2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for

Interpretation of Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis

1

2022-S-0005

Standard Test Method for

Interpretation of Gas 

Chromatography-Electron 

Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry Data for the 

Identification of Ignitable Liquid 

Classes in Fire Debris Analysis

Ignitable Liquids, Explosives, and Gunshot Residue Subcommittee

Chemistry: Trace Evidence Scientific Area Committee

Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC) for Forensic Science
2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for

Interpretation of Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis

2

2022-S-0005

Standard Test Method for

Interpretation of Gas Chromatography-Electron 

Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable 

Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis

Prepared by 

Ignitable Liquids, Explosives, and Gunshot Residue Subcommittee

Version: 1.0 - OSAC Open Comment

October 2021

Disclaimer:

This OSAC Proposed Standard was written by the [insert subcommittee or other unit name] of 

the Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC) for Forensic Science following a 

process that includes an open comment period. This Proposed Standard will be submitted to a 

standards developing organization and is subject to change. 

There may be references in an OSAC Proposed Standard to other publications under 

development by OSAC. The information in the Proposed Standard, and underlying concepts and 

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companion publications.

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is not a recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Government and does not imply that the 

equipment, instruments, or materials are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

To be placed on the OSAC Registry, certain types of standards first must be reviewed by a 

Scientific and Technical Review Panel (STRP). The STRP process is vital to OSAC’s mission of 

generating and recognizing scientifically sound standards for producing and interpreting forensic 

science results. The STRP shall provide critical and knowledgeable reviews of draft standards or 

of proposed revisions of standards previously published by standards developing organizations 

(SDOs) to ensure that the published methods that practitioners employ are scientifically valid, 

and the resulting claims are trustworthy.
2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for

Interpretation of Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis

3

The STRP panel will consist of an independent and diverse panel, including subject matter 

experts, human factors scientists, quality assurance personnel, and legal experts, which will be 

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For more information about this important process, please visit our website

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1 Standard Test Method for 

2 Interpretation of Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry Data for the 

3 Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis

4 1. Scope

5 1.1. This test method covers the interpretation of data obtained from ignitable liquids encountered in 

6 forensic fire debris analysis and includes requirements for the identification of a class of 

7 petroleum and non-petroleum based ignitable liquids. 

8 1.2. This test method is suitable for data obtained from liquid samples and extracts obtained from 

9 solid fire debris samples, including those that may contain strong contributions from substrate 

10 materials or pyrolysis and combustion products. 

11 1.3. This standard is intended for use in conjunction with E1618 and applies to data obtained in 

12 accordance with EXXX (IL GC-MS). 

13 1.4. Identification of a class of ignitable liquid is accomplished through a combination of evaluation 

14 of chromatographic patterns, analysis of extracted ions representing specific classes of 

15 hydrocarbons, and electron ionization (EI) mass spectral identification of compounds. 

16 1.5. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are 

17 included in this standard. 

18 1.6. This standard is intended for use by competent forensic science practitioners with the requisite 

19 formal education, discipline-specific training (e.g., Practice E2917), and demonstrated 

20 proficiency to perform forensic casework. 

21 1.7. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its 

22 use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health 

23 practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

24 2. Referenced Documents

25 2.1. ASTM Standards

26 E620 Practice for Reporting Opinions of Scientific or Technical Experts 

27 E1386 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Solvent 

28 Extraction 

29 E1388 Practice for Sampling of Headspace Vapors from Fire Debris Samples 

30 E1412 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Passive 

31 Headspace Concentration with Activated Charcoal 

32 E1413 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by 

33 Dynamic Headspace Concentration onto an adsorbent tube 

34 E1618 Classification for Ignitable Liquids Encountered in Forensic Fire Debris Analysis 

35 E2154 Practice for Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris 

36 Samples by Passive Headspace Concentration with Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) 

37 E2451 Practice for Preserving Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residue Extracts from Fire 

38 Debris Samples 

2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for 

Interpretation of Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis 
39 E2881 Test Method for Extraction and Derivatization of Vegetable Oils and Fats from Fire 

40 Debris and Liquid Samples with Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 

41 E2917 Practice for Forensic Science Practitioner Training, Continuing Education, and 

42 Professional Development Programs 

43 E2997 Test Method for Analysis of Biodiesel Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass 

44 Spectrometry

45 E3189 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Static 

46 Headspace Concentration onto an Adsorbent Tube 

47 E3197 Terminology Relating to Examination of Fire Debris 

48 E3245 Guide for Systematic Approach to the Extraction, Analysis, and Classification of Ignitable 

49 Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residues in Fire Debris Samples 

50 E3255 Practice for Quality Assurance of Forensic Science Service Providers Performing Forensic 

51 Chemical Analysis 

52 WK73482 Practice for Reporting Results and Opinions of Ignitable Liquid Analysis 

53 EXXXX Practice for Validation of Methods for Analysis of Ignitable Liquid(s)/Residues 

54 EYYYY Practice for Gas Chromatography Electron Ionization Mass Spectrometry Analysis of 

55 Ignitable Liquids 

56

57 3. Summary of Test Method

58 3.1. The sample is analyzed using a gas chromatography-electron ionization mass spectrometry in 

59 accordance with EYYYY. Interpretation is based on evaluation of total ion chromatograms 

60 (TICs), extracted ion profiles (EIPs) characteristic of the chemical compound types found in 

61 ignitable liquids, and mass spectra for the identification of the compounds of interest as needed. 

62 3.2. At a minimum, for petroleum-based ignitable liquids, the TIC and EIP for the alkane, 

63 alkylbenzene, cycloalkane, indane, and polynuclear aromatic compound types are evaluated by 

64 visual pattern matching against suitable reference ignitable liquids. 

