*

Honorable Sharon Lovelace Blackburn, U.S. District Judge

for the Northern District of Alabama, sitting by designation. 

United States Court of Appeals,

Eleventh Circuit.

No. 93-9205.

Barbara R. IRBY, Plaintiff-Appellant,

v.

John Cary BITTICK, In his capacity as Sheriff of Monroe County,

Georgia and Monroe County, Georgia, Defendants-Appellees.

Feb. 13, 1995.

Appeal from the United States District Court for the Middle

District of Georgia. (No. 92-CV-404-3-MAC (WDO)), Wilbur D. Owens,

Jr., Chief Judge.

Before BIRCH and CARNES, Circuit Judges, and BLACKBURN *

,

District Judge.

BIRCH, Circuit Judge:

This case focuses upon whether an employer adequately

demonstrated that disparity in pay between two male employees and

a female employee doing the same work was justified under the Equal

Pay Act of 1963, 29 U.S.C. § 206 ("EPA"). On cross motions for

summary judgment, the district court found that the employers

proved that there were no genuine issues of material fact and that

the employers were entitled to judgment as a matter of law. We

AFFIRM.

I. FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

In 1987, plaintiff-appellant Barbara R. Irby was hired by

defendants-appellees, Sheriff John Cary Bittick and Monroe County,

Georgia, to work for the Monroe County Sheriff's Department. She

initially was assigned to undercover duty in the criminal
 1

The other two divisions are jail and radio room operations

(or support services) and patrol. 

 2There is a seventh investigator, who is male and is on

assignment from the City of Forsyth by agreement between the city

and the county. He is paid by the city, consequently, he is not

considered in our analysis. 

investigation division, one of three divisions within the Sheriff's

Department.1 After serving several months as an undercover agent,

she was transferred to jail and radio room operations. Irby spent

approximately eighteen months in this division before transferring

to criminal investigations in November, 1989. The Sheriff's

Department employs six investigators in the criminal investigations

division; Irby is the only female investigator.2

In 1983, Sheriff Bittick, Monroe County and the City of

Forsyth entered into a contract which stipulated that in exchange

for criminal investigation services from the Sheriff's Department,

the city would provide two investigators to work in the

Department's investigation division. The city appointed Robert

Jones and Ronald Evans. Jones and Evans's salaries were set and

paid by the city. When the city terminated the contract in 1989,

Jones and Evans were given the opportunity to continue as employees

of the city; however, they instead elected to join the Sheriff's

Department as county criminal investigators. Despite the change in

employers, their job descriptions remained the same. Nevertheless,

Jones and Evans were actually paid more by the county initially

than they had been by the city, although the exact amount of the

increase is unclear. In his deposition, Sheriff Bittick testified

that overtime accrued by Evans and Jones in the previous year was

inadvertently included in the base salary offered by the county.
 3

Irby earned $15,757.00 in 1989. R1-22B-3. Jones and Evans

were hired in 1989 at $23,987.50. R1-22B-2, 4. Irby earned

$18,519.80 in 1993; Jones and Evans each earned $27,868.10. R1-

22B-2-4. In 1993, Irby was paid the same as all other employees

hired in 1987 who have not been promoted in rank. R1-22A-1. We

do not, however, address whether the 1987 male hires are

appropriate comparators under the EPA. 

 4Irby failed to raise the issue of the disparity in pay of

her compared with other investigators in the division before the

district court; accordingly, we do not address those differences

here. As Irby conceded at oral argument, the only comparators

for the purposes of this appeal are investigators Evans and

Jones. 

Therefore, their initial base salary with the county was the sum of

their city base salary plus overtime. Consequently, investigators

Jones and Evans are paid substantially more than investigator

Irby.3 It is this pay disparity that Irby challenges as a

violation of the Equal Pay Act.4

Irby filed suit seeking injunctive relief, damages and a

declaratory judgment under 29 U.S.C. § 206(d), 42 U.S.C. § 1983,

and the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

After discovery, Irby moved for summary judgment on her claim for

declaratory judgment under the EPA. Sheriff Bittick and Monroe

County filed a cross motion for summary judgment. The district

court denied Irby's summary judgment motion and granted that of

Sheriff Bittick and Monroe County. Irby appeals.

