OSAC 2022-N-0020 Standard for Mass 

Fatality Incident Management

OSAC 2022-N-0020 

Standard for Mass Fatality 

Incident Management

Disaster Victim Identification Task Group

Medicolegal Death Investigation Subcommittee

Medicine Scientific Area Committee

Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC) for Forensic Science
OSAC 2022-N-0020 Standard for Mass 

Fatality Incident Management

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OSAC Proposed Standard

OSAC 2022-N-0020 Standard for Mass 

Fatality Incident Management

Prepared by 

Medicolegal Death Investigation Subcommittee

Version: 2.0

November 2022

Disclaimer:

This OSAC Proposed Standard was written by the Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC) 

for Forensic Science following a process that includes an open comment period. This Proposed Standard 

will be submitted to a standards developing organization and is subject to change.

There may be references in an OSAC Proposed Standard to other publications under development by 

OSAC. The information in the Proposed Standard, and underlying concepts and methodologies, may be 

used by the forensic-science community before the completion of such companion publications.

Any identification of commercial equipment, instruments, or materials in the Proposed Standard is not a 

recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Government and does not imply that the equipment, 

instruments, or materials are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
OSAC 2022-N-0020 Standard for Mass 

Fatality Incident Management

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Standard for Mass Fatality Incident Management

Foreword

Mass fatality incidents are complex and may present commingled biological remains, personal 

effects, and other probative evidence distributed widely across the scene. The information presented 

herein is compatible with many of the standard principles used in crime scene and medicolegal death 

investigation; however, these practices are specifically designed to address the unique challenges 

faced by the high-volume victim identification operations commonly associated with mass fatality

incidents. It is possible that the magnitude of the incident, the high numbers of fatalities, and the size 

of the scene may exceed local capabilities and resources for conducting an efficient, effective, and 

timely recovery and identification efforts. Such challenges demand a coordinated multidisciplinary 

response including law enforcement, fire-rescue, medicolegal and forensic practitioners, and other 

investigative assets. 

Disaster victim identification practitioners are encouraged to develop, implement, exercise, and 

review their mass fatality incident response operating procedures in light of these standards, and to 

update their procedures as needed. It is anticipated that these standards will evolve as future 

technologies emerge. 

This standard is put forth by the Disaster Victim Identification (DVI) Task Group within OSAC

Medicolegal Death Investigation (MDI) Subcommittee. This document is intended to be the 

overarching standard in a series of standards and best practices1, 4, 5, 6, 9, 10 & 11 developed by the DVI 

Task Group. This document originated from the Scientific Working Group on Disaster Victim 

Identification (SWGDVI).

Keywords: mass fatality incident, mass fatality management, disaster victim identification
OSAC 2022-N-0020 Standard for Mass 

Fatality Incident Management

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Table of Contents

1. Scope 5

2. Normative References 5

3. Terms and Definitions 6

4. Requirements 8

Foundational Principles 13

Bibliography 14
OSAC 2022-N-0020 Standard for Mass 

Fatality Incident Management

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1. Scope 

This document provides a standard for the elements to address when planning for and 

implementing mass fatality management operations. The standard is intended for the medicolegal 

authority responsible for the overall management of a mass fatality incident. This standard lists the 

procedures and protocols that a forensic science service provider should have to successfully 

manage a mass fatality incident but does not fully specify the content that those procedures and 

protocols must have. This standard does not substitute for standards that will more specifically set 

forth minimum requirements or best practices for the procedures and protocols mentioned here.

2. Normative References

The following normative references are indispensable for the application of this document. For 

dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the 

referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

Annexure 1: Principles of Good DVI Governance, Part b. Interpol. 2018. 

https://www.interpol.int/en/How-we-work/Forensics/Disaster-Victim-Identification-DVI. 

Assistance to families of passengers involved in aircraft accidents, 49 U.S. Code § 1136 (2022)

Assistance to families of passengers involved in rail passenger accidents, 49 U.S. Code § 1139 (2021)

Best Practice Recommendations for DNA Analysis for Human Identification in Mass Fatality Incidents,

ANSI/ASB 006, 2019.

Blakeney, R., Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, Office for Victims of Crime. (2002). 

Providing Relief to Families after a Mass Fatality: Roles of the Medical Examiner's Office and the 

Family Assistance Center. Retrieved from 

www.ncjrs.gov/ovc_archives/bulletins/prfmf_11_2001/welcome.html

Disaster Victim Identification Guide, Part A. Interpol. 2018. https://www.interpol.int/en/How-wework/Forensics/Disaster-Victim-Identification-DVI. 