65 3.3. Distinguishing between examples of commercial products within any class could sometimes be 

66 possible, but such characterization is outside the scope of this method. 

67 4. Terminology

68 4.1. Definitions 

69 4.1.1. For definitions of terms that can assist in interpreting this standard refer to Classification 

70 E1618, Terminology E1732, Terminology E3197, and Practice E3255. 

71 4.2. Definition of Terms Specific to This Standard 

72 4.2.1. agreement, adj.—presence and relative ratio(s) of compounds or key diagnostic features in 

73 both the reference ignitable liquid and the unknown sample. 

74 4.2.2. component, n.—a compound found in an ignitable liquid. 

75 4.2.3. diagnostic pattern, n.—pattern representing groups of compounds of interest. 

2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for 

Interpretation of Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis 
76 4.2.4. extracted ion profile (EIP), n.—any plot of signal intensity observed at a chosen m/z value, 

77 or set of values in a series, of mass spectra recorded as a function of time.[1] 

78 4.2.5. extraneous compounds, n. – chemicals which are part of the manufacturing process of 

79 materials or formed during their thermal decomposition.

80 4.2.6. grouping, n.—an isolated series of chromatographic peaks displayed in a specific pattern 

81 or peak ratios comparable to a known reference ignitable liquid.

82 4.2.7. identification, n.—determining or establishing the presence and classification of an 

83 ignitable liquid. 

84 4.2.8. same instrumental chromatographic conditions—same instrument operating with the same 

85 chromatographic parameters in a time period where no instrument maintenance resulting 

86 in a retention time shift has occurred. 

87 4.2.9. suitable reference ignitable liquids—a known and previously classified ignitable liquid 

88 that demonstrates the key diagnostic features which is used for comparison purposes. 

89 4.3. Abbreviations

90 4.3.1. For abbreviations of terms that can assist in interpreting this standard refer to 

91 Classification E1618. 

92 5. Significance and Use

93 5.1. This standard is intended to provide criteria for the evaluation and interpretation of data for the 

94 identification of ignitable liquid classes. It is intended to be used in conjunction with approved 

95 classification E1618 and analytical processes as outlined in E3245. 

96 5.2. The techniques described here facilitate the identification of ignitable liquid classes by reducing 

97 interference from peaks generated from the matrix. When the requirements for identification are 

98 not met, due to factors such as overwhelming extraneous peaks, classification is not possible by 

99 this method. 

100 Note – It is possible that an ignitable liquid is present in the sample, but it cannot be 

101 identified. 

102 5.3. The ignitable liquids described herein are common to the classifications; however each ignitable 

103 liquid class contains a range of compositions. It is impractical to provide criteria for every 

104 manufactured ignitable liquid. Consider the variability within each ignitable liquid classification 

105 during the interpretation process. 

106 5.4. Mixtures of ignitable liquids can be marketed as a single commercial product. This standard 

107 cannot differentiate between ignitable liquids that are mixed by a manufacturer for sale or 

108 ignitable liquids mixed at the point of use. 

109 6. Apparatus

110 6.1. Data System – Hardware and software capable of performing various data handling functions, 

111 including collection and storage of sample data files, generation of extracted ion profiles, 

112 performing searches against mass spectral libraries, and qualitative compound analysis. 

113 6.2. Mass Spectral Libraries – Software capable of retrieving a specified mass spectrum from a data 

114 file and comparing it against a validated library of relevant mass spectra. 

115 6.3. Data Archival System – Hardware or software used to save and retain original data files. 

2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for 

Interpretation of Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis 
116 6.4. Reference Ignitable Liquid Data Collection – Reference files of known ignitable liquids that 

117 have been analyzed under the same instrumental method as the questioned samples. This 

118 collection should include liquids analyzed as they are marketed and liquids prepared in 

119 successive stages of evaporation.[2] 

120 7. General Requirements for Identification

121 7.1 Identification of the presence of a class of ignitable liquid requires evaluation of the respective 

122 KDFs (refer to E1618); comparison with suitable reference ignitable liquids; visual pattern 

123 agreement with the reference ignitable liquid and consideration of any dissimilarity. 

124 7.2 Expert human judgement is required at many steps of the interpretation process. Information, 

125 such as the matrix and composition of the sample and relevant environmental factors which are 

126 required for proper storage should be available. After extraction, analysis, and initial 

127 interpretation has occurred additional information such as location, structural composition, or 

128 materials known to be in the area can aid in the final interpretation. Transparent documentation 

129 should be included when making interpretative judgements. Documentation can include points 

130 of similarity and dissimilarity, as well as communication with investigators, in the case record. 

131 7.3 Comparison with Reference Ignitable Liquids 

132 7.3.1 At least one reference ignitable liquid, per class identified, used for comparison shall be 

133 analyzed at the testing laboratory under the same instrumental chromatographic conditions 

134 as the unknown sample. 

135 7.3.1.1 The sole use of externally generated libraries of chromatograms is not sufficient 

136 for identification of an ignitable liquid. Such libraries are intended to give 

137 guidance for selection of reference ignitable liquids. 

138 7.3.2 Process the data from the reference ignitable liquid using the same instrumental methods 

139 as those used for the unknown sample. This includes presentations of the TIC, EIPs and, 

140 as appropriate, mass spectral evaluation of major compounds. 

141 7.3.3 For comparison, evaluate the chromatographic patterns or KDFs of interest (TIC and 

142 EIPs) at 50 to 100 % of full scale of the most abundant peak in the pattern or KDFs of 

143 interest. Presentation of the data using multiple parameters (abundances and time ranges) 

144 can assist in the comparison of targeted chromatographic areas. The chromatogram can

145 be integrated to allow for comparison of retention times with reference ignitable liquids. 

