Page 1 of 13

Gunshot Residue Literature 

Compiled Bibliography

January 2017

1. Mach MH, Pallos A, Jones PF. Feasibility of Gunshot Residue Detection Via Its Organic Constituents .1. Analysis of 

Smokeless Powders by Combined Gas Chromatography-Chemical Ionization Mass-Spectrometry. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 

1978;23(3):433-45.

2. Mach MH, Pallos A, Jones PF. Feasibility of Gunshot Residue Detection Via Its Organic Constituents .2. Gas 

Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1978;23(3):446-55.

3. Wolten GM, Nesbitt RS, Calloway AR, Loper GL. Particle Analysis for the Detection of Gunshot Residue. 2. Occupational 

and Environmental Particles. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1979;24(2):423-30.

4. Wolten GM, Nesbitt RS. On the Mechanism of Gunshot Residue Particle Formation. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 

1980;25(3):533-45.

5. Bratin K, Kissinger PT, Briner RC, Bruntlett CS. Determination of Nitro Aromatic, Nitramine, and Nitrate Ester Explosive 

Compounds in Explosive Mixtures and Gunshot Residue by Liquid-Chromatography and Reductive Electrochemical 

Detection. Analytica Chimica Acta. 1981;130(2):295-311.

6. Newton JT. Rapid-Determination of Antimony, Barium, and Lead in Gunshot Residue Via Automated Atomic-Absorption 

Spectrophotometry. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1981;26(2):302-12.

7. Koons RD, Havekost DG, Peters CA. Determination of Barium in Gunshot Residue Collection Swabs Using Inductively 

Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission-Spectrometry. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1988 Jan;33(1):35-41.

8. Leggett LS, Lott PF. Gunshot Residue Analysis Via Organic Stabilizers and Nitrocellulose. Microchemical Journal. 1989

Feb;39(1):76-85.

9. Northrop DM, Martire DE, Maccrehan WA. Separation and Identification of Organic Gunshot and Explosive Constituents 

by Micellular Electrokinetic Capillary Electrophoresis. Analytical Chemistry. 1991 May;63(10):1038-42.

10. Zeichner A, Levin N, Springer E. Gunshot Residue Particles Formed by Using Different Types of Ammunition in the Same 

Firearm. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1991 Jul;36(4):1020-6.

11. Zeichner A, Levin N, Dvorachek M. Gunshot Residue Particles Formed by Using Ammunitions That Have Mercury 

Fulminate Based Primers. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1992 Nov;37(6):1567-73.

12. Fetterolf DD, Clark TD. Detection of Trace Explosive Evidence by Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 

1993 Jan;38(1):28-39.

13. Espinoza EO, Thornton JI. Characterization of Smokeless Gunpowder by Means of Diphenylamine Stabilizer and Its 

Nitrated Derivatives. Analytica Chimica Acta. 1994 Mar;288(1-2):57-69.

14. Speers SJ, Doolan K, McQuillan J, Wallace JS. Evaluation of Improved Methods for the Recovery and Detection of Organic 

and Inorganic Cartridge Discharge Residues. Journal of Chromatography A. 1994 Jul;674(1-2):319-27.

15. Meng HS, Caddy B. Detection of N,N'-Diphenyl-N,N'-Diethylurea (Ethyl Centralite) in Gunshot Residues Using HighPerformance Liquid-Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection. Analyst. 1995 Jun;120(6):1759-62.

16. Singer RL, Davis D, Houck MM. A Survey of Gunshot Residue Analysis Methods. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1996

Mar;41(2):195-8.

17. Meng HH, Caddy B. Gunshot Residue Analysis - a Review. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1997 Jul;42(4):553-70.
Page 2 of 13

18. Zeichner A, Levin N. More on the Uniqueness of Gunshot Residue (GSR) Particles. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1997

Nov;42(6):1027-8.

19. Andrasko J, Norberg T, Stahling S. Time since Discharge of Shotguns. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1998 Sep;43(5):1005-

15.

20. Koons RD. Analysis of Gunshot Primer Residue Collection Swabs by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry.

Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1998 Jul;43(4):748-54.

