1

 We liberally construe pro se pleadings. Ledbetter v. City of Topeka, Kan., 318

F.3d 1183, 1187 (10th Cir. 2003). 

2

 Cargle paid the full district court filing fee. Because he did not file a motion to

proceed ifp on appeal with the district court, the district court did not rule on the issue.

FILED

United States Court of Appeals

Tenth Circuit

May 29, 2009

Elisabeth A. Shumaker

Clerk of Court

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

TENTH CIRCUIT

MARCUS L. CARGLE,

Petitioner - Appellant,

v.

RANDALL WORKMAN, Warden,

Respondent - Appellee.

No. 08-6082

(W.D. Okla.)

(D.Ct. No. 5:07-CV-00659-D)

ORDER DENYING IN FORMA PAUPERIS, 

CERTIFICATE OF APPEALABILITY

AND DISMISSING APPEAL

Before O’BRIEN, McKAY, and GORSUCH, Circuit Judges.

Marcus Cargle, an Oklahoma state prisoner proceeding pro se,

1

 seeks a

certificate of appealability (COA) to appeal from the district court’s denial of his

petition for habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. He also seeks

permission to proceed in forma pauperis (ifp) on appeal.2

 We deny his request for

a COA, his motion for leave to proceed ifp and dismiss this incipient appeal.
-2-

I. BACKGROUND

Cargle was convicted in Oklahoma on two counts of murder and sentenced

to death. He obtained a writ of habeas corpus ordering a new trial. This Court

affirmed. Cargle v. Mullin, 317 F.3d 1196 (10th Cir. 2003). Cargle’s second trial

ended in a mistrial. In a third trial he was convicted of first degree murder, being

an accessory to murder after the fact, and being a felon in possession of a firearm. 

The court imposed consecutive sentences of life in prison without parole, forty

years, and ten years, respectively. 

After pursuing post-conviction relief in state court, Cargle filed this federal

habeas petition in which he claimed: (1) he was denied the right to confront Luke

Jones, one of the key witnesses against him, (2) certain jury instructions were

improper, and (3) the evidence was insufficient to support his conviction. His

petition was referred to a Magistrate Judge who prepared a thorough report

(R&R) recommending denial of habeas relief because the Oklahoma Court of

Criminal Appeals (OCCA) considered and decided each of the issues contrary to

Cargle’s arguments and its determinations were not contrary to or an

unreasonable application of United States Supreme Court precedent. Cargle filed

written objections to the R&R. The district court rejected his objections, adopted

the R&R, and denied Cargle’s claim for relief.
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II. DISCUSSION

 A. Certificate of Appealability

A COA is a jurisdictional pre-requisite to our review of the denial of

habeas relief under 28 U.S.C. § 2254. 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(1)(A). We will issue

a COA only if Cargle makes a “substantial showing of the denial of a

constitutional right.” 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)(2). To meet this standard, Cargle must

establish that “reasonable jurists could debate whether . . . the petition should

have been resolved [by the district court] in a different manner or that the issues

presented were adequate to deserve encouragement to proceed further.” Miller-El

v. Cockrell, 537 U.S. 322, 336 (2003) (quotations omitted). We review the

district court’s factual findings for clear error and its legal conclusions de novo. 

English v. Cody, 241 F.3d 1279, 1282 (10th Cir. 2001).

1. Jury Instructions & Sufficiency of the Evidence

Cargle argues the state court failed to properly instruct the jury as to the

need for independent evidence to substantiate accomplice testimony given by

another witness at Cargle’s trials. Cargle requests a COA because he “believes

this Court would resolve this issue differently.” (Appellant’s Amended Br. and

Application for COA at 6.) Cargle also asserts the prosecution presented

insufficient evidence to prove guilt on any of the charged offenses. Cargle

requests a COA on what he describes as “textbook . . . insufficient evidence.” 

(Id. at 4.) These issues were fully considered and properly rejected by the district
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court. The correctness of its conclusions is not reasonably debatable. Cargle’s

third argument requires a little (but not much) more discussion.

2. Witness Confrontation

In determining whether Cargle was deprived of the right to confront and

cross-examine a witness against him, we examine whether the OCCA’s decision

was contrary to or an unreasonable application of federal law, 28 U.S.C.

§ 2254(d)(1), as determined by the Supreme Court, specifically Crawford v.

Washington, 541 U.S. 36 (2004). The Fifth Amendment’s Confrontation Clause

prohibits the admission of testimonial hearsay unless the declarant is unavailable

to testify and there was a prior opportunity for cross-examination. Crawford, 541

U.S. at 68. The Supreme Court did not define “testimonial,” but noted “it applies

at a minimum to prior testimony . . . at a former trial.” Id. 

Luke Jones testified for the prosecution at Cargle’s first and second trials. 