II. DISCUSSION

A. Summary Judgment

 We review the district court's grant of summary judgment in

EPA cases de novo. Mulhall v. Advance Sec., Inc., 19 F.3d 586,

589-90 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, --- U.S. ----, 115 S.Ct. 298, 130

L.Ed.2d 212 (1994). Summary judgment is properly granted if there
are no genuine issues of material fact and the moving party is

entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(c). The

court examines the substantive law involved to determine which

facts are material. Mulhall, 19 F.3d at 590 (citing Anderson v.

Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248, 254, 106 S.Ct. 2505, 2510,

2513, 91 L.Ed.2d 202 (1986)). All reasonable doubts about facts

are resolved in favor of the non-moving party. Browning v. Peyton,

918 F.2d 1516, 1520 (11th Cir.1990).

 If the moving party bears the burden of proof at trial, it

must demonstrate that "on all the essential elements of its case on

which it bears the burden of proof at trial, no reasonable jury

could find for the non-moving party." United States v. Four

Parcels of Real Property, 941 F.2d 1428, 1438 (11th Cir.1991) (en

banc). "Once a moving party has sufficiently supported its motion

for summary judgment, the non-moving party must come forward with

significant, probative evidence demonstrating the existence of a

triable issue of fact." Chanel, Inc. v. Italian Activewear, Inc.,

931 F.2d 1472, 1477 (11th Cir.1991); see Fed.R.Civ.P. 56(e). The

non-moving party cannot rely solely on its pleadings, Fed.R.Civ.P.

56(e); it "must do more than simply show that there is some

metaphysical doubt as to the material facts," Matsushita Elec.

Indus. Co. v. Zenith Radio Corp., 475 U.S. 574, 586-87, 106 S.Ct.

1348, 1356, 89 L.Ed.2d 538 (1986) (emphasis added). Under this

rubric, we first review the burdens of proof in EPA cases and then

examine whether summary judgment was properly granted.

B. Burdens of Proof in EPA Cases

 A prima facie case of an EPA violation is shown if an
employer "pays different wages to employees of opposite sexes "for

equal work on jobs ... [requiring] equal skill, effort, and

responsibility, and which are performed under similar working

conditions.' " Corning Glass Works v. Brennan, 417 U.S. 188, 195,

94 S.Ct. 2223, 2228, 41 L.Ed.2d 1 (1974) (quoting 29 U.S.C. §

206(d)(1)); Mitchell v. Jefferson County Bd. of Educ., 936 F.2d

539, 547 (11th Cir.1991). Once a prima facie case is demonstrated,

to avoid liability the employer must prove by a preponderance of

the evidence, Mulhall, 19 F.3d at 590, that the differential is

justified by one of four exceptions set forth in the EPA, Corning

Glass Works, 417 U.S. at 196-97, 94 S.Ct. at 2229. Those

exceptions are: "(i) a seniority system; (ii) a merit system;

(iii) a system which measures earnings by quantity or quality of

production; or (iv) a differential based on any other factor other

than sex." 29 U.S.C. § 206(d)(1). The employer bears the burden

of proof for these affirmative defenses, Corning Glass Works, 417

U.S. at 196-97, 94 S.Ct. at 2229; Price v. Lockheed Space

Operations Co., 856 F.2d 1503, 1505 (11th Cir.1988); Meeks v.

Computer Assocs. Int'l, 15 F.3d 1013, 1018 (11th Cir.1994). The

burden is a "heavy one," Mulhall, 19 F.3d at 590, because the

"defendants must show that the factor of sex provided no basis for

the wage differential," id. If the defendant fails to meet this

burden, the court must enter judgment for the plaintiff. Miranda

v. B & B Cash Grocery Store, 975 F.2d 1518, 1533 (11th Cir.1992).

