Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Naval Research Laboratory

Washington, DC 20375-5320

October 15, 2001

NRL/MR/6175--01-8577

Bibliography of NRL Works

on X-Ray Fluorescence

Authored by L. S. Birks,

D. B. Brown, J. W. Criss,

H. Friedman, and J. V. Gilfrich

ROBERT R. WHITLOCK

Surface Chemistry Branch

Chemistry Division
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NRL/MR/6175--01-8577

Bibliography of NRL Works on X-Ray Fluorescence Authored by L.S. Birks, D.B. Brown,

J.W. Criss, H. Friedman, and J.V. Gilfrich

Robert R. Whitlock

Naval Research Laboratory

4555 Overlook Avenue, SW

Washington, DC 20375-5320

Office of Naval Research

800 North Quincy Street

Arlington VA 22217

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has made significant contributions to the field of X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis.

The calculational engine of the computer code NRLXRF still powers a significant fraction of commercial XRF analyis systems. The

impact of these achievements was highlighted during the celebration of NRL’s 75th Anniversary, in preparation for which the top

75 technologies transferred by the Laboratory were selected. Quantitative X-ray Fluorescence Analysis was among the technologies so honored. This report presents a bibliography of the recipients of that award: LaVerne S. Birks, Dennis B. Brown, John W.

Criss, John V. Gilfrich, and Herbert Friedman. The extensive collection of publications by Friedman outside the field of XRF is

available within the holdings of the NRL Ruth H. Hooker Research Library and Technical Information Center, and is not included

in this bibliography.

X-ray fluorescence (XRF)

Elemental analysis

UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UNCLASSIFIED UL

30

October 15, 2001

NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89)

Prescribed by ANSI Std 239-18

298-102

i
1

 J V Gilfrich, "X-ray fluorescence analysis at the Naval Research Laboratory," X-Ray Spectrometry 30 (4), 203-

211 (2001); and NRL/MR/6685--98-8120, 1998.

Bibliography of NRL Works on X-Ray Fluorescence

Authored by L.S. Birks, D.B. Brown, J.W. Criss, H. Friedman, and J.V. Gilfrich

ABSTRACT: The Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) has made significant contributions to the field of X-ray

fluorescence (XRF) analysis. The calculational engine of the computer code NRLXRF still powers a significant

fraction of commercial XRF analysis systems. The impact of these achievements was highlighted during the

celebration of NRL's 75th Anniversary, in preparation for which the top 75 technologies transferred by the

Laboratory were selected. Quantitative X-ray Fluorescence Analysis was among the technologies so honored. This

report presents a bibliography of the recipients of that award: LaVerne S. Birks, Dennis B. Brown, John W. Criss,

John V. Gilfrich, and Herbert Friedman. The extensive collection of publications by Friedman outside the field of

XRF is available within the holdings of the NRL Ruth H. Hooker Research Library and Technical Information

Center, and is not included in this bibliography.

 

The contributions of the Naval Research Laboratory to the field of X-ray fluorescence analysis have been

documented by Gilfrich.1 The influence of those contributions is well understood by those who participated in the

growth of the field. As the pioneers pass from the scene of active involvement, their contributions are taken for

granted by those who build on their foundation. This bibliography was compiled to provide a single view of a facet

of that foundation. 

This bibliography serves to demonstrate the extent of the body of literature contributed by these authors.

Included are their works in the field of X-ray fluorescence analysis, in related fields such as electron probe

microanalysis and the quantitation of the X-ray response of photographic film, and in areas of subsequent and

ongoing investigation such as the effects of radiation on solid state microelectronics. The works and patents of

Herbert Friedman have already been collected in the Hooker Library, and his papers and patents in the present

bibliography are limited to the field of X-ray fluorescence.

LaVerne Stanley Birks, Head of the former X-Ray Optics Branch of NRL, was an opinionated and perceptive

scientist who posted his work ethic on the wall of his office in a form he called Sooths, including the following:

"Successful research comprises 3 essential steps, conception, investigation, and dissemination."

"If you work hard, get good results, and discover something new, it's not worth a damn unless you

disseminate the information so others can profit from it."

 This bibliography has been assembled so that the already disseminated works by these authors may be more readily

apprehended and appreciated for their content, breadth, and impact.

Birks' most cited work, according to the database of the Institute for Scientific Information, is his book

Electron Probe Microanalysis (154 hits). The research effort in electron probe microanalysis was closely coupled

with the work on x-ray fluorescence. The runner up is a journal article "Versatile X-Ray Analysis Program

Combining Fundamental Parameters and Empirical Coefficients" by Criss, Birks, and Gilfrich (88 hits). The citation

count does not give sufficient indication of the pervasive influence of this landmark computational work, the
2 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 

calculational engine of which still powers about half of the thousand or so X-ray fluorescence units sold annually

worldwide today, according to a knowledgeable leader in the instrumentation industry. 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS and COMMENTS

The editorial comments of, and information provided by, J.V. Gilfrich have been quite helpful. The efforts

of summer students Aman Quadri and Omar Yacoubi, who worked on various aspects of the project, are

appreciated. Particularly noteworthy is the quality contribution of Paula A. Spaeth, who volunteered her time to

launch this project. 

The sustained effort that this effort has enjoyed is still insufficient to achieve a compilation free of

omissions, questions, and the occasional error. In the words of another of Birks' sooths, 

"It doesn't have to be perfect as long as it's excellent."

One of the benefits of electronic databases is the ease with which revisions can be posted. The database from which

this bibliography was printed (and which includes other information and filenames of electronic scans of many of

the entries) has been supplied to the NRL Ruth H. Hooker Research Library. It is my hope that the bibliography will

be of benefit to future researchers, historians, and managers of research, and that any who improve on this work will

likewise provide those improvements to the Ruth H. Hooker Research Library.

Robert R. Whitlock

September, 2001
 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 3 

Bibliography of NRL Works on X-Ray Fluorescence

Authored by L.S. Birks, D.B. Brown, J.W. Criss, H. Friedman, and J.V. Gilfrich

1

 H. Friedman and L S Birks, "The Electron Microscope," NRL-FR-2012, NRL-H-2012, 1943.

2

 L.S. Birks, "Geiger-Counter Technique for X-Ray Diffraction, Part III. Particle Size Determination from X-Ray

Line Broadening," NRL-H-2434, 1944.

3

 H. Friedman and L.S. Birks, "Geiger-Counter Technique for X-Ray Diffraction, Part 2. - A Method of

Determining Thickness of Thin Coatings," NRL-H-2246, 1944.

4

 H. Friedman and L S Birks, "Geiger Counter Technique for X-Ray Diffraction, I, Spectrometer for Measuring

Powder Diffraction Patterns," NRL-FR-2235, 1944.

5

 L S Birks, "Geiger Counter Technique for X-ray Diffraction. Part IV Detailed Consideration of Experimental

Conditions," NRL Report H-2517, 1945.

6

 L S Birks and H. Friedman, "Particle Size Determination from X-Ray Line Broadening," J. Appl. Phys. 17, 687-92

(1946).

7

 L S Birks, "Geiger Counter Technique for X-Ray Diffraction - Part 5 - Particle Size Determination from Small

Angle Scattering," NRL-FR-2881, 1946.

8

 H. Friedman and L.S. Birks, "Thickness Measurement of Thin Coatings by X-Ray Absorption," The Review of

Scientific Instruments 17, 99-101 (1946).

9

 L S Birks and H. Friedman, "A High Temperature X-Ray Diffraction Apparatus," The Review of Scientific

Instruments 18, 576-80 (1947).

10 L.S. Birks, "An Electronic Method of Fourier Synthesis," Amer. Mineralogist 32, 686 (1947).

11 L S Birks and H. Friedman, "A High Temperature X-Ray Diffraction Apparatus," NRL-N-3081, 1947.

12 L S Birks, H.P. Gauvin, and E J Brooks, "Occurrence of Radiation Detecting Diamonds," NRL reports database

Record 30290, 1948.

13 H. Friedman and L.S. Birks, "Analysis by Fluorescent X-Ray Excitation," USA Patent 2,449,066 (14 September

1948).

14 H. Friedman, L.S. Birks, and H.P. Gauvin, "Ultraviolet Transmission of Counting Diamonds," The Physical

Review 73, 186-7 (1948).

15 H. Friedman and L. Birks, "A Geiger Counter Spectrometer for X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis," The Review of

Scientific Instruments 19 (5), 323-330 (1948).

16 P Wilkinson and L S Birks, "Tungsten oxide shadowing of electron micrographs," NRL Report P-3443, 1949.

17 P. G. Wilkinson and L.S. Birks, "Properties of Gold Deposited at Liquid Air Temperature," J. Appl. Phys. 20,

1168-71 (1949).
4 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 

18 L S Birks and R. T. Seal, "Electron Microscopy of Metal Samples by Replica Techniques," NRL Report 3693,

1950.

19 L. Birks, "A Study of Austenite Transformation by X-Ray Diffraction," NRL Report 3749, 1950.

20 L.S. Birks and E.J. Brooks, "Hafnium-Zirconium and Tantalum-Columbium Systems: Quantitative Analysis by XRay Fluorescence," Analytical Chemistry 22, 1017-20 (1950).

21 L. Birks and J.H. Schulman, "The effect of various impurites on the crystallization of amorphous silicic acid,"

American Mineralogist 35, 1035-8 (1950).

22 L.S. Birks, E.J. Brooks, H. Friedman et al., "X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Ethyl Fluid in Aviation Gasoline,"

Analytical Chemistry 22, 1258-61 (1950).

23 H. Friedman and L.S. Birks, "High temperature device for x-ray diffraction," USA Patent 2,514,382 (11 July

1950).

24 P. G. Wilkinson and L.S. Birks, "Particle Size of Evaporated Gold," J. Appl. Phys. 21, 60 (1950).

25 L S Birks, E Brooks, and R. T. Seal, "Determination of Hemoglobin Content of Blood by X-Ray Fluorescence," 

NRL Report 3867, 1951.

26 L.S. Birks and E.J. Brooks, "Analysis of Uranium Solutions by X-Ray Fluorescence," Analytical Chemistry 23,

707-9 (1951).

27 L.S. Birks, "Apparatus for Vacuum X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Light Elements," The Review of Scientific

Instruments 22, 891-4 (1951).

28 L.S. Birks and A.B. Wing, "Aligning Single Crystals for X-Ray Diffraction," The Review of Scientific

Instruments 23, 442-3 (1952).

29 E. S. Newman, J. V. Gilfrich, and L. S. Wells, "Heat Generation in the Setting of Magnesium Oxychloride

Cements," Journal of Research of the National Bureau of Standards 49 (6), 377-383 (1952).

30 L.S. Birks, E.J. Brooks, and H. Friedman, "Fluorescent X-Ray Spectroscopy," Analytical Chemistry 25, 692-7

(1953).

31 L.S. Birks and E.J. Brooks, "Uniform Plastic Bending of Crystals for Focusing X-Ray Radiation," The Review of

Scientific Instruments 24, 992 (1953).

32 H. Friedman, L.S. Birks, and E.J. Brooks, "Basic Theory and Fundamentals of Fluorescent X-Ray Spectrographic

Analysis," ASTM Special Technical Publication 157, 1953.

33 L.S. Birks, E.J. Brooks, and H. Friedman, "Fluorescent X-Ray Spectroscopy," Norelco Reporter 3, 44 (1953 (or

1956?)).

34 L. S. Birks, "Apparatus for X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Metals under Controlled Stress at Elevated

Temperature," Review of Scientific Instruments 25 (10), 963-966 (1954).