21. MacCrehan WA, Smith KD, Rowe WF. Sampling Protocols for the Detection of Smokeless Powder Residues Using 

Capillary Electrophoresis. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1998 Jan;43(1):119-24.

22. Miyauchi H, Kumihashi M, Shibayama T. The Contribution of Trace Elements from Smokeless Powder to Post Firing 

Residues. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1998 Jan;43(1):90-6.

23. Stich S, Bard D, Gros L, Wenz HW, Yarwood J, Williams K. Raman Microscopic Identification of Gunshot Residues. Journal 

of Raman Spectroscopy. 1998;29(9):787-90.

24. Andrasko J, Stahling S. Time since Discharge of Spent Cartridges. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 1999 May;44(3):487-95.

25. Garofano L, Capra M, Ferrari F, Bizzaro GP, Di Tullio D, Dell'Olio M, et al. Gunshot Residue - Further Studies on Particles 

of Environmental and Occupational Origin. Forensic Science International. 1999 Jul;103(1):1-21.

26. Jalanti T, Henchoz P, Gallusser A, Bonfanti MS. The Persistence of Gunshot Residue on Shooters' Hands. Science and 

Justice. 1999 Jan-Mar;39(1):48-52.

27. Niewohner L, Wenz HW. Applications of Focused Ion Beam Systems in Gunshot Residue Investigation. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences. 1999 Jan;44(1):105-9.

28. Shaffer DK, Yi K. A Comparison of Particle Transfer Efficiencies of Two Collection Methods for the Identification of 

Gunshot Residue on Fabric Surfaces Using Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy Dispersive Spectrometry. Scanning. 1999

Mar-Apr;21(2):99-100.

29. Andrasko J, Stahling S. Time since Discharge of Rifles. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2000 Nov;45(6):1250-5.

30. Reardon MR, MacCrehan WA, Rowe WF. Comparing the Additive Composition of Smokeless Gunpowder and Its 

Handgun-Fired Residues. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2000 Nov;45(6):1232-8.

31. Coumbaros J, Kirkbride KP, Klass G, Skinner W. Characterisation of 0.22 Caliber Rimfire Gunshot Residues by Time-ofFlight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS): A Preliminary Study. Forensic Science International. 2001 Jun;119(1):72-

81.

32. Cropek DM, Kemme PA, Day JM. Pyrolytic Decomposition Studies of Aa2, a Double-Base Propellant: U.S. Army Corps of 

Engineers, Engineering Research and Development Center; 2001.

33. MacCrehan WA, Patierno ER, Duewer DL, Reardon MR. Investigating the Effect of Changing Ammunition on the 

Composition of Organic Additives in Gunshot Residue (OGSR). Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2001 Jan;46(1):57-62.

34. Northrop DM. Gunshot Residue Analysis by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Electrophoresis: Assessment for Application 

to Casework. Part I. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2001 May;46(3):549-59.

35. Northrop DM. Gunshot Residue Analysis by Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Electrophoresis: Assessment for Application 

to Casework. Part Ii. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2001 May;46(3):560-72.
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36. Reardon MR, MacCrehan WA. Developing a Quantitative Extraction Technique for Determining the Organic Additives in 

Smokeless Handgun Powder. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2001 Jul;46(4):802-7.

37. Romolo FS, Margot P. Identification of Gunshot Residue: A Critical Review. Forensic Science International. 2001

Jun;119(2):195-211.

38. Tong Y, Wei ZP, Yang CD, Yu JY, Zhang XR, Yang SJ, et al. Determination of Diphenylamine Stabilizer and Its Nitrated 

Derivatives in Smokeless Gunpowder Using a Tandem MS Method. Analyst. 2001 Apr;126(4):480-4.

39. Wu ZP, Tong Y, Yu JY, Zhang XR, Yang CD, Pan CX, et al. The Utilization of MS-MS Method in Detection of GSRs. Journal 

of Forensic Sciences. 2001 May;46(3):495-501.

40. Zeichner A. Is There a Real Danger of Concealing Gunshot Residue (GSR) Particles by Skin Debris Using the Tape-Lift 

Method for Sampling GSR from Hands? Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2001 Nov;46(6):1447-55.