When the defendant overcomes the burden, the plaintiff must rebut

the explanation by showing with affirmative evidence that it is

pretextual or offered as a post-event justification for a
gender-based differential. Schwartz v. Florida Bd. of Regents, 954

F.2d 620, 623 (11th Cir.1991) (per curiam); see Hodgson v. Behrens

Drug Co., 475 F.2d 1041, 1045 (5th Cir.1973) (quoting Shultz v.

First Victoria Nat'l Bank, 420 F.2d 648, 655 (5th Cir.1969)). If

plaintiff is able to create the inference of pretext, there is an

issue which should be reserved for trial.

C. Analysis

Appellees do not dispute that Irby performs the same work

involving identical skill, effort, responsibility, and working

conditions, as Evans and Jones. Therefore, Irby has set forth a

prima facie case of an EPA violation. We now consider whether

appellees have carried their burden of proof on any of the

affirmative defenses. Appellees assert two justifications for the

pay disparity at issue: "a seniority system" and "factors other

than sex." They do not contend that the differential was justified

by a merit system or by a production measurement system.

1. Seniority System

 Whether a seniority system exists is a matter of law.

Mitchell, 936 F.2d at 544 (examining a seniority system under §

703(h) of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, 42 U.S.C. §

2000e-2(h)). The district court found that the Sheriff's

Department did not maintain a seniority system justifying the

salary difference between investigator Irby and investigators Evans

and Jones. Irby v. Bittick, 830 F.Supp. 632, 636 (M.D.Ga.1993).

The court stated that "a seniority system, like a merit system,

should be uniformly enforced and written." Id. (citing Brock v.

Georgia Southwestern College, 765 F.2d 1026, 1036 (11th Cir.1985)
 5

Investigators Speir and Corley are paid less than Jones and

Evans even though Speir was hired in 1979, and Corley was hired

in 1981. 

(merit system)). We agree. If a seniority "system" based on

longevity with the Sheriff's Department is to be relied upon as an

affirmative defense, appellees must be able to identify standards

for measuring seniority which are systematically applied and

observed. Cf. California Brewers Ass'n v. Bryant, 444 U.S. 598,

606-09, 100 S.Ct. 814, 820-21, 63 L.Ed.2d 55 (1980) (requiring

ancillary rules in order to constitute a valid seniority system

under § 703(h) of Title VII); Mitchell, 936 F.2d at 544-45, 547

(rejecting a "seniority system" defense to both Title VII and EPA

claims for failure to relate benefits to length of employment).

 Appellees argue that transfers between divisions do not

constitute promotions or demotions and that generally, pay is based

solely upon year of hire by the Sheriff's Department. Under this

"system," all investigators, patrol officers and support services

officers are deputies and the only way to be promoted is through

elevation in rank, such as, to sergeant, lieutenant or captain.

Deputies who have worked with the department longer are supposed to

earn more than those hired earlier.

 Jones and Evans's compensation, however, disproves the

existence of such a seniority system. Jones and Evans are paid

more than deputies who were hired in 1979 and 1981, even though

neither Jones nor Evans has been promoted, thus defeating the

affirmative defense.5 A seniority system should be applied fairly

among all the members of the department unless there are defined

exceptions which are known and understood by the employees. We
 6

Appellees have suggested a number of factors other than

gender, several of which were rejected implicitly by the district

court, and we do not address them here. 

thus conclude as a matter of law that the Monroe County Sheriff's

Department does not have in place "a seniority system" under the

EPA justifying a variance in salary between employees of the

opposite sex performing the same work.

2. Factors Other Than Sex

 "Any other factor other than sex" is a general exception to

application of the EPA. See Glenn v. General Motors Corp., 841

F.2d 1567, 1571 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 948, 109 S.Ct.

378, 102 L.Ed.2d 367 (1988) (interpreting legislative history). In

the past, we have found that such factors include "unique

characteristics of the same job; ... an individual's experience,

training or ability; or ... special exigent circumstances

connected with the business." Id. (emphasis added).

