 min).
A1-010659.1 74

As the fire started to decay at 35 min, the compartment temperatures decreased to below 

400 °C at 80 min with little visible flame on the W1 wall. The two subsequent peaks at 90 min 

and 200 min corresponded to the re-occurred burning and fall-off of the charred first and second 

ply of CLT on the W1 wall, respectively. Once the charred ply started to fall off, the flame on the 

W1 wall diminished and the room temperatures decreased again.

3.3.3 Heat release rate

Figure 64 shows the heat release rate during Test 1-3. The HRR was 14.2 MW at the initial 

peak right after the flashover and maintained above 9 MW until 35 min. As the fire decayed, the 

HRR reduced to 1.2 MW at 75 min. The two subsequent peaks of 3 MW at 92 min and 1.7 MW 

at 200 min corresponded to the charred first and second plies of CLT on W1 transitioned from 

smouldering to flaming before falling off, respectively. The HRR was reduced to 0.7 MW at the 

end of the test.

Figure 64. Heat release rate during Test 1-3 (test terminated at 242 min).

3.3.4 Heat flux inside and outside fire compartment

Figure 65 shows heat fluxes measured inside and outside the fire compartment during Test 1-3. 

The initial spike of each curve corresponded to the flashover. Table 5 provides the peak heat 

flux values at the fully developed fire stage after the flashover (note that the artificial initial 

spikes for the floor and the W4 wall are discounted as they were caused by a single data point). 

The heat fluxes ranged from 200 kW/m2to 320 kW/m2inside the compartment and from 

25 kW/m2to 115 kW/m2 outside the compartment during the fully developed fire stage, 

depending on the locations. Due to the exposed W1 wall, the heat fluxes to the W1 wall, the 

floor and the exterior façade were higher in Test 1-3 than in Test 1-2. 
A1-010659.1 75

Figure 65. Heat fluxes inside and outside the compartment during Test 1-3 (test 

terminated at 242 min).
A1-010659.1 76

3.3.5 Temperatures at surface and in depth of CLT as well as gypsum board 

interfaces

Figure 66 shows the temperatures measured at the CLT surfaces, interfaces between gypsum 

board layers and inside CLT panels. The temperature profiles show that before the flashover the 

upper portion of the exposed W1 wall was already ignited.

Based on the timing when the embedded thermocouples in the W1 wall (mid-length at 1.8 m 

height) measured 300 °C, the char front reached 20 mm, 35 mm, 50 mm and 65 mm deep at

32 min, 83 min, 172 min and 213 min, respectively, in the CLT panel 10_018. The embedded 

thermocouple in 35 mm depth of the W1 wall shows a sharp temperature rise at around 80 min, 

from approximately 220 °C to 500 °C. The starting point of this temperature rise, 220 °C, is 

below the wood charring temperature. The end point of this temperature rise, 500 °C, is the 

prevailing compartment temperature. Given that 35 mm inside CLT corresponds with a glueline 

and that the char front should be at around 300 °C, this temperature rise indicates that the 

delamination of the first ply of the CLT occurred prior to the char front reaching the first glueline.

The embedded thermocouple in 65 mm depth of the W1 wall shows a similar temperature rise 

at around 210 min, indicating the delamination of the second ply of the CLT prior to the char 

front reaching the second glueline. At the end of the test (242 min), the temperatures at the 

90 mm, 115 mm and 140 mm depths in the CLT panel were 132 °C, 80 °C and 40 °C. This 

indicated that the char front would move into the third ply of the CLT panel at that location 

(65 mm < char depth <90 mm), which was confirmed in the post test observation. 

In the ceiling assembly, the temperatures at the interface, between the face and middle layers of 

gypsum board, increased sharply to the compartment temperatures at 25-35 min, indicating the 

fall-off of the face layer gypsum board. The fall-off of the face layer gypsum board resulted in 

the middle layer gypsum board being directly exposed to the fire, resulting in an increased rate 

of conductive heat transfer through the middle layer to its interface with the gypsum board base 

layer. The temperatures at the gypsum board base layer and CLT interface reached 300 °C at 

118-221 min in the rear section of the ceiling assembly and increased to 320-375 °C afterwards. 

This indicated that the CLT ceiling panels started charring behind the base layer gypsum board 

in the rear section of the ceiling assembly but the ceiling contribution to the compartment fire

was not significant as no flaming combustion occurred at the CLT surface. The CLT interface 

temperatures in the front section of the ceiling were 200-260 °C (well below the wood charring 

temperature of 300 °C). The maximum temperatures inside the CLT ceiling panels were 115 °C

at the 20 mm depth, 19 °C at the 140 mm depth, and the ambient temperature on the exterior 

surface.

In the W3 and W4 wall assemblies, although the temperatures at the interface between the face 

and base layers of gypsum board increased significantly at different locations, the two layers of 

gypsum board stayed on the walls until the end of the test. The temperatures at the gypsum 

board base layer and CLT interface reached 300 °C at 95 min in the upper portion of the W3 

wall (in the middle length) and increased to 490 °C afterwards; this indicated that CLT panel 

10_022 started charring behind the base layer gypsum board in the upper portion of the W3 wall 

but had no flaming combustion occurring at the CLT surface and the contribution to the 

compartment fire was not significant. In the upper portion of the W4 wall (1.8 m height), the 

maximum temperature at the CLT interface with gypsum board just reached 300 °C at 123 min 

for a short period (approximately 7 min). The CLT interface temperatures in the lower portion of 

the W3 and W4 walls were 182-238 °C (well below the wood charring temperature of 300 °C). 

The maximum temperatures inside the CLT panels were 185 °C at the 20 mm depth, 19 °C at 

the 140 mm depth, and the ambient temperature on the exterior surface of the W3 and W4 

walls.
A1-010659.1 77

As shown in Figure 62(h), two layers of gypsum board remained on the ceiling and W3 and W4 

walls until the end of the test. In general, the CLT panels in the ceiling, W2, W3 and W4 walls 

did not contribute to the growth of the compartment fire during the test. The exposed W1 wall 

was fully involved and contributed to the fire. 

Figure 66. Temperatures in CLT and at gypsum board interfaces in Test 1-3 (test 

terminated at 242 min).

3.3.6 Char depth of CLT panels

After the fire test, the CLT compartment was examined for char. Figure 67 shows photographs 

of the CLT compartment interior surface before and after Test 1-3. On the exposed W1 wall, 

85% of the CLT surface charred to the third ply of the CLT panels with a total char depth of 

approximately 80 mm; 15% of the surface close to the opening in the upper portion of the wall

charred to the second ply with a total char depth of approximately 60 mm. On the W3 wall,
A1-010659.1 78

protected with two layers of gypsum board, only 35% of the CLT surface at the upper portion 

had char of 10 mm maximum; the remaining 65% had no char. On the W4 wall, 50% of the CLT 

surface developed char of up to 20 mm deep mainly in the section close to the W1 wall. For the 

ceiling, which was protected using three layer of the gypsum board, most of the CLT surface 

was unaffected by the fire; the char shown in the photo was mostly left from the previous Test 

1-2. However, the ceiling surface adjacent to the W1 wall charred another 10 mm depth in 

Test 1-3. The char was measured more accurately at several selected positions and the results 

are shown in Table 6 and Table 7.

(a) W3, W4 W1 and ceiling CLT before Test 1-3. (b) W3, W4 W1 and ceiling CLT after Test 1-3.

(c) W1 and ceiling after Test 1-3. (d) W1, W2, W3 and ceiling CLT after Test 1-3.

Figure 67. Char in CLT compartment before and after Test 1-3.
A1-010659.1 79

Table 6. Char depth (mm) of CLT wall panels in Test 1-3.

Measurement

locations

W3 Panel 

10_022

W4 Panel 

10_014

W4 Panel 

10_015

W1 Panel 

10_016

W1 Panel 

10_018

W1 Panel 

10_019

1.6 m height 10* 1* 18 80* 80* 60*

1.1 m height 0* 0* 15 80 78* 78

0.6 m height 0* 0* 20 83* 85* 80*

* TC nearby on wall

Table 7. Accumulated char depth (mm) of CLT ceiling panels in Test 1-2 and Test 1-3.

Measurement 

locations 7/8 span (close to W3) 5/8 span 3/8 span 1/8 span (close to W1)

Ceiling Panel 

11_008

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 1

Ceiling Panel 

11_007

0 0* 1* 1

0 1 1* 2

Ceiling Panel 

11_006

0 3 10 17

0 1* 3* 6

Ceiling Panel 

11_005

0 1 5 7

1 0 5 6

* TC nearby on ceiling

Table 8. Char depth (mm) of cut CLT samples in Test 1-3.

CLT cut sample

Remaining 

thickness 

(mm) 

Char depth 

(mm) Image 

Test 1-3 

W1 – mid length

1.8 m high

Panel 10_018

(TC 49, 8-14)

89 86
A1-010659.1 80

The photo in Table 8 shows the CLT sample that was cut from the W1 panel 10_018 where the 

embedded thermocouples were installed. The thickness of the char was 86 mm (remaining CLT 

thickness was 89 mm). This confirms the measurement of the char depth by the embedded 

thermocouples (65 mm < char depth < 90 mm).

As the test lasted for 4 h, there were deeper chars involving the W1 wall at some panel-to-panel 

joints, including some spots where the W1 and ceiling panels met as well as wall-ceiling corner 

joints. At 150 min, a small hole was burnt through the ceiling spline joint between panels 11_006

and 11_007 near the exposed W1 wall. At the end of the test, the size of this hole became 

125 mm x 200 mm (5 in. x 8 in.). Figure 68 shows the exterior of the W1 wall with flame through 

wall-ceiling panel joints after 3 h into the test. However, there was no burn through at the 

repaired corner (only smoke was leaked from there). Although fire caulking was used to seal 

limited CLT panel joints before the test, no adhesive was applied to the panel joints during 

construction. Had the panel joints been well sealed, the char could have been reduced at the 

joints and the flame through could have been delayed. Nevertheless, this had limited impact on 

the CLT contribution to the compartment fire in Test 1-3. 

 

Figure 68. Exterior of the W1 wall at 198 min in Test 1-3.

3.3.7 Contribution of the CLT structure to compartment fire

Based on the volume (depth x area) of the CLT charred, which was measured after the test, the 

CLT panels were estimated to contribute approximately 1100 kg of timber to the fire (mainly by 

the W1 wall panels), which translated to 540 MJ/m2fuel load density to the floor area in addition 

to the movable fuel load. This brought the effective fuel load density to 1090 MJ/m2in Test 1-3.

With the exposed W1 wall in Test 1-3, flashover occurred 3 min earlier and the heat release rate 

was approximately 2 MW higher than the baseline (Test 1-2) in the growth and fully developed 

fire stages, as shown in Figure 69. However, the compartment temperatures and heat fluxes (to 
A1-010659.1 81

W3, W4 and ceiling) in the growth, developed and initial decay stages were similar to the 

baseline. The heat fluxes to the exterior façade were higher in Test 1-3 than the baseline.

Figure 70 shows the CLT contribution to the heat release rate during Test 1-3, by subtracting 

the baseline. A time shift was made to the baseline in order to line up the flashover time with 

Test 1-3 for proper subtraction. The CLT structure contributed a maximum of 2.5 MW to the 

heat release rate (mainly due to the exposed W1 wall), which is 18% of the peak heat release 

rate and does not appear to be a significant contribution. The contribution occurred at three 

occasions: (1) during the growth and fully developed stages, (2) during the reoccurred flaming of 

the charred first ply of the CLT panels in the W1 wall, and (3) during the reoccurred flaming of 

the charred second ply of the CLT panels in the W1 wall.

Figure 69. Heat release rate of Test 1-3 superimposed over baseline (Test 1-2).
A1-010659.1 82

Figure 70. CLT contribution to heat release rate in Test 1-3 (baseline time shifted).

3.4 Test 1-4

After the previous Test 1-1, a cleanup operation was conducted in the CLT compartment #1 and 

all the remaining gypsum board was removed, as shown in Figure 41 (g) and (h). The 

compartment was relined with new gypsum board. Three layers of 15.9 mm (5/8 in.) thick Type 

X gypsum board were installed on all walls. The entire ceiling was exposed – bare CLT surface 

on the ceiling. Gypsum concrete (38 mm thick x 305 mm wide or 1-1/2 in. thick x 12 in. wide)

was poured on the top of each spline joint of the ceiling panels on the outside,

In a recent standard fire test conducted in accordance with ASTM E119-15 and CAN/ULCS101-14 [25, 26], a bare 175-mm thick 5-ply CLT floor assembly provided a fire resistance time 

of 128 min under a superimposed load of 4.40 kN/m2 (91.8 psf) [27]. This superimposed load 

combined with the dead load (the self-weight of the CLT assembly) corresponded to 

approximately 30% of the bending moment capacity. Note that the full load capacity of the bare 

175-mm thick 5-ply CLT floor/ceiling was 16.0 kN/m2(333 psf) for the tested span of 4.8 m 

(16 ft).

Test 1-4 was conducted on March 21st, 2017 for quantifying the contribution of the exposed CLT 

ceiling to the compartment fire with Test 1-1 as the baseline using the 1.8 m x 2.0 m ventilation 

opening. Figure 71 shows the fully furnished CLT compartment before Test 1-4.
A1-010659.1 83

Figure 71. Photograph of CLT compartment with exposed ceiling for Test 1-4.

3.4.1 Fire development

Test 1-4 started with ignition of the console table in the corner. The smoke alarm and heat alarm 

activated at 2.5 min and 1.5 min, respectively. Between 1.3 min and 3.5 min, all ten STEs 

reached 68 °C, which is a typical temperature rating for residential sprinklers. The fire ignited 

the ceiling above the dining area at 10.1 min, the dining table at 10.4 min, dining chairs at 

10.7 min, and the tall bookcase near the dining area at 11.1 min. The exposed ceiling was fully 

involved. The smoke optical density measured at the 1.6 m height in the room centre reached 

3.4 m-1 at 11.6 min. Figure 72 shows some photographs of the CLT compartment during Test 

1-4.

Flashover occurred at 11.5 min with the exposed ceiling fully involved. Large fire plume issued 

from the opening (Figure 72(b)). The concentrations of O2, CO2 and CO concentrations changed 

dramatically. At 50 min, pieces of the charred first ply of the ceiling CLT panels started to 

gradually fall off. By 55 min, the flame issued from the opening was solely due to the burning of 

the ceiling (Figure 72(c)). The fire started to decay at 75 min after the charred first ply of the 

CLT panels fell off the ceiling (Figure 72(d)(e)). At 85 min, the fire plume ceased to issue from 

the opening and O2 was recovered to above 15% in the compartment.

From 90 to 140 min, the exposed second ply of the CLT ceiling continued to char with 

intermittent localized burning, as shown in Figure 72(f)(g). At 150 min, flaming combustion 

reoccurred on the CLT ceiling (Figure (h)), causing the second flashover with a large fire plume 

issuing from the opening again. The test was terminated by manual fire suppression at 159 min

after the second ply of the CLT panels fell off the ceiling and the third ply became involved. Two 

fire hoses were used to spray water to the compartment to terminate the test. (The laboratory 

safety criterion was to terminate the test when more than two plies of CLT ceiling were charred

or lost.) At the end of the test, two layers of gypsum board were still on all the walls. After the 

test, there was a 46-mm (1 7/8”) deflection occurred and two and half plies of CLT were lost at 

the centre of the ceiling.
A1-010659.1 84

3.4.2 Compartment temperatures

Figure 73 shows temperatures in the compartment during Test 1-4, measured using six 

thermocouple (TC) trees with thermocouples at 60 cm, 110 cm, 160 cm, 210 cm and 260 cm 

heights. During the fully developed fire stage (11.5 min to 75 min), the hottest area was also 

moving from the front section of the room, to the middle section and then to the rear section of 

the compartment as time elapsed. The peak temperature reached 1200 °C in the front, middle 

and rear section, respectively, at 30 min, 40 min and 50 min.

Once the fire started to decay at 75 min, the compartment temperatures decreased continuously 

until 140 min. After the second ply of the CLT panels fell off the ceiling and the third ply started 

flaming combustion, the compartment temperatures increased again rapidly to over 900 °C after 

150 min. The test was terminated at 159 min. 
A1-010659.1 85

(a) ceiling ignited in corner (b) just before flashover

(c) at 11.8 min; just after flashover (d) at 60 min

(e) at 85 min (f) at 90 min

(g) at 122 min (h) at 151 min, second flashover

Figure 72. Photographs of the CLT compartment during Test 1-4.
A1-010659.1 86

Figure 73. Temperatures in the compartment space during Test 1-4 (height in cm, test 

terminated at 159 min).
A1-010659.1 87

3.4.3 Heat release rate

Figure 74 shows the heat release rate during Test 1-4. The HRR was 13.1 MW at the initial 

peak right after the flashover and maintained above 6 MW until 70 min. As the fire decayed, the 

HRR reduced to 1 MW at 140 min. The subsequent peak corresponded to the second flashover 

due to the flaming and fall-off of the charred second ply and involvement of the third ply of the 

ceiling in the fire, which led to the second flashover. The test was terminated at 159 min by 

suppressing the fire, which grew to 6 MW before the suppression.

Figure 74. Heat release rate during Test 1-4 (test terminated at 159 min).

3.4.4 Heat flux inside and outside fire compartment

Figure 75 shows heat fluxes measured inside and outside the fire compartment during Test 1-4. 

The initial spike of each curve corresponded to the flashover. Table 5 provides the peak heat 

flux values at the fully developed fire stage after the flashover (note that the spikes for the 

ceiling and the W4 wall are discounted as they were caused by a single odd data point). The 

heat fluxes ranged from 150 kW/m2to 320 kW/m2inside the compartment and from 17 kW/m2to 

120 kW/m2 outside the compartment during the fully developed fire stage, depending on the 

locations. Due to the exposed ceiling, the heat fluxes to the exterior façade were higher in 

Test 1-4 than in Test 1-1. 
A1-010659.1 88

Figure 75. Heat fluxes inside and outside the compartment during Test 1-4 (test 

terminated at 159 min).
A1-010659.1 89

3.4.5 Temperatures at surface and in depth of CLT as well as gypsum board 

interfaces

Figure 76 shows the temperatures measured at the CLT surfaces, interfaces between gypsum 

board layers and inside CLT panels. The temperature profiles show that, before the flashover,

the exposed ceiling was already ignited. 

Based on the timing when the embedded thermocouples in the ceiling measured 300 °C, the 

char front reached 20 mm, 35 mm, 50 mm and 65 mm deep at 37 min, 58 min, 116 min and 

153 min, respectively, in the CLT ceiling panel 11_003. The embedded thermocouple in 35 mm 

depth of the ceiling shows a relatively gradual increase of the temperature at the first glueline in 

the CLT from 100°C to 600 °C while the prevailing compartment temperature stayed at above 

1000 °C. The delamination of the first ply of the CLT might have occurred after the char front 

passing the first glueline at that location. However, the embedded thermocouple in 65 mm depth 

of the ceiling does show a sharp temperature rise at around 150 min, from approximately 

240 °C to 500 °C. This indicates that the delamination of the second ply of the CLT occurred 

prior to the char front reaching the second glueline. At the end of the test (159 min), the 

temperatures at the 90 mm, 115 mm and 140 mm depths in the CLT ceiling panel were 113 °C, 

76 °C and 49 °C. This indicated that the char front would move into a depth in-between 65 mm 

and 90 mm at that location (65 mm < char depth <90 mm), which was confirmed in the post test 

observation. 

In the wall assemblies, the heat transfer through the gypsum board also followed the typical 

three-stage pattern as indicated by the temperature profiles at the interfaces: an initial 

temperature rise to 100 °C, a period of gypsum calcinations at the constant temperature of 

100 °C, then temperature increasing again after the calcination. The temperatures at the 

interface between the face and mid layers of gypsum board, increased sharply to the 

compartment temperatures at 46-60 min in the W1 wall and 73 min in the W4 wall, indicating the 

fall-off of the face layer gypsum board from the W1 and W4 walls. The fall-off time of the face 

layer gypsum board from the W3 wall was not obvious based on the interface temperature but 

should be 70-80 min as the interface temperatures reached the compartment temperatures at 

this time. At the end of the test, two layers of gypsum board remained on the W1, W2, W3 and 

W4 walls.

In the W1 and W3 walls, the temperatures at the gypsum board base layer and CLT interface 

reached 300 °C at 77-141 min in the middle and rear sections of the W1 and W3 walls and 

increased to 400-530 °C afterwards. This indicated that the W1 and W3 wall panels started 

charring on the surface behind the base layer gypsum board in the middle and rear sections of 

the walls. Inside the W1 and W3 panels, the maximum temperatures were 143 °C at the 20 mm 

depth, 20 °C at the 140 mm depth, and the ambient temperature on the exterior surface (well 

below the wood charring temperature of 300 °C). This indicated that the char in the W1 and W3 

walls was less than 20 mm deep and should have negligible contribution to the compartment fire 

since there were still two layers of gypsum board covering the CLT surface (no flaming 

combustion occurred at the CLT wall surface). In the W4 wall, the temperatures at the gypsum 

board base layer and CLT interface were less than 240 °C and should have no contribution to 

the compartment fire.
A1-010659.1 90

Figure 76. Temperatures in CLT and at gypsum board interfaces in Test 1-4 (test 

terminated at 159 min).

3.4.6 Char depth of CLT panels

After the fire test, the CLT compartment was examined for char. Figure 77 shows photographs 

of the CLT compartment after Test 1-4. Table 9 and Table 10 list the char depths measured at 

several selected positions. Most areas of the ceiling lost more than two plies (70 mm) of CLT 

and 55% of the area charred to the third ply with a total char depth of up to 90 mm. On the W1 

wall, 40% of the surface had char of 4 mm to 14 mm depth; 60% of the surface had no char. On 
A1-010659.1 91

the W3 wall, 25% of the CLT surface had char of 2 mm to 10 mm; the rest of 75% had no char. 

On the W4 wall, 90% of the CLT surface had no char and 10% of the CLT had only surface 

char. Additional charring would have occurred if the test had been allowed to continue.

(a) top of ceiling (b) exterior of W1 wall

(c) interior with gypsum board removed (d) interior with gypsum board removed

(e) during demolition (f) ceiling panels

Figure 77. Photograph of CLT compartment and panels after Test 1-4.
A1-010659.1 92

Table 9. Char depth (mm) of CLT wall panels in Test 1-4.

Measurement 

locations

W1 Panel 

10_010

W1 Panel 

10_009

W1 Panel 

10_007

W4 Panel 

10_002

W3 Panel 

10_005

1.6 m height 0 0* - 14* 4* - 0* - 2* 0

1.1 m height 9 0 - 12* 1 - 0* - 0* 10

0.6 m height 8 0* - 10* 5* - 0* - 0* 10

* TC nearby on wall

Table 10. Char depth (mm) of CLT ceiling panels in Test 1-4.

Measurement 

locations 1/8 span (close to W1) 3/8 span 5/8 span 7/8 span (close to W3)

Ceiling Panel 

11_004

72 74 81 70

78 80 82 81

Ceiling Panel 

11_003

73 85* 90* 90

79 90 86* 86

Ceiling Panel 

11_002

75 70 (78) 80 81

72 (78) 70* 80* 70 (81)

Ceiling Panel 

11_001

71 (79) 71 (84) 66 (83) 79

68 (72) 66 (78) 68 (72) 68 (79)

* TC nearby on ceiling; nearby maximum in brackets

Table 11 shows the CLT sample that was cut from the ceiling panel 11_003 where the 

embedded thermocouples were installed. The thickness of the char was 71 mm (remaining CLT 

thickness was 104 mm). This confirms the char depth (65 mm < char depth < 90 mm) measured 

by the embedded thermocouples. 

Table 11. Char depth (mm) of cut CLT samples in Test 1-4.

CLT cut sample

Remaining 

thickness 

(mm) 

Char depth 

(mm) Image 

Test 1-4

Ceiling centre

Panel 11_003

(TC 98, 1-7)

104 71
A1-010659.1 93

As shown in Figure 77, the exterior surface of the CLT ceiling and walls had no char; neither did 

the exterior surface. The ceiling panel spline joints were covered with gypsum concrete on top 

but no sealant was used at any CLT joint of the compartment. Neither the wall panel joints nor 

the ceiling panel joints developed char. However, there was minor surface char developed 

outside the two back corners at the wall-ceiling junction (no burn through), which could have 

been prevented if the wall-ceiling joint had been sealed.

3.4.7 Contribution of the CLT structure to compartment fire

Based on the volume (depth x area) of the CLT charred, which was measured after the test, the 

CLT panels were estimated to contribute approximately 1800 kg of timber to the fire (mainly by 

the ceiling panels), which translated to 900 MJ/m2fuel load density to the floor area in addition 

to the movable fuel load. This brought the effective fuel load density to 1450 MJ/m2in Test 1-4. 

With the exposed ceiling in Test 1-4, flashover occurred earlier than in the baseline (Test 1-1).

The peak compartment temperatures were similar to the baseline. However, the heat fluxes to 

the exterior façade were higher in Test 1-4 than in Test 1-1. With the involvement of the 

exposed ceiling in the fire, the fully developed stage (initial intense burning period) was much 

longer than the baseline. The initial decay of the fire came after 75 min, compared to 45 min in 

baseline test. 

The heat release rate was higher than the baseline, as shown in Figure 78. By subtracting the 

baseline, Figure 79 shows the CLT contribution to the heat release rate during Test 1-4. A time 

shift was made to the baseline in order to line up the flashover time with Test 1-4 for proper 

subtraction. The CLT structure contributed a maximum of 5.5 MW to the heat release rate 

(mainly due to the exposed ceiling) in the fully developed fire stage and in the second flashover 

at the end.

Figure 78. Heat release rate of Test 1-4 superimposed over baseline (Test 1-1).
A1-010659.1 94

Figure 79. CLT contribution to heat release rate in Test 1-4 (baseline time shifted).

3.5 Test 1-5

A new CLT compartment was constructed using 5-ply 175 mm thick CLT panels for Test 1-5. As 

shown in Figure 80, the entire W1 wall was exposed – bare CLT surface. Three layers of 

15.9 mm (5/8 in.) thick Type X gypsum board were installed on the ceiling and the W2, W3 and 

W4 walls. Necessary adjustment was made to thermocouple locations for Test 1-5. For the 

gypsum protected W3 and W4 walls and ceiling, the embedded thermocouples, originally 

planned for 140 mm depth, were moved to the second glueline at 70 mm deep in the CLT.

Additional thermocouples were embedded in the exposed W1 wall to the CLT’s first and second 

gluelines (35 mm and 70 mm) at ten locations. Test 1-5 was conducted on April 13th, 2017 and 

designed to quantify the contribution of the exposed W1 wall to the compartment fire with 

Test 1-1 as the baseline (1.8 m x 2.0 m ventilation opening). (Test 1-5 had the same exposed 

wall surface (W1) as Test 1-3 but a smaller ventilation opening and one more layer of gypsum 

board on the W2, W3 and W4 walls than Test 1-3.)
A1-010659.1 95

Figure 80. Photograph of CLT compartment with exposed W1 wall for Test 1-5.

3.5.1 Fire development

Figure 81 shows some photographs of the CLT compartment during Test 1-5. The test started 

with ignition of the console table in the corner (Figure 81(a)). The smoke alarm and heat alarm 

activated at 1.8 min and 2.5 min, respectively. Between 1.2 min and 3.6 min, all ten STEs 

reached 68 °C, a typical temperature rating for residential sprinklers.

As shown in Figure 81(b), the fire ignited the exposed W1 wall panels in the dining area at 

9.2 min. The first dining chair nearest to the corner was ignited by the fire at 10 min, the tall 

bookcase near the dining area at 10.2 min, and the dining table at 10.3 min. By 10.5 min, the 

whole dining area was on fire. The smoke optical density measured at the 1.6 m height in the 

room centre reached 3.4 m-1 at 11.0 min. The W1 wall was then fully involved.

Flashover occurred at 11.5 min, as shown in Figure 81(c) and (d). The concentrations of O2, 

CO2 and CO concentrations changed dramatically. Large fire plume issued from the opening.

While the room content was consumed by 40 min, the W1 wall continued to burn. At 52 min, 

pieces of the charred first ply of the W1 panels started to fall off gradually and the fire started to 

decay significantly. The fire plume ceased to issue from the opening at 67 min and the W1 wall 

was clearly seen burning inside the compartment. Char of the CLT first ply was falling off the 

W1 wall until 75 min. The CLT second ply continued to burn on the W1 wall until 100 min. From 

100 min to 130 min, the CLT second ply showed charring but little visible flame (Figure 81(e)). 

From 130 min to 140 min, visible flame re-occurred and spread over the W1 wall again. Fire 

plume re-issued from the front opening at 140 min. The ceiling started full involvement in the fire

at 150 min and the W3 and W4 walls also became fully involved at 185 min, after losing all 

gypsum board protection (see subsection 3.5.5). By this time, all CLT panels in the 

compartment contributed to the compartment fire. The test was terminated at 202 min with fire 

suppression using two fire hoses spraying water to the compartment.
A1-010659.1 96

(a) ignition (b) W1 wall ignited at 9 min.