Examination of Human Remains by Forensic Pathologists in the Disaster Victim Identification Context,

ANSI/ASB 009, 2019.

Forensic Anthropology in Disaster Victim Identification: Best Practice Recommendations for the 

Medicolegal Authority, ANSI/ASB 010, 2018.

Forensic Odontology in Disaster Victim Identification: Best Practice Recommendations for the 

Medicolegal Authority, ANSI/ASB 108, 2021.

Mass Fatality Scene Processing: Best Practice Recommendations for the Medicolegal Authority,

ANSI/ASB 008, 2021.
OSAC 2022-N-0020 Standard for Mass 

Fatality Incident Management

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Management of Dead Bodies after Disasters: A Field Manual for First Responders. Morgan O, 

Tidball-Bibnz M, van Alphen D editors. PAHO/WHO/ICRC/IFRCRCS. 2006. 

https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/management-of-dead-bodies-after-disasters. 

National Incident Management System, 3rd ed, 2017. FEMA. 

https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-07/fema_nims_doctrine-2017.pdf. 

National Response Framework, 4th ed. FEMA. 2019. 

https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/2020-04/NRF_FINALApproved_2011028.pdf. 

National Transportation Safety Board, Office of Transportation Disaster Assistance. (2008). Federal 

Family Assistance Plan for Aviation Disasters. 

Plans to address needs of families of passengers involved in aircraft accidents, 49 U.S. Code § 

41113 (2021)

Plans to address needs of families of passengers involved in foreign air carrier accidents. 49 U.S. Code 

§ 41313 (2021)

Plans to address needs of families of passengers involved in rail passenger accidents, 49 U.S. Code § 

24316 (2021)

Postmortem Impression Recovery: Guidance and Best Practices for Disaster Victim Identification,

ANSI/ASB 094, 2021.

Postmortem Impression Submission Strategy for Comprehensive Searches of Essential Automated 

Fingerprint Identification System Databases, ANSI/ASB 007, 2018.

Standard Operating Procedures for Mass Fatality Management. National Association of Medical 

Examiners. 2021. 

https://name.memberclicks.net/assets/docs/NAME%20Mass%20Fatality%20Plan%202021.pdf. 

3. Terms and Definitions

For the purpose of this document, the following definitions and acronyms apply.

3.1.

Body Collection Point (BCP)

A location providing temporary refrigerated storage of remains (whole or fragmentary) and related 

evidence while decedent recovery operations are ongoing until transport to a morgue or other 

facility where the remains and evidence will be processed for identification and disposition.

3.2.

Disaster Victim Identification (DVI)

Processes and procedures for identifying and re-associating human remains via the application of 

scientific methods, as a component of mass fatality management. 

3.3.
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Fatality Incident Management

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Family Assistance

The provision of services and information to the family members of those killed and to those 

injured or otherwise impacted by the incident.

3.4.

Family Assistance Center (FAC)

The focus of services for family members following an incident. FACs are designed to meet the 

immediate and short-term needs of family members: safety, security, physiological needs (food, 

sleep), information (about the victim recovery and identification process and the investigation), 

and crisis/grief counseling. FAC is defined in NTSB Federal Family Assistance Plan for Aviation 

Disasters 2008. The FAC is designed to provide information to families and friends of victims, 

decision-makers, the media, and the public, regarding the on-going operations. The role of the 

medicolegal authority at the FAC includes gathering antemortem data via the Victim Information 

Center and notifying the legal representative authorized to direct disposition regarding the 

deceased. FACs can be physically and/or virtually established sites.

3.5.

Grouped Remains

Biological tissue that is either not identifiable with current technology, or because of other 

constraints is not associated with a particular decedent (also referred to as common tissue).

3.6.

Incident Characterization

Provides an initial assessment of the incident, allowing leadership to make appropriate decisions 

regarding operational decisions.

3.7.

Incident Command System (ICS)

A management system designed to enable effective and efficient domestic incident management by 

integrating a combination of facilities, equipment, personnel, procedures and communications 

operating within a common organizational structure. ICS is defined in FEMA National Incident 

Management System, 3rd ed, 2017.

3.8.

