OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard Practice for 

a Forensic Fiber Training Program

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OSAC 2022-N-0018 

Standard Practice for 

a Forensic Fiber Training 

Program

Trace Materials Subcommittee

Chemistry: Trace Evidence Scientific Area Committee (SAC)

Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC) for Forensic Science
OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard Practice for 

a Forensic Fiber Training Program

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OSAC Proposed Standard

OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard 

Practice for a Forensic

Fiber Training Program

Prepared by 

Trace Materials Subcommittee

Version: 2.0

December 2022

Disclaimer:

This OSAC Proposed Standard was written by the Organization of Scientific Area Committees 

(OSAC) for Forensic Science following a process that includes an open comment period. This 

Proposed Standard will be submitted to a standards developing organization and is subject to change.

There may be references in an OSAC Proposed Standard to other publications under development by 

OSAC. The information in the Proposed Standard, and underlying concepts and methodologies, may 

be used by the forensic-science community before the completion of such companion publications.

Any identification of commercial equipment, instruments, or materials in the Proposed Standard is not 

a recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Government and does not imply that the equipment, 

instruments, or materials are necessarily the best available for the purpose.
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Standard Practice for a Forensic Fiber Training Program

1. Scope

1.1. This practice covers training elements and program objectives for use by laboratory personnel 

responsible for training forensic science practitioners (FSPs) who will perform examinations 

and comparisons of fibers, fabric, rope, and cordage. 

1.2. This standard is intended for use by competent FSPs with the requisite formal education, 

discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform 

forensic casework.

1.3. This practice outlines the tasks, goals, and objectives that allows the trainee to acquire the 

requisite knowledge, skills, and abilities to independently perform casework.

1.4. This standard does not purport to address all of the possible safety concerns, if any, associated 

with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, 

health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory requirements 

prior to use.

1.5. This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally-recognized 

principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of 

International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade 

Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

2. Referenced Documents

2.1. ASTM Standards:

D123 Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles

D276 Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles

D3990 Standard Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects

D4849 Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers

D4850 Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods

D7139 Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers

E620 Practice for Reporting Opinions of Scientific or Technical Experts

E1459 Standard Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related Documentation

E1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and Retrieving Evidence in a Forensic 

Science Laboratory

E1732 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science

E2224 Standard Guide for Forensic Analysis of Fibers by Infrared Spectroscopy

E2225 Standard Guide for Forensic Examination of Fabrics and Cordage

E2227 Standard Guide for Forensic Examination of Non-Reactive Dyes in Textile Fibers by 

Thin-Layer Chromatography

E2228 Standard Guide for Microscopical Examination of Textile Fibers

E2809 Standard Guide for using Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive X-ray 

Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) in Forensic Polymer Examinations

E2917 Standard Practice for Forensic Science Practitioner Training, Continuing Education, and 

Professional Development Program
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E3255 Practice for Quality Assurance of Forensic Science Service Providers performing Forensic 

Chemical Analysis

WK78747 Standard Guide for the Forensic Examination of Fibers

WK78749 Microspectrophotometry in Forensic Fiber Analysis

2.2. Other Documents:

AATCC Test Method 20: Qualitative Test Method 20-2013:Fiber Analysis: Qualitative 

OSAC 2022-S-0015 Standard Guide for Forensic Physical Fit Examination

3. Terminology

3.1. Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology D123, D3990, 

D4849, D4850, D7139, E1732, and to Standard Guides E2225, E2227, and E2228.

3.2. Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:

3.2.1. animal fiber, n—any natural protein-based fiber. See D7641

3.2.2. bulk sample, n—in the sampling of bulk material, one or more portions which (1) are taken 

from material that does not consist of separately identifiable units and (2) can be identified 

after sampling separate or composited units.

3.2.3. charring, n—the formation of carbonaceous residue as the result of pyrolysis or incomplete 

combustion

3.2.4. fabric, n—in textiles, a planar structure consisting of yarns or fibers.

3.2.5. filament, n—in textiles, a continuous fiber of extremely long length.

3.2.6. finishing, n—the process of converting a woven or knitted textile into a usable material; any 

process performed after dyeing to improve the look, performance, or feel of a textile.

3.2.7. flax, n—the generic name for plants that are botanically classified as Linum usitatissimum, 

which are cultivated for seed and/or fiber. [D.13.17] 

D6798

3.2.8. jute, n—soft fibers from the inner bark of the round pod jute (Corchorus capsularis), the 

long pod jute (Corchorus olitorius), and from the inner bark of other closely related plants, 

such as kenaf, sometimes referred to as Meshta (Hibiscus cannabinus). (See D7641)

3.2.9. target fibers, n—questioned fibers that a forensic science practitioner selects for further 

examination based on their resemblance to the known sample.

4. Significance and Use

4.1. This practice details a fiber training program to identify the necessary information and guidelines 

for preparing a trainee to become a qualified FSP. The trainee is under the direct supervision of 

a qualified FSP throughout their training. Upon successful completion of the program, a trained 

FSP is capable of independently performing appropriate examinations, interpreting analytical 

results, writing reports, and testifying in court. 

4.1.1.Additional training beyond that listed here should be made available to the trainee. Such 

training can include off-site courses, tours of manufacturing plants, internships, and specialized 

training by experienced FSPs. Additional training provides an FSP with the opportunity to 

remain current in the field.

4.2. This practice identifies a variety of microscopical and instrumental techniques that can be used 
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in the laboratory’s training program for the analysis of fibers. Examples of microscopes and 

instruments used for fiber analysis include the polarized light microscope, comparison 

microscope, fluorescence microscope, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and 

microspectrophotometer (MSP).

4.3. Fabric or cordage samples may occasionally be evaluated for physical fits of edges. Physical 

fit comparisons are beyond the scope of this document. Additional training is required to 

conduct this type of analysis. Refer to OSAC 2022-S-0015 Standard Guide for Forensic 

Physical Fit Examination.

4.4. This document can be adapted to an individual laboratory’s training program. 

Recommendations as to lessons, practical exercises, progress monitoring, and evaluations are 

included. Reading assignments with full citations are listed in an appendix at the end of this 

document.

5. Syllabus

5.1. Required topics for fiber training:

5.1.1.Occurrence, transfer, and persistence of fibers;

5.1.2.Evidence recovery procedures;

5.1.3.Appropriate evidence handling to minimize contamination and loss;

5.1.4.Evidence packaging and documentation;

5.1.5.Fiber and microscopy terminology;

5.1.6.Use and maintenance of microscopes;

5.1.7.Understanding of fiber chemistry, biology, structure, and function;

5.1.8.Identification, classification, and characterization of fibers;

5.1.9.Classification of textiles and cordage;

5.1.10.Understanding the principles of cognitive bias and their relationship to fiber analysis (see 

E2917);

5.1.11.Comparison of questioned and known fibers;

5.1.12.Comparison of questioned and known fabrics and textiles;

5.1.13.Comparison of questioned and known cordage;

5.1.14.Recognition and characterization of textile and cordage damage;

5.1.15.Recognition of fabric and cordage impressions;

5.1.16.Additional analytical techniques that can be used for fiber analysis;

5.1.17.Interpretation of comparison results;

5.1.18.Preparation of laboratory reports; and

5.1.19.Appropriate testimony of results and interpretations (see E2917 for additional legal training 

recommendations).

6. Responsibilities

6.1. Trainer Responsibilities

6.1.1.The trainer is technically qualified in fiber examinations and comparison, including fabric 

and cordage analysis. The trainer is responsible for:

6.1.1.1.Documenting and reviewing each stage of the training process.
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6.1.1.2.Introducing the relevant scientific literature, appropriate procedures, training material, 

and reference collections.

6.1.1.3.Demonstrating and teaching basic microscopy and instrumental procedures for the 

analysis and comparison of fiber evidence.

6.1.1.4.Teaching case management, to include: chain of custody documentation; evidence 

processing, preservation, and storage; decision-making criteria (including the effects of 

cognitive bias); data interpretation; documentation of analyses; report writing; and 

laboratory safety protocols.

6.1.1.5.Fostering ethical, unbiased, and appropriate professional conduct.

6.1.1.6.Teaching appropriate quality assurance and quality control procedures.