(c) just before flashover (d) flashover at 11.5 min

(e) exposed W1 wall at 111 min. (f) second flashover at 155 min

 

Figure 81. Photographs of the CLT compartment during Test 1-5.
A1-010659.1 97

3.5.2 Compartment temperatures

Figure 82 shows the compartment temperatures during Test 1-5. After the flashover, the peak 

temperatures reached 1200 °C in the front, middle and rear sections of the compartment 

sequentially. After the room contents were consumed and as the CLT charred first ply were 

falling off the W1 wall, the compartment temperatures decreased at 50-70 min. A small transient 

increase occurred at approximately 70 min as shown by each curve when the CLT second ply 

started flaming on the W1 wall. The compartment temperatures continued to decrease even 

with the CLT second ply visibly flaming from 75 min to 100 min. As the CLT second ply ceased 

flaming on the W1 wall, the compartment temperatures further dropped, reaching the minimum 

temperatures at 130 min. With the flames re-occurring on the W1 wall and the fire involving the 

ceiling, the compartment temperatures grew to over 1000 °C at 150 min. The temperatures 

further increased to above 1100 °C when the W3 and W4 walls got involved in the fire after 

180 min. 
A1-010659.1 98

Figure 82. Temperatures in the compartment space during Test 1-5 (height in cm, test 

terminated at 202 min).
A1-010659.1 99

3.5.3 Heat release rate

Figure 83 shows the heat release rate during Test 1-5. The HRR was 9.6 MW at the initial peak 

right after the flashover and maintained above 5 MW until 50 min. As the fire decayed, the HRR 

reduced to 1 MW at 130 min. A second flashover occurred at 150 min and the HRR rose to over 

6 MW after the re-occurred flaming on the W1 wall and involvement of the ceiling in the fire.

With the W3 and W4 walls involved in the fire after 180 min, the HRR further climbed to 10 MW. 

The test was terminated at 202 min by suppressing the fire.

Figure 83. Heat release rate during Test 1-5 (test terminated at 202 min).

3.5.4 Heat flux inside and outside fire compartment

Figure 84 shows heat fluxes measured inside and outside the fire compartment during Test 1-5, 

displaying similar shapes as the heat release rate and the compartment temperatures. The 

initial spike of each curve corresponded to the flashover. Table 5 provides the peak heat flux 

values at the fully developed fire stage after the flashover (note that the large vertical spikes for 

the ceiling and the W3 and W4 walls are discounted as they were caused by odd data points). 

During the initial fully developed fire stage, the heat fluxes ranged from 175 kW/m2to 

290 kW/m2inside the compartment and from 15 kW/m2to 120 kW/m2 outside the compartment, 

depending on the locations. During the second flashover, the heat fluxes to the exterior façade 

were even higher than the initial peaks. 
A1-010659.1 100

Figure 84. Heat fluxes inside and outside the compartment during Test 1-5 (test 

terminated at 202 min).
A1-010659.1 101

3.5.5 Temperatures at surface and in depth of CLT as well as gypsum board 

interfaces

Figure 85 shows the temperatures measured at the CLT surfaces, interfaces between gypsum 

board layers and inside CLT panels. The temperature profiles show that, before the flashover,

the exposed W1 wall was already ignited. Based on the timing when the embedded 

thermocouples in the W1 wall at the mid-length and 1.8 m height measured 300 °C, the char 

front reached the depths of 20 mm, 35 mm, 50 mm, 70 mm, 90 mm and 115 mm at 43 min, 

59 min, 80 min, 142 min, 175 min and 202 min, respectively, in CLT panel 10_018. At the end of 

the test, the temperature at 140 mm depth in the CLT panel was 85 °C.

The embedded thermocouples in 35 mm depths at the five locations in the W1 wall reached 

300 °C at 49 min to 72 min, indicating that the char front reached the first glueline in the CLT 

panels. By visual observation, the charred CLT first ply was falling off the W1 wall from 52 min 

to 75 min. The embedded thermocouples in 70 mm depth at the five locations in the W1 wall 

reached 300 °C at 140-154 min during the second flashover with sharp temperature rises from 

below 300 °C to the prevailing compartment temperature. This indicated delamination of the 

second ply of the CLT prior to the char front reaching the second glueline. The third ply of CLT 

on the W1 wall started charring as well.

In the ceiling assembly, the temperatures at the interface between the face and middle layers of 

gypsum board increased sharply to the compartment temperatures at 32-45 min, indicating the 

fall-off of the face layer gypsum board. The fall-off of the face layer gypsum board resulted in 

the middle layer gypsum board being directly exposed to the fire, resulting in an increased rate

of conductive heat transfer through the middle layer to its interface with the gypsum board base 

layer. The middle layer gypsum board fell off the rear section of the ceiling at 70 min, as 

indicated by the interface temperatures. The temperatures at the gypsum board base layer and 

CLT interface reached 300 °C at 70-85 min and the ceiling CLT panels started charring behind 

the base layer gypsum board. At 144-155 min, as indicated by the interface temperatures, the 

base layer gypsum board fell off the ceiling, exposing the CLT ceiling panels to the 

compartment fire which led to the second flashover. The embedded thermocouples in the ceiling 

centre (CLT panel 11_007) reached 300 °C in the depths of 20 mm, 35 mm and 50 mm at 

163 min, 175 min and 186 min, respectively, during the second flashover. As indicated by the 

sharp temperature increase at the 35-mm depth, the delamination of the first ply of the charred 

CLT occurred prior to the char front reaching the first glueline, and the charred first ply of the 

CLT fell off the ceiling at 175 min. The second ply of the ceiling panels started charring as well.

Based on the temperatures at the interface between the face and middle layers of gypsum on 

the W3 and W4 walls, the face layer gypsum board fell off the W3 and W4 walls at 50 and 

70 min, respectively. The CLT interfaces reached the charring temperature of 300 °C in the W3 

and W4 walls at 98 min and 148 min, respectively. During the second flashover, the middle 

layer of the gypsum board fell off the W3 and W4 wall at 155-180 min; the base layer of the 

gypsum board fell off the W3 and W4 walls at 185-190 min, fully exposing the CLT wall panels 

and further intensifying the compartment fire until the end of the test. However, the 

temperatures at the CLT first glueline were less than 175 °C in the W3 and W4 walls. The 

temperatures on the W3 and W4 exterior surfaces were less than 40 °C during the test.
A1-010659.1 102

Figure 85. Temperatures in CLT and at gypsum board interfaces in Test 1-5 (test 

terminated at 202 min).

3.5.6 Char depth of CLT panels

After the fire test, the CLT compartment was examined for char. Figure 86 shows photographs 

of the CLT compartment and char measurement after Test 1-5. Eight sampling holes were 

drilled through each CLT panel for char measurements. Table 12 and Table 13 list the char

depths measured at the sampling-hole locations for each panel. The exposed W1 wall charred 

up to 141 mm (with the last ply supporting the ceiling structure), the ceiling up to 79 mm, the W3 
A1-010659.1 103

and W4 walls up to 52 mm, at the sampling locations. Additional charring would have occurred if 

the test had been allowed to continue.

(a) interior of CLT compartment after Test 1-5 (b) exterior of exposed W1 after Test 1-5

(c) drilling holes through ceiling panels (d) char measurement by drilled holes 

(e) drilled holes through wall panels (f) cutting sample for char measurement 

Figure 86. Observation and measurement of char after Test 1-5.
A1-010659.1 104

Table 12. Char depth (mm) of CLT wall panels in Test 1-5.

Height

W3 Panels W4 Panels W1 Panels

10_023 10_022 10_021 10_020 10_014 10_015 10_016 10_017 10_018 10_019

2.1 m 9 13 15 22 30 22 25 18 25 43 49 48 130 138 138 130 133 137 132 126

1.6 m 13 15 26 33* 41 48 27 25 37 37* 51 47 130 141* 139 138 134* 141 132* 129

1.1 m 13 16 52 38* 45 42 39 35 40 35* 45 44 133 134 135 138 135* 138 132 130

0.6 m 5 0 38 33* 32 37 33 30 33 32* 44 45 115 120* 102 125 128* 129 138* 121

* TC nearby on wall

Table 13. Char depth (mm) of CLT ceiling panels in Test 1-5.

Measurement 

locations 7/8 span (close to W3) 5/8 span 3/8 span 1/8 span (close to W1)

Ceiling Panel 

11_008

25 45 60 70

35 55 60 70

Ceiling Panel 

11_007

47 60* 72* 76

55 62 72* 79

Ceiling Panel 

11_006

58 64 70 73

62 62* 72* 74

Ceiling Panel 

11_005

53 54 67 68

51 58 66 66

* TC nearby on ceiling

Table 14 shows the CLT samples that were cut from the ceiling and wall panels where the 

embedded thermocouples were installed. The thickness of the char was 117-130 mm in the W1 

wall panels, 69 mm in the ceiling panels, and 33-39 mm in the W3 and W4 wall panels. This 

confirmed the char depths measured by the embedded thermocouples. 
A1-010659.1 105

Table 14. Char depth (mm) of cut CLT samples in Test 1-5.

CLT cut sample

Remaining 

thickness 

(mm) 

Char depth 

(mm) Image 

Test 1-5

Ceiling centre

Panel 11_007

(TC 98, 1-7)

106 69

Test 1-5

W1 – front

0.6 m high

Panel 10_019

(TC 62, 63, 64)

47 128

Test 1-5

W1 – rear

0.6 m high

Panel 10_016

(TC 65, 66, 67)

52 123

Test 1-5

W1 – front

1.8 m high

Panel 10_019

(TC 56, 57, 58)

45 130

Test 1-5

W1 – mid length 

1.8 m high

Panel 10_018

(TC 49, 8-14, 55)

57 118
A1-010659.1 106

CLT cut sample

Remaining 

thickness 

(mm) 

Char depth 

(mm) Image 

Test 1-5

W1 – rear

1.8 m high

Panel 10_016

(TC 59, 60, 61)

58 117

Test 1-5

W3 – mid length

1.8 m high

Panel 10_022

(TC 70, 15-21)

142 33

Test 1-5

W4 – mid length 

1.8 m high

Panel 10_014

(TC 79, 22-28)

136 39

Figure 87 shows the exterior surface of the CLT ceiling and walls after the test. Although no 

sealant was used at any CLT joints of the compartment, there were only a few spots at the 

ceiling-wall joints and at the W1 panel joints where smoke escaped and char appeared. 

However, there was no burn through during the test.
A1-010659.1 107

(a) W1 wall (b) ceiling panels 11_007 and 11_008

(c) W3 wall (d) ceiling panels 11_006 and 11_007

(e) W4 wall (f) ceiling panels 11_005 and 11_006 

Figure 87. Exterior surface and joints of CLT compartment after Test 1-5.
A1-010659.1 108

3.5.7 Contribution of the CLT structure to compartment fire

In addition to the exposed W1 wall panels, the protected ceiling panels contributed to the 

compartment fire after 140 min and the protected wall panels contributed after 170 min. Based 

on the volume (depth x area) of the CLT charred, which was measured after the test, the CLT 

panels in the exposed W1 wall were estimated to contribute approximately 1800 kg of timber to 

the fire, the CLT ceiling panels approximately 1400 kg, and the CLT panels in all other walls 

approximately 830 kg, which translated to 2000 MJ/m2fuel load density to the floor area in 

addition to the movable fuel load.

With the exposed W1 wall in Test 1-5, flashover occurred earlier than in the baseline (Test 1-1). 

The peak compartment temperatures were similar to the baseline. The initial heat release rate 

was similar to the baseline, as shown in Figure 88, because the burning rate was largely 

controlled by the ventilation. However, the initial decay occurred later and the heat fluxes to the 

exterior façade were higher in Test 1-5 than the baseline. The exposed W1 wall extended the 

fully developed stage (initial intense burning period) 10 min longer than the baseline before 

reaching the decay stage. During the second flashover, which was caused by the re-flash on the

W1 wall and the full involvement of the ceiling panels in the fire, the heat release rate 

rebounded to over 6 MW from 140 min to 155 min. The HRR further climbed to 10 MW with the 

full involvement of all other walls in the fire after 185 min.

By subtracting the baseline, Figure 89 shows the CLT contribution to the heat release rate 

during Test 1-5. A time shift was made to the baseline in order to line up the flashover time with 

Test 1-5 for proper subtraction. The CLT structure contributed a maximum of 3.3 MW, 6.3 MW

and 9.5 MW to the heat release rate at the fully developed fire stage, second flashover and near 

the end of the test, respectively.

Figure 88. Heat release rate of Test 1-5 superimposed over baseline (Test 1-1).
A1-010659.1 109

Figure 89. CLT contribution to heat release rate in Test 1-5 (baseline time shifted).

Ventilation conditions had a great impact on the compartment fires as shown in Figure 90, 

Figure 91 and Figure 92. The figures demonstrate the effect of two different ventilation 

conditions in Test 1-3 and Test 1-5 on the fire development and on the CLT contribution to the 

fires, with the same exposed wall surface. In the initial period after flashover, the peak 

temperatures in the compartments and openings were similar in both tests. However, the heat 

release rate and exterior heat fluxes (especially those away from the opening) were higher in 

Test 1-3 (with the larger ventilation opening) than Test 1-5 (with the smaller ventilation opening), 

suggesting more exterior combustion in Test 1-3. The fire started to decay quickly in Test 1-3 at 

37 min. In Test 1-5, the fire was only reduced slightly at 40 min and continued with the flaming 

and delamination of the CLT first ply from the W1 wall until 75 min, followed by a 60-min period 

of decay. In Test 1-3, the CLT first ply on the W1 wall did not delaminated until 90-100 min; the 

second ply delaminated at 190-205 min, after which the fire continued to decay with the flame 

detached from the wall. With more heat trapped inside the compartment due to the smaller 

ventilation opening used in Test 1-5, the second ply of the CLT on the W1 wall re-flashed and 

delaminated earlier at 140-150 min, which further induced the full involvement of the ceiling and 

all other walls in the fire. The amount of char in Test 1-5 was approximately 3.6 times of that in 

Test 1-3.
A1-010659.1 110

Figure 90. Effect of ventilation – Heat release rates in Test 1-3 and Test 1-5.
A1-010659.1 111

(a) compartment temperatures (Test 1-3) (b) compartment temperatures (Test 1-5)

(c) temperatures at opening (Test 1-3) (d) temperatures at opening (Test 1-5)

(e) exterior temperatures on façade (Test 1-3) (f) exterior temperatures on façade (Test 1-5)

Figure 91. Effect of ventilation – Temperatures in Test 1-3 and Test 1-5.
A1-010659.1 112

(a) exterior heat flux to façade (Test 1-3) (b) exterior heat flux to façade (Test 1-5)

(c) exterior heat flux at distance (Test 1-3) (d) exterior heat flux at distance (Test 1-5)

Figure 92. Effect of ventilation – Exterior heat fluxes in Test 1-3 and Test 1-5.

3.6 Test 1-6

A new CLT compartment was constructed using 5-ply 175 mm thick CLT panels for Test 1-6.

The entire ceiling and W1 wall were exposed (bare CLT surface), as shown in Figure 93. Three 

layers of 15.9 mm (5/8 in.) thick Type X gypsum board were installed on the W2, W3 and W4

walls. Gypsum concrete (38 mm thick x 305 mm wide or 1-1/2 in. thick x 12 in. wide) was 

poured on the top of each spline joint of the ceiling panels on the outside,

Necessary adjustment was made to thermocouple locations for Test 1-5. For the gypsum 

protected W3 and W4 walls, the embedded thermocouples originally planned for 140 mm depth 

were moved to the second glueline at 70 mm deep in the CLT. Additional thermocouples were 

embedded in the exposed ceiling and W1 wall to the CLT’s first and second gluelines (35 mm 

and 70 mm) at twenty locations.

Test 1-6 was conducted on April 18th, 2017 and designed to quantify the contribution of the 

exposed ceiling and W1 wall to the compartment fire with Test 1-1 as the baseline (1.8 m x 

2.0 m ventilation opening).
A1-010659.1 113

Figure 93. CLT compartment with exposed ceiling and W1 wall for Test 1-6.

3.6.1 Fire development

Figure 94 shows some photographs of the CLT compartment during Test 1-6. The test started 

with ignition of the console table in the dining area corner. The smoke alarm and heat alarm 

activated at 2 min and 3 min, respectively. Between 1.6 min and 3.9 min, all ten STEs reached 

68 °C, a typical temperature rating for residential sprinklers. 

The fire ignited the exposed W1 wall near the corner at 7.3 min and the exposed ceiling above 

at 8.5 min. The dining table and chairs, as well as the tall bookcase near the dining area, were 

ignited by the fire at 9.2 min. The smoke optical density measured at the 1.6 m height in the 

room centre reached 3.4 m-1 9.4 min.

Flashover occurred at 9.8 min. Large fire plume issued from the opening. After the room content 

was consumed, the exposed ceiling and W1 wall continued to burn with large fire plume issuing 

from the opening. At 80 min, the fire plume reduced in size and mainly issued from the upper 

right part of the opening and the interior of the compartment became partly visible. Most of the 

face layer gypsum board already fell off the W3 wall while the face layer gypsum board on the 

W4 wall started to fall. At 90 min, the W3 wall was seen to have lost some middle layer gypsum 

board with flare at several gypsum board joints on the base layer. At 100 min, the fire plume 

increased in size obstructing the view into the compartment. As the fire continued to grow, the 

ceiling appeared to sag at 120 min. At 150 min, flames burnt through a hole at the ceiling-wall 

junction between panels 10_009 and 11_003 near the ceiling spline joint. At 156 min flames

burnt through the ceiling joint between ceiling panels 11_003 and 11_004. 

The test was terminated at 160 min with fire suppression. Ceiling panel 11_003 (one of the four 

ceiling panels) collapsed into the compartment at 30 s after commencing the fire suppression.

The large flame was extinguished within 1 min and glowing debris were extinguished within 

5 min of the fire suppression operation. Connected to a stand pipe opening at 690 kPa 

(100 psi), two charged hose lines (38 mm diameter or 1.5 in. diameter) delivered 6.3 L/s 

(100 gpm) of water each through two low-pressure nozzles (517 kPa or 75 psi). Lower flow 

rates and pressures were used for overhaul.
A1-010659.1 114

(a) first item ignited in the corner (b) outside view of ignition

(c) ceiling ignited above the dining area (d) just before flashover

(e) flashover (f) at 60 min

(g) at 120 min (h) at 160 min

Figure 94. Photographs of the CLT compartment during Test 1-6.
A1-010659.1 115

3.6.2 Compartment temperatures

Figure 95 shows the compartment temperatures during Test 1-6. After the flashover, the peak 

temperatures reached 1200 °C in the front, middle and rear sections of the compartment, 

consecutively. The compartment temperatures stayed above 1000 °C until the end of the test, 

including a transient decrease in the vicinity of 90 min.

Figure 95. Temperatures in the compartment space during Test 1-6 (height in cm, test 

terminated at 160 min).
A1-010659.1 116

3.6.3 Temperatures at surface and in depth of CLT and gypsum board interfaces

Figure 96 shows the temperatures measured at the CLT surfaces, interfaces between gypsum 

board layers and inside CLT panels. Before the flashover, the exposed ceiling and W1 wall were 

already ignited by the fire. 

Based on the timing when the embedded thermocouples in the ceiling measured 300 °C, the 

char front reached the depths of 20 mm, 35 mm, 50 mm, 65 mm, 70 mm, 90 mm and 115 mm at 

44 min, 59 min, 67 min, 84 min, 98 min, 126 min and 160 min, respectively, in the CLT ceiling 

panel 11_003 (near the centre of the compartment). The thermocouples embedded in 35 mm 

depths at the five locations in the ceiling reached 300 °C at 52 min to 68 min, respectively, 

indicating that the char front reached the first glueline in the CLT ceiling. Some of the five 

locations in 35 mm depth show relatively gradual temperature rises after reaching 220 °C at the 

first glueline while others show sharp temperature rises to the prevailing compartment 

temperature. The thermocouples embedded in 70 mm depth at the five locations of the ceiling, 

which reached 300 °C at 88 min to 101 min, respectively, also show similar changes of 

temperatures. The data from the ceiling indicate that delamination may occur before or after the 

char front passing the glueline (i.e., below or above the charring temperature) in the test. The 

third ply and forth ply of the CLT ceiling panels started charring at 126 min and 160 min, 

respectively. At the end of the test (160 min), the temperatures at the 140 mm depth in the CLT 

ceiling panel 11_003 (the glueline to the last ply of the CLT) was 83 °C. This indicated that the 

char depth would be less than four plies of the CLT panel (115 mm < char depth <140 mm), 

which was confirmed in the post test observation. 

The embedded thermocouples in the W1 wall panel 10_009 measured 300 °C in the depths of 

20 mm, 35 mm, 50 mm, 65 mm, 70 mm, 90 mm and 115 mm at 49 min, 65 min, 85 min, 

101 min, 105 min, 133 min and 154 min, respectively. The embedded thermocouples in 35 mm 

depths at the five locations in the W1 wall reached 300 °C at 54 min to 79 min, indicating that 

the char front reached the first glueline in the CLT panels. The embedded thermocouples in 

70 mm depth at the five locations in the wall panels reached 300 °C at 99 min to124 min, 

indicating the third ply of the CLT ceiling panels started charring. At the end of the test 

(160 min), the temperatures at the 140 mm depth in the CLT panel 10_009 was 75 °C. This 

indicated that the char front moved into the fourth ply of the CLT panel (115 mm < char depth <

140 mm), which was confirmed in the post test observation. 

In the protected W3 and W4 wall assemblies, the heat transfer through the gypsum board also 

followed the typical three-stage pattern as indicated by the temperature profiles at the 

interfaces: an initial temperature rise to 100 °C, a period of gypsum calcinations at the constant 

temperature of 100 °C, then temperature increasing again after the calcination. The

temperatures at the interface between the face and middle layers of gypsum board increased 

sharply to the compartment temperatures at 55 min and 77 min in the upper portion of the W3 

and W4 walls, respectively, indicating the beginning of fall-off of the face layer gypsum board 

from the W3 and W4 walls. The fall-off of the face layer gypsum board resulted in the middle 

layer gypsum board being directly exposed to the fire, resulting in an increased rate of 

conductive heat transfer through the middle layer to its interface with the gypsum board base 

layer. The middle layer gypsum board started falling off the W3 and W4 walls at 85 min and 

93 min, respectively, as indicated by the interface temperatures. The temperatures at the 

gypsum board base layer and CLT interface reached 300 °C at 86 min and 102 min in the W3 

and W4 walls, respectively, and the CLT panels started charring behind the base layer gypsum 

board. At 125-130 min, as indicated by the interface temperatures, the base layer gypsum board 

fell off the W3 and W4 walls, fully exposing the CLT panels to the compartment fire. The 

charring temperature of 300 °C was reached in the CLT panels: 20 mm, 35 mm and 50 mm 

depths in the W3 panel 10_005 at 127 min, 142 min and 157 min (50 mm < char < 70 mm), and 
A1-010659.1 117

20 mm and 35 mm depths in the W4 panel 10_002 at 140 min and 154 min (35 mm < char < 

70 mm), respectively. The temperature measured using the embedded thermocouples in other 

depths were all below 135 °C. The temperatures on the W3 and W4 exterior surfaces were less 

than 30 °C during the test.

Figure 96. Temperatures in CLT and at gypsum board interfaces in Test 1-6 (test 

terminated at 160 min).
A1-010659.1 118

3.6.4 Heat release rate

Figure 97 shows the heat release rate during Test 1-6. The heat release rate had an initial peak 

of 12.9 MW right after the flashover and maintained above 6 MW during the test. The heat 

release rate varied with time. The intense burning of the surface ply of the exposed ceiling and 

W1 wall panels kept the HRR at 8 MW initially. Starting at 55 min, the charred CLT surface ply 

delaminated from the ceiling and W1 wall and the second ply started to be involved in the fire, 

increasing the HRR to 9 MW. After the surface ply completely delaminated from the ceiling and 

W1 wall, the HRR started to decrease at 75 min and dropped to 6.5 MW at 90 min. From 90 min

to 100 min, the HRR climbed back to 9 MW as the second ply on the ceiling charred through 

and delaminated with the third ply involved. From 100 min to 125 min, the HRR stayed at 9 MW 

while the second ply on the W1 wall charred through and delaminated, exposing the third ply. At 

125 min to 130 min, the protected W3 and W4 walls lost the last layer of gypsum board and the 

CLT panels were fully exposed to the fire, which further increased the HRR to 10 MW. At 

147 min, the HRR decreased to 9 MW, which corresponded to charring through and 

delamination of the third ply from the ceiling and W1 wall. All CLT panels contributed to the 

compartment fire from this point.

Figure 97. Heat release rate during Test 1-6 (test terminated at 160 min).

3.6.5 Heat flux inside and outside fire compartment

Figure 98 shows heat fluxes measured inside and outside the fire compartment during Test 1-6. 

The initial spike of each curve corresponded to the flashover. Table 5 provides the peak heat 

flux values at the fully developed fire stage after the flashover (note that the large vertical spikes

for the ceiling and the W3 and W4 walls as well as above the opening are discounted as they 

were caused by odd data points). The heat fluxes ranged from 170 kW/m2to 290 kW/m2inside 

the compartment and 20 kW/m2to 120 kW/m2 outside the compartment during the fully 

developed fire stage, depending on the locations. 
A1-010659.1 119

Figure 98. Heat fluxes inside and outside the compartment during Test 1-6 (test 

terminated at 160 min).

3.6.6 Char depth of CLT panels

After the fire test, the CLT compartment was examined for char. Figure 99 shows photographs 

of the CLT compartment after Test 1-6. After the test, there was a 406-mm (16 in.) deflection for 

the remaining ceiling panels.
A1-010659.1 120

(a) Compartment interior surface (b) Ceiling exterior surface

(c) W1 exterior surface (d) W2 exterior surface

(e) W3 exterior surface (f) W4 exterior surface

Figure 99. CLT compartment after Test 1-6.
A1-010659.1 121

As shown in Figure 99, eight sampling holes were drilled through each CLT panel for char 

measurements. Table 15 and Table 16 list the char depths measured at the sampling-hole 

locations for each panel. The exposed ceiling charred 116-154 mm, the exposed W1 wall 

88-143 mm, the W3 wall 5-66 mm and the W4 wall 25-68 mm at the sampling locations. 

Additional charring would have occurred if the test had been allowed to continue.

Table 15. Char depth (mm) of CLT wall panels in Test 1-6.

Height

W1 Panels W4 Panels W3 Panels

10_010 10_009 10_008 10_007 10_001 10_002 10_003 10_004 10_005 10_006

2.1 m 133 139 134 141 138 126 127 124 59 44 42 43 47 45 50 55 45 36 9 5

1.6 m 143 134* 136 141* 131 130 129* 125 65 54 49* 50 52 59 58 63 59* 35 6 16

1.1 m 138 135 130 132* 138 125 120 126 68 60 48* 45 54 57 64 64 66* 50 6 16

0.6 m 89 99* 92 88* 95 93 96* 94 40 42 25* 33 28 48 53 52 48* 48 10 13

* TC nearby on wall

Table 16. Char depth (mm) of CLT ceiling panels in Test 1-6.

Measurement 

locations 1/8 span (close to W1) 3/8 span 5/8 span 7/8 span (close to W3)

Ceiling Panel 

11_004

131 124 116 117

123 132 129 125

Ceiling Panel 

11_003

147 154* 135* 130

147 - 132* 135

Ceiling Panel 

11_002

133 133 144 129

141 130* 131* 134

Ceiling Panel 

11_001

132 129 131 129

132 123 122 123

* TC nearby on ceiling

Table 17 shows the CLT samples that were cut from the ceiling and wall panels where the 

embedded thermocouples were installed. The thickness of the char was 124-154 mm in the 

ceiling panels, 107-123 mm in the W1 wall panels, and 47-56 mm in the W3 and W4 wall 

panels. This confirmed the char depth measured by the embedded thermocouples. 
A1-010659.1 122

Table 17. Char depth (mm) of cut CLT samples in Test 1-6.

CLT cut sample

Remaining 

thickness

(mm) 

Char depth 

(mm) Image 

Test 1-6

Ceiling centre

Panel 11_003

(TC 98, 1-7, 100)

51 124

Test 1-6

Ceiling above 

Tree 1

Panel 11_002

(TC 86, 87, 88)

36 139

Test 1-6

Ceiling above 

Tree 2

Panel 11_003

(TC 89, 90, 91)

21 154

Test 1-6

Ceiling above 

Tree 3

Panel 11_003

(TC 92, 93, 94)

42 133

Test 1-6

Ceiling above 

Tree 4

Panel 11_002

(TC 95, 96, 97)

44 131

Test 1-6

W1 – front

0.6 m high

Panel 10_010

(TC 62, 63, 64)

66 109
A1-010659.1 123

CLT cut sample

Remaining 

thickness 

(mm) 

Char depth 

(mm) Image 

Test 1-6

W1 – rear

0.6 m high

Panel 10_007

(TC 65, 66, 67)

68 107

Test 1-6

W1 – front

1.8 m high

Panel 10_010

(TC’s 56, 57, 58)

52 123

Test 1-6

W1 – mid length 

1.8 m high

Panel 10_009

(TC 49, 8-14, 55 )

52 123

Test 1-6

W1 – rear

1.8 m high

Panel 10_007

(TC 59, 60, 61)

53 122

Test 1-6

W3 – mid length 

1.8 m high

Panel 10_005

(TC 70, 15-21)

119 56

Test 1-6

W4 – mid length

1.8 m high

Panel 10_002

(TC 79, 22-28)

128 47
A1-010659.1 124

As shown in Figure 99, other than the char formed around the openings, the exterior surface of 

the CLT panels had char localized at the joint between the W1 wall and ceiling near the ceiling 

spline locations, Had sealant been used in the joints, the smoke leaked from the W1-ceiling 

junction could have been reduced and the burn through at the W1-ceiling junction spot and at 

one of the ceiling spline joints could have been delayed. However, based on the amount of char 

formed at these locations, the absence of sealant in joints had a negligible impact on the 

quantification of CLT contribution to the compartment fire.

3.6.7 Contribution of the CLT structure to compartment fire

In addition to the exposed ceiling and W1 wall panels, the protected panels in the W3 and W4 

walls contributed to the compartment fire after 125 min. Based on the volume (depth x area) of 

the CLT charred, which was measured after the test, the CLT panels in the exposed ceiling 

were estimated to contribute approximately 3020 kg of timber to the fire, the exposed W1 wall 

panels approximately 1680 kg, and the protected CLT panels in other walls approximately 

1070 kg, which translated to 2850 MJ/m2fuel load density to the floor area in addition to the 

movable fuel load.