 Appellees argue that reference to Jones and Evans's prior

salaries in setting the current salary is a legitimate factor other

than sex.6

 The district court rejected this argument, explaining

that "[i]f prior salary alone were a justification, the exception

would swallow up the rule and inequality in pay among genders would

be perpetuated." Irby, 830 F.Supp. at 636. We have consistently

held that "prior salary alone cannot justify pay disparity" under

the EPA. Glenn, 841 F.2d at 1571 & n. 9; accord Price, 856 F.2d

at 1506. Appellees cannot defend paying Jones and Evans more than

Irby simply because of the pay schedule of Jones and Evans's
 7

In fact, one of the investigators indicated that he

"believe[d he] would have" accepted a reduction in pay if

necessary to secure his position with the Monroe County Sheriff's

Department. R1-21-6-7. Because Sheriff Bittick and Monroe

County never discussed salary with Evans and Jones before putting

them on the county payroll, appellees cannot rely upon prior

salary alone to justify the pay variance. 

previous employer.7 Therefore, we reject appellees' reliance on

prior salary as a separate justification for the pay differential.

 However, an Equal Pay Act defendant may successfully raise

the affirmative defense of "any other factor other than sex" if he

proves that he relied on prior salary and experience in setting a

"new" employee's salary. While an employer may not overcome the

burden of proof on the affirmative defense of relying on "any other

factor other than sex" by resting on prior pay alone, as the

district court correctly found, there is no prohibition on

utilizing prior pay as part of a mixed-motive; for example, prior

pay and more experience. This court has not held that prior salary

can never be used by an employer to establish pay, just that such

a justification cannot solely carry the affirmative defense. See

Glenn, 841 F.2d at 1571 n. 9 ("Kouba [v. Allstate Ins. Co., 691

F.2d 873 (9th Cir.1982) ] is consistent with the present case

because the Ninth Circuit would permit use of prior salary where

the prior job resembled the sales agent position and where Allstate

relied on other available predictors."). The question is whether

"other business reasons ... reasonably explain the utilization of

prior salary." Price, 856 F.2d at 1506. As demonstrated below,

this case clearly presents other business reasons that justify use
 8

This is not to suggest that the employer may rest his pay

decisions on illegitimate grounds and then merely mask them by

raising other, valid reasons. However, as noted infra, that

burden of proof is on the plaintiff, and in this case, Irby

failed to refute Sheriff Bittick's arguments that he relied on

prior pay and experience in setting Evans and Jones's pay. 

 9

Appellees are not relying on experience outside of the

Sheriff's Department as a defense. 

 10For experience to be a legitimate "any other factor other

than sex" affirmative defense it need not rise to the level of an

established seniority system. See Glenn, 841 F.2d at 1571. The

"factor other than sex" affirmative defense is a broad, catch-all

exception to the Equal Pay Act, and should not be overly limited. 

Id. ("As it is impossible to list each and every exception, the

broad general exclusion has also been included ... differences

based on experience, training, or ability would also be

excluded." (quoting H.R.Rep. No. 309, 88th Cong., 1st sess. 3,

reprinted in 1963 U.S.C.C.A.N. 687, 689)). 

of prior salary, principally, experience with the division.8

 Appellees also support the pay disparity on the basis that

Jones and Evans had greater experience than Irby, given that they

have worked in the investigations division of the Monroe County

Sheriff's Department since 1983.9 Experience is an acceptable

factor other than sex if not used as a pretext for differentiation

because of gender.10 See Glenn, 841 F.2d at 1571. Irby first

attempts to refute appellees' claim as pretextual by arguing that

their reasoning is too subjective to be rebutted. Business

reasons, such as experience, are legitimate "factors other than

sex" so long as they can be rebutted. Schwartz, 954 F.2d at 623-

24. The defense of experience, however, is capable of being

rebutted; for example, the plaintiff could show that he or she had

equal or more experience of the same type. Time spent in a

position equates with experience in the division; to gain

experience one must necessarily spend time in an activity. Time is
 11Bush earned approximately $23,989.00 in 1989 and

$27,868.10 in 1993. R1-22B-1. 