6.2. Trainee Responsibilities

6.2.1.Through completion of this training, the trainee is expected to build on their formal 

educational background and acquire theoretical knowledge and practical skills in:

6.2.1.1.Equipment and instrumentation use, routine maintenance, and functionality assessment;

6.2.1.2.Fiber and textile history and usage, including common end-uses of different fiber, yarn, 

fabric and cordage types;

6.2.1.3.Fiber, textile, and cordage terminology (see ASTM documents D3990, D4845, D4849, 

D4850, D4920, D5219, D5684, D6798, D7022, and D7139);

6.2.1.4.Fiber and textile chemistry

6.2.1.5.Manufacturing processes, including chemical treatments, mechanical treatments, and 

dyeing and finishing processes;

6.2.1.6.Search, recovery, preservation, and examination techniques, including appropriate sample 

handling, packaging, and documentation of fibrous materials collected from a variety of 

substrates;

6.2.1.7.Understanding the principles of cognitive bias and their relationship to fiber analysis; 

6.2.1.8.Classification of natural and manufactured fibers used in textile materials;

6.2.1.9.Identification and comparison of natural and manufactured fibers by optical, chemical 

and physical property examinations;

6.2.1.10.Examination and comparison of textiles and cordage for physical construction and fiber 

composition;

6.2.1.11.Fiber and textile physical wear, damage, and manufacturing artifacts assessment;

6.2.1.12.Understanding and interpreting fiber, textile, and cordage examination, identification, and 

comparison results, including factors affecting (1) the analytical interpretation and (2) the 

significance of the evidence with respect to fiber transfer and persistence;

6.2.1.13.Appropriate completion of laboratory reports;

6.2.1.14.Appropriate technical assessment of fiber reports for review;

6.2.1.15.Appropriate presentation of testimonial evidence; and

6.2.1.16.Detection and assessment of other types of physical evidence that could be encountered 

during fiber and textile examinations.

7. Training Program Objectives

7.1. Expectations

7.1.1.Provide a written schedule of expected completion dates for training goals.

7.1.2.Conduct periodic progress assessments between the trainer, trainee, and supervisor.
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7.1.2.1.Establish satisfactory/pass criteria prior to beginning the training program, as well as 

contingencies for not passing a test. 

7.1.2.2.Address any deficiencies in performance and make any necessary remediation available 

in a timely manner through additional readings, training, and re-evaluation of the training 

program.

7.1.2.3.Recognize that continued deficiencies suggest the unsuitability of the trainee for 

casework in fiber analysis.

7.1.3.A trainee with experience in other areas of forensic science could have previous knowledge 

and experience in microscopy, in other areas of trace analysis, and in testimony, and therefore 

would not require such an extensive training regimen.

7.2. Instruction

7.2.1.Select and discuss reading assignments in relevant scientific literature to provide a sound 

theoretical background and solid foundation in topics necessary for fiber analysis. Other 

relevant literature or media may supplement the listed assignments.

7.2.1.1.Appendix 1 provides reading assignments to supplement subsequent sections.

7.2.2.Demonstrate and discuss basic and essential skills in sample preparation, microscopy, and 

instrumental procedures. The trainee practices these skills until they are able to exhibit 

proficiency in the technique(s) by demonstration to the trainer.

7.3. Observations

7.3.1.Enable the trainee to observe (an) experienced FSP(s) in all aspects of casework, including:

7.3.1.1.Record keeping;

7.3.1.2.Evidence processing;

7.3.1.3.Sample preparation;

7.3.1.4.Examination of prepared samples;

7.3.1.5.Characterization, identification, comparison and interpretation of fiber evidence; and

7.3.1.6.Development of a written laboratory report.

7.3.2.Enable the trainee to observe experienced FSPs testifying in court.

7.4. Practical Exercises

7.4.1.Design practical exercises to allow the trainee to learn and practice the skills necessary to 

perform casework.

7.4.1.1.Include analysis of both reference materials and known samples.

7.4.2.Review the exercises with the trainee, with particular attention to development of criticalthinking skills and continual development of practical skills.

7.4.3.Design higher-level exercises to mimic actual casework and to assess practical and criticalthinking skills.

7.4.4.Review performance and documentation during the exercises to evaluate the ability to make 

determinations based on fiber examinations.

7.4.5.Allow the trainee to assist in or observe casework performed by trained FSPs.

7.4.6.Document completion of the exercises.

7.4.7.Encourage continuous experimentation of skills beyond the required exercises.

7.5. Tests

7.5.1.Design tests for each topic of fiber analysis to:

7.5.1.1.Provide focus and continual feedback on comprehension of the topic;

7.5.1.2.Provide documentation on the ability to meet training objectives;

7.5.1.3.Demonstrate the mastery of practical basic skills and theoretical knowledge; and

7.5.1.4.Maintain a record of satisfactory completion of each topic area.
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7.5.2.Design practical laboratory tests for each area of fiber analysis to:

7.5.2.1.Enable the trainee to independently perform all aspects (administrative and technical) of 

the task being tested at simulated casework level.

7.5.2.2.Evaluate the tests at casework level.

7.5.2.3.Document satisfactory completion.

7.5.3.Provide written or oral tests as a means of determining comprehension of the material and to 

document the training. 

7.5.3.1.Questions should be designed to test the trainee’s theoretical and practical knowledge.

7.6. Competency and Mock Trial

7.6.1.Administer a competency test prior to authorizing the trainee to analyze and compare fiber 

evidence in supervised casework.

7.6.2.The competency test should be designed to mimic actual casework, requiring demonstration 

of knowledge of the laboratory procedures for (1) handling evidence; (2) case documentation; 

(3) maintaining chain of custody; (4) examining fiber evidence; (5) comparing fiber 

evidence; and (6) making determinations and writing reports based on the interpretations 

made.

7.6.3.The laboratory is responsible for establishing objective criteria for successful completion of a 

competency test.

7.6.4.If necessary, note any deficiencies or failures and develop a remediation plan.

7.6.5.Conduct a mock trial exercise.

7.6.5.1.Evaluate the ability of the trainee to orally express themselves appropriately in all aspects 

of their exercise.

7.7. Evaluation of Fiber Training 

7.7.1.Allow the trainee to evaluate the fiber training and the trainer.

7.7.2.Address any perceived deficiencies in the training and the trainer in a timely manner.

7.8. Casework Authorization

7.8.1.Provide the trainee with written approval from designated laboratory personnel (e.g., quality 

control officer, training manager) to perform supervised casework upon successful 

completion of the training program and a comprehensive competency test.

7.8.2.Provide the trainee with approval from designated laboratory personnel (e.g., quality control 

officer, training manager) to perform independent casework in fiber examinations after 

successful completion of supervised casework.

7.8.2.1.During this period of supervised casework, discuss and review laboratory results and 

documentation with the new FSP.

7.8.2.2.Maintain written documentation of this completion.

7.8.3.Provide written approval for the trainee to perform independent casework.

7.9. The following sections outline a suggested training program by topic area. Individual 

laboratories are expected to tailor the training program to reflect the examinations performed in 

their laboratory.

8. Introduction to Fibers and Textiles

8.1. Introduce the basic concepts and theoretical knowledge of fiber and textile product 

manufacture, construction, and use, in addition to commercial and forensic classifications, and 

provide an overview of forensic examinations for identification and comparisons. This area of 
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training covers both historical and contemporary topics, and provides the foundation upon 

which practical analytical skills are developed in the subsequent sections.

8.2. Through completion of this module, the trainee will develop the knowledge to be conversant 

in:

8.2.1. Fiber and textile history, usage and manufacturing;

8.2.2. Fiber and textile technology and terminology;

8.2.3. Chemistry and manufacturing processes of fibers, fabric, cordage, and dyes;

8.2.4. Textile and cordage construction;

8.2.5. Fiber classification schemes; and

8.2.6. Identification versus comparison of fibers and textiles.

8.3. As an option, offer additional training from textile museum or industrial manufacturing plant 

tours, videos of textile processing, visits to fabric and carpet stores, etc.

8.4. Textiles

8.4.1. Instruct in the manufacturing, use, construction, and composition of different types of fibers 

and fabrics, to include the following:

8.4.1.1.Weaves, knits, and non-woven fabrics;

8.4.1.2.End-use applications of fibers, fabrics, and cordage, incorporating both household and 

clothing materials;

8.4.1.3.Dyeing and printing of fibers and fabrics;

8.4.1.4.Fiber components of textiles, including yarns, threads, embroidery, and button threads

8.4.1.5.Delustrant and inclusions in fibers; and

8.4.1.6.Bicomponent fibers.

8.4.2. The trainee is required to:

8.4.2.1.Understand textile terminology.

8.4.2.2.Understand the physical construction of household and clothing textiles.

8.4.3.Practical Exercises for the trainee

8.4.3.1.Classify fabrics as to weave, knit, or non-woven.

8.4.3.2.Identify the warp and weft in woven fibers.

8.4.4. Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test, incorporating various textiles types.

8.5. Cordage

8.5.1.Instruct in the manufacturing and construction of cordage.

8.5.1.1.Note—Cordage terminology can vary within the literature.

8.5.2. Instruct in the documentation and handling of knots, to include refraining from altering knots 

when possible. This section is not intended to instruct in the identification of knots.

8.5.3.The trainee is required to:

8.5.3.1.Understand cordage terminology.

8.5.3.2.Understand how cordage is constructed.

8.5.3.3.Provide a physical description of cordage, to include where applicable: diameter, 

length, type of structure (e.g., twisted, braided), number of plies/strands, twist 

directions (S or Z), type of braiding, length and angle of lay (crowns or turns/inch), 

color, and presence of internal or external marker yarns.