35 A.B. Wing and L S Birks, "Comparison of Geiger-Counter and Photographic Techniques for Single-Crystal XRay Studies," NRL-FR-4402, 1954.
 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 5 

36 L S Birks and R. T. Seal, "X-Ray Diffraction Studies of the Bainite Transformation in Four Alloy Steels," NRL

Report 4623, 1955.

37 L. S. Birks and E.J. Brooks, "Miniature Fluorescent X-Ray Spectrograph," Analytical Chemistry 27, 1147-9

(1955).

38 L. S. Birks and E. F. Bailey, "Effects of Tensile Stress on the Austenite to Ferrite Transformation in Eutectoid

Steel," Journal of Metals 7 (1), 179-182 (1955).

39 L. S. Birks and E. J. Brooks, "Applications of Curved-Crystal X-Ray Spectrometers - Microanalysis and

Simultaneous Analysis," Analytical Chemistry 27 (3), 437-440 (1955).

40 L S Birks, "Characteristics of the Bainite Transformation in a Ni-Cr Steel," NRL-FR-4564, 1955.

41 H. Friedman, L. S. Birks, and E. J. Brooks, "Recent Advances in Instrumentation for X-Ray Analysis," Analytical

Chemistry 27 (2), 313 (1955).

42 L. S. Birks and E. J. Brooks, "Dynamic Diffusion Studies by X-Ray Spectroscopy," Spectrochimica Acta 8 (2),

114 (1956).

43 L.S. Birks and R. T. Seal, "Comparison of Surface and Volume Transformation in Alloy Steel," ASTM

Proceedings 56, 436-43 (1956).

44 L. S. Birks, "Characteristics of the Bainite Transformation in a Ni-Cr Steel," Transactions of the American

Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers 206 (8), 989-993 (1956).

45 M. Swerdlow, A. J. Dalton, and L. S. Birks, "Electron Microscopy," Analytical Chemistry 28 (4), 597-609

(1956).

46 L. S. Birks and E. J. Brooks, "An Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalyzer," Review of Scientific Instruments 28 (9),

709-712 (1957).

47 L. S. Birks, "Apparatus for X-Ray Diffraction Studies of Metals under Controlled Stresses at Elevated

Temperatures," Norelco Reporter 3, 8 (1957).

48 L.S. Birks and E.J. Brooks, "An Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalyzer," Report of NRL Progress, 9-16 (1957).

49 L. S. Birks and R. T. Seal, "X-Ray Properties of Plastically Deformed LiF," Journal of Applied Physics 28 (5),

541-543 (1957).

50 E. J. Brooks and L. S. Birks, "Compton Scattering Interference in Fluorescent X-Ray Spectroscopy," Analytical

Chemistry 29 (10), 1556 (1957).

51 J. V. Gilfrich, "Determination of Aluminum in Aluminum-Iron Alloys," Analytical Chemistry 29 (6), 978-980

(1957).

52 J S Grosso and L S Birks, "Growth and Structure of Solids," Report of NRL Progress, 42-3 (1957).

53 L. S. Birks and E. J. Brooks, "Applications of the Electron Probe Microanalyzer," Spectrochimica Acta 10 (3),

338-338 (1958).
6 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 

54 L. S. Birks, "Progress in X-Ray Spectroscopy," Spectrochimica Acta 12 (4), 380 (1958).

55 L S Birks and E Brooks, "X-Rays Lighten the Analytical Load," Analytical Chemistry 30, 19A-23A (1958).

56 L. S. Birks and E. J. Brooks, "Applications of the Electron Probe Microanalyzer," in Proc. Sixth Conf. of

Industrial Applications of X-Ray Analysis (Denver Research Inst., 1958), Vol. 57, pp. 339-349.

57 L. S. Birks, E. J. Brooks, and G. W. Gourlay, "Compact Curved-Crystal X-Ray Spectrometer," Review of

Scientific Instruments 29 (5), 425-426 (1958).

58 L.S. Birks, "Flat crystal fluorescent x-ray spectrograph," USA Patent 2,842,670 (8 July 1958).

59 L.S. Birks, "Curved crystal fluorescent x-ray spectrograph," USA Patent 2,835,820 (20 May 1958).

60 E.J. Brooks and L.S. Birks, "Electron Probe Analysis of Segregation in Inconel," ASTM Special Technical

Publication 245, 1958.

61 M. R. Achter, L. S. Birks, and E. J. Brooks, "Grain-Boundary Diffusion of Zinc in Copper Measured by the

Electron-Probe Microanalyzer," Journal of Applied Physics 30 (11), 1825-1827 (1959).

62 L. S. Birks and R. T. Seal, "Fast Vacuum System for Specimen Shadowing and General Metal Evaporation,"

Journal of Applied Physics 30 (12), 2025-2025 (1959).

63 L. S. Birks, "Progress of the ASTM Task Group on X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis," Spectrochimica Acta 15

(3-4), 309-309 (1959).

64 L.S. Birks, X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis, First ed. (Interscience Publishers, New York, 1959).

65 L. Birks, "Fluorescent Excitation Efficiency for Cu, Fe, and Cr," (1959).

66 L.S. Birks, "X-Ray Spectroscopy," Rev. Universelle des Mines 15, 1 (1959).

67 L.S. Birks and A.S.T.M. Task Group on X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy, "Report on First X-Ray Fluorescence

Round-Robin Test," Applied Spectroscopy 13 (1), 3 (1959).

68 L. S. Birks, E. J. Brooks, I. Adler et al., "Electron Probe Analysis of Minute Inclusions of a Copper-Iron

Mineral," American Mineralogist 44 (9-10), 974-978 (1959).

69 L S Birks, "Use of the Electron Probe Microanalyzer for Materials Research," in Proc. Materials Research in the

Navy Meeting 17 Mar 1959 Through 19 Mar 1959 (1959), pp. 649-655.

70 L. S. Birks, "The Electron Probe - an Added Dimension in Chemical Analysis," Analytical Chemistry 32 (9),

19A-24A (1960).

71 L. S. Birks, "Technique for Calculating X-Ray Intensities in the Electron Probe Microanalyzer," Journal of

Applied Physics 31 (7), 1297-1298 (1960).

72 L.S. Birks, "K Series X-Ray Excitation Efficiencies for Bulk Specimens," NRL Report 5519, 1960.

73 L.S. Birks, "Geometry of X-Ray Optics System," in Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy (Reinhold Publishers, New

York, 1960), pp. 762-7.
 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 7 

74 L. S. Birks, J. M. Siomkajlo, and P. K. Koh, "Identification of Chi and Sigma Phases in Stainless Steel with the

Electron Probe Microanalyzer," in Transactions of the American Institute of Mining and Metallurgical Engineers

(1960), Vol. 218, pp. 806-809.

75 L S Birks, "Diffusion of Nb with Cr, Fe, Ni, Mo, and Stainless Steel," NRL-FR-5461, 1960.

76 W. M. Hubbard, E. Adams, and J. V. Gilfrich, "Magnetic Moments of Alloys of Gadolinium with Some of the

Transition Elements," Journal of Applied Physics 31 (5), S368-S369 (1960).

77 R.E. Seebold, L.S. Birks, and E.J. Brooks, "Selective Removal of Chromium from Type 304 Stainless Steel by

Air-Contaminated Lithium," Corrosion 16, 140-2 (pages are overprinted with additional numbers 468f-470f) (1960).

78 W. E. Sweeney, R. E. Seebold, and L. S. Birks, "Electron Probe Measurements of Evaporated Metal Films,"

Report of NRL Progress (Feb), 11-17 (1960).

79 W. E. Sweeney, R. E. Seebold, and L. S. Birks, "Electron Probe Measurements of Evaporated Metal Films,"

Journal of Applied Physics 31 (6), 1061-1064 (1960).

80 W. E. Sweeny, R. E. Seebold, and L. S. Birks, "Electron Probe Measurements of Evaporated Metal Films,"

Spectrochimica Acta 16 (10), 1240-1240 (1960).

81 L. S. Birks and R. E. Seebold, "Use of the electron probe to measure low average but high local concentrations," 

ASTM Special Technical Publication 308, 1961.

82 L. S. Birks, "Fluorescent X-Ray Excitation Efficiencies," Spectrochimica Acta 17 (2), 148-154 (1961).

83 L. S. Birks and R. E. Seebold, "Diffusion of Nb with Cr, Fe, Ni, Mo, and Stainless Steel," Journal of Nuclear

Materials 3 (3), 249-259 (1961).

84 L. S. Birks, "Calculation of X-Ray Intensities from Electron Probe Specimens," Journal of Applied Physics 32

(3), 387-90 (1961).

85 L. S. Birks and R. E. Seebold, "Effect of Take-Off Angle on Electron Probe Calibration," Analytical Chemistry

33 (6), 687-9 (1961).

86 L S Birks and R. E. Seebold, "Quantitative Chemical Analysis of Microscopic Areas and Particles," in (Proc)

Fifth Navy Science Symposium (1961), pp. 156-68.

87 L S Birks and R. E. Seebold, "Effect of Take-Off Angle on Electron Probe Calibration," NRL Progress Report 

(Jan 1961), 16-20 (1961).

88 W Hubbard and J Gilfrich, "A Simple Goniostat for the Norelco Diffractometer," in Advances in X-Ray Analysis

(Plenum Press, NY, 1961), Vol. 4, pp. 212.

89 R. E. Seebold and L. S. Birks, "Elevated Temperature Diffusion in the Systems Nb-Pt, Nb-Se, Nb- Zn, Nb-Co,

Ni-Ta, and Fe-Mo," NRL Report 5520, 1961.

90 R. E. Seebold and L. S. Birks, "Elevated Temperature Diffusion in the Systems Nb-Pt, Nb-Se, Nb- Zn, Nb-Co,

Ni-Ta, and Fe-Mo," Journal of Nuclear Materials 3 (3), 260-266 (1961).

91 W. R. Sweeney, R. T. Seal, and L. S. Birks, "X-Ray Mass Absorption Coefficients for Mo, Nb, Zr and Ti,"
8 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 

Spectrochimica Acta 17 (3), 364-5 (1961).

92 W Sweeny, R Seal, and L S Birks, "X-ray mass absorption coefficients for Mo, Nb, Zr, and Ti," Spectrochimica

Acta 17, 364-5 (1961).

93 L. S. Birks and D. M. Brown, "Precision in X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis - Fixed-Time Vs Fixed-Count,"

Report of NRL Progress Feb, 4 (1962).

94 L. S. Birks, "Electron Probe Intensity Calculations for 20-50 KeV Electrons," Journal of Applied Physics 33 (1),

233 (1962).

95 L. S. Birks and D. M. Brown, "Precision in X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis - Fixed-Time Vs Fixed-Count,"

Analytical Chemistry 34 (2), 240-1 (1962).

96 L. S. Birks and J. M. Siomkajlo, "Long-Spacing Metal Organic Crystals for X-Ray Spectroscopy,"

Spectrochimica Acta 18 (3), 363-366 (1962).

97 L. S. Birks and J. M. Siomkajlo, "Long-Spacing Metal Organic Crystals for X-Ray Spectroscopy," in IX

Colloquium Spectroscopicum Internationale, Proc. 3 (G.A.M.S., Muray-Print, Paris, 1962), pp. 385.

98 L. S. Birks and D. L. Harris, "Unusual Matrix Effects in Fluorescent X-Ray Spectrometry," Analytical Chemistry

34 (8), 943-5 (1962).

99 E Brooks, A Tousimis, and L S Birks, "The Distribution of Calcium in the Epiphyseal Cartilage of the Rat Tibia

Measured with the Electron Probe X-ray Microanalyzer," J. Ultrastructure Research 7 (1-2), 56-60 (1962).