With the exposed ceiling and W1 wall in Test 1-6, flashover occurred 5 min earlier than in the 

baseline (Test 1-1). The peak compartment temperatures were similar to the baseline, however, 

the compartment stayed at the peak temperatures until the end of the test. The heat release 

rate was higher than the baseline as shown in Figure 100. The heat fluxes to the exterior façade 

and to the targets away from the opening were much higher than the baseline. There was no 

decay of the fire during this test. The HRR was close to 10 MW at the end of the test before fire 

suppression.

By subtracting the baseline, Figure 101 shows the CLT contribution to the heat release rate 

during Test 1-6. A time shift was made to the baseline in order to line up the flashover time with 

Test 1-6 for proper subtraction. The CLT structure contributed a maximum of 7.5 MW when only 

the exposed ceiling and W1 wall were involved in the fire (55 min to 75 min), and a maximum of 

10 MW when all ceiling and wall panels were involved in the fire (after 130 min), to the heat 

release rate.
A1-010659.1 125

Figure 100. Heat release rate of Test 1-6 superimposed over baseline (Test 1-1).

Figure 101. CLT contribution to heat release rate in Test 1-6 (baseline time shifted).
A1-010659.1 126

3.7 Responses of Simulated Thermal Elements

Although the CLT compartment fire tests were conducted without sprinklers, simulated thermal 

elements (STE) donated by FM Global were used in the tests to replicate the time temperature 

response of a quick-response (QR) sprinkler element. In each test, ten STEs were installed at 

various locations. Between 1.2 min and 5.8 min, all the STEs reached 68 °C (a typical 

temperature rating for residential sprinklers). Figure 102 shows the temperature profiles 

measured using the STEs in each test. Table 18 shows the timing for each STE to reach the 

temperature of 68 °C. At these times, the fires in the tests were still limited to the first item 

ignited. Had sprinklers been installed in the tests, flashover would not have occurred with 

effective sprinkler operations. 

Table 18. Simulated thermal element activation times.

Simulated Thermal Element (STE) 

STE_1 STE_2 STE_3 STE_4 STE_5 STE_6 STE_7 STE_8 STE_9 STE_10

Distance 

below

ceiling, mm

- 305 305 305 457 305 305 305 457 305 305

Distance 

from

ignition

source, mm

X 6052 2275 9100 9100 6620 2275 0 0 6052 2275

Y 0 0 1000 1000 2300 2300 2300 2300 4600 4600

Z 2395 2395 2395 2243 2395 2395 2395 2243 2395 2395

Diagonal 6509 3303 9463 9426 7406 4025 3321 3213 7970 5663

Time to exceed 68 °C, s

Test 1-1 131 77 324 307 226 97 113 266 187 160

Test 1-2 152 101 262 278 189 114 92 234 145 113

Test 1-3 240 141 350 349 341 214 144 271 336 210

Test 1-4 128 82 210 203 155 102 76 177 135 105

Test 1-5 111 74 213 205 160 91 90 198 130 114

Test 1-6 151 96 231 236 187 111 106 235 156 115

Mean 152 95 265 263 210 122 104 230 182 136

SD 46 25 59 59 69 46 24 37 78 41
A1-010659.1 127

Figure 102. Responses of simulated thermal elements (STE’s) in CLT compartment tests.
A1-010659.1 128

4. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

As part of Phase 2 of the FPRF project, a series of six large CLT compartment fire tests were 

conducted, with the goal to quantify the contribution of CLT building elements to the 

compartment fires. The fire tests were conducted without sprinklers and without firefighting 

intervention until the end of the tests in order to achieve this goal. Note that it would be the 

typical arrangement and requirement for tall wood buildings to be equipped with automatic 

sprinklers in North America.

The CLT compartment fire tests produced a large amount of technical data, including the heat 

release rate, interior and exterior heat fluxes, gas and flow conditions, temperatures inside and 

outside the compartment, temperatures between gypsum board layers and inside the CLT 

structural panels, as well as char depth, etc., under various exposure conditions. The fire test 

data was analyzed to quantify the contribution of CLT building elements to the compartment 

fires, with the following conclusions. 

Test 1-1 and Test 1-2, with fully protected CLT compartments, defined the contribution of the 

movable fire load to the compartment fires and provided baselines to quantify the CLT 

contribution to the compartment fires in the tests involving various amounts of exposed CLT 

surfaces. Fully protecting the CLT compartments using gypsum board as the physical barrier 

was an effective means to delay and/or prevent the ignition and involvement of the timber 

structural elements in the fires, limiting and/or eliminating their contribution to the fires. In 

baseline Test 1-1, the three-layer gypsum board system completely prevented the ignition and 

involvement of the CLT structural elements in the fire and performed as well as non-combustible 

structural systems. In baseline Test 1-2, the two-layer gypsum board system successfully 

protected the CLT structure and limited the impact of the fire on the CLT structure with only 

surface char (less than 15 mm) in the rear section of the ceiling but no contribution to the 

compartment fire.

Ventilation conditions had significant impacts on the fire development in the compartments. In 

baseline Test 1-2, the larger ventilation opening accelerated combustion of the room contents, 

which intensified the exterior exposure, while shortening the intense burning duration. The peak 

temperatures and the heat fluxes inside the fire compartments were similar in both baseline 

tests but the fire decayed earlier in Test 1-2 with the larger opening. The heat release rate was 

higher but more intense burning occurred outside the fire compartment in Test 1-2 with the 

larger opening. The larger opening increased exterior fire exposure, which would have 

implications on the exterior façade and adjacent buildings. The smaller opening, as used in 

Test 1-1, delayed the onset of the decay phase, thereby extending the duration of the fullydeveloped phase.

Partially exposed CLT structure in Test 1-3, Test 1-4, Test 1-5 and Test 1-6 contributed to 

compartment fires to an extent depending on the area and orientation of exposed CLT surface 

and ventilation conditions. Note that Test 1-3 was terminated at 242 min (over 4 h), later than

Test 1-4, Test 1-5 and Test 1-6. The impact of the ventilation opening size on CLT contribution 

to the compartment fires was clearly demonstrated by Test 1-3 and Test 1-5 with the same long 

wall exposed (W1 wall). The peak temperatures in the compartments were similar in both tests. 

However, the heat release rate and exterior heat fluxes were higher, and the fire exhibited a 

general trend of decay in Test 1-3 with the larger ventilation opening although there were two 

small transient increases due to the delamination of two plies of CLT from the exposed wall. In 

Test 1-5, with the smaller ventilation opening, more heat was trapped inside the compartment 

and, after the initial decay, a large re-flash occurred on the exposed wall with delamination of 

the second ply of the CLT, which caused the second flashover and induced the full involvement 

of the ceiling and all other walls in the fire. Over the full test duration, the volume (depth x area) 
A1-010659.1 129

of the CLT charred in Test 1-5 with the smaller opening, was approximately 3.6 times of that in 

Test 1-3 with the larger opening although Test 1-5 was terminated 40 min earlier than Test 1-3.

In all the tests with the exposed CLT surface, flashover occurred earlier than in the baseline. 

The exposed CLT panels translated to more fuel loads in addition to the movable fuel load

(room contents) in the compartment. The peak compartment temperatures were similar to the 

baseline. However, the heat release rates and heat fluxes to the exterior façade were higher 

than the baseline. Other than Test 1-3, which had the larger opening and exhibited a general 

trend of decay, all tests with exposed CLT surface either had a second flashover due to the 

re-flash on the exposed surface or an intense fire continuously without any decay period. The 

heat-release-rate curves of the tests are given in Figure 103, while the total heat releases are 

shown in Figure 104. The data presented in these figures include contribution from both the 

contents and the CLT. The quantified contributions of the partially exposed CLT to the 

compartment fires are illustrated by Figure 105.

Figure 103. Heat release rates in CLT compartment tests.
A1-010659.1 130

Figure 104. Total heat releases in CLT compartment tests.

Figure 105 shows the heat release rates attributed to the CLT contributions. The quantified 

values for the CLT contributions are derived from Figure 70, Figure 79, Figure 89 and Figure 

101. The peak contributions to HRR, associated times, attributed CLT panels and surface areas 

are illustrated in Figure 105. For Test 1-5, only the W1 wall was involved in the fire initially, 

however, all walls and ceiling were involved in the fire at a later stage. Therefore, Figure 105

includes two data entries from Test 1-5 – the peak when only the W1 wall panels were 

contributing during the first 70 min, and the peak when all the CLT panels in the compartment 

were contributing during the last 10 min (see Figure 89). Similarly, Figure 105 has two data 

entries from Test 1-6 – the peak when only the W1 wall and ceiling panels were contributing 

during the first 75 min, and the peak when all the CLT panels in the compartment were 

contributing during the last 25 min (see Figure 101). Two curves fitting the data points are 

plotted in Figure 105 for the two ventilation conditions. The CLT contribution to the compartment 

fire increased with the increasing surface area of the CLT panels that were involved in the fires, 

and was also influenced by the ventilation condition.

The CLT panels used in this series of the compartment tests were manufactured using 2 x 4 

SPF lumber glued with a polyurethane adhesive (with a brand name of HBE). The delamination 

of unprotected (exposed) CLT panels led to re-flare and/or re growth of the fire after a period of 

decay in Test 1-3, Test 1-4 and Test 1-5 and no decay of the fire in Test 1-6.
A1-010659.1 131

Figure 105. CLT contributions to heat release rates in compartment tests.

During Test 1-3, Test 1-5 and Test 1-6, the heat flux measured at 2.4 m and 4.8 m away from 

the rough opening reached 60 kW/m2 and 25 kW/m2, respectively. During Test 1-3, a video 

camera positioned at 9 m away from the opening was damaged due to its polycarbonate casing 

melting. Based on the configuration factor, the heat flux would be 9 kW/m2 at the camera 

location (9 m away). To support the fire service request for a large opening factor, a stand-off 

distance should be at least 12 m away from the rough opening for staging firefighting as the 

heat flux would be attenuated to 5 kW/m2 at 12 m away from the opening.
A1-010659.1 132

Although the CLT compartment fire tests were conducted without sprinklers, simulated thermal 

elements (STE) donated by FM Global were used in the tests to predict the time temperature 

response of a quick-response sprinkler element. In all the tests, the STEs reached 68 °C (a 

typical temperature rating for residential sprinklers) in between 1.2 min and 5.8 min while the 

fires were still limited to the first item ignited (the console table). Had sprinklers been installed in 

the tests, flashover would not have occurred with effective sprinkler operations. Recent fire 

tests, conducted in support of code development efforts of the International Code Council’s Ad 

Hoc Committee on Tall Wood Buildings by US Department of Agriculture’s Forest Products 

Laboratory at the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives Fire Test Laboratory

collected additional data on the effectiveness of sprinklers in controlling and suppressing fires in 

fully exposed CLT compartments [9].

The CLT compartment fire test data from this FPRF project can be used to compare the fire 

performance of CLT structural systems with other types of structural systems used in tall 

buildings, to validate design equations and to develop a fire protection strategy to mitigate 

potential fire hazards to occupants, fire fighters and properties. As part of Phase 2 of the FPRF 

project, the test data is being used to develop and validate a modeling tool for predicting the 

influence of exposed CLT elements on the severity and duration of compartment fires.

5. FURTHER WORK 

Heat delamination of the exposed CLT affected its fire performance as observed in this series of 

the large-scale compartment fire tests. Further study is necessary to quantify the contribution of 

the CLT structural members that do not exhibit heat delamination. Reduced-scale fire tests are 

currently being conducted as part of the FPRF project to further study the delamination behavior 

of CLT with different adhesive types using the heat exposure conditions from Test 1-4 described 

in this report.

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge the auspices of the Fire Protection Research Foundation 

and the technical oversight of its Project Technical Panel. Financial support from the Fire 

Protection Research Foundation, Property Insurance Research Group, U.S. Department of 

Agriculture, U.S. Forest Service, American Wood Council, and National Research Council 

Canada is gratefully acknowledged. Donations of STE devices from FM Global and gypsum 

board from USG Corporation are also gratefully acknowledged.

The authors acknowledge Daniel Brandon and Birgit Östman of the RISE Research Institutes of 

Sweden for their valuable contributions to the test planning. The authors would like to thank 

technical and research staff of the National Research Council Canada and the National Institute 

of Standards and Technology: Ryan Kroeker, Michael Ryan, Yoon Ko, Eric Gibbs, Johnathon 

Gillis, Steve Cassidy, Daniel Frampton, Audrey Roy-Poirier and Lisette Seguin of NRCC, Artur

Chernovsky, Laurean DeLauter, Anthony Chakalis, Marco Fernandez, Philip Deardorff, Brian 

Story, Doris Rinehart and Rodney Bryant of NIST, for their contributions to the fire testing.

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Fire Protection Engineers/National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts,

2002.

18. Bundy, M.F., Hamins, A., Johnsson, E.L., Kim, S.C., Ko, G.H. and Lenhert, D.B. 

Measurements of Heat and Combustion Products in Reduced-Scale Ventilation-Limited 

Compartment Fires, National Institute of Standards and Technology, NIST TN 1483, 2007.

19. EN 1363-1 (2012). Fire Resistance Tests - Part 1 General Requirements, Brussels.

20. ISO 834. Fire resistance tests -- Elements of building construction, International 

Organization for Standardization, Geneva.

21. Häggkvist, A., Sjöström, J. and Wickström, U. Using plate thermometer measurements to 

calculate incident heat radiation, Journal of Fire Science 31 (2013) p. 166–177.

22. ASTM E3057-16. Standard Test Method for Measuring Heat Flux Using Directional Flame 

Thermometers with Advanced Data Analysis Techniques, ASTM International, West 

Conshohocken, PA, 2016.

23. McCaffrey, B.J. and Heskestad, G. Robust Bidirectional Low-Velocity Probe for Flame and 

Fire Applications, Combustion and Flame 1125-127 (1976).

24. ISO 13571. Life-threatening Components of Fire-Guidelines for the Estimation of Time 

Available for Escape Using Fire Data, International Organization for Standardization, 

Geneva, 2007.

25. ASTM E119-15. Standard Test Methods for Fire Tests of Building Construction and 

Materials, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2015.

26. CAN/ULC-S101-14. Standard Methods of Fire Endurance Tests of Building Construction 

and Materials, ULC Standards, National Standard of Canada, ULC Standards, Ottawa, ON, 

2014.

27. Su, J.Z. Fire Endurance of Exposed Cross-Laminated Timber Floor for Tall Buildings, 

CLIENT REPORT A1-008570.1, National Research Council, Ottawa, Ontario, 2016.
A1-010659.1 A-1

Appendix A - Instrumentation and gypsum board layout
A1-010659.1 A-2

Figure A 1. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

2480 1150 3450

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

2011 2334 2275

152

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

76 2300

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

152

76 152

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

89-91 86-88

92-94 95-97

115

116, 165

117

132

133

113, 164

1-7

112

114

123, 124

LOCATED 12" AND 18"

BELOW CEILING

127, 128

LOCATED 12" AND 18"

BELOW CEILING

121

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

122

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

125

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

3048

3048 1000 2452

PLATE THERMOMETER (SANDIA)

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

HEAT DETECTOR

SMOKE ALARM

VELOCITY PROBE

SPRINKLER TESTING ELEMENTS

SPRINKLER TESTING ELEMENTS X2

98-100

GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

1275

NOTE: THERMOCOUPLES

86, 89, 92, 95, 98 ARE TO BE

INSTALLED PRIOR TO

GYMPSUM WALL BOARD.

4665
A1-010659.1 A-3

Figure A 2. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - W1 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

PLATE THERMOMETER (SANDIA)

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE) GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

1927 580 1180 17801927 2374 2859

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

1977 OPEN SIDE

48, 51, 54

62, 63, 64 47, 50, 53 65, 66, 67

105

104, 161

103

8-14

49, 52, 55

102

106

108 56, 57, 58

109

111 59, 60, 61

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

(D)

(A) (B)

(C)

4475

EXTERIOR WALL
A1-010659.1 A-4

Figure A 3. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm) 580 1180 1780

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

4301 OPEN SIDE

69, 72, 75

68, 71, 74

15-21

70, 73, 76

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

4475

EXTERIOR WALL

PLATE THERMOMETER (SANDIA)

107, 162
A1-010659.1 A-5

Figure A 4. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

150MM VENTILATION

OPENING TO SIMULATE

LEAKAGE. 580 1180 1780

150MM VENTILATION

OPENING TO SIMULATE

LEAKAGE.

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

2022

110, 163

22-28

79, 82, 85

78, 81, 84

77, 80, 83

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

PLATE THERMOMETER (SANDIA)

LAMINATE

FLOOR

2196

EXTERIOR WALL
A1-010659.1 A-6

Figure A 5. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - Embedded Thermocouple Detail

140mm

115mm

90mm

65mm

50mm

35mm

20mm

5

8" TYPE-X GYPSUM BOARD

SURFACE

BASE GWB

MID GWB

7 x1/8" HOLES,

DRILLED FROM THE

UNEXPOSED SIDE

AROUND 2" DIA

CIRCLE FOR

EMBEDDED

THERMOCOUPLES

2" DIA

5 PLY CLT
A1-010659.1 A-7

Figure A 6. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - Instrumentation Tree Layout

INSTRUMENTATION TREES

TREE 02

TREE 03

TREE 06

TREE 07

TREE 05 TREE 01

TREE 04 1496

2536 1779 804 804 1496

1941
A1-010659.1 A-8

Figure A 7. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - Instrumentation Tree Specifications 600

(Dimensions in mm)

CLT CEILING

STRONG FLOOR

TREE 01 TREE 02 TREE 03 TREE 04 TREE 05 TREE 06

NOTE: FOR HORIZONTAL TREE

LOCATION REFER TO DRAWING

"LARGE COMPARTMENT CLT -

CEILING - INSTRUMENTATION

LAYOUT".

29

167

30

168

31

32

169

33

170

34

35

171

36

172

37

38

173

39

174

40

41

175

42

176

43

44

177

45

178

46

TREE 07

310 1100 1600 2100 2600

TREE MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

GAS CONCENTRATION SAMPLING TUBE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

101

134, 135, 136 P 120

P DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

137, 166

SMOKE OBSCURATION SAMPLING PIPE
A1-010659.1 A-9

Figure A 8. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - Exterior Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm) 617 1000 1000 1000 1000

THERMOCOUPLE

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

VELOCITY PROBE

THERMOCOUPLES

SPACED AT

250MM

THERMOCOUPLE

TREE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

2400

2400

145

146

147

149

150

148

139

141

143

144

179

180

181

182

157

184

155

183

151

152

156

158

159

154

153

140

142

138 1500

150mm OFFSET

OFF CENTER LINE
A1-010659.1 A-10

Figure A 9. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 41mm (1 5/8")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1921 3048 3048

397 3048 3048 2607 1219 1219 1219 943

1083
A1-010659.1 A-11

Figure A 10. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 57mm (2 1/4")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

2302 3048 3048

778 3048 3048 2194 525 1081 1219 1219

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

670 525
A1-010659.1 A-12

Figure A 11. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 76mm 3")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

3048 3048 2941

1524 3048 3048 1417 879 1219 1219 1219

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-13

Figure A 12. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - W1 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 41mm (1 5/8")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

305 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 261 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-14

Figure A 13. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - W1 - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 57mm (2 1/4")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

610 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 26681219 1143

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1

1/4") gap for

adjacent gypsum

boards
A1-010659.1 A-15

Figure A 14. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - W1 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 76mm (3")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 26681219 1219 502

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-16

Figure A 15. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - W2 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 41mm

(1 5/8") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1130 1219 1219 1000 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1800 2000

Door Opening
A1-010659.1 A-17

Figure A 16. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - W2 - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 57mm

(2 1/4") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

429 1219 1219 2668

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards 31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1800

Door Opening

1219 2000450
A1-010659.1 A-18

Figure A 17. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - W2 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 76mm

(3") Type-S Drywall Screws Used

847 1219 1219 2652

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1219

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1800 2000

Door Opening
A1-010659.1 A-19

Figure A 18. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 41mm (1 5/8")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

289 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 261 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-20

Figure A 19. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm 5/8"

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 57mm (2 1/4")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

594 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 26681219 1143

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-21

Figure A 20. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 76mm (3")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 26521219 1219 486

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.63mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.63mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-22

Figure A 21. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 41mm

(1 5/8") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

289 1219 1219 1219 638 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-23

Figure A 22. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 57mm

(2 1/4") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1219 1219 1219 301 2668

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

594

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-24

Figure A 23. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 76mm

(3") Type-S Drywall Screws Used

1219 1219 879 2652

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1204

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-25

Figure A 24. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - Wall - Gypsum Stagger at Ceiling

Wall

Ceiling

Note: Cross Section View
A1-010659.1 A-26

Figure A 25. Test 1-1 Large Compartment CLT - Wall - Gypsum Stagger in Corners

W2 W2

W4 W4

W3 W1

W3 W1

Note: Cross Section View
A1-010659.1 A-27

Figure A 26. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

2480 1150 3450

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

2011 2334 2275

152

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

76 2300

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

152

76 152

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

89, 90 86, 87

92, 93 95, 96

115

116, 165

117

132

133

113, 164

1-7

112

114

123, 124

LOCATED 12" AND 18"

BELOW CEILING

127, 128

LOCATED 12" AND 18"

BELOW CEILING

121

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

122

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

125

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

3048

3048 1000 2452

PLATE THERMOMETER (SANDIA)

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

HEAT DETECTOR

SMOKE ALARM

VELOCITY PROBE

SPRINKLER TESTING ELEMENTS

SPRINKLER TESTING ELEMENTS X2

98, 99

GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

1275

NOTE: THERMOCOUPLES

86, 89, 92, 95, 98 ARE TO BE

INSTALLED PRIOR TO

GYMPSUM WALL BOARD.

4665
A1-010659.1 A-28

Figure A 27. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - W1 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

PLATE THERMOMETER (SANDIA)

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE) GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

1927 580 1180 17802859 2374 1927

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

1977

48, 51 OPEN SIDE

65, 66 47, 50 62, 63

105

104, 161

103

8-14

49, 52

102

106

108 56, 57

109

111 59, 60

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

(D)

(B) (A)

(C)

4475

EXTERIOR WALL
A1-010659.1 A-29

Figure A 28. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm) 580 1180 1780

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

4301 OPEN SIDE

69, 72

68, 71

15-21

70, 73

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

4475

EXTERIOR WALL

PLATE THERMOMETER (SANDIA)

107, 162
A1-010659.1 A-30

Figure A 29. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

150MM VENTILATION

OPENING TO SIMULATE

LEAKAGE. 580 1180 1780

150MM VENTILATION

OPENING TO SIMULATE

LEAKAGE.

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

2022

110, 163

22-28

79, 82

78, 81

77, 80

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

PLATE THERMOMETER (SANDIA)

LAMINATE

FLOOR

2196

EXTERIOR WALL
A1-010659.1 A-31

Figure A 30. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - Embedded Thermocouple Detail

140mm

115mm

90mm

65mm

50mm

35mm

20mm

5

8" TYPE-X GYPSUM BOARD

SURFACE

BASE GWB

7 x1/8" HOLES, DRILLED

FROM THE UNEXPOSED

SIDE AROUND 2" DIA

CIRCLE FOR EMBEDDED

THERMOCOUPLES

2" DIA

5 PLY CLT
A1-010659.1 A-32

Figure A 31. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - Instrumentation Tree Layout

TREE 02

TREE 03

TREE 06

TREE 07

TREE 05 TREE 01

TREE 04 1496 804 804 1496

2536 1779

1941
A1-010659.1 A-33

Figure A 32. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - Instrumentation Tree Specifications 600

(Dimensions in mm)

CLT CEILING

STRONG FLOOR

TREE 01 TREE 02 TREE 03 TREE 04 TREE 05 TREE 06

NOTE: FOR HORIZONTAL TREE

LOCATION REFER TO DRAWING

"LARGE COMPARTMENT CLT -

CEILING - INSTRUMENTATION

LAYOUT".

29

167

30

168

31

32

169

33

170

34

35

171

36

172

37

38

173

39

174

40

41

175

42

176

43

44

177

45

178

46

TREE 07

310 1100 1600 2100 2600

TREE MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

GAS CONCENTRATION SAMPLING TUBE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

101

134, 135, 136 P 120

P DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

137, 166

SMOKE OBSCURATION SAMPLING PIPE
A1-010659.1 A-34

Figure A 33. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - Exterior Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm) 617 1000 1000 1000 1000

THERMOCOUPLE

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

VELOCITY PROBE

THERMOCOUPLES

SPACED AT

250MM

THERMOCOUPLE

TREE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

2400

2400

145

146

147

149

150

148

139

141

143

144

179

180

181

182

157

184

155

183

151

152

156

158

159

154

153

140

142

138 1500

150mm OFFSET

OFF CENTER LINE
A1-010659.1 A-35

Figure A 34. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 41mm (1 5/8")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1921 3048 3048

397 3048 3048 2607 1219 1219 1219 943

1083
A1-010659.1 A-36

Figure A 35. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 76mm 3")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

3048 3048 2941

1524 3048 3048 1417 879 1219 1219 121931.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-37

Figure A 36. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - W1 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 41mm (1 5/8")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

261 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 305 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-38

Figure A 37. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - W1 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 76mm (3")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 2668502 1219 1219

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-39

Figure A 38. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - W2 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 41mm

(1 5/8") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1000 1219 1219 1130 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1800 2000

Door Opening
A1-010659.1 A-40

Figure A 39. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - W2 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 76mm

(3") Type-S Drywall Screws Used

1219 1219 847 2652

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1219

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1800 2000

Door Opening
A1-010659.1 A-41

Figure A 40. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 41mm (1 5/8")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

261 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 289 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-42

Figure A 41. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 76mm (3")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 2652486 1219 1219

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.63mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.63mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-43

Figure A 42. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 41mm

(1 5/8") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

638 1219 1219 1219 289 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-44

Figure A 43. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 76mm

(3") Type-S Drywall Screws Used

879 1219 1219 2652

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1204

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-45

Figure A 44. Test 1-3 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

2480 1150 3450

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

2011 2334 2275

152

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

76 2300

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

152

76 152

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

89, 90, 91 86, 87, 88

92, 93, 94 95, 96, 97

115 117

132

133

1-7

112

114

123, 124

LOCATED 12" AND 18"

BELOW CEILING

127, 128

LOCATED 12" AND 18"

BELOW CEILING

121

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

122

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

125

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

3048

3048 1000 2452

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

HEAT DETECTOR

SMOKE ALARM

VELOCITY PROBE

SPRINKLER TESTING ELEMENTS

SPRINKLER TESTING ELEMENTS X2

98, 99, 100

GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

1275

NOTE: THERMOCOUPLES

86, 89, 92, 95, 98 ARE TO BE

INSTALLED PRIOR TO

GYMPSUM WALL BOARD.

4665
A1-010659.1 A-46

Figure A 45. Test 1-3 Large Compartment CLT - W1 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

1927 580 1180 17802859 2374 1927

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

1977 OPEN SIDE

105

103

8-14

49 102

106

108 56

109

111 59

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

(D)

(B)

(A)

(C)

4475

EXTERIOR WALL

65 62

48

47
A1-010659.1 A-47

Figure A 46. Test 1-3 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm) 580 1180 1780

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

THERMOCOUPLE

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

UNLESS OTHERWISE

STRAIGHT DOWN

NOTED.

4301 OPEN SIDE

69, 72

68, 71

15-21

70, 73

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

4475

EXTERIOR WALL 162

107

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)
A1-010659.1 A-48

Figure A 47. Test 1-3 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

150MM VENTILATION

OPENING TO SIMULATE

LEAKAGE. 580 1180 1780

150MM VENTILATION

OPENING TO SIMULATE

LEAKAGE.

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

2022

22-28

79, 82

78, 81

77, 80

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

LAMINATE

FLOOR

2196

EXTERIOR WALL

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

110

163
A1-010659.1 A-49

Figure A 48. Test 1-3 Large Compartment CLT - Embedded Thermocouple Detail

140mm

115mm

90mm

65mm

50mm

35mm

20mm

5

8" TYPE-X GYPSUM BOARD

SURFACE

BASE GWB

7 x1/8" HOLES, DRILLED

FROM THE UNEXPOSED

SIDE AROUND 2" DIA

CIRCLE FOR EMBEDDED

THERMOCOUPLES

2" DIA

5 PLY CLT
A1-010659.1 A-50

Figure A 49. Test 1-3 Large Compartment CLT - Instrumentation Tree Layout

TREE 02

TREE 03

TREE 06

TREE 07

TREE 05 TREE 01

TREE 04 1496 804 804 1496

2536 1779

1941
A1-010659.1 A-51

Figure A 50. Test 1-3 Large Compartment CLT - Instrumentation Tree Specifications 600

(Dimensions in mm)

CLT CEILING

STRONG FLOOR

TREE 01 TREE 02 TREE 03 TREE 04 TREE 05 TREE 06

NOTE: FOR HORIZONTAL TREE

LOCATION REFER TO DRAWING

"LARGE COMPARTMENT CLT -

CEILING - INSTRUMENTATION

LAYOUT".

