i

Voluntary Product Standard PS 1-22

Structural Plywood

October 2, 2023

U.S. Department of Commerce

Gina Raimondo, Secretary

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Laurie E. Locascio, NIST Director and Undersecretary of Commerce for

Standards and Technology
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Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials may be identified in this 

document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. 

Such identification is not intended to imply recommendation or endorsement by the 

National Institute of Standards and Technology, nor is it intended to imply that the 

entities, materials, or equipment are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

Additional information concerning the development and use of this standard can be 

obtained by contacting the Standards Coordination Office, National Institute of 

Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 2100, Gaithersburg, MD 20899- 

2100 or emailing standards@nist.gov. 
iii

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE (DOC) VOLUNTARY PRODUCT STANDARDS

DOC Voluntary Product Standards are developed under procedures published by the Department of 

Commerce in Title 15 Code of Federal Regulations Part 10, Procedures for the Development of Voluntary 

Product Standards. The purpose of these standards is to establish nationally recognized requirements 

for products and to provide all concerned parties with a basis for common understanding of the 

characteristics of the products. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) administers 

the Voluntary Product Standards program on a reimbursable basis.

ROLE OF NIST

The role of NIST in the establishment of a DOC Voluntary Product Standard is to act as an unbiased 

coordinator in the development of the standard, provide editorial assistance in the preparation of the 

standard, supply such assistance and review as is required to assure the technical soundness of the 

standard, and seek satisfactory adjustment of valid points of disagreement. NIST also determines 

compliance with the criteria of the Department’s procedures and publishes the standard as a public 

document.

Manufacturers, distributors, users, consumers, and other interested groups contribute to the 

establishment of Voluntary Product Standards. These groups initiate and participate in the development 

of the standards, provide technical or other counsel as appropriate, promote the use of and support for 

the standards, and assist in keeping them current with respect to advancing technology and marketing 

practices.

USE OF VOLUNTARY PRODUCT STANDARDS

The use of DOC Voluntary Product Standards is voluntary. NIST has no regulatory power in the 

enforcement of their provisions; however, since the standards represent a consensus of interested 

groups, their provisions are likely to become established as trade customs.

The benefits derived from a DOC Voluntary Product Standard are in direct proportion to their general 

recognition and actual use. Manufacturers and distributors whose products meet the requirements of a 

DOC Voluntary Product Standard may refer to the standard in advertising and on labels to promote 

greater public understanding for confidence in their products. At times, purchasers may order products 

conforming to the requirements of a DOC Voluntary Product Standard.

Abstract

This standard covers performance requirements, adhesive bond performance, grades, panel construction 

and workmanship, dimensions and tolerances, marking, and moisture content of structural plywood. The 

standard classifies structural plywood by bond classification, span rating, performance category, and 

grade. It provides test methods, a glossary of trade terms and definitions, and a quality certification 

program whereby agencies inspect, sample, and test products for conformance to this standard.

Information regarding nonmandatory industry practices for reinspection, history of the standard, labeling, 

and formaldehyde attributes are provided in the appendices.

Keywords

Adhesive bond classification; certification; construction sheathing; dimensions and tolerances; marking; 

moisture content; performance requirements; span rating; performance category; structural plywood; test 

methods; voluntary standard.
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Table of Contents

1. SCOPE .................................................................................................................................... 1

2. TERMINOLOGY ...................................................................................................................... 1

3 REFERENCE PUBLICATIONS............................................................................................... 8

4. PLYWOOD CLASSIFICATION ............................................................................................... 9

4.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 9

4.2 Bond classification........................................................................................................... 9

4.3 Grade .............................................................................................................................. 9

5. REQUIREMENTS.................................................................................................................... 9

5.1 General ........................................................................................................................... 9

5.2 Wood species.................................................................................................................. 9

5.3 Synthetic repairs............................................................................................................ 11

5.4 Grade desription of veneers .......................................................................................... 11

5.5 Veneers and layers ....................................................................................................... 17

5.6 Panel grades ................................................................................................................. 19

5.7 Adhesive bond requirements for a panel or a lot........................................................... 22

5.8 Panel constructions and workmanship.......................................................................... 24

5.9 Scarf and finger jointed panels...................................................................................... 37

5.10 Dimensional tolerances and squareness of panels....................................................... 39

5.11 Moisture content............................................................................................................ 40

5.12 Loading or packing........................................................................................................ 40

6. SPECIMEN PREPARATION AND TESTING........................................................................ 40

6.1 Bond classification......................................................................................................... 40

6.2 Structural performance.................................................................................................. 45

7 MARKING AND CERTIFICATION ........................................................................................ 50

7.1 Certification ................................................................................................................... 50

7.2 Accredited Certification Agency .................................................................................... 50

7.3 Accredited Inspection Agency....................................................................................... 51

7.4 Accredited Testing Laboratory....................................................................................... 51

7.5 Panel marking ............................................................................................................... 51

7.6 Voiding marks ............................................................................................................... 52

8 QUALITY ASSURANCE REQUIREMENTS ......................................................................... 53

8.1 Manufacturing Quality Control....................................................................................... 53
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8.2 Inspection and Test Program ........................................................................................ 54

8.3 Sampling ....................................................................................................................... 54

8.4 Corrective Action........................................................................................................... 55

9 EFFECTIVE DATE ................................................................................................................ 55

10 STANDING COMMITTEE...................................................................................................... 55

APPENDIX

A Species Grouping (mandatory)............................................................................................. 56

B Reinspection Practices (nonmandatory) ............................................................................... 59

C General Information and Comments on Current Edition (nonmandatory)............................. 61

D Recommend thickness labels (nonmandatory)..................................................................... 63

E Labeling Guidelines Based on the Uniform Packaging and Labeling Regulations of NIST 

Handbook 130 and Handbook 133 (nonmandatory)............................................................. 65

F Formaldehyde (nonmandatory)............................................................................................. 66
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VOLUNTARY PRODUCT STANDARD PS 1-22 

STRUCTURAL PLYWOOD

Effective October 2, 2023

(This Standard, which was initiated by APA - The Engineered Wood Association [formerly the 

American Plywood Association], has been developed under the Procedures for the 

Development of Voluntary Product Standards of the U.S. Department of Commerce as a 

revision of PS 1-19, Structural Plywood.)

1. SCOPE

1.1 This Voluntary Product Standard establishes requirements for the principal types and 

grades of structural plywood and provides a basis for common understanding among 

manufacturers, distributors, and users of the product.

1.2 This Standard covers the wood species, veneer grading, adhesive bonds, panel 

construction and workmanship, dimensions and tolerances, and moisture content of structural 

plywood intended for construction and industrial uses as well as the certification and marking 

requirements for panels determined to conform to the requirements herein.

1.3 Included in this Standard are test methods to determine compliance and a glossary of 

trade terms and definitions. A quality certification program is specified whereby an Accredited 

Certification Agency certifies the process used to manufacture the product, an Accredited 

Inspection Agency inspects and samples the product and an Accredited Testing Laboratory 

tests the product following the requirements in this Standard. Information on species grouping 

is provided in Appendix A. Information on reinspection practices is provided in Appendix B. 

Information on the maintenance, history, and current edition of the Standard is provided in 

Appendix C. Recommended thickness labeling is provided in Appendix D. Information on 

labeling regulations from NIST Handbook 130 and NIST Handbook 133 are provided in 

Appendix E. Information on formaldehyde emissions is provided in Appendix F.

1.4 This Voluntary Product Standard incorporates the International System of Units (SI) as 

well as U.S. customary units of measurement. In conversion of U.S. customary units where 

exact placement is not an issue, such as nail spacing, approximate conversions to SI units are 

made to yield more easily recognizable numbers. In critical matters, such as panel thickness, 

more precise conversions to SI units are made. For nominal U.S. customary units, actual 

dimensions in SI units are given. The values given in SI units are the standard. The values in 

parentheses are for information only.

1.5 Advisory notes in this Standard and Appendices B through F are informational and shall 

not be considered mandatory.

2. TERMINOLOGY

2.1 Back

Back of a plywood panel — The side of a panel that is of lower veneer quality on any panel 

whose outer plies (front and back) are of different veneer grades.

Back ply (back veneer) — The outer veneer on the back of a plywood panel.
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2.2 Bond classifications

Plywood is rated as Exposure 1 or Exterior bond classification. (See Sections 2.20 and 2.21.)

2.3 Borer holes

Voids made by wood-boring insects, such as grubs or worms.

2.4 Broken grain

A separation on the veneer surface between annual rings, such as leafing or shelling.

2.5 Butt joint

A straight joint in which the interface is perpendicular to the panel face. An end butt joint is 

perpendicular to the grain.

2.6 Centers

Inner layers whose grain direction is oriented parallel to that of the outer plies. Some centers 

consist of parallel laminated plies.

2.7 Center gap

See Section 2.16.

2.8 Characteristics, growth

Discolorations, pitch streaks, and knots that naturally occur in wood.

2.9 Characteristics, open

Irregularities such as splits, open joints, knotholes, loose knots, or wane.

2.10 Check

A lengthwise separation of wood fibers, usually extending across the rings of annual growth, 

caused chiefly by strains produced in seasoning.

2.11 Class I, II

Term used to identify different classifications of concrete form panels. (See Section 5.6.4.)

2.12 Construction (panel construction)

Term referring to the detailed manner in which veneers are assembled and/or thickness of 

veneer used, e.g., "4-ply 3-layer construction," "2.5 mm (1/10 in) face and back," etc.

2.13 Core

See Section 2.15.

2.14 Critical Section

A rectangular area with a length measuring 305 mm (12 in) parallel to the grain of the face or 

back ply and a width equal to the full width of the panel that contains a knot or knothole

requiring additional consideration. For the purposes of determining conformance to the 

requirements specified in Sections 5.4.4.3, 5.4.6.2 and 5.4.6.3, the location of the critical section 

parallel to the grain of the face or back ply shall be determined by positioning the knot or 

knothole requiring additional consideration such that the maximum number of additional knots 

and knotholes is included in the aggregate evaluation.

2.15 Crossband

Inner, or core, plies whose grain direction is oriented perpendicular to that of the outer plies. 

Some crossbands consist of parallel-laminated plies.
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2.16 Crossband gap and center gap

An open joint extending through, or partially through, a panel, which results when crossband or 

center veneers are not tightly butted.

2.17 Delamination

A visible separation between plies that normally receive adhesive at their interface and are 

firmly contacted in the pressing operation. Wood characteristics such as checking, leafing, 

splitting, and broken grain are not to be construed as delamination.

2.17.1 Knotholes, pitch pockets, splits, and gaps

For the purpose of evaluating delamination, areas coinciding with open knotholes, pitch pockets, 

splits, gaps, and other voids or characteristics permitted in the panel grade are not considered

in evaluating ply separation.

2.17.2 Delamination of Exposure 1 panels

In evaluating Exposure 1 panels, delamination in any bond line is not to exceed 19.4 cm2 (3 in2

) 

except where directly attributable to characteristics permitted in the grade as follows:

Delamination associated with:

(a) Knots and knotholes — Not to exceed the size of the knot or knothole plus a 

surrounding band not wider than 19.1 mm (3/4 in).

(b) All other forms of permissible characteristics — Not to exceed the size of the 

characteristic.

2.17.3 Delamination of Exterior panels

For the purpose of evaluating Exterior panels for ply separation, the area coinciding with the 

grade characteristics noted in Section 2.17.1 is considered, and a panel is considered 

delaminated if visible ply separation at a single bond line in such area exceeds 19.4 cm2 (3 in2

).

2.18 Depression

A minor disruption of the panel surface with a smooth boundary.

2.19 Edge splits

Wedge-shaped openings in the inner plies caused by splitting of the veneer before pressing.

2.20 Exposure 1

Bond classification for panels suitable for uses not permanently exposed to the weather. Panels 

classified as Exposure 1 are intended to resist the effects of moisture on structural performance 

as may occur during construction, or other conditions of similar severity.

2.21 Exterior

Bond classification for panels suitable for repeated wetting and redrying or long-term exposure 

to weather or other conditions of similar severity.

2.22 Face

Face of the plywood panel — The side of a panel that is of higher veneer quality on any panel 

whose outer plies (front and back) are of different veneer grades; either side of a panel where 

the grading rules draw no distinction between outer plies.

Face ply (face veneer) — The outer veneer on the face of a plywood panel.
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2.23 Finger joint

Term indicating the method by which panels or sections of panels have been joined to create 

longer lengths or widths by means of a well-bonded series of sloped scarf cuts resembling 

fingers.

2.24 Group

Term used to classify wood species or panels covered by this Standard. Wood species covered 

by this Standard are classified as Groups 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. See Table 1 and Appendix A for a 

list of wood species in individual groups. Section 5.8.7 provides procedures for grouping of 

other than span-rated panels made with species not listed in Table 1.

2.25 Heartwood

Nonactive core of a log generally distinguishable from the outer portion (sapwood) by its darker 

color.

2.26 Indent

A disruption of the panel surface with sharp or distinct edges.

2.27 Inner plies

Plies other than face or back plies in a panel construction. Sub-face, sub-back, crossband, and 

center are classed as inner plies.

2.28 Jointed inner plies

Crossband and center veneers with edges that are machine-squared to permit the tightest 

possible layup.

2.29 Knot

Natural characteristic of wood that occurs where a branch base is embedded in the trunk of a 

tree. Generally, the size of a knot is distinguishable by (1) a difference in color of limb wood and 

surrounding trunk wood; (2) an abrupt change in growth ring width between knot and bordering 

trunk wood; and (3) a diameter of circular or oval shape described by points where checks on 

the face of a knot that extend radially from its center to its side experience an abrupt change in 

direction.

2.29.1 Knot, sound

A knot that is solid across the face, as hard as the surrounding wood, and shows no indication 

of decay.

2.29.2 Knot, tight

A knot fixed by growth or position so as to retain its place in the veneer prior to panel layup.

2.30 Knotholes

Voids produced by the dropping of knots from the wood in which they were originally embedded.

2.31 Lap

A condition where the veneers in the same ply are so placed that one piece overlaps the other.

2.32 Layer

A single veneer ply or two or more plies laminated with grain direction parallel. Two or more 

plies laminated with grain direction parallel is referred to as a "parallel laminated layer."

2.33 Lot

Any number of panels considered as a single group for evaluating conformance to this 

Standard.
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2.34 Major panel axis

The direction parallel to the grain of the face and back plies.

2.35 Mill specification

A manufacturing specification based on the outcome of product evaluation to be used for quality 

assurance purposes by the manufacturer, the Accredited Certification Agency, Accredited 

Inspection Agency and the Accredited Testing Laboratory as specified in Section 7. (See 

Sections 5.8.6.4. and 5.8.7.4.)

2.36 Moisture content

The weight of the water in wood expressed as a percent of the weight of the oven-dry wood. 

(See Section 6.1.4.)

2.37 Moisture-resistant adhesive

Adhesive capable of bonding plywood in a manner to satisfy the bond classification 

requirements of this Standard.

2.38 Patches

Inserts of sound wood or synthetic material in veneers or panels for replacing characteristics 

(open or growth). "Boat" patches are oval-shaped with sides tapering in each direction to a 

point or to a small rounded end. “Compound Boat” patches have multiple rounded or pointed 

ends. "Router" patches have parallel sides and rounded ends. "Sled" patches are rectangular 

with feathered ends.

2.39 Performance category

A panel designation related to the panel thickness range that is linked to the nominal panel 

thickness designations used in the International Building Code (IBC) and International 

Residential Code (IRC). For purposes of labeling, as specified in Section 7.5, abbreviations 

PERF CAT, CAT, or Category are permitted. See Section 5.10.2 for thickness tolerances.

ADVISORY NOTE: The IRC and IBC specify a minimum 3/8 Performance Category for wall 

sheathing.

2.40 Performance testing

Tests that evaluate panel attributes typically required in the end-use applications as defined in 

this Standard.

2.41 Pitch pocket

A well-defined opening between rings of annual growth, usually containing, or which has 

contained, pitch, either solid or liquid.

2.42 Pitch streak

A localized accumulation of resin in coniferous woods that permeates the cells forming resin 

soaks, patches, or streaks.

2.43 Plugs

Sound wood of various shapes for replacing portions of veneers. Also, synthetic plugs used to 

fill openings and provide a smooth, level, durable surface. Plugs usually are held in veneer by 

friction until veneers are bonded into plywood.

2.44 Plugged inner plies (also referred to as solid inner plies.)

Refers to C Plugged crossband and centers and additional limitations, as given in Section 5.8.1.
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2.45 Ply

A single veneer lamina in a bonded plywood panel. (See also Section 2.32.)

2.46 Plywood

Plywood is a panel made of sheets of veneer called plies, united under pressure by a bonding 

agent to create a panel with an adhesive bond between plies as strong as, or stronger than, the 

wood. Plywood is constructed of an odd number of layers with grain direction of adjacent layers 

oriented perpendicular. Layers consist of a single ply, or two or more plies laminated with 

parallel grain direction (e.g., parallel-laminated layers). Outer layers and all odd-numbered 

layers generally have the grain direction oriented parallel to the long dimension of the panel.

The layers with alternating grain direction equalize strains, reduce splitting, and minimize 

dimensional change and warping of the panel.

2.47 Plywood classification

Plywood is classified by bond classification and grade. (See Section 4.)

2.48 Prescriptive specification

A panel specification that defines an approved product for a given end use and/or span rating 

that is based upon the wood species, grade, bond type, thickness, construction, workmanship, 

and manufacturing parameters specified in this Standard without modification.

2.49 Reference value

The numerical value defined in the mill specification that is established as an outcome of 

product evaluation (see Sections 5.8.6.4 and 5.8.7.4) for a given mechanical or physical 

property.

2.50 Repair

Any patch, plug, or shim.

2.51 Rough grain

Grain characteristics that prevent sanding to a smooth surface.

2.52 Sapwood

The living wood of lighter color occurring in the outer portion of a log. Sometimes referred to as 

"sap."

2.53 Scarfed joint

A term indicating the method by which panels or veneer, or sections of panels or veneer, have 

been joined to create longer lengths or widths by means of a well-bonded, sloped cut.

2.54 Shim

A long, narrow repair of wood, or suitable synthetic material, measuring not more than 4.8 mm 

(3/16 in) wide.

2.55 Shop-cutting panel

Panel that has been rejected as not conforming to a standard grade because of deficiencies, 

other than adhesive bond quality, which prevent it from meeting the requirements of this 

Standard. Blistered panels are not permitted within the category of “shop-cutting panel.” 

Localized delamination occurring as a result of a permissible characteristic as specified in 

Section 2.17 is permitted. Shop-cutting panels are suitable for cut-up use where cutting 

eliminates the deficiency in the portion of the panel salvaged. The salvageable area shall be at 

least 85% of the original surface area of the panel. Such a panel shall be identified with a 

separate mark as specified in Section 7.6.
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2.56 Sized for spacing

An optional panel mark indicating that the panel manufacturer has sized the panel to allow for 

industry-recommended panel installation spacing.

2.57 Span rating

An index number, based on customary inch units, that identifies the recommended maximum 

center-to-center support spacing, or “on-center” (o.c.) spacing, for the specified end use under 

normal use conditions. Spans are defined for end uses such as roof, subfloor, and single floor. 

As a matter of convention, spans are typically specified by a single index number for single floor 

(Floor 24 o.c.), while roof and subfloor are often combined in a fractional format. For example, a 

span rating of 32/16 designates a roof span of 32 inches and a subfloor span of 16 inches. As a 

matter of convention, a span rating of 20 is designated for spans of 19.2 inch.

2.58 Split

Lengthwise separation of wood fibers completely through the veneer.

2.59 Sub-face (sub-back)

The ply adjacent to the exposed face (or back) of a parallel laminated outer layer.

2.60 Touch-sanding

A sizing operation consisting of a light surface sanding to thickness dimension. Sander skips to 

any degree are admissible.

2.61 Veneer

Thin sheets of wood, usually not exceeding 6.4 mm (1/4 in) thick, that are rotary cut, sliced, or 

sawed from a log, bolt, flitch, block, or culm of which plywood is made. Also referred to as 

"plies" in the bonded panel.

2.62 Void

Open areas in veneer sheets, other than a knothole (see Section 2.30) or wane (see Section 

2.63).

2.63 Wane

Thin to open areas in veneer sheets that result from outer log surface irregularities. Some wane 

areas contain bark inclusions. For grading, wane is classed as an open characteristic.

2.64 White pocket

A form of fungal decay (Fomes pini) that attacks most conifers but has never been known to 

develop in wood in service. In plywood manufacture, routine drying of veneer effectively 

removes any possibility of the fungus surviving. Also known as white speck.

2.64.1 Light white pocket

Fungal decay has advanced beyond incipient or stain stage to a point where pockets are 

present and plainly visible, mostly small and filled with white cellulose; generally distributed with 

no heavy concentrations; pockets for the most part separate and distinct; few to no holes 

through the veneer.