100 S. S. Mitra, G. Milne, A. Faessler et al., "International Conference on Spectroscopy, 1962," Journal of Scientific

& Industrial Research A 21 (10), 457 (1962).

101 R.E. Seebold and L.S. Birks, "X-Ray Analysis," Report of NRL Progress (Feb), 29-31 (1962).

102 R. E. Seebold and L. S. Birks, "Identification of Precipitates in Diffusion Zones Using Electron Probe

Microanalyzer," Analytical Chemistry 34 (1), 112-6 (1962).

103 L.S. Birks and A. P. Batt, "X-Ray Analysis: Multichannel Analyzer for Electron Probe Microanalysis," Report of

NRL Progress (Feb), 24-7 (1963).

104 L.S. Birks, Electron Probe Microanalysis, First ed. (Interscience Publishers, New York, 1963).

105 L.S. Birks, "Probe (Micro) Electron: Electron, X-Ray and Light Optics," in Encyclopedia of X-Rays and Gamma

Rays, edited by B.L. Clark (Reinhold Publishers Inc, New York, 1963), pp. 840-5.

106 L. S. Birks, "Comparison of X-Ray Fluorescence and Electron Probe Methods: Future Trends," in Symposium on

X-Ray and Electron Probe Analysis, Amer. Soc. Tech. Mater. Special Technical Publication No. 349 (American

Society for Testing and Materials, 1963), Vol. 349, pp. 151-162.

107 L.S. Birks, "Electron Probe Intensity Calculations for the 25-50 kev Range," in IX Colloquium Spectroscopicum

Internationale, Proc. 3 (G.A.M.S., Muray-Print, Paris, 1963), pp. 420.

108 L.S. Birks, "System for recording parallel x-rays," USA Patent 3,079,501 (26 Feb 1963).
 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 9 

109 L. S. Birks and A. P. Batt, "Use of a Multichannel Analyzer for Electron Probe Microanalysis," Analytical

Chemistry 35 (7), 778-82 (1963).

110 W. J. Buehler, R. C. Wiley, and J. V. Gilfrich, "Effect of Low-Temperature Phase Changes on Mechanical

Properties of Alloys near Composition TiNi," Journal of Applied Physics 34 (5), 1475 (1963).

111 J. Gilfrich, "X-Ray Diffraction Studies on the Titanium-Nickel System," in Advances in X-Ray Analysis (Plenum

Press, NY, 1963), Vol. 6, pp. 74.

112 J Gilfrich and D. Sullivan, "Vacuum X-Ray Spectroscopy of Light Elements:Determination of Aluminum in

Aluminum-Iron Alloys," Norelco Reporter X, 127 (1963).

113 L. S. Birks, D. J. Ellis, B. K. Grant et al., "Distribution of Secondary Fluorescence with Depth Using Monte

Carlo Calculations," Journal of the Electrochemical Society 111 (8), C201 (1964).

114 L. S. Birks and A. P. Batt, "Use of a Multichannel Analyzer for Electron Probe Microanalysis," in Proceedings

of the 14th Symposium on Spectroscopy (Plenum Press, NY, 1964), pp. 24-35.

115 L.S. Birks, B. K. Grant, and D. J. Ellis, "Monte Carlo Calculations for Secondary Fluorescence in the Electron

Probe Microanalyzer," Report of NRL Progress (Oct), 53 (1964).

116 L. S. Birks and B. K. Grant, "X-Ray Topography of Ruby Crystals," NRL Report 6087, 1964.

117 L.S. Birks, "Technique and Application of Electron Probe Microanalysis," Bunko Kenkyu 13 (1), 7-13 (1964).

118 L. S. Birks and R.E. Seebold, "Current Electron Probe Research at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory," in On

Electron Microprobe Analysis of Nuclear Materials (Proc. of the International Symposium) (Euratom, 1964), Vol.

Euratom Eur 1819.e, pp. 25-6.

119 L. S. Birks and B. K. Grant, "X-Ray Analysis: Diffractometer for Fast X-Ray Topography," Report of NRL

Progress (April), 32 (1964).

120 L. S. Birks and B. K. Grant, "Diffractometer Attachment for Fast X-Ray Topography," Review of Scientific

Instruments 35 (8), 1075-6 (1964).

121 L. S. Birks, R. E. Seebold, A. P. Batt et al., "Excitation of Characteristic X Rays by Protons, Electrons and

Primary X Rays," Journal of Applied Physics 35 (9), 2578-81 (1964).

122 D B Brown and R E Ogilvie, "Efficiency of Production of Characteristic X Radiation from Pure Elements

Bombarded by Electrons," Journal of Applied Physics 35 (2), 309-14 (1964).

123 D B Brown and R E Ogilvie, "An Evaluation of the Archard Electron Diffusion Model," Journal of Applied

Physics 35 (10), 2793-5 (1964).

124 J. W. Criss and L. S. Birks, "Intensity Formulas for Computer Solution of Multicomponent Electron Probe

Specimens," Journal of the Electrochemical Society 111 (8), C201-C201 (1964).

125 J. Criss and L.S. Birks, "X-Ray Analysis: Computer Calculation of Specimen Composition," Report of NRL

Progress (Dec), 48 (1964).

126 J.S. Grosso and L.S. Birks, "X-Ray Analysis: Optical Examination of Anodized Specimens," Report of NRL

Progress (Sep), 42 (1964).
10 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 

127 F. E. Wang, W. M. Hubbard, J. V. Gilfrich et al., "Report on the Crystal Structure of Gd6Mn23," Acta

Crystallographica 17 (7), 931 (1964).

128 L. S. Birks, "Advances in X-Ray Analysis," Applied Optics 4 (2), 186 (1965).

129 L. S. Birks, R. J. Labrie, and J. W. Criss, "Energy Dispersion for Quantitative X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis,"

Report of NRL Progress (V), 1-9 (1965).

130 L. S. Birks, J. W. Hurley, and W. E. Sweeney, "X-Ray Analysis (Perfection of Ruby Laser Crystals)," Report of

NRL Progress (May), 47 (1965).

131 L.S. Birks, "Advances in X-Ray Optics, W.M. Mueller, G.R Mallett, and Marie Fay, eds. (book reviewed),"

Applied Optics 4, 186 (1965).

132 L.S. Birks, "Electron Probe Microanalysis," in Encyclopedia of Chemistry, edited by G.L. Clark (Reinhold

Publisher, Inc, New York, 1965), pp. 380-2.

133 L. S. Birks, J. W. Hurley, and W. E. Sweeney, "Perfection of Ruby Laser Crystals," Journal of Applied Physics

36 (11), 3562-5 (1965).

134 L. S. Birks, R. E. Seebold, B. K. Grant et al., "X-Ray Yield and Line/Background Ratios for Electron

Excitation," Journal of Applied Physics 36 (3P1), 699-702 (1965).

135 J. Criss, "FORTRAN Program for Analysis of Multicomponent Electron Probe Specimens," (1965), pp. 1-11.

136 J.W. Criss and L. S. Birks, "X-Ray Analysis (Calculation of Electron Probe Specimen Composition)," Report of

NRL Progress (Feb), 54-5 (1965).

137 NRL LABSTRACTS, "Spectroscopy Award to Birks," NRL LABSTRACTS, 3 (1965).

138 A. G. Rozner, Heintzel.Ef, W. J. Buehler et al., "Effect of Addition of Oxygen Nitrogen and Hydrogen on

Microstructure and Hardness of Cast TiNi Intermetallic Compound," ASM Transactions Quarterly 58 (3), 415

(1965).

139 L.S. Birks and D.I. Walter, "(book reviewed) Trace Analysis: Physical Methods, Morrison, G.H., ed.," Journal of

the Franklin Institute 282, 185 (1966).

140 L.S. Birks, J.S. Grosso, R.J. Labrie et al., "Characterization of Particulate Matter in the Ocean," NRL Report

6398, 1966.

141 L. S. Birks and et al., "X-Ray Analysis," Report of NRL Progress (MAR), 44-5 (1966).

142 L.S. Birks, "(book reviewed) Progress in Nuclear Energy. Series IX. Analytical Chemistry. Vol. 5. Instrument

and Chemical Analysis Aspects of Electron Microanalysis and Macroanalysis, Herbert A. Elion, ed.," Analytical

Chemistry 38, A74 (1966).

143 L.S. Birks, D. J. Ellis, B. K. Grant et al., "Distribution of secondary fluorescence with depth using Monte Carlo

calculations," in The Electron , edited by McKinley, Heinrich and Wittry (John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1966), pp.

199-216.

144 L. S. Birks, R. J. Labrie, and J. W. Criss, "Energy Dispersion for Quantitative X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis,"
 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 11 

Analytical Chemistry 38 (6), 701-7 (1966).

145 D B Brown and R E Ogilvie, "An Electron Transport Model for the Prediction of X-Ray Production and Electron

Backscattering in Electron Microanalysis," Journal of Applied Physics 37 (12), 4429-33 (1966).

146 J.W. Criss and L.S. Birks, "Intensity Formulae for Computer Solution of Multicomponent Electron Probe

Specimens," Analytical Chemistry 38, 217 (1966).

147 K. C. Hoerman, J. E. Klima, L. S. Birks et al., "Tin and Fluoride Uptake in Human Enamel in Situ - Electron

Probe and Chemical Microanalysis," Journal of the American Dental Association 73 (6), 1301-5 (1966).

148 A. D. Krall and J. V. Gilfrich, "Simple Procedure for Aligning Yig Spheres to Reduce Anisotropy Effects," IEEE

Transactions on Magnetics MAG2 (1), 57 (1966).

149 F E Wang and J V Gilfrich, "The Crystal Structure of LuMn5 and RMn12 Compounds," Acta Cryst. 21, 476

(1966).

150 F. E. Wang and J. V. Gilfrich, "Rmn12 (Thmn12-Type) Compounds between Lanthanide Series Elements and

Manganese - Crystal Structure of Lumn6," American Mineralogist 51 (1-2), 274 (1966).

151 L.S. Birks, "Electron-Probe Microanalysis (Chapter 39)," in Handbook of X-Rays for Diffraction, Emission,

Absorption and Microscopy, edited by Emmett F. Daeble (McGraw-Hill Book Co, 1967).

152 D B Brown and D.B. Wittry, "A Transport Equation Program and its Application to Electron Microprobe

Analyses," in (presented at Second National Conference on Electron Microprobe Analysis, Boston, 1967) (1967).

153 C. M. Dozier, J. V. Gilfrich, and L. S. Birks, "Quantitative Calibration of X-Ray Film Response in 5-KeV to 1.3-

MeV Region," Applied Optics 6 (12), 2136-9 (1967).

154 J. V. Gilfrich, J. W. Criss, and L. S. Birks, "Characteristics of Primary Spectral Distribution - Measurement and

Use in Quantitative X-Ray Fluorescence," Applied Spectroscopy 21 (6), 402 (1967).

155 M Norr, J Gilfrich, and B Houston, "A Chemical Polish that Reveals Compositional Variations in...," J.

Electrochem. Soc. 114, 632 (1967).

156 J. W. Sandelin and L. S. Birks, "Texture Development and Crystal Perfection in Niobium (Columbium)

Annealed at 2000 Degrees C," Transactions of the Metallurgical Society of AIME 239 (8), 1269-70 (1967).

157 D B Brown, "Test of a transport equation program for microprobe analysis - comparison with experimental data

for a series of alloys," presented at the (presented to Fifth Int. Congress on X-Ray Optics and Microanalysis),

(1967~+).

158 D B Brown and J W Criss, "The application of a transport equation program to microprobe corrections for

fluorescence and for backscattering," presented at the (presented to Fifth Int. Congress on X-Ray Optics and

Microanalysis), (1967~+).