 12Speir was transferred into the investigations division in

January, 1989; Corley was transferred in August, 1989. The

earnings of Speir and Corley were not presented to the district

court as comparators and argument relative to their salaries was

inappropriately raised on appeal. 

a measurable quantity one can sufficiently rebut. In this case,

Evans and Jones have spent approximately five more years in the

investigations division and four more years in the Sheriff's

Department than has Irby. Irby does not present any other facts

which indicate that she has equal or more experience in the

division or Sheriff's Department than Evans or Jones have.

Irby also contends that appellees' proffer of experience is

pretextual because the value placed on experience is inconsistent.

She observes that investigator Bush, who was also first assigned to

the investigations division in 1983, earned approximately the same

salary as Jones and Evans in 1989 and the same salary in 1993, even

though Bush started with the Sheriff's Department in 1981, two

years earlier.11 She also notes that the other two investigators

in the division, Speir and Corley, were hired by the Sheriff's

Department in 1979 and 1981, respectively; however, both earn less

than Evans and Jones. Thus, Irby argues that appellees do not

really value experience with the department but are offering a

post-event justification for their actions.

Despite Corley and Speir's longevity with the Sheriff's

Department, however, neither was assigned to the investigations

division until 1989, the same year Irby was transferred to that

division.12 Evans and Jones have greater experience in the Monroe
 13The dissent believes that Sheriff Bittick conceded that

Jones and Evans were not worth more pay than Irby, creating a

genuine issue of material fact. The "concession" by Sheriff

Bittick to which the dissent refers does not remark on Irby's or

Evans and Jones's relative worth to Sheriff Bittick because of

experience, but worth of male officers vis-a-vis female officers. 

Sheriff Bittick's statement is not a admission regarding

experience, rather it indicates that he does not believe that

male officers are inherently better officers than female

officers. To interpret the statement as being an admission

disregards Sheriff Bittick and Monroe County's defense and

removes their argument from the context in which it was made. 

Sheriff Bittick and Monroe County were specifically countering

the contention made by Irby that "Sheriff Bittick values male

officers with whom he has worked with in the past" and that

Sheriff Bittick "believes that Evans and Jones are "worth it' and

[thus], conversely, that Irby is not." Appellant's Brief at 39. 

Irby's arguments were made solely with the implication that

Sheriff Bittick believes that Irby is not "worth it" because she

is a female, not because she has less experience than the other

two officers. This is the crux of her Equal Pay Act case. 

 14Contrary to the dissent's position, there is not a genuine

issue of material fact which must be tried by a jury. Sheriff

Bittick stated unequivocally in his deposition that "Barbara

County Sheriff's Department investigation division, working with

Sheriff Bittick and Captain John Wilkes, head of that division,

than do Speir, Corley or Irby. With respect to the hiring of Evans

and Jones, the sole comparators in this case, Irby was treated

similarly to other deputies with less investigation experience than

Evans and Jones. Accordingly, any claim that appellees' decision

to pay Evans and Jones their previous salary was gender-based is

refuted.13

Unique, long-term experience as an investigator in a single

division constitutes a justification for pay difference under the

EPA as part of the broad exception "any other factor other than

sex." See Glenn, 841 F.2d at 1571. Appellees, as the moving

parties, have shown that there are no genuine issues of material

fact and that they are entitled to judgment as a matter of law.14
[Irby's] salary should not be as high as Pete [Jones] and Jocko

[Evans's] because Pete [Jones] and Jocko [Evans] worked there

from '83 until '87." R1-17-82. It is a fact that Evans and

Jones have been in the department and in the division longer than

Irby. It is a fact that the investigations division is

considered separately from other divisions, see R1-17-52-54, and

employment in the division requires additional training and

experience over and above the other divisions, R1-14-24, even

though there was no formal pay raise system in place upon

transfer to that division when Irby transferred in and despite

the fact that Irby had some of the training required prior to

entering the division, see R1-14-23-24. It is fact that Sheriff

Bittick relied on Evans and Jones's prior experience "working

with him" in the investigations division. R1-17-80, 81, 82. And

it is a fact that as well as experience, Sheriff Bittick relied

on Evans and Jones's prior salary as a guideline in setting their

new salary. R1-17-16-17, 81. These unrebutted facts, as a

matter of law, require this court to find that there is no

violation of the Equal Pay Act. Irby simply failed to rebut

these critical facts; thus, she loses. 