29

167

30

168

31

32

169

33

170

34

35

171

36

172

37

38

173

39

174

40

41

175

42

176

43

44

177

45

178

46

TREE 07

310 1100 1600 2100 2600

TREE MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

GAS CONCENTRATION SAMPLING TUBE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

101

134, 135, 136 P 120

P DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

137, 166

SMOKE OBSCURATION SAMPLING PIPE
A1-010659.1 A-52

Figure A 51. Test 1-3 Large Compartment CLT - Exterior Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm) 617 1000 1000 1000 1000

THERMOCOUPLE

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

VELOCITY PROBE

THERMOCOUPLES

SPACED AT

250MM

THERMOCOUPLE

TREE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

2400

2400

145

146

147

149

150

148

139

141

143

144

179

180

181

182

157

184

155

183

151

152

156

158

159

154

153

140

142

138 1500

150mm OFFSET

OFF CENTER LINE
A1-010659.1 A-53

Figure A 52. Test 1-3 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 41mm (1 5/8")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1921 3048 3048

397 3048 3048 2607 1219 1219 1219 943

1083
A1-010659.1 A-54

Figure A 53. Test 1-3 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 57mm (2 1/4")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

2302 3048 3048

778 3048 3048 2194 525 1081 1219 1219

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

670 525
A1-010659.1 A-55

Figure A 54. Test 1-3 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 76mm 3")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

3048 3048 2941

1524 3048 3048 1417 879 1219 1219 121931.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-56

Figure A 55. Test 1-3 Large Compartment CLT - W2 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 41mm

(1 5/8") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1000 1219 1219 1130 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1800 2000

Door Opening
A1-010659.1 A-57

Figure A 56. Test 1-3 Large Compartment CLT - W2 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 76mm

(3") Type-S Drywall Screws Used

1219 1219 847 2652

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1219

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1800 2000

Door Opening
A1-010659.1 A-58

Figure A 57. Test 1-2 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 41mm (1 5/8")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

261 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 289 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-59

Figure A 58. Test 1-3 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 76mm (3")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 2652486 1219 1219

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.63mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.63mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-60

Figure A 59. Test 1-3 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 41mm

(1 5/8") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

638 1219 1219 1219 289 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-61

Figure A 60. Test 1-3 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 76mm

(3") Type-S Drywall Screws Used

879 1219 1219 2652

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1204

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-62

Figure A 61. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

2480 1150 3450

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

2011 2334 2275

152

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

76 2300

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

152

76 152

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

89 86

92 95

115 117

132

133

1-7

112

114

123, 124

LOCATED 12" AND 18"

BELOW CEILING

127, 128

LOCATED 12" AND 18"

BELOW CEILING

121

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

122

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

125

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

3048

3048 1000 2452

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

HEAT DETECTOR

SMOKE ALARM

VELOCITY PROBE

SPRINKLER TESTING ELEMENTS

SPRINKLER TESTING ELEMENTS X2

98

GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

1275

NOTE: THERMOCOUPLES

86, 89, 92, 95, 98 ARE TO BE

INSTALLED PRIOR TO

GYMPSUM WALL BOARD.

4665
A1-010659.1 A-63

Figure A 62. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - W1 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

1927 580 1180 17801927 2374 2859

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

1977 OPEN SIDE

105

103

8-14

49, 52, 55 102

106

108 56, 57, 58

109

111 59, 60, 61

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

(D)

(B)

(A)

(C)

4475

EXTERIOR WALL

62, 63, 64 65, 66, 67

48, 51, 54

47, 50, 53
A1-010659.1 A-64

Figure A 63. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm) 580 1180 1780

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

4301 OPEN SIDE

69, 72, 75

68, 71, 74

15-21

70, 73, 76

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

4475

162 EXTERIOR WALL

107

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)
A1-010659.1 A-65

Figure A 64. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

150MM VENTILATION

OPENING TO SIMULATE

LEAKAGE. 580 1180 1780

150MM VENTILATION

OPENING TO SIMULATE

LEAKAGE.

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

2022

22-28

79, 82, 85

78, 81, 84

77, 80, 83

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

LAMINATE

FLOOR

2196

EXTERIOR WALL

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

110

163
A1-010659.1 A-66

Figure A 65. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - Embedded Thermocouple Detail

140mm

115mm

90mm

65mm

50mm

35mm

20mm

5

8" TYPE-X GYPSUM BOARD

SURFACE

BASE GWB

MID GWB

7 x1/8" HOLES,

DRILLED FROM THE

UNEXPOSED SIDE

AROUND 2" DIA

CIRCLE FOR

EMBEDDED

THERMOCOUPLES

2" DIA

5 PLY CLT
A1-010659.1 A-67

Figure A 66. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - Instrumentation Tree Layout

INSTRUMENTATION TREES

TREE 02

TREE 03

TREE 06

TREE 07

TREE 05 TREE 01

TREE 04 1496

2536 1779 804 804 1496

1941
A1-010659.1 A-68

Figure A 67. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - Instrumentation Tree Specifications 600

(Dimensions in mm)

CLT CEILING

STRONG FLOOR

TREE 01 TREE 02 TREE 03 TREE 04 TREE 05 TREE 06

NOTE: FOR HORIZONTAL TREE

LOCATION REFER TO DRAWING

"LARGE COMPARTMENT CLT -

CEILING - INSTRUMENTATION

LAYOUT".

29

167

30

168

31

32

169

33

170

34

35

171

36

172

37

38

173

39

174

40

41

175

42

176

43

44

177

45

178

46

TREE 07

310 1100 1600 2100 2600

TREE MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

GAS CONCENTRATION SAMPLING TUBE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

101

134, 135, 136 P 120

P DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

137, 166

SMOKE OBSCURATION SAMPLING PIPE
A1-010659.1 A-69

Figure A 68. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - Exterior Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm) 617 1000 1000 1000 1000

THERMOCOUPLE

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

VELOCITY PROBE

THERMOCOUPLES

SPACED AT

250MM

THERMOCOUPLE

TREE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

2400

2400

145

146

147

149

150

148

139

141

143

144

179

180

181

182

157

184

155

183

151

152

156

158

159

154

153

140

142

138 1500

150mm OFFSET

OFF CENTER LINE
A1-010659.1 A-70

Figure A 69. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - W1 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 41mm (1 5/8")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

305 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 261 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-71

Figure A 70. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - W1 - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 57mm (2 1/4")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

610 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 26681219 1143

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1

1/4") gap for

adjacent gypsum

boards
A1-010659.1 A-72

Figure A 71. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - W1 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 76mm (3")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 26681219 1219 502

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-73

Figure A 72. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - W2 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 41mm

(1 5/8") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1000 1219 1219 1130 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1800 2000

Door Opening
A1-010659.1 A-74

Figure A 73. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - W2 - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 57mm

(2 1/4") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1219 1219 429 2668

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards 31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1800

Door Opening

1219 2000450
A1-010659.1 A-75

Figure A 74. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - W2 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 76mm

(3") Type-S Drywall Screws Used

1219 1219 847 2652

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1219

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1800 2000

Door Opening
A1-010659.1 A-76

Figure A 75. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 41mm (1 5/8")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

289 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 261 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-77

Figure A 76. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm 5/8"

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 57mm (2 1/4")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

594 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 26681219 1143

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-78

Figure A 77. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 76mm (3")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 26521219 1219 486

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.63mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.63mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-79

Figure A 78. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 41mm

(1 5/8") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

289 1219 1219 1219 638 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-80

Figure A 79. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 57mm

(2 1/4") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1219 1219 1219 301 2668

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

594

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-81

Figure A 80. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 76mm

(3") Type-S Drywall Screws Used

1219 1219 879 2652

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1204

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-82

Figure A 81. Test 1-4 Large Compartment CLT - Wall - Gypsum Stagger in Corners 

W2 W2

W4 W4

W3 W1

W3 W1

Note: Cross Section View
A1-010659.1 A-83

Figure A 82. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

2480 1150 3450

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

2011 2334 2275

152

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

76 2300

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

152

76 152

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

89, 90, 91 86, 87, 88

92, 93, 94 95, 96, 97

115 117

132

133

1-7

112

114

123, 124

LOCATED 12" AND 18"

BELOW CEILING

127, 128

LOCATED 12" AND 18"

BELOW CEILING

121

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

122

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

125

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

3048

3048 1000 2452

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

HEAT DETECTOR

SMOKE ALARM

VELOCITY PROBE

SPRINKLER TESTING ELEMENTS

SPRINKLER TESTING ELEMENTS X2

98, 99, 100

GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

1275

NOTE: THERMOCOUPLES

86, 89, 92, 95, 98 ARE TO BE

INSTALLED PRIOR TO

GYMPSUM WALL BOARD.

4665
A1-010659.1 A-84

Figure A 83. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - W1 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

1927 580 1180 17802859 2374 1927

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

1977 OPEN SIDE

105

103

8-14, 55

49 102

106

108 56

109

111 59

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

(D)

(B)

(A)

(C)

4475

EXTERIOR WALL

60-61

63, 64

62

57, 58

65

66, 67

48

47
A1-010659.1 A-85

Figure A 84. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm) 580 1180 1780

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

4301 OPEN SIDE

69, 72, 75

68, 71, 74

15-21

70, 73, 76

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

4475

EXTERIOR WALL 162

107

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)
A1-010659.1 A-86

Figure A 85. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

150MM VENTILATION

OPENING TO SIMULATE

LEAKAGE. 580 1180 1780

150MM VENTILATION

OPENING TO SIMULATE

LEAKAGE.

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

2022

22-28

79, 82, 85

78, 81, 84

77, 80, 83

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

LAMINATE

FLOOR

2196

EXTERIOR WALL

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

110

163
A1-010659.1 A-87

Figure A 86. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - Embedded Thermocouple Detail

115mm

90mm

65mm

50mm

35mm

20mm

2" DIA

5 PLY CLT

Ceiling Center

140mm

115mm

90mm

50mm

35mm

20mm

2" DIA

5 PLY CLT

Wall 01

70mm

115mm

90mm

65mm 50mm

35mm

20mm

7 x1/8" Holes, drilled from

the unexposed side around

2" dia circle for embedded

thermocouples. 2" DIA

5 PLY CLT

Wall 03

115mm

90mm

65mm 50mm

35mm

20mm

2" DIA

5 PLY CLT

Wall 04

70mm 70mm

7 x1/8" Holes, drilled from

the unexposed side around

2" dia circle for embedded

thermocouples.

8 x1/8" Holes, drilled from

the unexposed side around

2" dia circle for embedded

thermocouples.

7 x1/8" Holes, drilled from

the unexposed side around

2" dia circle for embedded

thermocouples.

65mm

70mm
A1-010659.1 A-88

Figure A 87. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - Instrumentation Tree Layout

TREE 02

TREE 03

TREE 06

TREE 07

TREE 05 TREE 01

TREE 04

INSTRUMENTATION TREES 1496 804 804 1496

2536 1779

1941
A1-010659.1 A-89

Figure A 88. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - Instrumentation Tree Specifications 600

(Dimensions in mm)

CLT CEILING

STRONG FLOOR

TREE 01 TREE 02 TREE 03 TREE 04 TREE 05 TREE 06

NOTE: FOR HORIZONTAL TREE

LOCATION REFER TO DRAWING

"LARGE COMPARTMENT CLT -

CEILING - INSTRUMENTATION

LAYOUT".

29

167

30

168

31

32

169

33

170

34

35

171

36

172

37

38

173

39

174

40

41

175

42

176

43

44

177

45

178

46

TREE 07

310 1100 1600 2100 2600

TREE MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

GAS CONCENTRATION SAMPLING TUBE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

101

134, 135, 136 P 120

P DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

137, 166

SMOKE OBSCURATION SAMPLING PIPE
A1-010659.1 A-90

Figure A 89. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - Exterior Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm) 617 1000 1000 1000 1000

THERMOCOUPLE

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

VELOCITY PROBE

THERMOCOUPLES

SPACED AT

250MM

THERMOCOUPLE

TREE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

2400

2400

145

146

147

149

150

148

139

141

143

144

179

180

181

182

157

184

155

183

151

152

156

158

159

154

153

140

142

138 1500

150mm OFFSET

OFF CENTER LINE
A1-010659.1 A-91

Figure A 90. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 41mm (1 5/8")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1921 3048 3048

397 3048 3048 2607 1219 1219 1219 943

1083
A1-010659.1 A-92

Figure A 91. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 57mm (2 1/4")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

2302 3048 3048

778 3048 3048 2194 525 1081 1219 1219

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

670 525
A1-010659.1 A-93

Figure A 92. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 76mm 3")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

3048 3048 2941

1524 3048 3048 1417 879 1219 1219 121931.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-94

Figure A 93. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - W2 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 41mm

(1 5/8") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1000 1219 1219 1130 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1800 2000

Door Opening
A1-010659.1 A-95

Figure A 94. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - W2 - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 57mm

(2 1/4") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1219 1219 429 2668

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards 31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1800

Door Opening

1219 2000450
A1-010659.1 A-96

Figure A 95. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - W2 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 76mm

(3") Type-S Drywall Screws Used

1219 1219 847 2652

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1219

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1800 2000

Door Opening
A1-010659.1 A-97

Figure A 96. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 41mm (1 5/8")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

261 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 289 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-98

Figure A 97. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm 5/8"

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 57mm (2 1/4")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 594 26681143 1219

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-99

Figure A 98. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 76mm (3")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 2652486 1219 1219

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.63mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.63mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-100

Figure A 99. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 41mm

(1 5/8") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

638 1219 1219 1219 289 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-101

Figure A 100. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 57mm

(2 1/4") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

301 1219 1219 1219 2668

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

594

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-102

Figure A 101. Test 1-5 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 76mm

(3") Type-S Drywall Screws Used

879 1219 1219 2652

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1204

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-103

Figure A 102. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - Ceiling - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

2480 1150 3450

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

2011 2334 2275

152

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

76 2300

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

152

76 152

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

89 86

92 95

115 117

132

133

1-7, 100

112

114

123, 124

LOCATED 12" AND 18"

BELOW CEILING

127, 128

LOCATED 12" AND 18"

BELOW CEILING

121

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

122

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

125

LOCATED 12"

BELOW CEILING

3048

3048 1000 2452

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

HEAT DETECTOR

SMOKE ALARM

VELOCITY PROBE

SPRINKLER TESTING ELEMENTS

SPRINKLER TESTING ELEMENTS X2

98

GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

1275

NOTE: THERMOCOUPLES

86, 89, 92, 95, 98 ARE TO BE

INSTALLED PRIOR TO

GYMPSUM WALL BOARD.

4665

90-91

93-94

87-88

96-97
A1-010659.1 A-104

Figure A 103. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - W1 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

1927 580 1180 17801927 2374 2859

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

PREFERRED

THERMOCOUPLE

ROUTE

1977 OPEN SIDE

105

103

8-14, 55

49 102

106

108 56

109

111 59

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

(D)

(B)

(A)

(C)

4475

EXTERIOR WALL

60-61

63, 64

62

57, 58

65

66, 67

48

47
A1-010659.1 A-105

Figure A 104. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm) 580 1180 1780

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

4301 OPEN SIDE

69, 72, 75

68, 71, 74

15-21

70, 73, 76

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

4475

162 EXTERIOR WALL

107

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)
A1-010659.1 A-106

Figure A 105. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm)

150MM VENTILATION

OPENING TO SIMULATE

LEAKAGE. 580 1180 1780

150MM VENTILATION

OPENING TO SIMULATE

LEAKAGE.

NOTE: ROUTE ALL

THERMOCOUPLE

STRAIGHT DOWN

UNLESS OTHERWISE

NOTED.

2022

22-28

79, 82, 85

78, 81, 84

77, 80, 83

SURFACE OF CLT AND GYPSUM

MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

EMBEDDED THERMOCOUPLES

LAMINATE

FLOOR

2196

EXTERIOR WALL

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

GAS TEMPERATURE THERMOCOUPLE

110

163
A1-010659.1 A-107

Figure A 106. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - Embedded Thermocouple Detail

140mm

115mm

90mm

65mm

50mm

35mm

20mm

2" DIA

5 PLY CLT

Ceiling Center

140mm

115mm

90mm

50mm

35mm

20mm

2" DIA

5 PLY CLT

Wall 01

70mm

115mm

90mm

65mm 50mm

35mm

20mm

7 x1/8" Holes, drilled from

the unexposed side around

2" dia circle for embedded

thermocouples. 2" DIA

5 PLY CLT

Wall 03

115mm

90mm

65mm 50mm

35mm

20mm

2" DIA

5 PLY CLT

Wall 04

70mm 70mm

7 x1/8" Holes, drilled from

the unexposed side around

2" dia circle for embedded

thermocouples.

8 x1/8" Holes, drilled from

the unexposed side around

2" dia circle for embedded

thermocouples.

8 x1/8" Holes, drilled from

the unexposed side around

2" dia circle for embedded

thermocouples.

65mm

70mm
A1-010659.1 A-108

Figure A 107. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - Instrumentation Tree Layout

INSTRUMENTATION TREES

TREE 02

TREE 03

TREE 06

TREE 07

TREE 05 TREE 01

TREE 04 1496

2536 1779 804 804 1496

1941
A1-010659.1 A-109

Figure A 108. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - Instrumentation Tree Specifications 600

(Dimensions in mm)

CLT CEILING

STRONG FLOOR

TREE 01 TREE 02 TREE 03 TREE 04 TREE 05 TREE 06

NOTE: FOR HORIZONTAL TREE

LOCATION REFER TO DRAWING

"LARGE COMPARTMENT CLT -

CEILING - INSTRUMENTATION

LAYOUT".

29

167

30

168

31

32

169

33

170

34

35

171

36

172

37

38

173

39

174

40

41

175

42

176

43

44

177

45

178

46

TREE 07

310 1100 1600 2100 2600

TREE MOUNTED THERMOCOUPLES

GAS CONCENTRATION SAMPLING TUBE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

101

134, 135, 136 P 120

P DIFFERENTIAL PRESSURE

CEMENT BOARD & WOOD FLOOR

137, 166

SMOKE OBSCURATION SAMPLING PIPE
A1-010659.1 A-110

Figure A 109. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - Exterior Instrumentation Layout

(Dimensions in mm) 617 1000 1000 1000 1000

THERMOCOUPLE

PLATE THERMOMETER (SP)

VELOCITY PROBE

THERMOCOUPLES

SPACED AT

250MM

THERMOCOUPLE

TREE

HEAT FLUX (GARDON GAUGE)

2400

2400

145

146

147

149

150

148

139

141

143

144

179

180

181

182

157

184

155

183

151

152

156

158

159

154

153

140

142

138 1500

150mm OFFSET

OFF CENTER LINE
A1-010659.1 A-111

Figure A 110. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - W2 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 41mm

(1 5/8") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1000 1219 1219 1130 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1800 2000

Door Opening
A1-010659.1 A-112

Figure A 111. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - W2 - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 57mm

(2 1/4") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1219 1219 429 2668

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards 31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1800

Door Opening

1219 2000450
A1-010659.1 A-113

Figure A 112. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - W2 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 76mm

(3") Type-S Drywall Screws Used

1219 1219 847 2652

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1219

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1800 2000

Door Opening
A1-010659.1 A-114

Figure A 113. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 41mm (1 5/8")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

289 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 261 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-115

Figure A 114. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm 5/8"

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 57mm (2 1/4")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

594 1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 26681219 1143

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-116

Figure A 115. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - W3 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8")

Type-X Gypsum Board

Fastened w/ 76mm (3")

Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1219 1219 1219 1219 1219 26521219 1219 486

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.63mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

47.63mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-117

Figure A 116. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Gypsum Layout - Base Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 41mm

(1 5/8") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

289 1219 1219 1219 638 2684

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-118

Figure A 117. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Gypsum Layout - Middle Layer 

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 57mm

(2 1/4") Type-S Drywall Screws

Used

1219 1219 1219 301 2668

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

15.88mm (5/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

594

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 A-119

Figure A 118. Test 1-6 Large Compartment CLT - W4 - Gypsum Layout - Face Layer

(Dimensions in mm)

NOTE: 15.88mm (5/8") Type-X

Gypsum Board Fastened w/ 76mm

(3") Type-S Drywall Screws Used

1219 1219 879 2652

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

31.75mm (1 1/4")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards

1204

47.64mm (1 7/8")

gap for adjacent

gypsum boards
A1-010659.1 B-1

Appendix B - Pretest moisture content of the CLT panels

Table B 1. Test 1-1 pretest panel moisture content.

Location

Percent moisture content, % Remarks*

1 2 3 Mean SD * Measurement taken on outside of 

compartment.

W1 7.6 6.6 7.5 7.2 0.6

W2 - - - - - Not accessible

W3 7.1 8.4 9.1 8.2 1.0

W4 8.0 8.1 7.5 7.9 0.3

Roof 5.8 5.8 6.9 6.2 0.6 Measured on panel ends

7.4 1.0

Table B 2. Test 1-2 pretest panel moisture content.

Location

Percent moisture content, % Remarks*

1 2 3 Mean SD * Measurement taken on outside of 

compartment.

W1 7.9 8.2 8.0 8.0 0.2

W2 - - - - - Not accessible

W3 6.1 8.4 8.4 7.6 1.3

W4 8.9 8.0 7.5 8.1 0.7

Roof 7.2 5.9 7.5 6.9 0.9 Measured on panel ends

7.7 0.9

Table B 3. Test 1-3 pretest panel moisture content.

Location

Percent moisture content, % Remarks

1 2 3 Mean SD

W1 8.2 8.5 7.8 8.2 0.4

W2 8.2 7.1 7.1 7.5 0.6

W3 9.1 8.1 8.7 8.6 0.5

W4 6.0 7.5 7.0 6.8 0.8

Roof 7.1 6.1 6.0 6.4 0.6

7.5 1.0
A1-010659.1 B-2

Table B 4. Test 1-4 pretest panel moisture content.

Location

Percent moisture content, % Remarks

1 2 3 Mean SD

W1 10.0 10.4 9.2 9.9 0.6

W2 9.4 7.7 8.9 8.7 0.9

W3 8.6 8.4 9.5 8.8 0.6

W4 7.9 9.1 9.3 8.8 0.8

Roof 6.9 6.4 8.4 7.2 1.0

8.7 1.1

Table B 5. Test 1-5 pretest panel moisture content.

Location

Percent moisture content, % Remarks

1 2 3 Mean SD

W1 8.6 7.9 6.9 7.8 0.9

W2 8.1 8.0 7.0 7.7 0.6

W3 7.6 6.5 8.7 7.6 1.1

W4 8.7 8.0 6.9 7.9 0.9

Roof 8.1 7.5 8.0 7.9 0.3

7.8 0.7

Table B 6. Test 1-6 pretest panel moisture content.

Location

Percent moisture content, % Remarks

1 2 3 Mean SD

W1 7.6 7.1 7.0 7.2 0.3

W2 8.4 7.4 7.2 7.7 0.6

W3 6.9 6.1 6.1 6.4 0.5

W4 6.5 6.5 7.1 6.7 0.3

Roof 8.0 7.6 8.0 7.9 0.2

7.2 0.7
A1-010659.1 C-1

Appendix C - Moveable fuel load data

Table C 1. Test 1-1 compartment content mass and fuel load calculation.

Table C 2. Test 1-2 compartment content mass and fuel load calculation.

X Y Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean S D

Gypsum paper US Gypsum FireCore Type X - 9100 2700 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 9.4 17 159

4600 2700 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 4.7 17 80

9100 4600 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 8.0 17 136

22 - 375

Flooring trafficMASTER - 38701 1290 194 7 Hardboard 1.478 1.484 1.492 1.500 1.500 1.484 1.5 0.0 241.1 19.9 4797

Console table IKEA HEMNES 502.821.39 390 1570 740 White pine 25.934 - - - - - 25.9 - 25.9 19.2 498

12" cabinets Home Depot Base B120HD 610 305 876 White pine 17.988 18.378 18.384 18.432 18.498 - 18.3 0.2 91.7 19.2 1760

36" cabinets Home Depot Sink Base B360HD 610 914 876 White pine 26.426 25.982 26.264 26.240 26.856 - 26.4 0.3 131.8 19.2 2530

Table IKEA GAMLEBY 602.470.27 2010 780 740 White pine 29.540 - - - - - 29.5 - 29.5 19.2 567

Chairs IKEA HARRY 201.058.31 450 490 960 White pine 5.064 4.926 5.230 5.276 5.368 5.640 5.3 0.2 31.5 19.2 605

Bookcases IKEA HEMNES 402.821.30 890 370 1970 White pine 27.770 27.676 - - - - 27.7 0.1 55.4 19.2 1065

TV unit IKEA HEMNES 202.421.02 1480 465 570 White pine 30.656 - - - - - 30.7 - 30.7 19.2 589

8-Dresser dresser IKEA HEMNES 003.185.98 1600 500 950 White pine 54.258 - - - - - 54.3 - 54.3 19.2 1042

Armchair frame IKEA JENNYLUND 300.475.48 730 760 850 White pine 18.326 18.406 - - - - 18.4 0.1 36.7 19.2 705

Armchair cushions IKEA JENNYLUND - 510 460 120 PU Foam 1.524 1.550 - - - - 1.5 0.0 3.1 29 89

Sofa frame IKEA EKTROP 401.850.30 2180 860 900 White pine 43.700 - - - - - 43.7 - 43.7 19.2 839

Sofa cushions IKEA EKTROP - 1670 700 120 PU Foam 13.996 - - - - - 14.0 - 14.0 29 406

Side table IKEA HEMNES 802.821.52 550 550 500 White pine 8.028 8.370 - - - - 8.2 0.2 16.4 19.2 315

Coffee table IKEA ARKELSTROP 302.608.07 1380 650 520 White pine 16.342 - - - - - 16.3 - 16.3 19.2 314

Night stands IKEA TARVA 502.196.09 480 390 620 White pine 9.254 9.168 - - - - 9.2 0.1 18.4 19.2 354

Bed frame IKEA HEMNES 202.421.02 1470 2000 400 White pine 32.058 - - - - - 32.1 - 32.1 19.2 616

Bed drawers IKEA HEMNES 103.262.96 1470 2000 200 White pine 7.812 8.084 4.286 4.246 - - 6.1 2.1 24.4 19.2 469

Bed frame slats Home Depot Whitewood 569062 1331 102 51 White pine 9.254 - - - - - 9.3 - 9.3 19.2 178 Mattress IKEA MOREDAL 802.773.82 1340 1870 170 PU Foam 17.938 - - - - - 17.9 - 17.9 29 520

Desk IKEA HEMNES 502.821.44 1550 650 740 White pine 36.474 - - - - - 36.5 - 36.5 19.2 700

Desk hutch IKEA HEMNES 202.821.26 1520 250 630 White pine 20.868 - - - - - 20.9 - 20.9 19.2 401

Desk Chair IKEA HARRY 201.058.31 450 490 960 White pine 4.886 - - - - - 4.9 - 4.9 19.2 94 Wood cribs Lowes* HT 591 28 pcs 2 in. x 2 in x 12 in. 305 305 305 White pine 4.454 4.482 4.444 4.570 - - 4.5 0.1 18.0 19.2 345

Counter top Home Depot - 2 in. x 12 in. & 2 in. x 4 in. 660 2210 38 Douglas fir 32.436 30.572 - - - - 31.5 1.3 63.0 21 1323

Counter top Home Depot - 2 in. x 12 in. & 2 in. x 4 in. 660 1210 38 Douglas fir 17.292 - - - - - - - 17.3 21 363

Wood cribs Lowes* -

6 pcs 2 in. x 4 in x 12 in.

6 pcs 2 in. x 4 in x 30 in.

762 305 152 White pine 10.316 9.868 10.222 9.732 9.394 9.822 9.9 0.3 59.4 19.2 1140

* Unspecified 1144 - 22622

1166 22997

Area 41.86 m2

Load density (w/o paper) 540 MJ/m2

Load density (w/ paper) 549 MJ/m2

Item Product name Article / Model / Description Manufacturer / Mass, kg

Supplier Material Dimensions, mm

Without drywall paper With drywall paper

Heat

value,

Energy, MJTotal mass, kg X Y Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean S D

Gypsum paper US Gypsum FireCore Type X - 9100 2700 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 9.4 17 159

4600 2700 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 4.7 17 80

9100 4600 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 8.0 17 136

22 - 375 1.6%

Flooring trafficMASTER - 38701 1290 194 7 Hardboard 1.478 1.484 1.492 1.500 1.500 1.484 1.5 0.0 241.1 19.9 4797

Console table IKEA HEMNES 502.821.39 390 1570 740 White pine 25.584 - - - - - 25.6 - 25.6 19.2 491

12" cabinets Home Depot Base B120HD 610 305 876 White pine 18.380 18.096 18.488 18.430 18.336 - 18.3 0.2 91.7 19.2 1761

36" cabinets Home Depot Sink Base B360HD 610 914 876 White pine 26.712 26.482 26.060 26.346 26.458 - 26.4 0.2 132.1 19.2 2536

Table IKEA GAMLEBY 602.470.27 2010 780 740 White pine 28.908 - - - - - 28.9 - 28.9 19.2 555

Chairs IKEA HARRY 201.058.31 450 490 960 White pine 5.100 5.156 5.090 5.070 5.154 5.048 5.1 0.0 30.6 19.2 588

Bookcases IKEA HEMNES 402.821.30 890 370 1970 White pine 27.680 27.780 - - - - 27.7 0.1 55.5 19.2 1065

TV unit IKEA HEMNES 202.421.02 1480 465 570 White pine 29.810 - - - - - 29.8 - 29.8 19.2 572

8-Dresser dresser IKEA HEMNES 003.185.98 1600 500 950 White pine 53.224 - - - - - 53.2 - 53.2 19.2 1022

Armchair frame IKEA JENNYLUND 300.475.48 730 760 850 White pine 18.218 18.508 - - - - 18.4 0.2 36.7 19.2 705

Armchair cushions IKEA JENNYLUND - 510 460 120 PU Foam 1.504 1.466 - - - - 1.5 0.0 3.0 29 86

Sofa frame IKEA EKTROP 401.850.30 2180 860 900 White pine 44.446 - - - - - 44.4 - 44.4 19.2 853

Sofa cushions IKEA EKTROP - 1670 700 120 PU Foam 14.084 - - - - - 14.1 - 14.1 29 408

Side table IKEA HEMNES 802.821.52 550 550 500 White pine 8.294 8.148 - - - - 8.2 0.1 16.4 19.2 316

Coffee table IKEA ARKELSTROP 302.608.07 1380 650 520 White pine 16.194 - - - - - 16.2 - 16.2 19.2 311

Night stands IKEA TARVA 502.196.09 480 390 620 White pine 9.272 9.352 - - - - 9.3 0.1 18.6 19.2 358

Bed frame IKEA HEMNES 202.421.02 1470 2000 400 White pine 31.954 - - - - - 32.0 - 32.0 19.2 614

Bed drawers IKEA HEMNES 103.262.96 1470 2000 200 White pine 7.898 7.904 4.356 4.318 - - 6.1 2.1 24.5 19.2 470

Bed frame slats Home Depot Whitewood 569062 1331 102 51 White pine 7.988 - - - - - 8.0 - 8.0 19.2 153 Mattress IKEA MOREDAL 802.773.82 1340 1870 170 PU Foam 17.864 - - - - - 17.9 - 17.9 29 518

Desk IKEA HEMNES 502.821.44 1550 650 740 White pine 37.360 - - - - - 37.4 - 37.4 19.2 717

Desk hutch IKEA HEMNES 202.821.26 1520 250 630 White pine 20.396 - - - - - 20.4 - 20.4 19.2 392

Desk Chair IKEA HARRY 201.058.31 450 490 960 White pine 4.990 - - - - - 5.0 - 5.0 19.2 96 Wood cribs Lowes* HT 591 28 pcs 2 in. x 2 in x 12 in. 305 305 305 White pine 4.660 4.802 4.560 4.642 - - 4.7 0.1 18.7 19.2 358

Counter top Home Depot - 2 in. x 12 in. & 2 in. x 4 in. 660 2210 38 Douglas fir 28.530 35.892 - - - - 32.2 5.2 64.4 21 1353

Counter top Home Depot - 2 in. x 12 in. & 2 in. x 4 in. 660 1210 38 Douglas fir 17.238 - - - - - - - 17.2 21 362

Wood cribs Lowes* -

6 pcs 2 in. x 4 in x 12 in.