159 L.S. Birks, "Quantitative Electron Probe Microanalysis: Introduction," in Quantitative Electron Probe

Microanalysis, NBS Special Publication 298, edited by K.F.J. Heinrich (NBS, 1968), NBS Special Publication 298,

pp. 1-3.

160 L.S. Birks, (conference reviewed) "Twenty-Fifth Pittsburgh Diffraction Conference 1-3 November 1967,"

Applied Optics 7, 282 (1968).
12 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 

161 L.S. Birks, J.V. Gilfrich, and H. Yakowitz, "Report of the Washington Electron Probe Users' Group," ASTM

Special Technical Publication 430, 1968.

162 L.S. Birks, "New Directions in X-Ray Spectroscopy," Applied Spectroscopy 22 (4), 362 (1968).

163 D B Brown, "Computational Methods for X-Ray Emission from Targets Excited by Electrons,", ((1968)), pp. 63-

79.

164 J. Criss, "Progress in Quantitative Electron Probe Microanalysis," in Fifty Years of Progress in Metallographic

Techniques, Special Technical Publication number 430 (1968), pp. 291.

165 J.W. Criss and L.S. Birks, "Calculation Methods for Fluorescent X-Ray Spectrometry: Empirical Coefficients vs.

Fundamental Parameters," Analytical Chemistry 40, 1080-6 (1968).

166 J. V. Gilfrich and L.S. Birks, "Spectral Distribution of X-Ray Tubes for Quantitative X-Ray Fluorescence

Analysis," Analytical Chemistry 40, 1077-80 (1968).

167 L.S. Birks, X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis, Second ed. (Interscience Publishers, New York, 1969).

168 L. S. Birks, "Current Trends in X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry," Applied Spectroscopy 23 (4), 303-8 (1969).

169 D B Brown and J V Gilfrich, (presented to 4th National Conf of the Electron Probe Analysis Soc of Am,

Pasadena , 16 Jul 1969) (1969).

170 D.B. Brown, D.B. Wittry, and D.F. Kyser, "Prediction of X-Ray Production and Electron Scattering in ElectronProbe Analysis Using a Transport Equation," J. Appl. Phys. 40, 1627-1636 (1969).

171 J. V. Vierling, J. V. Gilfrich, and L. S. Birks, "Improving the Diffracting Properties of Lif - Comparison with

Graphite," Applied Spectroscopy 23 (4), 342-5 (1969).

172 J. S. Vierling, J. V. Gilfrich, and L. S. Birks, "Improving Diffracting Properties of LiF - Comparison with

Graphite," Report of NRL Progress (Aug), 1-3 (1969).

173 L. S. Birks, "Working for DoD (Letter to Editor)," Physics Today 23 (12), 11 (1970).

174 L. S. Birks, "Convex Curved Crystal X-Ray Spectrograph," Review of Scientific Instruments 41 (8), 1129-32

(1970).

175 L. S. Birks, R. R. Whitlock, J. S. Vierling et al., "Reciprocity of X-Ray Film Response for Nanosecond

Exposures," Journal of the Optical Society of America 60 (5), 649-53 (1970).

176 W. J. Campbell and J. V. Gilfrich, "X-Ray Absorption and Emission," Analytical Chemistry 42 (5), R248-68

(1970).

177 L.S. Birks, Electron Probe Microanalysis, Second ed. (Interscience Publishers, New York, 1971).

178 L.S. Birks, J.V. Gilfrich, and D.J. Nagel, "Large-Scale Monitoring of Automobile Exhaust Particulates: Methods

and Costs," NRL Memorandum Report 2350, 1971.

179 L S Birks and K L Dunning, "Ion excitation for X-ray spectroscopy (Abstract only)," presented at the 18-22 Oct.

1971; St. Louis, MO, USA. Sponsored by: Soc. Applied Spectroscopy, 1971.
 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 13 

180 D. B. Brown and J. V. Gilfrich, "Measurement and Calculation of Absolute X-Ray Intensities," Journal of

Applied Physics 42 (10), 4044-6 (1971).

181 J.V. Gilfrich, "Book Review: Principles and Practice of X-Ray Spectrometer Analysis (by Eugene P. Bertin),"

Analytical Chemistry 43 (14), 50A (1971).

182 J. V. Gilfrich, P.G. Burkhalter, R. R. Whitlock et al., "Spectral Distribution of a Thin Window Rhodium Target

X-Ray Spectrographic Tube," Analytical Chemistry 43 (7), 934-36 (1971).

183 D B Brown, "Microprobe analysis - use of electron transport theory - a review," (1971~+).

184 L.S. Birks, J.V. Gilfrich, and P.G. Burkhalter, "Development of X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Elemental

Analysis of Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere and in Source Emissions," in EPA-R2-72-063 (Environmental

Protection Agency, 1972).

185 L.S. Birks, C.S. Barrett, J.B. Newkirk et al., eds., Advances in X-Ray Analysis, 16, (Plenum Press, New York,

1972).

186 L S Birks, J W Criss, and D B Brown, "Radiation Shielding for Satellite Components or Other Sensitive

Circuits," NRL Internal Memorandum Report to Code 5430, Nov 1972, 6680-17:LSB:apm Nov 1972, 1972.

187 L.S. Birks, "X-ray Spectroscopy: Recent Advances and Current Capabilities in Quantitative Analysis," in XVI

Colloquium Spectroscopium Internationale, Plenary Lectures (Adam Higler, London, 1972), pp. 13-27.

188 L. S. Birks, "X-Ray Absorption and Emission," Analytical Chemistry 44 (5), R557-62 (1972).

189 C. M. Dozier, L. S. Birks, P.G. Burkhalter et al., "Dependence of Al K and Ni L X-Ray-Emission on Laser

Energy," Bulletin of the American Physical Society 17 (11), 972 (1972).

190 J.V. Gilfrich, "Report on Colloquium Spectroscopium Internationale, Heidelberg, Germany, 4-9 October 1971,"

Appl. Opt. 11, 707 (1972).

191 J. Gilfrich, "Applications of x-ray analysis to environmental and biomedical studies," in Advances in X-Ray

Analysis (Plenum Press, 1972), Vol. 16, pp. 1-9.

192 J. V. Gilfrich, P.G. Burkhalter, L. S. Birks et al., "X-Ray-Fluorescence Analysis of Air-Pollution Particulates,"

Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical Society 164 (Aug-Sep), 75 (1972).

193 J. V. Gilfrich, P.G. Burkhalter, and L. S. Birks, "X-Ray Fluorescent Analysis of Solid Air Pollutants;

Roentgenflouoreszenz-Analyse von festen Luftverunreinigungen," Chemie Ingenieur Technik 44 (11), 737 (1972).

194 D. J. Nagel, L. S. Birks, Burkhalter. P.G. et al., "X-Ray-Emission from Laser-Produced Mg, Al, Si, Fe, Co, Ni,

Cu and Zn Plasmas," Bulletin of the American Physical Society 17 (11), 972 (1972).

195 L. S. Birks, "Application of X-Ray-Fluorescence Techniques to Air-Pollution Particulates," Abstracts of Papers

of the American Chemical Society 13 (1), 54-5 (1973).

196 L. S. Birks and J. V. Gilfrich, "Development of X-Ray-Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Elemental Analysis of

Particulate Matter in Atmosphere and in Source Emissions," Report of NRL Progress (Sep), 78 (1973).

197 L.S. Birks, "Introduction: X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy: Past, Present and Future," in Proceedings of the
14 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 

International Conference on Inner Shell Ionization Phenomena and Future Applications (U.S. Atomic Energy

Commission, 1973), pp. 2214-7.

198 L. S. Birks, "X-Ray Spectroscopy - From Chemical-Analysis to Plasma Diagnostics," Bulletin of the American

Physical Society 18 (4), 613 (1973).

199 L.S. Birks and J.V. Gilfrich, "Development of x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy for elementa analysis of

particulate matter in the atmosphere and in source emissions. Phase II: Evaluation of Commercial Multiple Crystal

Spectrometer Instruments," NRL MR-7617 and EPA-650/2-73-006, 1973.

200 D B Brown, "Cross Sections for Ionization of K and L Shells by Electrons," in CRC Handbook of Spectroscopy

(1973).

201 D B Brown, "Electron Range and Electron Stopping Power," in CRC Handbook of Spectroscopy (1973).

202 D B Brown, "NRL Internal Memorandum Report: Energy Output of High Poweer X-Ray Tubes," NRL Internal

MR to Code 7770, 6680-25:DBB:apm 19 Dec, 1973.

203 M. Fatemi and L. S. Birks, "On Obtaining Consistent Solutions of Empirical Equations in X-Ray- Fluorescence,"

Analytical Chemistry 45 (8), 1443-1447 (1973).

204 J V Gilfrich, "Future Developments in Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy," AEC CONF-72404, 1973.

205 J. V. Gilfrich, P.G. Burkhalter, and L. S. Birks, "X-Ray Spectrometry for Particulate Air-Pollution - Quantitative

Comparison of Techniques," Analytical Chemistry 45 (12), 2002-2009 (1973).

206 LS. Birks, C.M. Dozier, J.W. Sandelin et al., "Exploratory Tests of a Curved-Crystal X-Ray Spectrograph for

Diagnostics of the Casino Spectrum," NRL Memorandum Report 2842, 1974.

207 L.S. Birks, "X-Ray Spectroscopy and its Uses," Siemens Review XLI, 4-7 (1974).

208 L.S. Birks, "Approximate Jump Factors for K and L Absorption Edges," in Handbook of Spectroscopy, edited by

J.W. Robinson (CRC Press, 1974), Vol. 1, pp. 230.

209 L. S. Birks and J. V. Gilfrich, "X-Ray Absorption and Emission," Analytical Chemistry 46 (5), R360-R366

(1974).

210 L S Birks, "Application of x-ray fluorescence techniques to air pollution particles," in Chemical Abstracts

(1974), Vol. 81, pp. 390.

211 L.S. Birks and M. Fatemi, "Can regression equations be optimized by finagling x-ray intensities," in Advances in

X-Ray Analysis (Plenum Press, NY, 1974), Vol. 17, pp. 302-8.

212 D. B. Brown, M. Fatemi, and L.S. Birks, "Calculation and Measurement of Integral Reflection Coefficient vs.

Wavelength of "Real" Crystals on an Absolute Basis," in Advances in X-Ray Analysis (Plenum Press, NY, 1974),

Vol. 17, pp. 436.

213 D. B. Brown and M. Fatemi, "X-Ray-Diffraction in Crystals of Intermediate Perfection. I. Calculation of Integral

Diffracted Power for Flat and Curved Crystals in Symmetrical Bragg Geometry," Journal of Applied Physics 45 (4),

1544-1554 (1974).

214 D. B. Brown, M. Fatemi, and L. S. Birks, "X-Ray-Diffraction in Crystals of Intermediate Perfection. II. A
 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 15 

Treatment of LiF in Symmetrical Bragg Geometry," Journal of Applied Physics 45 (4), 1555-1561 (1974).

215 J V Gilfrich, "Spectral Distribution of X-Ray Tubes," in Handbook of Spectroscopy, edited by J. Robinson (CRC

Press, Cleveland, 1974).

216 J V Gilfrich, "X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis," in Characterization of Solid Surfaces, edited by P Kane and G

Larabee (Plenum Press, NY, 1974).

217 D.J. Nagel, C.M. Dozier, and L.S. Birks, "X-Ray Diagnostics of High Temperature, High Density Plasmas," in

Proc. of the Fifth Symposium on Engineering and Problems of Fusion Research (IEEE, New York, 1974), pp. 653.