Joint Information Center (JIC)

A facility in which personnel coordinate incident-related public information activities. The JIC 

serves as the central point of contact for all news media. Public information officials from all 

participating agencies co-locate at, or virtually coordinate through, the JIC. JIC is defined in FEMA 

National Incident Management System, 3rd ed, 2017.

3.9.

Manifest of unaccounted for persons

Working list of persons potentially involved in an incident which may include deceased, injured, 

and otherwise unaccounted for persons.

3.10.

Mass fatality incident (MFI)

Any incident which produces fatalities of a sufficient number or complexity that special operations 

and organizations are required. 
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Fatality Incident Management

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3.11.

Mass fatality management

The overarching operation involving processing a disaster incident. This includes communicating 

with victim families; search and recovery, processing and identification of the dead, and returning 

them to their families. Fatality management operations are split into distinct roles including scene 

operations, morgue operations and family assistance (aka victim information). The protocols for 

each are held within the individual medicolegal authority’s mass fatality plans.

3.12.

Medicolegal Death Investigation Authority

The medical examiner, coroner or other office responsible for medicolegal death investigation in a 

given jurisdiction. The term medicolegal authority is an abbreviation for medicolegal death 

investigation authority, and when used in this document, shall be construed as though it were 

written out in full. 

3.13.

Victim Information Center (VIC)

The Victim Information Center (VIC), formerly known as the Victim Identification Center, is a 

component of the Family Assistance Center (FAC) operation. The VIC is a controlled area within the 

FAC where the acquisition of antemortem data occurs to enable the identification of victims of a 

mass fatality incident (MFI). Establishment of the VIC is the responsibility of the local medicolegal 

authority. 

4. Requirements

Medicolegal jurisdictions shall establish an organizational response framework to include an 

operational definition of a mass fatality incident and define objectives for successful operations. This 

should include a plan for operating within and alongside local, state, and federal government entities 

in addition to non-government organizations (NGO) and private industries.

4.1. Operational Definition of Mass Fatality Incidents (MFIs)

A mass fatality incident can generally be defined as any incident involving a number of fatalities 

which exceeds the resource capacity of a medicolegal authority to respond with internal resources, 

while maintaining day-to-day operations. Local jurisdictions shall develop a definition of a mass 

fatality incident which serves as an operational trigger, allowing for rapid and effective decisionmaking when minimal information is available. This definition shall consider incident 

characterization, analysis of hazards, and assessment of capacities (e.g. human, equipment, structural 

and financial resources). 

Some factors in determining whether an incident should be classified as an MFI include:

a) The number of potential fatalities based upon the preliminary incident characterization.

b) The need for protracted or complex victim recovery operations.

c) Complicating circumstances:

i) Scene hazards such as contamination by chemical, biological, radiological, nuclear or 

explosive agents or materials 

ii) Factors complicating the recovery such as fragmentation of remains, fire damage, land vs. 

in-water; scene access and other physical / environmental challenges 
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Fatality Incident Management

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iii) The need for multi-agency response or cross-border political and diplomatic 

considerations.

4.2. Operational Objectives of MFI Management

Incident-specific objectives shall be established and allow for adaptation. Operational objectives shall 

include the following:

1) Establish medicolegal jurisdiction over the fatality management operation. The legal authority 

for conducting disaster victim recovery and identifications resides solely with the medicolegal 

authority in the jurisdiction where the disaster incident occurred.

2) Articulate roles and responsibilities. Incidents are multi-agency responses requiring a 

collaborative effort between local, state, and federal agencies, in addition to non-governmental 

organizations (NGO), tribal entities and private industry.

3) Establish a system for documentation of operations and accountability of resources.

4) Develop a health & safety plan to ensure that operations are conducted in a safe manner. The 

plan shall include a strategy for responder critical incident stress management, self-care, and 

situational awareness.

5) Establish a strategy for victim accounting which shall include a centralized mechanism for 

collecting and sharing data on those missing and potentially involved in the incident.

6) Document and preserve all remains, personal effects, and other physical evidence germane to 

disaster victim identification operations.

7) Recover, transport, and process remains and personal effects in a dignified manner.

8) Adhere to the standards of disaster victim identification.

9) Certify cause and manner of death.

10) Coordinate with local authorities to integrate into Family Assistance Center (FAC) operations. 

The medicolegal authority is responsible for establishing a Victim Information Center within the 

FAC.

11) Exchange factual and timely information with families in a compassionate manner and, where 

possible, in advance of public release of information.