8.5.3.4.Provide a physical description of the plies and yarns from each component, to include 

if applicable: twist direction of yarns or fibers, number of yarns twisted together, 

number of filament fibers, length of lay of twisted yarns, type of twisted fibers (e.g., 
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staple, filament, film), and type of core that could be present (mono- or multifilament).

8.5.4.Practical Exercise for the trainee:

8.5.4.1.Determine the physical construction of cordage samples.

8.5.5. Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test, incorporating various cordage 

types.

8.6. Overview of Fiber Examinations

8.6.1. Introduce the basic steps in fiber examinations and how these steps are used (1) to identify and 

characterize a fiber, textile, or cordage and (2) to conduct comparisons.

8.6.2. Evaluate by an oral or written test.

9. Fiber Evidence

9.1. Transfer and Persistence

9.1.1.Introduce the basic concepts and theory of transfer and persistence of fibers. Discuss loss and 

contamination as it relates to transfer and persistence of fibers.

9.1.2.Instruct in the following concepts:

9.1.2.1.Locard’s Exchange Principle;

9.1.2.2.The potential significance of fibers as associative trace evidence in forensic cases;

9.1.2.3.The varying potential for different types of fibers to shed;

9.1.2.4.Fiber transfer mechanisms; and

9.1.2.5.Factors affecting fiber transfer and persistence, e.g., amount of friction, physical 

characteristics of the fabric, duration of contact, force of contact, damage or lack of 

damage to material.

9.1.3.Instruct in techniques to prevent or reduce fiber evidence contamination and loss during 

laboratory examinations, including:

9.1.3.1.Wearing appropriate protective apparel;

9.1.3.2.Appropriate packaging, handling, and labeling;

9.1.3.3.Cleaning equipment and work surfaces;

9.1.3.4.Maintaining a controlled environment; and

9.1.3.5.Separating evidence from different sources by location and time.

9.1.4.Ensure the trainee can demonstrate comprehension of contamination and loss prior to training 

in basic practical skills.

9.1.5.Practical Exercises for the Trainee

9.1.5.1.Demonstrate knowledge of the types of cases in which fiber evidence is encountered and 

transferred through an oral or written exercise.

9.1.5.2.Assess the potential for transfer and persistence of fibers by simulating crime scene 

activity and by varying (1) fabric construction and composition, (2) fabric damage, (3) 

amount and force of contact, (4) time of collection, and (5) additional activity after the 

simulation.

9.1.6.Evaluate by an oral or written test.

9.2. Search, Collection, and Preservation Techniques

9.2.1.Introduce the basic procedures and processes for appropriately documenting, detecting, 

collecting, and preserving all types of fiber evidence. 

9.2.2.Expose the trainee to practical evidence handling issues such as transfer, persistence, and loss 
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of trace evidence.

9.2.3.Allow the trainee to observe fiber collection in the laboratory and in the field, if possible.

9.2.4.Demonstrate how to maintain control and integrity of fiber evidence throughout collection, 

examination, and de-mounting.

9.2.5.Complete this training section in conjunction with Section 10, Stereomicroscopy.

9.2.6.The trainee is required to:

9.2.6.1.Recognize fiber evidence.

9.2.6.2.Understand laboratory requirements for documentation of fiber evidence.

9.2.6.3.Coordinate fiber collection with other types of evidence collection. 

9.2.6.4.Use picking, taping, scraping, and vacuuming procedures to collect fibers from a variety 

of surfaces, in conjunction with (1) understanding the benefits and disadvantages of each 

collection procedure, (2) preventing contamination and loss of fiber evidence, (3) using 

alternate lighting techniques, and (4) documenting examination and collection.

9.2.6.5.Understand preservation techniques appropriate for various types of fiber evidence.

9.2.7.Practical Exercises for the Trainee

9.2.7.1.Perform collection of several fiber samples from various surfaces using procedures 

outlined above. Assess the efficiency and discrimination of each collection procedure.

9.2.7.2.Demonstrate appropriate packaging techniques and documentation for trace material 

collected from items of evidence.

9.2.7.3.Demonstrate the ability to appropriately handle and preserve fiber evidence, from 

collection and mock examination to de-mounting.

9.2.7.4.Tape lift or vacuum a “clean” laboratory surface and examine for any fibers.

9.2.7.5.Practice awareness for the potential of fiber transfer and contamination (e.g., place textile 

items on clean surfaces, remove, and collect from the surface; then place textile items on 

clean surfaces, remove, place other items on the surface, and then collect from the second 

item and evaluate results).

9.2.8.Evaluate by an oral or written test as well as a practical test.

10. Microscopy and Fiber Evidence

10.1. Introduction to Microscopy

10.1.1. Introduce the theory, basic procedures and techniques, and proper operation of a 

stereomicroscope, polarized light microscope (PLM), comparison microscope, and 

fluorescence microscope, to include:

10.1.1.1.Proper illumination;

10.1.1.2.Verification of ocular micrometer;

10.1.1.3.Care and maintenance of microscopes; and

10.1.1.4.Location and function of each microscope component.

10.1.2.The trainee is required to:

10.1.2.1.Understand the optics of the microscope.

10.1.2.2.Properly set up, operate, and maintain each type of microscope and its accessories, 

including making adjustments, cleaning, and diagnosing problems.

10.1.2.3.Understand the strengths and limitations of each type of microscope.

10.1.2.4.Center microscope stages and objectives.

10.1.2.5.Establish and optimize proper illumination, to include Köhler or modified Köhler 
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illumination.

10.1.2.6.Perform basic micrometry.

10.1.2.7.Observe samples under brightfield and crossed polars.

10.1.2.8.Observe relative refractive indices of various materials by the Becke line method.

10.1.2.9.Distinguish isotropic and anisotropic materials.

10.1.2.10.Determine extinction positions of various materials.

10.1.2.11.Observe interference colors of various materials.

10.1.2.12.Optimize lighting to achieve and recognize proper color-balancing on a comparison 

microscope for a similar visual response to color, clarity, and brightness.

10.1.2.13.Observe fluorescence of various materials, noting both color and intensity.

10.1.2.14.Practice taking photomicrographs using each type of microscope with appropriate camera 

equipment (if possible).

10.1.3.Practical Exercises for the Trainee

10.1.3.1.Become familiar with the stereomicroscope.

10.1.3.2.Become familiar with the compound light microscope, to include performing Kohler or 

modified Kohler illumination and verifying an ocular micrometer for each objective.

10.1.3.3.Become familiar with the PLM, to include (1) determining refractive indices by the 

Becke line method; (2) observing samples using the polarizer and analyzer in different

positions; (3) observing extinction positions and interference colors under crossed polars; 

and (4) inserting a compensator or full-wave plate and observing the resulting colors.

10.1.3.4.Become familiar with the comparison light microscope, to include making reference 

slides for color-balancing and achieving color-balancing.

10.1.3.5.Become familiar with the fluorescence microscope, to include using excitation and 

barrier filters and observing fluorescent colors and intensity.

10.1.3.6.Take photomicrographs of samples using each type of microscope, if possible.

10.1.4.Evaluate by a written and practical test.

10.2. Fiber Sample Preparation

10.2.1.Instruct in handling and mounting of textiles, cordage, and single-fiber samples by:

10.2.1.1.Demonstrating manipulation and sampling of various textiles, cordage, and fibers; and

10.2.1.2.Selecting mounting media and tools appropriate to the evidence.

10.2.2.The trainee is required to:

10.2.2.1.Select the appropriate tools for fiber sample manipulation; 

10.2.2.2.Select the appropriate mounting media for sample observation;

10.2.2.3.Prepare slides from various textiles, cordage, and fiber samples for microscopical 

observation; and

10.2.2.4.Select appropriate microscopes and accessories for the required task.

10.2.3.Practical Exercises for the trainee:

10.2.3.1.Practice retrieving fibers from tape lifts.

10.2.3.2.Practice de-mounting fibers from slides.

10.2.4.Evaluate by a written and practical test.

10.3. Recognition of Fibers by Microscopy

10.3.1.Introduce the process of describing and recognizing basic fiber features, including:

10.3.1.1.Color (both macroscopic and microscopic);

10.3.1.2.Natural vs. manufactured; 

10.3.1.3.Longitudinal appearance;

10.3.1.4.Cross-sectional shape; and
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10.3.1.5.Presence or absence of delustrant/inclusions.

10.3.2.Instruct in the ability to discern:

10.3.2.1.Differences in color using the unaided eye as well as the stereomicroscope and higherpowered microscopes; 

10.3.2.2.Fiber shapes by using various cross-sectioning techniques;

10.3.2.3.Surface features;

10.3.2.4.Internal structure;

10.3.2.5.Dichroism;

10.3.2.6.Fiber diameter (both longitudinal and cross-sectional); and

10.3.2.7.Basic differences between Manufactured, Animal, Mineral, and Vegetable Fibers.

