# Patent

## Title
Systems and methods for network MIMO

## Abstract

Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) systems and methods are provided for enabling network MIMO among base stations (BSs) and a mobile station (MS). A BS configure a network MIMO zone based on an indication of at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO. The network MIMO zone is defined by resources having at least time and frequency dimensions allocated for master transmission under control of the BS, or slave transmission under control of the other BS eligible for network MIMO. The BS can transmit data on the network MIMO zone to the MS. Where there is no data to transmit to the MS, the BS may transmit data on the network MIMO zone to another MS. To configure the network MIMO zone, the BS may look up in a table combinations of the eligible BSs associated with the indication.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATION
The present patent application claims the benefit of: U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/986,846 filed on Nov. 9, 2007, the entire contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.
FIELD
The invention relates to communication systems in general, and particularly to MIMO (Multiple-Input Multiple-Output) communication systems.


BACKGROUND
In a MIMO communication system, a transmitter transmits data through multiple transmitting antennas and a receiver receives data through multiple receiving antennas. The data to be transmitted is usually divided between the transmitting antennas. Each receiving antenna receives data from all the transmitting antennas, so if there are M transmitting antennas and N receiving antennas, then the signal will propagate over M×N channels, each of which has its own channel response. The movement of the receiver in relation to the transmitter results in significant fluctuation in channel conditions. The multiple antennas provide spatial diversity for communications. Typically, if the receiver requires a large transmission power for data, for example a receiver that is geographically located at the edge of a communication cell, the receiver is attended to by using a different transmission than receivers in closer proximity to the transmitter.
In order to improve coverage and throughput, network MIMO can be used. In network MIMO, each receiver is in network MIMO communication with multiple transmitters.
SUMMARY
In accordance with a broad aspect, there is provided in a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system, a method of enabling network MIMO among a plurality of base stations (BSs) and at a least one mobile station (MS), the method comprising: configuring at a BS a network MIMO zone based on an indication of at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO, the network MIMO zone being defined by resources having at least time and frequency dimensions allocated for master transmission under control of the BS, or slave transmission under control of one of the at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises transmitting data on the network MIMO zone on at least one antenna of the BS to the at least one MS.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises, where there is no data to transmit to the at least one MS, transmitting data on the network MIMO zone on at least one antenna of the BS to a MS other than the at least one MS.
In some embodiments, the network MIMO zone is further defined by resources allocated using a channelization procedure that is the same as a channelization procedure of the one of the at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO.
In some embodiments, where there is no data to transmit to the at least one MS, the network MIMO zone is further defined by resources allocated using a BS specific channelization procedure.
In some embodiments, the network MIMO zone is further defined by contiguous tones that are in alignment with contiguous tones of a network MIMO zone of the one of the at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO.
In some embodiments, the network MIMO zone is defined by resources having a further dimension of code spreading allocated for master transmission under control of the BS, or slave transmission under control of one of the at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO.
In some embodiments, configuring at the BS a network MIMO zone based on the indication comprises looking up in a table combinations of the at least one BS eligible for network MIMO associated with the indication.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining scheduling information indicating at least one of: an identifier of one of the at least one MS, a location of the network MIMO zone, an identifier of the BS, a resource assignment, and a hopping pattern; and transmitting the scheduling information.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises transmitting a signal to the at least one MS specifying that the at least one MS is eligible for network MIMO.
In some embodiments, at least one of the at least one MS is a cell-edge MS.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises transmitting on the network MIMO zone common pilot symbols that are orthogonal for the BS and the one of the at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises performing a Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) re-transmission protocol, wherein the HARQ re-transmission protocol is selected from at least one of: asynchronous, synchronous, and resource adaptive synchronous (RAS)-HARQ.
In some embodiments, performing the HARQ re-transmission protocol comprises cycling through the BS and the one of the at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO between re-transmissions such that data is re-transmitted to the at least one MS in subsequent re-transmissions.