146 7.3.4 Chromatographic pattern comparisons rarely give perfect agreement with reference 

147 ignitable liquids. A variety of circumstances can obscure or alter patterns and complicate 

148 the analysis including skewing towards less volatile compounds for weathered samples, 

149 skewing towards more volatile compounds for incompletely recovered samples, selective 

150 loss of classes of compounds as a result of microbiological degradation, and contribution 

151 to the pattern from the pyrolysis or combustion of materials from the matrix (refer to 

152 section 20). Account for such circumstances when evaluating the data. 

153 7.3.5 The relative intragroup ratios of the isomers of C2- and C3-alkylbenzenes do not vary 

154 markedly among petroleum products. Therefore, when present as part of an ignitable 

155 liquid profile, the relative ratios of these compounds shall be comparable to the ratios 

156 found in petroleum-based reference ignitable liquids if they are to be identified. 

2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for 

Interpretation of Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis 
157 7.3.5.1 C2- and C3-alkylbenzenes can be generated as a result of thermal degradation of 

158 synthetic materials. In the presence of styrene at a concentration higher than that 

159 of toluene or C2-alkylbenzenes, the finding of toluene or C2-alkylbenzenes should 

160 not be considered significant. 

161 7.3.6 Distortion due to known or suspected matrix contributions could prevent identification. If 

162 any features are skewed or not present, document the justification for accepting the 

163 identification in the case record. 

164 Note – Unknown samples can show skewed characteristics specific to the extraction 

165 method used or weathering of a potential ignitable liquid that are not observed in the 

166 reference ignitable liquid. 

167 7.3.7 The absence of any peaks other than those related to the solvent and an internal standard, 

168 if used, can allow for a negative findings with no further evaluation. 

169 7.3.8 Document the interpretation by including the sample chromatograms, reference ignitable 

170 liquid chromatograms, and any applicable blanks in the case record. Include data 

171 presentations used to formulate findings in the case record. 

172 7.3.9 The appendix in ASTM E1618 provides example images of each classification with KDFs 

173 labeled. 

174 8. Requirements for the Identification of Gasoline [9]

175 8.1 Requirements for the Identification of Weathered and Unweathered Gasoline 

176 8.1.1 These criteria are limited to gasoline that is no more than 90% weathered. The 

177 identification of highly weathered gasoline is found in Section 8.2. 

178 8.1.1.1 Assess all KDFs and document skewing of intergroup peak patterns (refer to 

179 E1618 Figure X1.1). 

180 8.1.1.1.1 KDFs in the C10-C13 range have more significance than the C4-C10 range 

181 when complex matrix contribution is present.

182 8.1.1.2 Many compounds found in gasoline are commonly produced in the thermal 

183 degradation of synthetic materials. Identification is based on the totality of the 

184 pattern and the consistency of inter- and intragroup comparisons of KDFs.

185 8.1.1.2.1 Identification of gasoline based solely on EIP data is possible, but 

186 should be done with caution. At least one of the more abundant KDFs 

187 (i.e. C3 alkylbenzenes) should be distinguishable in the TIC. 

188 8.1.1.2.2 Less substituted alkylbenzenes including toluene, C2- and C3-

189 alkylbenzenes can be from gasoline, the matrix, or both.

190 8.1.1.3 Early eluting compounds in gasoline, notably those that elute prior to 

191 ethylbenzene, can be lost to evaporation.

192 8.1.1.4 The total abundance of the alkylbenzene profile is greater than the alkane profile 

193 in C8-C12 range.

194 8.1.1.5 The alkylbenzene (C4-alkylbenzenes) and indane (C1- and C2-indanes) have the 

195 intra- and intergroups ratios similar to a comparable suitable gasoline reference. 

196 Skewing of these inter- and intragroup ratios can be an indicator that their source 

2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for 

Interpretation of Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis 
197 is due to matrix contribution rather than gasoline.

198 8.1.1.6 C3-alkylbenzene grouping preceding 1,2,4-TMB is present in ratios represented 

199 by a reference gasoline in both the TIC and the alkylbenzene EIP.

200 8.1.1.7 1,2,4-TMB is at a higher abundance than the second peak of the C3-alkylbenzene 

201 grouping in both the TIC and alkylbenzene EIP.

202 8.1.1.8 Four peak (double doublet) group comprised of C4-alkylbenzenes is present with 

203 comparative peak heights between each doublet (group 1). 

204 8.1.1.9 Three peak group comprised of C4-alkylbenzenes, two of which are typically 

205 unresolved, preceding the approximate retention time of C11 is present with 

206 escalating peak heights within the group (group 2). 

207 8.1.1.10Two peak group comprised of C4-alkylbenzene following the approximate 

208 retention time of C11 is present with escalating peak heights within the group 

209 (group 3). 

210 8.1.1.11C5-alkylbenzenes, when visible in the EIP, are in correct proportions to a 

211 reference gasoline.

212 8.1.1.12Combination of C2-alkylbenzenes, the C3-alkyl benzenes, 1, 2, 4-TMB, C4-

213 alkylbenzenes, C5-alkylbenzenes, indane, and C1- and C2-indanes, are comparable 

214 to a reference gasoline in the TIC or EIPs.

215 8.1.1.13Alkanes are present as either a petroleum distillate pattern, isoparaffinic product 

216 pattern, or a combination of the two.

217 8.1.1.14A C10-isoalkane isomer is present in the C3-alkylbenzene region of the TIC and 

218 alkane EIP.