10.3.3.The trainee is required to:

10.3.3.1.Observe fiber samples under brightfield and crossed polars using PLM.

10.3.3.2.Demonstrate an understanding of color and colorimetry.

10.3.3.3.Assess color and dichroism of fiber samples.

10.3.3.4.Understand metamerism and the usage of various light sources in the evaluation and 

comparison of color.

10.3.3.5.Assess the shape, surface, and internal features by optical cross-sectioning.

10.3.3.6.Prepare and mount cross sections of single fibers, multiple fibers, and fiber tufts using 

various techniques.

10.3.3.7.Measure fiber dimensions using ocular and stage micrometers.

10.3.3.8.Differentiate general morphological features distinguishing natural and manufactured 

fibers.

10.3.4.Practical Exercises for the trainee

10.3.4.1.Observe various different types of fibers, textiles, and cordage under the different 

microscopes, to include (1) different types of woven, non-woven, and knitted textiles; (2) 

textiles dyed by different methods; (3) textiles with prints, embroidery, etc.; (4) textiles of 

varying colors, depth of color, texture, and luster.

10.3.4.2.Become familiar with the use of the stereomicroscope for fibers, to include sampling and 

practicing to recognize “target” fibers.

10.3.4.3.Become familiar with the use of the compound light microscope for fibers, to include (1) 

determining and comparing fiber diameters at each magnification and (2) observing and 

comparing fibers mounted in different mounting media,

10.3.4.4.Cross section various fibers using the different techniques learned.

10.3.4.5.Become familiar with the use of PLM for fibers.

10.3.4.6.Observe extinction, interference colors and cross sections of various fibers.

10.3.4.7.Determine refractive indices of various fibers using the Becke line method.

10.3.4.8.Observe and note fiber texture, surface debris, and the presence or absence of pigment 

particles, inclusions, voids, draw marks, and striations.

10.3.4.9.Observe and note fiber color: uniformity, dyed/pigmented/printed, variation among 

sample set; and color and intensity under different orientations.

10.3.5.Evaluate by a written and practical test.

11. Microscopy of Vegetable Fibers

11.1. Instruct in the techniques used in the identification of plant fibers commonly used in textile 
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products and cordage (e.g., cotton, flax, jute, sisal, hemp).

11.1.1.The scope of this document does not include other botanical identifications.

11.2. Instruct in the information that can be obtained from cross-sectioning.

11.3. The trainee is required to:

11.3.1.Perform ashing and maceration of fibers for further observation.

11.3.2.Use brightfield and PLM to:

11.3.2.1.Observe (both longitudinally and in cross section) and identify plant tissue and cellular 

structural features that can be present;

11.3.2.2.Compare and contrast the types and quality of information obtained from optical crosssectioning versus physical cross-sectioning;

11.3.2.3.Identify and measure cell structures (e.g., entire cell length and width, cell wall, and 

lumen; spiral thickenings; pits; dislocations; cytoplasmic remnants; crystals; and resins);

11.3.2.4.Identify basic plant tissues, including epidermis, xylem, phloem, seed and leaf hairs;

11.3.2.5.Determine sign of elongation and direction of twist (Herzog test);

11.3.2.6.Examine relative dimensions of the lumens in fiber cross sections; and 

11.3.2.7.Observe other optical properties of individual fibers, fiber tissue, and cells. 

11.3.3.Determine direction of twist by visual/macroscopical observation.

11.3.4.Perform microchemical tests for degree of lignification (e.g., Graff C, phloroglucinol, 

Herzberg).

11.3.5.Classify fibers as vegetable, and further classify as bast (stem), leaf, or seed (fruit) fibers.

11.3.6.Determine botanical identification as specifically as possible, using reference sources and 

comparisons.

11.3.7.Understand the processing, dyeing techniques, and end-use products of various vegetable 

fibers.

11.3.8.Understand the strengths and limitations of each technique used in the identification process.

11.4. Practical Exercises for the trainee

11.4.1.Use known samples to study textile vegetable fibers (e.g., cotton, coir, flax, hemp, ramie, 

jute, kapok, sisal, and manila [abaca]). 

11.4.2.Perform ashing and maceration to obtain samples for observation.

11.4.3.Prepare and interpret cross sections by the various techniques learned.

11.4.4.Prepare, observe, and characterize longitudinal and cross sections of textile vegetable fibers 

and note:

11.4.4.1.Presence or absence of transverse dislocations;

11.4.4.2.Variation in cell wall;

11.4.4.3.Lumen dimension and diameter;

11.4.4.4.Degree of cell separation from bundles;

11.4.4.5.Shape of cell tips;

11.4.4.6.Presence or absence of striations, markings, pits, spiral cell wall thickenings, etc.;

11.4.4.7.Presence, shape, and position of crystalline inclusions;

11.4.4.8.Longitudinal appearance versus cross-sectional appearance;

11.4.4.9.Cross-sectional shape; and

11.4.4.10.Variation and arrangement of ultimates.

11.4.5.Observe and interpret optical cross sections.

11.4.6.Compare optical and created cross sections.

11.4.7.Compare and contrast microscopic morphological features of fibers.
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11.4.8.Examine and compare dyed or printed fiber samples with untreated samples.

11.4.9.Prepare single-fiber ultimates and determine natural fiber twist using the Herzog Effect. 

11.4.10.Perform the Drying Twist test and correlate with results from the Herzog test.

11.5. Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test on identification of vegetable fibers.

12. Microscopy of Animal Textile Fibers

12.1. For the purposes of this practice, “animal” refers to non-human mammalian hairs that are used 

as fibers.

12.2. Instruct in the techniques used in the identification of animal textile fibers, which could include 

such products as silk, leather, and animal hairs.

12.2.1.The scope of this document does not include animal hair species identification.

12.2.2.Introduce:

12.2.2.1.Microscopic features of animal hairs;

12.2.2.2.Various domestic and local wild animal hairs that can be encountered in casework; and 

12.2.2.3.Differences among domestic animal hairs (cat, dog) and animal textile fibers.

12.3. The trainee is required to:

12.3.1.Characterize optical and physical properties of animal textile fibers.

12.3.1.1.Make scale casts.

12.3.1.2.Identify and distinguish “wild” and “cultivated” types of silk.

12.3.1.3.Identify and describe the major morphological and structural features of animal hairs, 

including, but not limited to: root, cortex, medulla, scales, and shield, as appropriate for

fur or guard hairs.

12.3.2.Distinguish human from animal hairs.

12.3.3.Identify the animal hairs and hides most commonly used in textile products:

12.3.3.1.Wool;

12.3.3.2.Goat family (Mohair, Cashmere);

12.3.3.3.Camel family (Camel, Alpaca, Vicuna);

12.3.3.4.Rabbit (Angora); and

12.3.3.5.Fur-bearing (Mink, Ermine, Chinchilla).

12.3.4.Understand the processing, grading, finishing, and dyeing techniques for animal hairs, as 

well as the end uses.

12.3.5.Understand appropriate animal taxonomy and morphological terminology.

12.3.6.Understand the strengths and limitations of identifying animal textile hairs by microscopy.

12.4. Practical Exercises for the trainee:

12.4.1.Examine human hairs and animal hairs to distinguish them from each other.

12.4.1.1.Animal hairs that are more difficult to distinguish from human hairs, such as cattle, horse, 

and bear, should be emphasized.

12.4.2.Identify and characterize the structures in various types of animal-based textiles.

12.4.3.Perform scale casts on various animal hairs used in textiles.

12.4.4.Determine scale margin distances.

12.4.5.Examine silk.

12.4.6.Examine leather.
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12.5. Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test, with emphasis on identification of 

animal hairs used in the textile industry.

13. Microscopy of Mineral Fibers

13.1. Instruct in the history and use of mineral fibers.

13.1.1.Manufactured textile products that could also fall under the classification of mineral fibers, 

such as glass wool, certain anti-static fibers, and metallic fibers, are addressed in Section 14.

13.1.2.Naturally-occurring mineral fibers such as asbestos can be encountered as fibrous evidence, 

although their use has declined significantly due to health risks. These types of fibers could 

be encountered as evidence from sources such as building insulation, old textile products, 

and current textile products containing chrysotile. Additional training regarding health and 

safety issues may be necessary if handling such evidence.

13.1.3.The emerging use of basalt fibers in fireproof textiles can be studied in this section of 

training as well.

13.2. The trainee is required to:

13.2.1.Understand the historical and current processing practices and end uses of the asbestos 

minerals, including: 

13.2.1.1.Chrysotile;

13.2.1.2.Amosite;

13.2.1.3.Crocidolite;

13.2.1.4.Fibrous tremolite/actinolite; and

13.2.1.5.Fibrous anthophyllite.

13.2.2.Understand the crystalline nature, chemistry, and differences between layer and chain 

silicates.