In accordance with another broad aspect, there is provided a base station (BS) in a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system for enabling network MIMO among a plurality of BSs and at a least one mobile station (MS), the BS comprising: at least one transmitting antenna; and a control system adapted to: configure a network MIMO zone based on an indication of at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO, the network MIMO zone being defined by resources having at least time and frequency dimensions allocated for master transmission under control of the BS, or slave transmission under control of one of the at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO.
In some embodiments, the control system is further adapted to: allocate data on the network MIMO zone on at least one antenna of the BS for transmission to the at least one MS.
In accordance with still another broad aspect, there is provided in a mobile station (MS), a method of enabling network Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) among a plurality of base stations (BSs) and the MS, the method comprising: determining at the MS BSs eligible for network MIMO; transmitting an indication of the BSs eligible for network MIMO to at least one of the BSs eligible for network MIMO; and receiving data on a network MIMO zone from at least one antenna of a BS of the BSs eligible for network MIMO, the network MIMO zone being defined by a resource allocated for master transmission under control of the BS, or slave transmission under control of another BS eligible for network MIMO.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises for open loop transmissions: receiving pilot symbols from the BS and the another BS eligible for network MIMO; measuring Carrier to Interference Ratios (C/Is) based on the pilot symbols; and transmitting the C/Is to at least one of the BSs eligible for network MIMO.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises for closed loop transmissions: receiving pilot symbols from the BS and the another BS eligible for network MIMO; measuring C/Is based on the pilot symbols; and transmitting to at least one of the BSs eligible for network MIMO the C/Is, a precoding matrix index, and a rank indicating streams for receiving data.
In some embodiments, the method further comprises determining whether the MS is ready to receive network MIMO transmission based on at least one of: an absolute C/I threshold; a difference in the C/Is between the BS and the another BS eligible for network MIMO; instantaneous channel conditions; average channel conditions; and the structure of the MS.
Other aspects and features of the present invention will become apparent, to those ordinarily skilled in the art, upon review of the following description of the specific embodiments of the invention.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The invention will now be described in greater detail with reference to the accompanying diagrams, in which:
FIG. 1 depicts a MIMO communication system for network MIMO transmissions in accordance with an embodiment;
FIG. 2 depicts transmission of a look-up table of possible combinations of network MIMO groups for a mobile station;
FIG. 3 depicts a representative example of one possible frame diagram of network MIMO with backhaul communication;
FIG. 4 depicts a representative example of one possible frame diagram of mobile-assisted network MIMO communication;
FIG. 5 is an example schematic diagram of three network MIMO zones for each BS;
FIGS. 6 and 7 depict exemplary scattering of pilot symbols;
FIG. 8 depicts a diagram of a HARQ (Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request) re-transmission scheme;
FIG. 9 is a plot relating to network MIMO precoding;
FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a method, in a system, of enabling network MIMO among a plurality of base stations and at a least one mobile station; and
FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a method, in a mobile station, of enabling network MIMO among a plurality of base stations and at a least one mobile station.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
In a MIMO system, a base station (BS) provides communication services for a coverage area or cell in a wireless communication system. The term “base station” can refer to any access point providing coverage to an area. The BS transmits communication signals to mobile stations (MSs) via multiple antennas. MSs are also commonly referred to as user terminals, user equipment, and communication devices, for instance. The term “mobile station” can refer to any receiving device (stationary or mobile). At a MS side, multiple receive antennas are employed for each MS.
FIG. 1 shows a MIMO communication system 10 for network MIMO. MIMO communication system 10 includes BSs BSA 100, BSB 102, BSC 104 and MSs MS1 106, and MS2 108. Each of MS1 106 and MS2 108 can be a wireless device, such as a cellular telephone, a computer with a wireless modem, or a PDA (personal Digital Assistant).
Each of BSA 100, BSB 102, BSC 104 serves a particular cell to facilitate communication with one or more MSs located within the cell associated with the corresponding BS. MS1 106 is linked to BSA 100, and MS2 108 is linked to BSC 104. Thus, BSA 100 and BSC 104 are the serving BSs for MS1 106 and MS2 108, respectively. MS1 106 is located at the intersection of two cells, as is MS2 108. As such, they are known as “cell-edge” MSs. It is to be understood that cell-edge MSs are a particular example, and embodiments are not limited to cell-edge MSs.