6 pcs 2 in. x 4 in x 30 in.

762 305 152 White pine 10.332 9.718 10.215 9.940 8.660 7.782 9.4 1.0 56.6 19.2 1088

* Unspecified 1140 - 22545 98.4%

1162 22920

Area 41.86 m2

Load density (w/o paper) 539 MJ/m2

Load density (w/ paper) 548 MJ/m2

Energy, MJ

Item Manufacturer /

Supplier

Product name Article / Model / Description Dimensions, mm Material

Without drywall paper With drywall paper

Mass, kg Total mass, kgHeat

value,
A1-010659.1 C-2

Table C 3. Test 1-3 compartment content mass and fuel load calculation.

Table C 4. Test 1-4 compartment content mass and fuel load calculation.

X Y Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean S D

Gypsum paper US Gypsum FireCore Type X - 9100 2700 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 4.7 17 80

4600 2700 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 4.7 17 80

9100 4600 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 8.0 17 136

17 - 296

Flooring trafficMASTER - 38701 1290 194 7 Hardboard 1.478 1.484 1.492 1.500 1.500 1.484 1.5 0.0 241.1 19.9 4797

Console table IKEA HEMNES 502.821.39 390 1570 740 White pine 25.530 - - - - - 25.5 - 25.5 19.2 490

12" cabinets Home Depot Base B120HD 610 305 876 White pine 18.500 18.530 18.646 18.382 18.206 - 18.5 0.2 92.3 19.2 1771

36" cabinets Home Depot Sink Base B360HD 610 914 876 White pine 27.538 26.872 27.980 26.796 26.360 - 27.1 0.6 135.5 19.2 2602

Table IKEA GAMLEBY 602.470.27 2010 780 740 White pine 28.920 - - - - - 28.9 - 28.9 19.2 555

Chairs IKEA HARRY 201.058.31 450 490 960 White pine 5.072 5.428 5.188 5.322 5.198 5.382 5.3 0.1 31.6 19.2 607

Bookcases IKEA HEMNES 402.821.30 890 370 1970 White pine 28.776 28.040 - - - - 28.4 0.5 56.8 19.2 1091

TV unit IKEA HEMNES 202.421.02 1480 465 570 White pine 31.198 - - - - - 31.2 - 31.2 19.2 599

8-Dresser dresser IKEA HEMNES 003.185.98 1600 500 950 White pine 54.758 - - - - - 54.8 - 54.8 19.2 1051

Armchair frame IKEA JENNYLUND 300.475.48 730 760 850 White pine 18.740 18.632 - - - - 18.7 0.1 37.4 19.2 718

Armchair cushions IKEA JENNYLUND - 510 460 120 PU Foam 1.426 1.420 - - - - 1.4 0.0 2.8 29 83

Sofa frame IKEA EKTROP 401.850.30 2180 860 900 White pine 43.234 - - - - - 43.2 - 43.2 19.2 830

Sofa cushions IKEA EKTROP - 1670 700 120 PU Foam 14.090 - - - - - 14.1 - 14.1 29 409

Side table IKEA HEMNES 802.821.52 550 550 500 White pine 7.838 7.966 - - - - 7.9 0.1 15.8 19.2 303

Coffee table IKEA ARKELSTROP 302.608.07 1380 650 520 White pine 16.586 - - - - - 16.6 - 16.6 19.2 318

Night stands IKEA TARVA 502.196.09 480 390 620 White pine 9.470 9.102 - - - - 9.3 0.3 18.6 19.2 357

Bed frame IKEA HEMNES 202.421.02 1470 2000 400 White pine 31.960 - - - - - 32.0 - 32.0 19.2 614

Bed drawers IKEA HEMNES 103.262.96 1470 2000 200 White pine 8.260 8.168 4.200 4.504 - - 6.3 2.2 25.1 19.2 483

Bed frame slats IKEA LUROY 601.602.17 1331 102 51 White pine 7.632 - - - - - 7.6 - 7.6 19.2 147 Mattress IKEA MOREDAL 802.773.82 1340 1870 170 PU Foam 17.924 - - - - - 17.9 - 17.9 29 520

Desk IKEA HEMNES 502.821.44 1550 650 740 White pine 37.544 - - - - - 37.5 - 37.5 19.2 721

Desk hutch IKEA HEMNES 202.821.26 1520 250 630 White pine 20.112 - - - - - 20.1 - 20.1 19.2 386

Desk Chair IKEA HARRY 201.058.31 450 490 960 White pine 5.474 - - - - - 5.5 - 5.5 19.2 105 Wood cribs Lowes* HT 591 28 pcs 2 in. x 2 in x 12 in. 305 305 305 White pine 6.010 6.102 5.258 4.366 - - 5.4 0.8 21.7 19.2 417

Counter top Home Depot - 2 in. x 12 in. & 2 in. x 4 in. 660 2210 38 Douglas fir 32.788 36.946 - - - - 34.9 2.9 69.7 21 1464

Counter top Home Depot - 2 in. x 12 in. & 2 in. x 4 in. 660 1210 38 Douglas fir 15.520 - - - - - - - 15.5 21 326

Wood cribs Lowes* -

6 pcs 2 in. x 4 in x 12 in.

6 pcs 2 in. x 4 in x 30 in.

762 305 152 White pine 9.940 10.236 10.852 10.854 10.674 11.258 10.6 0.5 63.8 19.2 1225

* Unspecified 1163 - 22989

1180 23285

Area 41.86 m2

Load density (w/o paper) 549 MJ/m2

Load density (w/ paper) 556 MJ/m2

Energy, MJ Item Manufacturer /

Supplier Product name Article / Model / Description

Dimensions, mm Material

Without drywall paper With drywall paper

Mass, kg Total mass, kg

Heat

value, MJ/kg X Y Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean S D

Gypsum paper US Gypsum FireCore Type X - 9100 2700 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 9.4 17 159

4600 2700 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 4.7 17 80

9100 4600 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 0.0 17 0

14 - 240

Flooring trafficMASTER - 38701 1290 194 7 Hardboard 1.478 1.484 1.492 1.500 1.500 1.484 1.5 0.0 241.1 19.9 4797

Console table IKEA HEMNES 502.821.39 390 1570 740 White pine 25.434 - - - - - 25.4 - 25.4 19.2 488

12" cabinets Home Depot Base B120HD 610 305 876 White pine 18.288 18.360 18.760 18.436 18.362 - 18.4 0.2 92.2 19.2 1770

36" cabinets Home Depot Sink Base B360HD 610 914 876 White pine 26.250 28.280 28.264 27.784 26.644 - 27.4 0.9 137.2 19.2 2635

Table IKEA GAMLEBY 602.470.27 2010 780 740 White pine 28.612 - - - - - 28.6 - 28.6 19.2 549

Chairs IKEA HARRY 201.058.31 450 490 960 White pine 5.082 5.422 5.290 5.082 5.280 5.416 5.3 0.2 31.6 19.2 606

Bookcases IKEA HEMNES 402.821.30 890 370 1970 White pine 28.516 28.078 - - - - 28.3 0.3 56.6 19.2 1087

TV unit IKEA HEMNES 202.421.02 1480 465 570 White pine 31.142 - - - - - 31.1 - 31.1 19.2 598

8-Dresser dresser IKEA HEMNES 003.185.98 1600 500 950 White pine 53.948 - - - - - 53.9 - 53.9 19.2 1036

Armchair frame IKEA JENNYLUND 300.475.48 730 760 850 White pine 18.384 18.384 - - - - 18.4 0.0 36.8 19.2 706

Armchair cushions IKEA JENNYLUND - 510 460 120 PU Foam 1.446 1.452 - - - - 1.4 0.0 2.9 29 84

Sofa frame IKEA EKTROP 401.850.30 2180 860 900 White pine 43.480 - - - - - 43.5 - 43.5 19.2 835

Sofa cushions IKEA EKTROP - 1670 700 120 PU Foam 14.256 - - - - - 14.3 - 14.3 29 413

Side table IKEA HEMNES 802.821.52 550 550 500 White pine 8.034 7.768 - - - - 7.9 0.2 15.8 19.2 303

Coffee table IKEA ARKELSTROP 302.608.07 1380 650 520 White pine 16.778 - - - - - 16.8 - 16.8 19.2 322

Night stands IKEA TARVA 502.196.09 480 390 620 White pine 9.366 9.284 - - - - 9.3 0.1 18.7 19.2 358

Bed frame IKEA HEMNES 202.421.02 1470 2000 400 White pine 32.376 - - - - - 32.4 - 32.4 19.2 622

Bed drawers IKEA HEMNES 103.262.96 1470 2000 200 White pine 8.038 7.990 4.308 4.372 - - 6.2 2.1 24.7 19.2 474

Bed frame slats IKEA LUROY 601.602.17 1331 102 51 White pine 7.600 - - - - - 7.6 - 7.6 19.2 146 Mattress IKEA MOREDAL 802.773.82 1340 1870 170 PU Foam 18.000 - - - - - 18.0 - 18.0 29 522

Desk IKEA HEMNES 502.821.44 1550 650 740 White pine 37.816 - - - - - 37.8 - 37.8 19.2 726

Desk hutch IKEA HEMNES 202.821.26 1520 250 630 White pine 20.726 - - - - - 20.7 - 20.7 19.2 398

Desk Chair IKEA HARRY 201.058.31 450 490 960 White pine 5.456 - - - - - 5.5 - 5.5 19.2 105 Wood cribs Lowes* HT 591 28 pcs 2 in. x 2 in x 12 in. 305 305 305 White pine 4.584 4.472 4.408 4.604 - - 4.5 0.1 18.1 19.2 347

Counter top Home Depot - 2 in. x 12 in. & 2 in. x 4 in. 660 2210 38 Douglas fir 29.002 29.836 - - - - 29.4 0.6 58.8 21 1236

Counter top Home Depot - 2 in. x 12 in. & 2 in. x 4 in. 660 1210 38 Douglas fir 15.532 - - - - - - - 15.5 21 326

Wood cribs Lowes* -

6 pcs 2 in. x 4 in x 12 in.

6 pcs 2 in. x 4 in x 30 in.

762 305 152 White pine 10.268 11.125 10.220 10.972 10.678 10.508 10.6 0.4 63.8 19.2 1224

* Unspecified 1149 - 22714

1163 22954

Area 41.86 m2

Load density (w/o paper) 543 MJ/m2

Load density (w/ paper) 548 MJ/m2

Energy, MJ Item Manufacturer /

Supplier Product name Article / Model / Description

Dimensions, mm Material

Without drywall paper With drywall paper

Mass, kg Total mass, kg

Heat

value, MJ/kg
A1-010659.1 C-3

Table C 5. Test 1-5 compartment content mass and fuel load calculation.

Table C 6. Test 1-6 compartment content mass and fuel load calculation.

X Y Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean S D

Gypsum paper US Gypsum FireCore Type X - 9100 2700 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 4.7 17 80

4600 2700 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 4.7 17 80

9100 4600 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 8.0 17 136

17 - 296

Flooring trafficMASTER - 38701 1290 194 7 Hardboard 1.478 1.484 1.492 1.500 1.500 1.484 1.5 0.0 241.1 19.9 4797

Console table IKEA HEMNES 502.821.39 390 1570 740 White pine 25.018 - - - - - 25.0 - 25.0 19.2 480

12" cabinets Home Depot Base B120HD 610 305 876 White pine 18.638 18.530 18.560 17.452 18.736 - 18.4 0.5 91.9 19.2 1765

36" cabinets Home Depot Sink Base B360HD 610 914 876 White pine 26.946 26.940 26.300 26.922 26.644 - 26.8 0.3 133.8 19.2 2568

Table IKEA GAMLEBY 602.470.27 2010 780 740 White pine 28.824 - - - - - 28.8 - 28.8 19.2 553

Chairs IKEA HARRY 201.058.31 450 490 960 White pine 5.338 5.178 5.282 5.250 5.042 5.403 5.2 0.1 31.5 19.2 605

Bookcases IKEA HEMNES 402.821.30 890 370 1970 White pine 28.232 27.956 - - - - 28.1 0.2 56.2 19.2 1079

TV unit IKEA HEMNES 202.421.02 1480 465 570 White pine 30.612 - - - - - 30.6 - 30.6 19.2 588

8-Dresser dresser IKEA HEMNES 003.185.98 1600 500 950 White pine 54.136 - - - - - 54.1 - 54.1 19.2 1039

Armchair frame IKEA EKTORP 801.850.52 730 760 850 White pine 28.056 28.894 - - - - 28.5 0.6 57.0 19.2 1093

Armchair cushions IKEA EKTORP - 510 460 120 PU Foam 5.462 5.372 - - - - 5.4 0.1 10.8 29 314

Sofa frame IKEA EKTROP 401.850.30 2180 860 900 White pine 43.976 - - - - - 44.0 - 44.0 19.2 844

Sofa cushions IKEA EKTROP - 1670 700 120 PU Foam 14.178 - - - - - 14.2 - 14.2 29 411

Side table IKEA HEMNES 802.821.52 550 550 500 White pine 7.540 7.884 - - - - 7.7 0.2 15.4 19.2 296

Coffee table IKEA KRAGSTA 802.622.53 1380 650 520 White pine 13.800 - - - - - 13.8 - 13.8 19.2 265

Night stands IKEA TARVA 502.196.09 480 390 620 White pine 9.182 9.460 - - - - 9.3 0.2 18.6 19.2 358

Bed frame IKEA HEMNES 202.421.02 1470 2000 400 White pine 32.140 - - - - - 32.1 - 32.1 19.2 617

Bed drawers IKEA HEMNES 103.262.96 1470 2000 200 White pine 4.690 4.508 8.160 8.480 - - 6.5 2.2 25.8 19.2 496

Bed frame slats Home Depot Whitewood 569062 1331 102 51 White pine 7.554 - - - - - 7.6 - 7.6 19.2 145 Mattress IKEA MOREDAL 802.773.82 1340 1870 170 PU Foam 17.228 - - - - - 17.2 - 17.2 29 500

Desk IKEA HEMNES 502.821.44 1550 650 740 White pine 38.090 - - - - - 38.1 - 38.1 19.2 731

Desk hutch IKEA HEMNES 202.821.26 1520 250 630 White pine 19.708 - - - - - 19.7 - 19.7 19.2 378

Desk Chair IKEA HARRY 201.058.31 450 490 960 White pine 5.240 - - - - - 5.2 - 5.2 19.2 101 Wood cribs Lowes* HT 591 28 pcs 2 in. x 2 in x 12 in. 305 305 305 White pine 4.566 4.420 4.508 4.422 - - 4.5 0.1 17.9 19.2 344

Counter top Home Depot - 2 in. x 12 in. & 2 in. x 4 in. 660 2210 38 Douglas fir 24.480 26.754 - - - - 25.6 1.6 51.2 21 1076

Counter top Home Depot - 2 in. x 12 in. & 2 in. x 4 in. 660 1210 38 Douglas fir 14.426 - - - - - - - 14.4 21 303

Wood cribs Lowes* -

6 pcs 2 in. x 4 in x 12 in.

6 pcs 2 in. x 4 in x 30 in.

762 305 152 White pine 11.004 10.222 10.454 10.240 10.994 10.964 10.6 0.4 63.9 19.2 1226

* Unspecified 1160 - 22974

1177 23270

Area 41.86 m2

Load density (w/o paper) 549 MJ/m2

Load density (w/ paper) 556 MJ/m2

Energy, MJ Item Manufacturer /

Supplier Product name Article / Model / Description

Dimensions, mm Material

Without drywall paper With drywall paper

Mass, kg Total mass, kg

Heat

value, MJ/kg X Y Z 1 2 3 4 5 6 Mean S D

Gypsum paper US Gypsum FireCore Type X - 9100 2700 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 4.7 17 80

4600 2700 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 4.7 17 80

9100 4600 0.25 Paper - - - - - - - - 0.0 17 0

9 - 160

Flooring trafficMASTER - 38701 1290 194 7 Hardboard 1.478 1.484 1.492 1.500 1.500 1.484 1.5 0.0 241.1 19.9 4797

Console table IKEA HEMNES 502.821.39 390 1570 740 White pine 25.650 - - - - - 25.7 - 25.7 19.2 492

12" cabinets Home Depot Base B120HD 610 305 876 White pine 18.582 18.434 18.550 18.652 18.550 - 18.6 0.1 92.8 19.2 1781

36" cabinets Home Depot Sink Base B360HD 610 914 876 White pine 26.730 26.774 26.416 26.890 26.006 - 26.6 0.4 132.8 19.2 2550

Table IKEA GAMLEBY 602.470.27 2010 780 740 White pine 28.628 - - - - - 28.6 - 28.6 19.2 550

Chairs IKEA HARRY 201.058.31 450 490 960 White pine 5.264 5.454 5.434 5.380 5.432 5.518 5.4 0.1 32.5 19.2 624

Bookcases IKEA HEMNES 402.821.30 890 370 1970 White pine 28.322 28.078 - - - - 28.2 0.2 56.4 19.2 1083

TV unit IKEA HEMNES 202.421.02 1480 465 570 White pine 31.048 - - - - - 31.0 - 31.0 19.2 596

8-Dresser dresser IKEA HEMNES 003.185.98 1600 500 950 White pine 53.924 - - - - - 53.9 - 53.9 19.2 1035

Armchair frame IKEA EKTORP 801.850.52 730 760 850 White pine 28.840 28.852 - - - - 28.8 0.0 57.7 19.2 1108

Armchair cushions IKEA EKTORP - 510 460 120 PU Foam 5.398 5.402 - - - - 5.4 0.0 10.8 29 313

Sofa frame IKEA EKTROP 401.850.30 2180 860 900 White pine 43.532 - - - - - 43.5 - 43.5 19.2 836

Sofa cushions IKEA EKTROP - 1670 700 120 PU Foam 14.313 - - - - - 14.3 - 14.3 29 415

Side table IKEA HEMNES 802.821.52 550 550 500 White pine 7.410 - - - - 7.4 #DIV/0! 7.4 19.2 142

Coffee table IKEA KRAGSTA 802.622.53 1380 650 520 White pine 13.952 - - - - - 14.0 - 14.0 19.2 268

Night stands IKEA TARVA 502.196.09 480 390 620 White pine 9.328 9.328 - - - - 9.3 0.0 18.7 19.2 358

Bed frame IKEA HEMNES 202.421.02 1470 2000 400 White pine 32.008 - - - - - 32.0 - 32.0 19.2 615

Bed drawers IKEA HEMNES 103.262.96 1470 2000 200 White pine 4.486 4.350 8.134 8.152 - - 6.3 2.2 25.1 19.2 482

Bed frame slats Home Depot Whitewood 569062 1331 102 51 White pine 8.759 - - - - - 8.8 - 8.8 19.2 168 Mattress IKEA MOREDAL 802.773.82 1340 1870 170 PU Foam 18.310 - - - - - 18.3 - 18.3 29 531

Desk IKEA HEMNES 502.821.44 1550 650 740 White pine 36.808 - - - - - 36.8 - 36.8 19.2 707

Desk hutch IKEA HEMNES 202.821.26 1520 250 630 White pine 20.048 - - - - - 20.0 - 20.0 19.2 385

Desk Chair IKEA HARRY 201.058.31 450 490 960 White pine 5.106 - - - - - 5.1 - 5.1 19.2 98 Wood cribs Lowes* HT 591 28 pcs 2 in. x 2 in x 12 in. 305 305 305 White pine 4.286 4.394 4.960 5.640 - - 4.8 0.6 19.3 19.2 370

Counter top Home Depot - 2 in. x 12 in. & 2 in. x 4 in. 660 2210 38 Douglas fir 28.404 25.176 - - - - 26.8 2.3 53.6 21 1125

Counter top Home Depot - 2 in. x 12 in. & 2 in. x 4 in. 660 1210 38 Douglas fir 12.906 - - - - - - - 12.9 21 271

Wood cribs Lowes* -

6 pcs 2 in. x 4 in x 12 in.

6 pcs 2 in. x 4 in x 30 in.

762 305 152 White pine 10.220 10.108 9.260 9.938 10.422 10.192 10.0 0.4 60.1 19.2 1155

* Unspecified 1153 - 22856

1163 23016

Area 41.86 m2

Load density (w/o paper) 546 MJ/m2

Load density (w/ paper) 550 MJ/m2

Energy, MJ

Item Manufacturer /

Supplier

Product name Article / Model / Description

Dimensions, mm Material

Without drywall paper With drywall paper

Mass, kg Total mass, kg

Heat

value, MJ/kg
A1-010659.1 C-4

Table C 7. Compartment movable fuel dimensions, position and assumed mass 

distribution used to determine energy distribution for Test 1-1.

X Y Z XX YY Z Z N E S W Top Bot Vert Hor

Flooring 9100 4600 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 241.1 4797

Console table 390 1570 740 0 400 0 10 0 10 0 25 25 15 15 25.9 498

12" cabinets 305 876 610 202 2416 100 0 25 25 0 25 25 0 0 18.0 345

610 305 876 50 3330 0 25 25 25 25 0 0 0 0 18.4 353

305 610 876 660 3940 0 25 25 25 25 0 0 0 0 18.4 353

610 305 876 1879 3330 0 25 25 25 25 0 0 0 0 18.4 354

305 876 610 2031 2416 100 0 25 25 0 25 25 0 0 18.5 355

36" cabinets 610 914 876 50 2416 0 25 25 25 25 0 0 0 0 26.4 507

610 914 876 50 3635 0 25 25 25 25 0 0 0 0 26.0 499

914 610 876 964 3940 0 25 25 25 25 0 0 0 0 26.3 504

610 914 876 1879 3635 0 25 25 25 25 0 0 0 0 26.2 504

610 914 876 1879 2416 0 25 25 25 25 0 0 0 0 26.9 516

Table 2010 780 740 750 700 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 29.5 567

Chairs 450 490 960 935 380 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 5.1 97

450 490 960 1500 380 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 4.9 95

450 490 960 2065 380 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 5.2 100

490 450 960 2570 865 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 50 5.3 101

450 490 960 935 1310 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 50 5.4 103

450 490 960 2065 1310 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0 50 5.6 108

Bookcases 890 370 1970 2660 0 0 20 20 0 20 10 0 15 15 27.8 533

890 370 1970 6410 4145 0 0 20 20 20 10 0 15 15 27.7 531

TV unit 1480 465 570 3550 150 0 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 30.7 589

8-Dresser dresser 1600 500 950 5030 150 0 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 54.3 1042

Armchair frame 730 760 850 2788 2150 0 20 40 20 0 0 0 0 20 18.3 352

730 760 850 5298 2150 0 20 0 20 40 0 0 0 20 18.4 353

Armchair cushions 510 460 120 3008 2300 300 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 1.5 44

510 460 120 5298 2300 300 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 1.6 45

Sofa frame 2180 860 900 3418 3640 0 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 43.7 839

Sofa cushions 1670 700 120 3673 3640 300 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 14.0 406

Side table 550 550 500 2868 3750 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 50 8.0 154

550 550 500 5598 3750 0 0 0 0 0 50 0 0 50 8.4 161

Coffee table 1380 650 520 3718 2350 0 0 0 0 0 100 0 0 0 16.3 314

Night stands 480 390 620 6630 0 0 0 20 0 20 20 0 20 20 9.3 178

480 390 620 8580 0 0 0 20 0 20 20 0 20 20 9.2 176

Bed frame 1470 2000 400 7110 0 0 25 25 25 25 0 0 0 0 32.1 616

Bed drawers 1470 2000 200 7110 0 0 15 15 15 15 0 40 0 0 24.4 469

Bed frame slats 1470 2000 38 7110 0 400 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 9.3 178

Mattress 1340 1870 170 7175 65 400 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 17.9 520

Desk 1550 650 740 7350 3950 0 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 36.5 700

Desk hutch 1520 250 630 7365 4350 740 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 20.9 401

Desk Chair 450 490 960 7900 3850 0 50 0 0 0 0 0 0 50 4.9 94

Wood cribs 305 305 305 0 500 160 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 4.5 86

305 305 305 0 855 160 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 4.5 86

305 305 305 0 1210 160 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 4.4 85

305 305 305 0 1565 160 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 4.6 88

Counter top 660 2210 38 0 2390 876 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 32.4 681

660 2210 38 1870 2390 876 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 30.6 642

Counter top 1210 660 38 660 3940 876 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 17.3 363

Wood cribs 762 305 152 2724 0 160 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 10.3 198

762 305 152 2724 0 490 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 9.9 189

762 305 152 2724 0 810 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 9.4 180

762 305 152 6474 4145 160 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 10.2 196

762 305 152 6474 4145 490 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 9.7 187

762 305 152 6474 4145 810 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 13 9.8 189

Without drywall paper 1144 22622

Total

mass, kg

Energy,

MJ

Position, mm Mass distribution, % Item Dimensions, mm
A1-010659.1 D-1

Appendix D - Hardware configuration

Table D 1. Hardware configuration for Test 1-1.

Wire Legend/ID Range/Type Slope Units Notes

1 TC_Ceiling_Center_020 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 20 mm from interface

2 TC_Ceiling_Center_035 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 35 mm from interface

3 TC_Ceiling_Center_050 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 50 mm from interface

4 TC_Ceiling_Center_065 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 65 mm from interface

5 TC_Ceiling_Center_090 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 90 mm from interface

6 TC_Ceiling_Center_115 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 115 mm from interface

7 TC_Ceiling_Center_140 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 140 mm from interface

8 TC_W1_Middle_180_020 Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

9 TC_W1_Middle_180_035 Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

10 TC_W1_Middle_180_050 Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

11 TC_W1_Middle_180_065 Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

12 TC_W1_Middle_180_090 Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

13 TC_W1_Middle_180_115 Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

14 TC_W1_Middle_180_140 Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 140 mm from interface

15 TC_W3_Middle_180_020 Thermocouple 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

16 TC_W3_Middle_180_035 Thermocouple 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

17 TC_W3_Middle_180_050 Thermocouple 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

18 TC_W3_Middle_180_065 Thermocouple 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

19 TC_W3_Middle_180_090 Thermocouple 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

20 TC_W3_Middle_180_115 Thermocouple 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

21 TC_W3_Middle_180_140 Thermocouple 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 140 mm from interface

22 TC_W4_Middle_180_020 Thermocouple 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

23 TC_W4_Middle_180_035 Thermocouple 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

24 TC_W4_Middle_180_050 Thermocouple 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

25 TC_W4_Middle_180_065 Thermocouple 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

26 TC_W4_Middle_180_090 Thermocouple 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

27 TC_W4_Middle_180_115 Thermocouple 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

28 TC_W4_Middle_180_140 Thermocouple 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 140 mm from interface

29 TC_Tree_Tr1_060 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=0.6 m

30 TC_Tree_Tr1_160 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=1.6 m

31 TC_Tree_Tr1_260 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=2.6 m

32 TC_Tree_Tr2_060 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=0.6 m

33 TC_Tree_Tr2_160 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=1.6 m

34 TC_Tree_Tr2_260 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=2.6 m

35 TC_Tree_Tr3_060 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=0.6 m

36 TC_Tree_Tr3_160 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=1.6 m

37 TC_Tree_Tr3_260 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=2.6 m

38 TC_Tree_Tr4_060 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=0.6 m

39 TC_Tree_Tr4_160 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=1.6 m

40 TC_Tree_Tr4_260 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=2.6 m

41 TC_Tree_Tr5_060 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=0.6 m

42 TC_Tree_Tr5_160 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=1.6 m

43 TC_Tree_Tr5_260 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=2.6 m

44 TC_Tree_Tr6_060 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=0.6 m

45 TC_Tree_Tr6_160 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=1.6 m

46 TC_Tree_Tr6_260 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=2.6 m

47 TC_W1_Middle_060_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

48 TC_W1_Middle_120_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of CLT

49 TC_W1_Middle_180_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

50 TC_W1_Middle_060_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of 1st GB

51 TC_W1_Middle_120_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of 1st GB

52 TC_W1_Middle_180_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m on the surface of 1st GB

53 TC_W1_Middle_060_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of 2nd GB

54 TC_W1_Middle_120_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of 2nd GB

55 TC_W1_Middle_180_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m on the surface of 2nd GB

56 TC_W1_Front_180_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

57 TC_W1_Front_180_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m on the surface of 1st GB

58 TC_W1_Front_180_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m on the surface of 2st GB

59 TC_W1_Rear_180_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

60 TC_W1_Rear_180_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m on the surface of 1st GB

61 TC_W1_Rear_180_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m on the surface of 2st GB

62 TC_W1_Front_060_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

63 TC_W1_Front_060_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m on the surface of 1st GB

64 TC_W1_Front_060_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m on the surface of 2st GB

65 TC_W1_Rear_060_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

66 TC_W1_Rear_060_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m on the surface of 1st GB

67 TC_W1_Rear_060_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m on the surface of 2st GB

68 TC_W3_Middle_060_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

69 TC_W3_Middle_120_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

70 TC_W3_Middle_180_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

71 TC_W3_Middle_060_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

72 TC_W3_Middle_120_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB
A1-010659.1 D-2

Wire Legend/ID Range/Type Slope Units Notes

73 TC_W3_Middle_180_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

74 TC_W3_Middle_060_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

75 TC_W3_Middle_120_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

76 TC_W3_Middle_180_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

77 TC_W4_Middle_060_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

78 TC_W4_Middle_120_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

79 TC_W4_Middle_180_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

80 TC_W4_Middle_060_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

81 TC_W4_Middle_120_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

82 TC_W4_Middle_180_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

83 TC_W4_Middle_060_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

84 TC_W4_Middle_120_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

85 TC_W4_Middle_180_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

86 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 on the surface of CLT

87 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 on the surface of 1st GB

88 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 on the surface of 2nd GB

89 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 on the surface of CLT

90 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 on the surface of 1st GB

91 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 on the surface of 2nd GB

92 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 on the surface of CLT

93 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 on the surface of 1st GB

94 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 on the surface of 2nd GB

95 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 on the surface of CLT

96 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 on the surface of 1st GB

97 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 on the surface of 2nd GB

98 TC_Ceiling_Center_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of CLT

99 TC_Ceiling_Center_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of 1st GB

100 TC_Ceiling_Center_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of 2nd GB

101 Gardon_Floor_Center ±0.2V default 17620 kW/m2 At the center of the floor

102 Gardon_W1_Middle_180 ±0.2V default 19380 kW/m2 W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

103 PT_W1_Middle_180_SPy Thermocouple 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

104 DFT_W1_Middle_180_Px Thermocouple 1 °C DFT on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m (Front plate)

105 PT_W1_Middle_180_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m (SP model 5928060-001)

106 PT_W1_Front_180_SPy Thermocouple 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 at front

107 DFT_W3_Middle_180_Px Thermocouple 1 °C DFT on W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m (Back plate)

108 PT_W1_Front_180_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C W1 in the front of the compartment at h=1.8 m

109 PT_W1_Rear_180_SPy Thermocouple 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 in the rear of the compartment at h=1.8 m

110 DFT_W4_Middle_180_Px Thermocouple 1 °C DFT on W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m (Front plate)

111 PT_W1_Rear_180_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C W1 in the rear of the compartment at h=1.8 m

112 PT_Ceiling_Center_SPy Thermocouple 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer

113 DFT_Ceiling_Center_Px Thermocouple 1 °C DFT at the centre of the ceiling (Back plate)

114 PT_Ceiling_Center_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling

115 PT_Ceiling_Bed_SPy Thermocouple 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on ceiling above the bed

116 DFT_Ceiling_Bed_Px Thermocouple 1 °C DFT on the ceiling above the bed (Back plate)

117 PT_Ceiling_Bed_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C on the ceiling above the bed

118 dP_c ±10V default 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe on ceiling near STE 6, Direction normal to the opening

120 dP_r ±10V default 400 Pa On smoke sample line near gas analyzer sample line at 2.1m 1/4" SS tube

121 STE_1 Thermocouple 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

122 STE_2 Thermocouple 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

123 STE_3 Thermocouple 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

124 STE_4 Thermocouple 1 °C 18" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

125 STE_5 Thermocouple 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

126 STE_6 Thermocouple 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

127 STE_7 Thermocouple 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

128 STE_8 Thermocouple 1 °C 18" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

129 STE_9 Thermocouple 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

130 STE_10 Thermocouple 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

131 TC_V_c Thermocouple 1 °C Temperature co-located with V_c

132 SmokeAlarm ±10V default 1 V Smoke detector at the centre of the ceiling

133 HeatAlarm ±10V default 1 V Heat detector at the centre of the ceiling

134 O2_room ±10V default 4.275504 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

135 CO2_room ±10V default 3.823816 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

136 CO_room ±10V default 4.412315 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

137 SMOKE ±10V default 1 V at the centre of the room, 1.6 m high

138 Door_TC_1 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

139 Door_TC_2 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

140 Door_TC_3 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

141 Door_TC_4 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

142 Door_TC_5 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

143 Door_TC_6 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

144 Door_TC_7 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

145 dP_o1 ±10V default 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, long side)

146 dP_o2 ±10V default 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, middle)

147 dP_o3 ±10V default 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, short side)

148 dP_o4 ±10V default 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, long side)

149 dP_o5 ±10V default 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, middle)

150 dP_o6 ±10V default 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, short side)
A1-010659.1 D-3

Wire Legend/ID Range/Type Slope Units Notes

151 Gardon_Front_a480 ±0.2V default 19460 kW/m2 facing the centre of the opening

152 Gardon_Front_a240 ±0.2V default 20980 kW/m2 facing the centre of the opening

153 Gardon_Front_e350 ±0.2V default 20260 kW/m2 3.5 m above ground

154 Gardon_Front_e550 ±0.2V default 18820 kW/m2 5.5 m above ground

155 Roof_TC_350 Thermocouple 1 °C 3.5 m above ground

156 Roof_TC_450 Thermocouple 1 °C 4.5 m above ground

157 Roof_TC_550 Thermocouple 1 °C 5.5 m above ground

158 Roof_TC_650 Thermocouple 1 °C 6.5 m above ground

159 Roof_TC_750 Thermocouple 1 °C 7.5 m above ground

161 DFT_W1_Middle_180_Py Thermocouple 1 °C DFT on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

162 DFT_W3_Middle_180_Py Thermocouple 1 °C DFT on W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m (Front plate)

163 DFT_W4_Middle_180_Py Thermocouple 1 °C DFT on W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m (Back plate)

164 DFT_Ceiling_Center_Py Thermocouple 1 °C DFT at the centre of the ceiling (Front plate)

165 DFT_Ceiling_Bed_Py Thermocouple 1 °C DFT on the ceiling above the bed (Front plate)

166 DEWpt_rack ±10V default 30.1205 °C Gas rack dew point measurement

167 TC_Tree_Tr1_110 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=1.1 m

168 TC_Tree_Tr1_210 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=2.1 m

169 TC_Tree_Tr2_110 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=1.1 m

170 TC_Tree_Tr2_210 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=2.1 m

171 TC_Tree_Tr3_110 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=1.1 m

172 TC_Tree_Tr3_210 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=2.1 m

173 TC_Tree_Tr4_110 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=1.1 m

174 TC_Tree_Tr4_210 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=2.1 m

175 TC_Tree_Tr5_110 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=1.1 m

176 TC_Tree_Tr5_210 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=2.1 m

177 TC_Tree_Tr6_110 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=1.1 m

178 TC_Tree_Tr6_210 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=2.1 m

179 PT_Front_a480_SPy Thermocouple 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

180 PT_Front_a480_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

181 PT_Front_a240_SPy Thermocouple 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

182 PT_Front_a240_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

183 PT_Front_e350_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C 3.5 m above ground

184 PT_Front_e550_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C 5.5 m above the top of the opening

185 TC_Smoke Thermocouple 1 °C Gas temperature at SMOKE2 outflow (for shutoff)

186 TC_HFGtower Thermocouple 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on roof tower

187 TC_HFGfloor Thermocouple 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on floor

188 TC_HFGw1 Thermocouple 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on W1

189 TC_GoPro Thermocouple 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of GoPro water bath

190 TC_TreeSteel Thermocouple 1 °C Temperature of steel behind thermal insulation in Tree 03 at 2.1 m height

191 TC_TBD Thermocouple 1 °C Extra TC location TBD

VI ±10V default 1 V Internal heartbeat

HRR N/A 1 kW Calculated channel

HRRburner N/A 1 kW Calculated channel

VelCeiling N/A - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor1 N/A - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor2 N/A - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor3 N/A - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor4 N/A - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor5 N/A - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor6 N/A - m/s Calculated channel

Table D 2. Hardware configuration for Test 1-2.

Wire Legend/ID Range/Type Slope Units Notes

1 TC_Ceiling_Center_020 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 20 mm from interface

2 TC_Ceiling_Center_035 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 35 mm from interface

3 TC_Ceiling_Center_050 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 50 mm from interface

4 TC_Ceiling_Center_065 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 65 mm from interface

5 TC_Ceiling_Center_090 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 90 mm from interface

6 TC_Ceiling_Center_115 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 115 mm from interface

7 TC_Ceiling_Center_140 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 140 mm from interface

8 TC_W1_Middle_180_020 Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

9 TC_W1_Middle_180_035 Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

10 TC_W1_Middle_180_050 Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

11 TC_W1_Middle_180_065 Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

12 TC_W1_Middle_180_090 Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

13 TC_W1_Middle_180_115 Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

14 TC_W1_Middle_180_140 Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 140 mm from interface

15 TC_W3_Middle_180_020 Thermocouple 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

16 TC_W3_Middle_180_035 Thermocouple 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

17 TC_W3_Middle_180_050 Thermocouple 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

18 TC_W3_Middle_180_065 Thermocouple 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

19 TC_W3_Middle_180_090 Thermocouple 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

20 TC_W3_Middle_180_115 Thermocouple 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

21 TC_W3_Middle_180_140 Thermocouple 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 140 mm from interface
A1-010659.1 D-4

Wire Legend/ID Range/Type Slope Units Notes

22 TC_W4_Middle_180_020 Thermocouple 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

23 TC_W4_Middle_180_035 Thermocouple 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

24 TC_W4_Middle_180_050 Thermocouple 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

25 TC_W4_Middle_180_065 Thermocouple 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

26 TC_W4_Middle_180_090 Thermocouple 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

27 TC_W4_Middle_180_115 Thermocouple 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

28 TC_W4_Middle_180_140 Thermocouple 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 140 mm from interface

29 TC_Tree_Tr1_060 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=0.6 m

30 TC_Tree_Tr1_160 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=1.6 m

31 TC_Tree_Tr1_260 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=2.6 m

32 TC_Tree_Tr2_060 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=0.6 m

33 TC_Tree_Tr2_160 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=1.6 m

34 TC_Tree_Tr2_260 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=2.6 m

35 TC_Tree_Tr3_060 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=0.6 m

36 TC_Tree_Tr3_160 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=1.6 m

37 TC_Tree_Tr3_260 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=2.6 m

38 TC_Tree_Tr4_060 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=0.6 m

39 TC_Tree_Tr4_160 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=1.6 m

40 TC_Tree_Tr4_260 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=2.6 m

41 TC_Tree_Tr5_060 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=0.6 m

42 TC_Tree_Tr5_160 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=1.6 m

43 TC_Tree_Tr5_260 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=2.6 m

44 TC_Tree_Tr6_060 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=0.6 m

45 TC_Tree_Tr6_160 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=1.6 m

46 TC_Tree_Tr6_260 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=2.6 m

47 TC_W1_Middle_060_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

48 TC_W1_Middle_120_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of CLT

49 TC_W1_Middle_180_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

50 TC_W1_Middle_060_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of 1st GB

51 TC_W1_Middle_120_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of 1st GB

52 TC_W1_Middle_180_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m on the surface of 1st GB

53 TC_W1_Middle_060_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of 2nd GB

54 TC_W1_Middle_120_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of 2nd GB

55 TC_W1_Middle_180_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m on the surface of 2nd GB

56 TC_W1_Front_180_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

57 TC_W1_Front_180_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m on the surface of 1st GB

58 TC_W1_Front_180_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m on the surface of 2st GB

59 TC_W1_Rear_180_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

60 TC_W1_Rear_180_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m on the surface of 1st GB

61 TC_W1_Rear_180_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m on the surface of 2st GB

62 TC_W1_Front_060_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

63 TC_W1_Front_060_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m on the surface of 1st GB

64 TC_W1_Front_060_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m on the surface of 2st GB

65 TC_W1_Rear_060_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

66 TC_W1_Rear_060_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m on the surface of 1st GB

67 TC_W1_Rear_060_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m on the surface of 2st GB

68 TC_W3_Middle_060_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

69 TC_W3_Middle_120_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

70 TC_W3_Middle_180_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

71 TC_W3_Middle_060_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

72 TC_W3_Middle_120_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

73 TC_W3_Middle_180_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

74 TC_W3_Middle_060_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

75 TC_W3_Middle_120_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

76 TC_W3_Middle_180_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

77 TC_W4_Middle_060_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

78 TC_W4_Middle_120_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

79 TC_W4_Middle_180_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

80 TC_W4_Middle_060_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

81 TC_W4_Middle_120_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

82 TC_W4_Middle_180_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

83 TC_W4_Middle_060_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

84 TC_W4_Middle_120_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

85 TC_W4_Middle_180_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

86 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 on the surface of CLT

87 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 on the surface of 1st GB

88 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 on the surface of 2nd GB

89 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 on the surface of CLT

90 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 on the surface of 1st GB

91 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 on the surface of 2nd GB

92 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 on the surface of CLT

93 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 on the surface of 1st GB

94 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 on the surface of 2nd GB

95 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 on the surface of CLT

96 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 on the surface of 1st GB

97 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 on the surface of 2nd GB

98 TC_Ceiling_Center_CLT Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of CLT
A1-010659.1 D-5

Wire Legend/ID Range/Type Slope Units Notes

99 TC_Ceiling_Center_1GB Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of 1st GB

100 TC_Ceiling_Center_2GB Thermocouple 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of 2nd GB

101 Gardon_Floor_Center ±0.2V default 19870 kW/m2 At the center of the floor

102 Gardon_W1_Middle_180 ±0.2V default 19260 kW/m2 W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

103 PT_W1_Middle_180_SPy Thermocouple 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

104 DFT_W1_Middle_180_Px Thermocouple 1 °C DFT on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m (Front plate)

105 PT_W1_Middle_180_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m (SP model 5928060-001)

106 PT_W1_Front_180_SPy Thermocouple 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 at front

107 DFT_W3_Middle_180_Px Thermocouple 1 °C DFT on W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m (Back plate)

108 PT_W1_Front_180_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C W1 in the front of the compartment at h=1.8 m

109 PT_W1_Rear_180_SPy Thermocouple 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 in the rear of the compartment at h=1.8 m

110 DFT_W4_Middle_180_Px Thermocouple 1 °C DFT on W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m (Front plate)

111 PT_W1_Rear_180_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C W1 in the rear of the compartment at h=1.8 m

112 PT_Ceiling_Center_SPy Thermocouple 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer

113 DFT_Ceiling_Center_Px Thermocouple 1 °C DFT at the centre of the ceiling (Back plate)

114 PT_Ceiling_Center_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling

115 PT_Ceiling_Bed_SPy Thermocouple 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on ceiling above the bed

116 DFT_Ceiling_Bed_Px Thermocouple 1 °C DFT on the ceiling above the bed (Back plate)

117 PT_Ceiling_Bed_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C on the ceiling above the bed

118 dP_c ±10V default 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe on ceiling near STE 6, Direction normal to the opening

120 dP_r ±10V default 400 Pa On smoke sample line near gas analyzer sample line at 2.1m 1/4" SS tube

121 STE_1 Thermocouple 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

122 STE_2 Thermocouple 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

123 STE_3 Thermocouple 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

124 STE_4 Thermocouple 1 °C 18" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

125 STE_5 Thermocouple 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

126 STE_6 Thermocouple 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

127 STE_7 Thermocouple 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

128 STE_8 Thermocouple 1 °C 18" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

129 STE_9 Thermocouple 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

130 STE_10 Thermocouple 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

131 TC_V_c Thermocouple 1 °C Temperature co-located with V_c

132 SmokeAlarm ±10V default 1 V Smoke detector at the centre of the ceiling

133 HeatAlarm ±10V default 1 V Heat detector at the centre of the ceiling

134 O2_room ±10V default 4.275504 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

135 CO2_room ±10V default 3.823816 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

136 CO_room ±10V default 4.412315 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

137 SMOKE ±10V default 1 V at the centre of the room, 1.6 m high

138 Door_TC_1 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

139 Door_TC_2 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

140 Door_TC_3 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

141 Door_TC_4 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

142 Door_TC_5 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

143 Door_TC_6 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

144 Door_TC_7 Thermocouple 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

145 dP_o1 ±10V default 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, long side)

146 dP_o2 ±10V default 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, middle)

147 dP_o3 ±10V default 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, short side)

148 dP_o4 ±10V default 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, long side)

149 dP_o5 ±10V default 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, middle)

150 dP_o6 ±10V default 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, short side)

151 Gardon_Front_a480 ±0.2V default 19460 kW/m2 facing the centre of the opening

152 Gardon_Front_a240 ±0.2V default 20980 kW/m2 facing the centre of the opening

153 Gardon_Front_e350 ±0.2V default 20260 kW/m2 3.5 m above ground

154 Gardon_Front_e550 ±0.2V default 18820 kW/m2 5.5 m above ground

155 Roof_TC_350 Thermocouple 1 °C 3.5 m above ground

156 Roof_TC_450 Thermocouple 1 °C 4.5 m above ground

157 Roof_TC_550 Thermocouple 1 °C 5.5 m above ground

158 Roof_TC_650 Thermocouple 1 °C 6.5 m above ground

159 Roof_TC_750 Thermocouple 1 °C 7.5 m above ground

161 DFT_W1_Middle_180_Py Thermocouple 1 °C DFT on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

162 DFT_W3_Middle_180_Py Thermocouple 1 °C DFT on W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m (Front plate)

163 DFT_W4_Middle_180_Py Thermocouple 1 °C DFT on W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m (Back plate)

164 DFT_Ceiling_Center_Py Thermocouple 1 °C DFT at the centre of the ceiling (Front plate)

165 DFT_Ceiling_Bed_Py Thermocouple 1 °C DFT on the ceiling above the bed (Front plate)

166 DEWpt_rack ±10V default 30.1205 °C Gas rack dew point measurement

167 TC_Tree_Tr1_110 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=1.1 m

168 TC_Tree_Tr1_210 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=2.1 m

169 TC_Tree_Tr2_110 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=1.1 m

170 TC_Tree_Tr2_210 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=2.1 m

171 TC_Tree_Tr3_110 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=1.1 m

172 TC_Tree_Tr3_210 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=2.1 m

173 TC_Tree_Tr4_110 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=1.1 m

174 TC_Tree_Tr4_210 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=2.1 m

175 TC_Tree_Tr5_110 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=1.1 m

176 TC_Tree_Tr5_210 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=2.1 m

177 TC_Tree_Tr6_110 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=1.1 m
A1-010659.1 D-6

Wire Legend/ID Range/Type Slope Units Notes

178 TC_Tree_Tr6_210 Thermocouple 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=2.1 m

179 PT_Front_a480_SPy Thermocouple 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

180 PT_Front_a480_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

181 PT_Front_a240_SPy Thermocouple 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

182 PT_Front_a240_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

183 PT_Front_e350_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C 3.5 m above ground

184 PT_Front_e550_SPx Thermocouple 1 °C 5.5 m above the top of the opening

185 TC_Smoke Thermocouple 1 °C Gas temperature at SMOKE2 outflow (for shutoff)

186 TC_HFGtower Thermocouple 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on roof tower

187 TC_HFGfloor Thermocouple 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on floor

188 TC_HFGw1 Thermocouple 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on W1

189 TC_GoPro Thermocouple 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of GoPro water bath

190 TC_TreeSteel Thermocouple 1 °C Temperature of steel behind thermal insulation in Tree 03 at 2.1 m height

191 TC_TBD Thermocouple 1 °C Extra TC location TBD

VI ±10V default 1 V Internal heartbeat

HRR N/A 1 kW Calculated channel

HRRburner N/A 1 kW Calculated channel

VelCeiling N/A - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor1 N/A - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor2 N/A - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor3 N/A - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor4 N/A - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor5 N/A - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor6 N/A - m/s Calculated channel

Table D 3. Hardware configuration for Test 1-3.

Wire Legend/ID Manufacturer Model Slope Units Notes

1 TC_Ceiling_Center_020 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 20 mm from interface

2 TC_Ceiling_Center_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 35 mm from interface

3 TC_Ceiling_Center_050 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 50 mm from interface

4 TC_Ceiling_Center_065 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 65 mm from interface

5 TC_Ceiling_Center_090 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 90 mm from interface

6 TC_Ceiling_Center_115 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 115 mm from interface

7 TC_Ceiling_Center_140 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 140 mm from interface

8 TC_W1_Middle_180_020 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

9 TC_W1_Middle_180_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

10 TC_W1_Middle_180_050 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

11 TC_W1_Middle_180_065 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

12 TC_W1_Middle_180_090 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

13 TC_W1_Middle_180_115 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

14 TC_W1_Middle_180_140 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 140 mm from interface

15 TC_W3_Middle_180_020 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

16 TC_W3_Middle_180_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

17 TC_W3_Middle_180_050 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

18 TC_W3_Middle_180_065 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

19 TC_W3_Middle_180_090 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

20 TC_W3_Middle_180_115 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

21 TC_W3_Middle_180_140 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 140 mm from interface

22 TC_W4_Middle_180_020 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

23 TC_W4_Middle_180_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

24 TC_W4_Middle_180_050 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

25 TC_W4_Middle_180_065 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

26 TC_W4_Middle_180_090 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

27 TC_W4_Middle_180_115 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

28 TC_W4_Middle_180_140 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 140 mm from interface

29 TC_Tree_Tr1_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=0.6 m

30 TC_Tree_Tr1_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=1.6 m

31 TC_Tree_Tr1_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=2.6 m

32 TC_Tree_Tr2_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=0.6 m

33 TC_Tree_Tr2_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=1.6 m

34 TC_Tree_Tr2_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=2.6 m

35 TC_Tree_Tr3_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=0.6 m

36 TC_Tree_Tr3_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=1.6 m

37 TC_Tree_Tr3_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=2.6 m

38 TC_Tree_Tr4_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=0.6 m

39 TC_Tree_Tr4_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=1.6 m

40 TC_Tree_Tr4_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=2.6 m

41 TC_Tree_Tr5_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=0.6 m

42 TC_Tree_Tr5_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=1.6 m

43 TC_Tree_Tr5_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=2.6 m

44 TC_Tree_Tr6_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=0.6 m

45 TC_Tree_Tr6_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=1.6 m

46 TC_Tree_Tr6_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=2.6 m

47 TC_W1_Middle_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT
A1-010659.1 D-7

Wire Legend/ID Manufacturer Model Slope Units Notes

48 TC_W1_Middle_120_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of CLT

49 TC_W1_Middle_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

50 TC_W1_Middle_060_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of 1st GB

51 TC_W1_Middle_120_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of 1st GB

52 TC_W1_Middle_180_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m on the surface of 1st GB

53 TC_W1_Middle_060_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of 2nd GB

54 TC_W1_Middle_120_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of 2nd GB

55 TC_W1_Middle_180_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m on the surface of 2nd GB

56 TC_W1_Front_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

57 TC_W1_Front_180_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m on the surface of 1st GB

58 TC_W1_Front_180_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m on the surface of 2st GB

59 TC_W1_Rear_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

60 TC_W1_Rear_180_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m on the surface of 1st GB

61 TC_W1_Rear_180_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m on the surface of 2st GB

62 TC_W1_Front_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

63 TC_W1_Front_060_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m on the surface of 1st GB

64 TC_W1_Front_060_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m on the surface of 2st GB

65 TC_W1_Rear_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

66 TC_W1_Rear_060_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m on the surface of 1st GB

67 TC_W1_Rear_060_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m on the surface of 2st GB

68 TC_W3_Middle_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

69 TC_W3_Middle_120_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

70 TC_W3_Middle_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

71 TC_W3_Middle_060_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

72 TC_W3_Middle_120_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

73 TC_W3_Middle_180_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

74 TC_W3_Middle_060_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

75 TC_W3_Middle_120_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

76 TC_W3_Middle_180_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

77 TC_W4_Middle_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

78 TC_W4_Middle_120_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

79 TC_W4_Middle_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

80 TC_W4_Middle_060_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

81 TC_W4_Middle_120_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

82 TC_W4_Middle_180_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

83 TC_W4_Middle_060_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

84 TC_W4_Middle_120_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

85 TC_W4_Middle_180_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

86 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 on the surface of CLT

87 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 on the surface of 1st GB

88 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 on the surface of 2nd GB

89 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 on the surface of CLT

90 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 on the surface of 1st GB

91 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 on the surface of 2nd GB

92 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 on the surface of CLT

93 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 on the surface of 1st GB

94 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 on the surface of 2nd GB

95 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 on the surface of CLT

96 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 on the surface of 1st GB

97 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 on the surface of 2nd GB

98 TC_Ceiling_Center_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of CLT

99 TC_Ceiling_Center_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of 1st GB

100 TC_Ceiling_Center_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of 2nd GB

101 Gardon_Floor_Center Medtherm 64-20-18 19870 kW/m2 At the center of the floor

102 Gardon_W1_Middle_180 Medtherm 64-20-18 19260 kW/m2 W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

103 PT_W1_Middle_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

104 DFT_W1_Middle_180_Px Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m (Front plate)

105 PT_W1_Middle_180_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Plate thermometer on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

106 PT_W1_Front_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 at front

107 PT_W3_Middle_180_SPx Pentronic TN-TN-K 1 °C Plate thermometer on W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

108 PT_W1_Front_180_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Plate thermometer on W1 in the front of the compartment at h=1.8 m

109 PT_W1_Rear_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 in the rear of the compartment at h=1.8 m

110 PT_W4_Middle_180_SPx Pentronic TN-TN-K 1 °C Plate thermometer on W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

111 PT_W1_Rear_180_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C plate thermometer on W1 in the rear of the compartment at h=1.8 m

112 PT_Ceiling_Center_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer at the centre of the ceiling

113 DFT_Ceiling_Center_Px Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT at the centre of the ceiling (Back plate)

114 PT_Ceiling_Center_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Plate thermometer at the centre of the ceiling

115 PT_Ceiling_Bed_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on ceiling above the bed

116 DFT_Ceiling_Bed_Px Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT on the ceiling above the bed (Back plate)

117 PT_Ceiling_Bed_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Plate thermometer on the ceiling above the bed

118 dP_c Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe on ceiling near STE 6, Direction normal to the opening

120 dP_r Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa On smoke sample line near gas analyzer sample line at 2.1m 1/4" SS tube

121 STE_1 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

122 STE_2 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

123 STE_3 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

124 STE_4 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 18" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

125 STE_5 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")
A1-010659.1 D-8

Wire Legend/ID Manufacturer Model Slope Units Notes

126 STE_6 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

127 STE_7 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

128 STE_8 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 18" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

129 STE_9 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

130 STE_10 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

131 TC_V_c Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature co-located with V_c

132 SmokeAlarm Kidde PE120 1 V Smoke detector at the centre of the ceiling

133 HeatAlarm Kidde HD135F 1 V Heat detector at the centre of the ceiling

134 O2_room - - 4.274 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

135 CO2_room - - 3.497 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

136 CO_room - - 4.410 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

137 SMOKE NRC Photo Diode Meter 1 V at the centre of the room, 1.6 m high

138 Door_TC_1 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

139 Door_TC_2 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

140 Door_TC_3 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

141 Door_TC_4 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

142 Door_TC_5 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

143 Door_TC_6 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

144 Door_TC_7 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

145 dP_o1 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, long side)

146 dP_o2 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, middle)

147 dP_o3 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, short side)

148 dP_o4 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, long side)

149 dP_o5 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, middle)

150 dP_o6 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, short side)

151 Gardon_Front_a480 Medtherm 64-20-18 19460 kW/m2 facing the centre of the opening

152 Gardon_Front_a240 Medtherm 64-20-18 20980 kW/m2 facing the centre of the opening

153 Gardon_Front_e350 Medtherm 64-20-18 20260 kW/m2 3.5 m above ground

154 Gardon_Front_e550 Medtherm 64-20-18 18820 kW/m2 5.5 m above ground

155 Roof_TC_350 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 3.5 m above ground

156 Roof_TC_450 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 4.5 m above ground

157 Roof_TC_550 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 5.5 m above ground

158 Roof_TC_650 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 6.5 m above ground

159 Roof_TC_750 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 7.5 m above ground

161 DFT_W1_Middle_180_Py Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

162 PT_W3_Middle_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

163 PT_W4_Middle_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

164 DFT_Ceiling_Center_Py Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT at the centre of the ceiling (Front plate)

165 DFT_Ceiling_Bed_Py Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT on the ceiling above the bed (Front plate)

166 DEWpt_rack - - 30.121 °C Gas rack dew point measurement

167 TC_Tree_Tr1_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=1.1 m

168 TC_Tree_Tr1_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=2.1 m

169 TC_Tree_Tr2_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=1.1 m

170 TC_Tree_Tr2_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=2.1 m

171 TC_Tree_Tr3_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=1.1 m

172 TC_Tree_Tr3_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=2.1 m

173 TC_Tree_Tr4_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=1.1 m

174 TC_Tree_Tr4_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=2.1 m

175 TC_Tree_Tr5_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=1.1 m

176 TC_Tree_Tr5_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=2.1 m

177 TC_Tree_Tr6_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=1.1 m

178 TC_Tree_Tr6_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=2.1 m

179 PT_Front_a480_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

180 PT_Front_a480_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

181 PT_Front_a240_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

182 PT_Front_a240_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

183 PT_Front_e350_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C 3.5 m above ground

184 PT_Front_e550_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C 5.5 m above the top of the opening

185 TC_Smoke Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Gas temperature at SMOKE2 outflow (for shutoff)

186 TC_HFGtower Omega.com EXPP-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on roof tower

187 TC_HFGfloor Omega.com KMQSS-040 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on floor

188 TC_HFGw1 Omega.com KMQSS-040 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on W1

189 TC_GoPro Omega.com KMQSS-040 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of GoPro water bath

190 TC_TreeSteel Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature of steel behind thermal insulation in Tree 03 at 2.1 m height

191 TC_TBD Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Extra TC location TBD

VI - - 1 V Internal heartbeat

HRR - - 1 kW Calculated channel

HRRburner - - 1 kW Calculated channel

VelCeiling - - - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor1 - - - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor2 - - - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor3 - - - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor4 - - - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor5 - - - m/s Calculated channel

VelDoor6 - - - m/s Calculated channel
A1-010659.1 D-9

Table D 4. Hardware configuration for Test 1-4.