13.2.3.Determine the optical properties of asbestos fibers by PLM and by dispersion staining.

13.2.4.Identify and classify asbestos by optical properties, particularly chrysotile.

13.2.5.Understand the applicability of instrumental techniques (e.g., infrared spectroscopy, X-ray 

diffraction, and elemental analytical techniques) to this type of fiber identification.

13.2.6.Understand the strengths and limitations of identification of asbestos by microscopy.

13.3. Practical Exercises for the trainee

13.3.1.Use authenticated samples of asbestos, other natural fibers, and building materials to 

compare and contrast morphological features. Exercise caution when handling samples of 

asbestos.

13.3.2.Practice judging dispersion staining colors with known materials.

13.3.3.Examine and learn to identify the different types of asbestos using microscopy and dispersion 

staining techniques. Exercise caution when handling samples of asbestos.

13.3.4.Examine pulped polyethylene, pulped Kevlar, and leather to learn to differentiate from 

asbestos.

13.4. Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

14. Microscopy of Manufactured Fibers
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14.1. Manufactured fibers include fibers that are:

14.1.1. Made by chemical synthesis, such as thermoplastics, glass, and steel;

14.1.2. Made by regenerating natural polymers, such as rayon and bamboo; and

14.1.3. Derived from chemically-modified natural polymers, such as cellulose acetates.

14.2. Include manufactured fibers such as fiberglass; metal-coated decorative threads; and 

anti-static, ceramic, and metal fibers in the training.

14.3. Optical properties

14.3.1. Instruct in the appropriate techniques and observations for determining the optical properties 

of manufactured fibers.

14.3.2. The trainee is required to:

14.3.2.1. Determine refractive indices, sign of elongation, and birefringence of various 

manufactured fibers using the immersion method, and by using compensators 

and a quartz wedge.

14.3.2.2. Use appropriate mounting media to reveal internal structures in fibers.

14.3.2.3. Obtain optical property values of reference materials (from literature and 

reference collections).

14.3.2.4. Classify manufactured fibers into the appropriate generic class based on optical 

properties.

14.3.3. Practical Exercises for the trainee:

14.3.3.1. Determine sign of elongation using a first-order red compensator.

14.3.3.2. Determine sign of elongation using a quartz wedge.

14.3.3.3. Measure the birefringence of various fibers using a compensator or wedge.

14.3.3.4. Measure the refractive indices of various fibers using the immersion method.

14.3.3.5. Observe the amount of contrast and determine the relative refractive indices of 

multiple fibers in various mounting media.

14.3.3.6. Observe and note pigment particles, inclusions, voids, draw marks, and 

striations, and the amount, size, and shape of each.

14.3.4. Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

14.4. Cross Sections

14.4.1. Instruct in the information that can be obtained from each of the cross-sectional techniques 

learned. Cross sections can reveal:

14.4.1.1. The physical shape of the fiber;

14.4.1.2. The distribution of internal structures; and

14.4.1.3. Dye penetration into the fiber.

14.4.2. The trainee is required to:

14.4.2.1. Measure fiber dimensions in cross section and determine the modification ratio 

of multi-lobed fibers.

14.4.2.2. Describe and compare observed fiber features, such as: shape, delustrant, 

pigment particle distribution, presence and size of spherulites or voids, dye 

penetration depth, and bi-component fibers/biconstituent fibers in both crossand longitudinal-sections.

14.4.2.3. Determine fiber diameter and shape (optical cross sections) from longitudinal 

sections.

14.4.2.4. Compare and contrast the types and quality of information obtained from optical 
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cross-sectioning versus physical cross-sectioning.

14.4.2.5. Observe the relationship of fiber cross-sectional shape to generic class and endusage.

14.4.3. Practical Exercises for the trainee

14.4.3.1. Interpret cross sections made by the various techniques learned.

14.4.3.2. Observe and interpret optical cross sections.

14.4.3.3. Compare optical and created cross sections.

14.4.3.4. Determine the modification ratio of multi-lobed fibers.

14.4.4. Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

14.5. Solubility 

14.5.1. Instruct in solubility testing and the judicious use of this destructive technique. Advise as to 

the applicability of solubility testing, and how it can provide information for fiber 

identification of manufactured fibers or distinctions between manufactured fibers that cannot 

easily be provided by other techniques.

14.5.2. The trainee is required to:

14.5.2.1. Understand the procedure and applications of solubility testing.

14.5.2.2. Micro-sample appropriately-sized fiber segments.

14.5.2.3. Observe and describe solubility test reactions (e.g., swelling, gelling, color 

change, soluble, insoluble).

14.5.2.4. Use solubility testing to determine fiber generic class distinctions.

14.5.2.5. Recognize the situations in which solubility testing is appropriate and select 

appropriate tests.

14.5.2.6. Recognize solvent reactions indicative of bi-component/bi-constituent fiber 

compositions.

14.5.3. Practical Exercises for the trainee

14.5.3.1. Perform solvent testing on a variety of manufactured fibers.

14.5.3.2. Perform solubility testing on acetate and triacetate fibers specifically.

14.5.3.3. Practice re-using minimal fiber samples by solvent washing.

14.5.3.4. Compare fiber types in side-by-side solubility reactions.

14.5.4. Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

14.6. Thermal Microscopy 

14.6.1. Instruct in the use of PLM equipped with a hot stage to observe the effect of heat on 

thermoplastic fibers and to determine fiber melting point. 

14.6.2. Advise as to the applicability and judicious use of this destructive technique.

14.6.3. The trainee is required to:

14.6.3.1. Properly set up, operate and calibrate a hot stage apparatus attached to a 

microscope.

14.6.3.2. Perform micro-sampling on appropriately-sized fiber segments.

14.6.3.3. Use the hot stage for melting point determinations.

14.6.3.4. Observe, describe, and evaluate thermal reactivity in fibers (e.g. softening, 

charring, melting, etc.).

14.6.3.5. Identify those situations in which thermal microscopy is appropriate.

14.6.3.6. Obtain and compare melting point values from reference materials and from the 

literature.
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14.6.3.7. Understand alternative procedures of melting point determination.

14.6.4. Practical Exercises for the trainee

14.6.4.1. Determine melting range of various manufactured fibers.

14.6.4.2. Identify and discriminate Nylon 6 and 6,6 by melting points.

14.6.4.3. Observe and describe thermal reactions in bi-component and bi-constituent 

fibers.

14.6.4.4. Compare fiber types in side-by-side thermal reactions.

14.6.5. Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

14.7.Evaluate the trainee in all the microscopical techniques for the identification of manufactured 

fibers by an oral or written test and a practical test.

15. Comparative Microscopy

15.1. Instruct in the microscopical comparison of fibers.

15.2. Compound Comparison Microscope

15.2.1.Instruct in the use of and proper setup of the comparison microscope/comparison polarized 

microscope for fiber comparisons.

15.2.2.Discuss the necessity of using the comparison microscope/comparison polarized microscope 

for the comparison of physical and optical properties of fibers.

15.2.2.1.If the laboratory does not possess a comparison polarized microscope, a polarized light 

microscope is used to assess the optical properties of the fibers being compared.

15.3. Fluorescence Microscopy

15.3.1.Instruct in the use of the fluorescence microscope for comparison, for both natural and 

manufactured fibers. 

15.3.2.Discuss the various filters or filter cubes (wavelength ranges, excitation, barrier filter, and 

dichromatic mirror) that are available to observe fluorescence in fibers.

15.3.3.Discuss sample variability, mounting media, sample handling, photobleaching, quenching, 

and case circumstances that affect the fluorescence of fibers, as well as the significance and 

limitations for discriminating between samples.

15.4. The trainee is required to:

15.4.1.Perform comparisons of fiber features under the stereomicroscope (e.g, color, diameter, 

luster).

15.4.2.Perform comparisons of fiber features under PLM (e.g, birefringence).

15.4.3.Perform side-by-side comparison of fiber features under the comparison microscope (e.g., 

color, diameter, delustrant, cross-sectional shape).

15.4.4.Perform visual examinations and comparisons to assess the presence/absence of fluorescence 

and its dependence on various excitation conditions.

15.4.4.1.Distinguish between fluorescence originating from dyes and that originating from optical 

brighteners.

15.4.4.2.Recognize fluorescence from adherent material.

15.4.4.3.Understand the factors which could affect fluorescence.

15.4.5.Interpret the significance of the compared fiber features under each type of microscope.

15.4.6.Sample fabric standards to represent the textile as a whole.

15.5. Practical Exercises for the trainee

15.5.1.Examine and compare various fibers to determine whether each sample can be distinguished 
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by stereomicroscopy and PLM.

15.5.2.Select and characterize fiber standard samples that represent the textile in its entirety.

15.5.3.Conduct a performance check of the comparison microscope to ensure that lighting, color, 

background color, and magnification are balanced.

15.5.4.Perform color comparisons of fibers under the comparison microscope.

15.5.5.Perform comparisons of morphological features of fibers under the comparison microscope.