41. Lebiedzik J, Johnson DL. Handguns and Ammunitions Indicators Extracted from the GSR Analysis. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences. 2002 May;47(3):483-93.

42. Lindblom T. Reactions in Stabilizer and between Stabilizer and Nitrocellulose in Propellants. Propellants Explosives 

Pyrotechnics. 2002 Sep;27(4):197-208.

43. MacCrehan WA, Reardon MR. A Qualitative Comparison of Smokeless Powder Measurements. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences. 2002 Sep;47(5):996-1001.

44. MacCrehan WA, Reardon MR, Duewer DL. A Quantitative Comparison of Smokeless Powder Measurements. Journal of 

Forensic Sciences. 2002 Nov;47(6):1283-7.

45. MacCrehan WA, Reardon MR, Duewer DL. Associating Gunpowder and Residues from Commercial Ammunition Using 

Compositional Analysis. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2002 Mar;47(2):260-6.

46. Torre C, Mattutino G, Vasino V, Robino C. Brake Linings: A Source of Non-GSR Particles Containing Lead, Barium, and 

Antimony. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2002 May;47(3):494-504.

47. Wu ZG, Hendrickson CL, Rodgers RP, Marshall AG. Composition of Explosives by Electrospray Ionization Fourier 

Transform Ion Cyclotron Resonance Mass Spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry. 2002 Apr;74(8):1879-83.

48. Zhao XM, Yinon J. Identification of Nitrate Ester Explosives by Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization and 

Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography A. 2002 Nov;977(1):59-68.

49. Andrasko J, Stahling S. Time since Discharge of Pistols and Revolvers. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2003 Mar;48(2):307-

11.

50. Casamento S, Kwok B, Roux C, Dawson M, Doble P. Optimization of the Separation of Organic Explosives by Capillary 

Electrophoresis with Artificial Neural Networks. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2003 Sep;48(5):1075-83.

51. Collins P, Coumbaros J, Horsley G, Lynch B, Kirkbride KP, Skinner W. Glass-Containing Gunshot Residue Particles: A New 

Type of Highly Characteristic Particle? Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2003 May;48(3):538-53.

52. Fojtasek L, Vacinova J, Kolar P, Kotrly M. Distribution of GSR Particles in the Surroundings of Shooting Pistol. Forensic 

Science International. 2003 Mar;132(2):99-105.

53. MacCrehan WA, Layman MJ, Secl JD. Hair Combing to Collect Organic Gunshot Residues (OGSR). Forensic Science 

International. 2003 Aug;135(2):167-73.
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54. Mathis JA, McCord BR. Gradient Reversed-Phase Liquid Chromatographic-Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometric 

Method for the Comparison of Smokeless Powders. Journal of Chromatography A. 2003 Feb;988(1):107-16.

55. Niewoehner L, Wenz HW, Andrasko J, Beijer R, Gunaratnam L. Enfsi Proficiency Test Program on Identification of GSR by 

SEM/EDX. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2003 Jul;48(4):786-93.

56. Plattner T, Kneubuehl B, Thali M, Zollinger U. Gunshot Residue Patterns on Skin in Angled Contact and near Contact 

Gunshot Wounds. Forensic Science International. 2003;138(1-3):68-74.

57. Reis ELT, Sarkis JES, Neto ON, Rodrigues C, Kakazu MH, Viebig S. A New Method for Collection and Identification of 

Gunshot Residues from the Hands of Shooters. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2003 Nov;48(6):1269-74.

58. Toennes SW, Fandino AS, Hesse FJ, Kauert GF. Artifact Production in the Assay of Anhydroecgonine Methyl Ester in 

Serum Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Chromatography B-Analytical Technologies in the 

Biomedical and Life Sciences. 2003 Jul;792(2):345-51.

59. Torre C, Mattutino G, Romolo FS, Margot P. Gunshot Residue from Lead-Free Ammunition: Inorganic Vs. Organic 

Analytical Techniques. Forensic Science International. 2003 Sep;136:150-1.

60. Wilson JD, Tebow JD, Moline KW. Time since Discharge of Shotgun Shells. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2003

Nov;48(6):1298-301.