12) Coordinate the release of the victims’ remains to their legal representative, accounting for 

fragmentation and protracted identifications.

13) Demobilize operations and prepare an after action report. Incorporate lessons learned in future 

responses. 

4.3. Policy Decisions and Considerations Prior to Commencing Operations
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Fatality Incident Management

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Policy decisions may be the sole responsibility of the medicolegal authority, or in part under the 

authority of the presiding jurisdiction(s) which may include stakeholders with overlapping 

responsibilities or functions within the incident operation. 

4.3.1. The medicolegal authority shall develop strategies to address scene operations9.

4.3.1.1. Assert jurisdiction for human remains management in scene operations.

4.3.1.2. Integrate a representative with decision- making authority in the on-scene command 

structure to ensure top-down integration is acknowledged, and MFI operational goals are 

considered in incident planning.

4.3.1.3. Assess the incident characteristics through early on-scene presence with consideration of:

i) Site ingress and egress

ii) Hazmat and safety concerns

iii) Body collection points and transportation of remains

iv) Equipment and personnel needs

v) Factors complicating remains recovery

4.3.1.4. Develop a scene processing and victim recovery plan in coordination with other responding 

agencies. 

4.3.2. The medicolegal authority shall develop strategies to address disaster morgue operations4.

4.3.2.1. Separate day-to-day operations from DVI operation, where necessary.

4.3.2.2. Establish the location of a disaster morgue. 

4.3.2.3. Establish the workflow for disaster morgue operations.

4.3.2.4. Establish a morgue reference numbering system that is simple, intuitive and scalable.

4.3.2.5. Establish morgue protocols for processing and analyzing human remains.

4.3.2.6. Determine criteria for analyzing fragmented human remains.

4.3.2.7. Establish a data management system and document retention plan for all postmortem data 

collected.

4.3.3. The medicolegal authority shall develop strategies with other local agencies to address 

family engagement and victim information center (VIC) operations.

4.3.3.1. Participate in establishing the location of the VIC.

i) Consideration should be given to separate staging areas for the media, access points for 

families, and rest areas for staff.

4.3.3.2. Initiate family communications via briefings and outreach. 

4.3.3.3. Coordinate antemortem data collection, including DNA sampling. 

4.3.3.4. Establish a data management system and document retention plan for all antemortem data 

collected.

4.3.3.5. Coordinate services with other response agencies within the Family Assistance Center.

4.3.4. The medicolegal authority shall develop strategies to address victim accounting.

4.3.4.1. Develop a centralized reporting process of unaccounted for persons.

4.3.4.2. Develop a manifest of unaccounted for persons potentially involved in the incident. 

4.3.4.3. Coordinate with the Joint Information Center to provide media with current, accurate 

information regarding the numbers of missing persons, recovered human remains, and 

identified decedents. 

4.3.5. The medicolegal authority shall develop strategies to address disaster victim identification.

4.3.5.1. Conduct a deliberate process of comparing antemortem data with postmortem data to yield 

tentative identifications for reconciliation.
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Fatality Incident Management

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4.3.5.2. Establish a reconciliation process to determine the criteria for an identification threshold 

in order to review and confirm or reject tentative identifications presented.

4.3.5.3. Establish a policy for re-associating and releasing all fragmentary remains associated with 

a single individual.

4.3.6. The presiding jurisdiction shall develop strategies to address storage of remains and 

personal effects.

4.3.6.1. Establish a transportation plan for movement of remains and personal effects.

4.3.6.2. Establish storage of remains.

i) A body collection point for on-scene collection of remains and evidence.

ii) Temporary storage for all remains undergoing processing at the morgue.

iii) Long term temporary storage of unclaimed and unidentified remains.

4.3.6.3. Establish policy regarding future access to the remains for additional analysis or release to 

the legal representative.

4.3.6.4. Establish a procedure for preservation, chain of custody, storage and release of personal 

effects.

4.3.7. The presiding jurisdiction shall develop strategies to address communication with families 

and release of remains and personal effects.

4.3.7.1. Consider applicable state law governing data privacy.

4.3.7.2. Consider applicable state law governing the right to control final disposition and release of 

personnel effects.

4.3.7.3. Strategy should balance religious/cultural considerations with the medicolegal 

responsibility. 

4.3.7.4. Medicolegal jurisdictions should be forthcoming and transparent regarding the condition 

of remains and the potential for fragmented remains to be identified over an extended 

period of time. 