Irby failed to rebut adequately appellees' justification and thus,

failed to raise a disputed material issue of fact.

III. CONCLUSION

Irby challenges the district court's conclusion that Sheriff

Bittick and Monroe County proved by a preponderance of the evidence

that the pay disparity between investigator Irby and investigators

Evans and Jones was justified as arising from a "factor other than

sex" under the Equal Pay Act. We conclude that appellees proved

that they weighed the experience of Evans and Jones in the

investigation division of the Sheriff's Department in setting their

incoming salary at a higher level than investigator Irby's salary

and that particular experience is a legitimate "factor other than

sex" under the EPA. Accordingly, the district court's grant of

summary judgment to appellees is AFFIRMED.

CARNES, Circuit Judge, concurring in part and dissenting in

part:

I agree with the majority's holding that Barbara Irby has
established a prima facie case of an Equal Pay Act violation, and

that the substantial disparity between her pay and that of her two

male comparators, Jones and Evans, cannot be justified based upon

a seniority system. I also agree with the majority insofar as it

holds that the pay disparity cannot be justified for Equal Pay Act

purposes on the basis that Jones and Evans had a higher salary when

they transferred into the Sheriff's Department.

My disagreement with the majority is over its conclusion that

Sheriff Bittick and the County (hereafter "the Sheriff") are

entitled to summary judgment on the ground that the substantial pay

disparity is based on the greater experience of the two male

comparators. Disparity in experience is a legitimate "factor other

than sex" which can justify a disparity in pay. However, I do not

believe the Sheriff has carried his burden—which the majority

correctly characterizes as a "heavy one"—of establishing that there

is no genuine issue about whether the reason he pays Irby

substantially less than he pays Jones and Evans is that their

greater experience makes them worth more to him and his department.

For one thing, the Sheriff's own brief to this Court concedes

that he does not believe that Jones and Evans are worth more pay

than Irby is. In his brief, the Sheriff states:

Irby points to a statement made by Sheriff Bittick in his

deposition that the initial compensation paid to Evans and

Jones when they were placed in the Monroe County pay system at

the beginning of 1989 was justified because Evans and Jones

were "worth it." Irby states in her brief that the clear

implication of this statement was that in the Sheriff's view

Investigator Irby was, and is, "not worth it." Sheriff

Bittick's statement makes no such implication. There is

absolutely no evidence in the record to support the

implication that Sheriff Bittick feels that Barbara Irby is in

any way less valuable than Evans and Jones. Contrary to

Irby's assertions, Sheriff Bittick does not hold a subjective
 1

In footnote 2 of its opinion, the majority interprets the

Sheriff's concession as being confined entirely to Irby's

relative worth as a human being as distinguished from her worth

as a deputy. But that is not what the Sheriff said both in the

district court and in this Court. What he said is that there is

absolutely no evidence that he believes Irby is "in any way" less

valuable than Jones and Evans. The majority would rewrite the

concession to say "in any way except as a deputy sheriff." The

Sheriff, who has been represented by competent counsel throughout

these proceedings, did not say what the majority would have had

him say. We should decide the issue based upon what was said,

not what we would have said had we been the Sheriff or his

counsel. 

opinion that male officers Evans and Jones are worth more pay

than female Officer Irby. (R1-22C-8-9).