61. Zeichner A. Recent Developments in Methods of Chemical Analysis in Investigations of Firearm-Related Events. Analytical 

and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2003 Aug;376(8):1178-91.

62. Cardinetti B, Ciampini C, D'Onofrio C, Orlando G, Gravina L, Ferrari F, et al. X-Ray Mapping Technique: A Preliminary 

Study in Discriminating Gunshot Residue Particles from Aggregates of Environmental Occupational Origin. Forensic Science 

International. 2004 Jun;143(1):1-19.

63. Cascio O, Trettene M, Bortolotti F, Milana G, Tagliaro F. Analysis of Organic Components of Smokeless Gunpowders: 

High-Performance Liquid Chromatogaphy Vs. Micellar Electrokinetic Capillary Chromatography. Electrophoresis. 2004

Jun;25(10-11):1543-7.

64. De Forest PR, Martir K, Pizzola PA. Gunshot Residue Particle Velocity and Deceleration. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2004

Nov;49(6):1237-43.

65. Goodpaster JV, Keto RO. Identification of Ascorbic Acid and Its Degradation Products in Black Powder Substitutes.

Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2004 May;49(3):523-8.

66. Morales EB, Vazquez ALR. Simultaneous Determination of Inorganic and Organic Gunshot Residues by Capillary 

Electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography A. 2004 Dec;1061(2):225-33.

67. Zeichner A, Eldar B. A Novel Method for Extraction and Analysis of Gunpowder Residues on Double-Side Adhesive 

Coated Stubs. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2004 Nov;49(6):1194-206.

68. Admon U, Donohue D, Aigner H, Tamborini G, Bildstein O, Betti M. Multiple-Instrument Analyses of Single Micron-Size 

Particles. Microscopy and Microanalysis. 2005 Aug;11(4):354-62.

69. Carter JC, Angel SM, Lawrence-Snyder M, Scaffidi J, Whipple RE, Reynolds JG. Standoff Detection of High Explosive 

Materials at 50 Meters in Ambient Light Conditions Using a Small Raman Instrument. Applied Spectroscopy. 2005;59(6):769-

75.

70. Fojtasek L, Kmjec T. Time Periods of GSR Particles Deposition after Discharge-Final Results. Forensic Science International. 

2005 Oct;153(2-3):132-5.
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71. Haag LC. Physical Forms of Contemporary Small-Arms Propellants and Their Forensic Value. American Journal of Forensic 

Medicine and Pathology. 2005 Mar;26(1):5-10.

72. Mathis JA, McCord BR. Mobile Phase Influence on Electrospray Ionization for the Analysis of Smokeless Powders by 

Gradient Reversed Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-ESIMS. Forensic Science International. 2005 Nov;154(2-

3):159-66.

73. Niewoehner L, Andrasko J, Biegstraaten J, Gunaratnam L, Steffen S, Uhlig S. Maintenance of the Enfsi Proficiency Test 

Program on Identification of GSR by SEM/EDX (GSR2003). Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2005 Jul;50(4):877-82.

74. Niewoehner L, Buchholz N, Merkel J. New Ammunitions for German Police. Scanning. 2005 Mar-Apr;27(2):69-.

75. Perr JM, Furton KG, Almirall JR. Solid Phase Microextraction Ion Mobility Spectrometer Interface for Explosive and 

Taggant Detection. Journal of Separation Science. 2005 Feb;28(2):177-83.

76. Biedermann A, Taroni F. A Probabilistic Approach to the Joint Evaluation of Firearm Evidence and Gunshot Residues.

Forensic Science International. 2006 Nov;163(1-2):18-33.

77. Cardinetti B, Ciampini C, Abate S, Marchetti C, Ferrari F, Di Tullio D, et al. A Proposal for Statistical Evaluation of the 

Detection of Gunshot Residues on a Suspect. Scanning. 2006 May-Jun;28(3):142-7.

78. MacCrehan WA, Bedner M. Development of a Smokeless Powder Reference Material for Propellant and Explosives 

Analysis. Forensic Science International. 2006 Nov;163(1-2):119-24.