4.3.7.5. The medicolegal authority should establish a system to facilitate the wishes of the legal 

representative authorized to direct disposition regarding subsequent notifications, 

allowing for future modifications.

4.3.7.6. Establish a consistent, direct and long-term contact for the legal representative with the 

medicolegal authority. 

4.3.7.7. Consult with the organized family groups to develop a final disposition strategy for 

unclaimed and grouped remains. 

4.3.8. The presiding jurisdiction shall develop strategies to address logistics support for all 

operations (scene, morgue and VIC).

4.3.8.1. The medicolegal authority has the responsibility to manage the overall fatality 

management operation regardless of current resource capabilities. Utilization of the 

incident command structure (ICS) is highly recommended.

4.3.8.2. Identify the positions and quantities of personnel required to support mass fatality 

management operations.

4.3.8.3. Identify the types and quantity of equipment and supplies required to support mass fatality 

management operations.

4.3.8.4. Develop site, infrastructure and security requirements for scene, morgue, VIC operations 

and support staff.

4.3.8.5. Coordinate with local emergency management to submit and fill resource requests to 

support mass fatality management operations. Resource requests that cannot be sourced 

locally should be escalated to partnering jurisdictions, the state and federal governments.
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Fatality Incident Management

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4.3.8.6. Resource requests should include all support required to operate the equipment (e.g., 

personnel, fuel, maintenance).

4.3.9. The medicolegal authority shall develop strategies to address quality assurance.

4.3.9.1. Ensure qualified personnel have been provided the training necessary to perform those 

tasks assigned to them.

4.3.9.2. Establish a feedback mechanism between the scene, VIC and morgue operations specific to:

i) Packaging, storing, labeling and transporting remains to mitigate damage and 

commingling.

ii) Packaging, storing, labeling and chain of custody for personal effects and evidence 

collected from antemortem interviews.

4.3.9.3. Perform an inventory of remains at regular intervals.

4.3.9.4. Conduct a morgue exit review prior to placing remains in long term storage to ensure all 

appropriate examinations have been completed and data filed.

4.3.9.5. Audit case files at regular intervals to ensure completeness, accuracy and legibility.

4.3.9.6. Establish procedures for regularly documenting, maintaining and calibrating morgue 

equipment.

4.3.9.7. Conduct an anthropological review when fragmentary remains are associated with the 

same individual to ensure anatomical integrity. 

4.3.9.8. Unidentified remains should be re-examined periodically utilizing emerging and enhanced 

technologies to determine whether additional decedent identifications can be made. 

4.3.9.9. Establish a process for reconciling the manifest of unaccounted for persons against the 

unidentified remains inventory. 

4.3.9.10. Reconciling paper files against electronic files should be performed as a final quality 

assurance measure.

4.3.10. The presiding jurisdiction shall develop strategies to address demobilizing operations.

4.3.10.1. Develop a demobilization plan to include:

iii) Criteria and proposed date for ending the incident specific mass fatality management 

operations. 

iv) Communication strategies for notifying the decedent’s legal representatives, local 

government officials, emergency management, and other response agencies.

v) Criteria for re-establishing mass fatality operations. 

vi) Policy for handling remains recovered after operations have demobilized.

4.3.10.2. Plans should allow for phased demobilization of operations.

4.3.10.3. Plans should address inventory, maintenance, and reconstitution of the equipment and 

supply cache. 

4.3.10.4. Establish procedures for returning acquired resources to the appropriate agency or 

authorized representative.

4.3.10.5. Documentation should be finalized and distributed to authorized personnel/agencies.

4.3.10.6. Personnel should be debriefed to gain lessons learned from the operation.

4.3.10.7. The medicolegal authority should prepare an after-action report (AAR) for their mass 

fatality management operations and provide input into the overall incident AAR.
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Fatality Incident Management

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Annex A

(informative)

Foundational Principles

1. The established medicolegal authority is responsible for fatality management operations

following a mass fatality incident. Jurisdictional authorities should articulate their roles and 

responsibilities in a mass fatality incident.

2. Identifications should be made through generally accepted scientific modalities.

3. Reasonable efforts should be made to identify, or account for, all the persons deceased or 

unaccounted for in the mass fatality incident.

4. Operations and communications must be conducted respectfully and with sensitivity to the 

victims and their families’ religious and emotional needs.