15.5.6.Perform comparisons of optical features of fibers under the comparison 

microscope/comparison polarized microscope.

15.5.7.Mount fibers in different media (e.g., methanol, xylene, Entellan, Permount, Cargille) and 

observe any fluorescence.

15.5.8.Wash unbleached cotton in detergent to observe optical brighteners under fluorescence.

15.5.9.Expose textiles to products that can fluoresce (e.g., watercolor paint, oil, lubricants, 

wallboard particles), sample the fibers and observe.

15.5.10.Observe fibers longitudinally and in cross section under fluorescence.

15.5.11.Perform comparisons of fibers based on their fluorescent properties.

15.6. Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

15.6.1.Include analytical procedures learned to this point.

15.6.2.Include identification in addition to comparison on the test(s).

15.6.3.Include both natural and manufactured fibers on the test(s).

15.6.4.Evaluate the trainee’s critical-thinking skills as to selection of examination processes and 

sequence of procedures.

16. Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

16.1. Introduce the use of Infrared (IR) spectroscopy as a valuable technique in fiber polymer 

identification and comparison. 

16.1.1.IR spectroscopy can provide additional compositional information to what is obtained from 

the use of PLM.

16.1.2.The IR spectrometer is primarily used in the identification of manufactured fibers. 

16.1.3.While cellulosic and animal fibers are indistinguishable from one another using IR, the 

trainee will find it useful to analyze natural fibers by IR to gain experience from the spectral 

information obtained by this technique.

16.2. Advise on the appropriate use of IR analysis for fibers in the analytical scheme.

16.2.1.IR should follow visible and fluorescence comparison microscopy and PLM. IR analysis 

should also follow ultraviolet (UV)/visible spectroscopy, if sample preparation (e.g., 

flattening) irreversibly changes fiber morphology. If fibers have been differentiated by a 

previous analytical technique, IR analysis is not necessary.

16.2.2. IR spectroscopy should be conducted before dye extraction for chromatography due to the 

semi-destructive nature of the extraction technique.

16.2.3.Examination of acrylic and modacrylic fibers is likely to significantly benefit from IR 

spectral analysis due to the large number of sub-generic classes. Sub-types of nylon and 

polyester fibers can also be differentiated by IR spectroscopy.

16.2.4.Fiber dyes and pigments are difficult to discern by IR as they are often present at 

concentrations below the detection limits of the instrument and the polymer composition of 

the fiber often masks their absorption information.
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16.3. The trainee is required to:

16.3.1.Properly operate and maintain an IR spectrometer and its accessories.

16.3.2.Understand the theory of infrared absorption and FTIR.

16.3.3.Understand the strengths and limitations of the instrument and its accessories.

16.3.4.Identify those situations in which infrared analysis is appropriate.

16.3.5.Prepare samples by a variety of techniques.

16.3.6.Acquire spectra from various samples.

16.3.7.Perform spectral library searches.

16.3.8.Interpret the spectral data.

16.3.9.Compare spectral data between samples.

16.4. Practical Exercises for the trainee:

16.4.1.Set up, operate, and do a performance check on the bench and microscope.

16.4.2.Adjust apertures, objectives and condensers for optimum performance.

16.4.3.Practice sample handling and preparation.

16.4.4.Achieve sample alignment with the aperture.

16.4.5.Run several different types and sizes of fibers on the IR.

16.4.5.1.Run samples of cellulosic fibers for informational purposes.

16.4.5.2.Run samples of animal textile fibers for informational purposes.

16.4.5.3.Run samples of a wide variety of manufactured fibers, to include a variety of 

acrylics, modacrylics, nylons, and polyesters.

16.4.6.Examine the effects of fiber thickness, flattening, and orientation.

16.4.7.Examine a variety of fibers using the various techniques and sample preparation 

procedures available on the laboratory instrument (such as transmission IR, diamond 

cell, KBr salt plate, and ATR) and by using different detectors, if available. 

16.4.8.Interpret spectra and search spectral libraries.

16.4.9.Identify the fiber type by IR.

16.4.10.Perform spectral comparisons between fibers.

16.5. Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

17. Microspectrophotometry

17.1. Instruct in the use of UV and visible light as a qualitative, quantitative and objective process 

of color analysis. 

17.1.1.Color analysis by spectrophotometry is applicable to both natural and manufactured fibers.

17.2. The trainee is required to:

17.2.1.Properly operate, maintain, and conduct performance checks on the MSP and its 

accessories.

17.2.2.Understand the theory of microspectrophotometry.

17.2.3.Understand and optimize the optical properties of the MSP.

17.2.4.Identify those situations in which microspectrophotometry is appropriate.

17.2.5.Prepare samples for analysis by microspectrophotometry and select appropriate mounting 

media.

17.2.6.Select appropriate parameters and apertures for the sample and acquire spectra.

17.2.7.Evaluate the number of fibers required within a control sample to yield representative 

spectra.
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17.2.8.Interpret spectra.

17.2.9.Demonstrate the ability to use the technique to compare spectra.

17.2.10.Understand the strengths and limitations of the technique.

17.3. Practical Exercises for the trainee

17.3.1.Do performance checks using certified filters.

17.3.2.Acquire spectra from various samples of fibers.

17.3.2.1.Vary the parameters to obtain maximum absorbance values.

17.3.2.2.Compare reproducibility in uniformly-dyed fibers.

17.3.2.3.Vary fiber orientation and compare reproducibility.

17.3.2.4.Vary fiber sample area on a single fiber and compare reproducibility.

17.3.2.5.Vary fiber sample area on a set of fibers and compare reproducibility.

17.3.2.6.Acquire and compare spectra from samples that exhibit variable dye uptake (e.g., 

cotton).

17.3.3.Acquire and compare spectra from metameric fibers.

17.3.4.Acquire and compare spectra from multiple MSP instruments, if available.

17.3.5.Acquire spectral sets of known and questioned samples and compare spectral curves 

between samples.

17.4. Evaluate through an oral or written test and a practical test.

18. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)

18.1. Instruct in the appropriate application of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to fiber dye 

analysis and comparison.

18.1.1.Dye analysis by TLC is applicable to both natural and manufactured fibers.

18.2. The trainee is required to:

18.2.1.Understand the physical and chemical principles of TLC.

18.2.2.Identify those situations in which TLC analysis is appropriate.

18.2.3.Use standard dye mixtures for testing eluent, extraction chemical, and system 

performance.

18.2.4.Classify dyes based on fiber type and extraction reactions in various solvents.

18.2.5.Successfully extract dye from both bulk samples and single fibers.

18.2.6.Effectively apply samples to a TLC plate.

18.2.7.Select optimum eluent system(s) and develop TLC plates using the appropriate eluent(s).

18.2.8.Develop and evaluate chromatograms for colors, fluorescence, position and intensity of 

bands under both UV and visible light.

18.2.9.Compare TLC results between samples.

18.2.10.Interpret the significance of the observed chromatogram.

18.3. Practical Exercises for the trainee

18.3.1.Extract and classify fiber dyes.

18.3.2.Perform TLC on various dyed fibers and textiles.

18.3.3.Using different eluent systems, extract fibers from known dye classes and compare.

18.3.4.Using different solvent systems, perform TLC on fibers from known dye classes and 

compare.

18.3.5.Perform TLC on similarly-colored fibers and compare.

18.3.6.Perform TLC on basic-dyed acrylic fibers (bulk samples).
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18.3.7.Perform TLC on basic-dyed acrylic fibers of differing lengths.

18.4. Evaluate through a written or oral test and a practical test, covering sample application, plate 

development, and interpretation of bands.

19. Comparison 

19.1. Instruct in the classification and comparison of a variety of fibers, both natural and 

manufactured, based on their physical, optical, and chemical characteristics.

19.2. Instruct in the appropriate sampling of textiles and cordage to obtain a known fiber standard, 

including the use of alternate lighting techniques for sample selection.

19.3. Instruct in the comparison of cordage and textiles, including yarns, threads, fabrics, 

embroidery, and button threads.

19.4. Instruct in the application of fiber examination to mock casework scenarios.

19.5. The trainee is required to:

19.5.1.Learn to select known samples representative of the variation within a textile, including 

color, pattern, fiber-type, and texture.

19.5.2.Understand and apply the techniques learned for the examination and comparison of the 

physical construction and composition of textiles, including yarns, threads, fabrics, 

embroidery, and button threads.

19.5.3.Understand and apply the techniques learned for the examination and comparison of the 

physical construction and composition of cordage.

19.5.4.Appropriately apply processes and techniques learned throughout the training period for 

fiber analysis and comparison.

19.5.5.Assess comparison results and understand the significance of the results.

19.5.6.Define and recognize exclusionary differences.

19.5.7.Understand and discuss the discrimination power of the analytical protocol(s) used.

19.5.8.Evaluate the appropriate process of analysis, based on casework scenarios.