79. Mahoney CM, Gillen G, Fahey AJ. Characterization of Gunpowder Samples Using Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass 

Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Forensic Science International. 2006 Apr;158(1):39-51.

80. Oommen Z, Pierce SM. Lead-Free Primer Residues: A Qualitative Characterization of Winchester WincleanTM, 

Remington/Umc LeadlessTM, Federal BallisticleanTM, and Speer Lawman CleanfireTM Handgun Ammunition. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences. 2006 May;51(3):509-19.

81. Venter A, Ifa DR, Cooks RG, Poehlein SK, Chin A, Ellison D. A Desorption Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Study 

of Aging Products of Diphenylamine Stabilizer in Double-Base Propellants. Propellants Explosives Pyrotechnics. 2006

Dec;31(6):472-6.

82. Zeichner A, Ehrlich S, Shoshani E, Halicz L. Application of Lead Isotope Analysis in Shooting Incident Investigations.

Forensic Science International. 2006;158(1):52-64.

83. Brozek-Mucha Z. Comparison of Cartridge Case and Airborne GSR - a Study of the Elemental Composition and 

Morphology by Means of SEM-EDX. X-Ray Spectrometry. 2007 Nov-Dec;36(6):398-407.

84. Gaurav D, Malik AK, Rai PK. High-Performance Liquid Chromatographic Methods for the Analysis of Explosives. Critical 

Reviews in Analytical Chemistry. 2007;37(4):227-68.

85. Laza D, Nys B, De Kinder J, Mesmaeker AKD, Moucheron C. Development of a Quantitative Lc-MS/MS Method for the 

Analysis of Common Propellant Powder Stabilizers in Gunshot Residue. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2007 Jul;52(4):842-50.

86. Muller D, Levy A, Vinokurov A, Ravreby M, Shelef R, Wolf E, et al. A Novel Method for the Analysis of Discharged 

Smokeless Powder Residues. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2007 Jan;52(1):75-8.

87. Santos A, Magalhaes T, Vieira DN, Almeida AA, Sousa AV. Firing Distance Estimation through the Analysis of the Gunshot 

Residue Deposit Pattern around the Bullet Entrance Hole by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry - an 

Experimental Study. American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology. 2007 Mar;28(1):24-30.
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88. Sarkis JES, Neto ON, Viebig S, Durrant SF. Measurements of Gunshot Residues by Sector Field Inductively Coupled 

Plasma Mass Spectrometry - Further Studies with Pistols. Forensic Science International. 2007 Oct;172(1):63-6.

89. Steffen S, Otto M, Niewoehner L, Barth M, Brozek-Mucha Z, Blegstraaten J, et al. Chemometric Classification of Gunshot 

Residues Based on Energy Dispersive X-Ray Microanalysis and Inductively Coupled Plasma Analysis with Mass-Spectrometric 

Detection. Spectrochimica Acta Part B-Atomic Spectroscopy. 2007 Sep;62(9):1028-36.

90. West C, Baron G, Minet JJ. Detection of Gunpowder Stabilizers with Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Forensic Science 

International. 2007 Mar;166(2-3):91-101.

91. Knauthe B, Steffen S, Barth M, Niewoehner L, Ottoa M. Visualization of Quality Parameters for Classification of Spectra in 

Shooting Crimes. Journal of Chemometrics. 2008 Mar-Apr;22(3-4):252-8.

92. Niewoehner L, Andrasko J, Biegstraaten J, Gunaratnam L, Steffen S, Uhlig S, et al. GSR2005 - Continuity of the Enfsi 

Proficiency Test on Identification of GSR by SEM/EDX. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2008 Jan;53(1):162-7.

93. Perret D, Marchese S, Gentili A, Curini R, Terracciano A, Bafile E, et al. Lc-MS-MS Determination of Stabilizers and 

Explosives Residues in Hand-Swabs. Chromatographia. 2008 Oct;68(7-8):517-24.

94. Rosenberg MB, Dockery CR. Determining the Lifetime of Detectable Amounts of Gunshot Residue on the Hands of a 

Shooter Using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy. 2008 Nov;62(11):1238-41.