In operation, network MIMO combines antennas from BSs located in neighboring cells to transmit multiple streams to one or more MSs. Thus, each MS is in network MIMO communication with multiple BSs, including its serving BS. More particularly, in network MIMO MS1 106 can be in network MIMO communication with BSA 100 and either BSB 102 or BSC 104. MS2 108 can be in network MIMO communication with BSC 104 and either BSA 100 or BSB 102.
In order to support network MIMO, various features are provided by the embodiments described herein: network MIMO co-ordination, feedback, network MIMO with backhaul communications, mobile-assisted network MIMO, network MIMO zone, HARQ re-transmission, and precoded network MIMO. These features are described below.
The following describes network MIMO co-ordination. As noted above, in network MIMO each MS is in network MIMO communication with multiple BSs. To determine which BSs are in network MIMO communication with a particular MS, each MS is provided with an “active set”. The active set of a MS indicates eligible BSs for network MIMO transmission with that particular MS. The active set may be stored or updated by a MS from time to time. In the example of FIG. 1, MS1 106 and MS2 108 each have an active set that indicates that BSA 100, BSB 102, and BSC 104 are eligible for network MIMO transmission.
An active set can be based on any number of considerations, such as the best BSs to be used from a signal strength, proximity, or interference standpoint. For example, the active set of a MS can be based on the signal strength of the preamble of a signal received by the MS. It is to be understood that generation of the active set is not limited to these considerations.
Generally, multiple BSs participating in network MIMO with a MS can be collectively referred to as a “network MIMO group” for a particular MS. The network MIMO group can be a subset of the MS's active set. BSs participating in network MIMO transmission can be referred to as “participating BSs”. In FIG. 1, MS1 106 has a network MIMO group 112 consisting of BSA 100 and BSB 102. MS2 108 has a network MIMO group 114 consisting of BSB 102 and BSC 104. Although in FIG. 1 the network MIMO group of MS1 106 and MS2 108 is a subset of the MS's active set, this does not have to be the case.
The active set can indicate BSs eligible for network MIMO download and upload. If such download and upload active sets are used, the network MIMO group contains all or a subset of the BSs that are the union of the download and upload active sets. The upload and download groups can be different or the same.
As shown in FIG. 1, BSA 100 has a control system 115 which is adapted to configure a network MIMO zone. Network MIMO zones are described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 5. Each BS can have a control system.
An MS determines a network MIMO group based on its active set. An MS may determine the network MIMO group using a look-up table of possible combinations of network MIMO groups, based on the MS's active set. Many combinations are possible. FIG. 2 depicts transmission of a look-up table 116 of possible combinations of network MIMO groups for MS1 106. The second column of the look-up table 116 defines a combination of network MIMO groups, and the first column defines indices such that each index is associated with a respective combination. Various indexing schemes are possible. According to one indexing scheme, if there is a maximum of N BSs in the network MIMO group, then the look-up table contain combinations of the N−1 BSs, excluding the serving BS. This keeps the number of possible combinations smaller, such that the combinations can be signaled with less overhead. However, the combinations in the table could be extended to include the serving BS. If the serving BS is excluded from the combinations, the number of rows in the look-up table would be 2(N-1)−1. Such an indexing scheme has been used for the look-up table 116. Referring to FIG. 2, MS1 106 can have a maximum of 3 BSs in any of its network MIMO groups, so the look-up table 116 contains combinations of 3−1=2 BSs, excluding serving BSA 100. Look-up table 116 has 2(3-1)−1=3 rows. Referring to the first row, a network MIMO group consisting of BSB 102 is associated with index “0”. Referring to the second row, a network MIMO group consisting of BSC 104 is associated with index “1”. Referring to the third row, a network MIMO group consisting of BSB 102 and BSC 104 is associated with index “2”.
MS1 106 generates the look-up table 116 based on its active set. The look-up table 116 is stored at MS1 106 and its serving BSA 100. Alternatively, the look-up table 116 is generated independently at serving BSA 100 by following certain rules. For example, if MS1 106 sends a network MIMO group in a certain order, the look-up table can be generated according to such order. Although in this example the rule for generating the table depends on the order in which MS1 106 reports the network MIMO group, other rules may be used.
After generating the look-up table 116, MS1 106 determines a network MIMO group and can transmit an index associated with the network MIMO group. The index can be transmitted on an uplink (UL) feedback channel.
Transmitting the index can require N−1 bits, which may not be large in practical network MIMO communication systems.
In the example of FIG. 2, if MS1 106 decides to receive network MIMO transmissions from BSA 100 and BSB 102, then MS1 106 looks up the combination BSB 102 in the look-up table 116, notes that this combination is associated with index “1”, and transmits index “1”. MS1 106 transmits the index to its serving BSA 100, which relays the index to the remaining BSs in the network MIMO group, namely BSB 102 and BSC 104 (illustrated using solid lines). Alternatively, MS1 106 broadcasts the index to the network MIMO group, namely BSA 100 and BSB 102 (illustrated using broken lines). The index can be transmitted on a UL feedback channel. In addition to an index, MS identification data, such as a MS identifier (ID), can also be transmitted to a BS in order to allow that BS to decode information from and relay information to the MS. Whenever the network MIMO group of a MS changes, for example due to a change in the active set of that MS, its serving BS sends the updated look-up table to the remaining BSs in the updated active set.
Upon receipt of the index from MS1 106, a BS retrieves the corresponding network MIMO group, and prepares for network MIMO accordingly. For example, BSB 102 will note that it is listed in the network MIMO group and prepares for network MIMO with MS1 106, while BSC 104 notes that it is not listed in the network MIMO group and therefore does not prepare for network MIMO with MS1 106.
The above described network MIMO co-ordination, including determining a network MIMO group based on an active set. Before such determination, a MS can be involved in feedback to assist in making that determination. The following describes such feedback.
MSs that are eligible for network MIMO are sent an indication of eligibility for network MIMO. Such indications can be sent to MSs within a cell, cell-edge MSs, or both.
Upon receiving an indication of network MIMO, a MS measures C/I (Carrier to Interference Ratio) based on pilots the MS has received.
The MS determines whether it is ready to receive network MIMO transmission. The determination can be based on various factors. Three example factors are described below.
The determination can be based on an absolute C/I threshold and/or a difference in the C/Is of a MS's neighboring BSs, since the MS has full knowledge of the channel conditions of the BSs in the active set.
The determination can be based on instantaneous or average channel conditions. In this case, a subset of the BSs could be in the active set.
The determination can be based on the MS's receiver structure, for example Minimum Mean-Squared Error (MMSE) or Successive Interference Cancellation (SIC) with MMSE. With SIC, the MS can decide to do network MIMO when there is a larger differential in the C/I between serving BS and the remaining BSs in its active set than in the case where SIC is not used.
If the MS determines that it is not ready, the MS does not send a network MIMO indication. If the MS determines that it is ready, the MS sends feedback information, including a network MIMO indication, information on the C/Is, an index, and an indication of MIMO mode. MIMO mode refers to the type of MIMO transmission, such as open-loop, closed-loop, blast, SM (spatial multiplexing), and STTD (space-time transmit diversity). The MS can also send a preferred matrix index to indicate its choice of precoding.
The MS sends the feedback to all BSs in the network MIMO group, or a subset of it.
The serving BS designates UL resources for the feedback information. The serving BS signals the location of the UL resources to the network MIMO group so that the network MIMO group can retrieve the feedback information. Since only a subset of the BSs in the network MIMO group may be involved in an actual network MIMO transmission, the MS sends the index on the uplink.
Since the uplink and downlink active sets may be different, the UL feedback can be sent in two ways. If the participating BSs are in the uplink active set, the UL feedback channel can be adjusted so that it targets the participating BSs to hear the feedback. For example, if the participating BSs are in the uplink active set (e.g. in TDD (Time Division Duplex)), the UL feedback channel can be adjusted in terms of power. If the participating BSs are not in the uplink active set, the serving BS is responsible for decoding the UL feedback.
The BS can encode transmissions vertically or horizontally, as described below.
For vertical encoding or STTD, one C/I is reported. The C/I channel is scrambled by the MS ID. Since one encoded packet can be sent to multiple streams in vertical encoding, the participating BSs can encode the same data independently (since they have already been receiving copies of the MS data) and extract the portion of the encoded data for transmission. Alternatively, the serving BS encodes the data and sends the portion of the encoded data to the BSs in the network MIMO.
For horizontal encoding, C/Is for different streams are reported for each participating BS. A C/I channel can be scrambled by the MS ID. The BSs that will participate in the network MIMO transmission to the MS may be signaled by the index of the look-up table. The order of the C/I report for each stream (whether it is encoded separately or jointly) corresponds to the order in the entry of the look-up table.
The serving BS performs Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) selections based on the reported C/Is and signals the other participating BSs the MCS. Alternatively, MCS selection can be performed independently by the participating BSs.
FIG. 3 depicts a representative example of one possible frame diagram of network MIMO with backhaul communication. MS1 106, BSA 100 and BSB 102 can communicate with each other over frames N to N+8. As noted above, MS1 106 measures C/Is for the network MIMO. MS1 106 feedbacks the C/Is to the serving BSA 100. Serving BSA 100 can send to the other participating Bs, namely BSB 102, scheduling information, which includes information on resource allocation, the MCS, the MIMO mode, and the transmission time (e.g. frame number with the appropriate offset for the different BSs). Alternatively, the scheduling can be performed by each participating BS individually.
Serving BSA 100 can also send an indication of eligibility for network MIMO.
BSB 102 can send an indication of participation in the network MIMO, for instance an acknowledgement (e.g. an ACK) to indicate participation, or a negative acknowledgement (e.g. a NACK) to indicate no participation for example due to loading in the BSs.
If serving BSA 100 does not receive a response from BSB 102, then BSA 100 can assume that the indication of eligibility was not received by BSB 102. In that case, BSA 100 can resend the indication of eligibility.
Where there are only two BSs in the network MIMO group, such as BSA 100 and BSB 102, serving BSA 100 can change the MIMO mode if BSB 102 does not respond or a NACK is received. For example, an STTD rate 2 can be changed to STTD rate 1.
Finally, BSA 100 or BSB 102 transmits control signaling data and network MIMO data to MS1 106.
FIG. 4 depicts a representative example of one possible frame diagram of mobile-assisted network MIMO communication, as an alternative to the network MIMO with backhaul communications of FIG. 3. Mobile-assisted network MIMO uses signaling between BSs and MSs to enable network MIMO transmissions.
Mobile-assisted network MIMO eliminates backhaul signaling among BSs. It deals with network MIMO when at least one participating BS is from another cell.
The MS is used to relay information. Together with short frame duration, mobile-assisted Network MIMO reduces the scheduling delay and enables more dynamic scheduling.
In every superframe, a set of resources for network MIMO transmission, known as a network MIMO zone, is configured. Network MIMO zones are described in more detail below with reference to FIG. 5. Participating BSs are determined based on MS feedback.
Referring to FIG. 4, the steps of MS1 106 measuring C/Is for the network MIMO and feeding back the C/Is to the master BSA 100 are the same as in FIG. 3.
Afterwards, the serving BSA 100 schedules MS1 106 in the network MIMO zone using a scheduler. A fixed amount of time is allowed to elapse between this decision of the scheduler and actual transmission, for instance 5 frames from N+4 to N+8 in the example of FIG. 4.
BSA 100 sends scheduling information to MS1 106, including resource allocation, MCS, and MIMO mode. At frame N+5, MS1 106 relays the scheduling info to the participating BSs, such as BSB 102.
BSB 102 sends an indication of participation in the network MIMO, such as an ACK, to MS1 106, so that MS1 106 can be ready to decode data from BSB 102. This allows MS1 106 to determine how many participating BSs successfully receive the indication of eligibility for network MIMO. If MS1 106 does not receive an ACK/NACK from BSB 102, it assumes that the indication of eligibility for network MIMO was not received by BSB 102. The MS1 106 sends the scheduling info through higher-layer signaling to re-synchronize the data.
Finally, BSA 100 and BSB 102 transmit data to MS1 106.
FIG. 5 is an example schematic diagram of three network MIMO zones for each BS. Generally, resources for network MIMO transmission are referred to as a “network MIMO zone”. The network MIMO zone can be described as a set of two dimensional resources (time and frequency), though in some embodiments code spreading can be used to provide a third dimension. The network MIMO zone can be a TDM (Time Division Multiplexing)-based zone, an FDM (Frequency Division Multiplexing)-based zone, or a combined TDM/FDM-based zone.
Referring to FIG. 5, shown are resources 117,118,119 for BSA 100, BSB 102, and BSC 104, respectively. These resources are shown as having a two dimensional appearance in which the horizontal direction is frequency and the vertical direction is time. The resources for each BS are partitioned into 3 zones, which can be used for network MIMO transmission. In the example of FIG. 5, a MS is in network MIMO communication with BSA 100, BSB 102, and BSC 104 of FIG. 1.
Shown are various types of partitions. For each resource, a BS known as the “master” BS transmits, and other participating BSs transmit as “slaves”. For illustration purposes, a network MIMO zone assigned to a master for network MIMO transmission is illustrated with dense stripes or dotting. A network MIMO zone assigned to a slave for network MIMO transmission is illustrated with light stripes or dotting. A network MIMO zone assigned to a BS for non-network-MIMO transmission is illustrated with blank space. If there is no data transmission in a network MIMO zone, non-network MIMO transmissions can be scheduled to avoid wastage of resources.
More specifically, resource 117 has a network MIMO zone 120 assigned to BSA 100 as master for network MIMO transmission, a network MIMO zone 122 assigned to BSB 102 for non network MIMO transmission, and a network MIMO zone 124 assigned to BSC 104 as slave for network MIMO transmission. On network MIMO zone 120, BSA 100 can transmit data to a network MIMO MS (not shown). BSA 100 can transmit, on network MIMO zone 122, data to a non-network MIMO MS, i.e. a MS not in network MIMO with BSs BSA 100, BSB 102, and BSc 104. BSA 100 can transmit, on network MIMO zone 124, data that BSC 104 has instructed it to transmit, to the network MIMO MS.
Resource 118 has a network MIMO zone 126 assigned to BSA 100 as slave for network MIMO transmission, a network MIMO zone 128 assigned to BSB 102 as master for network MIMO transmission, and a network MIMO zone 130 assigned to BSC 104 for non network MIMO transmission. Resource 119 has a network MIMO zone 132 assigned to BSA 100 for non network MIMO transmission, a network MIMO zone 134 assigned to BSB 102 as slave for network MIMO transmission, and a network MIMO zone 136 assigned to BSC 104 as master for network MIMO transmission.
The same channelization procedure and hopping pattern arrangement can be used. Thus, the allocation of sub-resources to users is the same for all of the network MIMO zones for a network MIMO group. However, when no network MIMO is scheduled, BS specific channelization procedure and hopping pattern can be used.