218 L.S. Birks and M. Fatemi, "Quantitative Measurement of Pollutant Asbestos: Part I. A New X-Ray Diffraction

Technique," in 68th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Assoc. (Boston, 1975).

219 L. S. Birks and J.V. Gilfrich, "Low Cost Compact X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer for On-Site Measurements of

Single Elements in Source Emissions," EPA-600/4-75-002, 1975.

220 L.S. Birks, M. Fatemi, J.V. Gilfrich et al., "Quantitative Analysis of Airborne Asbestos by X-Ray Diffraction:

Final Report on Feasibility Study," EPA-650/2-75-004 and NRL Report 7874, 1975.

221 L. S. Birks and J. V. Gilfrich, "X-Ray Fluorescent Analyzer for on-Site Measurements of Single Elements in

Source Emissions," Report of NRL Progress (Sep), 34-34 (1975).

222 L. S. Birks, M. Fatemi, J. V. Gilfrich et al., "Quantitative-Analysis of Airborne Asbestos by X-Ray-Diffraction -

Final Report on Feasibility Study," Report of NRL Progress (Mar), 41-41 (1975).

223 L. S. Birks and J.V. Gilfrich, "Low Cost Compact X-Ray Fluorescence Analyzer for On-Site Measurements of

Single Elements in Source Emissions," NRL Report 7926, 1975.

224 D. B. Brown, J. V. Gilfrich, and M. C. Peckerar, "Measurement and Calculation of Absolute Intensities of XRay- Spectra," Journal of Applied Physics 46 (10), 4537-4540 (1975).

225 M. Fatemi, E.T. Johnson, J.V. Gilfrich et al., "Quantitative Measurement of Pollutant Asbestos: Part II. Sample

Preparation Techniques and Typical Results," in 68th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Assoc. (Boston,

1975), pp. 1-16.

226 J. V. Gilfrich, "Operators Manual for Compact X-Ray Analyzer," Report of NRL Progress (V), 33 (1975).

227 J. Gilfrich, "Operator's Manual for the Compact X-Ray Analyzer," NRL Memorandum Report 3131, 1975.

228 J. V. Gilfrich, D. B. Brown, and P. G. Burkhalter, "Integral Reflection Coefficient of X-Ray Spectrometer

Crystals," Applied Spectroscopy 29 (4), 322-326 (1975).

229 R. F. Smith, K. Stanton, D. Stoop et al., "Quantitative Electrocardiography During Extended Space-Flight," Acta

Astronautica 2 (1-2), 89-102 (1975).

230 L. S. Birks, "Current Capabilities and Future Goals in X-Ray Spectroscopy," Pure and Applied Chemistry 48 (1),

45-52 (1976).

231 L.S. Birks, "Wavelength Dispersion," in X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Environmental Samples (Ann Arbor

Science, 1976), pp. 57.
16 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 

232 L. S. Birks, "History of X-Ray Spectrochemical Analysis," Abstracts of Papers of the American Chemical

Society, 60 (1976).

233 L. S. Birks and J. V. Gilfrich, "X-Ray Spectrometry," Analytical Chemistry 48 (5), R273-R281 (1976).

234 L S Birks and M Fatemi, "Multielectrode apparatus and techniques to prepare aligned asbestos fibers on a thin

substrate," USA Patent 3,963,439 (1976).

235 L. S. Birks, J. W. Sandelin, and C. M. Dozier, "Calibration of Rare-Earth X-Ray Intensifying Screens in 15-70

KeV Energy-Range for Use on Pulsed X-Ray Sources," Review of Scientific Instruments 47 (12), 1475-1478

(1976).

236 L.S. Birks and M. Fatemi, "Parallel-beam x-ray optics for measuring asbestos," USA Patent 3,989,944 (2 Nov

1976).

237 D. B. Brown, J. W. Criss, and L. S. Birks, "Sensitivity of X-Ray Films. I. Model for Sensitivity in 1-100- KeV

Region," Journal of Applied Physics 47 (8), 3722-3731 (1976).

238 D. B. Brown, J. W. Criss, and L. S. Birks, "A Model for Sensitivity of X-Ray Photographic Films," Bulletin of

the American Physical Society 21 (4), 597 (1976).

239 J. W. Criss, "Particle Size and Composition Effects in X-Ray-Fluorescence Analysis of Pollution Samples,"

Analytical Chemistry 48 (1), 179-186 (1976).

240 C. M. Dozier, D. B. Brown, L. S. Birks et al., "X-Ray Sensitivity of No-Screen Film in 1 to 100 Kev Region,"

Bulletin of the American Physical Society 21 (4), 596-597 (1976).

241 C. M. Dozier, D. B. Brown, L. S. Birks et al., "Sensitivity of X-Ray Film.II. Kodak No-Screen Film in 1-100-

Kev Region," Journal of Applied Physics 47 (8), 3732-3739 (1976).

242 V. A. Fassel, B F Scribner, C Th J Alkemade et al., "Nomenclature, Symbols, Units and Their Usage in

Spectrochemical Analysis-II. Data Interpretation," Pure and Applied Chemistry 45, 99-103 (1976).

243 V. A. Fassel, B F Scribner, C Th J Alkemade et al., "Nomenclature, Symbols, Units and Their Usage in

Spectrochemical Analysis-III. Analytical Flame Spectroscopy and Associated Non-Flame Procedures," Pure and

Applied Chemistry 45, 105-123 (1976).

244 M Fatemi, E T Johnson, L S Birks et al., "X-R-D Analysis of Airborne Asbestos: Preparation of Calibration

Standards," in Proc. 8th Materials Research Symposium (1976).

245 J.V. Gilfrich, M.C. Peckerar, and L.S. Birks, "Valence States of Sulfur in Pollution Samples by X-Ray Analysis," 

EPA-600/2-76-265, 1976.

246 L. Birks, "Film-The Versatile X-Ray Detector," in X-Ray Imaging, SPIE Vol 106 (SPIE, Bellingham WA, 1977),

Vol. 106, pp. 19-23.

247 L. S. Birks, "Application of Low-Energy XRF Analysis to Sulfur Determination and to Valence-States

Monitoring in Environmental Samples," Transactions of the American Nuclear Society 27 (V), 205 (1977).

248 L.S. Birks, J.V. Gilfrich, and M.C. Peckerar, "A Compact X-Ray Fluorescence Sulfur Analyzer," in Proc. 8th

Materials Research Symposium, NBS 464 (National Bureau of Standards, 1977), Vol. 464, pp. 347-9.
 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 17 

249 L.S. Birks and M. Fatemi, "Multielectrode grid for aligning polarized particles such as asbestos," USA Patent

4016456 (4/5/1977).

250 L. S. Birks, "Predicting Absolute Sensitivity and Limit of Detection for X- Ray Analysis of Pollution Samples,"

Analytical Chemistry 49 (11), 1505-1507 (1977).

251 D B Brown and J W Criss, "NRL Internal Memorandum Report, Calculation of the Output of Pulsed X-Ray

Sources," Internal memorandum 6480-59:DBB:apm, 29 Nov 1977, to I. Vitkovitsky, 1977.

252 J W Criss, "NRLXRF, a FORTRAN Probram for X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis: Users' Reference Manual and

General Documentation," COSMIC PROGRAM DOD-00065, 1977.

253 C. M. Dozier, D. J. Nagel, and L. S. Birks, "Techniques for Spatial Resolution of X-Ray Spectra from ExplodedWire Plasmas," Journal of Physics E-Scientific Instruments 10 (11), 1183-1187 (1977).

254 M. Fatemi, E.T. Johnson, R.R. Whitlock et al., "X-Ray Analysis of Airborne Asbestos, Interim Report: Sample

Preparation," EPA-600/2-77-062, 1977.

255 J V Gilfrich, "Trace Analysis by X-ray Fluorescence," in Proc. XX Colloquium Spectroscopicum International

and 7th International Conference on Atomic Spectroscopy (1977), pp. 201-218.

256 J. V. Gilfrich, L.S. Birks, and J.W. Criss, "Correction for line interferences in Wavelength-dispersive x-ray

analysis," in X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Environmental Samples, edited by T G Dzubay (Ann Arbor Science

Publishers, Michigan, 1977), pp. 283-288.

257 R. Panayappan, D. L. Venezky, J. V. Gilfrich et al., "Rapid Preconcentration of Trace-Metals for Multielement

Xrf Analysis a Unique Method Using a Combination of Polymer and Organic Precipitating Agents," Abstracts of

Papers of the American Chemical Society 174 (Sep), 42-42 (1977).

258 L.S. Birks, J.V. Gilfrich, and J W Criss, "NRLXRF, A Fortran IV Program for X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis," 

NRL Report 8077, (1977~).

259 L.S. Birks, J.V. Gilfrich, and J.W. Sandelin, "X-Ray Analysis of Airborne Asbestos, Final Report: Design and

Construction of a Prototype Asbestos Analyzer," EPA 600/2-78-194, 1978.

260 L.S. Birks, "Data Interpretation (Chapter 3)," in X-Ray Spectrometry, edited by H.K. Herglotz and L.S. Birks

(Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1978), pp. 59-68.

261 L. S. Birks and J. V. Gilfrich, "X-Ray-Fluorescence Analysis of Concentration and Valence State of Sulfur in

Pollution Samples," Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy 33 (7), 305-310 (1978).

262 L.S. Birks, "Wavelength Dispersion (Chapter 1)," in X-Ray Spectrometry, edited by H.K. Herglotz and L.S. Birks

(Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1978), pp. 1-16.

263 L. S. Birks, "Pinpointing Airborne Pollutants," Environmental Science & Technology 12 (2), 150-153 (1978).

264 L. S. Birks and J. V. Gilfrich, "Evaluation of Commercial Energy Dispersion X-Ray Analyzers for Water

Pollution," Applied Spectroscopy 32 (2), 204-208 (1978).

265 D B Brown, "Government memorandum report, X-Ray Deposition Calculations," Govt. memorandum to Dr. J.

Sazama, Naval Surface Weapons Center Casino Facility, White Oak MD6680-45:DBB:apm, 10/18/78, 1978.
18 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 

266 J. W. Criss, L. S. Birks, and J. V. Gilfrich, "Versatile X-Ray Analysis Program Combining Fundamental

Parameters and Empirical Coefficients," Analytical Chemistry 50 (1), 33-37 (1978).

267 C. M. Dozier, D. B. Brown, J. W. Criss et al., "Accurate X-Ray Diagnostics of Electron-Beam X-Ray

Simulators," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 25 (6), 1634-1639 (1978).

268 J V Gilfrich, "Micro and Trace Analysis (Chapter 14)," in X-Ray Spectrometry, edited by H. and L. Birks

Herglotz (Marcel Dekker, NY, 1978), pp. 393-411.

269 J. V. Gilfrich and L.S. Birks, "Portable Vacuum X-Ray Spectrometer: Instrument for On-Site Analysis of

Airborne Particulate Sulfur and Other Elements," EPA 600/7-78-103, 1978.

270 H.K. Herglotz and L.S. Birks, eds., X-Ray Spectrometry, 2, (Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 1978).

271 R. Panayappan, D. L. Venezky, J. V. Gilfrich et al., "Determination of Soluble Elements in Water by X-RayFluorescence Spectrometry after Preconcentration with PolyvinylPyrrolidone-Thionalide," Analytical Chemistry 50

(8), 1125-1126 (1978).

272 L.S. Birks, J.W. Sandelin, and D.B. Brown, "Integral Reflection Coefficients, R, for Curved and Ground LiF and

ADP," NRL Memorandum Report 3880, 1979.

273 L.S. Birks, "X-Ray Analysis and Speciation of Pollutants (Chapter 8)," in Proceedings of the 21st International

Spectroscopy Colloquium (Heyden, Cambridge, 1979), pp. 106-16.