95. Zhao MX, Zhang SC, Yang CD, Xu YC, Wen YX, Sun LS, et al. Desorption Electrospray Tandem MS (Desi-MSms) Analysis of 

Methyl Centralite and Ethyl Centralite as Gunshot Residues on Skin and Other Surfaces. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2008

Jul;53(4):807-11.

96. Biedermann A, Bozza S, Taroni F. Probabilistic Evidential Assessment of Gunshot Residue Particle Evidence (Part I): 

Likelihood Ratio Calculation and Case Pre-Assessment Using Bayesian Networks. Forensic Science International. 2009

Oct;191(1-3):24-35.

97. Brozek-Mucha Z. Distribution and Properties of Gunshot Residue Originating from a Luger 9 Mm Ammunition in the 

Vicinity of the Shooting Gun. Forensic Science International. 2009 Jan;183(1-3):33-44.

98. Burleson GL, Gonzalez B, Simons K, Yu JCC. Forensic Analysis of a Single Particle of Partially Burnt Gunpowder by Solid 

Phase Micro-Extraction-Gas Chromatography-Nitrogen Phosphorus Detector. Journal of Chromatography A. 

2009;1216(22):4679-83.

99. Joshi M, Delgado Y, Guerra P, Lai H, Almirall JR. Detection of Odor Signatures of Smokeless Powders Using Solid Phase 

Microextraction Coupled to an Ion Mobility Spectrometer. Forensic Science International. 2009 Jul;188(1-3):112-8.

100. Scherperel G, Reid GE, Smith RW. Characterization of Smokeless Powders Using Nanoelectrospray Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry (Nesi-MS). Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry. 2009 Aug;394(8):2019-28.

101. Sharma SP, Lahiri SC. A Preliminary Investigation into the Use of Ftir Microscopy as a Probe for the Identification of 

Bullet Entrance Holes and the Distance of Firing. Science and Justice. 2009 Sep;49(3):197-204.

102. Weyermann C, Belaud V, Riva F, Romolo FS. Analysis of Organic Volatile Residues in 9 Mm Spent Cartridges. Forensic 

Science International. 2009 Apr;186(1-3):29-35.

103. Bottegal M, Lang L, Miller M, McCord B. Analysis of Ascorbic Acid Based Black Powder Substitutes by High-Performance 

Liquid Chromatography/Electrospray Ionization Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Rapid Communications in 

Mass Spectrometry. 2010 May;24(9):1377-86.

104. Bresson F, Franck O. Comparing Ballistic Wounds with Experiments on Body Simulator. Forensic Science International. 

2010 May;198(1-3):E23-E7.
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105. Charles S, Nys B. The Bayesian Approach to Reporting GSR Analysis Results: Some First-Hand Experiences. In: Postek 

MT, Newbury DE, Platek SF, Joy DC, editors. Scanning Microscopy 2010; 2010.

106. Crawford CL, Boudries H, Reda RJ, Roscioli KM, Kaplan KA, Siems WF, et al. Analysis of Black Powder by Ion MobilityTime-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry. 2010 Jan;82(1):387-93.

107. Dalby O, Birkett JW. The Evaluation of Solid Phase Micro-Extraction Fibre Types for the Analysis of Organic Components 

in Unburned Propellant Powders. Journal of Chromatography A. 2010 Nov;1217(46):7183-8.

108. Dalby O, Butler D, Birkett JW. Analysis of Gunshot Residue and Associated Materials-a Review. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences. 2010 Jul;55(4):924-43.

109. LaGoo L, Schaeffer LS, Szymanski DW, Smith RW. Detection of Gunshot Residue in Blowfly Larvae and Decomposing 

Porcine Tissue Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS). Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2010

May;55(3):624-32.

110. Lopez-Lopez M, de la Ossa MAF, Galindo JS, Ferrando JL, Vega A, Torre M, et al. New Protocol for the Isolation of 

Nitrocellulose from Gunpowders: Utility in Their Identification. Talanta. 2010 Jun;81(4-5):1742-9.

111. Reid L, Chana K, Bond JW, Almond MJ, Black S. Stubs Versus Swabs? A Comparison of Gunshot Residue Collection 

Techniques. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2010 May;55(3):753-6.