5. The medicolegal authority is responsible for determining cause and manner of death, 

documentation, recovery and preservation of all human remains, and associated personal effects.
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Fatality Incident Management

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Annex B

(informative)

Bibliography

The following bibliography is not intended to be an all-inclusive list, review, or endorsement of 

literature on this topic. The medicolegal death investigation authority shall develop a list tailored to 

its specific needs. The goal of the bibliography is to provide examples of publications addressed in 

the standard.

1. Best Practice Recommendations for DNA Analysis for Human Identification in Mass Fatality 

Incidents, ANSI/ASB 006, 2019.

2. Carroll, E., Johnson, A., Mazone, D., and DePaolo, F. 2018. Introduction to Mass Fatality 

Management. In Medical Legal Handbook. (Chapter 6). Hammers J. & Fitzsimmons, R. eds. Juris 

Publishing, Huntington, NY.

3. Conlon, E. 2014. Mass Fatality Management and the Effects of Commingling. In Commingled 

Human Remains: Methods in Recovery, Analysis and Identification. (pp. 469-490). B.J. and Byrd, 

J.E. eds. Elsevier Ltd, Oxford, UK. 

4. Examination of Human Remains by Forensic Pathologists in the Disaster Victim Identification 

Context, ANSI/ASB 009, 2019.

5. Forensic Anthropology in Disaster Victim Identification: Best Practice Recommendations for the 

Medicolegal Authority, ANSI/ASB 010, 2018.

6. Forensic Odontology in Disaster Victim Identification: Best Practice Recommendations for the 

Medicolegal Authority, ANSI/ASB 108, 2021.

7. Hennessey, M. 2008. Data Management and Commingled Remains at Mass Fatality Incidents. In 

Recovery, Analysis, and Identification of Commingled Human Remains. Adams, B.J. and Byrd, J.E. 

eds. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. 

8. Kontanis, E.J. and Sledzik, P.S. 2008. Resolving Commingling Issues During the Medicolegal 

Investigation of Mass Fatality Incidents. In Recovery, Analysis, and Identification of Commingled 

Human Remains. Adams, B.J. and Byrd, J.E. eds. Humana Press, Totowa, NJ. 

9. Mass Fatality Scene Processing: Best Practice Recommendations for the Medicolegal Authority,

ANSI/ASB 008, 2021.

10. Postmortem Impression Recovery: Guidance and Best Practices for Disaster Victim Identification,

ANSI/ASB 094, 2021.

11. Postmortem Impression Submission Strategy for Comprehensive Searches of Essential Automated 

Fingerprint Identification System Databases, ANSI/ASB 007, 2018.
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Fatality Incident Management

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12. Regional Mass Fatality Management Response System 2015 Victim Information Center Field 

Operations Guide funded by the Regional Catastrophic Preparedness Grant Program (RCPGP) 

and the Department of Homeland Security suite of grants (881180, 881293, C881203 and 

C971810, Office of Chief Medical Examiner, New York City, NY

13. Regional Mass Fatality Management Response System 2015 Scene Operations Field Operations 

Guide funded by the Regional Catastrophic Preparedness Grant Program (RCPGP) and the 

Department of Homeland Security suite of grants (881180, 881293, C881203 and C971810, 

Office of Chief Medical Examiner, New York City, NY

14. Regional Mass Fatality Management Response System 2015 Disaster Morgue Field Operations 

Guide funded by the Regional Catastrophic Preparedness Grant Program (RCPGP) and the 

Department of Homeland Security suite of grants (881180, 881293, C881203 and C971810, 

Office of Chief Medical Examiner, New York City, NY.

15. Sledzik, P. (2002). Flight 93 Morgue Protocols. Disaster Mortuary Operational Response Teams 

(DMORT).

16. Texas Mass Fatality Operations Response Team Mass Fatality incident rapid assessment guide 

https://www.dshs.texas.gov/commprep/response/ToolsInfo.aspx

17. US Department of Justice, Transportation Safety Board joint publication, Mass Fatality Incident 

Family Assistance Operations: Recommended Strategies for Local and State Agencies: 

https://www.nmvvrc.org/media/tw5lw23j/mass-fatality-incident-family-assistance-operations.pdf

18. Williams, J.A. and Weedn, V.W. 2022. Disaster Victim Identification in the 21st Century: A U.S. 

Perspective. Williams, J.A. and Weedn, V.W. eds. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ.