NOT RECOMMENDED FOR PUBLICATION

File Name: 23a0465n.06

No. 23-3002

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

LUCINDA JONES,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

HAMILTON COUNTY, OHIO, et al.,

Defendants, 

DAVID W. MCKEAGUE, in his individual 

capacity as a Senior Judge of the United States

Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit; 

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

Defendants-Appellees.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE UNITED 

STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR 

THE SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF 

OHIO

OPINION

Before: SILER, LARSEN, and READLER, Circuit Judges. 

PER CURIAM. Lucinda Jones, an attorney proceeding pro se, appeals the district court’s 

judgment that dismissed her amended complaint against Circuit Judge David W. McKeague, 

denied her motion for leave to file a second amended complaint, and imposed $5,000 in sanctions 

against her. As set forth below, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment. 

This action arose from prior litigation in which Jones and her co-counsel filed an 

employment discrimination complaint in the United States District Court for the Western District 

of Tennessee. That complaint was filed on behalf of Katoria Williams and Demetri Faulkner 

against the Shelby County (Tennessee) School System and Marjorie Douglas. The district court 

granted Douglas’s motion to dismiss under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6), concluding 

that the plaintiffs’ claims against her were untimely or failed to state a claim. Douglas moved for 
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her attorney fees and expenses. The district court granted Douglas’s motion in part, holding that 

Jones and her co-counsel were personally liable to Douglas for $39,842.92 as sanctions under 

28 U.S.C. § 1927 and that the plaintiffs were liable to Douglas for $7,968.58 under Tennessee law. 

Jones and her co-counsel appealed the sanctions order; the plaintiffs, then represented by different 

counsel, also appealed the sanctions order, but their notice of appeal was untimely. This court, 

with Judge McKeague writing on behalf of the panel, dismissed the plaintiffs’ appeal as untimely 

and affirmed the sanctions order as to Jones and her co-counsel. Williams v. Shelby Cnty. Sch. 

Sys., Nos. 19-5238/5789, 2020 WL 1190433 (6th Cir. Mar. 12, 2020). Douglas moved for her 

attorney fees and expenses as sanctions against the plaintiffs and their attorneys for filing the 

appeal. This court denied Douglas’s motion. Williams v. Shelby Cnty. Sch. Sys., 815 F. App’x 

842 (6th Cir. 2020) (per curiam). Judge McKeague dissented, stating that he would have awarded 

monetary sanctions against Jones and her co-counsel under § 1927. 

Jones filed this civil rights action, purportedly under 42 U.S.C. § 1983, in the United States 

District Court for the Southern District of Ohio against Judge McKeague, the Sixth Circuit Judicial 

Council, and Hamilton County, Ohio. Jones later did not oppose the dismissal of her claims against 

the Judicial Council and Hamilton County. In her amended complaint, Jones claimed that Judge 

McKeague (1) violated her right to due process by disregarding the facts presented in the prior 

litigation and by denying her request for oral argument and (2) “engaged in wrongful disciplinary 

action” against her in retaliation for exercising her right to free speech by asserting judicial 

misconduct in her appellate brief. As relief, Jones requested a declaration that Judge McKeague’s 

actions violated her rights to due process and free speech, a declaration that this court’s mandate 

in the prior litigation violated her rights to due process and free speech, and an award of her 
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attorney fees, expenses, and costs as authorized under 42 U.S.C. § 1988 as well as any additional 

legal and equitable relief to which she might be entitled.

Judge McKeague moved to dismiss Jones’s amended complaint for lack of subject-matter 

jurisdiction under Rule 12(b)(1) and for failure to state a claim under Rule 12(b)(6). Jones opposed 

Judge McKeague’s motion and moved for leave to file a second amended complaint to remove as 

defendants the Judicial Council and Hamilton County, to add as defendants the other judges who 

served on this court’s panel with Judge McKeague (Circuit Judges Julia S. Gibbons and Helene N. 

White), and to seek “injunctive relief finding that [this court’s] ruling [in the prior litigation] is 

null and void.” 

A magistrate judge recommended that the district court grant Judge McKeague’s motion

and dismiss the case without prejudice for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction or, alternatively, with 

prejudice for failure to state a claim. The magistrate judge further recommended that Jones’s 

motion for leave to file a second amended complaint be denied as futile. Finally, the magistrate 

judge recommended that the district court sua sponte impose a monetary sanction of $5,000 on 

Jones or, alternatively, issue an order directing her to show cause why the court should not impose 

a monetary sanction and a pre-filing restriction. Over Jones’s objections, the district court adopted 

the magistrate judge’s report and recommendation and dismissed the case without prejudice. The 

district court granted Judge McKeague’s motion to dismiss, concluding that it lacked jurisdiction 

to enter the relief sought by Jones and that her claims against Judge McKeague were otherwise 

barred by judicial immunity. The district court denied Jones’s motion for leave to file a second 

amended complaint because her proposed amendment did not cure any of these defects and 

because any claims against Judges Gibbons and White would fail for the same reasons that her 

claims against Judge McKeague failed. The district court sua sponte imposed a monetary sanction 
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of $5,000 on Jones under § 1927 and under its inherent authority “for filing this frivolous case in 

an attempt to continue litigating a case that she previously lost on appeal,” for opposing Judge 

McKeague’s motion to dismiss, and for moving “to further amend her frivolous complaint.” This 

timely appeal followed.

“We review de novo the district court’s decision to dismiss [a] case for lack of subjectmatter jurisdiction.” Lindke v. Tomlinson, 31 F.4th 487, 490 (6th Cir. 2022). “[I]t seems axiomatic 

that a lower court may not order the judges or officers of a higher court to take an action.” Panko 

v. Rodak, 606 F.2d 168, 171 n.6 (7th Cir. 1979). And Jones does not point to any authority 

allowing “‘reverse review’ of a ruling of the court of appeals by a district court.” Mullis v. U.S. 

Bankr. Ct. for Dist. of Nev., 828 F.2d 1385, 1393 (9th Cir. 1987). The district court properly held 

that it lacked jurisdiction over any of Jones’s claims seeking to review this court’s decision 

affirming the sanctions order or to declare that order to be void or in violation of Jones’s 

constitutional rights. See Klayman v. Rao, 49 F.4th 550, 552-53 (D.C. Cir. 2022) (per curiam).

Jones lacks standing to seek any other forms of relief here. To establish Article III standing, 

Jones “must have (1) suffered an injury in fact, (2) that is fairly traceable to the challenged conduct 

of the defendant, and (3) that is likely to be redressed by a favorable judicial decision.” Spokeo, 

Inc. v. Robins, 578 U.S. 330, 338 (2016). “In the context of claims for injunctive or declaratory 

relief, a plaintiff must show that he is under threat of suffering injury in fact that is concrete and 

particularized, and that threat must be actual and imminent, not conjectural or hypothetical.” 

Sumpter v. Wayne County, 868 F.3d 473, 491 (6th Cir. 2017) (cleaned up). “‘Past exposure to 

illegal conduct’ is insufficient to demonstrate an injury in fact that warrants declaratory or 

injunctive relief unless the past injury is accompanied by ‘continuing, present adverse effects.’” 
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Sullivan v. Benningfield, 920 F.3d 401, 408 (6th Cir. 2019) (quoting O’Shea v. Littleton, 414 U.S. 

488, 495-96 (1974)).

Jones alleged that Judge McKeague violated her constitutional rights, “resulting in injuries 

to her that are continuing.” But Jones failed to plausibly allege any facts to support the conclusory 

allegation that she continues to suffer injuries from Judge McKeague’s past actions. See 

Glennborough Homeowners Ass’n v. U.S. Postal Serv., 21 F.4th 410, 414 (6th Cir. 2021) 

(recognizing that a plaintiff “cannot rely on general or conclusory allegations in support of its 

standing, but instead must assert a plausible claim for why it has standing to pursue” a claim). 

Jones therefore failed to establish standing to seek declaratory relief for Judge McKeague’s alleged 

violation of her constitutional rights.

We review de novo the district court’s denial of Jones’s motion for leave to file a second 

amended complaint on the basis that her proposed amendment was futile—that is, it “could not 

withstand a motion to dismiss.” Doe v. Mich. St. Univ., 989 F.3d 418, 424 (6th Cir. 2021) (quoting 

Boulton v. Swanson, 795 F.3d 526, 537 (6th Cir. 2015)). As Jones conceded in her motion, her 

allegations in her proposed second amended complaint were “materially the same” as the 

allegations in her amended complaint. Jones sought to add Judges Gibbons and White as 

defendants, asserting that their “actions mirror Judge McKeague’s.” Judges Gibbons and White 

would therefore be entitled to dismissal for the same reasons that Judge McKeague was entitled to 

dismissal. Jones also sought to add a request for “injunctive relief finding that [this court’s] ruling 

is null and void,” confirming that she was attempting to bring an improper collateral attack on this 

court’s decision affirming the sanctions order. The district court properly denied Jones’s motion 

for leave to file a second amended complaint as futile.
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We review for an abuse of discretion the district court’s decision to impose sanctions on 

Jones under § 1927 and under its inherent authority. Jones v. Ill. Cent. R.R. Co., 617 F.3d 843, 

850 (6th Cir. 2010). “A court abuses its discretion when it commits a clear error of judgment, such 

as applying the incorrect legal standard, misapplying the correct legal standard, or relying upon 

clearly erroneous findings of fact.” Id. (quoting In re Ferro Corp. Derivative Litig., 511 F.3d 611, 

623 (6th Cir. 2008)). 

Under § 1927, “any attorney . . . who so multiplies the proceedings in any case 

unreasonably and vexatiously may be required by the court to satisfy personally the excess costs, 

expenses, and attorneys’ fees reasonably incurred because of such conduct.” Subjective bad faith 

is not required to impose sanctions under § 1927; rather, “an attorney is sanctionable when [she] 

intentionally abuses the judicial process or knowingly disregards the risk that [her] actions will 

needlessly multiply proceedings,” Red Carpet Studios Div. of Source Advantage, Ltd. v. Sater, 

465 F.3d 642, 646 (6th Cir. 2006), or when she “knows or reasonably should know that a claim 

pursued is frivolous,” Hogan v. Jacobson, 823 F.3d 872, 886 (6th Cir. 2016) (quoting Scherer v. 

JP Morgan Chase & Co., 508 F. App’x 429, 439 (6th Cir. 2012)). “In contrast, the imposition of 

inherent power sanctions requires a finding of bad faith.” First Bank of Marietta v. Hartford 

Underwriters Ins. Co., 307 F.3d 501, 517 (6th Cir. 2002). 

Regardless of whether Jones acted in bad faith, the district court acted within its discretion 

in imposing a monetary sanction under § 1927. As the district court pointed out, if Jones believed 

that this court’s decision affirming the sanctions order was in error, she could have pursued a 

petition for rehearing en banc before this court or a petition for a writ of certiorari before the 

Supreme Court. Jones instead brought this action in an improper attempt to collaterally attack this 

court’s decision. In doing so, Jones unreasonably and vexatiously multiplied the proceedings. 
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Jones’s claims against Judge McKeague were erroneously brought under § 1983 and were barred 

by judicial immunity. Even after Judge McKeague’s motion to dismiss explained these 

deficiencies, Jones persisted in maintaining this frivolous lawsuit and moved for leave to file a 

second amended complaint, which did not address the deficiencies and instead compounded them 

by seeking to add Judges Gibbons and White as defendants and to request an injunction rendering 

this court’s decision in the prior appeal “null and void.” Under these circumstances, the district 

court did not abuse its discretion in imposing a monetary sanction of $5,000 on Jones under § 1927.

For these reasons, we AFFIRM the district court’s judgment.