219 8.2 Requirements for the Identification of Highly Weathered Gasoline 

220 8.2.1 These criteria are used to identify gasoline that is over 90% evaporated. Gasoline can be 

221 identified up to approximately 99%. 

222 8.2.2 Compare to a highly evaporated gasoline reference for identification. 

223 8.2.2.1 At higher evaporation levels (90-99%), the lighter components up to and including 

224 C3 alkylbenzenes can be lost. C4 and C5 alkylbenzenes remain present. 

225 8.2.2.2 The total abundance of the aliphatic, indanes, and the PNAs (when present) 

226 become more predominate relative to the alkylbenzenes. 

227 8.2.2.3 Highly weathered gasoline samples which retain the C4 or C5 alkylbenzene 

228 contribution, indanes, and PNAs, may be further specified as weathered gasoline. 

229 8.2.2.4 Some highly weathered gasoline can appear similar to a distillate with high 

230 aromatic content. These samples may be identified as a petroleum product (refer 

231 to section 15) or an HPD. 

232 9. Requirements for the Identification of Petroleum Distillates

233 9.1 Requirements for the Identification of LPD

234 9.1.1 TIC – The pattern contains a Gaussian distribution of peaks with a homologous series of 

235 spiking normal alkanes or a non-Gaussian distribution containing only one or two n2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for 

Interpretation of Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis 
236 alkanes having a diagnostic pattern primarily in C4 to C9 range (refer to E1618 Figure 

237 X1.2). 

238 9.1.2 Alkanes – Predominance of alkane and cycloalkane patterns in the diagnostic pattern of 

239 interest, excluding known or suspected matrix-produced compounds. 

240 9.1.2.1 The total abundance of the summed alkane EIP attributed to the suspected 

241 ignitable liquid pattern greatly exceeds the abundance of the summed alkylbenzene 

242 EIP attributed to the suspected ignitable liquid pattern. 

243 9.1.2.2 Isoparaffinic compound groupings are present in the alkane EIP, located between 

244 homologous n-alkanes, and correspond to peaks and intergroup patterns to a 

245 known LPD reference. 

246 9.1.3 Cycloalkanes – Cycloalkane EIP contains cycloalkanes within each compound grouping, 

247 and there are at least two compound groupings in which corresponding peaks and 

248 intergroup patterns compared to a known LPD reference. 

249 9.1.3.1 Methylcyclohexane is present when n-C7 and n-C8 are present [10]. 

250 9.1.4 Alkylbenzenes – Toluene, C2, or C3 alkylbenzenes, when present and exclude known or 

251 suspected matrix-produced compounds, are comparable with a known LPD reference. 

252 9.2 Requirements for the Identification of MPD

253 9.2.1 TIC – Gaussian distribution of unresolved peaks with predominant spiking n-alkanes in 

254 the TIC and alkane EIP. Predominance of the diagnostic pattern of interest is in the C8-

255 C13 and excludes known or suspected matrix-produced compounds (refer to E1618 figure 

256 X1.3). 

257 9.2.1.1 When the most abundant n-alkane peak is approximately less than 1.5 times the 

258 major isoalkane/cycloalkane component(s) and is within a comparable carbon 

259 range, the product is classified as a naphthenic-paraffinic product rather than a 

260 distillate. 

261 9.2.2 Alkanes – The total abundance of the summed alkane EIP attributed to the potential 

262 ignitable liquid pattern greatly exceeds the abundance of the summed aromatic EIP 

263 attributed to the potential ignitable liquid pattern. 

264 9.2.2.1 Isoparaffinic compound groupings are present in the alkane EIP, located between 

265 homologous n-alkanes, and correspond to peaks and intergroup patterns to a 

266 known MPD reference. 

267 9.2.3 Cycloalkanes – Cycloalkane EIP contains cycloalkanes within each compound grouping, 

268 and there are at least two compound groupings in which corresponding peaks and 

269 intergroup patterns compare to a known MPD reference. 

270 9.2.4 Alkylbenzenes – Relative content varies. When present and excluding known or suspected 

271 matrix-produced compounds, these compounds are comparable to a reference. 

272 9.2.5 Indanes – the C1-indane and C2-indane groups elute in the range of C10-C12, if present. 

273 9.2.6 PNAs – Naphthalene and the C1-PNA group elute in the range of C11-C13, if present. 

274 9.2.7 Retention times comparable to a known MPD reference or other similar reference 

275 ignitable liquid. 

2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for 

Interpretation of Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis 
276 9.3 Requirements for the Identification of HPD

277 9.3.1 TIC – Gaussian distribution of unresolved peaks with predominant spiking n-alkanes in 

278 the TIC and alkane EIP. Predominance of the diagnostic pattern of interest occurs after n279 C9 and excludes extraneous compounds. These generally contain a minimum of five 

280 consecutive normal alkanes and include a subclass of narrow ranged distillates starting 

281 above n-C11 (encompassing fewer than five n-alkanes) (refer to E1618 figure X1.4). 

282 9.3.1.1 When the most abundant n-alkane peak is approximately less than 1.5 times the 

283 major isoalkane/cycloalkane component(s) and is within a comparable carbon 

284 range, the product is classified as a naphthenic-paraffinic product rather than a 

285 distillate if there are no significant contributions from aromatics, indanes and 

286 PNAs. 

287 9.3.2 Alkanes – Alkane EIP primarily in the n-C9-n-C20+ range where the total abundance of the 

288 summed alkane EIP attributed to the potential ignitable liquid pattern exceeds the 

289 abundance of the summed aromatic EIP attributed to the potential ignitable liquid pattern. 

290 9.3.2.1 Pristane is present following n-C17 and phytane is present following n-C18 if the 

291 boiling point range includes n-C17 or n-C18. 

292 9.3.2.2 Isoparaffinic compound groupings are present in the alkane EIP, located between 

293 homologous n-alkanes, and correspond to peaks and intergroup patterns to a 

294 known HPD reference. 

295 9.3.3 Cycloalkanes – Cycloalkane EIP contains cycloalkanes peak groupings that compare to a 

296 known HPD reference ignitable liquid. 

297 9.3.4 Alkylbenzenes – When present, they are in the diagnostic pattern associated with their 

298 carbon range: 

299 9.3.4.1 Five peak C3-alkylbenzene group in the range of n-C9-n-C10. 

300 9.3.4.2 1,2,4-TMB and 1,2,3-TMB, if the range encompasses n-C9-n-C10. 

301 9.3.4.3 C4-alkylbenzene groups, in the range of n-C10-n-C11. 

302 9.3.5 Indanes – Indane, the C1-indane group, and the C2-indane group, if present, elute in the 

303 range of n-C10-n-C12. 

304 9.3.6 PNAs – Naphthalene, C1- PNA, and C2- PNA groups, if present, elute in the range of n305 C11-n-C15. 

306 10. Requirements for the Identification of Isoparaffinic Products

307 10.1 TIC – Predominance of isoalkanes in the diagnostic pattern of interest, excluding extraneous 

308 compounds comparable to a known isoparaffinic product (refer to E1618 figure X1.5). 

309 10.2 Alkanes – Alkane EIP is the most abundant and, when discernable in the TIC, will have a 

310 similar pattern for the corresponding components. 

311 10.3 Cycloalkanes – cycloalkane compounds are not present; however, the associated EIP profile 

312 will resemble a diminished alkanes profile. 

313 10.4 No significant contributions from alkylbenzene, polynuclear aromatic and indane EIPs. 

314 11. Requirements for the Identification of Naphthenic-Paraffinic Products

2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for 

Interpretation of Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis 
315 11.1 TIC – Predominance of naphthenic and isoalkanes and reduced n-alkanes, excluding extraneous 

316 compounds comparable to a known naphthenic-paraffinic product (refer to E1618 figure X1.6). 

317 11.1.1 When n-alkanes are present, the most abundant n-alkane peak is approximately 

318 less than 1.5 times the major isoalkane/cycloalkane component(s) and is within a 

319 comparable carbon range. 

320 11.2 Alkanes – Alkane EIP contains mostly isoparaffinic compounds and n-alkanes (when present), 

321 where the corresponding peaks and intergroup patterns within the diagnostic pattern of interest 

322 are comparable to a known naphthenic-paraffinic reference ignitable liquid. 

323 11.3 Cycloalkanes – Cycloalkane EIP contains primarily cycloalkane compounds in between spiking 

324 alkylcycloalkanes in Gaussian distribution, where the corresponding peaks and intergroup 

325 patterns compare to a known naphthenic-paraffinic reference ignitable liquid. 

326 11.4 No significant contributions from alkylbenzene, polynuclear aromatic and indane EIPs. 

327 12. Requirements for the Identification of Aromatic Products

328 12.1 Requirements for Identification of Light Aromatic Products (LAP) 

329 12.1.1 The chemicals which comprise LAPs are commonly produced in the thermal degradation 

330 of synthetic materials. Identification is based on the totality of the pattern and the 

331 consistency of the inter- and intragroup comparisons (refer to E1618 figure X1.7). 

332 12.1.2 TIC – Light aromatic products typically consist of toluene, C2-alkylbenzenes, or both. 

333 12.1.2.1 These compounds are identified by both GC retention time and mass spectrum 

334 (refer to Section 17). 

335 Note – Benzene is generally removed during the refinery process. 

336 12.1.3 Alkylbenzenes – Alkylbenzene EIP is the most abundant profile and, when discernable in 

337 the TIC, will have a similar pattern for the corresponding components. 

338 12.2 Requirements for Identification of Medium Aromatic Products (MAP)

339 12.2.1 TIC – resembles weathered gasoline pattern within the product’s carbon range (refer to 

340 E1618 figure X1.8). 

341 12.2.2 Alkanes – not present. 

342 12.2.3 Alkylbenzenes – Alkylbenzene EIP is the most abundant profile and may contain C3-, C4-

343 alkylbenzenes. When discernable in the TIC they will have a similar pattern for the 

344 corresponding components. 

345 12.2.4 Indanes – Indane EIP may contain C1-, C2-indanes, depending on formulation. 

346 12.2.5 PNAs – PNA EIP may contain naphthalene or C1- and C2-PNAs, depending on 

347 formulation. 

348 12.3 Requirements for Identification of Heavy Aromatic Products (HAP)

349 12.3.1. Indanes – Indane EIP contains the C1-, C2-indanes in aromatic products that encompass n350 C11-n-C12 (refer to E1618 figure X1.9).

351 12.3.2 PNAs – the PNA EIP is the most abundant profile and contains naphthalene, C1-PNAs and 

352 C2-PNAs if the pattern encompasses n-C11-n-C15. The composition of the C2-PNA

2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for 

Interpretation of Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis 
353 grouping is similar to that of some weathered gasolines. 

354 13. Requirements for the Identification of Normal Alkane Products

355 13.1 TIC – a series of three or more consecutive n-alkanes (refer to E1618 figure X1.10). 

356 13.2 Alkanes – Alkane EIP and when discernable in the TIC they will have a similar pattern for the 

357 corresponding components. 

358 13.3 No significant contributions from cycloalkane, alkylbenzene, polynuclear aromatic, and indane 

359 EIPs. 

360 13.4 Normal alkanes are identified by both GC retention time and mass spectrum (refer to section 

361 17). 