Appellee's Brief at 33 (emphasis added). The memorandum brief the

Sheriff filed in the district court made the same concession, and

contained verbatim the last three sentences quoted above. (R1-22-

32) In view of the Sheriff's concession that he does not believe

that Jones and Evans are "worth more pay" than Irby is, the

district court might have granted summary judgment against the

Sheriff. At the least, the court should not have granted summary

judgment in his favor.1

The second reason this Court should not affirm the grant of

summary judgment is that, even if we ignore the concession in the

Sheriff's brief, the record still reveals a genuine issue of

material fact about his motivation for the substantial pay

disparity. The Sheriff's own deposition provides a basis for a

reasonable jury to find that instead of being based upon any

difference in experience, the pay disparity is actually based upon

the higher pay of Jones and Evans at the time they transferred into

the Sheriff's Department from the City Police Department. As the

majority recognizes, under the law of this circuit, prior salary
continuation alone is not a legitimate factor other than sex which

would justify a pay disparity. We held that it is not in Glenn v.

General Motors Corp., 841 F.2d 1567, 1570 (11th Cir.), cert.

denied, 488 U.S. 948, 109 S.Ct. 378, 102 L.Ed.2d 367 (1988);

accord, Miranda v. B & B Cash Grocery Store, Inc., 975 F.2d 1518

(11th Cir.1992) (approving the logic behind Glenn's rejection of

the argument that prior salary alone was a "factor other than

sex").

When asked why Jones and Evans had been paid more than a

starting salary when they went off the city payroll and onto the

Sheriff Department's payroll, the Sheriff testified: "I thought,

you know—my recommendation was to pay them basically the same thing

that they had been getting paid. You know, I didn't want them to

take a pay cut, was basically the deal, when they had already been

working for me." (Bittick Dep. at 16-17) (emphasis added) The

Sheriff explained that "my recollection of the salary thing was

that our intent was to pay them basically what they had made with

the city so they would not lose any money there. " ( Id. at 77)

(emphasis added)

The Sheriff did testify at one point in his deposition that

"the biggest reason" that Jones and Evans were hired at a rate

higher than entry level was that both of them had been working for

him since 1983 and both were worth the money. He said that the

department had invested a lot of time in them, they had both been

deputy sheriffs loyal to him, and they had worked hard for the

department. (Bittick Dep. at 78-79) Shortly after that testimony,

the following transpired:
Q If you would give me each and every reason that Officers

Evans and Jones are today paid more than Officer Irby?

A Because Pete [Jones] and them worked there from '83 until

'88 or whenever. In other words, in my mind, Pete [Jones] and

Jocko's [Evans] employment date with me, when Pete [Jones] and

Jocko [Evans] were sworn deputy sheriffs and came to work for

me under my supervision was 1983. I think Barbara [Irby] came

in, what, '87, '88, whatever the year was. But they were paid

that because when they transferred over, our intent was to

keep them from losing any money. But if you'd asked me—in

1984 if you had come to me and asked me if Pete [Jones] and

Jocko [Evans] worked for me, I would have said yes, just like

I would say Barbara [Irby] works for me now.

Q Any other reason?

A Not that I can think of, I mean, without sitting here and

thinking more about it.

(Bittick Dep. at 80-81) (emphasis added) Thereafter, in the last

attempt in his deposition to explain the pay disparity, the Sheriff

said that in his opinion Irby's salary should not be as high as

Jones' and Evans' salaries because they had worked "there" from

1983 until 1987. He added that law enforcement officers as a whole

are underpaid, and that Irby deserves and is worth more money than

she is paid. (Id. at 82)

The Sheriff's deposition testimony is equivocal. It would

permit a factfinder to find that he pays Jones and Evans more than

Irby for any one of three reasons: because of their salary at the

time they transferred onto the department's payroll, or because

they have more experience, or because of a combination of those two

factors. We know from the Glenn decision that the first reason is,

as a matter of law, not a "factor other than sex." Accordingly,

there is a genuine issue of material fact about whether the Sheriff
 2

Three and one-half months after his deposition was taken,

and more than a month after the discovery cutoff date, Sheriff

Bittick filed a carefully drafted affidavit about his reasons for

the pay disparity. Apparently, after the Sheriff's deposition

his attorneys had read our Glenn decision. Their salvage efforts

are unsuccessful, because a party cannot undo with a

post-deposition affidavit a genuine issue of material fact

created by that party's deposition testimony. Cf., Van T.