The size of the network MIMO zone can be configured every superframe based on the number of network MIMO users.
FIGS. 6 and 7 depict exemplary scattering of pilot signals. BSs send pilots signals, which the MSs receive and use for channel estimation. Common pilots that are orthogonal can be used. This can facilitate channel estimation and precoder selection for closed loop network MIMO.
The pilots can be sent for all antennas, or for a subset of antennas with cycling. Such pilot subset cycling can reduce pilot overhead. Alternatively, other pilots could be used, for example dedicated pilots.
FIG. 6 depicts an embodiment where 2 BSs send pilots for all antennas. Shown on the left side is a network MIMO zone in which pilots for all of the two antennas of BSA 100 of FIG. 1 have been scheduled, namely pilots 140,142,144,146. Shown on the right side is a network MIMO zone in which pilots for all of the two antennas of BSB 102 of FIG. 1 have been scheduled, namely pilots 148,150,152, 154.
In operation, participating BSs send pilots to a MS. The MS receives the pilots, measures the C/Is for the pilots, estimate channels for all antennas, and report on the C/Is.
The MS can be configured to receive data transmission from the antennas of the BSs and report on their C/Is in any number of ways. More specifically, the MS can be configured to receive data transmission from all antennas, data transmission with antenna hopping, or data transmission with antenna selection.
In the case of data transmission from all antennas, the MS reports one or multiple C/Is for all antennas, and BSs transmit data from all antennas. Transmission at an STTD (Space-time block coding based transmit diversity) rate 2 can be used.
In the case of data transmission with antenna hopping, the MS reports one or multiple C/Is for all antennas, and BSs transmit data on a subset of the antennas with a pre-defined hopping pattern which hops around all antennas. Transmission at an STTD rate 1 with antenna hopping can be used.
In the case of data transmission with antenna selection, the MS reports one or multiple C/Is for a subset of antennas. The BSs transmit data on the subset of antennas.
Since pilots are sent for all transmit antennas and the MS needs to estimate channels for all antennas, the embodiment of FIG. 6 can represent a higher overhead and computation complexity. However, it can provide full flexibility to achieve spatial diversity.
FIG. 7 depicts an embodiment where two BSs send a subset of pilots and cycle the pilots in a regular interval. Only a subset of pilots is sent on a network MIMO zone to reduce the pilot overhead. More specifically, BSA 100 of FIG. 1 sends a subset consisting of pilots 140,142, and later a subset consisting of pilots 144,146. BSB 102 of FIG. 1 sends a subset consisting of pilots 140,142, and later a subset consisting of pilots 144,146.
Pilots are cycled in a pre-defined pattern in a regular interval for additional spatial diversity. In order to enable proper C/I reporting and channel estimation for data demodulation, the pilot cycling pattern can be configured to be changed only every superframe so that within the superframe, a MS reports and estimates channels from the same set of pilots.
The MS measures the C/Is from all pilots.
As with the embodiment of FIG. 6, in FIG. 7 the MS can be configured for receiving data transmission from all antennas, data transmission with antenna hopping, or data transmission with antenna selection.
FIG. 8 depicts a diagram of a HARQ re-transmission scheme. Re-transmission can be either synchronous or asynchronous.
A network MIMO resource assignment can be persistent until either the packet is correctly received or N packets are correctly received. A MS may have enough data for consecutive transmissions without additional signaling.
The data can be cycled through the BSs in re-transmissions for additional diversity such that the MS receives all the data in subsequent re-transmissions even if only the serving BS is transmitting, for example in STTD rate 2,4. Instead of STTD, Space-Time Coding (STC) could be used.
In the example of FIG. 8, in an initial transmission, a first set of data (shown as symbols s1, s2, −s1*, and s1*) is sent by a master BS and a second set of data (shown as symbols s3, s4, −s4*, and s3*) is sent by a slave BS. In the first re-transmission, the second set of data is sent by the master BS and the first set of data is sent by the slave BS.
As noted above in respect of FIG. 2, the BS can encode transmissions vertically or horizontally.
In vertical encoding, one ACK/NACK is used for each transmission. The MS decodes the data successfully and sends an ACK to the BSs. All BSs receive the ACK. BSs can schedule other users in the resource. Where at least one BS does not receive the ACK or mistake it as a NACK, these BSs retransmit the data and do not hear the ACK/NACK again. In other words, they abort re-transmission.
Where the MS is unable to decode the data, the MS sends a NACK to the BSs. All BSs receive the NACK. The BSs retransmit on the same partition and HARQ interlace and cycle the data if necessary. Where at least one BS does not receive the NACK, these BSs retransmit and cycle the data if necessary.
Where at least one BS mistakes the NACK as an ACK, the BS schedules non-network MIMO users in a network MIMO zone. The MS may still soft-combine all data, but half of the data will corrupted. To resolve this issue, a re-transmission indicator (e.g. 1 bit) can be sent from each BS to indicate the presence of re-transmission from that particular BS. For example, the MS only soft-combines data from BSs with the indicator set to 1. Alternatively, the MS blindly detects the received signal (after soft-combining) by assuming that the received signal either contains the re-transmission or not.
