OSAC 2023-N-0005 Standard Practice for

Training a Forensic Glass Practitioner

1

OSAC 2023-N-0005 

Standard Practice for 

Training a Forensic

Glass Practitioner

Trace Materials Subcommittee

Chemistry: Trace Evidence Scientific Area Committee

Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC) for Forensic Science
OSAC 2023-N-0005 Standard Practice for

Training a Forensic Glass Practitioner

2

Draft OSAC Proposed Standard

OSAC 2023-N-0005 Standard

Practice for Training a Forensic

Glass Practitioner

Prepared by 

Trace Materials Subcommittee

Version: 1.0

December 2022

Disclaimer:

This OSAC Proposed Standard was written by the Organization of Scientific Area Committees 

(OSAC) for Forensic Science following a process that includes an open comment period. This 

Proposed Standard will be submitted to a standards developing organization and is subject to 

change. 

There may be references in an OSAC Proposed Standard to other publications under 

development by OSAC. The information in the Proposed Standard, and underlying concepts and 

methodologies, may be used by the forensic-science community before the completion of such 

companion publications.

Any identification of commercial equipment, instruments, or materials in the Proposed Standard 

is not a recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Government and does not imply that the 

equipment, instruments, or materials are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
OSAC 2023-N-0005 Standard Practice for

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1 Rationale: The OSAC Materials (Trace) Subcommittee has developed a training 

2 document for the forensic analysis of glass. This document was created through a 

3 consensus process. It is anticipated that the standard will be used by practitioners and 

4 laboratories to develop a training program for the forensic analysis of glass. Legal or 

5 scientific terms that are generally understood or defined adequately in other readily 

6 available sources may not be included in this standard. 

7 Standard Practice for Training a Forensic Glass Practitioner

8 1 Scope

9 1.1 This practice covers training elements and program objectives for use by forensic 

10 science service provider (FSSP) personnel responsible for training forensic science practitioners 

11 who will perform examinations and comparisons of glass. 

12 1.2 The trainees and training program shall meet or exceed the minimum training 

13 requirements set forth in Practice E2917.

14 1.3 This practice outlines the tasks, goals, and objectives that allow the trainee to acquire 

15 the foundational knowledge and basic practical skills necessary to become a qualified forensic 

16 glass practitioner.

17 1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized 

18 principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of 

19 International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization 

20 Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

21

22 2 Referenced Documents

23 2.1 ASTM Standards:

24 E2917 Practice for Forensic Science Practitioner Training, Continuing Education, and 

25 Professional Development Programs

26 C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products

27 C1036 Specification for Flat Glass

28 C1256 Practice for Interpreting Fracture Features 

29 E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics

30 E1459 Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related Documentation

31 E1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and Retrieving Evidence in a Forensic 

32 Science Laboratory
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33 WK72932 Guide for the Collection, Analysis and Comparison of Forensic Glass Samples

34 E1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic Science

35 E1967 Test Method for the Automated Determination of Refractive Index of Glass Samples 

36 Using the Oil Immersion Method and a Phase Contrast Microscope

37 E2926 Test Method for the Forensic Comparison of Glass Using Micro X-ray Fluorescence 

38 (μ-XRF) Spectrometry

39 E2927 Test Method for Determination of Trace Elements in Soda-Lime Glass Samples 

40 Using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) for 

41 Forensic Comparisons

42 E2330 Test Method for Determination of Concentrations of Elements in Glass Samples 

43 Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for Forensic Comparisons

44 E620 Practice for Reporting Opinions of Scientific or Technical Experts

45 2.2 Other Documents:

46 2.2.1 Association of Analytical Chemists (AOAC) Method: 973.65 Emmons Double Variation

47 2.2.2 ISO/IEC 17025 General Requirements for the Competence of Testing and Calibration 

48 Laboratories

49 2.2.3 ANSI ANAB AR3125

50 2.2.4 OSAC 2022-S-0029, Standard Guide for Interpretation and Reporting in Forensic 

51 Comparisons of Trace Materials

52 2.2.5 OSAC 2022-S-0015, Standard Guide for Physical Fit Examination

53

54 3 Significance and Use

55 3.1 This training program will provide the trainee with a broad understanding of both the 

56 capabilities and limitations associated with the examination and interpretation of glass.

57 3.2 A glass analysis training program includes all the standard test methods and techniques 

58 used in the forensic examination of glass. This can include techniques beyond those that are 

59 covered by the FSSP’s procedures.

60

61 3.2.1 Additional training could be required for a particular method or instrument referred to 

62 herein. The application of analytical techniques to glass analysis assumes the trainee is already 

63 competent in the use of each particular analytical technique or instrumental method.
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64 3.3 Additional glass analysis training beyond that which is listed here should be made 

65 available to the trainee. Such training could include off-site courses, tours of manufacturing 

66 plants, and specialized training by experienced practitioners or subject matter experts.

67 3.4 Continuing education and training is recommended. Additional training provides a 

68 forensic glass practitioner with the opportunity to remain current in the field.

69 3.5 This practice is in a modular format for easy adaptation to an individual FSSP’s training 

70 program. Recommendations as to lessons, practical exercises, progress monitoring, and trainee 

71 evaluations are included. Reading assignments are listed in each subsequent section of this 

72 practice; full citations are available in the References section. 

73

74 4 Responsibilities

75 4.1 Each trainee is trained by and works under the guidance of one or more trainers (see 

76 4.2). 

77 4.1.1 The trainee shall meet or exceed the minimum training criteria set forth in Practice 

78 E2917 and the objectives set forth in the training program.

79 4.2 A trainer shall be technically qualified in forensic glass examination and comparison or 

80 associated techniques. Other members of the laboratory are encouraged to offer relevant 

81 information regarding their specialty to the trainee. The trainer(s) is responsible for:

82 4.2.1 Introducing the trainee to the relevant scientific literature, appropriate procedures, 

83 training material, and reference collections.

84 4.2.2 Discussing readings and theory with the trainee.

85 4.2.3 Teaching basic microscopy and instrumental methods for the analysis and comparison 

86 of glass evidence.

87 4.2.4 Teaching case management.

88 4.2.5 Fostering ethical professional conduct.

89 4.2.6 Discussing ways in which bias can influence glass examinations.

90 4.2.7 Teaching appropriate quality assurance and quality control procedures.

91 4.2.8 Reviewing tests, practical exercises, and casework samples with the trainee.

92 4.2.9 Teaching expert testimony skills through moot court and observation.

93 4.2.10 Monitoring the trainee’s progress.

94 4.3 Each laboratory maintains:
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95 4.3.1 An up-to-date training program which is reviewed and assessed for efficacy and 

96 relevance as described in Practice E2917.

97 4.3.2 Documentation of training according to Practice E2917.

98 4.3.3 Documentation of competency tests proficiency tests and criteria for acceptance.

99

100 5 Syllabus

101 5.1 A glass analysis training program provides the trainee theoretical knowledge and 

102 practical skills in examining, interpreting, reporting, testifying, and reviewing forensic glass 

103 cases. This is accomplished through a combination of the following training methods:

104 5.1.1 Reading of relevant literature:

105 5.1.1.1 The reading assignments listed are suggestions. Newer versions can be used. Other 

106 relevant literature can be used or added.

107 5.1.1.2 Where specific page numbers are not listed, it is the trainer’s discretion to specify the 

108 appropriate sections.

109 5.1.2 Instruction and observation of forensic glass practitioners:

110 5.1.2.1 Lectures and discussions

111 5.1.2.2 Practical demonstration of basic skills

112 5.1.2.3 Casework

113 5.1.2.4 Report writing

114 5.1.2.5 Court testimony

115 5.1.3 Practical skills:

116 5.1.3.1 Practical exercises that include analysis of reference materials and known samples.

117 5.1.4 Final competency evaluations:

118 5.1.4.1 Written or oral tests,

119 5.1.4.2 Practical laboratory tests,

120 5.1.4.3 Mock cases

121 5.1.4.4 Moot court or oral exam.

122 5.1.5 Performing supervised casework.
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123 5.2 The projected training period is between three to six months, full time, for a forensic 

124 practitioner that has been previously trained and is competent in the analytical techniques 

125 utilized in the analysis of glass evidence. For new practitioners with no previous training in 

126 microscopical or instrumental techniques, the projected training period is between nine to twelve 

127 months.

128 5.3 Successful completion of each milestone in the training program will be recorded using 

129 the guidance set forth in Practice E2917.

130 6 Objectives

131 6.1 Encountering Glass Evidence:

132 6.1.1 This section introduces the trainee to the types of cases and the various conditions in 

133 which glass is encountered as physical evidence.

134 6.1.2 Types of glass that could be encountered as evidence include automotive glass, 

135 architectural glass, container glass, and other specialty glasses.

136 6.1.3 Reading Assignments:

137 6.1.3.1 De Forest, "What is Trace Evidence?," pp. 17-19 (1).

138 6.1.3.2 Curran, et al., “Forensic Interpretation of Glass Evidence,” pp. 1-10 (2).

139 6.1.3.3 Koons, et al., “Forensic glass comparisons,” pp. 169-173 (3).

140 6.1.3.4 Curran, et al., “Interpretation of Glass Evidence,” pp. 377-420 (4).

141 6.1.3.5 Almirall and Trejos, “Analysis of Glass Evidence,” pp 228-272 (5).

142 6.1.3.6 Trejos, et al., “Scientific Foundations and Current State of Trace Evidence—a Review,” 

143 pp 12-13 (6).

144 6.1.3.7 Bottrell, “Forensic Glass Comparison: Background Information Used in Data 

145 Interpretation,” pp. 1-21 (7).

146 6.1.4 Practical Exercises:

147 6.1.4.1 Demonstrate knowledge of the types of cases and the various conditions in which glass 

148 is encountered as physical evidence through an oral or written exercise.

149 6.1.5 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading and research by the trainee and 

150 discussions with the trainer(s).

151 6.1.6 The method of evaluation for this unit is a review of the trainee’s completed exercise by 

152 the trainer.

153 6.2 Glass Terminology:
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154 6.2.1 This section introduces the trainee to frequently encountered terminology. Additional 

155 terminology will be encountered throughout the reading assignments. 

156 6.2.1.1 annealing

157 6.2.1.2 blown glass

158 6.2.1.3 borosilicate glass

159 6.2.1.4 cast glass

160 6.2.1.5 concentric fractures

161 6.2.1.6 conchoidal fracture

162 6.2.1.7 cullet

163 6.2.1.8 dispersion

164 6.2.1.9 drawn glass

165 6.2.1.10 fiberglass

166 6.2.1.11 flat glass

167 6.2.1.12 float glass

168 6.2.1.13 frit

169 6.2.1.14 glass

170 6.2.1.15 hackle 

171 6.2.1.16 hertzian cone

172 6.2.1.17 hinge fracture

173 6.2.1.18 laminated glass

174 6.2.1.19 mirror

175 6.2.1.20 mist hackle

176 6.2.1.21 plate glass

177 6.2.1.22 radial fractures

178 6.2.1.23 ream

179 6.2.1.24 refractive index
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180 6.2.1.25 soda-lime glass

181 6.2.1.26 tempering

182 6.2.1.27 Wallner line

183 6.2.2 Reading Assignments:

184 6.2.2.1 C162 Standard Terminology of Glass and Glass Products

185 6.2.2.2 Practice C1256

186 6.2.2.3 Guide WK72932, sections 3, 5, and 8

187 6.2.2.4 OSAC Lexicon, https://lexicon.forensicosac.org/

188 6.2.3 Practical Exercises:

189 6.2.3.1 Define the terms listed in this section.

190 6.2.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading and research by the trainee.

191 6.2.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an oral or written examination.

192 6.3 The Use and Composition of Glass:

193 6.3.1 This section introduces the trainee to the uses and compositions of different types of 

194 glass to include the following:

195 6.3.1.1The significance of main components used for making glass, such as formers, modifiers, 

196 colorants, decolorants, and refining agents. 

197 6.3.1.2Classification of glass by chemical composition (e.g., soda lime, borosilicate, leaded 

198 glass)

199 6.3.1.3End-use applications of various types of glass (e.g., containers, tempered glass, 

200 laminated glass, coated glass, glass fibers, specialty glass)

201 6.3.2 Reading Assignments:

202 6.3.2.1 Koons, et al., “Forensic glass comparisons,” pp. 169–173 (3).

203 6.3.2.2 Almirall and Trejos, “Analysis of Glass Evidence,” pp 228-272 (5).

204 6.3.3 Practical Exercise:

205 6.3.3.1 Explain the uses and differences of the glass components listed in this section.

206 6.3.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading and research by the trainee.

207 6.3.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an oral or written examination.
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208 6.4 Manufacturing Processes:

209 6.4.1 This section introduces the trainee to glass manufacturing and application processes to 

210 include the following:

211 6.4.1.1 Fundamentals of glass chemistry

212 6.4.1.2 How raw materials are acquired, stored, and mixed.

213 6.4.1.3 How flat glass is produced

214 6.4.1.4 How flat glass is modified (shaping, coating, toughening, laminating)

215 6.4.1.5 How container glass is produced

216 6.4.1.6 How different sorts of specialty glass are produced (e.g. portable electronic device glass, 

217 borosilicate glass, optical glass, glass ceramics and light bulb glass)

218 6.4.1.7 Glass manufacturer’s quality control process 

219 6.4.1.8 Variation of glass properties during production times within a single plant and between 

220 different plants

221 6.4.1.9 How glass is distributed in the market

222 6.4.1.10 Current trends in glass industry and distribution

223 6.4.2 Reading Assignments:

224 6.4.2.1 Pfaender, “Schott Guide to Glass” (8).

225 6.4.2.2 Charnock, “The float glass process,” pp. 153–156 (9).

226 6.4.2.3 Seyfang, et al., “Glass fragments from portable electronic devices: Implications for 

227 forensic examinations,” pp. 442-452 (10).

228 6.4.2.4 “The World of Glass,” https://www.worldglassmap.com (accessed 09 March 2022) (11).

229 6.4.2.5 Copley, “The composition and manufacture of glass and its domestic and industrial 

230 applications,” pp. 27-46 (12).

231 6.4.2.6 Gläser, “Low-emissive coatings on the outer surface of heat insulating glasses - a 

232 challenge to the flat glass industry,” pp. 12-19 (13).

233 6.4.2.7 Koons, et al., “Forensic glass comparisons,” pp. 163–169 (3).

234 6.4.3 Practical Exercises:

235 6.4.3.1 Explain the manufacturing and application processes of glass.

236 6.4.3.2 Visit glass manufacturing facilities when practical and view manufacturing videos.
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237 6.4.4 The method of instruction for this unit is reading and watching videos and other training 

238 resources by the trainee.

239 6.4.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an oral or written examination.

240 6.5 Overview of Forensic Glass Examinations:

241 6.5.1 This section introduces the trainee to the basic steps in forensic glass examinations and 

242 how these steps are used to characterize the glass. This section also introduces the trainee to 

243 the current guides for the forensic examination of glass. 

244 6.5.2 Reading Assignments:

245 6.5.2.1 Laboratory specific glass analysis procedure(s)

246 6.5.2.2 Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), “Trace Evidence Recovery 

247 Guidelines” (14).

248 6.5.2.3 Guide WK72932

249 6.5.2.4 Trejos, et al., “Scientific Foundations and Current State of Trace Evidence—a Review,” 

250 pp. 13-16 (6).

251 6.5.3 Practical Exercises - None.

252 6.5.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading by the trainee and lecture from the 

253 trainer.

254 6.5.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an oral or written examination.

255 6.6 Search, Collection, and Preservation Techniques for Glass Evidence: 

256 6.6.1 This section introduces the trainee to methods for locating, collecting, and preserving all 

257 types of glass evidence. The trainee is exposed to evidence handling issues such as transfer, 

258 persistence, and loss of trace evidence. Topics include the following:

259 6.6.1.1 The recognition of glass fragments.

260 6.6.1.2 The use of visual examinations and low power magnification.

261 6.6.1.3 The use of the particle picking, taping, and scraping methods to collect loose debris.

262 6.6.1.4 Understanding the persistence, transfer, and loss of glass evidence.

263 6.6.1.5 Preservation techniques appropriate for various types of glass evidence.

264 6.6.2 Reading Assignments:

265 6.6.2.1 Guide E1459

266 6.6.2.2 Practice E1492
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267 6.6.2.3 Guide WK72932

268 6.6.2.4 Palenik, “Microscopy and Microchemistry of Physical Evidence,” pp. 164-171 (15).

269 6.6.2.5 Pearson, et al., "Glass and Paint Fragments Found in Men's Outer Clothing - Report of a 

270 Survey," pp. 283–300 (16).

271 6.6.2.6 Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), “Trace Evidence Recovery 

272 Guidelines,” pp. 1-7 (14).

273 6.6.2.7 Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), “Trace Evidence Quality 

274 Assurance Guidelines,” pp. 1-9, 15-17 (17)

275 6.6.2.8 Buzzini and Yu, “General Principles and Techniques of Trace Evidence Collection,” pp. 

276 75-97 (18)

277 6.6.2.9 Curran, et al., “Forensic Interpretation of Glass Evidence,” pp. 87-131 (2).

278 6.6.2.10 Allen and Scranage, “The transfer of glass - part 1 - Transfer of glass to individuals at 

279 different distances,” pp. 167-174 (19).

280 6.6.2.11 Allen, et al., “The transfer of glass - part 2 - A study of the transfer of glass to a person 

281 by various methods,” pp. 175-193 (20).

282 6.6.2.12 Allen, et al., “The transfer of glass - part 3 - the transfer of glass from a contaminated 

283 person to another uncontaminated person during a ride in a car,” pp. 195-200 (21).

284 6.6.2.13 Allen, et al., “The transfer of glass - part 4 - the transfer of glass fragments from the 

285 surface of an item to the person carrying it,” pp. 201-208 (22).

286 6.6.2.14 Curran, et al., “Assessing transfer probabilities in a Bayesian interpretation of forensic 

287 glass evidence,” pp. 15-21 (23). 

288 6.6.2.15 Harrison, et al., “A survey of glass fragments recovered from clothing of persons 

289 suspected of involvement in crime,” pp. 171-187 (24). 

290 6.6.2.16 Lambert, et al, “A survey of glass fragments recovered from clothing of persons 

291 suspected of involvement in crime,” pp. 273-281 (25). 

292 6.6.2.17 Lau, et al., ”The frequency of occurrence of paint and glass on the clothing of high 

293 school students,” pp. 233-240 (26). 

294 6.6.2.18 Locke and Unikowski, “Breaking of flat glass - Part 1: Size and distribution of particles 

295 from plain glass windows,” pp. 251-262 (27).

296 6.6.2.19 Locke and Unikowski, “Breaking of flat glass - Part 2: Effect of pane parameters on 

297 particle distribution,” pp. 95-106 (28).
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298 6.6.2.20 Locke and Scrange, “Breaking of flat glass - Part 3: Surface particles from windows and 

299 windscreens,” pp. 73-80 (29).

300 6.6.2.21 Allen, et al., “Breaking of flat glass - Part 4: Size and distribution of fragments from 

301 vehicle windscreens,” pp. 209-218 (30).

302 6.6.2.22 Petterd, et al., “Glass particles in the clothing of members of the public in south-eastern 

303 Australia - a survey,” pp. 193-198. (31).

304 6.6.2.23 Roux, et al., “Glass particles in footwear of members of the public in south-eastern 

305 Australia - a survey,” pp. 149-156 (32).

306 6.6.3 Practical Exercises:

307 6.6.3.1 Perform collections of glass fragments of different sizes from a variety of materials 

308 utilizing the methods learned above.

309 6.6.3.2 Demonstrate appropriate packaging techniques for debris collected and items of 

310 evidence, including known and questioned samples.

311 6.6.3.3 Demonstrate appropriate sampling strategies at the crime scene and at the laboratory to 

312 collect representative samples and prevent cross contamination

313 6.6.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading by the trainee and practical 

314 instruction from the trainer.

315 6.6.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an evaluation of the practical exercises.

316 6.7 Fractography & Physical Fit of Glass

317 6.7.1 This section introduces the trainee to the evaluation of broken glass objects for 

318 characterization and reassembly. Topics include:

319 6.7.1.1 Determining the cause (e.g., type of fracture, origin, relative velocity) and direction of the 

320 breaking force.

321 6.7.1.2 Determining the sequence of multiple impacts.

322 6.7.1.3 Realigning two or more fragments to determine if they were at one time a single unit.

323 6.7.2 Reading assignments:

324 6.7.2.1 Practice C1256

325 6.7.2.2 Guide WK72932, Section 7.

326 6.7.2.3 OSAC 2022-S-0015

327 6.7.2.4 Quinn, “Fractography of Ceramics and Glasses” (33). 
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328 6.7.2.5 Thornton, “Interpretation of physical aspects of glass evidence,” pp. 97-119 (34).

329 6.7.2.6 Thornton and Cashman, “Glass Fracture Mechanism – A Rethinking,” pp. 818-824 (35).

330 6.7.2.7 Welch, et al., “The observation of banding in glass fragments and its forensic 

331 significance,” pp. 5-13 (36).

332 6.7.2.8 Lentini, “Behavior of Glass at Elevated Temperatures,” pp. 1358-1362 (37).

333 6.7.2.9 Michalshke and Bunker, “The Fracturing of Glass,” pp. 122-129 (38).

334 6.7.2.10 Katterwe, “Fracture Matching and Repetitive Experiments: A Contribution of Validation,” 

335 pp. 229-241 (39).

336 6.7.2.11 Koons, “Forensic Glass Comparisons,” pp. 173-177 (3).

337 6.7.3 Practical Exercise:

338 6.7.3.1 Reconstruct various broken glass objects.

339 6.7.3.2 Determine the cause and origin of fractures.

340 6.7.3.3 Determine the sequence of multiple impacts

341 6.7.3.4 Determine the direction of the breaking force.

342 6.7.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading by the trainee and practical 

343 instruction from the trainer.

344 6.7.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an evaluation of the practical exercise.

345 6.8 Physical and Microscopical Characteristics of Glass

346 6.8.1 This section introduces the trainee to the recognition, description, and categorization of 

347 glass. Topics include:

348 6.8.1.1Macroscopical and microscopical properties of glass and glass fragments

349 6.8.1.2Microscopical techniques including stereomicroscopy and polarized light microscopy

350 6.8.1.3Categories of glass distinguishable by these techniques

351 6.8.2 Reading assignments:

352 6.8.2.1 Delly, et al. “Polarized Light Microscopy,” pp. 1-64, 125-188 (40).

353 6.8.2.2 DeForest, “Foundations of Forensic Microscopy,” pp. 216-319 (41).

354 6.8.2.3 Hamer, "Microscopic techniques for glass examination," pp. 47-64. (42).

355 6.8.2.4 Elliott et al., “The Microscopic Examination of Glass Surfaces,” pp. 459-471 (43).

356 6.8.2.5 Curran, et al., “Forensic Interpretation of Glass Evidence,” pp. 10-11, 15-17 (2).
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357 6.8.2.6 Locke, “New Developments in the Forensic Examination of Glass,” pp. 1-11 (44).

358 6.8.2.7 Danielzik, et al., “Overview - Thin Films on Glass: an Established Technology,” pp 1-7 

359 (45).

360 6.8.2.8 Guide WK72932, Sections 8 - 10.

361 6.8.3 Practical Exercise:

362 6.8.3.1 Describe and categorize a set of glass samples. Samples should consist of a variety of 

363 glass samples including float, non-float, flat, curved, tempered, untempered, colored, fiberglass, 

364 cast glass, laminated glass, glass of various thicknesses, and glass fragments of various sizes. 

365 6.8.3.2 View online manufacturer demonstrations of various microscope techniques and 

366 configurations.

367 6.8.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading by the trainee and practical 

368 instruction from the trainer.

369 6.8.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an evaluation of the practical exercise.

370 6.9 Statistical analysis overview

371 6.9.1 This section introduces the trainee to some basic concepts of statistics and 

372 chemometrics that are helpful in the evaluation of analytical data during forensic glass 

373 examinations. Topics include the following:

374 6.9.1.1 Types of data (e.g., continuous, discrete, nominal, univariate, multivariate)

375 6.9.1.2 Descriptive statistics (e.g., mean and median values, standard deviation, variance, bias)

376 6.9.1.3 Calibration methods in instrumental analysis in glass examinations (e.g., external 

377 calibration, internal standardization, matrix matched standards, linear regression)

378 6.9.1.4 Measurement uncertainty, propagation of errors, and reporting significant figures

379 6.9.1.5 Types of errors in quantitative analysis

380 6.9.1.6 Precision, bias, and accuracy

381 6.9.1.7 Handling of systematic errors and testing for outliers

382 6.9.1.8 The distribution of repeated measurements and confidence limits

383 6.9.1.9 Comparison criteria used in the examination of glass 

384 6.9.1.10 Estimating and reporting of figures of merit (signal to noise ratio, limit of detection, limit of 

385 quantification, linear dynamic range, selectivity, bias, precision)
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386 6.9.1.11 Evaluation of performance measures in glass examinations (error or misclassification 

387 rates, discrimination power, selectivity, sensitivity, accuracy)

388 6.9.1.12 Introduction to quality control methods for glass measurements

389 6.9.1.13 Introduction to frequency and probability

390 6.9.1.14 Introduction to the two-stage approach, hypothesis testing, and likelihood ratios 

391 approach for the comparison of data from glass examinations

392 6.9.2 Reading assignments:

393 6.9.2.1 Miller and Miller, “Statistics and Chemometrics for Analytical Chemistry” (46).

394 6.9.2.2 Zadora, et al., “Statistical Analysis in Forensic Science: Evidential Value of Multivariate 

395 Physicochemical Data” (47).

396 6.9.2.3 Curran, et al., “Interpretation of Glass Evidence,” pp. 377-420 (4).

397 6.9.2.4 Curran, et al., “Forensic Interpretation of Glass Evidence,” pp. 1-178 (2).

398 6.9.2.5 Evett, “Bayesian Inference and Forensic Science: Problems and Perspectives,” pp. 99-

399 105 (48).

400 6.9.3 Practical Exercise:

401 6.9.3.1 Practical exercises for statistical calculations using spreadsheet software with mock 

402 case data or available literature data, such as refractive index and elemental analysis data.

403 6.9.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading by the trainee and practical 

404 instruction from the trainer.

405 6.9.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an evaluation of the practical exercise

406 6.10 Refractive Index:

407 6.10.1 This section introduces the trainee to automated determination of refractive index of 

408 glass samples using the oil immersion method and a phase contrast microscope. Topics 

409 include:

410 6.10.1.1 Fundamentals of refractive index and refractive index determinations

411 6.10.1.2 Fundamentals of phase contrast microscopy

412 6.10.1.3 Preparation of glass samples for the measurements

413 6.10.1.4 Instrument set-up and calibration, quality control check

414 6.10.1.5 Measurement procedure and measurement parameters
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415 6.10.1.6 General preventive maintenance requirements of the instrument

416 6.10.1.7 Laboratory annealing

417 6.10.1.8 Databases, population studies, and discrimination by refractive index

418 6.10.1.9 Measurement uncertainty, comparison criteria

419 6.10.2 Reading assignments:

420 6.10.2.1 Test Method E1967

421 6.10.2.2 Guide WK72932, Sections 12 - 14.

422 6.10.2.3 Dabbs and Pearson, “The Variation in Refractive Index and Density Across Two Sheets 

423 of Window Glass,” pp. 139-148 (49).

424 6.10.2.4 Locke and Hayes, “Refractive index variations across glass objects and the influence of 

425 annealing,” pp. 147-157 (50).

426 6.10.2.5 Zoro, et al., “An investigation of refractive index anomalies at the surface of glass objects 

427 and windows,” pp. 127-141 (51).

428 6.10.2.6 Bennett et al., “Spatial variation of refractive index in a pane of float glass,” pp. 71-76 

429 (52).

430 6.10.2.7 Munger, et al, “Determining the refractive index variation within panes of vehicular 

431 windshield glass,” pp. 1351-1357 (53).

432 6.10.2.8 Cassista and Sandercock, “Precision of Glass Refractive Index Measurements: 

433 Temperature Variation and Double Variation Methods, and the Value of Dispersion,” pp. 203-

434 208 (54).

435 6.10.2.9 Davies, et al., “An investigation of bulk and surface refractive indices for flat window 

436 glasses, patterned window glasses and windscreen glasses,” pp. 125-137 (55).

437 6.10.2.10 Koons and Buscaglia, “Distribution of Refractive Index Values in Sheet Glasses,” pp. 1-3 

438 (56).

439 6.10.2.11 Koons and Buscaglia, “Forensic Significance of Glass Composition and Refractive Index 

440 Measurements,” pp. 496-503 (57).

441 6.10.2.12 Locke, “GRIM: A semi-automatic device for measuring the refractive index of glass 

442 particles,” pp. 169-178 (58).

443 6.10.2.13 Locke and Underhill, “Automatic refractive index measurements of glass particles,” pp. 

444 247-260 (59).

445 6.10.2.14 Underhill, “Multiple refractive index in float glass,” pp. 169-176 (60).
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446 6.10.2.15 Koons, et al., “Forensic Glass Comparisons,” pp. 186-202 (3).

447 6.10.2.16 Sandercock, “Sample Size Considerations for Control Glass in Casework,” pp. 173-185 

448 (61).

449 6.10.2.17 Garvin and Koons, “Evaluation of match criteria used for the comparison of refractive 

450 index of glass fragments,” pp. 491-500 (62).

451 6.10.2.18 Alamilla, et al., “Validation of an analytical method for the refractive index measurement 

452 of glass fragments. Application to a hit-and-run incident,” pp. 1178-1184 (63).

453 6.10.2.19 Locke, et al., “The identification of toughened glass by annealing,” pp. 295-301 (64).

454 6.10.2.20 Locke, et al., “The design of equipment and thermal routines for annealing glass particles,” 

455 pp. 139-146 (65).

456 6.10.2.21 Locke and Rockett, “The application of annealing to improve the discrimination between 

457 glasses,” pp. 237-245 (66).

458 6.10.2.22 Locke, et al., “A comparison of long and short schedules for the annealing of glass 

459 particles,” pp. 247-258 (67).

460 6.10.2.23 Newton and Buckleton, “An investigation into the relationship between edge counts and 

461 the variability of the refractive index of glass. Part I: Edge morphology,” pp. 24-31 (68).

462 6.10.2.24 Marcouiller, J.M., “A revised glass annealing method to distinguish glass types,” pp. 554-

463 559 (69).

464 6.10.2.25 Manufacturer manuals and tutorials.

465 6.10.3 Practical Exercise:

466 6.10.3.1 Practical exercises include sample and standards preparation, proper handling of 

467 chemicals, performing a calibration curve, measuring samples with known refractive index, 

468 before and after annealing, to test method performance, precision and bias. 

469 6.10.3.2 Diagram and describe the components of a RI instrument.

470 6.10.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading by the trainee and practical 

471 instruction from the trainer.

472 6.10.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is an evaluation of the practical exercise.

473 6.11 Introduction to elemental analysis of glass

474 6.11.1 This section introduces the trainee to the fundamentals of the elemental analysis of 

475 glass. The following topics are included:

476 6.11.1.1 Introduction to the purpose and scope of elemental analysis in forensic science
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477 6.11.1.2 Premises and bases for the application of elemental analysis in the forensic comparison 

478 of glass

479 6.11.1.3 Identification of instrumental method’s requirements for the forensic elemental analysis 

480 of glass

481 6.11.1.4 Sources of variability in the elemental composition of glass 

482 6.11.1.5 Overview of standard test methods for the elemental comparison of glass

483 6.11.1.6 Comparison of capabilities and limitations of instrumental methods for the elemental 

484 analysis of glass

485 6.11.2 Reading assignments:

486 6.11.2.1 Koons, et al., “Forensic Glass Comparisons,” pp. 169-173 (3).

487 6.11.2.2 Guide WK72932, Section 15.

488 6.11.2.3 Trejos, et al., “Scientific Foundations and Current State of Trace Evidence—a Review,” 

489 pp. 12-13. (6).

490 6.11.2.4 Almirall and Trejos, “Analysis of Glass Evidence,” pp. 228-272 (5).

491 6.11.3 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading by the trainee and discussions with 

492 the trainer

493 6.11.4 The method of evaluation for this unit is a written examination.

494 6.12 Micro-X-ray Fluorescence (μ-XRF) Spectrometry:

495 6.12.1 This section introduces the trainee to the examination and comparison of a variety of 

496 glasses based on elemental analysis using μ-XRF. Topics include:

497 6.12.1.1 Fundamentals of μ-XRF, including:

498 Primary and secondary X-rays

499 Characteristic and non-characteristic X-ray emissions

500 Nomenclature for the identification of characteristic X-ray emission lines

501 Instrumental configurations and measurement parameters

502 Detector types

503 Analysis depth (i.e., Critical depth effects)

504 Spectral artifacts

505 Signal to Noise (S/N) ratios

506 6.12.1.2 Relevant elements in glass examinations and their respective characteristic X-ray lines

507 6.12.1.3 Sample preparation for analysis by μ-XRF
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508 6.12.1.4 Data collection

509 6.12.1.5 Comparison of samples based upon their elemental components

510 6.12.1.6 General preventive maintenance requirements of the instrument

511 6.12.1.7 Quality control checks

512 6.12.1.8 Strengths and limitations of the technique

513 6.12.2 Reading Assignments:

514 6.12.2.1 Goldstein, et al., “Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis” (70).

515 6.12.2.2 Brouwer, “Theory of XRF,” pp. 1-57. (71).

516 6.12.2.3 Test Method E2926

517 6.12.2.4 Buscaglia, “Elemental analysis of small glass fragments in forensic science,” pp. 17-24 

518 (72).

519 6.12.2.5 Trejos, et al., “Cross-validation and evaluation of the performance of methods for the 

520 elemental analysis of forensic glass by μ-XRF, ICP-MS, and LA-ICP-MS,” pp. 5393-5409 (73).

521 6.12.2.6 Trejos, et al., “Forensic analysis of glass by μ-XRF, SN-ICP-MS, LA-ICP-MS, and LA522 ICP-OES: evaluation of the performance of difference criteria for comparing elemental 

523 composition,” pp. 1270-1282 (74).

524 6.12.2.7 Naes, et al., “A comparison of laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry, 

525 micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for the 

526 discrimination of automotive glass,” pp. 1145-1150 (75).

527 6.12.2.8 Ryland, “Discrimination of Flat (Sheet) Glass Specimens Having Similar Refractive 

528 Indices Using Micro X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry,” pp. 2-12 (76).

529 6.12.2.9 Ernst, et al., “Signal-to noise ratios in forensic glass analysis by micro X-Ray 

530 fluorescence spectrometry,” pp. 13-21 (77).

531 6.12.2.10 Corzo and Steel, “Improving signal-to-noise ratio for the forensic analysis of glass using 

532 micro X-Ray fluorescence spectrometry,” pp. 679-689 (78).

533 6.12.2.11 Corzo, et al., “An interlaboratory study evaluating the interpretation of forensic glass 

534 evidence using refractive index measurements and elemental composition,” pp. 1-10 (79).

535 6.12.2.12 Buhrke, et al., “A Practical Guide for the Preparation of Specimens for X-ray 

536 Fluorescence and X-ray Diffraction Analysis” (80).

537 6.12.2.13 Ernst, et al., “Forensic Examination of Ceramic Frit on Automotive Glass,” pp 22-44 (81).

538 6.12.2.14 Manufacturer manuals and tutorials.
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539 6.12.3 Practical Exercises:

540 6.12.3.1 Practical exercises include sample and standards preparation, instrument calibrations, 

541 performance checks and calibration checks.

542 6.12.3.2 Diagram and describe the components of a μ-XRF instrument.

543 6.12.3.3 Compare the elemental characteristics of a variety of glass types using μ-XRF.

544 6.12.3.4 Demonstrate the effects of analysis depth in glass samples.

545 6.12.3.5 Demonstrate techniques to improve data quality (e.g., sample preparation, instrument 

546 parameters)

547 6.12.3.6 Compare glass samples according to Test Method E2926.

548 6.12.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading by the trainee and lecture from the 

549 trainer.

550 6.12.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is a review of the practical exercise.

551 6.13 Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS):

552 6.13.1 This section introduces the trainee to the comparison of glass samples based on 

553 elemental analysis of major, minor and trace elements by laser ablation - inductively coupled 

554 plasma - mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS).

555 6.13.1.1 Include the following points of instruction:

556 6.13.1.2 Basic principles of ICP-MS analysis

557 6.13.1.3 Different mass analyzers

558 6.13.1.4 Spectral interferences and possibilities to avoid them

559 6.13.1.5 Non-spectral interferences

560 6.13.1.6 Basic principles of laser ablation

561 6.13.1.7 Laser types

562 6.13.1.8 Elemental fractionation and factors affecting them

563 6.13.1.9 Common instrumental configuration and parameters for glass

564 6.13.1.10 Instrument setup and calibrations

565 6.13.1.11 Quality control check, data evaluation and criteria for comparison of samples

566 6.13.1.12 General preventive maintenance requirements of the instrument
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567 6.13.1.13 Data processing fundamentals

568 6.13.2 Reading Assignments:

569 6.13.2.1 Test Method E2927

570 6.13.2.2 Thomas, "Practical guide to ICP-MS" (82).

571 6.13.2.3 Longerich, et al., “Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Mass Spectrometric Transient 

572 Signal Data Acquisition and Analyte Concentration Calculation,” pp. 899-904 (83).

573 6.13.2.4 Latkoczy, et al., “Development and evaluation of a standard method for the quantitative 

574 determination of elements in float glass samples by LA-ICP-MS,” pp. 1327-1341 (84).

575 6.13.2.5 Berends-Montero, et al., “Forensic analysis of float glass using laser ablation inductively 

576 coupled mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS): validation of a method,” pp. 1185-1193 (85).

577 6.13.2.6 Weis, et al., “Establishing a match criterion in forensic comparison analysis of float glass 

578 using laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry,” pp. 1273-1284 (86).

579 6.13.2.7 Trejos, et al., “Cross-validation and evaluation of the performance of methods for the 

580 elemental analysis of forensic glass by μ-XRF, ICP-MS, and LA-ICP-MS,” pp. 5393-5409 (73).

581 6.13.2.8 Trejos, et al., “Forensic analysis of glass by μ-XRF, SN-ICP-MS, LA-ICP-MS, and LA582 ICP-OES: evaluation of the performance of difference criteria for comparing elemental 

583 composition,” pp. 1270-1282 (74).

584 6.13.2.9 Dorn, et al., “Discrimination of float glass by LA-ICP-MS: assessment of exclusion criteria 

585 using casework samples,” pp. 85-96 (87).

586 6.13.2.10 Corzo, et al., “The use of LA-ICP-MS databases to calculate likelihood ratios for the 

587 forensic analysis of glass evidence,” pp 655-661 (88).

588 6.13.2.11 Hoffman, et al., “An inter-laboratory evaluation of LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Glass and the 

589 Use of a Database for the Interpretation of Glass Evidence,” pp. 65-76 (89).

590 6.13.2.12 van Es, et al., “Implementation and assessment of a likelihood ratio approach for the 

591 evaluation of LA-ICP-MS evidence in forensic glass analysis,” pp. 181-192 (90).

592 6.13.2.13 Becker, et al., “Forensic float glass fragment analysis using single-pulse laser ablation 

593 inductively coupled plasma time of flight mass spectrometry,” pp. 2248-2254 (91).

594 6.13.2.14 Miller and Denton, “The quadrupole mass filter: basic operating concepts,” pp. 617-622 

595 (92).

596 6.13.2.15 Gray, “Solid sample introduction by laser ablation for inductively coupled plasma source 

597 mass spectrometry,” pp. 551-556 (93).
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598 6.13.2.16 Guillong, et al., ”A comparison of 266 nm, 213 nm, and 193 nm produced from a single 

599 solid state Nd: YAG laser for laser ablation ICP-MS,” pp. 1224-1230 (94).

600 6.13.2.17 Gonzalez, et al., “Comparison of 193, 213, and 266 nm laser ablation ICP-MS,” pp. 

601 1108-1113 (95).

602 6.13.2.18 Horn and Gunther, “The influence of ablation carrier gasses Ar, He, and Ne on the 

603 particle size distribution and transport efficiencies of laser ablation-induced aerosols: 

604 implications for LA-ICP-MS," pp. 144-157 (96).

605 6.13.2.19 Sylvester, “Laser-ablation-ICPMS in the Earth Sciences: Principles and Applications,” pp. 

606 35-51, pp. 79-88, pp. 312-314.(97).

607 6.13.2.20 Houk, et al., “Inductively coupled argon plasma as an ion source for mass spectrometric 

608 determination of trace elements,” pp. 2283-2289 (98).

609 6.13.2.21 Miller and Denton, “The quadrupole mass filter: basic operating concepts,” pp. 617-622 

610 (92).

611 6.13.2.22 Heydon, et al., “Elemental heterogeneity observations in float glass samples via LA612 ICP-MS thickness profiling,” pp. 103-107 (99).

613 6.13.2.23 Manufacturer manuals and tutorials.

614 6.13.3 Practical Exercises:

615 6.13.3.1 Practical exercises include performing a complete analysis of several standard materials 

616 (e.g. NIST 612, NIST SRM 614, NIST SRM 1831, Schott/BKA FGS 1) applying ASTM E2927 

617 and your laboratory SOPs, including sample preparation, instrument setup with tuning and 

618 calibrations, programming and running the sample sequence, and data evaluation. Compare 

619 results with reference values and discuss performance, precision and bias.

620 6.13.3.2 Practical exercises include sample and standards preparation, performing a calibration, 

621 measuring samples with known elemental composition to test method performance, precision 

622 and bias. (see 6.13.3.1)

623 6.13.3.3 Diagram and describe the components of a laser ablation unit

624 6.13.3.4 Diagram and describe the components of an ICP-MS instrument

625 6.13.3.5 Describe the different options of dealing with spectral interferences

626 6.13.3.6 Describe mechanisms and parameters that can influence elemental fractionation

627 6.13.3.7 Describe advantages and disadvantages of the different mass analysers

628 6.13.3.8 Describe advantages and disadvantages of different laser types (wavelengths, pulse 

629 durations, fluence)
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630 6.13.3.9 If possible, take part in a specialized LA-ICP-MS training

631 6.13.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading by the trainee and lecture from the 

632 trainer.

633 6.13.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is a review of the practical exercise.

634 6.14 Other Analytical Techniques:

635 6.14.1 This section introduces the trainee to additional analytical techniques that can be used 

636 but are not currently in frequent use in forensic glass analysis. 

637 6.14.1.1 If any of these techniques are used for glass analysis in the trainee’s laboratory, 

638 additional training for that technique shall be conducted as specified by the laboratory’s 

639 protocols and should be in accordance with the level of training specified for the techniques 

640 listed in this document.

641 6.14.1.2 Include the following points of instruction:

642 6.14.1.3 Basic understanding of SEM/EDS and its application to glass analysis

643 6.14.1.4 Basic understanding of ICP-MS and its application to glass analysis

644 6.14.1.5 Basic understanding of ICP-OES and its application to glass analysis

645 6.14.1.6 Basic understanding of LIBS and its application to glass analysis

646 6.14.1.7 Understanding of how each technique can be used to compare samples based upon 

647 their elemental components.

648 6.14.1.8 Strengths and limitations of the techniques for glass analysis.

649 6.14.2 Reading Assignments

650 6.14.2.1 Goldstein, et al., “Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis” (70).

651 6.14.2.2 Flegler, et al., “Scanning and Transmission Electron Microscopy: An Introduction” (100).

652 6.14.2.3 Test Method E2330

653 6.14.2.4 Guide WK72932, Section 15

654 6.14.2.5 Naes, et al., “A comparison of laser ablation inductively coupled mass spectrometry, 

655 micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, and laser induced breakdown spectroscopy for the 

656 discrimination of automotive glass,” pp. 1145-1150 (75).

657 6.14.2.6 Sigman, “Application of Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy to Forensic Science: 

658 Analysis of Paint and Glass Samples,” pp. 1-43 (101).
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659 6.14.2.7 Gottfried, et al., “Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy: Capabilities and 

660 Applications,” pp. 1-13 (102).

661 6.14.3 Practical Exercise:

662 6.14.3.1 Diagram the components of each technique.

663 6.14.3.2 Describe why each technique is not currently in frequent use in forensic glass analysis.

664 6.14.4 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading by the trainee and lecture from the 

665 trainer.

666 6.14.5 The method of evaluation for this unit is a review of the practical exercise.

667 6.15 Comparison and Interpretation:

668 6.15.1 This section introduces the trainee to the comparison of a variety of glasses based on 

669 their physical and chemical characteristics. 

670 6.15.2 Include the following points of instruction:

671 6.15.2.1 Assessing the comparison results and attaching significance to those results.

672 6.15.2.2 Discussing the comparative stage, evaluative stage and combined approaches.

673 6.15.2.3 Defining and recognizing exclusionary differences.

674 6.15.2.4 Explaining the discrimination power of the analytical protocol used.

675 6.15.2.5 Understanding the use of databases to assign a significance to evidence

676 6.15.3 Reading Assignments:

677 6.15.3.1 Hoffman, et al., “An inter-laboratory evaluation of LA-ICP-MS Analysis of Glass and the 

678 Use of a Database for the Interpretation of Glass Evidence,” pp. 65-76 (89).

679 6.15.3.2 Guide WK72932, Section 17.

680 6.15.3.3 Corzo, et al., “The use of LA-ICP-MS databases to calculate likelihood ratios for the 

681 forensic analysis of glass evidence,” pp 655-661 (88).

682 6.15.3.4 Akmeemana, et al., “Interpretation of chemical data from glass analysis for forensic 

683 purposes,” pp. 1-14 (103).

684 6.15.3.5 Gupta, et al., “Dimensionality reduction of multielement glass evidence to calculate 

685 likelihood ratios,” pp. 1-16 (104).

686 6.15.4 Practical Exercise
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687 6.15.4.1 Complete comparisons and summarize the completed practical exercise sets utilized in 

688 previous instruction.

689 6.15.5 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading by the trainee and lecture from the 

690 trainer.

691 6.15.6 The method of evaluation for this unit is a review of the practical exercise.

692 6.16 Report Writing:

693 6.16.1 This section introduces the trainee to writing technically and administratively accurate 

694 reports for forensic glass examinations.

695 6.16.2 Include the following points of instruction:

696 6.16.2.1 Recognizing and addressing biases

697 6.16.2.2 Ethical considerations 

698 6.16.2.3 Truthfulness, candor, objectivity

699 6.16.3 Reading Assignments:

700 6.16.3.1 Laboratory specific procedure(s) on reporting applicable to glass analyses.

701 6.16.3.2 OSAC 2022-S-0029

702 6.16.3.3 ISO/IEC 17025:2017 and Accreditation Requirements (AR) 3125 - Sections that refer to 

703 report writing.

704 6.16.3.4 Practice E620

705 6.16.3.5 Dror, “Cognitive and Human Factors in Expert Decision Making: Six Fallacies and the 

706 Eight Sources of Bias,” pp. 7998-8004 (105).

707 6.16.4 Practical Exercise:

708 6.16.4.1 Write reports for the previously completed practical exercises using the range of 

709 opinions that may be reached during glass examinations.

710 6.16.5 The methods of instruction for this unit are reading completed technically reviewed 

711 reports and lectures from the trainer.

712 6.16.6 The method of evaluation for this unit is a review of the reports written by the trainee.

713 6.17 Testimony:

714 6.17.1 This section introduces the trainee to testimony in forensic glass analysis.

715 6.17.2 Include the following points of instruction: 
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716 6.17.2.1 Role of an expert witness

717 6.17.2.2 Recognizing and addressing biases

718 6.17.2.3 Ethical considerations 

719 6.17.2.4 Truthfulness, candor, objectivity

720 6.17.2.5 Expressing interpretations, opinions, and results of technical material to the trier-of-fact

721 6.17.3 Reading Assignments:

722 6.17.3.1 Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (92-102), 509 U.S. 579 (1993).

723 6.17.3.2 Frye v. United States 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923).

724 6.17.3.3 Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael 526 US 137 (1999).

725 6.17.3.4 Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts 557 US 305 (2009).

726 6.17.3.5 Bullcoming v. New Mexico 564 US 647 (2011).

727 6.17.3.6 Dror, “The ambition to be scientific: Human expert performance and objectivity,” pp. 81-

728 82 (106).

729 6.17.4 Practical Exercise:

730 6.17.4.1 Prepare a list of suggested qualifying and predicate questions and answers for 

731 testimony.

732 6.17.4.2 Review relevant materials for an admissibility hearing.

733 6.17.5 The methods of instruction for this unit are lectures from the trainer and viewing court 

734 testimony (if possible).

735 6.17.6 The method of evaluation for this unit is a review of the court documents prepared by the 

736 trainee.

737 6.18 Final Training Evaluations:

738 6.18.1 This section evaluates the knowledge, skills, and abilities of the trainee through the 

739 following methods:

740 6.18.1.1 Completing a final, comprehensive, written or oral examination on forensic glass 

741 examinations.

742 6.18.1.2 Conducting mock case(s) for competency evaluation.

743 6.18.1.3 Participating in a mock trial using one of the mock cases completed during training. If 

744 the trainee has previous mock trial or court experience, an oral review may replace the mock 

745 trial.
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746 6.18.2 The method of evaluation for this unit is a passing grade on the written examination, 

747 successful completion of the competency evaluation, and successful completion of the mock 

748 trial or oral review.

749 6.19 Supervised Casework and Peer Reviews:

750 6.19.1 This section introduces the trainee to performing independent casework as well as 

751 technical and administrative peer reviews. 

752 6.19.2 Practical Exercise:

753 6.19.2.1 Observe an experienced glass practitioner perform casework.

754 6.19.2.2 Perform actual casework under the supervision of a qualified glass practitioner before 

755 performing independent casework.

756 6.19.2.3 Complete mock technical and administrative review exercises.

757 6.19.3 The methods of instruction for this unit are: demonstration by the trainer and discussion 

758 with the trainee.

759 6.19.4 The methods of evaluation for this unit are evaluation of the casework with no technical 

760 errors and minimal administrative errors and evaluation of the peer reviews completed by the 

761 trainee.

762

763 7Keywords

764 7.1 forensic science; training; materials; glass; glass analysis

765
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766 REFERENCES

767 (1)De Forest, P., "What is Trace Evidence?," Caddy, B., ed., Forensic Examination of Glass 

768 and Paint: Analysis and Interpretation, Taylor & Francis, New York, NY, 2001, pp. 17-19.

769 (2)Curran, J.M., Hicks, T.N., and Buckleton, J.S., eds., Forensic Interpretation of Glass 

770 Evidence, CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2000, pp. 1-178.

771 (3)Koons, R.D., Buscaglia, J., Bottrell, M., and Miller, E.T., “Forensic glass comparisons,” 

772 Saferstein, R., ed., Forensic Science Handbook, Vol. I, 2nd ed., Prentice Hall, Upper 

773 Saddle River, NJ, 2002, pp. 161-213.

774 (4)Curran, J., Hicks, T., and Trejos, T., “Interpretation of Glass Evidence,” Desiderio, V., 

775 Taylor, C., and Daéid, N., eds., Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis, John Wiley & 

776 Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 2021, pp. 377-420.

777 (5)Almirall, J., and Trejos, T., “Analysis of Glass Evidence,” Forensic Chemistry: 

778 Fundamentals and Applications, Willey Blackwell, John Wiley and Sons, Hoboken, NJ, 

779 2016, pp. 228-272.

780 (6)Trejos, T., Koch, S., and Mehltretter, A., “Scientific Foundations and Current State of 

781 Trace Evidence—A Review,” Journal of Forensic Chemistry, Vol 18, May 2020, pp. 1-22.

782 (7)Bottrell, M., “Forensic Glass Comparison: Background Information Used in Data 

783 Interpretation,” Forensic Science Communications, Vol 11, No. 2, 2009, pp. 1-21.

784 (8)Pfaender, H.G., Schott Guide to Glass, 2nd ed., Springer Netherlands, Dordrecht, 2012, 

785 pp. 1-198.

786 (9)Charnock, H. “The float glass process,” Physics Bulletin, Vol 21, No. 4, April 1970, pp. 

787 153–156.

788 (10) Seyfang, K.E., Redman, K.E., Popelka-Filcoff, R.S., and Kirkbride, K.P., “Glass 

789 fragments from portable electronic devices: Implications for forensic examinations,” 

790 Forensic Science International, Vol 257, December 2015, pp. 442-452

791 (11) The National Glass Association & Glass Magazine, “The World of Glass,” 2018, 

792 https://www.worldglassmap.com (accessed 09 March 2022)

793 (12) Copley, G.J., “The composition and manufacture of glass and its domestic and 

794 industrial applications,” Caddy, B., ed., Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint: 

795 Analysis and Interpretation, Taylor & Francis, New York, NY, 2001, pp. 27-46.

796 (13) Gläser, H.J., “Low-emissive coatings on the outer surface of heat insulating glasses -

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