362 14. Requirements for the Identification of Oxygenated Products

363 14.1 Oxygenated compounds are identified by GC retention times and mass spectral characteristics, 

364 refer to section 17 for additional guidance (refer to E1618 figure X1.11). 

365 14.1.1 Retention times and mass spectral characteristics for all major chromatographic peaks 

366 are comparable to a known oxygenated product or another similar reference ignitable 

367 liquid. 

368 14.1.2 When present as a mixture with another ignitable liquid class, the alkanes, cycloalkanes, 

369 alkylbenzene, polynuclear aromatic, and indane profiles shall also meet the requirements 

370 for the identification for the other classes present. Refer to section 18 for additional 

371 guidance. 

372 Note – Mixtures of individual classes are separately identified (e.g., medium 

373 petroleum distillate and 2-butoxyethanol) and not identified as an “oxygenated 

374 product.” 

375 14.2 Thermal degradation of materials can generate oxygenated compounds, such as alcohols, 

376 acetone, or a combination thereof. In addition, these chemicals are used in the manufacture of 

377 materials. The mere presence of oxygenated compounds does not indicate a foreign ignitable 

378 liquid is present in a debris sample. A large excess of the compound, at least one order of 

379 magnitude above the matrix peaks in the chromatogram, should be present before identifying an 

380 oxygenated compound in a debris sample [8]. 

381 15. Requirements for the Identification of Petroleum Products

382 15.1 TIC – indicates potentially two or more classes but there is insufficient delineation between the 

383 patterns to warrant identifying each classification separately (refer to E1618 figure X1.12). 

384 15.2 All major chromatographic peaks attributed to a petroleum product are comparable to at least 

385 one similar reference ignitable liquid. 

386 16. Requirements for the Identification of Vegetable Oil-Based Products

387 16.1 TIC – FAMEs, whether present as FAMEs or derivatized fatty acids (refer to E2881), are 

388 identified by GC retention times and mass spectral characteristics (refer to E1618 figure X1.13). 

389 16.1.1 Example esters include: 9,12-octadecadienoic acid, methyl ester; 9-octadecadecenoic 

390 acid, methyl ester.

391 16.2 EIPs - When comprised exclusively of FAMEs (e.g. B100 and derivatized vegetable oils), the 

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392 alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkylbenzenes, indanes, and polynuclear aromatics profiles will not be 

393 present. 

394 16.3 When present as a mixture of FAMEs or fatty acids and another ignitable liquid class, the 

395 alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkylbenzenes, indanes, and polynuclear aromatics profiles also meet the 

396 requirements for the identification for the other class(es) present and are comparable to a known 

397 product reference. 

398 Note – Mixtures of individual classes are separately identified (e.g. medium petroleum 

399 distillate and a vegetable oil; butanol and a FAME-based product) and not identified as a 

400 “vegetable oil-based product.” Refer to E2881 and E2997 and section 18 for further 

401 information. 

402 17. Requirements for the Identification of Single Compounds

403 17.1 It is sometimes necessary to identify single compounds present in chromatograms. Some 

404 classes of ignitable liquids contain one or few compounds of interest. The associated lack of 

405 pattern does not allow for identification by chromatographic pattern comparison alone.

406 17.2 In situations where the identity of a compound is to be reported, compare the chromatographic 

407 retention time and mass spectra to those of a reference ignitable liquid.

408 17.3 The chromatographic retention time of an unknown compound is, at most, within 1% or 0.1 

409 minutes (whichever is greater) of the retention time of the reference ignitable liquid. [3]

410 17.4 The relative abundances of ions in the mass spectra of the unknown sample and the reference 

411 ignitable liquid will generally agree across the majority of the ions. The unknown and known 

412 samples have the same base peak and the same molecular ion, when the molecular ion is 

413 present. Isotopic ions present in the reference spectrum is present in similar proportions in the 

414 unknown sample spectrum; low abundance ions (less than 5% of the total spectral abundance) 

415 may be absent without precluding an identification. Background subtraction may be necessary 

416 to remove any background contribution to the sample. There are no unexplainable extraneous 

417 ions.

418 17.5 The mere presence of a compound, such as ethanol, toluene, or acetone, does not indicate a 

419 foreign ignitable liquid is present in a debris sample. A large excess of the compound, at least 

420 one order of magnitude above the matrix peaks in the chromatogram, should be present before 

421 identifying a compound in debris samples. 

422 18. Requirements for the Identification of Mixtures

423 18.1 More than one ignitable liquid class or subclass may be identified in a single sample.

424 18.1.1 For each identified class or subclass, the requirements for identification is met (refer to 

425 E1618 figures X1.14 – X1 and X1.15). 

426 Note – Mixtures of ignitable liquid classifications can be the result of a single 

427 commercial product or a mixture of products. This standard cannot differentiate 

428 between ignitable liquids that are mixed by a manufacturer for sale or ignitable liquids 

429 mixed at the point of use. 

430 19. Other Ignitable Liquid Products - Numerous commercial and industrial products are ignitable and

431 do not fall into any of the defined ignitable liquid classifications. Many of these are synthetic 

432 mixtures consisting of only a few compounds, rather than distillation fractions, such as terpenes. 

433 When these products are found in unknown samples, they are identified by describing composition 

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434 and not classed as a “miscellaneous” or other product. 

435 20. Considerations [7, 11]

436 20.1 The appendix contains images of various circumstances that can obscure or alter patterns and 

437 complicate the analysis. 

438 20.2 Ratios of compounds within an ignitable liquid classification can vary. Additionally, 

439 contributions can occur from the matrix. 