Wire Legend/ID Manufacturer Model Slope Units Notes

1 TC_Ceiling_Center_020 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 20 mm from interface

2 TC_Ceiling_Center_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 35 mm from interface

3 TC_Ceiling_Center_050 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 50 mm from interface

4 TC_Ceiling_Center_065 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 65 mm from interface

5 TC_Ceiling_Center_090 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 90 mm from interface

6 TC_Ceiling_Center_115 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 115 mm from interface

7 TC_Ceiling_Center_140 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 140 mm from interface

8 TC_W1_Middle_180_020 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

9 TC_W1_Middle_180_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

10 TC_W1_Middle_180_050 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

11 TC_W1_Middle_180_065 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

12 TC_W1_Middle_180_090 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

13 TC_W1_Middle_180_115 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

14 TC_W1_Middle_180_140 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 140 mm from interface

15 TC_W3_Middle_180_020 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

16 TC_W3_Middle_180_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

17 TC_W3_Middle_180_050 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

18 TC_W3_Middle_180_065 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

19 TC_W3_Middle_180_090 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

20 TC_W3_Middle_180_115 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

21 TC_W3_Middle_180_140 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 140 mm from interface

22 TC_W4_Middle_180_020 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

23 TC_W4_Middle_180_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

24 TC_W4_Middle_180_050 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

25 TC_W4_Middle_180_065 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

26 TC_W4_Middle_180_090 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

27 TC_W4_Middle_180_115 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

28 TC_W4_Middle_180_140 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 140 mm from interface

29 TC_Tree_Tr1_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=0.6 m

30 TC_Tree_Tr1_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=1.6 m

31 TC_Tree_Tr1_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=2.6 m

32 TC_Tree_Tr2_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=0.6 m

33 TC_Tree_Tr2_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=1.6 m

34 TC_Tree_Tr2_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=2.6 m

35 TC_Tree_Tr3_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=0.6 m

36 TC_Tree_Tr3_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=1.6 m

37 TC_Tree_Tr3_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=2.6 m

38 TC_Tree_Tr4_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=0.6 m

39 TC_Tree_Tr4_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=1.6 m

40 TC_Tree_Tr4_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=2.6 m

41 TC_Tree_Tr5_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=0.6 m

42 TC_Tree_Tr5_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=1.6 m

43 TC_Tree_Tr5_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=2.6 m

44 TC_Tree_Tr6_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=0.6 m

45 TC_Tree_Tr6_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=1.6 m

46 TC_Tree_Tr6_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=2.6 m

47 TC_W1_Middle_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

48 TC_W1_Middle_120_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of CLT

49 TC_W1_Middle_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

50 TC_W1_Middle_060_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of 1st GB

51 TC_W1_Middle_120_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of 1st GB

52 TC_W1_Middle_180_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m on the surface of 1st GB

53 TC_W1_Middle_060_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of 2nd GB

54 TC_W1_Middle_120_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of 2nd GB

55 TC_W1_Middle_180_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m on the surface of 2nd GB

56 TC_W1_Front_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

57 TC_W1_Front_180_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m on the surface of 1st GB

58 TC_W1_Front_180_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m on the surface of 2st GB

59 TC_W1_Rear_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

60 TC_W1_Rear_180_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m on the surface of 1st GB

61 TC_W1_Rear_180_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m on the surface of 2st GB

62 TC_W1_Front_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

63 TC_W1_Front_060_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m on the surface of 1st GB

64 TC_W1_Front_060_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m on the surface of 2st GB

65 TC_W1_Rear_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

66 TC_W1_Rear_060_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m on the surface of 1st GB

67 TC_W1_Rear_060_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m on the surface of 2st GB

68 TC_W3_Middle_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

69 TC_W3_Middle_120_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

70 TC_W3_Middle_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

71 TC_W3_Middle_060_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

72 TC_W3_Middle_120_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

73 TC_W3_Middle_180_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

74 TC_W3_Middle_060_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

75 TC_W3_Middle_120_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB
A1-010659.1 D-10

Wire Legend/ID Manufacturer Model Slope Units Notes

76 TC_W3_Middle_180_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

77 TC_W4_Middle_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

78 TC_W4_Middle_120_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

79 TC_W4_Middle_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

80 TC_W4_Middle_060_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

81 TC_W4_Middle_120_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

82 TC_W4_Middle_180_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

83 TC_W4_Middle_060_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

84 TC_W4_Middle_120_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

85 TC_W4_Middle_180_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

86 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 on the surface of CLT

87 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 on the surface of 1st GB

88 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 on the surface of 2nd GB

89 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 on the surface of CLT

90 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 on the surface of 1st GB

91 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 on the surface of 2nd GB

92 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 on the surface of CLT

93 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 on the surface of 1st GB

94 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 on the surface of 2nd GB

95 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 on the surface of CLT

96 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 on the surface of 1st GB

97 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 on the surface of 2nd GB

98 TC_Ceiling_Center_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of CLT

99 TC_Ceiling_Center_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of 1st GB

100 TC_Ceiling_Center_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of 2nd GB

101 Gardon_Floor_Center Medtherm 64-20-18 19870 kW/m2 At the center of the floor

102 Gardon_W1_Middle_180 Medtherm 64-20-18 19260 kW/m2 W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

103 PT_W1_Middle_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

104 DFT_W1_Middle_180_Px Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m (Front plate)

105 PT_W1_Middle_180_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Plate thermometer on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

106 PT_W1_Front_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 at front

107 PT_W3_Middle_180_SPx Pentronic TN-TN-K 1 °C Plate thermometer on W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

108 PT_W1_Front_180_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Plate thermometer on W1 in the front of the compartment at h=1.8 m

109 PT_W1_Rear_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 in the rear of the compartment at h=1.8 m

110 PT_W4_Middle_180_SPx Pentronic TN-TN-K 1 °C Plate thermometer on W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

111 PT_W1_Rear_180_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C plate thermometer on W1 in the rear of the compartment at h=1.8 m

112 PT_Ceiling_Center_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer at the centre of the ceiling

113 DFT_Ceiling_Center_Px Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT at the centre of the ceiling (Back plate)

114 PT_Ceiling_Center_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Plate thermometer at the centre of the ceiling

115 PT_Ceiling_Bed_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on ceiling above the bed

116 DFT_Ceiling_Bed_Px Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT on the ceiling above the bed (Back plate)

117 PT_Ceiling_Bed_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Plate thermometer on the ceiling above the bed

118 dP_c Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe on ceiling near STE 6, Direction normal to the opening

120 dP_r Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa On smoke sample line near gas analyzer sample line at 2.1m 1/4" SS tube

121 STE_1 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

122 STE_2 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

123 STE_3 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

124 STE_4 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 18" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

125 STE_5 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

126 STE_6 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

127 STE_7 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

128 STE_8 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 18" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

129 STE_9 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

130 STE_10 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

131 TC_V_c Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature co-located with V_c

132 SmokeAlarm Kidde PE120 1 V Smoke detector at the centre of the ceiling

133 HeatAlarm Kidde HD135F 1 V Heat detector at the centre of the ceiling

134 O2_room - - 4.272 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

135 CO2_room - - 3.400 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

136 CO_room - - 4.402 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

137 SMOKE NRC Photo Diode Meter 1 V at the centre of the room, 1.6 m high

138 Door_TC_1 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

139 Door_TC_2 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

140 Door_TC_3 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

141 Door_TC_4 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

142 Door_TC_5 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

143 Door_TC_6 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

144 Door_TC_7 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

145 dP_o1 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, long side)

146 dP_o2 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, middle)

147 dP_o3 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, short side)

148 dP_o4 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, long side)

149 dP_o5 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, middle)

150 dP_o6 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, short side)

151 Gardon_Front_a480 Medtherm 64-20-18 19460 kW/m2 facing the centre of the opening

152 Gardon_Front_a240 Medtherm 64-20-18 20980 kW/m2 facing the centre of the opening

153 Gardon_Front_e350 Medtherm 64-20-18 20260 kW/m2 3.5 m above ground
A1-010659.1 D-11

Wire Legend/ID Manufacturer Model Slope Units Notes

154 Gardon_Front_e550 Medtherm 64-20-18 18820 kW/m2 5.5 m above ground

155 Roof_TC_350 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 3.5 m above ground

156 Roof_TC_450 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 4.5 m above ground

157 Roof_TC_550 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 5.5 m above ground

158 Roof_TC_650 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 6.5 m above ground

159 Roof_TC_750 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 7.5 m above ground

161 DFT_W1_Middle_180_Py Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

162 PT_W3_Middle_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

163 PT_W4_Middle_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

164 DFT_Ceiling_Center_Py Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT at the centre of the ceiling (Front plate)

165 DFT_Ceiling_Bed_Py Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT on the ceiling above the bed (Front plate)

166 DEWpt_rack - - 30.121 °C Gas rack dew point measurement

167 TC_Tree_Tr1_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=1.1 m

168 TC_Tree_Tr1_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=2.1 m

169 TC_Tree_Tr2_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=1.1 m

170 TC_Tree_Tr2_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=2.1 m

171 TC_Tree_Tr3_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=1.1 m

172 TC_Tree_Tr3_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=2.1 m

173 TC_Tree_Tr4_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=1.1 m

174 TC_Tree_Tr4_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=2.1 m

175 TC_Tree_Tr5_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=1.1 m

176 TC_Tree_Tr5_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=2.1 m

177 TC_Tree_Tr6_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=1.1 m

178 TC_Tree_Tr6_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=2.1 m

179 PT_Front_a480_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

180 PT_Front_a480_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

181 PT_Front_a240_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

182 PT_Front_a240_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

183 PT_Front_e350_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C 3.5 m above ground

184 PT_Front_e550_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C 5.5 m above the top of the opening

185 TC_Smoke Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Gas temperature at SMOKE2 outflow (for shutoff)

186 TC_HFGtower Omega.com EXPP-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on roof tower

187 TC_HFGfloor Omega.com KMQSS-040 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on floor

188 TC_HFGw1 Omega.com KMQSS-040 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on W1

189 TC_GoPro Omega.com KMQSS-040 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of GoPro water bath

190 TC_TreeSteel Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature of steel behind thermal insulation in Tree 03 at 2.1 m height

191 TC_TBD Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Extra TC location TBD

VI - - 1 V Internal heartbeat

HRR - - 1 kW calculated channel

HRRburner - - 1 kW calculated channel

VelCeiling - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor1 - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor2 - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor3 - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor4 - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor5 - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor6 - - - m/s calculated channel

Table D 5. Hardware configuration for Test 1-5.

Wire Legend/ID Manufacturer Model Slope Units Notes

1 TC_Ceiling_Center_020 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 20 mm from interface

2 TC_Ceiling_Center_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 35 mm from interface

3 TC_Ceiling_Center_050 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 50 mm from interface

4 TC_Ceiling_Center_065 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 65 mm from interface

5 TC_Ceiling_Center_090 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 90 mm from interface

6 TC_Ceiling_Center_115 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 115 mm from interface

7 TC_Ceiling_Center_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 70 mm from interface

8 TC_W1_Middle_180_020 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

9 TC_W1_Middle_180_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

10 TC_W1_Middle_180_050 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

11 TC_W1_Middle_180_065 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

12 TC_W1_Middle_180_090 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

13 TC_W1_Middle_180_115 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

14 TC_W1_Middle_180_140 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 140 mm from interface

15 TC_W3_Middle_180_020 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

16 TC_W3_Middle_180_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

17 TC_W3_Middle_180_050 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

18 TC_W3_Middle_180_065 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

19 TC_W3_Middle_180_090 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

20 TC_W3_Middle_180_115 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

21 TC_W3_Middle_180_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 70 mm from interface

22 TC_W4_Middle_180_020 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

23 TC_W4_Middle_180_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

24 TC_W4_Middle_180_050 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface
A1-010659.1 D-12

Wire Legend/ID Manufacturer Model Slope Units Notes

25 TC_W4_Middle_180_065 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

26 TC_W4_Middle_180_090 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

27 TC_W4_Middle_180_115 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

28 TC_W4_Middle_180_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 70 mm from interface

29 TC_Tree_Tr1_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=0.6 m

30 TC_Tree_Tr1_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=1.6 m

31 TC_Tree_Tr1_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=2.6 m

32 TC_Tree_Tr2_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=0.6 m

33 TC_Tree_Tr2_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=1.6 m

34 TC_Tree_Tr2_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=2.6 m

35 TC_Tree_Tr3_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=0.6 m

36 TC_Tree_Tr3_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=1.6 m

37 TC_Tree_Tr3_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=2.6 m

38 TC_Tree_Tr4_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=0.6 m

39 TC_Tree_Tr4_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=1.6 m

40 TC_Tree_Tr4_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=2.6 m

41 TC_Tree_Tr5_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=0.6 m

42 TC_Tree_Tr5_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=1.6 m

43 TC_Tree_Tr5_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=2.6 m

44 TC_Tree_Tr6_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=0.6 m

45 TC_Tree_Tr6_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=1.6 m

46 TC_Tree_Tr6_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=2.6 m

47 TC_W1_Middle_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

48 TC_W1_Middle_120_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of CLT

49 TC_W1_Middle_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

50 TC_W1_Middle_060_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of 1st GB

51 TC_W1_Middle_120_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of 1st GB

52 TC_W1_Middle_180_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m on the surface of 1st GB

53 TC_W1_Middle_060_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of 2nd GB

54 TC_W1_Middle_120_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of 2nd GB

55 TC_W1_Middle_180_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 70 mm from interface

56 TC_W1_Front_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

57 TC_W1_Front_180_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

58 TC_W1_Front_180_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m in panel 70 mm from interface

59 TC_W1_Rear_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

60 TC_W1_Rear_180_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

61 TC_W1_Rear_180_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m in panel 70 mm from interface

62 TC_W1_Front_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

63 TC_W1_Front_060_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m in panel 35 mm from interface

64 TC_W1_Front_060_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m in panel 70 mm from interface

65 TC_W1_Rear_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

66 TC_W1_Rear_060_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m in panel 35 mm from interface

67 TC_W1_Rear_060_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m in panel 70 mm from interface

68 TC_W3_Middle_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

69 TC_W3_Middle_120_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

70 TC_W3_Middle_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

71 TC_W3_Middle_060_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

72 TC_W3_Middle_120_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

73 TC_W3_Middle_180_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

74 TC_W3_Middle_060_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

75 TC_W3_Middle_120_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

76 TC_W3_Middle_180_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

77 TC_W4_Middle_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

78 TC_W4_Middle_120_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

79 TC_W4_Middle_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

80 TC_W4_Middle_060_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

81 TC_W4_Middle_120_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

82 TC_W4_Middle_180_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

83 TC_W4_Middle_060_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

84 TC_W4_Middle_120_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

85 TC_W4_Middle_180_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

86 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 on the surface of CLT

87 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 on the surface of 1st GB

88 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 on the surface of 2nd GB

89 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 on the surface of CLT

90 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 on the surface of 1st GB

91 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 on the surface of 2nd GB

92 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 on the surface of CLT

93 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 on the surface of 1st GB

94 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 on the surface of 2nd GB

95 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 on the surface of CLT

96 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 on the surface of 1st GB

97 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 on the surface of 2nd GB

98 TC_Ceiling_Center_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of CLT

99 TC_Ceiling_Center_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of 1st GB

100 TC_Ceiling_Center_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of 2nd GB

101 Gardon_Floor_Center Medtherm 64-20-18 17360 kW/m2 At the center of the floor
A1-010659.1 D-13

Wire Legend/ID Manufacturer Model Slope Units Notes

102 Gardon_W1_Middle_180 Medtherm 64-20-18 18550 kW/m2 W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

103 PT_W1_Middle_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

104 DFT_W1_Middle_180_Px Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m (Front plate)

105 PT_W1_Middle_180_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Plate thermometer on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

106 PT_W1_Front_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 at front

107 PT_W3_Middle_180_SPx Pentronic TN-TN-K 1 °C Plate thermometer on W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

108 PT_W1_Front_180_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Plate thermometer on W1 in the front of the compartment at h=1.8 m

109 PT_W1_Rear_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 in the rear of the compartment at h=1.8 m

110 PT_W4_Middle_180_SPx Pentronic TN-TN-K 1 °C Plate thermometer on W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

111 PT_W1_Rear_180_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C plate thermometer on W1 in the rear of the compartment at h=1.8 m

112 PT_Ceiling_Center_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer at the centre of the ceiling

113 DFT_Ceiling_Center_Px Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT at the centre of the ceiling (Back plate)

114 PT_Ceiling_Center_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Plate thermometer at the centre of the ceiling

115 PT_Ceiling_Bed_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on ceiling above the bed

116 DFT_Ceiling_Bed_Px Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT on the ceiling above the bed (Back plate)

117 PT_Ceiling_Bed_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Plate thermometer on the ceiling above the bed

118 dP_c Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe on ceiling near STE 6, Direction normal to the opening

120 dP_r Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa On smoke sample line near gas analyzer sample line at 2.1m 1/4" SS tube

121 STE_1 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

122 STE_2 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

123 STE_3 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

124 STE_4 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 18" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

125 STE_5 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

126 STE_6 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

127 STE_7 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

128 STE_8 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 18" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

129 STE_9 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

130 STE_10 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

131 TC_V_c Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature co-located with V_c

132 SmokeAlarm Kidde PE120 1 V Smoke detector at the centre of the ceiling

133 HeatAlarm Kidde HD135F 1 V Heat detector at the centre of the ceiling

134 O2_room - - 4.278 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

135 CO2_room - - 3.744 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

136 CO_room - - 4.423 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

137 SMOKE NRC Photo Diode Meter 1 V at the centre of the room, 1.6 m high

138 Door_TC_1 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

139 Door_TC_2 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

140 Door_TC_3 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

141 Door_TC_4 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

142 Door_TC_5 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

143 Door_TC_6 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

144 Door_TC_7 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

145 dP_o1 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, long side)

146 dP_o2 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, middle)

147 dP_o3 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, short side)

148 dP_o4 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, long side)

149 dP_o5 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, middle)

150 dP_o6 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, short side)

151 Gardon_Front_a480 Medtherm 64-20-18 19460 kW/m2 facing the centre of the opening

152 Gardon_Front_a240 Medtherm 64-20-18 20980 kW/m2 facing the centre of the opening

153 Gardon_Front_e350 Medtherm 64-20-18 19660 kW/m2 3.5 m above ground

154 Gardon_Front_e550 Medtherm 64-20-18 19020 kW/m2 5.5 m above ground

155 Roof_TC_350 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 3.5 m above ground

156 Roof_TC_450 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 4.5 m above ground

157 Roof_TC_550 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 5.5 m above ground

158 Roof_TC_650 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 6.5 m above ground

159 Roof_TC_750 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 7.5 m above ground

161 DFT_W1_Middle_180_Py Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

162 PT_W3_Middle_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

163 PT_W4_Middle_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

164 DFT_Ceiling_Center_Py Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT at the centre of the ceiling (Front plate)

165 DFT_Ceiling_Bed_Py Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT on the ceiling above the bed (Front plate)

166 DEWpt_rack - - 30.121 °C Gas rack dew point measurement

167 TC_Tree_Tr1_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=1.1 m

168 TC_Tree_Tr1_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=2.1 m

169 TC_Tree_Tr2_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=1.1 m

170 TC_Tree_Tr2_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=2.1 m

171 TC_Tree_Tr3_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=1.1 m

172 TC_Tree_Tr3_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=2.1 m

173 TC_Tree_Tr4_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=1.1 m

174 TC_Tree_Tr4_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=2.1 m

175 TC_Tree_Tr5_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=1.1 m

176 TC_Tree_Tr5_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=2.1 m

177 TC_Tree_Tr6_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=1.1 m

178 TC_Tree_Tr6_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=2.1 m

179 PT_Front_a480_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

180 PT_Front_a480_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)
A1-010659.1 D-14

Wire Legend/ID Manufacturer Model Slope Units Notes

181 PT_Front_a240_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

182 PT_Front_a240_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

183 PT_Front_e350_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C 3.5 m above ground

184 PT_Front_e550_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C 5.5 m above the top of the opening

185 TC_Smoke Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Gas temperature at SMOKE2 outflow (for shutoff)

186 TC_HFGtower Omega.com EXPP-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on roof tower

187 TC_HFGfloor Omega.com KMQSS-040 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on floor

188 TC_HFGw1 Omega.com KMQSS-040 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on W1

189 TC_GoPro Omega.com KMQSS-040 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of GoPro water bath

190 TC_TreeSteel Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature of steel behind thermal insulation in Tree 03 at 2.1 m height

191 TC_TBD Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Extra TC location TBD

VI - - 1 V Internal heartbeat

HRR - - 1 kW calculated channel

HRRburner - - 1 kW calculated channel

VelCeiling - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor1 - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor2 - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor3 - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor4 - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor5 - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor6 - - - m/s calculated channel

Table D 6. Hardware configuration for Test 1-6.

Wire Legend/ID Manufacturer Model Slope Units Notes

1 TC_Ceiling_Center_020 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 20 mm from interface

2 TC_Ceiling_Center_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 35 mm from interface

3 TC_Ceiling_Center_050 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 50 mm from interface

4 TC_Ceiling_Center_065 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 65 mm from interface

5 TC_Ceiling_Center_090 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 90 mm from interface

6 TC_Ceiling_Center_115 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 115 mm from interface

7 TC_Ceiling_Center_140 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C At the centre of the ceiling in panel 140 mm from interface

8 TC_W1_Middle_180_020 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

9 TC_W1_Middle_180_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

10 TC_W1_Middle_180_050 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

11 TC_W1_Middle_180_065 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

12 TC_W1_Middle_180_090 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

13 TC_W1_Middle_180_115 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

14 TC_W1_Middle_180_140 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 140 mm from interface

15 TC_W3_Middle_180_020 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

16 TC_W3_Middle_180_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

17 TC_W3_Middle_180_050 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

18 TC_W3_Middle_180_065 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

19 TC_W3_Middle_180_090 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

20 TC_W3_Middle_180_115 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

21 TC_W3_Middle_180_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 70 mm from interface

22 TC_W4_Middle_180_020 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 20 mm from interface

23 TC_W4_Middle_180_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

24 TC_W4_Middle_180_050 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 50 mm from interface

25 TC_W4_Middle_180_065 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 65 mm from interface

26 TC_W4_Middle_180_090 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 90 mm from interface

27 TC_W4_Middle_180_115 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 115 mm from interface

28 TC_W4_Middle_180_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 70 mm from interface

29 TC_Tree_Tr1_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=0.6 m

30 TC_Tree_Tr1_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=1.6 m

31 TC_Tree_Tr1_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=2.6 m

32 TC_Tree_Tr2_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=0.6 m

33 TC_Tree_Tr2_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=1.6 m

34 TC_Tree_Tr2_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=2.6 m

35 TC_Tree_Tr3_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=0.6 m

36 TC_Tree_Tr3_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=1.6 m

37 TC_Tree_Tr3_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=2.6 m

38 TC_Tree_Tr4_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=0.6 m

39 TC_Tree_Tr4_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=1.6 m

40 TC_Tree_Tr4_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=2.6 m

41 TC_Tree_Tr5_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=0.6 m

42 TC_Tree_Tr5_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=1.6 m

43 TC_Tree_Tr5_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=2.6 m

44 TC_Tree_Tr6_060 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=0.6 m

45 TC_Tree_Tr6_160 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=1.6 m

46 TC_Tree_Tr6_260 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=2.6 m

47 TC_W1_Middle_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

48 TC_W1_Middle_120_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of CLT

49 TC_W1_Middle_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

50 TC_W1_Middle_060_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of 1st GB
A1-010659.1 D-15

Wire Legend/ID Manufacturer Model Slope Units Notes

51 TC_W1_Middle_120_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of 1st GB

52 TC_W1_Middle_180_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m on the surface of 1st GB

53 TC_W1_Middle_060_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=0.6 m on the surface of 2nd GB

54 TC_W1_Middle_120_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.2 m on the surface of 2nd GB

55 TC_W1_Middle_180_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m in panel 70 mm from interface

56 TC_W1_Front_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

57 TC_W1_Front_180_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

58 TC_W1_Front_180_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=1.8 m in panel 70 mm from interface

59 TC_W1_Rear_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m on the surface of CLT

60 TC_W1_Rear_180_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m in panel 35 mm from interface

61 TC_W1_Rear_180_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=1.8 m in panel 70 mm from interface

62 TC_W1_Front_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

63 TC_W1_Front_060_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m in panel 35 mm from interface

64 TC_W1_Front_060_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the front at h=0.6 m in panel 70 mm from interface

65 TC_W1_Rear_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m on the surface of CLT

66 TC_W1_Rear_060_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m in panel 35 mm from interface

67 TC_W1_Rear_060_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W1 at the rear at h=0.6 m in panel 70 mm from interface

68 TC_W3_Middle_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

69 TC_W3_Middle_120_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

70 TC_W3_Middle_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of CLT

71 TC_W3_Middle_060_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

72 TC_W3_Middle_120_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

73 TC_W3_Middle_180_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 1st GB

74 TC_W3_Middle_060_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

75 TC_W3_Middle_120_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

76 TC_W3_Middle_180_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W3 on the surface of 2nd GB

77 TC_W4_Middle_060_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

78 TC_W4_Middle_120_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

79 TC_W4_Middle_180_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of CLT

80 TC_W4_Middle_060_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

81 TC_W4_Middle_120_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

82 TC_W4_Middle_180_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 1st GB

83 TC_W4_Middle_060_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

84 TC_W4_Middle_120_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

85 TC_W4_Middle_180_2GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C W4 on the surface of 2nd GB

86 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 on the surface of CLT

87 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 in panel 35 mm from interface

88 TC_Ceiling_Tr1_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr1 in panel 70 mm from interface

89 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 on the surface of CLT

90 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 in panel 35 mm from interface

91 TC_Ceiling_Tr2_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C ceiling above Tr2 in panel 70 mm from interface

92 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 on the surface of CLT

93 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 in panel 35 mm from interface

94 TC_Ceiling_Tr3_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr3 in panel 70 mm from interface

95 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 on the surface of CLT

96 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_035 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 in panel 35 mm from interface

97 TC_Ceiling_Tr4_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling above Tr4 in panel 70 mm from interface

98 TC_Ceiling_Center_CLT Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of CLT

99 TC_Ceiling_Center_1GB Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling at the centre on the surface of 1st GB

100 TC_Ceiling_Center_070 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Ceiling at the centre in panel 70 mm from interface

101 Gardon_Floor_Center Medtherm 64-20-18 17360 kW/m2 At the center of the floor

102 Gardon_W1_Middle_180 Medtherm 64-20-18 18550 kW/m2 W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

103 PT_W1_Middle_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

104 DFT_W1_Middle_180_Px Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m (Front plate)

105 PT_W1_Middle_180_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Plate thermometer on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

106 PT_W1_Front_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 at front

107 PT_W3_Middle_180_SPx Pentronic TN-TN-K 1 °C Plate thermometer on W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

108 PT_W1_Front_180_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Plate thermometer on W1 in the front of the compartment at h=1.8 m

109 PT_W1_Rear_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W1 in the rear of the compartment at h=1.8 m

110 PT_W4_Middle_180_SPx Pentronic TN-TN-K 1 °C Plate thermometer on W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

111 PT_W1_Rear_180_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C plate thermometer on W1 in the rear of the compartment at h=1.8 m

112 PT_Ceiling_Center_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer at the centre of the ceiling

113 DFT_Ceiling_Center_Px Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT at the centre of the ceiling (Back plate)

114 PT_Ceiling_Center_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Plate thermometer at the centre of the ceiling

115 PT_Ceiling_Bed_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on ceiling above the bed

116 DFT_Ceiling_Bed_Px Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT on the ceiling above the bed (Back plate)

117 PT_Ceiling_Bed_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Plate thermometer on the ceiling above the bed

118 dP_c Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe on ceiling near STE 6, Direction normal to the opening

120 dP_r Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa On smoke sample line near gas analyzer sample line at 2.1m 1/4" SS tube

121 STE_1 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

122 STE_2 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

123 STE_3 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

124 STE_4 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 18" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

125 STE_5 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

126 STE_6 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

127 STE_7 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

128 STE_8 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 18" below ceiling (see "Drawings")
A1-010659.1 D-16

Wire Legend/ID Manufacturer Model Slope Units Notes

129 STE_9 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

130 STE_10 FM Global See "Drawings" 1 °C 12" below ceiling (see "Drawings")

131 TC_V_c Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature co-located with V_c

132 SmokeAlarm Kidde PE120 1 V Smoke detector at the centre of the ceiling

133 HeatAlarm Kidde HD135F 1 V Heat detector at the centre of the ceiling

134 O2_room - - 4.279 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

135 CO2_room - - 3.752 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

136 CO_room - - 4.420 % At the centre of the room, 2.1 m high

137 SMOKE NRC Photo Diode Meter 1 V at the centre of the room, 1.6 m high

138 Door_TC_1 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

139 Door_TC_2 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

140 Door_TC_3 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

141 Door_TC_4 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

142 Door_TC_5 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

143 Door_TC_6 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

144 Door_TC_7 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C At the centreline of the opening

145 dP_o1 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, long side)

146 dP_o2 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, middle)

147 dP_o3 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (low, short side)

148 dP_o4 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, long side)

149 dP_o5 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, middle)

150 dP_o6 Greisinger GMH 3181-01 400 Pa 5/8" diameter bidirectional probe at the opening (high, short side)

151 Gardon_Front_a480 Medtherm 64-20-18 19460 kW/m2 facing the centre of the opening

152 Gardon_Front_a240 Medtherm 64-20-18 20980 kW/m2 facing the centre of the opening

153 Gardon_Front_e350 Medtherm 64-20-18 19660 kW/m2 3.5 m above ground

154 Gardon_Front_e550 Medtherm 64-20-18 19020 kW/m2 5.5 m above ground

155 Roof_TC_350 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 3.5 m above ground

156 Roof_TC_450 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 4.5 m above ground

157 Roof_TC_550 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 5.5 m above ground

158 Roof_TC_650 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 6.5 m above ground

159 Roof_TC_750 Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C 7.5 m above ground

161 DFT_W1_Middle_180_Py Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT on W1 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

162 PT_W3_Middle_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W3 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

163 PT_W4_Middle_180_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature for plate thermometer on W4 at the mid length at h=1.8 m

164 DFT_Ceiling_Center_Py Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT at the centre of the ceiling (Front plate)

165 DFT_Ceiling_Bed_Py Sandia TN-TN-K 1 °C DFT on the ceiling above the bed (Front plate)

166 DEWpt_rack - - 30.121 °C Gas rack dew point measurement

167 TC_Tree_Tr1_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=1.1 m

168 TC_Tree_Tr1_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr1 at h=2.1 m

169 TC_Tree_Tr2_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=1.1 m

170 TC_Tree_Tr2_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr2 at h=2.1 m

171 TC_Tree_Tr3_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=1.1 m

172 TC_Tree_Tr3_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr3 at h=2.1 m

173 TC_Tree_Tr4_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=1.1 m

174 TC_Tree_Tr4_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr4 at h=2.1 m

175 TC_Tree_Tr5_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=1.1 m

176 TC_Tree_Tr5_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr5 at h=2.1 m

177 TC_Tree_Tr6_110 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=1.1 m

178 TC_Tree_Tr6_210 Omega.com HKQSS-18G-XXX 1 °C Tree Tr6 at h=2.1 m

179 PT_Front_a480_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

180 PT_Front_a480_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

181 PT_Front_a240_SPy Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

182 PT_Front_a240_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C Facing the centre of the opening (offset 150 from centerline)

183 PT_Front_e350_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C 3.5 m above ground

184 PT_Front_e550_SPx Pentronic 5928060-001 1 °C 5.5 m above the top of the opening

185 TC_Smoke Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Gas temperature at SMOKE2 outflow (for shutoff)

186 TC_HFGtower Omega.com EXPP-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on roof tower

187 TC_HFGfloor Omega.com KMQSS-040 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on floor

188 TC_HFGw1 Omega.com KMQSS-040 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of heat flux gages on W1

189 TC_GoPro Omega.com KMQSS-040 1 °C H2O outflow temperatures of GoPro water bath

190 TC_TreeSteel Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Temperature of steel behind thermal insulation in Tree 03 at 2.1 m height

191 TC_TBD Omega.com GG-K-24-SLE-1000 1 °C Extra TC location TBD

VI - - 1 V Internal heartbeat

HRR - - 1 kW calculated channel

HRRburner - - 1 kW calculated channel

VelCeiling - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor1 - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor2 - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor3 - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor4 - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor5 - - - m/s calculated channel

VelDoor6 - - - m/s calculated channel
A1-010659.1 E-1

Appendix E - Test 1-1 data

Figure E 1. Summary report file generated by the NFRL calorimeter on the day of test.
A1-010659.1 E-2

Figure E 2. Compartment (left axis) and burner (right axis) heat release rates.