In horizontal encoding, one ACK/NACK is used for each layer. The sections of data are cycled for redundancy. When one layer finishes re-transmission, it can retransmit the data in another layer so that it can be soft combined for diversity (e.g. SFN transmission). For example, in 2-layer spatial multiplexing, when the first layer is received successfully while the other layer is not, the same data for the 2nd layer can be transmitted on the first layer in subsequent re-transmissions.
The following describes precoding in network MIMO. In a network MIMO zone, orthogonal common pilots facilitate channel estimation of the network MIMO channel and joint precoder selection. The joint precoder can be selected in many ways, for example by the serving BS, the other participating BSs, or the MS. The serving BS can select the joint precoder based on sounding. The MS can select the joint precoder based on feedback.
In codebook-based precoding, the network MIMO MS determines a preferred precoder.
Participating BSs obtain precoder feedback via a UL feedback channel, and may need to confirm the choice of precoder via backhaul handshake.
If the precoder is a matrix of size Ntx—total×Nstreams, and each BS has Ntx transmit antennas, then the precoder is divided into blocks of an Ntx×Nstreams submatrix with the master BS using the first block, and the second BS using the second block. The order is already determined by the look-up table 180, and the index is signaled by the MS as described in respect of FIG. 2.
To further illustrate network MIMO, a very specific example of a network MIMO communication system is set forth below.
In a network MIMO zone, the pilot pattern used can be a four antenna pattern in accordance with C802.16m-08/172r1. Each BS transmits pilots for 2 different antennas.
The HARQ re-transmission is asynchronous, synchronous, or RAS-HARQ.
A permutation index can be used to signal the resource partition within the network MIMO zone in accordance with C802.16m-08/176r1.
A diversity zone or a localized zone is used, as described below.
In a diversity zone, a network MIMO zone is defined by using the same channelization procedure as for Fractional Frequency Reuse (FFR). A FFR zone corresponding to reuse one is used for network MIMO. A common hopping pattern is used by the coordinating BSs in this zone. If there is no MS eligible for network MIMO transmission, BS specific hopping pattern is used and non-network MIMO MSs are scheduled.
In a localized zone, localized zones between coordinating BSs are physically aligned. Network MIMO is transparent to the user in the case of asynchronous HARQ. In synchronous HARQ or RAS-HARQ, only the timing of the re-transmissions is different in network MIMO to account for the delay associated with coordinating the transmissions. The C/I measurement pilots are located on the same tones as in the case of a network MIMO zone for non-network MIMO transmission. The control information is the same as in the network MIMO zone for non-network MIMO transmission.
In terms of procedure, a BS configures a network MIMO zone with a neighboring BS. The location of the network MIMO zone, the coordinating BS ID, and the hopping pattern are signaled in a superframe header. The BS schedules a user in the network MIMO zone. The BS coordinates various aspects with the participating BSs supporting the serving BS, including user selection and resource assignment. The BS sends control information and transmission data to the MS. Re-transmission can occur either inside or outside the network MIMO zone.
A MS reports its active set to its serving BS, which can be based on signal strength, or a static determination. This indicates which BSs can be used for network MIMO transmission. For an open loop, the MS measures and reports the C/I for STTD or SM (spatial multiplexing) to the serving BS. For a closed loop, the MS measures and reports a precoding matrix index (PMI), a rank and C/I to the serving BS. The rank generally refers to the number of streams that the MS is able to receive. The MS decodes the control and transmitted data, and sends an ACK/NACK to the serving BS.
FIG. 9 is a plot relating to network MIMO precoding. The plot shows cumulative distribution functions (CDF) against Signal to Noise Ratios (SNR) for various scenarios. FIG. 9 shows the possible gain of network MIMO over 2×2 CL (closed loop) MIMO and 4×2 CL MIMO. It also shows the gain over the case where the most dominant interferer is not transmitting.
FIG. 10 is a flowchart of a method 180, in a system, of enabling network MIMO among a plurality of BSs and at a least one MS. Step 182 involves configuring at a BS a network MIMO zone based on an indication of at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO. The network MIMO zone is defined by resources having at least time and frequency dimensions allocated for master transmission under control of the BS, or slave transmission under control of one of the at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO.
FIG. 11 is a flowchart of a method 200, in a MS, of enabling network MIMO among a plurality of BSs and at a least one MS. Step 202 involves determining at the MS BSs eligible for network MIMO. Step 204 involves transmitting an indication of the BSs eligible for network MIMO to at least one of the BSs eligible for network MIMO. Step 206 involves receiving data on a network MIMO zone from at least one antenna of a BS of the BSs eligible for network MIMO. The network MIMO zone is defined by a resource allocated for master transmission under control of the BS, or slave transmission under control of another BS eligible for network MIMO.
What has been described is merely illustrative of the application of the principles of the invention. Other arrangements and methods can be implemented by those skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.