440 20.3 The extraction technique used, evaporation of the liquid, or degradation can cause alterations of 

441 a sample pattern when compared to a reference ignitable liquid. Exercise caution when 

442 identifying mixtures of overlapping ignitable liquids present in an unknown sample.

443 20.4 Weathering – Exposure of an ignitable liquid to heat, light, and other environmental conditions 

444 typically results in a shift of the chromatographic pattern such that components with heavier 

445 boiling ranges have a higher relative ratio when compared to unaltered liquids. The effect of 

446 exposure is more pronounced with lighter, more volatile ignitable liquids. Lighter ignitable 

447 liquids, as a result, can have greater skewing when compared to heavier products and products 

448 which have broad boiling ranges are affected more than narrow range products (refer to 

449 appendix figures X.1 and X.2)(17). 

450 20.5 Extraneous Compounds – Burned or pyrolyzed substrate material(s) can contribute extraneous 

451 compounds to the patterns such as oxygenated compounds, alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, 

452 alkylbenzenes, condensed ring aromatic hydrocarbons or polynuclear aromatics. The amount 

453 and type of pyrolysis and combustion products formed during a fire are dependent on the 

454 substrate material(s) and the fire conditions (11, 12, 13). 

455 20.5.1 The additional presence of these extraneous compounds is acceptable when the 

456 requirements for an identification of ignitable liquid class have been met. 

457 20.5.2 Benzene is a light aromatic compound naturally present in crude oil which is removed 

458 during the refinery process. Commercial ignitable liquid products containing benzene 

459 are extremely rate; however, benzene is commonly found in many mass-produced 

460 products, industrial adhesives, and as a pyrolysis product of many substrates, including 

461 some flooring materials and some plastics. For these reasons, the finding of benzene 

462 should not be considered significant unless present in a liquid form and comparable to a 

463 reference ignitable liquid. 

464 20.6 Polyolefin or Asphalt Decomposition – Carefully review extracts that meet the criteria for heavy 

465 petroleum distillates for 1-alkene or 1, (n-1) diene compounds associated with the n-alkanes 

466 present. Generally, this feature would indicate the presence of polyolefin or asphalt 

467 decomposition products rather than heavy petroleum distillates (refer to appendix figure 

468 X.3)(20).

469 20.6.1 Polyolefin decomposition products typically do not exhibit the same pattern of branched

470 alkanes as heavy petroleum distillates.

471 20.7 Degradation – Microorganisms (e.g., bacteria and mold) can exist in various substrates, such as 

472 soil. When present and metabolically active, they preferentially degrade mono-substituted 

473 aromatic compounds such as ethylbenzene and n-propylbenzene, n-alkanes present in gasoline 

474 and distillates, or a combination of both [4-6]. Consider degradation effects when debris 

475 samples contain substrates expected to contain microorganisms (refer to appendix figure 

2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for 

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476 X.4)(17).

477 20.8 Considerations for Extraction Techniques

478 20.8.1 Passive headspace adsorption using activated charcoal (Practice E1412) will 

479 preferentially adsorb aromatic compounds over alkane compounds, particularly in 

480 samples where the activated charcoal becomes overloaded by a large quantity of 

481 ignitable liquid. For example, when a large quantity of an HPD is extracted, the 

482 increased aromatics can give the false appearance of gasoline contribution (refer to 

483 appendix figure X.5).

484 20.8.2 Adsorption based extraction techniques often will not allow for differentiation between 

485 narrower and wider range heavy petroleum distillates (for example kerosene and diesel 

486 fuel). This is especially true in the case of samples extracted from charred matrices. 

487 Additional extraction procedures can be performed, such as solvent extraction (Practice 

488 E1386), to attempt to differentiate between such products (refer to appendix figure X.6). 

489 20.8.3 Adsorption-based extraction techniques may provide an HPD pattern from a heavy 

490 oil/lubricant product containing heavy normal and isoparaffinic aliphatic compounds. 

491 Additional extraction procedures can be performed, such as solvent extraction (Practice 

492 E1386), to attempt to differentiate between such products (refer to appendix figure X.7). 

493 21. Dissimilarity [7]

494 21.1 When the requirements for identification of an ignitable liquid class are not met, a negative 

495 finding is appropriate.

496 21.2 The presence of only some compounds common to a particular class of ignitable liquid product 

497 does not necessarily indicate the presence of that liquid in the debris at the time of the fire. For 

498 example, the pyrolyzates of some polymers can include toluene and xylenes and the pyrolyzates 

499 of polyolefin plastic may include a homologous series of normal alkanes.

500 22. Control or Comparison Samples

501 22.1 Some ignitable liquid compounds may be found in some substrates. Examples include normal 

502 alkane products found in linoleum and in carbonless paper forms; isoparaffinic products found 

503 in some linoleum; distillates found in some printed materials; and solvents used in some 

504 adhesives and coatings. (14, 15, 16, 18)

505 22.2 Comparison and control samples can provide information that can aid in the interpretation of 

506 data and in determining whether an ignitable liquid is incidental or foreign to the substrate.

507 22.2.1 The submission of a comparison or control sample is not required for an ignitable liquid 

508 determination. (refer to E3245)

509 22.3 Identification of an ignitable liquid in the comparison or control sample are reported. 

510 22.4 Ignitable compounds known to be used in the manufacture of materials, or found in pyrolysis of 

511 control or comparison materials, are not reported without explanation of possible origin (i.e. 

512 toluene from shoes, terpenes from wood).

513 22.5 Examine a control sample of any absorbent and packaging materials used during the extraction 

514 process.