Figure E 3. Gas volume fractions for oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon 

monoxide (CO) sampled at the center of the compartment 210 cm above the floor.
A1-010659.1 E-3

Figure E 4. Simulated thermal elements (STE) for sprinkler.

Figure E 5. Simulated thermal elements (STE) for sprinkler with table showing time after 

ignition (in seconds) until 68 °C is reached.
A1-010659.1 E-4

Figure E 6. Temperatures measured at various heights above the floor in the doorway.

Figure E 7. Temperatures measured at various heights above the floor above the 

doorway.
A1-010659.1 E-5

Figure E 8. Thermocouple tree temperatures at various locations inside the compartment.

Figure E 9. Thermocouple tree temperatures at various locations inside the compartment 

during the first 15 min after ignition.
A1-010659.1 E-6

Figure E 10. Temperatures in the ceiling at various depths from the fire exposed surface.

Figure E 11. Temperatures in Wall W1 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.
A1-010659.1 E-7

Figure E 12. Temperatures in Wall W3 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.

Figure E 13. Temperatures in Wall W4 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.
A1-010659.1 E-8

Figure E 14. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges located inside the compartment.

Figure E 15. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges 350 cm and 550 cm above the floor 

above the doorway.
A1-010659.1 E-9

Figure E 16. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges 240 cm and 480 cm from the doorway 

facing the opening.

Figure E 17. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers at various locations inside the 

compartment.
A1-010659.1 E-10

Figure E 18. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers 350 cm and 550 cm above the 

floor above the doorway.

Figure E 19. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers 240 cm and 480 cm from the 

doorway facing the opening.
A1-010659.1 E-11

Figure E 20. Heat flux calculated from directional flame thermometers at various 

locations inside the compartment. [first 100 min processed]

Figure E 21. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge, plate 

thermometer (PT) and differential flame thermometer (DFT) on Wall W1 at the middle of 

the compartment 1.8 m above the floor.
A1-010659.1 E-12

Figure E 22. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated plate thermometer (PT) 

and differential flame thermometer (DFT) on the ceiling at the center of the compartment.

Figure E 23. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated plate thermometer (PT) 

and differential flame thermometer (DFT) on the ceiling above the bed.
A1-010659.1 E-13

Figure E 24. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate

thermometer (PT) 350 cm above the floor above the doorway.

Figure E 25. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 550 cm above the floor above the doorway.
A1-010659.1 E-14

Figure E 26. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 240 cm from the doorway (facing doorway) and 150 cm above floor.

Figure E 27. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 480 cm from the doorway (facing doorway) and 150 cm above floor.
A1-010659.1 E-15

Figure E 28. Smoke meter voltage and calculated optical density (OD) from gas sampled 

at the center of the compartment 160 cm above the floor.

Figure E 29. Differential room pressure measured 210 cm above the floor at the center of 

the compartment.
A1-010659.1 E-16

Figure E 30. Gas velocity measured 305 mm from the ceiling along the midline 227.5 cm

from the back of the compartment (positive indicates flow out the door). [10 s moving 

average filter applied]

Figure E 31. Gas velocities measured in the doorway (positive indicates flow out the 

door). [10 s moving average filter applied]
A1-010659.1 E-17

Figure E 32. Plate thermometer temperatures at various locations inside the 

compartment.

Figure E 33. Plate thermometer temperatures 350 cm and 550 cm above the floor above 

the doorway.
A1-010659.1 F-1

Appendix F - Test 1-2 data

Figure F 1. Summary report file generated by the NFRL calorimeter on the day of test.
A1-010659.1 F-2

Figure F 2. Compartment (left axis) and burner (right axis) heat release rates.

Figure F 3. Gas volume fractions for oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon 

monoxide (CO) sampled at the center of the compartment 210 cm above the floor.
A1-010659.1 F-3

Figure F 4. Simulated thermal elements (STE) for sprinkler.

Figure F 5. Simulated thermal elements (STE) for sprinkler with table showing time after 

ignition (in seconds) until 68 °C is reached.
A1-010659.1 F-4

Figure F 6. Temperatures measured at various heights above the floor in the doorway.

Figure F 7. Temperatures measured at various heights above the floor above the 

doorway.
A1-010659.1 F-5

Figure F 8. Thermocouple tree temperatures at various locations inside the compartment.

Figure F 9. Thermocouple tree temperatures at various locations inside the compartment 

during the first 15 min after ignition.
A1-010659.1 F-6

Figure F 10. Temperatures in the ceiling at various depths from the fire exposed surface.

Figure F 11. Temperatures in Wall W1 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.
A1-010659.1 F-7

Figure F 12. Temperatures in Wall W3 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.

Figure F 13. Temperatures in Wall W4 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.
A1-010659.1 F-8

Figure F 14. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges located inside the compartment.

Figure F 15. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges 350 cm and 550 cm above the floor 

above the doorway.
A1-010659.1 F-9

Figure F 16. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges 240 cm and 480 cm from the doorway 

facing the opening.

Figure F 17. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers at various locations inside the

compartment.
A1-010659.1 F-10

Figure F 18. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers 350 cm and 550 cm above the 

floor above the doorway.

Figure F 19. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers 240 cm and 480 cm from the 

doorway facing the opening.
A1-010659.1 F-11

Figure F 20. Heat flux calculated from directional flame thermometers at various 

locations inside the compartment. [first 100 min processed]

Figure F 21. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge, plate 

thermometer (PT) and differential flame thermometer (DFT) on Wall W1 at the middle of 

the compartment 1.8 m above the floor.
A1-010659.1 F-12

Figure F 22. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated plate thermometer (PT) 

and differential flame thermometer (DFT) on the ceiling at the center of the compartment.

Figure F 23. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated plate thermometer (PT) 

and differential flame thermometer (DFT) on the ceiling above the bed.
A1-010659.1 F-13

Figure F 24. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 350 cm above the floor above the doorway.

Figure F 25. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 550 cm above the floor above the doorway.
A1-010659.1 F-14

Figure F 26. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 240 cm from the doorway (facing doorway) and 150 cm above floor.

Figure F 27. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 480 cm from the doorway (facing doorway) and 150 cm above floor.
A1-010659.1 F-15

Figure F 28. Smoke meter voltage and calculated optical density (OD) from gas sampled 

at the center of the compartment 160 cm above the floor.

Figure F 29. Differential room pressure measured 210 cm above the floor at the center of 

the compartment.
A1-010659.1 F-16

Figure F 30. Gas velocity measured 305 mm from the ceiling along the midline 227.5 cm

from the back of the compartment (positive indicates flow out the door). [10 s moving 

average filter applied]

Figure F 31. Gas velocities measured in the doorway (positive indicates flow out the 

door). [10 s moving average filter applied]
A1-010659.1 F-17

Figure F 32. Plate thermometer temperatures at various locations inside the 

compartment.

Figure F 33. Plate thermometer temperatures 350 cm and 550 cm above the floor above 

the doorway.
A1-010659.1 F-18

Figure F 34. Plate thermometer temperatures 240 cm and 480 cm from the doorway 

facing the opening.
A1-010659.1 G-1

Appendix G - Test 1-3 data

Figure G 1. Summary report file generated by the NFRL calorimeter on the day of test.
A1-010659.1 G-2

Figure G 2. Compartment (left axis) and burner (right axis) heat release rates.

Figure G 3. Gas volume fractions for oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon 

monoxide (CO) sampled at the center of the compartment 210 cm above the floor.
A1-010659.1 G-3

Figure G 4. Simulated thermal elements (STE) for sprinkler.

Figure G 5. Simulated thermal elements (STE) for sprinkler with table showing time after 

ignition (in seconds) until 68 °C is reached.
A1-010659.1 G-4

Figure G 6. Temperatures measured at various heights above the floor in the doorway.

Figure G 7. Temperatures measured at various heights above the floor above the 

doorway.
A1-010659.1 G-5

Figure G 8. Thermocouple tree temperatures at various locations inside the 

compartment.

Figure G 9. Thermocouple tree temperatures at various locations inside the compartment 

during the first 15 min after ignition.
A1-010659.1 G-6

Figure G 10. Temperatures in the ceiling at various depths from the fire exposed surface.

Figure G 11. Temperatures in Wall W1 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.
A1-010659.1 G-7

Figure G 12. Temperatures in Wall W3 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.

Figure G 13. Temperatures in Wall W4 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.
A1-010659.1 G-8

Figure G 14. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges located inside the compartment.

Figure G 15. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges 350 cm and 550 cm above the floor 

above the doorway.
A1-010659.1 G-9

Figure G 16. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges 240 cm and 480 cm from the doorway 

facing the opening.

Figure G 17. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers at various locations inside the 

compartment.
A1-010659.1 G-10

Figure G 18. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers 350 cm and 550 cm above the 

floor above the doorway.

Figure G 19. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers 240 cm and 480 cm from the 

doorway facing the opening.
A1-010659.1 G-11

Figure G 20. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge, plate 

thermometer (PT) and differential flame thermometer (DFT) on Wall W1 at the middle of 

the compartment 1.8 m above the floor.

Figure G 21. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 350 cm above the floor above the doorway.
A1-010659.1 G-12

Figure G 22. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 550 cm above the floor above the doorway.

Figure G 23. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 240 cm from the doorway (facing doorway) and 150 cm above floor.
A1-010659.1 G-13

Figure G 24. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 480 cm from the doorway (facing doorway) and 150 cm above floor.

Figure G 25. Smoke meter voltage and calculated optical density (OD) from gas sampled 

at the center of the compartment 160 cm above the floor.
A1-010659.1 G-14

Figure G 26. Differential room pressure measured 210 cm above the floor at the center of 

the compartment.

Figure G 27. Gas velocity measured 305 mm from the ceiling along the midline 227.5 cm

from the back of the compartment (positive indicates flow out the door). [10 s moving 

average filter applied]
A1-010659.1 G-15

Figure G 28. Gas velocities measured in the doorway (positive indicates flow out the

door). [10 s moving average filter applied]

Figure G 29. Plate thermometer temperatures at various locations inside the 

compartment.
A1-010659.1 G-16

Figure G 30. Plate thermometer temperatures 350 cm and 550 cm above the floor above 

the doorway.

Figure G 31. Plate thermometer temperatures 240 cm and 480 cm from the doorway 

facing the opening.
A1-010659.1 H-1

Appendix H - Test 1-4 data

Figure H 1. Summary report file generated by the NFRL calorimeter on the day of test.
A1-010659.1 H-2

Figure H 2. Compartment (left axis) and burner (right axis) heat release rates.

Figure H 3. Gas volume fractions for oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon 

monoxide (CO) sampled at the center of the compartment 210 cm above the floor.
A1-010659.1 H-3

Figure H 4. Simulated thermal elements (STE) for sprinkler.

Figure H 5. Simulated thermal elements (STE) for sprinkler with table showing time after 

ignition (in seconds) until 68 °C is reached.
A1-010659.1 H-4

Figure H 6. Temperatures measured at various heights above the floor in the doorway.

Figure H 7. Temperatures measured at various heights above the floor above the 

doorway.
A1-010659.1 H-5

Figure H 8. Thermocouple tree temperatures at various locations inside the 

compartment.

Figure H 9. Thermocouple tree temperatures at various locations inside the compartment 

during the first 15 min after ignition.
A1-010659.1 H-6

Figure H 10. Temperatures in the ceiling at various depths from the fire exposed surface.

Figure H 11. Temperatures in Wall W1 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.
A1-010659.1 H-7

Figure H 12. Temperatures in Wall W3 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.

Figure H 13. Temperatures in Wall W4 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.
A1-010659.1 H-8

Figure H 14. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges located inside the compartment.

Figure H 15. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges 350 cm and 550 cm above the floor 

above the doorway.
A1-010659.1 H-9

Figure H 16. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges 240 cm and 480 cm from the doorway 

facing the opening.

Figure H 17. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers at various locations inside the 

compartment.
A1-010659.1 H-10

Figure H 18. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers 350 cm and 550 cm above the 

floor above the doorway.

Figure H 19. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers 240 cm and 480 cm from the 

doorway facing the opening.
A1-010659.1 H-11

Figure H 20. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge, plate 

thermometer (PT) and differential flame thermometer (DFT) on Wall W1 at the middle of 

the compartment 1.8 m above the floor.

Figure H 21. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 350 cm above the floor above the doorway.
A1-010659.1 H-12

Figure H 22. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 550 cm above the floor above the doorway.

Figure H 23. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 240 cm from the doorway (facing doorway) and 150 cm above floor.
A1-010659.1 H-13

Figure H 24. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 480 cm from the doorway (facing doorway) and 150 cm above floor.

Figure H 25. Smoke meter voltage and calculated optical density (OD) from gas sampled 

at the center of the compartment 160 cm above the floor.
A1-010659.1 H-14

Figure H 26. Differential room pressure measured 210 cm above the floor at the center of 

the compartment.

Figure H 27. Gas velocity measured 305 mm from the ceiling along the midline 227.5 cm

from the back of the compartment (positive indicates flow out the door). [10 s moving 

average filter applied]
A1-010659.1 H-15

Figure H 28. Gas velocities measured in the doorway (positive indicates flow out the 

door). [10 s moving average filter applied]

Figure H 29. Plate thermometer temperatures at various locations inside the 

compartment.
A1-010659.1 H-16

Figure H 30. Plate thermometer temperatures 350 cm and 550 cm above the floor above 

the doorway.

Figure H 31. Plate thermometer temperatures 240 cm and 480 cm from the doorway 

facing the opening.
A1-010659.1 I-1

Appendix I - Test 1-5 data

Figure I 1. Summary report file generated by the NFRL calorimeter on the day of test.
A1-010659.1 I-2

Figure I 2. Compartment (left axis) and burner (right axis) heat release rates.

Figure I 3. Gas volume fractions for oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon 

monoxide (CO) sampled at the center of the compartment 210 cm above the floor.
A1-010659.1 I-3

Figure I 4. Simulated thermal elements (STE) for sprinkler.

Figure I 5. Simulated thermal elements (STE) for sprinkler with table showing time after 

ignition (in seconds) until 68 °C is reached.
A1-010659.1 I-4

Figure I 6. Temperatures measured at various heights above the floor in the doorway.

Figure I 7. Temperatures measured at various heights above the floor above the doorway.
A1-010659.1 I-5

Figure I 8. Thermocouple tree temperatures at various locations inside the compartment.

Figure I 9. Thermocouple tree temperatures at various locations inside the compartment 

during the first 15 min after ignition.
A1-010659.1 I-6

Figure I 10. Temperatures in the ceiling at various depths from the fire exposed surface.

Figure I 11. Temperatures in Wall W1 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.
A1-010659.1 I-7

Figure I 12. Temperatures in Wall W3 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.

Figure I 13. Temperatures in Wall W4 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.
A1-010659.1 I-8

Figure I 14. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges located inside the compartment.

Figure I 15. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges 350 cm and 550 cm above the floor 

above the doorway.
A1-010659.1 I-9

Figure I 16. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges 240 cm and 480 cm from the doorway 

facing the opening.

Figure I 17. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers at various locations inside the 

compartment.
A1-010659.1 I-10

Figure I 18. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers 350 cm and 550 cm above the 

floor above the doorway.

Figure I 19. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers 240 cm and 480 cm from the 

doorway facing the opening.
A1-010659.1 I-11

Figure I 20. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge, plate 

thermometer (PT) and differential flame thermometer (DFT) on Wall W1 at the middle of 

the compartment 1.8 m above the floor.

Figure I 21. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 350 cm above the floor above the doorway.
A1-010659.1 I-12

Figure I 22. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 550 cm above the floor above the doorway.

Figure I 23. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 240 cm from the doorway (facing doorway) and 150 cm above floor.
A1-010659.1 I-13

Figure I 24. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 480 cm from the doorway (facing doorway) and 150 cm above floor.

Figure I 25. Smoke meter voltage and calculated optical density (OD) from gas sampled 

at the center of the compartment 160 cm above the floor.
A1-010659.1 I-14

Figure I 26. Differential room pressure measured 210 cm above the floor at the center of 

the compartment.

Figure I 27. Gas velocity measured 305 mm from the ceiling along the midline 227.5 cm

from the back of the compartment (positive indicates flow out the door). [10 s moving 

average filter applied]
A1-010659.1 I-15

SENSORS DEFECTIVE

Figure I 28. Gas velocities measured in the doorway (positive indicates flow out the 

door). [10 s moving average filter applied]

Figure I 29. Plate thermometer temperatures at various locations inside the compartment.
A1-010659.1 I-16

Figure I 30. Plate thermometer temperatures 350 cm and 550 cm above the floor above 

the doorway.

Figure I 31. Plate thermometer temperatures 240 cm and 480 cm from the doorway facing 

the opening.
A1-010659.1 J-1

Appendix J - Test 1-6 data

Figure J 1. Summary report file generated by the NFRL calorimeter on the day of test.
A1-010659.1 J-2

Figure J 2. Compartment (left axis) and burner (right axis) heat release rates. 

[lost data acquisition between 108 min and 123 min]

Figure J 3. Gas volume fractions for oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2) and carbon 

monoxide (CO) sampled at the center of the compartment 210 cm above the floor.
A1-010659.1 J-3

Figure J 4. Simulated thermal elements (STE) for sprinkler.

Figure J 5. Simulated thermal elements (STE) for sprinkler with table showing time after 

ignition (in seconds) until 68 °C is reached.
A1-010659.1 J-4

Figure J 6. Temperatures measured at various heights above the floor in the doorway.

Figure J 7. Temperatures measured at various heights above the floor above the 

doorway.
A1-010659.1 J-5

Figure J 8. Thermocouple tree temperatures at various locations inside the compartment.

Figure J 9. Thermocouple tree temperatures at various locations inside the compartment 

during the first 15 min after ignition.
A1-010659.1 J-6

Figure J 10. Temperatures in the ceiling at various depths from the fire exposed surface.

Figure J 11. Temperatures in Wall W1 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.
A1-010659.1 J-7

Figure J 12. Temperatures in Wall W3 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.

Figure J 13. Temperatures in Wall W4 at various depths from the fire exposed surface.
A1-010659.1 J-8

Figure J 14. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges located inside the compartment.

Figure J 15. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges 350 cm and 550 cm above the floor 

above the doorway.
A1-010659.1 J-9

Figure J 16. Heat flux measured by Gardon gauges 240 cm and 480 cm from the doorway 

facing the opening.

Figure J 17. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers at various locations inside the 

compartment.
A1-010659.1 J-10

Figure J 18. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers 350 cm and 550 cm above the 

floor above the doorway.

Figure J 19. Heat flux calculated from plate thermometers 240 cm and 480 cm from the 

doorway facing the opening.
A1-010659.1 J-11

Figure J 20. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge, plate 

thermometer (PT) and differential flame thermometer (DFT) on Wall W1 at the middle of 

the compartment 1.8 m above the floor.

Figure J 21. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 350 cm above the floor above the doorway.
A1-010659.1 J-12

Figure J 22. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 550 cm above the floor above the doorway.

Figure J 23. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 240 cm from the doorway (facing doorway) and 150 cm above floor.
A1-010659.1 J-13

Figure J 24. Comparison of heat fluxes recorded by a collocated Gardon gauge and plate 

thermometer (PT) 480 cm from the doorway (facing doorway) and 150 cm above floor.

Figure J 25. Smoke meter voltage and calculated optical density (OD) from gas sampled 

at the center of the compartment 160 cm above the floor.
A1-010659.1 J-14

SENSOR DEFECTIVE

Figure J 26. Differential room pressure measured 210 cm above the floor at the center of 

the compartment.

Figure J 27. Gas velocity measured 305 mm from the ceiling along the midline 227.5 cm

from the back of the compartment (positive indicates flow out the door). [10 s moving 

average filter applied]

SENSORS DEFECTIVE

Figure J 28. Gas velocities measured in the doorway (positive indicates flow out the

door). [10 s moving average filter applied]
A1-010659.1 J-15

Figure J 29. Plate thermometer temperatures at various locations inside the 

compartment.

Figure J 30. Plate thermometer temperatures 350 cm and 550 cm above the floor above 

the doorway.
A1-010659.1 J-16

Figure J 31. Plate thermometer temperatures 240 cm and 480 cm from the doorway facing 

the opening.
A1-010659.1 K-1

Appendix K - Alarm activation times

Table K 1. Activation times of smoke alarms and heat alarms

Test ID Activation time, s

Smoke alarm Heat alarm

Test 1-1 126 210

Test 1-2 201 176

Test 1-3 327 173

Test 1-4 150 91

Test 1-5 109 149

Test 1-6 122 177

Mean 173 163

SD 82 40
A1-010659.1 L-1

Appendix L - Uncertainty of Measurements

The measurements presented in this report include length (structural element positions and 

dimensions, fuel positions and dimensions, charring depth, and instrument location), fuel mass, 

CLT moisture, calorimeter and burner heat release rates, gas species concentrations, 

differential pressure, optical density, temperatures, simulated thermal element (STE) response 

time, heat fluxes, gas flow velocities, and smoke and heat alarm response time. For each 

measurement, Type A and/or Type B uncertainties, combined standard uncertainties, and total 

expanded uncertainties were estimated. As defined in Taylor and Kuyatt (1994), Type A 

uncertainty was evaluated using statistical methods; Type B uncertainty was estimated by other 

means such as the information available in manufacturer’s specifications, from past-experience, 

or engineering judgement. The combined standard uncertainty was estimated by combining the 

individual uncertainties using “root-sum-of-squares” (Taylor and Kuyatt, 1994). The expended 

uncertainty was then computed by multiplying the combined uncertainty by a coverage factor of 

2 corresponding to an approximately 95 % confidence interval. 

Table L-1 summarizes the components of the measurement uncertainty. All uncertainties are 

assumed to be symmetric (+/-) and to have a Gaussian distribution. The following definitions are 

used:

 Precision: The ability of the instrument to resolve information from the sensor.

 Bias: The uncertainty in the calibration of the sensor, the accuracy as published by the 

manufacturer, or other known sources of error.

 Random: Error due to random, unpredictable variations in the measurement process 

during a typical steady-state period.

For example, dimensional measurements were made using tape measures assumed to be 

readable with one’s eye (resolution) to within 0.8 mm (1/32 in.) – half of the smallest marking –

and to have a bias accuracy of 0.8 mm (1/32 in.), which is the manufacturer’s published 

accuracy. The random error was based on repeat measurements.

Reference

Taylor, B. N., and Kuyatt, C. E. (1994). “Guidelines for Evaluating and Expressing the 

Uncertainty of NIST Measurement Results.” NIST Technical Note TN-1297, Gaithersburg, MD.
A1-010659.1 L-2

Table L-1. Uncertainty in the experimental data.

Measurement / Component Estimation

Method

Component

Standard

Uncertainty

Combined

Standard

Uncertainty

Total

Expanded

Uncertainty

Structural element positions and dimensions, mm

Precision Type B 0.8

Bias Type B 0.8 2 5

Random (N=5) Type A 2

Fuel positions and dimensions, mm

Precision Type B 0.8

Bias Type B 0.8 13 25

Random (N=5) Type A 13

Charring depth, mm

Precision Type B 0.8

Bias Type B 0.8 2 3

Random (N=5) Type A 1

Instrument location, mm

Precision Type B 0.8

Bias Type B 0.8 5 10

Random (N=5) Type A 5

Fuel mass, kg

Precision Type B 0.001

Bias Type B 0.001 0.01 0.02

Random (N=5) Type A 0.01

CLT moisture, %

Precision Type B 0.1

Bias Type B 0.1 0.2 0.5

Random (N=5) Type A 0.2

Calorimeter heat release rate, % RD

Precision Type B 0.1

Bias Type B 4.5 7.4 14.8

Random (N=300) Type A 5.9

Burner heat release rate, % RD

Precision Type B 0.2

Bias Type B 0.6 0.8 1.6

Random (N=300) Type A 0.5

CO2 gas species concentrations, % FS

Precision Type B 0.1

2.8 5.6

Bias (Linearity) Type B 1

Bias (Zero and span gas) Type B 1

Random (N=300) Type A 2.4

Differential pressure, Pa

Precision Type B 0.5

1.1 2.3

Bias (Hysteresis and linearity) Type B 0.6

Bias (Instrument temperature) Type B 0.8

Random, Pa (N=100) Type A 0.13

Optical density, % RD

Precision Type B 0.1

Bias Type B 10 10.2 20.5

Random (N=100) Type A 2.2
A1-010659.1 L-3

Measurement / Component Estimation

Method

Component

Standard

Uncertainty

Combined

Standard

Uncertainty

Total

Expanded

Uncertainty

Temperature (gas; bare bead thermocouple), % RD

Precision Type B 0.01

Bias 13.4 26.8 a Type B 0.75

Random (N=300) Type A 13.4

Temperature (gas; sheathed thermocouple), % RD

Precision Type B 0.01

Bias 7.3 14.7 a Type B 0.75

Random (N=300) Type A 7.3

Temperature (specimen; bare bead thermocouple), % RD

Precision Type B 0.01

Bias 3.1 6.2 a Type B 0.75

Random (N=300) Type A 3.0

STE response time, s

Precision Type B 1

Bias Type B 0.1 1 2

Random Type A -

Heat flux (Gardon), % RD

Precision Type B 0.01

11.2 22.5

Bias Type B 1.5

Bias (Soot & dust) Type B 10

Bias (Cooling water temperature) Type B 0.5

Random (N=300) Type A 4.9

Gas flow velocity, % RD

Precision Type B 0.01

Bias (Probe constant) Type B 5 7.6 15.2

Random (N=300) Type A 5.7

Smoke and heat alarm trigger timing, s

Precision Type B 1

Bias Type B 0.1 1 2

Random Type A -

FS = full scale; RD = reading; N = number of samples

a The standard limit of error is the greater of +/- 0.75 % or 2.2 °C.