## Claims

1. In a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system, a method of enabling network MIMO among a plurality of base stations (BSs) and at least one mobile station (MS), the method comprising:
configuring at a BS a network MIMO zone based on an indication of at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO, the network MIMO zone being defined by resources having at least time and frequency dimensions allocated for master transmission under control of the BS, or slave transmission under control of one of the at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO.

2. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
transmitting data on the network MIMO zone on at least one antenna of the BS to the at least one MS.

3. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
where there is no data to transmit to the at least one MS, transmitting data on the network MIMO zone on at least one antenna of the BS to a MS other than the at least one MS.

4. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the network MIMO zone is further defined by resources allocated using a channelization procedure that is the same as a channelization procedure of the one of the at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO.

5. The method of claim 3, wherein:
where there is no data to transmit to the at least one MS, the network MIMO zone is further defined by resources allocated using a BS specific channelization procedure.

6. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the network MIMO zone is further defined by contiguous tones that are in alignment with contiguous tones of a network MIMO zone of the one of the at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO.

7. The method of claim 1, wherein:
the network MIMO zone is defined by resources having a further dimension of code spreading allocated for master transmission under control of the BS, or slave transmission under control of one of the at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein:
configuring at the BS a network MIMO zone based on the indication comprises looking up in a table combinations of the at least one BS eligible for network MIMO associated with the indication.

9. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining scheduling information indicating at least one of: an identifier of one of the at least one MS, a location of the network MIMO zone, an identifier of the BS, a resource assignment, and a hopping pattern; and
transmitting the scheduling information.

10. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
transmitting a signal to the at least one MS specifying that the at least one MS is eligible for network MIMO.

11. The method of claim 1, wherein:
at least one of the at least one MS is a cell-edge MS.

12. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
transmitting on the network MIMO zone common pilot symbols that are orthogonal for the BS and the one of the at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO.

13. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
performing a Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request (HARQ) re-transmission protocol, wherein the HARQ re-transmission protocol is selected from at least one of: asynchronous, synchronous, and resource adaptive synchronous (RAS)-HARQ.

14. The method of claim 13, wherein:
performing the HARQ re-transmission protocol comprises cycling through the BS and the one of the at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO between re-transmissions such that data is re-transmitted to the at least one MS in subsequent re-transmissions.

15. A base station (BS) in a Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) system for enabling network MIMO among a plurality of BSs and at least one mobile station (MS), the BS comprising:
at least one transmitting antenna; and
a control system configured to: configure a network MIMO zone based on an indication of at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO, the network MIMO zone being defined by resources having at least time and frequency dimensions allocated for master transmission under control of the BS, or slave transmission under control of one of the at least one other BS eligible for network MIMO.

16. The BS of claim 15, wherein the control system is further configured to:
allocate data on the network MIMO zone on at least one antenna of the BS for transmission to the at least one MS.

17. In a mobile station (MS), a method of enabling network Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) among a plurality of base stations (BSs) and the MS, the method comprising:
determining at the MS BSs eligible for network MIMO;
transmitting an indication of the BSs eligible for network MIMO to at least one of the BSs eligible for network MIMO; and
receiving data on a network MIMO zone from at least one antenna of a BS of the BSs eligible for network MIMO, the network MIMO zone being defined by a resource allocated for master transmission under control of the BS, or slave transmission under control of another BS eligible for network MIMO.

18. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
for open loop transmissions:
receiving pilot symbols from the BS and the another BS eligible for network MIMO;
measuring Carrier to Interference Ratios (C/Is) based on the pilot symbols; and
transmitting the C/Is to at least one of the BSs eligible for network MIMO.

19. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
for closed loop transmissions:
receiving pilot symbols from the BS and the another BS eligible for network MIMO;
measuring C/Is based on the pilot symbols; and
transmitting to at least one of the BSs eligible for network MIMO the C/Is, a precoding matrix index, and a rank indicating streams for receiving data.

20. The method of claim 17, further comprising:
determining whether the MS is ready to receive network MIMO transmission based on at least one of an absolute C/I threshold; a difference in the C/Is between the BS and the another BS eligible for network MIMO; instantaneous channel conditions; average channel conditions; and the structure of the MS.

21. The method of claim 1, further comprising:
determining that the at least one other BS is eligible for network MIMO based on feedback from the at least one MS.

22. The method of claim 21, further comprising:
wherein the feedback comprises an identification of a network MIMO group of BSs comprising the BS and the at least one other BS.