515 23. Precision and Bias

2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for 

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23.1 This test method is qualitative. A quantitative evaluation of pre 516 cision and bias is not required 

for this qualitative determination. 517

518 24. Keywords

519 24.1 fire debris samples; forensic sciences; gas chromatography; ignitable liquid residues; mass 

520 spectrometry.

521

522 Appendix

523 (Nonmandatory Information) 

524 X1. Weathered Gasoline

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525

526 X2. Weathered HPD

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527

528 X3. Polyolefin or Asphalt Decomposition 

529 The presence of alkanes proceeded by alkenes and alkylidenes indicates thermal degradation of 

2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for 

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530 plastics. Legend: # - aldehydes, ¤ -alkenes, * - alkanes, • - alkylidenes 

531

532 X.4. Microbial Degradation

533 The image on the right is a reference gasoline sample. The image on the left is microbially degraded 

534 gasoline produced by placing gasoline onto potting soil into a vapor proof can and leaving it at room 

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535 temperature for three days prior to extraction. 

536

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537 X.5. Considerations for Extraction Techniques; Preferential Adsorption of Aromatics using 

538 ASTM E1412

539

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Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis 
540 Image on the left shows one drop of kerosene extracted with ASTM E1412. Image on the right is an 

541 ASTM E1412 extraction of 5 mL of the same product. 

542 X.6. Considerations for Extraction Techniques; Kerosene vs. Diesel using ASTM E1412

543 Image on the left is an extraction of kerosene; image on the right is diesel fuel. Both samples were 

544 extracted using ASTM E1412. 

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545

546 X.7. Considerations for Extraction Techniques; Oil or Lubricant Product

547 Image on the left is transmission fluid extracted using ASTM E1412. On the right is the same 

2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for 

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Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis 
548 product diluted in solvent. 

549

550 Reference

2022-S-0005 Standard Test Method for 

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Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis 
551 1. Murray, K. et. al., “Definitions of terms relating to mass spectrometry (IUPAC Recommendations 

552 2013),” Pure Appl. Chem., Vol. 85, No. 7, 2013, pp. 1515–1609 

553 2. Stauffer, E., Dolan, J.A., and Newman, R., Fire Debris Analysis, Boston, MA: Academic Press,

554 2008.

555 3. Association of Official Racing Chemists. Guidelines for the Minimum Criteria for Identification

556 by Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry. Accepted 5 Jan 2015, Modified 23 Aug 2016

557 4. K. Hutches, Microbial degradation of ignitable liquids on building materials, Forensic Sci. Int.

558 (2013). http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.08.006

559 5. D.Turner, J. Goodpaster. The Effect of Microbial Degradation on the Chromatographic Profiles

560 of Tiki Torch Fuel, Lamp Oil, and Turpentine. J Forensic Sci, July 2011, Vol. 56, No. 4. doi:

561 10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01749.x

562 6. D. Turner, J. Goodpaster. The effects of microbial degradation on ignitable liquids. Anal

563 Bioanal Chem (2009) 394:363–371. DOI 10.1007/s00216-009-2617-z

564 7. Evans-Nguyen, K., Hutches, K. (2019). Forensic Analysis of Fire Debris and Explosives.

565 Springer Nature Switzerland.

566 8. Hendrikse, J., Grutters, M., and Schäfer, F., Identifying Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris, 1st ed.,

567 Academic Press, Elsevier, London, 2015.

568 9. B. Christy, K. Winters, A. Rossheim, R. Newman, L. Tang. A foundational study on fire debris

569 interpretation using quantitative measures of chromatographic features in gasoline and the use of

570 a graphical display to demonstrate data sufficiency. Forensic Chemistry 24 (2021), 100337.

571 10. Antos, G.J.; Aitani, A.M., Catalytic Naphtha Reforming, Second Edition, Revised and Expanded,

572 Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, NY, 2004.

573 11. Lentini, J. J., “Persistence of Floor Coating Solvents,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 46, No. 6,

574 2001, pp. 1470–1473.

575 12. Stauffer, E., “Identification and Characterization of Interfering Products in Fire Debris Analysis,”

576 MS thesis, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA, 2001.

577 13. Stauffer, E., “Concept of Pyrolysis for Fire Debris Analysts,” Science & Justice, Vol 43, No. 1,

578 2003, pp. 29-40.

579 14. Hetzel, S. S., and Moss, R. D., “How Long after Waterproofing a Deck Can You Still Isolate an

580 Ignitable Liquid?” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 50, No. 2, 2005, pp. 369-76

581 15. Wells, S., “The Identification of Isopar H in Vinyl Flooring,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol.

582 50, No. 4, 2005, pp. 865-872.

583 16. Aziz, N., Greenwood, P. F., Kliti, Grice, Watling, R. J., and van Bronswijk, W., “Chemical

584 Fingerprinting of Adhesive Tapes by GCMS Detection of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Products,”

585 Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 53, No. 5, 2008, pp. 1130-1137.

586 17. Turner, D. A., Williams, M., Sigman, M. A., and Goodpaster, J. V., “A Comprehensive Study of

587 the Alteration of Ignitable Liquids by Weathering and Microbial Degradation,” Journal of

588 Forensic Sciences, May 2017. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-

589 4029.13527/full.

590 18. Hutches, K., Stevens N, Milleville, L., “Inherent Ignitable Liquids in New/Lightly Used Shoes.”

591 Forensic Chemistry. Volume 18, May 2020, 100211.

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Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis 
592 19. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2019.100211

593 20. Lentini, J. J., “Differentiation of Asphalt and Smoke Condensates from Liquid Petroleum

594 Distillates using GC/MS,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 43, No. 1, 1998, pp. 97-113.

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Interpretation of Gas Chromatography-Electron Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry Data for the Identification of Ignitable Liquid Classes in Fire Debris Analysis