2.64.2 Heavy white pocket

Contains a great number of pockets, in dense concentrations, running together and at times 

appearing continuous; holes extend through the veneer but wood between pockets appears 

firm. At any cross section extending across the width of the affected area, sufficient wood fiber 

shall be present to develop not less than 40% of the strength of clear veneer. Brown cubicle 

and similar forms of decay that have caused the wood to crumble are prohibited.
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2.65 Wood failure (percent)

The area of wood fiber remaining at the bond line following completion of the specified shear 

test. Determination is by means of visual examination and expressed as a percent of the test 

area in accordance with ASTM D5266 and the requirements of this Standard.

2.66 Working Face

A face and/or back of a plywood panel that has an overlay system that meets a defined Medium 

Density Overlay (MDO) or High Density Overlay (HDO) grade (see section 5.6.7).

3 REFERENCE PUBLICATIONS

ASTM E661-22 Test Method for Performance of Wood and Wood-Based Floor and Roof 

Sheathing Under Concentrated Static and Impact Loads.

ASTM D2555-17 Test Methods for Establishing Clear Wood Strength Values.

ASTM D2718-18 Test Method for Structural Panels in Planar Shear (Rolling Shear).

ASTM D2719-19 Test Methods for Structural Panels in Shear Through-the-Thickness.

ASTM D2915-17 Standard Practice for Evaluating Allowable Properties for Grades of Structural 

Lumber.

ASTM D3043-17 Methods of Testing Structural Panels in Flexure.

ASTM D5266-13 (2020) Standard Practice for Estimating the Percentage of Wood Failure in 

Adhesive Bonded Joints.

ASTM D906-20 Standard Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives in Plywood Type 

Construction in Shear by Tension Loading.

International Building Code (IBC). International Code Council. Country Club Hills, IL.

International Residential Code for One- and Two-Family Dwellings (IRC). International Code 

Council. Country Club Hills, IL.

PS 2-18 Performance Standard for Wood Structural Panels.

ISO/IEC 17020-2012 Conformity Assessment – Requirements for the Operation of Various 

Types of Bodies Performing Inspection.

ISO/IEC 17025-2017 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration 

Laboratories.

ISO/IEC 17065-2012 Conformity Assessment – Requirements for bodies certifying products, 

processes and services.

4 PLYWOOD CLASSIFICATION

4.1 General

The plywood covered by this Standard is classified by bond classification and by grade.
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4.2 Bond classification

The plywood covered by this Standard is classified as either Exposure 1 or Exterior. Each 

classification is a function of veneer grade and adhesive performance. The bond classification is 

related to the moisture resistance of the adhesive bond under intended end-use conditions and 

does not relate to the physical (erosion, ultraviolet, etc.) or biological (mold, fungal decay,

insect, etc.) resistance of the panel.

4.2.1 Exposure 1 plywood

Adhesive performance requirements for Exposure 1 plywood are provided in Section 5.7.1.

4.2.2 Exterior plywood

Adhesive performance requirements for Exterior plywood are provided in Section 5.7.2.

4.3 Grade

Within each bond classification, there are a number of panel grades based on the grade of the 

veneers and the panel construction. (See Table 2 for Exposure 1 grades and Table 3 for 

Exterior grades.)

5 REQUIREMENTS

5.1 General

All plywood panels represented as conforming to this Standard shall meet or exceed all 

applicable requirements set forth herein. Test methods are given in Section 6. All terms shall 

be as defined in Section 2. Requirements for marking and certification shall be as specified in 

Section 7.

5.2 Wood species

5.2.1 Species groups

For the purpose of this Standard, species shall be any softwood or hardwood species or trade 

groups listed in Table 1 and other species meeting the requirements of Sections 5.2.3 or 5.2.4. 

For species grouping purposes, species listed in Table 1 but grown in a different geographic 

region shall be evaluated in accordance with Appendix A. For inclusion in Table 1, unlisted 

species shall be evaluated in accordance with Appendix A.

5.2.1.1 Species segregation

Species that cannot be distinguished in veneer form from similar species shall be classed as the 

largest numbered species group applicable (Group 4 is larger numbered than Group 1) unless 

the manufacturer provides valid evidence to the Accredited Certification Agency that the species 

are properly segregated. Such segregation shall be in the form of separation prior to peeling, 

mechanical testing for performance capability, or other means approved by the Accredited 

Certification Agency.

5.2.2 Species for faces and backs

Unless evaluated in accordance with Section 5.2.4, the species of face and back plies shall be 

from any group listed in Table 1. When a face or back is made of more than one piece, the 

entire ply shall be of the same species. When outer layers consist of two or more plies, the 

outer or exposed plies are classified as faces (face plies) or backs (back plies) and the 

unexposed plies (sub-faces and sub-backs) are classified as inner plies, in terms of species 

requirements as specified in Section 5.2.3. Requirements for identification of all panels are 

given in Section 7.5.
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TABLE 1. CLASSIFICATION OF SPECIES(a)

Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5

North American Species – Applicable to trees grown in North America

Beech, American Cedar, Port Orford Pine Alder, Red Aspen Basswood

Birch Cypress Pond Birch, Paper Bigtooth Poplar, Balsam

Sweet Douglas-fir (b) Red Cedar, Alaska Quaking

Yellow Fir Virginia Fir, Subalpine Cedar

Douglas-fir (b) Balsam Western White Hemlock, Eastern Incense

Larch, Western California Red Spruce Maple, Bigleaf Western Red

Maple, Sugar Grand Black Pine Cottonwood

Pine, Southern Noble Red Jack Eastern

Loblolly Pacific Silver Sitka Lodgepole Black (W. Poplar)

Longleaf White Sweetgum Ponderosa Pine

Shortleaf Hemlock, Western Tamarack Spruce Eastern White

Slash Maple, Black Yellow Poplar Redwood Sugar

Tanoak Spruce

Engelmann

White

Non North American Species

Apitong(c)(d) Lauan Mengkulang(c) Cativo

Kapur(c) Almon Meranti, Red(c)(e)

Keruing(c)(d) Bagtikan Mersawa(c)

Pine Mayapis

Caribbean Red Lauan

Ocote Tangile

White Lauan

(a) Table 1 species classified in accordance with ASTM D 2555 as discussed in Appendix A. The species groupings are only 

valid for species grown in the regions referenced in Appendix A. (See Section 5.2.1.)

(b) Douglas-fir from trees grown in the states of Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, Montana, Wyoming, and the

Canadian Provinces of Alberta and British Columbia shall be classed as Group 1 Douglas-fir. Douglas-fir from trees 

grown in the states of Nevada, Utah, Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico shall be classed as Group 2 Douglas-fir.

(c) Each of these names represents a trade group of woods consisting of a number of closely related species.

(d) Species from the genus Dipterocarpus marketed collectively: Apitong if originating in the Philippines, Keruing if 

originating in Malaysia or Indonesia.

(e) Red Meranti shall be limited to species having a specific gravity of 0.41 or more based on green volume and oven-dry 

weight.

5.2.3 Species for inner plies

5.2.3.1 Inner ply species group

Unless otherwise permitted in Section 5.2.3.2 or 5.2.4, inner plies of Groups 1, 2, 3 or 4 panels 

shall be of any species listed in Groups 1, 2, 3, or 4 in Table 1. Inner plies of Group 5 panels 

are permitted to be any species listed in Table 1.

5.2.3.2 Inner ply specific gravity

Inner plies of all panels shall also be permitted to be of any softwood species or any hardwood 

species having a published average specific gravity value of 0.41 or more based on green 

volume and oven-dry weight. The U.S. Forest Products Laboratory shall be considered as final 

evaluator of published specific gravity data.

5.2.4 Species classified by testing

Species not listed in Table 1, species listed in Table 1 but grown in a different geographic 

region, and species otherwise not covered by the provisions of Section 5.2 shall be qualified for 

use by panel performance testing in accordance with Section 5.8.6 for span-rated panels or with
11

Section 5.8.7 for other-than span-rated panels except that Concrete Form (see Section 5.6.4), 

Marine (see Section 5.6.1) and Structural I (see Section 5.6.5) grades made using such species 

shall not be eligible for qualification by panel performance testing. For panel marking purposes, 

re-classification of Group designation for species listed in Table 1 by panel performance testing 

in accordance with Section 5.8.7 is permitted.

5.3 Synthetic repairs

5.3.1 Synthetic fillers

Use of synthetic fillers shall be limited to the repair of minor characteristics as specified. 

Synthetic fillers shall be approved by the Accredited Certification Agency.

5.3.2 Synthetic shims, patches, and plugs

These repairs shall completely fill kerfs or voids; shall present a smooth, level surface; and shall 

not crack, shrink, or lose their bond. Performance of synthetic shims, patches, and plugs under 

normal conditions of service shall be comparable to that of wood repairs. The equivalency shall 

be established by the Accredited Certification Agency.

5.4 Grade description of veneers

All veneers in the finished plywood panel shall conform to one of the grade requirements listed 

in Sections 5.4.1 through 5.4.6. Unless otherwise stated, these requirements apply to 1220 mm 

by 2440 mm (48 in x 96 in) panels and are proportionate for other sizes. Grade N is the highest 

classification. For grading purposes, depressions (see Section 2.18) shall be considered as 

rough grain.

5.4.1 Grade N veneer (intended for natural finish)

5.4.1.1 General

Grade N veneer shall be smoothly cut 100% heartwood or 100% sapwood, free from knots, 

knotholes, pitch pockets, open splits, other open characteristics, and stain. The veneer shall 

consist of not more than two pieces in 1220 mm (48 in) widths and not more than three pieces

in wider panels, and shall be well matched for color and grain. When surface sanding is required 

(see Tables 2 and 3) sander skips shall not be permitted.

Synthetic fillers shall be permitted to fill:

(a) Small cracks or checks not more than 0.8 mm (1/32 in) wide.

(b) Small splits or openings up to 1.6 mm (1/16 in) wide if not exceeding 50.8 mm 

(2 in) in length.

(c) Small, chipped areas or openings not more than 3.2 mm (1/8 in) wide by 6.4 mm 

(1/4 in) long.

5.4.1.2 Growth characteristics

Where pitch streaks occur, each shall average not more than 9.5 mm (3/8 in) in width and shall 

blend with the color of the wood.

5.4.1.3 Repairs

Repairs shall be of wood, neatly made, and parallel to grain. They shall be limited to a total of 

six in number and be well matched for color and grain.
12

Patches shall be limited to three "router" patches not exceeding 25.4 mm (1 in) in width and

88.9 mm (3-1/2 in) in length. There shall be no overlapping.

Shims shall not exceed 4.8 mm (3/16 in) in width or 305 mm (12 in) in length and shall occur 

only at the ends of the panel.

5.4.2 Grade A veneer (suitable for painting)

5.4.2.1 General

Grade A veneer shall be firm, smoothly cut, and free of knots, pitch pockets, open splits, and 

other open characteristics and well joined when of more than one piece. When surface sanding 

is required (see Tables 2 and 3) sander skips shall not be permitted.

Synthetic fillers shall only be used to fill:

(a) In Exterior panels: small cracks or checks not more than 0.8 mm (1/32 in) wide; 

small splits or openings up to 1.6 mm (1/16 in) wide, if not exceeding 50.8 mm 

(2 in) in length; and small chipped areas or openings not more than 3.2 mm (1/8 

in) wide by 6.4 mm (1/4 in) long.

(b) In Exposure 1 panels: small cracks or checks not more than 4.8 mm (3/16 in) 

wide; and openings or depressions up to 12.7 mm (1/2 in) wide by 50.8 mm (2 in) 

long or equivalent area.

5.4.2.2 Growth characteristics

Where pitch streaks occur, each shall average not more than 9.5 mm (3/8 in) in width and shall 

blend with the color of the wood. Sapwood and discolorations to any degree shall be permitted.

5.4.2.3 Repairs

Repairs shall be of wood or synthetic patching material, neatly made, parallel to grain and 

limited to a total of 18 in number, excluding shims.

5.4.2.4 Patches

Patches, when of wood, shall be "boat," “compound boat,” "router," or "sled" type. The radius of 

ends of boat patches and compound boat patches shall not exceed 9.5 mm (3/8 in).

A single wood patch shall be no larger than 57.2 mm x 114 mm (2-1/4 in x 4-1/2 in).

Multiple wood repairs shall consist of not more than two patches, neither of which shall exceed 

178 mm (7 in) in length if either is wider than 25.4 mm (1 in), except that one multiple repair 

consisting of three die-cut veneer patches shall be permitted.

For a multiple repair consisting of three patches across the width of the panel, the repaired area 

shall not exceed a width and length of 152 mm x 114 mm (6 in x 4-1/2 in)

For a multiple repair consisting of three patches along the length of the panel, the repaired area 

shall not exceed a width and length of 57.2 mm x 267 mm (2-1/4 in x 10-1/2 in)

Synthetic repairs are limited to the same repair areas as wood patches and shall be counted as 

one, two, or three patches depending on the area repaired.

The repair of a split having a width not greater than 31.8 mm (1-1/4 in) and any length shall be 

considered one patch.
13

Shims shall not be used over or around patches or as multiple repairs.

5.4.3 Grade B veneer

5.4.3.1 General

Grade B veneer shall be solid and free from open characteristics and broken grain, except as 

permitted in Sections 5.4.3.1 through 5.4.3.4. Slightly rough grain shall be permitted.

Minor sanding and patching characteristics, including sander skips, shall not exceed 5% of 

panel area. See Tables 2 and 3 for sanding requirements.

Synthetic fillers shall only be used to fill:

(a) In Exterior panels: small splits or openings up to 1.6 mm (1/16 in) wide if not 

exceeding 50.8 mm (2 in) in length; and small chipped areas or openings not 

more than 3.2 mm (1/8 in) wide by 6.4 mm (1/4 in) long.

(b) In Exposure 1 panels: small cracks or checks not more than 4.8 mm (3/16 in) 

wide; and openings or depressions up to 12.7 mm (1/2 in) wide by 50.8 mm (2 in) 

long or equivalent area.

5.4.3.2 Growth characteristics

Knots shall not exceed 25.4 mm (1 in) measured across the grain and shall be both sound and 

tight.

Where pitch streaks occur, they shall average not more than 25.4 mm (1 in) in width. 

Discolorations to any degree shall be permitted.

5.4.3.3 Open characteristics

Splits shall not be wider than 0.8 mm (1/32 in).

Vertical borer holes shall not exceed 1.6 mm (1/16 in) in diameter and shall not exceed an 

average of one per 929 cm2 (1 ft2

) in number.

Horizontal or surface worm and borer holes shall be limited to 1.6 mm (1/16 in) across,

25.4 mm (1 in) in length and limited to 12 in number.

5.4.3.4 Repairs

Repairs shall be of wood or synthetic patching material and neatly made.

Wood veneer repairs shall be die cut. Wood panel repairs shall be "router" or "sled" type.

Wood repairs shall not exceed 76.2 mm (3 in) in width where occurring in multiple repairs, or 

102 mm (4 in) in width where occurring singly.

Synthetic veneer repairs shall not exceed 102 mm (4 in) in width.

Synthetic panel repairs shall not exceed 57.2 mm (2-1/4 in) in width by any length, except that 

repaired areas not exceeding 152 mm (6 in) in width by 114 mm (4-1/2 in) in length shall be 

allowed.

Shims shall be permitted without limit.
14

5.4.4 Grade C veneer

5.4.4.1 General

Sanding characteristics shall not impair the strength or serviceability of the panel. See Tables 2 

and 3 for sanding requirements.

5.4.4.2 Growth characteristics

Knots shall be tight and not more than 38.1 mm (1-1/2 in) when measured across the grain. 

Discolorations to any degree shall be permitted.

5.4.4.3 Open characteristics

Any number of knotholes up to 25.4 mm (1 in) when measured across the grain shall be 

permitted. However, an occasional knothole more than 25.4 mm (1 in) but not more than 38.1 

mm (1-1/2 in) measured across the grain shall be permitted subject to the following provision:

(a) Determine the Critical Section containing the knothole. (See Section 2.14.)

(b) Determine the aggregate width of all knots and knotholes occurring wholly within 

the Critical Section. Other open characteristics and growth characteristics are 

not included in this aggregate.

(c) The knothole is permitted if the aggregate width of all knots and knotholes in the 

Critical Section does not exceed 152 mm (6 in) in a 1220 mm (48 in) wide panel 

and proportionately for other panel widths.

Splits measured at a point located 203 mm (8 in) from the end of the panel shall not exceed:

(a) 12.7 mm (1/2 in) in width by 1/2 panel length or

(b) 9.5 mm (3/8 in) in width by any panel length provided the separation at one end 

does not exceed 1.6 mm (1/16 in) where the split runs full panel length.

In either case, the maximum width of the split within 203 mm (8 in) of the end of the panel (open 

end of split) shall not exceed the maximum width of knotholes permitted within the grade.

Splits on panel faces and backs shall not exceed 6.4 mm (1/4 in) where located within

25.4 mm (1 in) of the parallel panel edge.

Voids due to missing wood not otherwise specified above shall not exceed the maximum width 

of knotholes permitted in the grade and the length of such voids shall not exceed 152 mm (6 in).

Wane shall not exceed 203 mm (8 in) in length and the width permitted for open characteristics 

providing that where wane occurs at edges of veneer sheets, panel ply separation due to wane 

shall not exceed the limit equivalent to that permitted for short and narrow inner plies in Section

5.8.3 for sanded panels, or Section 5.8.4 for unsanded or touch-sanded panels.

5.4.4.4 Repairs

Repairs shall be wood or synthetic patching material, neatly made.

Wood veneer repairs shall be die cut. Wood panel repairs shall be "router" or "sled" type.

Wood repairs shall not exceed 76.2 mm (3 in) in width where occurring in multiple repairs, or 

102 mm (4 in) in width where occurring singly.
15

Synthetic veneer repairs shall not exceed 102 mm (4 in) in width. 

Synthetic panel repairs shall not exceed 57.2 mm (2-1/4 in) in width. 

Shims shall be permitted without limit.

5.4.5 Grade C Plugged veneer

The following characteristics shall be permitted: knotholes, worm and borer holes, and other 

open characteristics not larger than 6.4 mm (1/4 in) by 12.7 mm (1/2 in); sound and tight knots 

up to 38.1 mm (1-1/2 in) measured across the grain; splits up to 3.2 mm (1/8 in) wide; broken 

grain; pitch pockets, if solid and tight; plugs; patches; and shims. Synthetic repairs in veneer 

shall not exceed 102 mm (4 in) in width. Synthetic panel repairs shall not exceed 57.2 mm (2-

1/4 in) in width by any length, except that repaired areas not exceeding 152 mm (6 in) in width 

by 114 mm (4-1/2 in) in length shall be allowed. See Tables 2 and 3 for sanding requirements. 

Where grades having C Plugged face veneer are identified as sanded, sanding characteristics 

shall be the same as admitted under B grade. Sander skips to any degree shall be admissible 

in touch-sanded Grade C Plugged veneer.

5.4.6 Grade D veneer

5.4.6.1 General

Except as otherwise required in Sections 5.4.6.2 through 5.4.6.4, any number of plugs, patches, 

shims, worm or borer holes, sanding characteristics, and other characteristics shall be 

permitted, provided they do not seriously impair the strength or serviceability of the panels.

5.4.6.2 Growth characteristics

Tight knots in inner plies shall be permitted.

In D grade faces or backs, any number of tight knots not larger than 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) 

measured across the grain shall be permitted. However, an occasional tight knot larger than

63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) but not larger than 76.2 mm (3 in) measured across the grain, shall be 

permitted subject to the following provision:

(a) Determine the Critical Section containing the knot. (See Section 2.14.)

(b) Determine the aggregate width of all knots and knotholes occurring wholly within 

the Critical Section. Other open characteristics and growth characteristics are 

not included in this aggregate.

(c) The knot is permitted if the aggregate width of all knots and knotholes in the 

Critical Section does not exceed 254 mm (10 in) in a 1220 mm (48 in) wide panel 

and proportionately for other panel widths.

5.4.6.3 Open characteristics

Any number of knotholes up to 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) measured across the grain shall be 

permitted. However, an occasional knothole larger than 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) but not larger than

76.2 mm (3 in) measured across the grain shall be permitted subject to the following provision:
16

(a) Determine the Critical Section containing the knothole. (See Section 2.14)

(b) Determine the aggregate width of all knots and knotholes occurring wholly within 

the Critical Section. Other open characteristics and growth characteristics are 

not included in this aggregate.

(c) The knothole is permitted if the aggregate width of all knots and knotholes in the 

Critical Section does not exceed 254 mm (10 in) in a 1220 mm (48 in) wide panel 

and proportionately for other panel widths.

Knotholes in sanded panels shall not exceed 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) across the grain in veneer 

thicker than 3.2 mm (1/8 in).

Knotholes shall not exceed 88.9 mm (3-1/2 in) across the grain in veneers located at least two 

plies removed from the face or back plies of C-D, D-D and C-D Plugged panel grades having 

five or more plies.

Splits measured at a point 203 mm (8 in) from the end of the panel shall not exceed

25.4 mm (1 in) in width, tapering to not more than 1.6 mm (1/16 in) where the split runs full 

panel length; however, the maximum width of the split within 203 mm (8 in) of the end of the 

panel (open end of split) shall not exceed the maximum width of knotholes permitted within the 

grade.

Splits on panel faces and backs shall not exceed 6.4 mm (1/4 in) in width where located within

25.4 mm (1 in) of the parallel panel edge.

Voids due to missing wood not otherwise specified above shall not exceed the maximum width 

of knotholes permitted in the grade and the length of such voids shall not exceed 152 mm (6 in).

Wane shall not exceed 203 mm (8 in) in length and the width permitted for open characteristics 

providing that where wane occurs at edges of veneer sheets, panel ply separation due to wane 

shall not exceed the limit equivalent to that permitted for short and narrow inner plies in Section

5.8.3 for sanded panels, or Section 5.8.4 for unsanded or touch-sanded panels.

5.4.6.4 White pocket

Any area measuring 610 mm (24 in) wide across the grain and 305 mm (12 in) long, in which 

light or heavy white pocket occurs shall not contain more than three of the following 

characteristics, in any combination:

(a) A 152 mm (6 in) width of heavy white pocket.

(b) A 305 mm (12 in) width of light white pocket

(c) One knot or knothole measuring 38.1 mm (1-1/2 in) to 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) across 

the grain, or two knots or knotholes measuring 25.4 mm (1 in) to 38.1 mm (1-1/2 

in) across the grain. Knots or knotholes less than 25.4 mm (1 in) shall not be 

considered. Any repair in a white pocket area shall be considered for grading 

purposes as a knothole.

5.5 Veneers and layers
17

5.5.1 Veneer thickness

Except as specified in the following paragraphs, veneer shall be either:

(a) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) or thicker in panels with Performance Category of equal to or 

greater than 3/8 or

(b) 2.1 mm (1/12 in) or thicker in panels with Performance Category of less than 3/8. 

In no case shall veneers used in face or back layers be thicker than 6.4 mm (1/4 

in), or veneers used in inner layers be thicker than 7.9 mm (5/16 in).

Veneer of 2.1 mm (1/12 in) in thickness shall be permitted as crossbands in 5-ply, 5-layer

panels with Performance Category of 15/32 and 1/2 and in parallel-laminated layers as specified 

in Section 5.5.2.

Veneer of 1.6 mm (1/16 in) in thickness shall be permitted for any ply in 5-ply Exterior type 

panels with Performance Category of less than 15/32; as the center only in other 5-ply panels; 

and in a parallel laminated layer as specified in Section 5.5.2.

Face and back veneers shall be a minimum thickness of 3.2 mm (1/8 in) for panels with 

Performance Category of 19/32 or 5/8, where constructed as either 3, 4, and 5-ply, 3-layer 

panels of C-D, C-D Plugged, C-C, C-C Plugged and Underlayment grades.

Further limitations on panel layup are specified in Section 5.8, Panel Constructions and 

Workmanship.

The average veneer thickness shall conform to the limitations given in this Standard within a 

tolerance of ± 5% of the specified nominal thickness measured dry before layup.

In lieu of veneer thickness requirements above, panels qualifying under workmanship provisions 

of Section 5.8 and performance testing in accordance with Section 5.8.6 or 5.8.7 shall be 

permitted. A thickness tolerance of ± 5% also applies to the normal dry veneer thicknesses used 

in panels qualified by performance testing.

5.5.2 Parallel laminated layers

Parallel-laminated outer layers shall only be used in C-C, C-D, D-D, Structural I C-C and 

Structural I C-D grades. Such layers shall consist of veneers measuring 2.5 mm (1/10 in) or 

thicker in any combination not exceeding 6.4 mm (1/4 in) total layer thickness. The face and 

back plies shall conform to the species group and grade requirements for faces and backs, 

respectively, of the panel grade. The sub-face and sub-back plies shall conform to the species 

group and grade requirements for inner plies of the panel grade as specified in Tables 2 and 3 

and Section 5.6.5. The maximum split or gap in sub-faces and sub-backs shall be 6.4 mm (1/4 

in) under the faces of Structural I C-C and Structural I C-D panels; 12.7 mm (1/2 in) under the 

faces of C-C, C-D and D-D grades, and 12.7 mm (1/2 in) under D backs.

Parallel-laminated inner layers in any grade shall consist of veneers measuring 1.6 mm (1/16 in) 

or thicker in any thickness combination not exceeding 11.1 mm (7/16 in) total layer thickness.

Individual plies in such layers shall conform to the species group and grade requirements for 

inner plies of the panel grade.

In lieu of veneer thickness requirements above, panels qualifying under workmanship provisions 

of Section 5.8 and performance testing in accordance with Section 5.8.6 or Section 5.8.7 shall 

be permitted.
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TABLE 2. EXPOSURE 1 PLYWOOD GRADES (PERMITS D GRADE VENEER)

Panel Grade Designations

Minimum Veneer Quality

Face Back Inner Plies Surface

N-N N N C Sanded 2 sides

N-A N A C Sanded 2 sides

N-B N B C Sanded 2 sides

N-D N D D Sanded 2 sides

A-A A A D Sanded 2 sides

A-B A B D Sanded 2 sides

A-D A D D Sanded 2 sides

B-B B B D Sanded 2 sides

B-D B D D Sanded 2 sides

Underlayment(a) C Plugged D C & D Touch-sanded

C-D Plugged C Plugged D D Touch-sanded

Structural I C-D See 5.6.5 Unsanded(b)

Structural I C-D Plugged, Underlayment See 5.6.5 Touch-sanded

C-D C D D Unsanded(b)

D-D(c) D D D Unsanded(b)

(a)See Section 5.6.3 and Table 5 for special limitations.

(b)See Section 5.8.4 for requirements.

(c) Applicable only to panels qualified through performance testing per Section 5.8.6 (plus Section 6.2.2.3 of PS 2-

18) or PS 2-18.

5.5.3 Scarfed veneers

Scarfed veneers shall be permitted for any face, back, or inner ply except as specified in 

Section 5.9. Scarfed joints shall not have a slope steeper than 1 to 8. Veneer in the scarf area 

shall not contain characteristics which reduce its effective cross section by more than 20%.

Veneer scarfed joints shall be bonded with a moisture resistant adhesive.

5.6 Panel grades

The standard combination of the veneers described in Section 5.4 assembled into the various 

panel grades shall be as specified in Tables 2 and 3, with the additional requirements specified 

in Sections 5.6.1 through 5.6.7. The grain direction of the outer layers shall be either parallel or 

perpendicular to the long dimension of the panel.
19

TABLE 3. EXTERIOR PLYWOOD GRADES(a) (DOES NOT PERMIT D GRADE VENEER)

Minimum Veneer Quality

Panel Grade Designations Face Back Inner 

Plies

Surface

Marine (A-A, A-B, B-B, HDO, MDO) See 5.6.1 See regular grades

Special Exterior (A-A, A-B, B-B, HDO, MDO) See 5.6.6 See regular grades

A-A A A C Sanded 2 sides

A-B A B C Sanded 2 sides

A-C A C C Sanded 2 sides

B-B (concrete form) B B C See 5.6.4

B-C (concrete form) B C C See 5.6.4

B-B B B C Sanded 2 sides

B-C B C C Sanded 2 sides

C-C Plugged(b) C Plugged C C Touch-sanded

C-C C C C Unsanded(c)

HDO-Industrial A-A, B-B, B-C C (d)

HDO-Concrete Form(e) A-A, B-B, B-C C

MDO-General B-B, B-C C

MDO-Concrete Form(e) B-B, B-C C

Special Overlays C C C — (a) Available also in Structural I classification as specified in Section 5.6.5.

(b)See Section 5.6.3 and Table 5 for special limitations.

(c) See Section 5.8.4 for requirements.

(d) C Plugged for HDO-Industrial when intended for sign applications

(e) For more clarification on concrete form grades, see Section 5.6.4.

5.6.1 Marine

Marine grades shall meet the requirements of Exterior plywood and shall be of one of the 

following grades: A-A, A-B, B-B, High Density Overlay, or Medium Density Overlay, all as 

modified in Sections 5.6.1.1 through 5.6.1.3.

5.6.1.1 Species

Only Group 1 Douglas-fir and Western Larch veneers shall be used. The restrictions on 

qualification of panels by performance testing referenced in Section 5.2.4 shall apply.

5.6.1.2 Veneers

Grade A faces shall be limited to a total of nine single wood repairs in a 1220 mm by 2440 mm 

(48 in x 96 in) sheet, or to a proportionate number in any other size as manufactured.

All inner plies shall be B grade or better and shall be full length and width.

All wood repairs shall be bonded with an adhesive meeting the Exterior performance 

requirements of Section 5.7.2 and, in addition, shall be set in the panel using a technique 

involving both heat and pressure.

When the inner plies consist of two or more pieces of veneer, the edges shall be straight and 

square, and shall not overlap.

5.6.1.3 Crossband gaps and edge splits

Neither edge of a panel shall have any crossband gap or edge split in excess of 3.2 mm (1/8 in) 

wide. Crossband gaps and edge splits per 2440 mm (96 in) of crossband ply shall not exceed 

four in number. End splits and gaps on either end of a panel shall not exceed 3.2 mm (1/8 in) in 

aggregate width.

There shall be no filling of crossband gaps and edge splits.
20

5.6.2 Decorative panels

Specialty panels with decorative face and veneer treatments which, except for the special face 

treatment, meet all of the requirements of this Standard, including veneer qualities, adhesive 

bond performance, and workmanship, shall be considered as conforming to this Standard. All 

grades in Tables 2 and 3 shall be permitted to be manufactured as decorative grades.

An occasional butt joint used for decorative effect in veneer shall have a maximum width of 

152 mm (6 inches) and shall be limited to one panel face. Where butt joints occur, the 

aggregate width of all knots and knotholes and two-thirds the aggregate width of all repairs, 

including butt joints, shall not exceed 152 mm (6 in) in any area 305 mm (12 in) along the grain 

by 1220 mm (48 in) wide or proportionately for other widths.

5.6.3 Underlayment

Underlayment is plywood produced with touch sanded or sanded faces to the following 

requirements:

5.6.3.1 Exposure 1 underlayment (C-D plugged or better).

Face veneer shall be C-plugged grade or better 2.5 mm (1/10 in) or thicker before sanding. 

Finished face veneers after sanding shall each have a minimum net thickness equal to 90% of 

the nominal veneer thickness. The veneer immediately adjacent to the face ply shall be C 

grade or better with no open characteristics over 25.4 mm (1 in) across the grain except that 

veneer immediately adjacent to the face ply shall be permitted to be D grade with open 

characteristics up to 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) across the grain, provided the face veneer is of Group 1 

or 2 species of 4.2 mm (1/6 in) minimum thickness before sanding. Also see Table 5 

requirements.

5.6.3.2 Exterior underlayment (C-C plugged or better).

Face veneer shall be C-plugged grade or better 2.5 mm (1/10 in) or thicker before sanding. 

Finished face veneers after sanding shall each have a minimum net thickness equal to 90% of 

the nominal veneer thickness. The veneer immediately adjacent to the face ply shall be C 

grade or better with no open characteristics over 25.4 mm (1 in) across the grain except that 

veneer immediately adjacent to the face ply shall be permitted to be C grade with open 

characteristics up to 38.1 mm (1-1/2 in) across the grain, provided the face veneer is of Group 1 

or 2 species of 4.2 mm (1/6 in) minimum thickness before sanding. Also see Table 5 

requirements.

5.6.4 Concrete form panels

Face veneers shall not be less than B grade, and back veneers shall not be less than C grade. 

The face and back veneers shall be of the same species group. The face and back veneers 

shall be designated in the mark. Inner plies shall be not less than C grade. This grade of 

plywood is produced in two classes, and panels of each class shall be identified accordingly.

Non-overlaid panels shall be sanded on two sides and have a mill-applied release agent unless 

otherwise agreed upon between buyer and seller. For non-overlaid panels, Western Larch shall 

be excluded from use in the face plies of concrete form plywood due to the excessive wood 

sugars that prohibit proper curing of concrete. Species shall be further limited as follows and 

are applicable also to High Density Overlaid Exterior and Medium Density Overlaid Exterior 

concrete form panels. The restrictions on qualification of panels by performance testing 

referenced in Section 5.2.4 shall apply:

(a) Class I — Faces of Group 1 species, crossband of Group 1 or Group 2 species, 

and centers of Group 1, 2, 3, or 4 species.

(b) Class II — Faces of Group 1 or Group 2 species, and crossband and centers of 

Group 1, 2, 3, or 4 species; or, faces of Group 3 species of 3.2 mm (1/8 in)
21

minimum thickness before sanding, crossband of Group 1, 2, or 3 species, and 

centers of Group 1, 2, 3, or 4 species.

5.6.5 Structural I panels

These panels are designed for engineered applications such as structural components where 

design properties, including tension, compression, shear, cross-panel flexural properties, and 

nail bearing are of significant importance. Structural I shall be produced as C-D, C-D Plugged, 

Underlayment or any Exterior grade (see Table 3). Structural I panels shall meet all other 

requirements in this Standard for the applicable types and grades and the additional 

requirements below:

(a) All face, back, and inner plies shall be Group 1 species as listed in Table 1. The 

restrictions on qualification of panels by performance testing referenced in 

Section 5.2.4 shall apply.

(b) Special limitations applying to Structural I (C-D, C-D Plugged, Underlayment) 

grade panels are:

• In D grade veneers, white pocket in any area larger than the size of the 

largest knothole, pitch pocket or split specifically permitted in D grade shall 

not be permitted in any ply.

• Sound tight knots in D grade shall not exceed 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) measured 

across the grain, except as specified in Table 5.

• Plugs, including multiple repairs, shall not exceed 102 mm (4 in) in width.

5.6.6 Special Exterior

An Exterior panel that is produced from any species covered by this Standard. Except in regard 

to species, it shall meet all of the requirements for Marine panels (see Section 5.6.1) and be 

produced in one of the following grades: A-A, A-B, B-B, High Density Overlay, or Medium 

Density Overlay.

5.6.7 Overlays

For overlaid plywood, the grade designation for face and back, as given in Table 3, refers to the 

veneer directly beneath the overlay. All overlaid plywood shall be overlaid on two sides unless 

identified as having one working face as specified in Section 7.5.(c). When only one side is 

overlaid (or when a backer sheet is applied), the back shall be C or better. The surface of 

overlaid plywood shall be smooth, or uniformly textured, although some evidence of underlying 

grain shall be permitted.

5.6.7.1 High Density Overlay – Concrete Form

HDO Concrete Form plywood shall be manufactured with thermosetting phenolic resin 

impregnated cellulose-fiber sheet or sheets bonded to the working face. The overlay layer shall 

consist of a sheet or sheets, containing not less than 52% phenolic resin content, based on the 

volatile-free weight of fiber and resin. The thickness of resin-impregnated materials for each 

working face shall be not less than 0.30 mm (0.012 in) thick before pressing and shall weigh not 

less than 290 g per m2 (60 pounds per 1000 ft2

) in the ready-to-use condition. When the 

overlay layer is composed of MDO cushion sheet and HDO cap sheet (or sheets), the MDO 

sheet shall be not less than 34% phenolic resin content based on the volatile-free weight of 

resin and fiber, exclusive of bond line.

5.6.7.2 High Density Overlay – Industrial

HDO Industrial plywood is typically used for highway signs or industrial applications. HDOIndustrial plywood shall be manufactured with thermosetting phenolic resin impregnated 

cellulose-fiber sheet or sheets bonded to the working face. The overlay layer shall consist of a
22

sheet or sheets, containing not less than 45% phenolic resin content based on the volatile-free 

weight of fiber and resin. The thickness of resin-impregnated materials for each working face 

shall be not less than 0.30 mm (0.012 in) thick before pressing and shall weigh not less than 

290 g per m2 (60 pounds per 1000 ft2

) in the ready-to-use condition. When the overlay layer is 

composed of MDO cushion sheet and HDO cap sheet (or sheets), the MDO sheet shall be not 

less than 34% resin content based on the volatile-free weight of resin and fiber, exclusive of 

bond line.

5.6.7.3 Medium Density Overlay – Concrete Form

MDO Concrete Form plywood shall be manufactured with thermosetting phenolic resin 

impregnated cellulose-fiber sheet or sheets bonded to the working face. The overlay layer shall 

consist of a sheet or sheets, containing not less than 34% phenolic resin content based on the 

volatile-free weight of fiber and resin, but exclusive of bond line. The thickness of resinimpregnated materials for each working face shall be not less than 0.30 mm (0.012 in) thick 

after pressing and shall weigh not less than 280 g per m2 (58 pounds per 1000 ft2

) including 

both resin and fiber, but exclusive of bond line. Unless otherwise agreed upon between buyer 

and seller, MDO Concrete Form plywood shall be treated with a release agent.

5.6.7.4 Medium Density Overlay – General

MDO General plywood shall be manufactured with thermosetting phenolic resin impregnated 

cellulose-fiber sheet or sheets bonded to the working face. The overlay layer shall consist of a 

sheet or sheets, containing not less than 27% phenolic resin content based on the volatile-free 

weight of fiber and resin, but exclusive of bond line. The thickness of resin-impregnated 

materials for each working face shall be not less than 0.30 mm (0.012 in) thick after pressing 

and shall weigh not less than 280 g per m2 (58 pounds per 1000 ft2

) including both resin and 

fiber, but exclusive of bond line. The resin-treated facing on the finished product shall be 

suitable for painting.

5.6.7.5 Special overlays

These are surfacing materials having resin systems, resin-treated fiber materials, or special 

characteristics that do not fit the particular description of High Density or Medium Density 

overlays as given in Sections 5.6.7.1, 5.6.7.2, 5.6.7.3, or 5.6.7.4. Special Overlays shall meet 

the adhesive bond requirements for overlaid plywood. (See 5.7.2.2.) Although designed for a 

wide variety of uses, this overlaid plywood shall be Exterior, including the base panel, bond of 

overlay to the panel, and the overlay itself. Panels shall be identified as "Special Overlay" as 

part of the panel mark (see Section 7.5).

5.7 Adhesive bond requirements for a panel or a lot

The adhesive bond shall meet the requirements below.

5.7.1 Exposure 1

Plywood shall be considered as meeting Exposure 1 adhesive bond requirements of this 

Standard if all test specimens taken from all individual panels average 80% wood failure or 

greater when tested in accordance with Section 6.1.3. For qualification purposes, specimens 

from at least 20 panels shall be sampled. For other purposes, specimens from less than 20 

panels shall be permitted.

Lots represented by test panels shall be considered as meeting the requirements of this 

Standard if the following requirements are met:

1. When at least 20 panels are tested, at least 95% of the individual panels 

represented by the test pieces shall have 30% wood failure or better, and at least 

90% of the individual panels represented by the test pieces shall have 60% wood 

failure or better. In addition, the average wood failure of all test specimens taken
23

from all individual panels shall be not less than 80%.

NOTE: Wood failure is defined as the rupturing of wood fibers on bonded 

specimens and is expressed as the percentage of wood fiber area to the total 

area involved which shows failure. A successful adhesive bond is stronger than 

the wood, forcing the failure in the wood.

2. When at least 10 but less than 20 panels are tested, at least 90% of the individual 

panels represented by the test pieces shall have 60% wood failure or better. In 

addition, the average wood failure of all test specimens taken from all individual 

panels shall be not less than 80%.

3. When fewer than 10 panels are tested, all individual panels represented by the 

test pieces shall have 60% wood failure or better. In addition, the average wood

failure of all test specimens taken from all individual panels shall be not less than 

80%.

The requirements of Section 5.7.1 are applicable separately and independently to the results 

obtained from the vacuum-pressure test (Section 6.1.3.2) and the boiling test (Section 6.1.3.3). 

Specimens cut through localized characteristics permitted in the grade shall be discarded. Test 

specimens showing delamination in excess of 3.2 mm (1/8 in) deep and 25.4 mm (1 in) long 

shall be rated as zero (0)% wood failure.

5.7.1.1 Heat performance

Panels shall meet the heat performance requirements for Exterior adhesives. (See Section 

5.7.2.1.)

5.7.2 Exterior

Exterior Plywood shall be considered as meeting the adhesive bond requirements of this 

Standard if all test specimens taken from all individual panels average 85% wood failure or 

greater when tested in accordance with Section 6.1.3. For qualification purposes, specimens 

from at least 20 panels shall be sampled. For other purposes, specimens from less than 20 

panels shall be permitted.

Lots represented by test panels shall be considered as meeting the requirements of this 

Standard if the following requirements are met:

1. When at least 20 panels are tested, at least 95% of the individual panels 

represented by the test pieces shall have 30% wood failure or better, and at least 

90% of the individual panels represented by the test pieces shall have 60% wood 

failure or better, and at least 75% of the panels represented by the test pieces 

shall have 80% wood failure or better. In addition, the average wood failure of all 

test specimens taken from all individual panels shall be not less than 85%.

2. When at least 10 but less than 20 panels are tested, at least 90% of the 

individual panels represented by the test pieces shall have 60% wood failure or 

better, and at least 75% of the panels represented by the test pieces shall have 

80% wood failure or better. In addition, the average wood failure of all test 

specimens taken from all individual panels shall be not less than 85%.

3. When at least 4 but fewer than 10 panels are tested, at least 75% of the panels 

represented by the test pieces shall have 80% wood failure or better. In addition, 

the average wood failure of all test specimens taken from all individual panels 

shall be not less than 85%.
24

4. When fewer than 4 panels are tested, all individual panels represented by the 

test pieces shall have 80% wood failure or better. In addition, the average wood 

failure of all test specimens taken from all individual panels shall be not less than 

85%.

The requirements of Section 5.7.2 are applicable separately and independently to the results 

obtained from the vacuum-pressure test (Section 6.1.3.2) and the boiling test (Section 6.1.3.3). 

Specimens cut through localized characteristics permitted in the grade shall be discarded. Test 

specimens showing delamination in excess of 3.2 mm (1/8 in) deep and 25.4 mm (1 in) long 

shall be rated as zero (0)% wood failure.

5.7.2.1 Heat performance

Exterior plywood shall be considered as meeting the requirements of this section if there is no 

delamination in any specimen, except when occurring at a localized characteristic permitted in 

the grade when tested in accordance with Section 6.1.3.4. When testing overlaid plywood, 

blisters or bubbles in the surface caused by combustion shall not be considered as 

delamination.

5.7.2.2 Overlaid plywood

The bond between veneers of overlaid plywood as well as the bond between the overlay and 

the base panel shall meet the wood failure requirements specified in Section 5.7.2 for Exterior 

plywood. In evaluating specimens for separation of the resin-treated face from the plywood, 

fiber failure shall be considered the same as wood failure.

5.8 Panel constructions and workmanship

Constructions for all panels shall conform to the minimum number of plies and layers as set 

forth in Table 4. The proportion of wood with grain perpendicular to panel face grain shall be 

not less than 33% nor more than 70% of the total panel thickness. The combined thickness of 

inner layers in panels having 4 or more plies shall be not less than 45% of the total panel 

thickness. For application of these requirements, the panel thickness shall be the actual 

finished panel thickness and the veneer thickness shall be the dry veneer thickness before 

layup.

The grain of all layers shall be perpendicular to the grain of adjacent layers and to the ends or 

edges of the panel. The entire area of each contacting surface of the adjacent plies, including 

repairs, shall be bonded with an adhesive in a manner to assure compliance with the 

performance requirements for its type as set forth in the test described in Section 6.

For the purpose of veneer repairing or edge joining, strings, ribbons, or tapes up to 9.5 mm

(3/8 in) maximum width can occur in a bond line and shall be considered as allowable localized 

characteristics in the evaluation of bond line test specimens. Wider strings, ribbons, or tapes 

shall not be used for veneer repairing or joining unless they are pre-qualified to show bonding 

equal to the required bonding for the panel. Bond line test specimens cut to include the strings, 

ribbons, or tapes wider than 9.5 mm (3/8 in) shall not be discarded because of the presence of 

these materials.

Veneer strips shall not be joined by string stitching unless the punch for making holes prior to 

stitching has a dimension across the grain of 2.4 mm (0.095 inch) or less and the holes are 

spaced 12.7 mm (1/2 inch) center to center or greater. All veneer used for inner plies shall be 

permitted to be stitched. Stitched veneer used for outer plies is limited to panels with C or D 

grade faces or backs, except stitched C veneer shall not be used for faces in Decorative panels. 

Stitched veneer shall not be used for both the face and the back ply.
25

Rough or unsanded plywood shall be permitted to have paper tape on either face or back, or 

both; except that, in C-C Exterior, no tape used for veneer splicing shall be permitted.

Shims or strips of veneer shall not be used to repair panel edge voids. However, filling of 

permissible edge voids with synthetic fillers neatly applied shall be allowed, except as prohibited 

in Marine grades. (See Section 5.6.1.) Staples or pins of metal or synthetic material shall be 

prohibited.

Where face or back plies consist of more than one piece of edge joined veneer, gaps between 

adjacent pieces shall be graded as splits.

End butt joints shall only be used under the following conditions:

(a) Decorative grades as specified in Section 5.6.2.

(b) Butt joints having a total aggregate width not exceeding the width of the panel 

shall occur in the center ply of 5-ply, 5-layer panels. The butt joints shall be 

perpendicular to the grain of the panel face and back plies. The use of buttjointed centers shall be allowed in Exposure 1 sanded grades in panels with 

Performance Category up to and including 1/2, and in D-D, C-D and C-D 

Plugged panels with Performance Category up to and including 3/4 . End butt 

joints shall not be used in Structural I panels. Panels with butt joints in center 

plies shall be marked "butt-jointed center" as specified in Section 7.5.

Plywood shall be free from blisters, laps and other characteristics, except as expressly 

permitted in Section 5.8 and its subsections. Panels shall have no continuous holes or through 

openings from face to back.

5.8.1 Crossband gaps and center gaps

Crossband gaps or center gaps, except as noted for plugged crossband and jointed crossband, 

shall not exceed 25.4 mm (1 in) in width for a depth of 203 mm (8 in) measured from panel 

edge. When two (2) or more gaps are present the average width of all gaps, measured on the 

panel edge, shall not exceed 12.7 mm (1/2 in). Where inner layers are thicker than 6.4 mm 

(1/4 in), gaps in the laminated plies shall be offset 25.4 mm (1 in) if over 6.4 mm (1/4 in) wide.

Where plugged inner plies are specified, inner plies shall be of C Plugged veneer, and gaps 

between adjacent pieces of inner plies shall not exceed 12.7 mm (1/2 in).

Where jointed inner plies are specified, gaps between pieces of inner plies shall not exceed

9.5 mm (3/8 in), and the average of all gaps occurring in a panel shall not exceed 4.8 mm 

(3/16 in).
26

TABLE 4. PANEL CONSTRUCTIONS (MINIMUM NUMBER OF PLIES AND LAYERS)

Panel Grades

Finished Panel 

Performance Category Range

Minimum 

Number 

of Plies

Minimum 

Number 

of Layers

Exterior 

Marine

Special Exterior (See 5.6.6 )

B-B Concrete Form

B-C Concrete Form

HDO Industrial A-A, B-B, B-C

HDO Concrete Form A-A, B-B, B-C 

MDO Concrete Form B-B, B-C

Through 3/8 3 3

Over 3/8 , through 3/4 5 5

Over 3/4 7 7

Exposure 1

N-N, N-A, N-B, N-D, A-A, A-B,

A-D, B-B, B-D

Structural I (C-D, C-D Plugged

and Underlayment) Through 3/8 3 3

Exterior

Over 3/8 , through 1/2 4 3

Over 1/2 , through 7/8 5 5

A-A, A-B, A-C, B-B, B-C

Structural I (C-C and Over 7/8 6 5

C-C Plugged) (See 5.6.5)

MDO General B-B, B-C

Special Overlays

Exposure 1

Underlayment Through 1/2 3 3

Exterior

C-C Plugged

Over 1/2 , through 3/4 4 3

Over 3/4 5 5

Exposure 1

C-D

C-D Plugged Through 5/8 3 3

D-D Over 5/8 , through 3/4 4 3

Exterior

Over 3/4 5 5

C-C

5.8.2 Veneer requirements

The veneers used in each ply of each panel and the completed panel shall conform with the 

applicable veneer grade and with the construction and workmanship requirements given herein. 

Additionally, in recognition of the requirements of selected end uses, the type and frequency of 

specific characteristics shall be further limited for grades in Table 5.
27

TABLE 5. CHARACTERISTICS PROHIBITED OR RESTRICTED IN CERTAIN PANEL GRADES

Panel Grade 

Designation Description and Number of Characteristics Per Panel

N-N, N-A No crossband laps adjacent to faces and backs

N-B No crossband laps adjacent to N faces

No more than 2 crossband laps adjacent to B grade side (Section 5.8.3) 

Laps are limited to 4.8 mm (3/16 in)

N-D No crossband laps adjacent to faces

No more than a total of 2 of any combination of the following:

— Knothole in D veneer over 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) but not over 76.2 mm (3 in)

— Split in D veneer over 12.7 mm (1/2 in) but not over 25.4 mm (1 in)

— Crossband lap adjacent to backs

Underlayment 

and C-C 

Plugged

No knotholes in veneer adjacent to face over 25.4 mm (1 in) across the grain where C grade is required per 

Tables 2 and 3

No knotholes in veneer adjacent to face over 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) where D grade is permitted or over 38.1 mm 

(1-1/2 in) where C grade is permitted per 5.6.3

No laps adjacent to face

Structural I C-D No splits in faces over 6.4 mm (1/4 in) 

No splits in backs over 12.7 mm (1/2 in)

No more than a total of 2 of any combination of the following:

— Knothole in C veneer over 25.4 mm (1 in) but not over 38.1 mm (1-1/2 in)

— Knot in D backs over 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) but not over 76.2 mm (3 in)

— Knothole in D veneer over 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) but not over 76.2 mm (3 in)

— Crossband lap adjacent to faces (See Section 5.8.4)

— Crossband lap adjacent to backs (See Section 5.8.4)

Structural I C-D 

Plugged

No splits in backs over 12.7 mm (1/2 in)

No more than a total of 2 of any combination of the following:

— Knot in D backs over 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) but not over 76.2 mm (3 in)

— Knothole in D veneer over 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) but not over 76.2 mm (3 in)

— Crossband lap adjacent to faces (See Section 5.8.4)

— Crossband lap adjacent to backs (See Section 5.8.4)

Structural I 

Underlayment

No knotholes in core veneer next to face over 25.4 mm (1 in) 

No crossband laps adjacent to faces

No splits in backs over 12.7 mm (1/2 in)

No more than a total of 2 of any combination of the following:

— Knot in D backs over 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) but not over 76.2 mm (3 in)

— Knothole in D veneer over 63.5 mm (2-1/2 in) but not over 76.2 mm (3 in)

— Crossband lap adjacent to backs (See Sections 5.8.3, 5.8.4)

5.8.3 Sanded panels

Unless otherwise specified, sanded plywood shall be sanded on two sides. Sanding 

characteristics for N, A, B, and C Plugged faces shall be as given in Section 5.4. Exposed N, A, 

and B veneer surfaces of panels shall have the bark or tight surface out. Plies directly under the 

surface of overlaid panels are not considered exposed veneers. Faces and backs of panels 

shall be full width and full length; except that C grade and D grade backs shall be permitted to 

be narrow on one edge or short on one end only, but by not more than 3.2 mm (1/8 in) for half 

the panel length or width. Inner plies shall be full width and length; except that panels other

than Marine shall be permitted to have one edge or end void not exceeding 3.2 mm (1/8 in) in 

depth and 203 mm (8 in) in length per panel. Except as otherwise specified in Table 5 for 

specific panel grade designations, crossband veneers not exceeding 3.2 mm (1/8 in) in 

thickness shall be permitted to be lapped but by not more than 4.8 mm (3/16 in) when adjacent 

to faces, or 12.7 mm (1/2 in) when adjacent to backs, and provided such laps create no

adjacent visible openings. Sanding characteristics resulting from crossband laps shall not be 

permitted in panel faces.
28

5.8.4 Unsanded and touch-sanded panels

Grade C or D veneers shall be permitted to be lapped by not more than 12.7 mm (1/2 in) 

provided such laps shall create no adjacent visible opening. Additional limitations on laps 

adjacent to panel faces and backs are included in Table 5. All plies of C-D and D-D panels shall 

be full length and full width except that no more than half the length of one edge nor half the 

width of one end shall be permitted to contain short or narrow plies, provided:

(a) Such plies shall not be short or narrow by more than 4.8 mm (3/16 in) except that 

crossbands shall be permitted to be short by 12.7 mm (1/2 in) and centers shall 

be permitted to be narrow by 12.7 mm (1/2 in) provided they taper to within

4.8 mm (3/16 in) or less of the panel edge over a span of 203 mm (8 in).

(b) When short or narrow by more than 4.8 mm (3/16 in), the aggregate area in the 

plane of the plies of such edge characteristics shall not exceed 39 cm2 (6 in2

) in 

the entire panel.

(c) Such edge characteristics shall not occur in more than one ply at any panel cross 

section.

In grades other than C-D and D-D, backs shall be permitted to be narrow on one edge or short 

on one end only, but by less than or equal to 3.2 mm (1/8 in) for half the panel length or width; 

inner plies shall be full width and length except that one edge or end void not exceeding 3.2 mm 

(1/8 in) in depth and 203 mm (8 in) in length per panel, shall be acceptable.

Panels manufactured as C-C, C-D, D-D, Structural I C-C and Structural I C-D shall not be 

surface textured. Panels manufactured as C-C, C-D, D-D, Structural I C-C and Structural I C-D 

that are sanded or touch-sanded shall meet all applicable requirements for C-C, C-D or D-D and 

the finished face and back veneers after sanding shall each have a minimum net thickness 

equal to 90% of the applicable thickness in Table 6 or in the mill specification. (See Sections 

5.8.6.4 and 5.8.7.4)

For touch sanded panels, indents (see Section 2.26) shall be considered as an open 

characteristic.
29

TABLE 6. SPAN RATINGS FOR SHEATHING AND SINGLE-FLOOR PANELS BASED ON PRESCRIPTIVE 

SPECIFICATIONS (FOR SPECIAL PLY-LAYER AND SPECIES REQUIREMENTS APPLICABLE TO STRUCTURAL I 

PANELS, SEE SECTION 5.6.5 AND TABLE 4. FOR CROSSBAND AND TOTAL INNER PLY THICKNESS PROPORTION 

REQUIREMENTS, SEE SECTION 5.8.)

Minimum Face & Back Veneer Thickness

Before Pressing, for Species Group(b)

Span Minimum

Rating Number Inner Ply

(a) Panel of Plies- Species

Performance Category Layers 1 2 3 4 Group

Sheathing Panels (C-D, C-C)

12/0 5/16 3-3 2.1 mm (1/12 in) 2.1 mm (1/12 in) 2.1 mm (1/12 in) 2.1 mm (1/12 in) 1, 2, 3 or 4

16/0 5/16 3-3 2.1 mm (1/12 in) 2.1 mm (1/12 in) 2.1 mm (1/12 in) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

11/32 3-3 2.1 mm (1/12 in) 2.1 mm (1/12 in) 2.1 mm (1/12 in) 2.1 mm (1/12 in) 1, 2, 3 or 4

20/0(e) 5/16 3-3 2.1 mm (1/12 in) (c) (c) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

11/32 3-3 2.1 mm (1/12 in) 2.1 mm (1/12 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

3/8 3-3 2.5 mm(1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 1, 2, 3 or 4

24/0 3/8 3-3 2.5 mm (1/10 in) (c) (c) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

13/32 3-3 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) (c) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

1/2 3-3 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 1, 2, 3 or 4

32/16 1/2 3-3 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 4.2 mm (1/6 in) (c) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

17/32 3-3 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 4.2 mm (1/6 in) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

5/8 3-3 (d) (d) (d) (d) 1, 2, 3 or 4

40/20(e) 5/8 3-3 (d) 4.2 mm (1/6 in) (c) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

21/32 3-3 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 3.2 mm (1/8 in) 4.2 mm (1/6 in) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

3/4 4-3 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 3.2 mm (1/8 in) 1, 2, 3 or 4

25/32 4-3 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 1, 2, 3 or 4

48/24 3/4 4-3 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 4.2 mm (1/6 in) (c) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

25/32 4-3 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 3.2 mm (1/8 in) 4.2 mm (1/6 in) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

7/8 5-5 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

29/32 5-5 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 3.2 mm (1/8 in) 1, 2, 3 or 4

Single-Floor Panels (UNDERLAYMENT, C-C Plugged)

16 o.c. 1/2 3-3 2.5 mm (1/10 in) (c) (c) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

19/32 4-3 (d) (d) (d) 4.2 mm (1/6 in) 1, 2, 3 or 4

5/8 4-3 (d) (d) (d) (d) 1, 2, 3 or 4

20 o.c.(e) 19/32 4-3 (d) 4.2 mm (1/6 in) (c) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

5/8 4-3 (d) 3.2 mm (1/8 in) 4.2 mm (1/6 in) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

23/32 4-3 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 3.2 mm (1/8 in) 1, 2, 3 or 4

3/4 4-3 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 1, 2, 3 or 4

24 o.c. 23/32 4-3 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 4.2 mm (1/6 in) 4.8 mm (3/16 in) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

3/4 4-3 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 3.2 mm (1/8 in) 4.2 mm (1/6 in) (c) 1, 2, 3 or 4

7/8 5-5 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 3.2 mm (1/8 in) 1, 2, 3 or 4

48 o.c. 1-1/8 7-5 3.2 mm (1/8 in) 4.2 mm (1/6 in) (c) (c) 1 or 2

1-1/8 7-5 3.6 mm (1/7 in) 4.2 mm (1/6 in) (c) (c) 1, 2 or 3

1-1/8 7-7 2.5 mm (1/10 in) 4.2 mm (1/6 in) 4.8 mm (3/16 in) (c) 1

1-1/8 7-7 3.2 mm (1/8 in) 4.2 mm (1/6 in) 4.8 mm (3/16 in) (c) 1, 2 or 3

(a) See Section 5.8.5 for description.

(b) Intermixing between species groups and/or thicknesses in the faces and backs of panels is permitted. Use the lowest applicable span rating 

to identify the panel. Also see Section 5.5.1.

(c) Not permitted.

(d) A minimum of 3.2 mm (1/8 in) for 3, 4 and 5-ply 3-layer panels per 5.5.1. A minimum of 2.5 mm (1/10 in) for 5-ply 5-layer panels.

(e) The “20”span designation is intended for spans of 19.2 inch.

5.8.5 Span ratings for panels

The panel mark (see Section 7.5) of C-C, C-D, D-D, Structural I C-C, Structural I C-D, and 

single-floor panels shall include a span rating (see Section 2.57). The numbers are presented 

as a fraction in the marking of sheathing grades of plywood, and as a single number for singlefloor panels. Panels for which there is no span rating shall be identified by the largest species 

group number of the face and back.

For sheathing, the left-hand number shall refer to spacing of roof framing, and the right-hand 

number shall relate to spacing of the floor framing. The single number for single-floor panels 

refers to spacing of the floor framing in single floor applications. Actual maximum spans are 

established by local building codes.
30

When used as single floor, panels shall also meet the grade requirements of Section 5.6.3.

The span rating number is related to species and thickness of the panel face and back veneers, 

and panel Performance Category. It shall be established by either procedure (a) or (b):

(a) By meeting prescriptive requirements (see Section 2.48) as specified in Table 6, 

or

(b) By performance testing to satisfy the strength, stiffness and bond criteria as 

specified in Section 5.8.6. Such performance testing shall be performed by an 

Accredited Testing Laboratory, as specified in Section 7.4.

5.8.6 Performance testing qualification requirements for span-rated panels

5.8.6.1 General

Span-rated panels qualified by performance testing shall satisfy the criteria specified in Section

5.8.6 when tested in accordance with Sections 5.8.6.2 and 5.8.6.3.

Panels selected for qualification testing shall be representative of the grade and applicable 

panel workmanship requirements. Face and back veneers shall not be a higher grade than 

specified. No panel selected for testing shall have a thickness exceeding the average of the 

minimum and maximum thicknesses for the performance category as established in accordance 

with Table 10. Panel thickness shall be measured in accordance with Section 5.10.2.

5.8.6.2 Structural performance 

Concentrated loads

Test a maximum of 20 specimens taken from at least 10 panels. Ten specimens (taken from at

least five panels) for each test exposure condition shall be evaluated for both concentrated 

static and impact loads according to Section 6.2.1. Requirements are found in Table 7. If 

additional tests are needed, they shall also consist of 10 specimens, and the results of the two 

10-specimen sets shall be combined. Only one additional test set is allowed. If the combined 

results meet or exceed the minimum passing rate, the sample passes.

Deflection – The initial test set consists of 10 specimens.

The average deflection shall not be greater than the appropriate requirement in Table 7.

• If no more than one value is above the requirement, the sample passes.

• If two or three values are above the requirement, test an additional set.

• If four or more values are above the requirement, the sample fails.

• If 10 additional specimens are tested, the combined passing rate shall be at least 85%.
31

Ultimate load – The initial test set consists of 10 specimens.

The average load shall not be less than the appropriate requirement in Table 7.

• If all of the values meet or exceed the requirement, the sample passes.

• If one of the values is below the requirement, test an additional set.

• If two or more values are below the requirement, the sample fails.

• If ten additional specimens are tested, the combined passing rate shall be at least 95%.

Uniform loads

Test a maximum of 20 specimens taken from at least 10 panels. Ten specimens (taken from at 

least five panels) for each test exposure condition shall be evaluated for uniform load capacity 

according to Section 6.2.2. Test requirements are found in Table 8. If additional tests are 

needed, they shall also consist of 10 specimens, and the results of the two 10-specimen sets 

shall be combined. Only one additional test set is allowed. If the combined results meet or 

exceed the minimum passing rate, the sample passes.

Deflection – The average deflection shall not be greater than that specified. The initial test 

consists of 10 specimens.

• If the average value is below the requirement, the sample passes.

• If the average value is above the requirement, test an additional set.

• If the average value based on combined results is above the requirement, the sample 

fails.

Ultimate load – The initial test consists of 10 specimens. The average load shall not be less 

than the appropriate requirement in Table 8.

• If all of the values meet or exceed the requirement, the sample passes.

• If one of the values is below the requirement, test an additional set.

• If two or more values are below the requirement, the sample fails.

• If ten additional specimens are tested, the combined passing rate shall be at least 95%.
32

TABLE 7. CONCENTRATED STATIC AND IMPACT TEST PERFORMANCE CRITERIA 

FOR PANELS TESTED ACCORDING TO SECTION 6.2.1 (SEE SECTION 5.8.6.2

FOR PASS/FAIL CRITERIA)

Performance Criteria

Ultimate Load

End Use – Span 

Rating

Test Exposure 

Conditions(a)

Static Following Impact(b)

Deflection

Under 0.89 kN (200 lbf) Load

kN lbf kN lbf mm in

Roof – 16 Dry 

Wet 1.78 400 1.33 300 11.1(c)(d) 0.438(c)(d)

Roof – 20(f) Dry 

Wet 1.78 400 1.33 300 11.9(c)(d) 0.469(c)(d)

Roof – 24 Dry 

Wet 1.78 400 1.33 300 12.7(c)(d) 0.500(c)(d)

Roof – 32 Dry 

Wet 1.78 400 1.33 300 12.7(c)(d) 0.500(c)(d)

Roof – 40 Dry 

Wet 1.78 400 1.33 300 12.7(c)(d) 0.500(c)(d)

Roof – 48 Dry 

Wet 1.78 400 1.33 300 12.7(c)(d) 0.500(c)(d)

Roof – 54 Dry 

Wet 1.78 400 1.33 300 12.7(c)(d) 0.500(c)(d)

Roof – 60 Dry 

Wet 1.78 400 1.33 300 12.7(c)(d) 0.500(c)(d)

Subfloor – 16 Dry 

Wet/Redry 1.78 400 1.78 400 4.8(c) 0.188(c)

Subfloor – 20(f) Dry

Wet/Redry 1.78 400 1.78 400 5.6(c) 0.219(c)

Subfloor – 24 Dry 

Wet/Redry 1.78 400 1.78 400 6.4(c) 0.250(c)

Subfloor – 32 Dry 

Wet/Redry 2.45 550 1.78 400 5.3(c) 0.207(c)

Subfloor – 48 Dry 

Wet/Redry 2.45 550 1.78 400 8.0(c) 0.313(c)

Single Floor - 16 Dry 

Wet/Redry 2.45 550 1.78 400 2.0(e) 0.078(e)

Single Floor -

20(f)

Dry 

Wet/Redry 2.45 550 1.78 400 2.4(e) 0.094(e)

Single Floor - 24 Dry 

Wet/Redry 2.45 550 1.78 400 2.7(e) 0.108(e)

Single Floor - 32 Dry 

Wet/Redry 3.11 700 1.78 400 2.2(e) 0.088(e)

Single Floor - 48 Dry 

Wet/Redry 3.11 700 1.78 400 3.4(e) 0.133(e)

(a) Wet/redry shall be exposure to three days of continuous one-sided wetting on the panel face, followed 

by testing dry. Wet conditioning shall be exposure to three days of continuous one-sided wetting on the 

panel face, then tested wet. Dry shall be within +/- 3% of the manufacturer’s as-shipped moisture 

content.

(b) Impact shall be 102 N•m (75 lbf•ft) for span ratings up to 24; 122 N•m (90 lbf•ft) for 32; 163 N•m

(120 lbf•ft) for 40; and 203 N•m (150 lbf•ft) for 48 and greater.

(c) Criteria apply under static concentrated load. They do not apply following impact.

(d) Deflection after wet conditioning not applicable.

(e) Criteria apply under static concentrated load and following impact.

(f) The “20” span designation is intended for spans of 19.2 in.
33

TABLE 8. UNIFORM LOAD PERFORMANCE CRITERIA FOR PANELS TESTED 

ACCORDING TO SECTION 6.2.2

(SEE SECTION 5.8.6.2 FOR PASS/FAIL CRITERIA)

Performance Criteria(b)

Ultimate 

Uniform Load

End Use -

Span Rating

Test Exposure 

Conditions(a) Average Deflection Under Load kPa lbf/ft2

Roof - 16 Dry 1.7 mm at 1.68 kPa (0.067 in at 35 lbf/ft2) 7.2 150

Roof - 20 (c) Dry 2.0 mm at 1.68 kPa (0.080 in at 35 lbf/ft2) 7.2 150

Roof - 24 Dry 2.5 mm at 1.68 kPa (0.100 in at 35 lbf/ft2) 7.2 150

Roof – 32 Dry 3.4 mm at 1.68 kPa (0.133 in at 35 lbf/ft2) 7.2 150

Roof – 40 Dry 4.2 mm at 1.68 kPa (0.167 in at 35 lbf/ft2) 7.2 150

Roof – 48 Dry 5.1 mm at 1.68 kPa (0.200 in at 35 lbf/ft2) 7.2 150

Roof – 54 Dry 5.7 mm at 1.68 kPa (0.225 in at 35 lbf/ft2) 7.2 150

Roof – 60 Dry 6.4 mm at 1.68 kPa (0.250 in at 35 lbf/ft2) 7.2 150

Subfloor – 16 Dry 

Wet/Redry

1.1 mm at 4.79 kPa (0.044 in at 100 lbf/ft2) 15.8 330

Subfloor – 20(d) Dry 

Wet/Redry

1.3 mm at 4.79 kPa (0.053 in at 100 lbf/ft2) 15.8 330

Subfloor – 24 Dry 

Wet/Redry

1.7 mm at 4.79 kPa (0.067 in at 100 lbf/ft2) 15.8 330

Subfloor – 32 Dry 

Wet/Redry

2.2 mm at 4.79 kPa (0.088 in at 100 lbf/ft2) 15.8 330

Subfloor – 48 Dry 

Wet/Redry

3.4 mm at 3.83 kPa (0.133 in at 80 lbf/ft2) 10.8 225

Single Floor – 16 Dry 

Wet/Redry

1.1 mm at 4.79 kPa (0.044 in at 100 lbf/ft2) 15.8 330

Single Floor – 20(c) Dry 

Wet/Redry

1.3 mm at 4.79 kPa (0.053 in at 100 lbf/ft2) 15.8 330

Single Floor – 24 Dry 

Wet/Redry

1.7 mm at 4.79 kPa (0.067 in at 100 lbf/ft2) 15.8 330

Single Floor – 32 Dry 

Wet/Redry

2.2 mm at 4.79 kPa (0.088 in at 100 lbf/ft2) 15.8 330

Single Floor – 48 Dry 

Wet/Redry

3.4 mm at 3.83 kPa (0.133 in at 80 lbf/ft2) 10.8 225

(a)Wet/Redry shall be exposure to three days of continuous one-sided wetting on the panel face, followed by testing 

dry. Dry shall be within 3% of the manufacturer’s as shipped moisture content.

(b)The panel strength axis shall be across supports, unless otherwise specified.

(c)The “20” span designation is intended for spans of 19.2 in.

5.8.6.3 Bond performance

Panels shall be classed as “Exposure 1” or “Exterior”.

Exposure 1 — Panels rated as “Exposure 1” shall be so identified and shall satisfy the bond 

requirements as specified in Section 5.7.1.

Exterior — Panels rated as “Exterior” shall be so identified and shall satisfy the bond 

requirements specified in Section 5.7.2.
34

5.8.6.4 Product evaluation

Mill specification — Upon conformance with the requirements specified in Sections 5.8.6.2

and 5.8.6.3, a mill specification (see Section 2.35) unique to the product and mill shall be written 

based on the outcome of product evaluation. This specification shall be used for quality 

assurance purposes by the manufacturer, the Accredited Certification Agency, the Accredited 

Inspection Agency, and the Accredited Testing Laboratory, according to Section 7. Product 

evaluation will be accomplished on the same lot supplied by the manufacturer for qualification 

testing. Reference values shall be established during product evaluation or from applicable 

performance requirements in this Standard. The mill specification shall contain the following 

information:

Panel construction — Panels shall be defined as to veneer species and construction.

Thickness — The reference value shall be the average panel thickness less 1.932 standard 

deviations (the 95% lower tolerance limit at 75% confidence) for 20 panels as sampled under 

Section 5.8.6.1.

Mechanical properties

Bending stiffness — Results from 20 tests (specimens taken from at least ten panels) shall be 

evaluated for bending stiffness both along and across the major panel axis according to the 

procedures of Section 6.2.3. The reference value for each panel direction shall be the lower 

value of a 90% confidence interval established on the mean (see ASTM D2915).

Bending strength — Results from 10 tests (specimens taken from ten different panels) shall be 

evaluated for maximum bending moment both along and across the major panel axis according 

to the procedures of Section 6.2.3. The reference values for each panel direction will be the 

minimum observed value, or the sample mean less 1.8 times the sample standard deviation, 

whichever is the higher value.

5.8.7 Performance testing qualification requirements for other than span-rated panels

5.8.7.1 General

Panels using species as specified in Section 5.2.4 shall be qualified for use under this Standard 

based upon testing of panel strength and stiffness in accordance with Section 5.8.7.2 and bond 

performance with Section 5.8.7.3. Results of testing shall establish a Group classification for 

use as required in Section 7.5 (a). Group classification established by panel testing shall be 

determined by the largest Group number obtained from all performance tests. Panels selected 

for qualification testing shall be representative of the grade and applicable panel workmanship 

requirements. Face and back veneers shall not be a higher grade than specified. No panel 

selected for testing shall have a thickness exceeding the average of the minimum and maximum 

thicknesses for the performance category as established in accordance with Table 10. Panel 

thickness shall be measured in accordance with Section 5.10.2.

5.8.7.2 Performance testing

Bending stiffness — A minimum of 20 tests (specimens taken from at least ten panels) shall 

be evaluated for bending stiffness both along and across the major panel axis according to the 

procedures of Section 6.2.3. At least 90% of specimens tested along the major axis shall meet 

the minimum stiffness value along the major axis given in Table 9 for the Performance Category 

tested.
35

TABLE 9. SPECIES GROUP CLASSIFICATION TEST CRITERIA FOR OTHER 

THAN SPAN-RATED PANELS

Performance 

Category Group

Shear Through Stress Along (Parallel to Face)

Thickness

Strength Bending Stiffness Bending Strength

Planar Shear

Strength

kN/m (lbf/in) kN•m2/m (lbf•in2/ft) kN•m/m (lbf•in/ft) kN/m (lbf/ft)

1⁄4 1 21.0 (120) 0.15 ( 16 000) 0.087 ( 235) 3.7 ( 255)

2 15.8 ( 90) 0.12 ( 13 000) 0.063 ( 170) 3.7 ( 255)

3 15.8 ( 90) 0.10 ( 10 500) 0.063 ( 170) 3.7 ( 255)

4 14.5 ( 83) 0.08 ( 8 800) 0.057 ( 155) 3.7 ( 255)

11/32 1 22.8 (130) 0.35 ( 37 500) 0.137 ( 370) 5.1 ( 350)

2 16.6 ( 95) 0.30 ( 31 500) 0.100 ( 270) 5.1 ( 350)

3 16.6 ( 95) 0.24 ( 25 000) 0.100 ( 270) 5.1 ( 350)

4 15.6 ( 89) 0.20 ( 21 000) 0.093 ( 250) 5.1 ( 350)

3/8 1 22.8 (130) 0.50 ( 53 500) 0.183 ( 495) 5.8 ( 395)

2 17.0 ( 97) 0.42 ( 44 500) 0.133 ( 360) 5.8 ( 395)

3 17.0 ( 97) 0.33 ( 35 500) 0.133 ( 360) 5.8 ( 395)

4 15.8 ( 90) 0.28 ( 29 500) 0.124 ( 335) 5.8 ( 395)

15/32 1 33.3 (190) 1.22 (130 000) 0.313 ( 845) 7.7 ( 525)

2 24.5 (140) 1.04 (110 000) 0.228 ( 615) 7.7 ( 525)

3 24.5 (140) 0.82 ( 87 000) 0.228 ( 615) 7.7 ( 525)

4 22.8 (130) 0.68 ( 72 500) 0.211 ( 570) 7.7 ( 525)

1/2 1 34.1 (195) 1.41 (150 000) 0.347 ( 935) 8.3 ( 570)

2 25.4 (145) 1.18 (125 000) 0.252 ( 680) 8.3 ( 570)

3 25.4 (145) 0.94 (100 000) 0.252 ( 680) 8.3 ( 570)

4 23.6 (135) 0.80 ( 84 500) 0.234 ( 630) 8.3 ( 570)

19/32 1 43.8 (250) 2.17 (230 000) 0.463 (1250) 10.1 ( 695)

2 32.4 (185) 1.79 (190 000) 0.335 ( 905) 10.1 ( 695)

3 32.4 (185) 1.41 (150 000) 0.335 ( 905) 10.1 ( 695)

4 29.8 (170) 1.18 (125 000) 0.311 ( 840) 10.1 ( 695)

5/8 1 43.8 (250) 2.40 (255 000) 0.500 (1350) 10.8 ( 740)

2 32.4 (185) 2.02 (215 000) 0.361 ( 975) 10.8 ( 740)

3 32.4 (185) 1.60 (170 000) 0.361 ( 975) 10.8 ( 740)

4 29.8 (170) 1.32 (140 000) 0.335 ( 905) 10.8 ( 740)

23/32 1 44.7 (255) 3.34 (355 000) 0.575 (1550) 12.2 ( 835)

2 33.3 (190) 2.78 (295 000) 0.408 (1100) 12.2 ( 835)

3 33.3 (190) 2.21 (235 000) 0.408 (1100) 12.2 ( 835)

4 30.6 (175) 1.84 (195 000) 0.389 (1050) 12.2 ( 835)

3/4 1 45.5 (260) 3.67 (390 000) 0.612 (1650) 12.6 ( 860)

2 33.3 (190) 3.06 (325 000) 0.445 (1200) 12.6 ( 860)

3 33.3 (190) 2.45 (260 000) 0.445 (1200) 12.6 ( 860)

4 30.6 (175) 2.02 (215 000) 0.408 (1100) 12.6 ( 860)

7/8 1 46.4 (265) 5.18 (550 000) 0.760 (2050) 14.6 (1000)

2 34.1 (195) 4.33 (460 000) 0.556 (1500) 14.6 (1000)

3 34.1 (195) 3.44 (365 000) 0.556 (1500) 14.6 (1000)

4 32.4 (185) 2.87 (305 000) 0.500 (1350) 14.6 (1000)

1 1 65.7 (375) 7.91 (840 000) 0.982 (2650) 16.8 (1150)

2 48.2 (275) 6.59 (700 000) 0.704 (1900) 16.8 (1150)

3 48.2 (275) 5.27 (560 000) 0.704 (1900) 16.8 (1150)

4 44.7 (255) 4.38 (465 000) 0.649 (1750) 16.8 (1150)

1-1/8 1 66.5 (380) 10.36 (1 100 000) 1.205 (3250) 18.3 (1250)

2 49.0 (280) 8.52 (905 000) 0.871 (2350) 18.3 (1250)

3 49.0 (280) 6.83 (725 000) 0.871 (2350) 18.3 (1250)

4 45.5 (260) 5.70 (605 000) 0.816 (2200) 18.3 (1250)
36

Bending strength — A minimum of 10 tests (specimens taken from ten different panels) shall 

be evaluated for bending strength both along and across the major panel axis according to the 

procedures of Section 6.2.3. At least 95% of the specimens tested along the major axis 

direction shall meet the value given in Table 9 for the Performance Category tested.

Planar shear strength — A minimum of ten tests (specimens taken from ten different panels) 

shall be tested for planar shear strength along the major panel axis according to the procedures 

of Section 6.2.4. At least 95% of the tests shall meet the planar shear strength value along the 

major axis given in Table 9 for the Performance Category tested.

Shear Through Thickness Strength — A minimum of ten tests (specimens taken from ten 

different panels) shall be tested for shear strength through the thickness according to the 

procedures of Section 6.2.5. At least 95% of tests shall meet the shear-through-the-thickness 

strength value given in Table 9 for the Performance Category tested.

5.8.7.3 Bond Performance

Panels shall be classified as “Exposure 1” or “Exterior”.

Exposure 1 — Panels rated as “Exposure 1” shall be so identified and shall satisfy the bond 

requirements as specified in Section 5.7.1.

Exterior — Panels rated as “Exterior” shall be so identified and shall satisfy the bond 

requirements as specified in Section 5.7.2.

5.8.7.4 Product evaluation 

Mill specification

Upon conformance with the requirements specified in Sections 5.8.7.2 and 5.8.7.3 a mill

specification (see Section 2.35) unique to the product and mill shall be written based on the 

outcome of product evaluation. The mill specification shall be used for quality assurance 

purposes by the manufacturer, the Accredited Certification Agency, the Accredited Inspection 

Agency and the Accredited Testing Laboratory specified in Section 7.

Reference values shall be established during product evaluation or from applicable performance 

requirements in this Standard. The mill specification shall contain the following information:

Panel construction — Panels shall be defined as to veneer species and construction.

Thickness — The reference value shall be the average panel thickness minus 1.932 standard 

deviations (the 95% lower tolerance limit at 75% confidence) for 20 panels as sampled under 

Section 5.8.7.1 and tested under Section 5.8.7.2.

Mechanical Properties

Bending stiffness — The reference values for each panel direction shall be the lower value of 

a 90% confidence interval established on the mean for each panel direction (see ASTM D 

2915).

Bending strength — The reference values for each panel direction shall be the minimum 

observed value, or the sample mean minus 1.8 times the sample standard deviation, whichever 

is the higher value for each panel direction.

Planar shear strength — The reference value shall be the minimum observed value, or the 

sample mean less 1.8 times the sample standard deviation whichever is the higher value
37

Shear-through-the-thickness strength — The reference value shall be the minimum observed 

value, or the sample mean less 1.8 times the sample standard deviation, whichever is the

higher value.

As an alternative to establishing reference values for mechanical properties based on the 

outcome of performance evaluation, the performance tests and acceptance criteria specified in 

Section 5.8.7.2 may also be used for quality assurance purposes by the manufacturer, 

Accredited Certification Agency, and Accredited Testing Agency. When this is the case, it shall 

be clearly stated in the mill specification.

5.9 Scarf and finger jointed panels

Neither panels with N faces, nor the face veneers of such panels, unless longer than 3 m (10 ft), 

shall be scarf or finger jointed unless otherwise agreed to by buyer and seller. Panels of other 

grades shall be permitted to be scarf or finger jointed unless otherwise agreed to by buyer and 

seller, and panels longer than 3.7 m (12 ft) are necessarily scarf or finger-jointed. Plain scarfed 

joints and the scarfed portion of finger joints shall not have a slope greater than 1 to 8. All plies 

with grain perpendicular to the finger joint shall be included in the scarfed portions of the joint, 

except that such plies shall be permitted to include up to 0.8 mm (1/32 in) of vertical shoulder in 

the scarf (see Figure 1). Joints shall be bonded with a moisture-resistant adhesive and shall 

meet the test requirements set forth in Sections 5.9.1, 5.9.2, and 5.9.3 as applicable. In 

addition, the adhesive shall not show creep or flow characteristics greater than unjointed wood 

when subject to load under any conditions of temperature and moisture.

Figure 1. Finger joints – Location of scarfed portion of joints.
38

5.9.1 Strength requirements for scarf and finger jointed panels

If the average ultimate stress of the three test specimens of any one panel is less than

27.6 MPa (4000 psi) for panels of Group 1 species, or less than 19.3 MPa (2800 psi) for panels 

of Group 2 or Group 3 species, or less than 16.5 MPa (2400 psi) for panels of Group 4 species, 

or less than 13.8 MPa (2000 psi) for panels of Group 5 species, when tested in accordance with 

Section 6.1.5.1, then that panel shall fail. The jointed panels represented by a sampling of ten 

panels shall be acceptable if not more than one of the panels fails and the average ultimate 

stress of the failing panel is at least 80% of that specified for the applicable species group. If 

the average ultimate stress of the failing panel is at least 75% of that specified for the applicable 

species group, another series of ten panels shall be tested. If none of the panels in this series 

fails, the jointed panels shall be accepted; otherwise they shall be rejected.

5.9.2 Scarf joint bond performance for Exposure 1 and Exterior plywood

Panels shall be tested in accordance with Section 6.1.5.2. The material represented by the 

sampling shall be evaluated in accordance with Sections 5.7.1 and 5.7.2, as applicable.

5.9.3 Finger joint bond performance for Exposure 1 and Exterior plywood

Panels shall be tested in accordance with Section 6.1.5.3. The joints shall meet all of the 

following minimum conditions:

(a) The average wood failure rating of all specimens from each panel when tested in 

accordance with Section 6.1.5.3 shall be not less than 85%.