274 L.S. Birks, "Nondestructive Compositional Analysis (Chapter 8)," in Nondestructive Evaluation of Materials,

edited by L.S. Birks, J.J. Burke and V. Weiss (Plenum Press, NY, 1979), pp. 183-93.

275 D. Brown, "Photoelectron Effects on the Dose Deposition in MOS Devices Caused by Low Energy X-Ray

Sources,", (1979).

276 J. W. Criss, "Correction," Applied Spectroscopy 33 (4), 426-426 (1979).

277 J. W. Criss, "Wavelength Calibration of Flat-Crystal and Convex Curved- Crystal X-Ray Spectrographs,"

Applied Spectroscopy 33 (1), 19-25 (1979).

278 C M Dozier, D B Brown, and J W Criss, "Spectral Disagnostics of X-Ray Simulators," in Naval Research

Laboratory 1978 Review (1979).

279 J V Gilfrich, D B Brown, J W Sandelin et al., "X-Ray Diffraction Measurements ofLow-level radiation

Damage," in Oct 1979 Report of the Cooperative Radiation Effects Simulation Program (CORES) (1979).

280 M. Peckerar, R. Fulton, P. Blaise et al., "Radiation Effects in Mos Devices Caused by X-Ray and E-Beam

Lithography," Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology 16 (6), 1658-1661 (1979).

281 M C Peckerar, D B Brown, C M Dozier et al., "Radiation effects in MOS devices caused by X-Ray and E-Beam

Lithography," (oral presentation), (1979).

282 L. S. Birks, "Diffusion and Impurity Interactions in Solids," Micron 11 (3-4), 275-276 (1980).

283 D. B. Brown, "Photoelectron Effects on the Dose Deposited in MOS Devices by Low-Energy X-Ray Sources,"

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science NS-27 (6), 1465-1468 (1980).
 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 19 

284 D. B. Brown and M. Fatemi, "Diffraction Efficiency of the Curved-Crystal Spectrograph," Journal of Applied

Physics 51 (5), 2540-2548 (1980).

285 C. M. Dozier and D. B. Brown, "Photon Energy Dependence of Radiation Effects in MOS Structures," IEEE

Transactions on Nuclear Science 27 (6), 1694-1699 (1980).

286 C. M. Dozier, D. B. Brown, and J. W. Sandelin, "Dose and Dose-Rate Dependence of 8080a Microprocessor

Failures," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 27 (4), 1299-1304 (1980).

287 L. S. Birks, "Quantitative-Analysis of Multielement Samples When Measured Intensities Are Biased (Letter to

the Editor)," X-Ray Spectrometry 10 (3), 152-153 (1981).

288 D B Brown and D J Nagel, "Calculation of spectra from electron-impact x-ray sources," in Low Energy X-Ray

Diagnostics, edited by B L Henke and D T Attwood (1981), pp. 253-260.

289 D B Brown and J W Criss, "Calculation of spectra from electron-impact x-ray sources,", (1981).

290 D. B. Brown and C. M. Dozier, "Electron-Hole Recombination in Irradiated SiO2 from a Microdosimetry

Viewpoint," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 28 (6), 4142-4144 (1981).

291 P. G. Burkhalter, D. B. Brown, and M. Gersten, "A High-Resolution X-Ray Diagnostic-Technique Using

Simultaneous Diffraction from Several Planes of Acid Phthalate Crystals," Journal of Applied Physics 52 (7), 4379-

4386 (1981).

292 C M Dozier and D B Brown, "MOS Electronic Radiation Sensors," presented at the 4th Workshop on the Use of

XUV and X-Ray Radiometry, Plasma Diagnostics, 5eV to 10 keV, NBS, 24 Apr 1981, 1981.

293 C. M. Dozier and D. B. Brown, "Effect of Photon Energy on the Response of MOS Devices," IEEE Transactions

on Nuclear Science 28 (6), 4137-4141 (1981).

294 J.V. Gilfrich, "9th International Conference on Atomic Spetroscopy and XXII Colloquium Spectroscopy

International," ONR Scientific Bulletin, Far East 6 (4), 45-49 (1981).

295 D.J. Nagel, J.V. Gilfrich, N G Loter et al., "X-Ray Optical Instruments Employing Layered Synthetic

Microstructures," in Proc. International Conference on Inner-Shell and X-Ray Physics of Atoms and Solids (Plenum

Press, New York, 1981), pp. 889-892.

296 J F Bass, D O Patterson, D B Brown et al., "X-Ray and Electron-Beam Lithography and Associated Effects on

MOS Devices," presented at the VHSIC Phase III program workshop/review, 4 Mar 1982.

297 L.S. Birks and D.B. Brown, "Understanding and improving crystals for X-ray fluorescence and Plasma

Diagnostics (Chapter 3)," in Advances in X-Ray Spectroscopy: Contributions in Honour of Professor Y. Cauchois,

edited by C. Bonnelle and C. Mande (Pergamon Press, New York, 1982), pp. 58.

298 D B Brown and C M Dozier, "Dosimetry in electronic devices irradiated with Co-60 and Flash X-ray sources,"

presented at the 1. NASA/SD Spare Parts Working Group - Hardness Assurance Committedd Meeting, San Jose; 2.

ASTM E-10.07 Committee Meeting, Houston, 18-9 Jun 82, 1982.

299 D. B. Brown and C. M. Dozier, "Reducing Errors in Dosimetry Caused by Low-Energy Components of Co-60

and Flash X-Ray Sources," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 29 (6), 1996-1999 (1982).
20 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 

300 C M Dozier, M C Peckerar, D B Brown et al., "Soft X-Ray Radiation Effects in MOS Structures," presented at

the Government Microcircuit Applications Conference (GOMAC), 1982.

301 J.V. Gilfrich, "Book Review: 'Electron Beam X-Ray Microanalysis' (by K.FJ. Heinrich)," Analytical Chemistry

54, 1065A (1982).

302 J. V. Gilfrich, D. J. Nagel, N. G. Loter et al., "X-Ray-Characteristics and Applications of Layered Synthetic

Microstructures," in Advances in X-Ray Analysis (Plenum, 1982), Vol. 25, pp. 355-364.

303 J. V. Gilfrich, D. J. Nagel, and T. W. Barbee, "Layered Synthetic Microstructures as Dispersing Devices in XRay Spectrometers," Applied Spectroscopy 36 (1), 58-61 (1982).

304 J. V. Gilfrich, E. F. Skelton, D. J. Nagel et al., "X-Ray-Fluorescence Analysis Using Synchrotron Radiation," in

Advances in X-Ray Analysis, edited by C.R. Hubbard, C.S. Barrett, P.K. Predecki et al. (Plenum Publishing Corp,

New York, 1982), Vol. 26, pp. 313-323.

305 D. J. Nagel, J. V. Gilfrich, and T. W. Barbee, "Bragg Diffractors with Graded-Thickness Multilayers," Nuclear

Instruments & Methods in Physics Research 195 (1-2), 63-65 (1982).

306 D. J. Nagel, T. W. Barbee, and J. V. Gilfrich, "Graded-Layer-Thickness Bragg X-Ray Reflectors," in SPIE:

Reflecting Optics for Synchrotron Radiation (1982), Vol. 315, pp. 110-117.

307 W F Oliphant, C M Dozier, D B Brown et al., "Characterization and Optimization of GAMBLE II as a

Bremstrahluhg source," IEEE Nuc Sci, (1982).

308 W F Oliphant, C M Dozier, D B Brown et al., "Optimization of the GAMBLE II Generator for Use as a

Bremstrahluhg source," submitted to 1982 IEEE NSRE conf, (1982).

309 M. C. Peckerar, C. M. Dozier, D. B. Brown et al., "Radiation Effects Introduced by X-Ray-Lithography in MOS

Devices," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 29 (6), 1697-1701 (1982).

310 D B Brown and C M Dozier, "Electron-Hole Recombination in SiO2 Using a Microdosimetry Model," in

Radiation Protection, Eighth Symposium on Microdosimetry, edited by J Booz and H G Ebert (1983), pp. 943-52.

311 D. B. Brown, D. I. Ma, C. M. Dozier et al., "Thermal Annealing of Radiation-Induced Defects: a DiffusionLimited Process?," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 30 (6), 4059-4063 (1983).

312 D B Brown, "Annealing Radiation-Induced Damage in MOS Devices," presented at the International Symposium

on Structure and Bonding in Nanocrystalline Solids, 2306 May 1983, 1983.

313 C. M. Dozier and D. B. Brown, "The Use of Low Energy X-Rays for Device Testing - a Comparison with Co-60

Radiation," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 30 (6), 4382-4387 (1983).

314 J V Gilfrich and L S Birks, "Identification of Compounds in Particulate Pollution by X-Ray Diffraction," EPA600/3-83-107, 1983.

315 J. V. Gilfrich, E. F. Skelton, S. B. Qadri et al., "Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis," Analytical

Chemistry 55 (2), 187-190 (1983).

316 J. G. Kelly, T. F. Luera, L. D. Posey et al., "Dose Enhancement Effects in Mosfet IC's Exposed in Typical Co-60

Facilities," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 30 (6), 4388-4393 (1983).
 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 21 

317 J Long, R Williams, T Royt et al., "Photoelectron Spectroscopy During Pulsed Laser Irradiation of

Semiconductors," in Laser-Solid Interactions and Transient Thermal Processing of Materials, edited by J. Narayan,

W. Brown, R. Lemons (Elsevier Science Publishing Co., NY, 1983).

318 M. C. Peckerar, D. B. Brown, H. C. Lin et al., "Modeling Total Dose Effects in Narrow-Channel Devices," IEEE

Transactions on Electron Devices 30 (9), 1159-1164 (1983).

319 H B Rosenstock and D B Brown, "Radiation-related defects in MOS microelectronics, a review of the literature

(SFA report),", (Sachs/Freeman Assoc, 1983).

320 D B Brown and C M Dozier, "Calculation of Flash X-Ray Spectra," presented at the DNA Workshop on Flash

X-Ray Dosimetry for Part Procurement Testing, Aerospace Corp Los Angeles CA, 26 Jan 1984.

321 C. M. Dozier and D. B. Brown, "Production of a Standard Radiation Environment to Minimize Dosimetry Errors

in Flash X-Ray Parts Testing," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 31 (6), 1084-1088 (1984).

322 C M Dozier and D B Brown, ""Standard" FXR Test Environments," presented at the DNA Workshop on Flash

X-Ray Dosimetry for Part Procurement Testing, Aerospace Corp Los Angeles CA, 26 Jan 1984, 1984.

323 J.V. Gilfrich, "Book Review: 'Introduction to Alpha Coefficients' (by G. Lachance)," Applied Spectroscopy 38

(4), 613 (1984).

324 J. Gilfrich, "Book Review: 'Principles of Quantitative X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis' (by R. Tertian and F.

Claisse)," Analytical Chemistry 56 (4), A614-A614 (1984).

325 J. V. Gilfrich and L. S. Birks, "Estimation of Detection Limits in X-Ray-Fluorescence Spectrometry," Analytical

Chemistry 56 (1), 77-79 (1984).

326 W F Oliphant, S J Staephanakis, G Cooperstein et al., "Parameters that affect the radiation produced by a

Bremsstrahlung diode," in (pressented to DNA workshop) (1984).

327 L. S. Birks, "X-Ray Spectrometry - Historical-Perspective and Projections for the Future," Spectrochimica Acta

Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy 40 (9), 1161-1166 (1985).

328 D. B. Brown, "The Time-Dependence of Interface State Production," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 32

(6), 3900-3904 (1985).