19.6. Practical Exercises for the trainee

19.6.1.Perform fiber comparisons.

19.6.2.Identify the types of fibers present in a textile, including both clothing and household 

textiles.

19.6.3.Compare the physical construction of textiles.

19.6.4.Determine the composition of various natural-fiber and manufactured-fiber cordages.

19.6.5.Compare the physical construction of cordages.

19.6.6.Interpret the completed exercises.

19.6.7.Assess the processes of fiber analysis that should be used in mock scenarios.

19.7. Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test, including:

19.7.1.Determination of textile content, incorporating both natural and manufactured fibers.

19.7.2.Comparison of textile construction and composition, incorporating both natural and 

manufactured products.

19.7.3.Determination of fiber content of cordage, incorporating both natural and manufactured 

fibers.

19.7.4.Comparison of cordage construction and composition, incorporating both natural and 

manufactured products.

19.7.5. Evaluation of the trainee’s critical-thinking skills as to selection of examination techniques 
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and sequence of procedures.

20. Damage and Impressions

20.1. Instruct in the recognition, examination, and possible cause(s) of damage to textile and 

cordage materials.

20.2. Instruct in the recognition and documentation of fabric and cordage impressions. The 

analysis of fabric and cordage impressions is outside the scope of this practice.

20.3. Instruct in the recognition, documentation, potential composition, and examination of fiberplastic (thermoplastic) fusions. The analysis of the non-fiber (such as paint or other polymer) 

portions of a thermoplastic fusion is outside the scope of this practice.

20.4. Instruct in the recognition of when a physical fit could be pursued, if relevant. Physical 

fitting of textile materials and cordage is beyond the scope of this document.

20.5. The trainee is required to:

20.5.1.Identify and characterize the possible causes of physical, chemical, mechanical and 

environmental damage to textile and cordage materials.

20.5.2.Recognize and characterize the types of damage that can occur from normal wear (e.g., 

seam separation, stains, snags, runs, pills, holes, fraying).

20.5.3.Examine and identify different types of textile damage and identify characteristics 

commonly associated with each type (e.g., cuts, tears, burned material, gunshots) by 

visual, stereomicroscopical, and microscopical procedures.

20.5.3.1.Imaging by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) can be useful in the recognition and 

characterization of textile damage. See Section 21.8.

20.5.4.Examine airbags and identify singe marks on textiles caused by airbags.

20.5.5.Reproduce different types of damage (e.g., cuts, tears, gunshots) and understand how 

simulations are useful in examinations.

20.5.6.Understand how laundering can affect the characteristics of damage.

20.5.7.Identify and document fabric impressions.

20.5.7.1.Understand different procedures by which fabric impressions can be collected from a 

crime scene (e.g., photography, tape lifts, gel lifts).

20.5.8.Identify, examine, and collect material from fiber-plastic fusions.

20.6. Practical Exercises for the trainee:

20.6.1.Expose various textiles and cordage to environmental damage (e.g., weathering such as 

sunlight and rain, burial, submersion), observe resulting characteristics, and compare to 

each other and to the original textile.

20.6.2.Expose various textiles and cordage to chemical damage (e.g, acids, bases, ignitable 

liquids, household chemicals), observe resulting characteristics, and compare to each other 

and to the original textile.

20.6.3. Expose various textiles and cordage to mechanical damage (e.g., laundering, crushing, 

burning, abrading), observe resulting characteristics, and compare to each other and to the 

original textile.

20.6.4.Subject various textiles and cordage to damage by weapons or other implements (e.g, 

serrated knife, key, scissors, ice pick, double-edged knife, bullet, screwdriver, knitting 

needle) that can be used in stabbing, slashing, tearing, and projectile damage; observe 
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resulting characteristics, and compare to each other and to the original textile.

20.6.5.Simulate fabric impressions using various types of textiles and cordage, including airbags.

20.6.6.Obtain exemplars of fiber-plastic fusions and fiber-airbag fusions (e.g., from junkyards); 

examine, collect and characterize material from these samples.

20.7. Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test, including:

20.7.1.Assessment and characterization of textile damage, to include physical, chemical, 

mechanical, and environmental damage, and damage by weapons;

20.7.2.Assessment of fabric impressions;

20.7.3.Assessment of damage vs. wear;

20.7.4.Assessment of fiber-plastic fusions, to include collection and comparison of material from 

such fusions;

20.7.5.Assessment of fiber-airbag fusions, to include collection and comparison of material from 

such fusions; and 

20.7.6.Evaluation of critical-thinking skills as to selection of examination techniques and 

sequence of procedures.

21. Fiber Examination - Additional Techniques

21.1. Familiarize the trainee with a variety of additional instrumental techniques that can be 

applied to fiber and textile examinations.

21.2. This section is intended to develop the trainee’s theoretical knowledge of these techniques. 

If the laboratory uses any of these procedures for fiber analysis, amend this module to 

include:

21.2.1.Specifically-stated learning objectives;

21.2.2.Additional reading assignments;

21.2.3.Basic skills demonstrations;

21.2.4.Practical exercises; and

21.2.5.Oral or written tests and a practical test.

21.3. Upon satisfactory completion of this training module, the trainee will have developed 

theoretical knowledge in the applicability and use of alternative procedures in fiber 

examinations including, but not limited to, the use of:

21.3.1.Raman spectroscopy;

21.3.2.Pyrolysis-gas chromatography and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry;

21.3.3.Capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography for dye analysis;

21.3.4.Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy; and

21.3.5.X-ray fluorescence.

21.4. Raman Spectroscopy

21.4.1.Introduce the comparison of a variety of fibers and fiber dyes, based on their chemical 

composition, using Raman spectroscopy.

21.4.2.Trainee objectives:

21.4.2.1.Prepare samples for analysis by Raman spectroscopy.

21.4.2.2.Perform appropriate computer searches of spectral libraries, if available.

21.4.2.3.Demonstrate the ability to use Raman to chemically classify components found in 

fibers using typical case-size samples.
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21.4.2.4.Understand the strengths and limitations of the technique.

21.4.3.Practical Exercises for the trainee:

21.4.3.1.Prepare and analyze a series of fiber samples having a variety of composition and 

dyes.

21.4.3.2.Search a series of spectra against a spectral library.

21.4.3.3.Perform dye component classifications for the spectra of a series of unknowns.

21.4.3.4.Perform spectral comparisons between fibers.

21.4.4.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

21.5. Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (PGC and PGC/MS)

21.5.1.Introduce the comparison of a variety of fibers, based on their chemical composition, using 

pyrolysis gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (PGC) or pyrolysis gas 

chromatography/mass spectrometry (PGC/MS).

21.5.2.Trainee objectives:

21.5.2.1.Understand the theory of PGC or PGC/MS.

21.5.2.2.Prepare samples for analysis by PGC or PGC/MS.

21.5.2.3.Perform computer searches of spectral libraries, if available.

21.5.2.4.Use PGC or PGC/MS to classify and compare fibers.

21.5.2.5.Understand the strengths and limitations of the technique.

21.5.3.Practical Exercise for the trainee

21.5.3.1.Classify and compare polymers found in types of fiber using PGC or PGC/MS.

21.5.4.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

21.6. Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)

21.6.1.Introduce the comparison of a variety of fiber dyes using capillary electrophoresis (CE).

21.6.2.Trainee objectives:

21.6.2.1.Understand the theory of CE.

21.6.2.2.Prepare samples for analysis by CE.

21.6.2.3.Use CE to classify and compare fiber dyes.

21.6.2.4.Understand the strengths and limitations of the technique.

21.6.3.Practical Exercise for the trainee

21.6.3.1.Classify and compare dyes in various types of fibers using CE.

21.6.4.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

21.7. High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

21.7.1.Introduce the comparison of a variety of fiber dyes using high-performance liquid 

chromatography (HPLC).

21.7.2.Trainee objectives:

21.7.2.1.Understand the theory of HPLC.

21.7.2.2.Prepare samples for analysis by HPLC.

21.7.2.3.Use HPLC to classify and compare fiber dyes.

21.7.2.4.Understand the strengths and limitations of the technique.

21.7.3.Practical Exercise for the trainee

21.7.3.1.Classify and compare dyes in various types of fibers using HPLC.

21.7.4.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

21.8. Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS)

21.8.1.Introduce the comparison of a variety of fibers, based on their elemental components, 
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using SEM/EDS.

21.8.2.Introduce the imaging of textile samples by SEM/EDS.

21.8.3.Trainee objectives:

21.8.3.1.Understand the theory of SEM/EDS.

21.8.3.2.Prepare samples for analysis by SEM/EDS.

21.8.3.3.Know the types of SEM detectors and understand when each detector can be used.

21.8.3.4.Perform computer searches of spectral libraries, if available.

21.8.3.5.Demonstrate the ability to use the technique to compare samples based upon their 

elemental components.

21.8.3.6.Demonstrate the ability to use the instrument to observe the surface features of textile 

samples.