At Cargle’s third trial, he refused to testify. The state trial judge conducted an in

camera hearing to question Jones on his unwillingness to testify and determine

his availability as a witness. Jones stated he refused to testify because the State

had allegedly not fulfilled promises that motivated his earlier testimony. He

refused to answer questions about the case asked by the prosecution, the defense,

and the judge. The judge told Jones he could hold him in contempt for not

testifying. Over defense counsel’s objection, the district judge determined Jones’

refusal to testify made him an unavailable witness and allowed his prior
3

 Cargle cites two cases for this proposition but they do not aid his arguments. In

Davis v. Alaska, 415 U.S. 308, 318 (1973), the Court held that failure to allow

questioning regarding a witness’ probationary status to show a possible rationale for the

witness’ cooperation with the prosecution and identification of the defendant was

improper. Here, Cargle was provided two opportunities to cross-examine Jones regarding

the possible rationale for bias in his testimony and this cross-examination was read to the

jury at Cargle’s third trial. In Napue v. Illinois, 360 U.S. 264, 270 (1959), the Court held

the prosecutor’s failure to correct a witness’ false statement that he was not receiving

prosecutorial consideration for his testimony was improper. The agreement between

Jones and the government involving his testimony, as well as Jones’ frustration at the

government’s alleged failure to satisfy the agreement, was fully disclosed to the jury. 

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testimony, including cross-examination, to be read to the jury. Jones was never

specifically ordered to testify and was not called to the stand.

The OCCA concluded Cargle’s cross-examination of Jones in open court in

the prior trials satisfied the Confrontation Clause and the testimony read to the

jury exposed Jones’ motivation for testifying. It noted “any statutory error

relating to the trial judge’s omission in specifically ordering Jones to testify is . . .

harmless, considering the record, the weight of this additional testimony bearing

on [Jones’] credibility, and the tenacious defense on [Cargle’s] behalf . . .” (R.

Doc. 1, Attachment A at 5.) Cargle cites no case law suggesting the OCCA’s

conclusion was contrary to or involved an unreasonable application of clearly

established federal law as determined by the Supreme Court.3

 Crawford does not

speak to the specific issue presented here – whether Jones was unavailable. 

Cargle’s actual and sufficient cross examination of Jones at the prior trials

satisfies any requirement for an opportunity to cross examine. 

Cargle claims that while Jones’ possible motive for previously implicating
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Cargle was exposed to the jury through the reading of prior testimony, a possible

motive for Jones’ latest refusal to implicate Cargle was not. Cargle asserts the

judge kept this possible motive hidden from the jury by failing to require Jones to

take the stand, refuse to testify, and subject himself to cross-examination

regarding his refusal to testify. But in her R&R, the magistrate says: 

The in camera hearing, however, demonstrates Jones was not going

to answer questions at all, and that his refusal to testify encompassed

any testimony about his reasons for refusing to testify. Moreover,

the in camera hearing indicates that additional reasons may have

explained his refusal to testify, including a concern for his four

children. 

(Magistrate’s Report and Recommendation at 9.) The record fully supports her

assessment.

The empty formality of specifically ordering Jones to testify is not

required. See Jennings v. Maynard, 946 F.2d 1502, 1505 (10th Cir. 1991) (a

court’s failure to order a witness to testify did not defeat a finding of

unavailability where, inter alia, the witness insisted he would not obey a court

order requiring him to testify). Calling Jones to the stand and forcing him to

refuse to testify might have provided high drama but refusing to do so did not

violate Cargle’s right to confront the witnesses against him. As with the other

issues the district court’s reasons for refusing habeas relief on this issue are not

subject to debate. 
-7-

3. Cumulative Error

Cargle argues that to the extent we find the asserted errors harmless, their

cumulative effect infected his trial and conviction. Because we find no error,

there can be no cumulative effect and thus no harmful influence on his trial or

conviction. United States v. Caballero, 277 F.3d 1235, 1250 (10th Cir. 2002)

(“Cumulative-error analysis should evaluate only the effect of matters determined

to be error, not the cumulative effect of non-errors.”). 

B. Motion to Proceed In Forma Pauperis

In order to proceed ifp, Cargle was required to “show a financial inability

to pay the required fees and the existence of a reasoned, nonfrivolous argument

on the law and facts in support of the issues raised on appeal.” DeBardeleben v.

Quinlan, 937 F.2d 502, 505 (10th Cir. 1991) (emphasis added). Because Cargle

has failed to make a nonfrivolous argument, we deny his request to proceed ifp.

He is required to pay the full filing fee even though his request for a COA has

been denied. See Kinnell v. Graves, 265 F.3d 1125, 1129 (10th Cir. 2001)

(dismissal of an appeal does not relieve appellant of the obligation to pay the

appellate filing fee in full).
-8-

Cargle’s request for a COA and motion to proceed ifp are DENIED and his

appeal is DISMISSED. 

Entered by the Court:

Terrence L. O’Brien

United States Circuit Judge