329 P G Burkhalter, D B Brown, P. D. Rockett et al., "Multilayer, convex surfaces for soft x-ray diffraction," in SPIE

Vol 563 Applications of Thin-Film Multilayer Structures fo Figured X-Ray Optics (1985) (1985), pp. 317-25.

330 C. M. Dozier, D. B. Brown, J. L. Throckmorton et al., "Defect Production in Sio2 by X-Ray and Co-60

Radiations," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 32 (6), 4363-4368 (1985).

331 J.V. Gilfrich, "Conference Report: Colloquium Spectroscopium Internationale XXIV," European Science Notes,

ONR London 40 (1), 31 (1985).

332 John V Gilfrich, David J. Nagel, Mohammad Fatemi et al., "A Soft X-Ray Experimental Facility," Advances in

X-Ray Analysis 28, 123-35 (1985).

333 D J Nagel, J.V. Gilfrich, D B Brown et al., "Multilayers on Flexible Mica," in Appl. of Thin-Film Multilayered

Structures to Figured X-Ray Optics, SPIE Vol. 503 (1985), Vol. 503, pp. 326-7.
22 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 

334 P. D. Rockett, C. R. Bird, C. J. Hailey et al., "X-Ray-Calibration of Kodak Direct Exposure Film," Applied

Optics 24 (16), 2536-2542 (1985).

335 D. B. Brown, "The Phenomenon of Electron Rollout for Energy Deposition and Defect Generation in Irradiated

MOS Devices," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 33 (6), 1240-1244 (1986).

336 P.G. Burkhalter, J.V. Gilfrich, D.B. Brown et al., "Soft X-Ray Calibration of Diffracting Materials," in X-Ray

Calibration: Techniques, Sources, and Detectors, SPIE Vol. 689 (SPIE, Bellingham WA, 1986), Vol. 689, pp. 121-

7.

337 C. M. Dozier, D. B. Brown, R. K. Freitag et al., "Use of the Subthreshold Behavior to Compare X-Ray and Co60 Radiation-Induced Defects in Mos-Transistors," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 33 (6), 1324-1329

(1986).

338 J. V. Gilfrich, "Multilayered Structures as Dispersing Devices in X-Ray Spectrometry," in Analytica Chimica

Acta (1986), Vol. 188, pp. 51-57.

339 D. B. Brown and A. H. Johnston, "A Framework for an Integrated Set of Standards for Ionizing- Radiation

Testing of Microelectronics," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 34 (6), 1720-1725 (1987).

340 C. M. Dozier, D. M. Fleetwood, D. B. Brown et al., "An Evaluation of Low-Energy X-Ray and Cobalt-60

Irradiations of Mos-Transistors," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 34 (6), 1535-1539 (1987).

341 D L Fehl, C M Dozier, R. K. Freitag et al., "X-Ray Photoelectric Detectors with Conical Cathodes: Sensitivity to

Beam Divergence," in Proceedings of the Conference on Instrumentation for Nuclear Vol. 1 (1987), pp. 15-39.

342 R. K. Freitag, C. M. Dozier, and D. B. Brown, "Growth and Annealing of Trapped Holes and Interface States

Using Time-Dependent Biases," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 34 (6), 1172-1177 (1987).

343 J. Gilfrich, "Birks Award in X-Ray Spectrometry," in Advances in X-Ray Analysis (Plenum, 1987), Vol. 30.

344 J. Gilfrich, "Personal Observations on Trends in XRF," in Advances in X-Ray Analysis (Plenum, 1987), Vol. 30,

pp. 35.

345 J. Gilfrich, "Foreward," in Advances in X-Ray Analysis (Plenum, 1987), Vol. 30.

346 J.V. Gilfrich, D B Brown, and D Rosen, "Characterization of Multilayer Structures for Soft X-Ray Dispersion,"

in SPIE Vo. 688 Multilayer Structures and X-Ray Laser Research (1986), edited by N M Ceglio and et al. (1987),

Vol. 688, pp. 115-121.

347 J. P. Kirkland, J V Gilfrich, and W T Elam, "Appearance Potential X-Ray Fluorescence Spectroscopy," BNL52131, 1987.

348 D. M. Fleetwood, P. S. Winokur, C. M. Dozier et al., "Effect of Bias on the Response of Metal-OxideSemiconductor Devices to Low-Energy X-Ray and Cobalt-60 Irradiation," Applied Physics Letters 52 (18), 1514-

1516 (1988).

349 D. M. Fleetwood, D. E. Beutler, L. J. Lorence et al., "Comparison of Enhanced Device Response and Predicted

X-Ray Dose Enhancement Effects on Mos Oxides," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 35 (6), 1265-1271

(1988).
 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 23 

350 R. K. Freitag, E. A. Burke, C. M. Dozier et al., "The Development of Non-Uniform Deposition of Holes in Gate

Oxides," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 35 (6), 1203-1207 (1988).

351 J.V. Gilfrich, D.B. Brown, D.L. Rosen et al., "Characterization of Multilayers as X-Ray Dispersion Devices,"

Mat. Res. Soc. Proc. 103, 301-5 (1988).

352 D. L. Griscom and D. B. Brown, "Nature of Radiation-Induced Point Defects in Amorphous SiO2 and Their

Role in SiO2-on-Si Structures," Journal of the Electrochemical Society 135 (3), C137 (1988).

353 J.P. Kirkland, J.V. Gilfrich, and W.T. Elam, "Appearance Potential X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis," in Advances

in X-Ray Analysis (1988), Vol. 31, pp. 479-486.

354 W. L. Lechter, M. S. Osofsky, R. J. Soulen et al., "Bulk Superconductivity above 100-K in the Tl-Sr-Ca-Cu

System," Solid State Communications 68 (6), 519-521 (1988).

355 D. L. Rosen, D.B. Brown, J.V. Gilfrich et al., "Multilayer Roughness Evaluated by X-Ray Reflectivity," Journal

of Applied Crystallography 21, 136-144 (1988).

356 N. S. Saks, C. M. Dozier, and D. B. Brown, "Time-Dependence of Interface Trap Formation in MOSFETs

Following Pulsed Irradiation," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 35 (6), 1168-1177 (1988).

357 D. B. Brown, W. C. Jenkins, and A. H. Johnston, "Application of a Model for Treatment of Time-Dependent

Effects on Irradiation of Microelectronic Devices," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 36 (6), 1954-1962

(1989).

358 P.G. Burkhalter, R.K. Frietag, J.V. Gilfrich et al., "X-Ray Performance of Multilayer Diffraction Diagnostics," 

NRL Memorandum Report 6574, 1989.

359 J. Gilfrich, "Foreward," in Advances in X-Ray Analysis (Plenum, NY, 1989), Vol. 32, pp. v.

360 J. V. Gilfrich, "Modern X-Ray-Fluorescence Analysis," Progress in Analytical Spectroscopy 12 (1), 1-20 (1989).

361 J. Gilfrich, "Papers from the Vienna EDXRF Workshop, Vienna, Austria, 13-15 July 1988," X-Ray Spectrometry

18 (3), 85 (1989).

362 J. Gilfrich, "Report of the 37th Annual Denver Conference on Applications of X-Ray-Analysis," X-Ray

Spectrometry 18 (1), 39-40 (1989).

363 J V Gilfrich, N L Gilfrich, E. F. Skelton et al., "X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis of Tree Rings," BNL 52218,

1989.

364 J.V. Gilfrich, "Synchrotron Radiation X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis," in Advances in X-Ray Analysis (1989),

Vol. 32, pp. 1-7.

365 N. S. Saks and D. B. Brown, "Interface Trap Formation Via the 2-Stage H+ Process," IEEE Transactions on

Nuclear Science 36 (6), 1848-1857 (1989).

366 N S Saks and D B Brown, "The Two-Stage Process for InterfaceTrap Formation-Revisited," in (Proc) Nuclear

and Space Radiation Effects Meeting 24 Jul 1989 Through 28 Jul 1989 (1989).

367 M. A. Xapsos, R. K. Freitag, E. A. Burke et al., "The Random Nature of Energy Deposition in Gate Oxides,"
24 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 36 (6), 1896-1903 (1989).

368 D B Brown, "Total dose effects at dose rates typical of space (Session 2 of 5)," in Course: Microelectronics for

the Natural Radiation Environments of Space, edited by P J McNulty (1990).

369 D B Brown and N S Saks, "Oxide thickness dependence of interface trap build-up," in 1990 Semiconductors

Interface Specialist Conf (SISC), San Diego CA, 6-8 Dec 1990 (1990).

370 D B Brown, "X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis," 5th Anniversary Special Issue of the Journal Spectroscopy, (1990).

371 A Edelstein, C Kim, S Qadri et al., "Magnetic Coupling in High Moment f.c.c. Fe/Ni Multilayers," in Solid State

Comm. (1990), Vol. 76, pp. 1379-1382.

372 J. Gilfrich, "Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence: A Mature Analytical Tool," presented to The European

Workshop on Energy Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF) Meeting 20-22 Jun 1990, (Antwerp, 1990).

373 J V Gilfrich, "X-Ray Spectrometry, Contribution to the Special Fifth Anniversary Report," Spectroscopy 5 (9),

30-32 (1990).

374 J. Gilfrich, A. Bober, H. Rose et al., "Adler,Isidore - Obituary," X-Ray Spectrometry 19 (4), 167-168 (1990).

375 J. V. Gilfrich, "New Horizons in X-Ray-Fluorescence Analysis," X-Ray Spectrometry 19 (2), 45-51 (1990).

376 N. S. Saks and D. B. Brown, "Observation of H+ Motion During Interface Trap Formation," IEEE Transactions

on Nuclear Science 37 (6), 1624-1631 (1990).

377 M. A. Xapsos, R. K. Freitag, C. M. Dozier et al., "Separation of Radiation-Induced and Process Induced Lateral

Nonuniformities," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 37 (6), 1677-1681 (1990).

378 D. E. Beutler, L. J. Lorence, and D. B. Brown, "Dosimetry in Linac Electron-Beam Environments," IEEE

Transactions on Nuclear Science 38 (6), 1171-1179 (1991).

379 D B Brown, "A Review of Total Dose Effects at Dose Rates Typical of Space," in Proc. Eighth Symp. on Space

Nuclear Power Systems, edited by M S El-Genk and M D Hoover (AIP, 1991), pp. 819ff.

380 D B Brown and N S Saks, "Initial Hydrogen Ion Profiles Following Pulsed Irradiation During Interface Trap

Formation in MOS Devices," presented to Semiconductor Interface Specialists Conf, Lake Buena Vista FL, 11-14

Dec 1991, (1991).

381 D. B. Brown and N. S. Saks, "Time Dependence of Radiation-Induced Interface Trap Formation in Metal-OxideSemiconductor Devices as a Function of Oxide Thickness and Applied Field," Journal of Applied Physics 70 (7),

3734-3747 (1991).

382 P. G. Burkhalter, D. B. Brown, J. V. Gilfrich et al., "Surface Characterization of Multilayer X-Ray Diffraction

Specimens," Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B 9 (2), 845-852 (1991).

383 J. Gilfrich, "Birks, L.S.Verne - Obituary," X-Ray Spectrometry 20 (6), 267-268 (1991).

384 J.V. Gilfrich, S.B. Qadri, N.E. Moulton et al., "Spectral Characterization of Beam Line X17C," BNL 52272,

1991.
 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 25 

385 J. V. Gilfrich, N. L. Gilfrich, E. F. Skelton et al., "X-Ray-Fluorescence Analysis of Tree Rings," X-Ray

Spectrometry 20 (4), 203-208 (1991).