Junkins & Assoc., Inc. v. United States Industries, Inc., 736

F.2d 656, 657 (11th Cir.1984) ("When a party has given clear

answers to unambiguous questions which negate the existence of

any genuine issue of material fact, that party cannot thereafter

create such an issue with an affidavit that merely contradicts,

without explanation, previously given clear testimony."). 

 3

Although paid less than Jones and Evans, Deputies Corley

and Speir are paid more than Deputy Irby. 

is entitled to judgment.2

The third reason Irby is entitled to have her case decided by

a jury is that evidence in the record relating to the pay of other

deputies also creates a genuine issue of material fact about

whether pay is based upon experience. For example, even counting

the time Jones and Evans spent with the City as time in the

Department, there are two other Investigative Division deputies

(Corley and Speir, both male) who have been with the Department

longer than Jones and Evans, but who are paid less. 3 If pay is

based upon experience with the Sheriff's Department, those other

two deputies should be paid the same amount as, or more than, Jones

and Evans. The undisputed fact that they are not is a basis upon

which a reasonable jury could decide that pay within the

Investigative Division of the Sheriff's Department is not based

upon experience.

The majority's explanation for why Corley and Speir, the two

more experienced deputies, are paid less than Jones and Evans is

that what counts is not experience within the department but
 4

It is not clear to me that the Sheriff has even argued that

experience within the investigative division instead of within

the department as a whole determines pay. However, assuming that

he has made the argument, the evidence does not establish that

proposition as a fact about which there is no genuine dispute. 

 5All five deputies—Irby, Jones, Evans, Corley, and Speir—are

of the same rank. 

experience within a particular division, such as the Investigative

Division. Because those other two deputies have not been within

the Investigative Division of the Sheriff's Department as long as

Jones and Evans, the majority reasons that everything fits the

theory that experience within a particular division is what counts.

The principal problem with the majority's theory is that the

evidence in the record does not establish beyond genuine dispute

the theory that pay is based upon experience within a particular

division.4

The Sheriff never said, during his deposition or in his

post-deposition affidavit, that pay is determined by length of

service within a particular division instead of within the

department as a whole. Indeed, he clearly stated just the

opposite. In his affidavit, the Sheriff swore that: "deputies

with the same rank are paid the same amount if their length of

service with my department is similar. Conversely, deputies with

the same rank are paid a different amount if their length of

service with my department is different." (emphasis added) We know

from the fact that Corley and Speir are paid less than Jones and

Evans, that that explanation is not true.5

 Moreover, if experience

within a particular division were the criterion for pay, one would

expect that a deputy transferred to another division and thus
beginning with no experience at all in that new division would

suffer a decrease in pay. Not so, as the Sheriff said in his

affidavit:

An assignment or transfer is not considered to be a promotion,

and no raise in pay is given by virtue of any particular

assignment. For example, a deputy may be assigned from the

Patrol Division to the Investigative Division, and there is no

increase in pay or change in pay, even though the duties may

be different. Conversely, a deputy may be assigned from the

Investigations Division to the Support Services Division with

no change in pay, and such change in assignment is not

considered a promotion or a demotion.

(emphasis added)

Because the record does not support, and indeed rebuts, the

majority's theory about why Jones and Evans receive greater pay

compared to those in the Investigative Division with longer service

in the Sheriff's Department, there is a genuine issue of material

fact as to why Jones and Evans are paid more than Irby. The one

explanation that fits all the facts and explains all the

disparities is that the pay of Jones and Evans is greater than the

pay of other deputies solely because of the prior salary that they

had received from the City. If that is true, then Irby is due to

prevail on her claim. Because there is a genuine issue of fact

about whether that explanation is true, summary judgment should not

have been granted.

It may be that Barbara Irby would lose if allowed to go to

trial. Nonetheless, because her case turns on a genuine issue of

material fact, she is entitled to have the fate of her case decided

by a jury instead of by jurists. The majority's affirmance of the

grant of summary judgment deprives her of that entitlement. I

dissent.