112. Rijnders MR, Stamouli A, Bolck A. Comparison of GSR Composition Occurring at Different Locations around the Firing 

Position. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2010 May;55(3):616-23.

113. Schumacher R, Barth M, Neimke D, Niewohner L. Investigation of Gunshot Residue Patterns Using Milli-Xrf-Techniques: 

First Experiences in Casework. In: Postek MT, Newbury DE, Platek SF, Joy DC, editors. Scanning Microscopy 2010; 2010.

114. Biedermann A, Bozza S, Taroni F. Probabilistic Evidential Assessment of Gunshot Residue Particle Evidence (Part Ii): 

Bayesian Parameter Estimation for Experimental Count Data. Forensic Science International. 2011 Mar;206(1-3):103-10.

115. Brozek-Mucha Z. Variation of the Chemical Contents and Morphology of Gunshot Residue in the Surroundings of the 

Shooting Pistol as a Potential Contribution to a Shooting Incidence Reconstruction. Forensic Science International. 

2011;210(1-3):31-41.

116. Brozek-Mucha Z. Chemical and Morphological Study of Gunshot Residue Persisting on the Shooter by Means of 

Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectrometry. Microscopy and Microanalysis. 2011 Dec;17(6):972-

82.

117. Charles S, Nys B, Geusens N. Primer Composition and Memory Effect of Weapons-Some Trends from a Systematic 

Approach in Casework. Forensic Science International. 2011 Oct;212(1-3):22-6.

118. de la Ossa MAF, Lopez-Lopez M, Torre M, Garcia-Ruiz C. Analytical Techniques in the Study of Highly-Nitrated 

Nitrocellulose. Trac-Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 2011 Dec;30(11):1740-55.

119. Erden S, Durmus Z, Kilic E. Simultaneous Determination of Antimony and Lead in Gunshot Residue by Cathodic 

Adsorptive Stripping Voltammetric Methods. Electroanalysis. 2011;23(8):1967-74.

120. Joshi M, Rigsby K, Almirall JR. Analysis of the Headspace Composition of Smokeless Powders Using Gc-MS, Gc-Mu Ecd 

and Ion Mobility Spectrometry. Forensic Science International. 2011 May;208(1-3):29-36.

121. Lindsay E, McVican MJ, Gerard RB, Randall ED, Pearson J. Passive Exposure and Persisitence of Gunshot Residue (GSR) 

on Bystanders to a Shooting: Comparison of Shooter and Bystander Exposure to GSR. Journal of the Canadian Society of 

Forensic Science. 2011;44(3):89-96.
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122. Udey RN, Hunter BC, Smith RW. Differentiation of Bullet Type Based on the Analysis of Gunshot Residue Using 

Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Journal of Forensic Sciences. 2011 Sep;56(5):1268-76.

123. Abrego Z, Ugarte A, Unceta N, Fernandez-Isla A, Goicolea MA, Barrio RJ. Unambiguous Characterization of Gunshot 

Residue Particles Using Scanning Laser Ablation and Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry. Analytical Chemistry. 

2012 Mar;84(5):2402-9.

124. Bueno J, Sikirzhytski V, Lednev IK. Raman Spectroscopic Analysis of Gunshot Residue Offering Great Potential for 

Caliber Differentiation. Analytical Chemistry. 2012 May 15;84(10):4334-9.

125. Charles S, Geusens N. A Study of the Potential Risk of Gunshot Residue Transfer from Special Units of the Police to 

Arrested Suspects. Forensic Science International. 2012 Mar;216(1-3):78-81.

126. Diaz E, Sarkis JES, Viebig S, Saldiva P. Measurement of Airborne Gunshot Particles in a Ballistics Laboratory by Sector 

Field Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Forensic Science International. 2012 Jan;214(1-3):44-7.

127. Ditrich H. Distribution of Gunshot Residues - the Influence of Weapon Type. Forensic Science International. 2012

Jul;220(1-3):85-90.

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208. Stevens B, Bell S, Adams K. Initial Evaluation of Inlet Thermal Desorption Gc-MS Analysis for Organic Gunshot Residue 

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