386 J. Gilfrich, "Papers from the Federation-of-Analytical-Chemistry-and- Spectroscopy-Societies (Facss) XVI XRay Spectroscopy Session, Chicago, USA, October 1989," X-Ray Spectrometry 20 (1), 1 (1991).

387 J.P. Kirkland, W.T. Elam, and J.V. Gilfrich, "Method for Analyzing Material Using X-Ray Fluorescence," USA

Patent United States Statutory Invention Registration #H922 (7 May 1991).

388 N S Saks and D B Brown, "Formation of Interface Traps by Radiation," presented at the INFOS, Liverpool, UK,

2-5 Apr 1991, (1991).

389 N. S. Saks, D. B. Brown, and R. W. Rendell, "Effects of Switched Gate Bias on Radiation-Induced Interface

Trap Formation," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 38 (6), 1130-1139 (1991).

390 D B Brown and N S Saks, "The role of hydrogen in interface trap creation by radiation in MOS devices," in

(Proc.) International Workshop of radiation Effects on Semiconductor Devices for Spce Applications, 25-6 Feb

1992, Takasaki, Japan, edited by C R Helms and B E Deal (Plenum Press, NY, (1992)).

391 N S Saks and D B Brown, "The role of hydrogen in interface trap creation by radiation in MOS devices -- a

review," 2nd Symposium on the Physics and Chemistry of SiO2 and the Si-SiO2 Interface, 18-21 May 1992, St.

Louis MO, in The Physics and Chemistry of SiO2 and the Si-SiO2 Interface, edited by C R Helms and B E Deal

(Plenum Press, NY, 1992).

392 D. B. Brown and N. S. Saks, "Initial Hydrogen-Ion Profiles During Interface Trap Formation in MOS Devices,"

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 39 (6), 2236-2243 (1992).

393 D B Brown, J V Gilfrich, R K Frietag et al., "Experimental and Theoretical Soft X-Ray Reflectivities for MoB4C Multilayer Structures," in Proceedings of the Optical Society of America Topical Meeting on Physics of

Multilayer Structures (Jackson Hole, WI, 1992), Vol. 7, pp. 147-50.

394 D.B. Brown, J.H. Konnert, J.V. Gilfrich et al., "Prediction of the Diffraction Order Dependence of the Integral

Reflection Coefficient of Multilayer Structures using Atomic Force Microscope Measurements," in Advances in XRay Analysis (Plenum Press, 1992), Vol. 35, pp. 177-183.

395 P G Burkhalter, J V Gilfrich, R K Frietag et al., "Comparison of measured and calculated values for the

diffraction line profiles and integral reflection coefficients for multiple diffraction orders of multilayer structures,"

in SPIE Vol. 1546 (1992), Vol. 1546, pp. 537-543.

396 C M Dozier, D Mosher, D B Brown et al., "Capillary Optics for AGT and UGT Applications (U)," presented at

the 1992 Joint DNA/SNL SImulation Fidelity Workshop IV, 1-3 Dec 1992, Huntsville AL, (1992).

397 C M Dozier, D Mosher, R. K. Freitag et al., "X-Ray Capillary Optics for Energy Transport in NWES," in (Proc.

1992 HEART Conference) ((1992)).

398 J. Gilfrich, "Birks,L.S. Verne, Honorary Member of Sas - Obituary," Applied Spectroscopy 46 (1), 183-183

(1992).

399 J. Gilfrich, "Correction," X-Ray Spectrometry 21 (1), 1 (1992).

400 J.V. Gilfrich, E.F. Skelton, S.B. Qadri et al., "Micro-X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis on a Synchrotron Radiation
26 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 

Wiggler Beam Line," in Advances in X-Ray Analysis (PLenum Press, 1992), Vol. 35, pp. 995-1000.

401 R. Jenkins and J. V. Gilfrich, "Figures-of-Merit, Their Philosophy, Design and Use," X-Ray Spectrometry 21 (6),

263-269 (1992).

402 H.B. Rosenstock and D.B. Brown, "Reflection of X-rays from Repeated Multilayer Structures," NRL

Memorandum Report 6942, 1992.

403 (duplicate entry deleted)

404 C. M. Dozier, M I Bell, D A Newman et al., "Characterization of Capillary-Optic Materials for Use in X-Ray

Lithography," Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 306, 169 (1993).

405 R. K. Freitag, D. B. Brown, and C. M. Dozier, "Experimental Evidence of Two Species of Radiation-Induced

Trapped Positive Charge," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 40 (6), 1316-1322 (1993).

406 J. Gilfrich, "Papers from the European Conference on Edxrs, Myconos, Greece, 30 May 6 June 1992," X-Ray

Spectrometry 22 (4), 185 (1993).

407 J. Gilfrich, "Determination of Impurities in Nuclear-Grade Uranium-Compounds by X-Ray-Fluorescence

Spectrometry," X-Ray Spectrometry 22 (3), 178 (1993).

408 C. M. Dozier, D. A. Newman, J. V. Gilfrich et al., "Capillary Optics for X-Ray Analysis," in Advances in X-Ray

Analysis (Plenum Press, NY, 1994), Vol. 37, pp. 499-506.

409 W T Elam and J V Gilfrich, "Report on the Use of X-Ray Fluorescence as a Trace Metal Sensor for the Cone

Penetrometer," NRL Memorandum Report NRL/MR/6685-94-7420, 1994.

410 R. K. Freitag, D. B. Brown, and C. M. Dozier, "Evidence for Two Types of Radiation-Induced Trapped Positive

Charge," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 41 (6), 1828-1834 (1994).

411 R. K. Freitag, D B Brown, and C M Dozier, "Characterization of two types of radiation-induced trapped positive

charge," in 25th IEEE SISC, San Diego CA, 8-10 Dec 1994, edited by H Z Massoud, W L Warren and R E

Stahlbush (1994).

412 J. Gilfrich, "Book Review: 'Handbook of X-Ray Spectrometry, Methods and Techniques' (Van Grieken and

Markowicz, eds.)," X-Ray Spectrometry 23, 45-6 (1994).

413 J V Gilfrich, "Preface: Where do we go from here? (With apologies to Max Planck)," The Rigaku Journal 11 (2),

1-3 (1994).

414 J. Gilfrich, "Roentgen-95," X-Ray Spectrometry 23 (6), 245 (1994).

415 J. Gilfrich, "Sample Preparation," X-Ray Spectrometry 23 (2), 51 (1994).

416 J. Gilfrich, "Nomenclature," X-Ray Spectrometry 23 (4), 149 (1994).

417 J. Gilfrich, "The New Look," X-Ray Spectrometry 23 (3), 103 (1994).

418 W T Elam, R R Whitlock, and J.V. Gilfrich, "Use of X-Ray Fluorescence for In-situ Detection of Metals," in

Proc Optical Sensing '94 Conference, SPIE Vol. 2367 (1995), pp. 59-69.
 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 27 

419 W T Elam and J V Gilfrich, "Design of an X-Ray Fluorescence Sensor for the Cone Penetrometer," in Advances

in X-Ray Analysis (1995), pp. 699-704.

420 J. Gilfrich, "Electronic Manuscripts," X-Ray Spectrometry 24 (4), 155 (1995).

421 J. Gilfrich, "Themed Issues," X-Ray Spectrometry 24 (3), 87 (1995).

422 J. Gilfrich, "The 1st Decade," X-Ray Spectrometry 24 (2), 43 (1995).

423 J. Gilfrich, "Lead-Poisoning," X-Ray Spectrometry 24 (1), 1 (1995).

424 J. P. Kirkland, V. E. Kovantsev, C. M. Dozier et al., "Wavelength-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Detector,"

Review of Scientific Instruments 66 (2), 1410-1412 (1995).

425 J. P. Kirkland, V. E. Kovantsev, C. M. Dozier et al., "Wavelength-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence Detector," 

NSLS Annual Report B169, 1995.

426 J. Gilfrich, "An X-ray analysis society," X-Ray Spectrometry 25 (6), 263-264 (1996).

427 J. Gilfrich, "X-ray vendors," X-Ray Spectrometry 25 (5), 203 (1996).

428 J. Gilfrich, "XRF instrumentation," X-Ray Spectrometry 25 (4), 145 (1996).

429 J. Gilfrich, "Untitled," X-Ray Spectrometry 25 (3), 101 (1996).

430 J. Gilfrich, "Authors and reviewers," X-Ray Spectrometry 25 (2), 53 (1996).

431 J. Gilfrich, "Miscellaneous comments," X-Ray Spectrometry 25 (1), 1 (1996).

432 D B Brown, B Cordts, J V Gilfrich et al., "Separation of TXRF Peaks and Background Using a Spreadsheet," in

Advances in X-Ray Analysis (1997), Vol. 39, pp. 791-7.

433 D. B. Brown, "1997 IEEE Nuclear and Space Radiation Effects Conference - General Chairman's Comments,"

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 44 (6), 1779-1780 (1997).

434 S. Buchner, M. Baze, D. Brown et al., "Comparison of error rates in combinational and sequential logic," IEEE

Transactions on Nuclear Science 44 (6), 2209-2216 (1997).

435 R. K. Freitag and D. B. Brown, "Low dose rate effects on linear bipolar IC's: Experiments on the time

dependence," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 44 (6), 1906-1913 (1997).

436 J. Gilfrich, "'A last hurrah'," X-Ray Spectrometry 26 (6), 313 (1997).

437 J. Gilfrich, "X-ray fluorescence analysis at the ICDD," X-Ray Spectrometry 26 (5), 247 (1997).

438 J. Gilfrich, "Micro x-ray fluorescence analysis," X-Ray Spectrometry 26 (3), 95 (1997).

439 J. Gilfrich, "'The news editor'," X-Ray Spectrometry 26 (1), 1 (1997).

440 R. L. Pease, L. M. Cohn, D. M. Fleetwood et al., "A proposed hardness assurance test methodology for bipolar

linear circuits and devices in a space ionizing radiation environment," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 44 (6),
28 NRL/MR/6170--01-8577 

1981-1988 (1997).

441 W. T. Elam, J. W. Adams, K. R. Hudson et al., "Subsurface measurement of soil heavy-metal concentrations with

the SCAPS X-ray fluorescence (XRF) metals sensor," Field Analytical Chemistry and Technology 2 (2), 97-102

(1998).

442 R. K. Freitag and D. B. Brown, "Study of low-dose-rate radiation effects on commercial linear bipolar ICs,"

IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 45 (6), 2649-2658 (1998).

443 J V Gilfrich and W T Elam, "X-Ray Fluorescence Analysis at the Naval Research Laboratory," NRL/MR/6685--

98-8120, 1998.

444 B B Rath and D J DeYoung, "The Naval Research Laboratory: 75 Years of Materials Innovation," JOM 50 (7),

14-19 (1998).

445 J. L. Titus, W. E. Combs, T. L. Turflinger et al., "First observations of enhanced low dose rate sensitivity

(ELDRS) in space: One part of the MPTB experiment," IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science 45 (6), 2673-2680

(1998).

446 J. L. Titus, T. L. Turflinger, J F Kreig et al., "Total dose response of bipolar devices in a space environment," in

Proceedings, Government Microcircuit Applications Converence 1999 (1999), pp. 328-31.

447 J. V. Gilfrich, "In memoriam: John William Criss," X-Ray Spectrometry 30 (1), 1-2 (2001).

448 J V Gilfrich, "X-ray fluorescence analysis at the Naval Research Laboratory," X-Ray Spectrometry 30 (4), 203-

211 (2001).

449 R R Whitlock, "In remembrance - John William Criss," in NRL Labstracts (2001), pp. 10.

450 R R Whitlock, "John Criss and X-ray fluorescence," in NRL Labstracts (2001), pp. 11-2.