(b) No single specimen from a panel (average of face and back bond lines) shall rate 

less than 60% wood failure.

(c) No single face or back bond line in any specimen shall rate less than 30% wood 

failure.

5.10 Dimensional tolerances and squareness of panels

Panel measurements shall be based on a moisture content of 9%.

NOTE: The moisture content of 9% is consistent with NIST Handbook 133 – Checking the Net 

Contents of Packaged Goods.

5.10.1 Size tolerances

A length and a width measurement shall be made at a location 50 mm to 75 mm (2 in to 3 in) from 

the panel edge. A tolerance of plus zero (0) mm, minus 1.6 mm (1/16 in) shall be allowed on the 

manufacturer’s stated length and/or width. Where panels are marked "sized for spacing” a 

tolerance of plus zero (0) mm, minus 3.2 mm (1/8 in) shall be allowed on the manufacturer's stated 

length and/or width. (See Section 2.56).

ADVISORY NOTE: For tongue-and-groove and ship-lapped panels, the width and squareness 

measurements should be made on the net panel face.

5.10.2 Performance category and thickness tolerances

Panel thickness shall be measured with a micrometer having 19.1 mm (3/4 in) (minus 0, plus 

1.3 mm [0.050 in]) diameter anvils. Measurements shall be taken at an applied anvil pressure of 

not less than 34 kPa (5 psi) or more than 69 kPa (10 psi). The location of the measurements
39

shall be representative of panel thickness mid-length, ± 50 mm (2 in) along each edge of the 

panel and the average of the four measurements shall be taken as the thickness of that panel. 

If a measurement point contains a permissible grade characteristic that affects panel thickness, 

then the measurement point shall be shifted from that point.

The panel thickness shall conform to Table 10.

TABLE 10. PLYWOOD THICKNESS REQUIREMENTS

Thickness Requirements for 

Unsanded, Touch Sanded and

Overlaid Grades(a)

Thickness Requirements for 

Sanded Grades(b)

PERFORMANCE 

CATEGORY(c)

Minimum 

Thickness, mm (in)

Maximum 

Thickness, mm (in)

Minimum 

Thickness, mm (in)

Maximum 

Thickness, mm (in)

1/4 PERF CAT 5.56 (0.219) 7.14 (0.281) 5.95 (0.234) 6.75 (0.266)

5/16 PERF CAT 7.14 (0.281) 8.73 (0.344) 7.54 (0.297) 8.33 (0.328)

11/32 PERF CAT 7.94 (0.313) 9.53 (0.375) 8.33 (0.328) 9.13 (0.359)

3/8 PERF CAT 8.73 (0.344) 10.32 (0.406) 9.13 (0.359) 9.92 (0.391)

7/16 PERF CAT 10.32 (0.406) 11.91 (0.469) 10.72 (0.422) 11.51 (0.453)

15/32 PERF CAT 11.11 (0.438) 12.70 (0.500) 11.51 (0.453) 12.30 (0.484)

1/2 PERF CAT 11.91 (0.469) 13.49 (0.531) 12.30 (0.484) 13.10 (0.516)

9/16 PERF CAT 13.49 (0.531) 15.08 (0.594) 13.89 (0.547) 14.68 (0.578)

19/32 PERF CAT 14.29 (0.563) 15.88 (0.625) 14.68 (0.578) 15.48 (0.609)

5/8 PERF CAT 15.08 (0.594) 16.67 (0.656) 15.48 (0.609) 16.27 (0.641)

11/16 PERF CAT 16.67 (0.656) 18.26 (0.719) 17.07 (0.672) 17.86 (0.703)

23/32 PERF CAT 17.46 (0.688) 19.05 (0.750) 17.86 (0.703) 18.65 (0.734)

3/4 PERF CAT 18.26 (0.719) 19.84 (0.781) 18.65 (0.734) 19.45 (0.766)

13/16 PERF CAT 19.84 (0.781) 21.43 (0.844) 20.02 (0.788) 21.26 (0.837)

7/8 PERF CAT 21.11 (0.831) 23.34 (0.916) 21.56 (0.849) 22.89 (0.901)

1 PERF CAT 24.13 (0.950) 26.67 (1.050) 24.64 (0.970) 26.16 (1.030)

1-1/8 PERF CAT 27.15 (1.069) 30.00 (1.181) 27.72 (1.091) 29.43 (1.159)

1-1/4 PERF CAT 30.16 (1.188) 33.34 (1.313) 30.80 (1.213) 32.70 (1.288)

(a) Thickness requirements for unsanded, touch sanded, and overlaid panels are based on a tolerance of ± 0.8 mm (1/32 in) 

for panels with Performance Categories of 13/16 and less and ± 5% for panels with Performance Categories greater 

than13/16 unless a closer tolerance is determined through qualification testing.

(b) Thickness requirements for sanded panels is based on a tolerance of ± 0.4 mm (1/64 in) for panels with Performance 

Categories of 3/4 and less and ± 3.0% for panels with Performance Categories greater than 3/4 unless a closer tolerance 

is determined through qualification testing.

(c) For labeling purposes, abbreviation of “Performance Category” by PERF CAT, CAT or Category is permitted. 

Performance Categories for other panel thicknesses are permitted.

5.10.3 Squareness and straightness

Panels shall be square within 1.3 mm per lineal meter of the longest edge (1/64 in per lineal 

foot) measured along the diagonals. All panels shall be manufactured so that a straight line 

drawn from one corner to the adjacent corner is within 1.6 mm (1/16 in) of the panel edge.

5.11 Moisture content

Moisture content of panels at time of shipment shall not exceed 18% when tested in accordance 

with Section 6.1.4.

5.12 Loading or packing

The plywood shall be securely loaded or packaged to ensure delivery to destination in a clean 

and serviceable condition.
40

6. SPECIMEN PREPARATION AND TESTING

6.1 Bond classification

6.1.1 General

The tests set forth in this section shall be used to determine the adhesive bond quality of 

plywood produced under this Standard.

6.1.2 Specimen preparation (see appendix B for sampling for reinspection)

One test piece shall be cut from each panel selected. From each test piece, 10 test specimens 

shall be cut as specified in Section 6.1.3.1. Additional specimens may be cut and tested at the 

discretion of the Accredited Certification Agency or the Accredited Testing Laboratory. Of the 10 

specimens cut from each test piece, 5 specimens shall be for the vacuum-pressure test (see 

Section 6.1.3.2) and 5 specimens shall be for the boil test (see Section 6.1.3.3). In addition, 

from each panel selected, one specimen measuring 140 mm (5-1/2 in) by 203 mm (8 in) shall 

be cut and tested as specified in Section 6.1.3.4.

6.1.3 Tests for Exposure 1 and Exterior plywood

Specimen preparation shall follow the general principles of the procedures specifically 

prescribed herein.

6.1.3.1 Preparation of test specimens

Test specimens taken as specified in Section 6.1.2 shall be cut 82.6 mm (3-1/4 in) long by

25.4 mm (1 in) wide, and kerfed one-third of the length of the specimen from each end, as 

illustrated in Figure 2, to provide a 25.4 mm (1 in) square test area in the center. Specimens 

shall be oriented so that the grain direction of the ply under test is oriented at a 90° angle to the 

length of the specimen. Kerfing shall extend two-thirds of the way through the ply under test, 

and shall not penetrate the next bond line. For overlaid plywood, the additional 10 specimens 

for testing of bond between veneers shall be cut as specified in this section for Exterior 

specimens except that they shall be cut 25.4 mm (1 in) wide and 76.2 mm (3 in) long, and 

kerfed just through the overlay 25.4 mm (1 in) from the end, on each overlay face.

Figure 2. Shear test specimens.

If the number of plies exceeds three, the cuts shall be made so as to test any two of the joints, 

but the additional plies need not be stripped except as demanded by the limitations of the width
41

of the retaining jaws on the testing device. When required to accommodate thicker plywood, 

special jaws shall be constructed. If the number of plies exceeds three, the choice of joints to 

be tested shall be left to the discretion of the Accredited Certification Agency or Accredited 

Testing Laboratory, but at least one-half of the tests shall include the innermost joints.

6.1.3.2 Vacuum-pressure test

The test specimen shall be placed in a pressure vessel and submerged in cold tap water. A 

vacuum of 83.5 kPa to 98.5 kPa (24.7 inches to 29.0 inches of mercury) shall be drawn and 

maintained for 30 minutes, followed immediately with application of 450 kPa to 480 kPa (65 psi 

to 70 psi) of pressure for 30 minutes duration. Specimens shall then be removed from the 

vessel and tested while wet by tension loading to failure in a shear testing machine operated at 

a maximum head travel of 762 mm (30 in) per minute. The jaws of the machine shall securely 

grip the specimens so there is no slippage. The percentage of wood failure of each specimen 

shall be visually determined in the dry condition to the nearest 5% in accordance with ASTM 

D5266. For the purposes of evaluating product conformance to the requirements specified in 

Sections 5.7.1 and 5.7.2, the average wood failure for each panel and for the lot, regardless of 

the number of panels tested, shall be calculated to the nearest 1%.

The bond between veneers in overlaid plywood shall be tested in an identical manner and 

evaluated as specified in Section 5.7.2.2. Specimens for testing the bond between the overlay 

and the base panel shall be subjected to the same test cycle just described. The bond between 

the overlay and the base panel shall be tested by inserting a sharp, thin blade of adequate 

stiffness into the corner of the 25.4 mm (1 in) test area at the overlay-veneer interface, taking 

care not to cut into the overlay, and attempting to peel the overlay off. Reinsertion of the blade 

several times shall be permitted if necessary, to remove the overlay from the 6.5 cm2 (1 in2

) 

area. The percentage of wood and/or fiber failure shall then be visually determined with 

specimens in the dry condition in accordance with ASTM. For the purpose of evaluating product 

conformance to the requirements specified in Section 5.7.2.2, the average wood and/or fiber 

failure for each panel and for the lot, regardless of the number of panels tested, shall be 

calculated to the nearest 1%.

6.1.3.3 Boiling test

Test specimens shall be boiled in water for 4 hours and then dried for 20 hours at a temperature 

of 63 °C ± 3 °C (145 °F ± 5 °F) with sufficient air circulation to lower moisture content of the 

specimens to a maximum of 8%. The specimens shall be boiled again for a period of 4 hours, 

cooled in water, and tested while wet by tension loading to failure in a shear testing machine 

operated at a maximum head travel of 762 mm (30 in) per minute. Jaws of the machine shall 

securely grip the specimens so there is no slippage. The percentage of wood failure of each 

specimen shall be visually determined in the dry condition to the nearest 5% in accordance with 

ASTM D5266. For the purposes of evaluating product conformance to the requirements 

specified in Sections 5.7.1 and 5.7.2, the average wood failure for each panel and for the lot, 

regardless of the number of panels tested, shall be calculated to the nearest 1%.

The bond between veneers in overlaid plywood shall be tested in an identical manner and 

evaluated as specified in Section 5.7.2.2. Specimens to test the bond between the overlay and 

the base panels shall be subjected to the same test cycle specified in the previous paragraph. 

The bond between the overlay and the base panel shall be tested by inserting a sharp, thin 

blade of adequate stiffness into the corner of the 25.4 mm (1 in) test area at the overlay-veneer 

interface, taking care not to cut into the overlay, and attempting to peel the overlay off.
42

Reinsertion of the blade several times shall be permitted if necessary, to remove the overlay 

from the 6.5 cm2 (1 in2

) area. The percentage of wood and/or fiber failure shall then be visually 

determined with specimens in the dry condition in accordance with ASTM D5266. For the 

purpose of evaluating product conformance to the requirements specified in Section 5.7.2.2, the 

average wood and/or fiber failure for each panel and for the lot, regardless of the number of 

panels tested, shall be calculated to the nearest 1%.

6.1.3.4 Heat performance test

A specimen cut as specified in Section 6.1.2 shall be placed on a stand as illustrated in 

Figure 3. The specimen shall then be subjected to an 800 °C to 900 °C (1472 °F to 1652 °F) 

flame from a Bunsen-type burner for a period of 10 minutes, or until a brown charred area

appears on the back side, whichever occurs first. The burner shall be equipped with a wing top 

to envelop the entire width of the specimen in flame. The top of the burner shall be 25.4 mm (1 

in) from the specimen face and the flame 38.1 mm (1-1/2 in) high. The flame shall impinge on 

the face of the specimen 50.8 mm (2 in) from the bottom end. After the test, the sample shall be 

removed from the stand and the bond lines examined for delamination by separating the

charred plies with a sharp, chisel-like instrument. Specimens shall be evaluated according to 

the requirements specified in Section 5.7.2.1.

Figure 3. Apparatus for heat durability test.

6.1.4 Test for determination of moisture content (oven-drying method)

The moisture content of the plywood shall be determined as follows: A small test specimen 

shall be cut from each sample panel; the test specimen shall measure not less than 58 cm2

(9 in2

) in area and shall weigh not less than 20 grams (approximately 3/4 ounce). All loose

splinters shall be removed from the specimen. The specimen shall be immediately weighed on 

a scale that is accurate to ±0.5%, and the weight shall be recorded as the “original” weight. The 

specimen shall then be dried in an oven at 101° C to 105° C (214° F to 221° F) until constant 

weight is attained. After drying, the specimen shall be reweighed immediately, and this weight 

shall be recorded as the “oven-dry” weight. The moisture content shall be calculated as follows:
43

(Original weight) - (Oven dry weight) ×100 = Moisture content (%) (Oven dry weight)

6.1.5 Scarf and finger-joint tests

6.1.5.1 Scarf and finger-joint strength

Three test specimens shall be cut at random along each joint from each panel selected. Type, 

grade and species of the panels shall be recorded. The specimens shall be cut so as to include 

the joint and shall be prepared as illustrated in Figure 4.

Figure 4. Tension specimen for scarf jointed panels.

Insofar as possible, the joint test area shall contain no localized natural characteristics permitted 

within the grade. At the joint, the maximum thickness and width of plies parallel with the load 

shall be recorded. Each specimen shall then be placed in the tension grips of a testing machine 

and loaded continuously at a rate of cross-head travel of from 0.8 mm to 1.0 mm (0.030 in to 

0.040 in) per minute until failure, and the ultimate load shall be recorded. The ultimate stress in 

MPa (psi) shall be computed using the ultimate load and area of those plies whose grain is 

parallel with direction of load. Moisture content of the specimens at the time of testing shall not 

exceed 16% as determined in accordance with the procedures specified in Section 6.1.4.

6.1.5.2 Scarf joint bond performance of Exterior and Exposure 1 plywood

Ten test specimens shall be cut at random along each joint from each panel selected according 

to Section 6.1.2. The specimens shall be prepared following the general procedure specified in 

Section 6.1.3.1 and shall be cut so that the joint runs through the test specimens as shown in 

Figure 5.

Figure 5. Specimen preparation.
44

Five specimens shall be subjected to the vacuum-pressure test specified in Section 6.1.3.2, and 

five to the boiling test of Section 6.1.3.3. The percentage of wood failure of each specimen shall 

be visually determined in the dry condition to the nearest 5% in accordance with ASTM D5266. 

For the purposes of evaluating product conformance to the requirements specified in Sections

5.7.1 and 5.7.2, the average wood failure for each panel and for the lot, regardless of the 

number of panels tested, shall be calculated to the nearest 1%.

6.1.5.3 Finger-joint bond performance of Exterior and Exposure 1 

Ten specimens shall be cut at random along the finger joint from each panel selected according 

to Section 6.1.2. These specimens shall be cut so as to include the joint and shall be prepared 

as illustrated in Figure 6.

Figure 6. Cleavage test, typical test specimen.

Five of the specimens shall be subjected to the vacuum-pressure test of Section 6.1.3.2 and five 

to the boiling test of Section 6.1.3.3.

Upon completion of the applicable moisture cycle(s), a wedge or chisel (see Figure 7) shall be 

inserted in locations shown in Figure 6 in such a manner as to pry apart the scarfed portions of 

the joint without directly contacting the bonded area. Test specimens shall be dried and percent 

wood failure in the test area estimated and applied separately for both the boil and vacuumpressure treatments. The panels shall be evaluated as specified in Section 5.9.3.

Figure 7. Wedge or chisel used for cleavage test.

6.2 Structural performance

6.2.1 Tests for performance under concentrated static and impact loads

6.2.1.1 General

The general provisions of ASTM E661 shall be followed as modified herein.

6.2.1.2 Specimen preparation

The required number of test specimens shall be as specified in Section 5.8.6.2. The test span
45

shall be 19.2 inch for the span rating of 20.

Test specimens shall be prepared and conditioned as specified in ASTM E661 and Table 7 as 

applicable to the intended end use/span rating. The dry test condition shall be within ± 3% of the 

manufacturer’s as-shipped moisture content. The wet test condition shall be exposure to three 

days of continuous one-sided wetting on the panel face, then tested wet.

The wet/redry condition shall be exposure to three days of continuous one-sided wetting on the 

panel face, followed by drying at 20 °C ± 3 °C (65 °F ± 5 °F). The panel moisture content at the 

time of testing for the wet/redry condition shall be within ± 3% of the manufacturer’s as-shipped 

moisture content.

6.2.1.3 Test procedure

Concentrated static — Procedures of ASTM E 661 shall be followed, except the test frame 

shall be constructed of lumber with nails or of steel using fasteners that simulate nails. The 

loading rate shall be 445 N (100 lbf) per 30 seconds to yield failure within 5 minutes if a handpumped hydraulic loading system is used.

Concentrated impact — Procedures of ASTM E 661 Method A shall be followed, except:

(a) The test frame shall be constructed of lumber with nails or of steel using 

fasteners that simulate nails.

(b) For span ratings greater than 24 o.c., the shot bag shall weigh 27 kg (60 

pounds).

The width of individual pieces in assembling a test shall be 610 mm (24 in) or greater for span 

ratings up to 24 o.c., and 1220 mm (48 in) for greater span ratings.

6.2.2 Test for performance under uniform loads

6.2.2.1 General

This method shall determine the performance of structural-use panels under uniform loads such 

as snow, wind, and occupancy loads. The uniform load is applied by atmospheric pressure as a 

vacuum is drawn under the test specimen, which is mounted on fully-supported framing 

members in a vacuum chamber.

6.2.2.2 Equipment

Vacuum chamber — The vacuum chamber (see Figure 8) shall consist of a sealed box with 

the panel to be tested forming the top. A 0.15 mm (6 mil or 0.006 in) polyethylene sheet or 

equivalent, the perimeter of which is attached securely with tape, shall seal the top surface of 

the vacuum chamber. The chamber shall be strong and rigid to resist the applied load without 

failure or excessive deformation. A vacuum pump shall be used to reduce the air pressure 

under the specimen. The load shall be measured with absolute pressure gages for electronic 

data readout, but manometers or vacuum gages shall also be permitted.
46

Figure 8. Vacuum chamber test equipment.

Joist supports — The framing members shall be spaced at the intended span rating, except 

that the 20 span rating shall have framing spaced 19.2 inches on center. Framing shall be 

supported so as to resist deflection or rotation under applied load.

Deflection gages — The deflection gages shall be mounted to rigid tripods whose legs rest 

above the joists. Deflection shall be measured to the nearest 0.03 mm (0.001 in).

6.2.2.3 Specimen preparation

Samples shall be selected that are representative of the product being tested. The required 

number of test specimens shall be as specified in Section 5.8.6.2.

Length — The specimen length perpendicular to the framing member shall be equal to twice 

the center-to-center spacing.

Width — The specimen width shall be at least 597 mm (23-1/2 in).

Thickness — The specimen thickness shall be measured after conditioning and recorded.

Test specimens shall be conditioned according to the intended end use/span rating as specified 

in Table 8. The dry test condition shall be within ± 3% of the manufacturer’s as-shipped 

moisture content. The wet/redry condition shall be exposure to three days of continuous onesided wetting on the panel face, followed by drying at 20 °C ± 3 °C (65 °F ± 5 °F). The panel 

moisture content at the time of testing for the wet/redry condition shall be within ± 3% of the 

manufacturer’s as-shipped moisture content.
47

6.2.2.4 Test procedure

After conditioning, the specimen to be tested shall be mounted on the framing members in the 

vacuum chamber in accordance with the anticipated joist spacing and the recommended nail 

size and spacing. The top of the vacuum chamber shall then be sealed with the polyethylene 

sheet, and the tripod holding the deflection gages set in its proper position with the gages 

positioned to read deflection at the point of maximum deflection1 of the two outer spans 

(Figure 9).

Figure 9. Uniform-load test specimens.

The panel shall be loaded at a uniform rate of 2.4 kPa (50 lbf/ft2

) per minute and deflections 

recorded at 1.2 kPa (25 lbf/ft2

) increments until maximum load is achieved or until the desired 

proof load is achieved, as required. Deflection data shall be required only in sufficient numbers 

to develop the straight-line portion of the load-deflection curve. In no case shall the number of 

data points be less than six. Deflection at a given load shall be determined by translating the 

slope to pass through the origin, thereby correcting for any settling of the system.

6.2.3 Test for panel bending

6.2.3.1 General

This test procedure shall provide the basic data regarding full panel bending strength and 

stiffness. The general provisions of ASTM D 3043 Method C shall be followed.

6.2.3.2 Specimen preparation

The required number of test specimens shall be as specified in Sections 5.8.6.4 or 5.8.7.2, as 

applicable to the panel type and test objectives. Specimens shall be prepared according to 

ASTM D 3043 Method C.

1 The point of maximum deflection for a uniformly loaded two-span system shall occur at 0.4215 (S) 

measured from the centerline of the outer joist, where S equals the center-to-center joist spacing.
48

3

6.2.3.3 Test procedure

The procedures of ASTM D 3043 Method C shall be followed except specimens shall be tested 

for stiffness both along and across the major panel axis, and the maximum bending moment 

shall be taken as required.

6.2.4 Test for planar shear strength

6.2.4.1 General

This test procedure shall determine the shear strength of plywood panels associated with shear 

distortion of the planes parallel to the edge planes of the panel. The general provisions of 

ASTM D 2718 shall be followed.

6.2.4.2 Specimen preparation

The required number of test specimens shall be as specified in Sections 5.8.7.2. Specimens 

shall be prepared in accordance with ASTM D 2718. Specimens shall be prepared to evaluate 

planar shear with the face grain direction parallel to the long dimension

6.2.4.3 Test procedure

The procedures of ASTM D 2718 (Method A or Method B) shall be followed. Lumber side 

plates may be used in lieu of steel plates in Method A. The planar shear strength shall be 

measured parallel to the face grain direction. The planar shear strength shall be reported as a 

planar shear capacity, Fs (Ib/Q), calculated in accordance with equation [1].

Equation [1] FF ( II bb 2

ss QQ ) = ( ) kk1 ffvv ttss

Where:

FF ( II bb ) = Planar shear capacity, N/mm of panel width (lbf/ft of panel width), ss QQ

k1 = a conversion factor = 1 mm/mm for SI units or 12 in/ft for imperial units,

ƒv = Planar shear strength determined from ASTM D2718 Method A or B, N/mm2 (psi), and

ts = Planar shear specimen thickness, mm (in)

6.2.5 Test for shear-through-the-thickness strength

6.2.5.1 General

This test procedure shall determine the shear strength when loads are developed along 

opposite edges of panels. The general provisions of ASTM D 2719 Method C shall be followed.

6.2.5.2 Specimen preparation

The required number of test specimens shall be as specified in Sections 5.8.7.2. Specimens 

shall be prepared in accordance with ASTM D 2719 Method C – Two Rail Test.

6.2.5.3 Test procedure

The procedures of ASTM D 2719 Method C shall be followed. The shear-through-the-thickness 

strength shall be reported as a through-the-thickness shear capacity, Fvtv as calculated in 

accordance with Equation [2]:

Equation [2] Fvtv = T × tv
49

Where:

Fvtv = Shear-through-the-thickness capacity, N/mm of panel thickness (lbf/in of panel 

thickness),

T = Maximum shear-through-the-thickness stress determined from ASTM D2719 Method C,

N/mm2 (psi), and

tv = Shear-through-the-thickness specimen thickness, mm (in)

7. MARKING AND CERTIFICATION

7.1 Certification

Plywood represented as being in conformance with this Standard shall bear the mark of an 

Accredited Certification Agency (see Section 7.2). The mark shall retain legibility after weather 

exposure during construction.

Plywood that bears the mark of an Accredited Certification Agency requires an initial and 

ongoing periodic inspections of the manufacturing and quality processes used to produce the 

product, by an Accredited Inspection Agency and periodic testing by an Accredited Testing 

Laboratory using specific methods and performance criteria to verify initial and ongoing product 

conformity to this Standard.

The Accredited Inspection Agency and Accredited Testing Laboratory shall be approved by the 

Accredited Certification Agency.

Testing by a manufacturer’s testing laboratory shall be permitted if approved by the Accredited 

Certification Agency.

7.1.1 Marks indicating conformance with this Standard shall be applied to plywood products 

when certified by the Accredited Certification Agency based on either 7.1.1.1 or 7.1.1.2.

7.1.1.1 Plywood shall meet the prescriptive requirements of this Standard, specified in Sections

5.1 through 5.8.5, including adhesive bond tests.

7.1.1.2 Plywood shall meet the performance requirements of this Standard, specified in Section

5.8.6 or 5.8.7.

7.2 Accredited Certification Agency

7.2.1 To qualify as an Accredited Certification Agency in accordance with this Standard, a 

Certification Agency shall be accredited in accordance with ISO/IEC 17065, Conformity 

assessment – Requirements for bodies certifying products, processes and services by an 

accreditation body that is a signatory to the International Accreditation Forum (IAF) Multilateral 

Recognition Agreement (MRA). The Certification Agency’s scope of accreditation or the 

corresponding list of standards provided to the Accreditation Body shall include a reference to 

this PS 1 Standard.

7.2.2 Outsourcing (subcontracting)

7.2.2.1 If an Accredited Certification Agency subcontracts any part of the evaluation, to include 

inspection or testing, it shall comply with the requirements of ISO/IEC 17065 Section 6.2.2.
50

NOTE: Consistent with ISO/IEC 17065, use of external personnel under contract is not 

considered outsourcing provided such persons are formally contracted to operate under the 

Certification Agency’s accredited management system. In doing so, the Certification Agency 

shall take responsibility for the competence, awareness, and training for such individuals as 

specified in ISO/IEC 17065 and, for the purposes of persons contracted to perform inspections, 

the requirements specified in ISO/IEC 17020 as required by ISO/IEC 17065 Section 6.2.1.

7.2.2.2 Whenever subcontractors carry out work that forms part of an inspection or test, the 

responsibility for any determination of conformity of the inspected or tested item to the 

requirements defined or referenced in this Standard shall remain with the Accredited 

Certification Agency.

7.2.2.3 The Accredited Certification Agency shall record the details of its investigation of the 

competence of its subcontractors and of their conformance to the requirements specified or 

referenced in ISO/IEC 17065 and the requirements specified in this Standard. The Accredited 

Certification Agency shall maintain a register of approved subcontractors.

7.3 Accredited Inspection Agency

7.3.1 To qualify as an Accredited Inspection Agency in accordance with this Standard, an 

Inspection Agency shall “be accredited in accordance with ISO/IEC 17020, Conformity 

assessment – Requirements for the operations of various types of bodies performing inspection 

by an accreditation body that is a signatory to the International Accreditation Forum (IAF) 

Multilateral Recognition Agreement (MRA) and shall:

7.3.1.1 Have trained personnel capable of conducting inspections of structural plywood products 

and the manufacturing and quality processes used to produce such products according to the 

requirements of ISO/IEC 17020 and this Standard.

7.3.1.2 Have trained personnel able to conduct or oversee sampling for testing as specified in 

this Standard.

7.4 Accredited Testing Laboratory

7.4.1 To qualify as an Accredited Testing Laboratory in accordance with this standard, a 

Testing Laboratory shall be accredited in accordance with ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements 

for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories; by an accreditation body who is a 

signatory to the International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) Mutual Recognition 

Agreement (MRA). An Accredited Testing Laboratory that conducts testing to meet the 

requirements of this Standard must have those tests under their scope of accreditation and 

shall:

7.4.1.1 Have access to the facilities, equipment, and competent technical personnel to test 

structural plywood products according to the requirements and test methods specified in this 

Standard.

7.4.1.2 Have procedures to be followed by its personnel in the performance of the testing.

7.5 Panel marking

All panels represented as conforming to this Standard shall be identified with marks giving the 

following information:

(a) Species group number, span rating and class — Unless otherwise provided, 

panels which are produced with face and back veneers of the same species
51

group shall be identified as being of that species group. Touch-sanded panels 

without span ratings that are manufactured with face and back plies of different 

species groups shall be identified by the larger numbered species group (i.e., 

Group 4 is larger numbered than Group 1). Sanded panels with Performance 

Category of 3/8 or less, and Decorative panels of any Performance Category, 

that are manufactured with face and back plies of different species groups shall 

be identified by the face species group number. Sanded panels with 

Performance Category greater than 3/8 that are manufactured with face and 

back plies of different species groups shall be identified by the larger numbered 

species group, except that sanded panels with C or D grade backs shall be 

permitted to be identified by the face species group number if backs are no more 

than one species group larger in number than the face and are 3.2 mm (1/8 inch) 

or thicker before sanding. A class number as specified in Section 5.6.4 shall be 

used in lieu of a species group number to identify concrete form panels. A span 

rating shall be used for grades as specified in Section 5.8.5. Other than span 

rated panels qualified through performance testing in accordance with Section 

5.8.7, panels shall be identified with the Group classification determined in 

accordance with Section 5.8.7.1.

(b) Bond Classification — The panel mark shall include the Exterior or Exposure 1 

bond classification. Any further reference to adhesive bond, including those 

which imply premium performance or special warranty by the manufacturer, as 

well as manufacturer's proprietary designations, shall be separated from the 

mark of the Accredited Certification Agency per the Accredited Certification 

Agency’s policy.

(c) The grade name or the grade of face and back veneers or a mark of an 

Accredited Certification Agency. If identified by such a mark, the product 

specification shall be available from the Accredited Certification Agency whose 

mark appears on the panel. MDO and HDO panels with one working face shall 

include “One Working Face” or “1S” within the grade declaration. MDO and HDO 

panels with two working faces may include “Two Working Faces” or “2S” within 

the grade declaration.

(d) The symbol “PS 1-22” signifying conformance with this Standard.

(e) The panel fractional Performance Category (see section 5.10.2) and term 

“Performance Category” or abbreviation (i.e., PERF CAT, CAT or Category) shall 

be labeled on the panel. In addition, the thickness in 1000ths of an inch within the 

permitted tolerance for the Performance Category shall be labeled on the panel. 

See Appendix D for a table of recommended Thickness labels.

(f) The designation “Butt-Jointed Center” for those panels manufactured with butt 

joints in center plies in accordance with Section 5.8.

7.6 Voiding marks

Panels originally marked as conforming to this Standard but subsequently rejected as not 

conforming thereto shall have any reference to the Standard obliterated or voided by the 

manufacturer as follows:
52

Shop panels shall be plainly marked by means of a 102 mm by 127 mm (4 in x 5 in) minimum 

size mark carrying the legend "Shop-cutting panel — all other agency marks void." (See 

Section 2.56.)

Other panels rejected as not conforming shall be plainly identified by a mark placed next to, and 

be no less prominent than the original mark, carrying the legend, “REJECT – All other agency 

marks void”.

No reference shall be made to this Standard in the certification or marking of panels not 

conforming to all of the applicable provisions of this Standard.

8 QUALITY ASSURANCE REQUIREMENTS

The Accredited Certification Agency shall implement an inspection and test program as 

specified in Section 8.2.

The production process and quality system of each facility producing plywood in accordance 

with this standard shall be subject to on-site audits by the Accredited Inspection Agency at a 

minimum frequency (approximately quarterly) of four times per year when certified panels are 

manufactured. In the event that a manufacturer goes more than three months without 

producing certified panels, once production restarts an audit shall be conducted in accordance 

with the Accredited Certification Agency’s program.

NOTE: In situations where travel is unsafe due to pandemic, social unrest, etc. virtual audits can 

be used in place of on-site audits.

8.1 Manufacturing Quality Program

To consistently meet the requirements of this standard, manufacturers shall implement a 

manufacturing quality program. The extent of this program is determined by the manufacturer 

but shall include at a minimum, but not be limited to, the following:

• Roles and Responsibilities for Quality Personnel

• Document and Data Control

• Procurement

• Production

• Specifications

• Inspection and Product Testing

• Control of Measuring Equipment

• Control of Nonconforming Materials

• Product Marking

• Internal Audits

• Product Performance Feedback

• Records Retention

The manufacturer’s quality program shall be documented in a Quality Manual that is reviewed 

and approved by the Accredited Certification Agency. The Quality Manual is evaluated as part 

of the Accredited Inspection Agency’s periodic audits and the results of that evaluation are 

reported to the Accredited Certification Agency.
53

8.2 Inspection and Test Program

The Accredited Certification Agency shall establish and implement an Inspection and Test 

Program to verify ongoing manufacturer and product conformity to the mill specification and the 

requirements of this Standard. At a minimum, the Inspection and Test Program shall include the 

following:

8.2.1 At least annually (approximately every 12 calendar months):

8.2.1.1 Assessment that the mill specifications for each mill are appropriate for the product 

being certified.

8.2.1.2 A review of manufacturer’s Quality Manual. Updates to the Quality Manual shall be 

prepared by the manufacturer and submitted to the Accredited Certification Agency for review 

and approval. If the manufacturer made no updates to the Quality Manual in that year the 

manufacturer needs to notify the Accredited Certification Agency that no updates were done.

8.2.2 At least semiannually (approximately every 6 calendar months):

8.2.2.1 Inspection of species, construction, panel grade, and thickness conformity with this 

Standard.

8.2.3 At least quarterly (approximately every 3 calendar months):

8.2.3.1 The production and quality system of each production facility producing plywood in 

accordance with this Standard shall undergo on-site audits by the Accredited Inspection Agency 

at a minimum frequency of four (4) times per year. Quarterly audits shall include, at a minimum:

8.2.3.1.1 Verification of the appropriate use and legibility of panel marks to include, if 

applicable, the appropriate use of panel voiding marks as specified in Section 7.6.

8.2.3.1.2 Review of the manufacturer’s in-plant quality inspection and test data to verify ongoing product conformity to the mill specification and the requirements of this Standard.

8.2.3.2 Verification sampling and inspection shall be conducted by the Accredited Inspection 

Agency at least (4) times per year, either in conjunction with or independent from the quarterly 

audits specified in Section 8.2.3.1. The sampling requirements in Section 8.3 shall apply. 

Verification testing of the sampling identified above shall be performed by the Accredited 

Testing Laboratory or by the manufacturer’s testing laboratory if it has been approved by the 

Accredited Certification Agency.

8.3 Sampling

8.3.1 Samples collected for inspection and/or testing as part of the Accredited Certification 

Agency’s Inspection and Test program shall be randomly sampled and shall be representative 

of the population being inspected or tested. Samples shall not be selected from lots/batches 

produced specially for sampling and inspection/testing.

8.3.2 The sampling for the Inspection and Test program shall be performed by the Accredited 

Inspection Agency or the Accredited Inspection Agency shall witness the sampling being 

performed and ensure that the samples are properly identified and traceable back to witnessing 

documentation.
54

8.3.3 If the manufacturer does not produce a given product type within the scope of 

certification during the period between regularly scheduled sampling, the Accredited 

Certification Agency shall work with the manufacturer to ensure that sampling is conducted at 

the time of the next regular production for that product type.

8.4 Corrective Action

8.4.1 When the inspection and test program reveal noncompliance with the manufacturer’s 

quality system, the mill specification, the Accredited Certification Agency’s policies and 

procedures, and/or the requirements of this Standard, the Accredited Certification Agency shall 

notify the manufacturer of all nonconformities it identifies. The manufacturer is required to take 

corrective action according to the Accredited Certification Agency’s program requirements. The 

manufacturer shall document the measures taken (or to be taken) to correct the identified 

nonconformities and to prevent them from recurring. The Accredited Certification Agency and/or 

Accredited Inspection Agency shall conduct appropriate follow-up to verify that the actions taken 

were effective in correcting the problem and preventing it from recurring.

9 EFFECTIVE DATE

The effective date of this Standard is October 2, 2023. As of the effective date, reference to PS

1-22 shall be permitted in contracts, codes, advertising, invoices, product labels, and the like, 

but no product shall be advertised or represented in any manner that would imply or tend to 

imply approval or endorsement of that product by the National Institute of Standards and

Technology, the Department of Commerce, or by the Federal Government.

10 STANDING COMMITTEE

The Standing Committee for PS 1-22 is responsible for interpretation and for consideration of 

future proposals for amendments and revisions to the Standard. The Standard Review 

Committee is responsible for drafting proposed changes to the Standard for review and

approval by the Standing Committee. The names of the Standing Committee members are 

available from the Committee’s Secretariat: Standards Coordination Office, National Institute of

Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, MS 2100, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-2100.

Comments regarding the Standard and suggestions for its amendment or revision may also be 

sent to this address or contact NIST at standards@nist.gov. 

Issues regarding interpretation or implementation of the Standard and third-party quality 

assurance policies and procedures shall be considered by a Standard Implementation Review 

Subcommittee as appointed by the Standing Committee. A request to consider such issues 

shall be made in writing to the Secretariat of the Standing Committee (NIST), who will bring it to 

the attention of the Standing Committee. Formal operating procedures developed for the 

Subcommittee shall be subject to approval by NIST. Any recommended actions by the 

Subcommittee will be reported to the Standing Committee for their consideration and action.
55

Appendix A. Species Grouping (mandatory)

A1 General

Product Standard PS 1 has included provisions for species grouping since the inception of PS 1 

in 1966. Prior to PS 1-66, U.S. plywood was manufactured in accordance with three regional 

plywood standards, Commercial Standard CS45-60 for Douglas-fir Plywood, Commercial 

Standard CS 122-60 for Western Softwood Plywood, and Commercial Standard CS 269-63 for 

Southern Pine Plywood. Grouping of wood species on the basis of similar mechanical 

properties in order to provide needed simplification in product manufacture, design, and 

specification became possible with the advent of ASTM D 2555, Methods for Establishing Clear 

Wood Strength Values.

A2 Grouping in practice

Under the provisions of PS 1, it is possible to manufacture span rated plywood Sheathing and 

Single-Floor on the basis of the species group and plywood construction. Similarly, the plywood 

group rating or plywood classification of non-span rated plywood may be determined by the 

species group and plywood construction. PS 1-83 introduced the provisions of determining 

span ratings on the basis of performance testing. PS 1-95 included a performance-based 

method for evaluating new species not listed in Table 1, made desirable because of the 

changing available timber resource for plywood production.

A3 Species grouping

Wood species in Table 1 are grouped on the basis of mechanical properties. Because bending 

stiffness and bending strength are the most important properties for many plywood uses, 

species groups were initially set up first on the basis of bending stiffness and second on the 

basis of bending strength. Past practice of the PS 1 Standing Committee has been to add new 

species to the highest existing group so long as none of the existing group properties 

assignments specified in Table A1 are reduced by the addition.

A3.1 Assignment of a species group shall be as follows:

(a) Obtain average and standard deviation data of the five important mechanical 

properties of clear, straight-grained solid wood of all species in each group in the 

green and dry condition. The five properties are bending modulus of elasticity 

(MOE), bending modulus of rupture, compression parallel to grain, shear parallel 

to grain, and compression perpendicular to grain. Property data for North 

American woods must be included in ASTM D 2555 or must be developed by the

U.S. Forest Service or by a recognized Canadian government laboratory. In 

addition, new data must be obtained using recognized statistical sampling of the 

entire growth range of the species. Foreign species are classified using data 

from the government laboratory in the respective country. Table A2 provides the 

source of data used to classify non-North American species listed in PS 1. For 

each of the five properties, the limiting property value that can be assigned to any 

group that includes that species is determined at the dry (12% for MOE, 15% for 

all other properties) and green moisture content.

(b) The maximum assignable MOE value is either the species average increased by 

10% if volume data is available in ASTM D2555 or the species average if no 

volume data exists or if it is a foreign species.

(c) The strength properties are calculated in one of the following three methods: 

Method A species in ASTM D 2555
56

Max. Assignable = (species average/variability index) – 1.18 x species standard 

deviation

Method B species in ASTM D 2555

Max. Assignable = species average – 1.48 x species standard deviation 

Domestic species with no volume data and foreign species

Max. Assignable = species average – 1.645 x species standard deviation

The maximum assignable property must meet or exceed all property values listed 

in Table A1 for the species group in order to be assigned that group.

(d) Assignment of a species group to Table 1 shall be approved by the Standing 

Committee. (See Section 5.2.)

TABLE A1. CLEAR WOOD PROPERTY ASSIGNMENTS

Species 

Group

MOE

(million psi)

Strength Property (psi)

Bending Comp Par Shear Comp Perp

Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry Wet Dry

1 1.483 1.857 5300 8064 2425 4123 665 855 193 354

2 1.249 1.588 3662 6297 1833 3163 532 692 124 221

3 1.047 1.310 3681 5985 1548 2662 524 652 123 212

4 0.924 1.146 3483 5389 1570 2630 476 633 97 152

5 0.748 1.100 2843 4345 1190 2187 387 542 73 132
57

TABLE A2. SOURCE OF DATA USED TO CLASSIFY FOREIGN SPECIES IN PLYWOOD 

PRODUCT STANDARD PS 1

Common Name or 

Trade Group

Scientific Name Source of Data

Group 1

Apitong Dipterocarpus spp. FPL 125

FPL 2242 (bearing only)

Kapur Dryobalanops aromatica

D. lanceolata

D. oblongifolia

Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34 

FPL 125

Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34

Keruing Dipterocarpus spp.

D. baudii

D. caudiferus

D. cornutus

D. crinitus

D. lowii

FPL 2242

Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34 

FPL 2242

Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34 

Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34

Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34

Caribbean Pine Pinus caribaea FPL 125

Ocote Pine Pinus oocarpa FPL 125

Group 2

Red Lauan Shorea negrosensis FPL 125

FPL 2242 (bearing only)

Tangile Shorea polysperma FPL 125

FPL 2242 (bearing only)

White Lauan Pentacme contorta FPL 125

FPL 2242 (bearing only)

Almon Shorea almon FPL 125

FPL 2242 (bearing only)

Bagtikan Parashorea plicata FPL 125

FPL 2242 (bearing only)

Mersawa Anisoptera laevis

A. marginata

Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34 

Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34

Mayapis Shorea squamata FPL 125

Meranti Parashorea lucida 

Shorea acuminata

S. singkawang

S. curtisii

S. dasyphylla

Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #5 

Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34 

Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34 

Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34

FPL 125

S. hemslevana Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34

S. leprosula

S. macroptera

Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34 

Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34

S. pauciflora

S. platyclados

Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34 

Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34

S. rugosa Malayan Forest Service Trade Leaflet #34

Group 4

Cativo Prioria copaifera FPL 125

Yale Bulletin #98 Tropical Woods (bearing only)
58

Appendix B. Reinspection Practices (nonmandatory)

B1 General

Based on industry practice, the following information is offered to plywood purchasers:

B2 Request for reinspection

Any request by the buyer for the reinspection of any item or lot of plywood certified as 

conforming to this Standard shall be directed to the seller. Lacking agreement of the buyer and 

seller as to the settlement of a complaint, the purchase, sale, or shipment of plywood certified 

as conforming to this Standard shall be construed as involving agreement to submit such 

plywood to reinspection by the Accredited Inspection Agency as directed by the Accredited 

Certification Agency whose mark was used.

B3 Responsibility of the buyer

A request for reinspection shall be made to the seller:

For panel grade — within 30 days after arrival at the first point of receipt from the mill, if the 

grade of any item, as invoiced, is in doubt;

For adhesive bond quality of Exterior panels — when delamination is visibly evident;

For adhesive bond quality of Exposure 1 — within 6 months after arrival at first point of receipt 

from the mill if delamination is visibly evident;

All plywood of disputed grade shall be kept intact and properly protected from damage and 

deterioration and from direct exposure to moisture that could interfere with a fair reinspection. 

All plywood in question shall be held for a period not to exceed 30 days after the date of request 

for reinspection. Use by the buyer of any or all of the disputed stock within the 30-day period 

shall constitute an acceptance of the used portion.

B4 Responsibility of the seller

A request for reinspection shall be promptly acknowledged by the seller following receipt of the 

request.

B5 Responsibility of the Accredited Inspection Agency conducting the reinspection 

Should either the buyer or the seller wish to have a representative present at the reinspection, 

the agency conducting the reinspection will provide all reasonable accommodation to facilitate 

that request. Any party wishing to witness the reinspection shall inform the agency of that desire 

at the time of the initial request for reinspection, and shall be responsible for any costs they 

incur in order to attend. Costs incurred by the agency performing the reinspection shall be 

assessed as noted in Section B6.

B6 Cost and assistance

The expense of reinspection shall be borne by the seller if the item, lot, or shipment in dispute 

fails to pass the reinspection as specified for in Section B7. If the plywood passes the 

reinspection, said expenses shall be borne by the buyer. The buyer shall lend all reasonable 

assistance to facilitate the reinspection.

B7 Reinspection procedures and settlement 

B7.1 Condition of plywood

All plywood designated as conforming with this Standard shall be subject to reinspection in the 

white (unfinished) only, except that concrete-form material is permitted to have a priming coat of 

a release agent. This requirement does not apply to Exposure 1 or Exterior plywood when 

tested for adhesive bond quality.
59

B7.2 Sampling for panel grade, size, and thickness reinspections

At buyer's or seller's option, grade, size, and thickness reinspections shall include all panels of 

an item whose conformance to this Standard is in dispute; however, agreement between the 

buyer and seller on a reduced basis for sampling is permitted provided at least 20% or 300 

panels, whichever is smaller and which represents only those items as invoiced which are in 

dispute, are reinspected for conformance. For reduced sampling, the quantity of panels 

selected from each disputed item shall be prorated according to the number of panels included 

in each item as invoiced. Panels found to be below grade or out of tolerance for size and 

thickness shall have improper marks obliterated and shall be remarked with appropriate 

designation with a special inspection mark registered by the Accredited Certification Agency.

B7.3 Plywood panel grade, size, and thickness reinspections

If reinspection establishes that a disputed item is more than 5% below grade or out of 

dimensional tolerance for the product description as invoiced, that product fails to pass the 

reinspection and the nonconforming panels need not be accepted. If a disputed product is 5% 

or less below grade or out of dimensional tolerance, it shall pass the reinspection and the 

disposition of the nonconforming panels shall be as agreed upon between buyer and seller. In 

addition to the above 5% grade and dimensional tolerance, a 5% tolerance shall apply 

separately to the inner ply gap limitations, including the limitations applicable to the plugged 

crossband and jointed crossband, as set forth in section 5.8.1.

B7.4 Sampling for adhesive bond quality reinspections

For test purposes, 20 panels, or 5% of the panels, whichever is less, shall be selected at 

random from the item, lot, or shipment which is in dispute. The number of panels required is 

calculated by applying the "percent panels" to the lot size and converting part panels to whole 

panels by using a rounding procedure where 0.01 to 0.49 parts are considered to be the smaller 

whole number, while 0.50 to 0.99 parts are considered to be the larger whole number. These 

panels shall be selected from locations distributed as widely as practicable throughout the 

material being sampled. When an item, lot, or shipment involves panels with different adhesive 

bond requirements as specified for in Section 5.7, testing and evaluation shall apply separately 

to each category. Sampling of Exposure 1 plywood or Exterior plywood shall be prorated on the 

basis of ratio of their volume to total volume (i.e., for shipment containing 50% Exterior, 10 

Exterior panels shall be selected), but in no case shall fewer than 10 panels of each type or 

adhesive quality be selected. Shipments of Exposure 1 plywood shall be sampled in the same 

manner as Exterior plywood.

From each of five of the panels selected, a specimen 140 mm by 203 mm (5-1/2 in x 8 in) shall 

be cut and tested as specified in Section 6.1.3.4.

B7.5 Plywood adhesive bond quality reinspections

Reinspection of the unused panels in the disputed item, lot, or shipment shall be carried out 

following the procedures set forth in Section 6, "Specimen Preparation and Testing," and 

Section B7.4. If the reinspection tests establish that the adhesive bond quality of the panels 

does not meet the requirements of Section 5.7, as applicable, the item, lot, or shipment shall fail 

to pass the reinspection and is not required to be accepted by the buyer. If the adhesive bond 

quality requirements are met, the item, lot, or shipment shall pass the reinspection and the 

buyer shall accept the item, lot, or shipment as invoiced, except that the buyer is not required to 

accept any delaminated Exterior plywood or overlaid panels.
60

Appendix C. General Information and Comments On Current Edition (nonmandatory)

C1 History of the project

On October 1, 1965, the American Plywood Association (now APA – The Engineered Wood 

Association) submitted to the National Bureau of Standards (now the National Institute of 

Standards and Technology) a draft of a proposed Commercial Standard on softwood plywood, 

with a request that it be processed as a revision and consolidation of Commercial Standards 

CS 45-60 Douglas Fir Plywood, CS 122-60 Western Softwood Plywood, and CS 259-63 

Southern Pine Plywood. On November 1, 1966, Product Standard PS 1-66 Softwood Plywood, 

Construction and Industrial became effective. It was the first Voluntary Product Standard 

developed under new Department procedures, issued on November 16, 1965, for development 

of Voluntary Product Standards.

Since 1966, there have been six revisions to the Standard:

C1.1 PS 1-74 Construction and Industrial Plywood became effective August 1, 1974 

Among other revisions, this version added over 20 species, primarily Southeast Asian 

hardwoods, to Table 1.

C1.2 PS 1-83 Construction and Industrial Plywood became effective December 30, 1983

This version added performance-based test methods and criteria for span rated applications.

C1.3 PS 1-95 Construction and Industrial Plywood became effective September 7, 1995 

This version included the incorporation of a performance-based method for evaluating plywood 

manufactured with species not listed in Table 1, made desirable because of the changing 

available timber resource for plywood production. The revisions included the elimination of 

Structural II panel grades from the Standard because this product had rarely been 

manufactured since it was first introduced in PS 1-66.

C1.4 PS 1-07 Structural Plywood became effective February 26, 2007

This version revised several sections of the Standard to better represent the production and 

trade specifications for the products. These included a change to the title of the Standard, 

elimination of the interior and intermediate bond types, revisions to the overlaid plywood 

designations and addition of an appendix to detail the process for species grouping.

C1.5 PS 1-09 Structural Plywood became effective May 2010

In response to consumer complaints regarding thickness labeling being out of compliance with 

NIST Handbook 130 and 133, the Standard was revised to create a Performance Category 

based on customary thickness notations used in U.S. model building codes. In addition, panel 

labeling requirements was changed to require the Performance Category and decimal thickness 

representation. Nonmandatory Appendices were added to provide recommended labeling and 

to provide guidance on quantity representations on bundles.

In addition, nonmandatory Appendices were added to describe formaldehyde emission 

characteristics of PS 1 panels and how PS 1 panels align with various green building 

specifications.

C1.6 PS 1-19 that became effective December 1, 2019

After considerable technical review by members of the PS 1 Standing Committee, the Standard 

was revised to address the following technical and informational aspects. Additional details were 

added regarding measurement of dimensions. The term “sized for spacing” was added to denote 

panels that are sized for compatibility to recommended application for construction uses.
61

Other technical and editorial revisions were made to reflect industry practices, including:

• Simplification of the Appendix on labeling

• Deletion of the Appendix on Green Building Provisions

• Revised definition of qualified testing and inspection agency

• Added abbreviations commonly used for labeling

C1.7 Current edition, PS 1-22 that became effective October 2, 2023

In response to complaints regarding the lack of quality assurance requirements, the Standard 

was revised and addressed the following:

• Updated definitions to address Critical Section, Sound Knot, and Tight Knot

• For species classified by testing Section 5.2.4 clarified that species listed in 

Table 1 but grown in a different geographic region shall be qualified for use by 

performance testing

• Clarified the requirements under Section 5.7.1 Exposure 1 and 5.7.2 Exterior

• Added calculations for planar shear strength Section 6.2.4 and shear-throughthe-thickness strength Section 6.2.5

• Added Categories 5/16 and 11/16 to Table 10, Table D1, and Table D2

• Updated Section 7 Marking and Certification. This includes:

o Added Section on Accredited Certification Agency

o Revised Qualified Inspection and Testing Agency Section and added 

Section on Accredited Inspection Agency and Section on Accredited 

Testing Laboratory

o Added a Subsection on Subcontracting

• Added Section 8 on Quality Assurance Requirements that included adding 

the following subsections:

o Manufacturing Quality Program

o Inspection and Test Program

o Sampling

o Corrective Action
62

Appendix D. (nonmandatory)

D1 Recommend thickness labels

Section 5.10.2 specifies thickness tolerances and Performance Categories for plywood grades. 

Section 7.5.(e) specifies that the panels shall be labeled with a thickness label in 1000ths of an 

inch and that labeled quantity shall be within the minimum and maximum thickness specification 

for that Performance Category. Table D1 and Table D2 present recommended thickness labels.

D2 Regulations on labeling

See Appendix E for discussion of regulations dealing with labeling.

TABLE D1. RECOMMENDED THICKNESS LABELING FOR UNSANDED, 

TOUCH SANDED AND OVERLAID PANELS

Thickness Requirements for 

Unsanded, Touch Sanded and Overlaid Grades1

Performance 

Category2

Minimum Thickness 

in (mm)

Maximum Thickness 

in (mm)

Recommended 

Thickness Label(3)

1/4 PERF CAT 0.219 (5.56) 0.281 (7.14) Thickness .225 in

5/16 PERF CAT 0.281 (7.14) 0.344 (8.73) Thickness .290 in

11/32 PERF CAT 0.313 (7.94) 0.375 (9.53) Thickness .322 in

3/8 PERF CAT 0.344 (8.73) 0.406 (10.32) Thickness .354 in

7/16 PERF CAT 0.406 (10.32) 0.469 (11.91) Thickness .418 in

15/32 PERF CAT 0.438 (11.11) 0.500 (12.70) Thickness .451 in

1/2 PERF CAT 0.469 (11.91) 0.531 (13.49) Thickness .483 in

9/16 PERF CAT 0.531 (13.49) 0.594 (15.08) Thickness .547 in

19/32 PERF CAT 0.563 (14.29) 0.625 (15.88) Thickness .578 in

5/8 PERF CAT 0.594 (15.08) 0.656 (16.67) Thickness .609 in

11/16 PERF CAT 0.656 (16.67) 0.719 (18.26) Thickness .672 in

23/32 PERF CAT 0.688 (17.46) 0.750 (19.05) Thickness .703 in

3/4 PERF CAT 0.719 (18.26) 0.781 (19.84) Thickness .734 in

13/16 PERF CAT 0.781 (19.84) 0.844 (21.43) Thickness .788 in

7/8 PERF CAT 0.831 (21.11) 0.919 (23.34) Thickness .849 in

1 PERF CAT 0.950 (24.13) 1.050 (26.67) Thickness .970 in

1-1/8 PERF CAT 1.069 (27.15) 1.181 (30.00) Thickness 1.091 in

1-1/4 PERF CAT 1.188 (30.16) 1.313 (33.34) Thickness 1.213 in

1 1Thickness requirements for unsanded, touch sanded, and overlaid panels are based on a tolerance of +/- 0.8 

mm (1/32 in) for panels with Performance Categories of 13/16 and less and ± 5% for panels with Performance 

Categories greater than 13/16 unless a closer tolerance is determined through qualification testing. Inch units 

are presented as primary units due to customary practice in the United States.

2 Acceptable abbreviations are PERF CAT, CAT or Category. 3 The recommended thickness label for categories less than 9/16 is 3% above the minimum. The recommended 

thickness label for categories greater than or equal to 9/16 are the minimum values for sanded panels.
63

TABLE D2. RECOMMENDED THICKNESS LABELING FOR SANDED PANELS

Thickness Requirements for 

Sanded Panels1

Performance 

Category2

Minimum Thickness 

in (mm)

Maximum Thickness 

in (mm)

Recommended 

Thickness Label3

1/4 PERF CAT 0.234 (5.95) 0.266 (6.75) Thickness .234 in

5/16 PERF CAT 0.297 (7.54) 0.328 (8.33) Thickness .297 in

11/32 PERF CAT 0.328 (8.33) 0.359 (9.139 Thickness .328 in

3/8 PERF CAT 0.359 (9.13) 0.391 (9.92) Thickness .359 in

7/16 PERF CAT 0.422 (10.72) 0.453 (11.51) Thickness .422 in

15/32 PERF CAT 0.453 (11.51) 0.484 (12.30) Thickness .453 in

1/2 PERF CAT 0.484 (12.30) 0.516 (13.10) Thickness .484 in

9/16 PERF CAT 0.547 (13.89) 0.578 (14.68) Thickness .547 in

5/8 PERF CAT 0.609 (15.48) 0.641 (16.27) Thickness .609 in

11/16 PERF CAT 0.672 (17.07) 0.703 (17.86) Thickness .672 in

23/32 PERF CAT 0.703 (17.86) 0.734 (18.65) Thickness .703 in

3/4 PERF CAT 0.734 (18.65) 0.766 (19.45) Thickness .734 in

13/16 PERF CAT 0.788 (20.02) 0.837 (21.26) Thickness .788 in

7/8 PERF CAT 0.849 (21.56) 0.901 (22.89) Thickness .849 in

1 PERF CAT 0.970 (24.64) 1.030 (26.16) Thickness .970 in

1-1/8 PERF CAT 1.091 (27.72) 1.159 (29.43) Thickness 1.091 in

1-1/4 PERF CAT 1.213 (30.80) 1.288 (32.70) Thickness 1.213 in

1 Thickness requirements for sanded panels are based on a tolerance of ± 0.4 mm (1/64 in) for specified 

performance categories of 3/4 and less and ± 3.0% for panels with a performance category greater than 3/4 unless 

a closer tolerance is determined through qualification testing. Inch units are presented as primary units due to 

customary practice in the United States.

2 Acceptable abbreviations are PERF CAT, CAT or Category.

3 Recommended thickness labels for performance categories are based on the minimum permissible thickness for 

that category.
64

Appendix E. Labeling Guidelines Based on the Uniform Packaging and Labeling 

Regulations of NIST Handbook 130 and Handbook 133 (nonmandatory)

E1 Summary

E1.1 When intended for sale or distribution, the labeling of the panels should meet the 

requirements of the Uniform Packaging and Labeling Regulation. This section provides 

references to standards applicable to labeling and packaging.

E2 Background

E2.1 The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) of the U.S. Department of 

Commerce promotes the development of standards to be applied across industry and supports 

the publishing of NIST Handbook 130, Uniform Laws and Regulations in the Areas of Legal 

Metrology and Engine Fuel Quality. NIST Handbook 130 is a compilation of the latest uniform 

laws and regulations regarding packaging and labeling requirements adopted by the National 

Conference on Weights and Measures, Inc. (NCWM) and is intended to represent standards to 

be adopted into law by the weights and measures jurisdictions of the United States.

E2.2 Procedures used by Weights and Measures inspectors are included in NIST Handbook 

133, Checking the Net Contents of Packaged Goods

E2.3 For information, a complete copy of the most recent version of NIST Handbook 130 and 

133 are available at: https://www.nist.gov/publications/
65

Appendix F. Formaldehyde (nonmandatory)

F1 General

Formaldehyde is a simple naturally occurring chemical made of carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen. 

It is produced by the human body and animals and plants. It is also formed by combustion and 

is an industrial chemical widely used in the manufacture of many consumer products.

Background information on formaldehyde and health concerns related to elevated levels in 

indoor air can be found at www.epa.gov/iaq/formaldehyde.html.

F2 Formaldehyde regulations 

F2.1

There are no national or state regulations of formaldehyde emissions expressly stated for PS 1 

Structural Plywood. This is mainly due to the very low emission rates demonstrated by PS 1 

Structural Plywood.

F2.2

U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Rules and Regulations 24 CFR 3280 for 

manufactured housing includes § 3280.308 “Formaldehyde emission controls for certain wood 

products” that deals with formaldehyde emissions from particleboard and plywood. The 

regulations establish limits for formaldehyde emission levels and ongoing evaluation 

requirements.

PS 1 Structural Plywood is made predominantly with phenol-formaldehyde adhesives. When 

made as such, it is exempt from the HUD requirements.

F2.3 California Air Resources Board (CARB) air toxic control measure for composite 

wood products (see: http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/indoor/formaldehyde.htm)

The CARB ATCM for Composite Wood was approved for implementation on January 1, 2009. 

The scope of the standard is particleboard, medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) and hardwood 

plywood. Section § 93120.1 “Definitions” explicitly excludes PS 1 Structural Plywood and other 

structural wood products from the scope of the standard as follows (underlined emphasis 

added):

(8) “Composite wood products” means hardwood plywood, particleboard, and medium density 

fiberboard. “Composite wood products” does not include hardboard, structural plywood as 

specified in the Voluntary Product Standard - Structural Plywood (PS 1-07), structural panels as 

specified in the Voluntary Product Standard – Performance Standard for Wood-Based 

Structural-Use Panels (PS 2-04), structural composite lumber as specified in Standard 

Specification for Evaluation of Structural Composite Lumber Products (ASTM D 5456-06), 

oriented strand board, glued laminated timber as specified in Structural Glued Laminated 

Timber (ANSI A190.1-2002), prefabricated wood I-joists as specified in Standard Specification 

for Establishing and Monitoring Structural Capacities of Prefabricated Wood I-Joists (ASTM

D 5055-05), finger-jointed lumber, or “composite wood products” used inside of new vehicles as 

defined in section 430 of the California Vehicle Code (excluding recreational vehicles), railcars, 

boats, aerospace craft, or aircraft.
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F2.4 National “Formaldehyde Standards for Composite Wood Products Act”

The Formaldehyde Standards for Composite Wood Products Act was signed into law on July 7, 2010. 

With respect to PS 1 panels, this law is identical to the CARB ATCM for Composite Wood (see Section 

F2.3). PS 1 panels are exempt from the scope of the Formaldehyde Standards for Composite Wood Act. 

For further information see: https://www.epa.gov/formaldehyde/formaldehyde-emission-standardscomposite-wood-products

F3 Formaldehyde emission from PS 1 Plywood

F3.1 Information on formaldehyde emission from PS 1 panels is available from APA in 

Technical Note J330, Formaldehyde and Engineered Wood Products (see: www.apawood.org).