21.8.3.7.Understand the strengths and limitations of the techniques.

21.8.4.Practical Exercises for the trainee

21.8.4.1.Compare the elemental components in a variety of fiber samples using SEM/EDS.

21.8.4.2.Observe and characterize the surface features of various textiles.

21.8.4.3.Observe and characterize the surface features of damaged textiles, and compare to 

undamaged textiles from the same source.

21.8.5.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

21.9. X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)

21.9.1.Introduce the comparison of a variety of fibers, based on their elemental components, 

using XRF.

21.9.2.Trainee objectives:

21.9.2.1.Understand the theory of XRF.

21.9.2.2.Prepare samples for analysis by XRF.

21.9.2.3.Perform computer searches of spectral libraries, if available.

21.9.2.4.Demonstrate the ability to use the technique to compare samples based upon their 

elemental components.

21.9.2.5.Understand the strengths and limitations of the technique.

21.9.3.Practical Exercise for the trainee

21.9.3.1.Compare the elemental components in a variety of fiber samples using XRF.

21.9.4.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

22. Interpretation and Report Writing

22.1. Interpretation

22.1.1.Instruct in integrating the factors that affect evidence interpretations and the significance 

of fiber evidence.

22.1.2.Practical Exercise for the trainee

22.1.2.1.Interpret technically-reviewed, completed laboratory casefiles on fiber evidence.

22.1.2.2.Review and interpret previously-completed practical exercises.

22.1.2.3.Understand the strengths and limitations of different fiber types, fabrics, and cordage, 

based upon factors such as color, commonness or uncommonness of fiber type; number 

of comparable characteristics; texture of material.

22.2. Report Writing
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22.2.1.Instruct in writing technically- and administratively-accurate reports for fiber 

examinations.

22.2.2.The trainee is required to:

22.2.2.1.Provide appropriate interpretations from analytical data.

22.2.2.2.Understand the factors affecting analytical data.

22.2.2.3.Understand the factors affecting the interpretation of analytical data.

22.2.2.4.Understand the significance of fiber evidence.

22.2.2.5.Understand the current literature on the formal application of statistics and be able to 

discuss when it would be appropriate for the interpretation of fiber evidence.

22.2.2.6.Write analytical reports with appropriate results, interpretations, and limitations.

22.2.3.Practical Exercise for the trainee

22.2.3.1.Write practice reports on completed, technically-reviewed laboratory reports on fiber 

evidence.

22.2.3.2.Write a report communicating the results and interpretations of previously-completed 

practical exercises.

22.2.4.Evaluate by reviewing and discussing the trainee’s interpretations and practice case 

reports.

22.3. Interpretive Exercise 

22.3.1.Provide a number of mock cases for analysis, either composed of analytical data or 

simulated evidence. Simulated evidence is handled as evidence according to laboratory 

protocols. 

22.3.2.Based on the provided or generated information, the trainee prepares an analytical report 

for each case. 

22.3.3.Evaluate and discuss the reports with the trainee.

23. Testimony and Competency

23.1. Testimony

23.1.1.Allow observation of experienced FSPs testifying in court as often as possible.

23.1.1.1.A variety of FSPs testifying on a range of offenses and examinations is recommended.

23.1.1.2.Determine the number and frequency of testimony observations based on the testimony 

experience of the trainee and the depth of the testimonies observed.

23.1.1.3.Discuss the courtroom experience after each observation. If available, review the 

testimony transcript with the trainee.

23.1.1.4.Consider supplementing testimony observations with trial transcripts when an adequate 

number of testimony reviews is logistically difficult for the laboratory.

23.1.2.Practical Exercises for the trainee

23.1.2.1.Observe general courtroom procedures, witness appearance and demeanor, and the 

presentation of technical or expert knowledge in testimony; document observations.

23.1.2.2.Prepare a list of suggested questions on a mock case. 

23.1.2.3.Prepare a list of questions and answers for educating the court on forensic fiber 

analysis.

23.1.2.4.Prepare a presentation that addresses the admissibility of fiber evidence.
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23.1.3.Review and discuss the documents and questions prepared by the trainee.

23.2. Competency

23.2.1.Evaluate the knowledge, skills, and abilities of the trainee in fiber examinations.

23.2.2.The trainee:

23.2.2.1.Completes a final, comprehensive, written or oral examination on fiber examinations;

23.2.2.2.Conducts mock case(s) for evaluation of competency; and

23.2.2.3.Participates in a mock trial using one of the mock cases completed during training. An 

oral review can replace the mock trial if there is previous experience in this area.

23.2.3.Competency is achieved by:

23.2.3.1.Receiving a passing grade on the written examination;

23.2.3.2.Successful completion of the competency evaluation; and 

23.2.3.3.Successful completion of the mock trial or oral review.

23.3. Supervised Casework and Peer Reviews

23.3.1.Subsequent to achieving competency, and prior to performing independent casework, the 

trainee performs supervised casework.

23.3.2.Practical Exercises for the trainee:

23.3.2.1.Observe (an) experienced FSP(s) perform fiber analysis casework.

23.3.2.2.Perform actual casework under the supervision of a qualified FSP.

23.3.3.Review, evaluate and discuss the supervised casework with the trainee.

23.3.3.1.Independency is achieved when there are no technical errors and minimal 

administrative errors in the supervised casework, based on a determined amount of 

cases completed.

23.3.4.Peer Review

23.3.4.1.The trainee completes mock technical and administrative review exercises.

23.3.4.2.Review, evaluate, and discuss the mock reviews with the trainee.

23.3.4.3.Competency in review is achieved when there are no technical errors and there are 

minimal administrative errors in mock review.
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APPENDIX I: Reading Assignments

1. Section 8: Introduction to Fibers and Textiles

1.1. Apsell P, “What are dyes? What is dyeing?,” Dyeing Primer. Aspland JR, editor. 

Research Triangle Park, NC: American Association of Textile Chemists and 

Colorists, 1981: 4-7.

1.2. Fergusson SM and Hemmings J, “Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics: An Introduction to 

Production, Structure and Properties,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. 

Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 1-

59.

1.3. Joseph ML, Joseph’s Introductory Textile Science, 6th edition. New York: 

International Thomson Publishing, 1992.

1.4. Koch SL and Nehse K, “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio 

VJ, Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 

322–339.

1.5. Patnaik A and Patnaik S, Fibres to Smart Textiles: Advances in Manufacturing, 

Technologies, and Applications, 1st edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2020.

1.6. Review various textile manufacturing websites (e.g., www.ncto.org)

1.7. Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT) “Introduction to 

Fibers Chapter,” Forensic Fiber Examination Guidelines, 

https://www.asteetrace.org/static/images/pdf/02%20Introduction%20to%20Fibers

%20Chapter%20%282011%20Update%29.pdf

2. Section 8.4:Introduction to Fibers and Textiles-Textiles

2.1. Fergusson SM and Hemmings J, “From Fibre to Fabric,” Forensic Examination of 

Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: 

CRC Press, 2018: 39-59.

2.2. Taupin JM and Cwiklik C, Scientific Protocols for Forensic Examination of 

Clothing. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010.

2.3. Van Amber RR, “Apparel and household textiles and their role in forensics,” 

Forensic Textile Science. Carr D, editor. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 

2017: 15-26.

3. Section 8.5:Introduction to Fibers and Textiles-Cordage

3.1. Himmelfarb D, The Technology of Cordage Fibres and Rope. London: 

Leonard Hill, 1957.

3.2. McKenna HA, Hearle JWS, and O’Heare N, Handbook of Fibre Rope 

Technology. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2004.

3.3. Wiggins KG, “Ropes and Cordages,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd 

edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC 

Press, 2018: 89-98.

4. Section 8.6:Introduction to Fibers and Textiles-Overview of Forensic Fiber 

Examinations

4.1. Carr D, Forensic Textile Science. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2017.
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4.2. Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 

Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 

Inc., 1988: 209-214.

4.3. Grieve MC, “Fibers and their Examination in Forensic Science,” Forensic Science 

Progress, Volume 4. Maehly A and Williams RL, editors. New York: Springer, 

1990: 41-125.

4.4. Grieve MC and Wiggins KG, “Fibers under fire: suggestions for improving their 

use to provide forensic evidence,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2001; 46(4): 835-

843.

4.5. Koch SL and Nehse K, “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio 

VJ, Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 

322–376.

4.6. Robertson J and Roux C, “From Crime Scene to Laboratory,” Forensic 

Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KC, editors. 

Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 99-143.

4.7. Trejos T, Koch S, and Mehltretter A, “Scientific foundations and current state of 

trace evidence—a review,” Forensic Chemistry, 2020: 100223.

4.8. Wiggins K, “Forensic textile fiber examination across the USA and Europe,” 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, November 2001; 46(6): 1303-1308.

5. Section 9.1: Fiber Evidence-Transfer and Persistence

5.1. Aitken CG, Taroni F, and Bozza S. Statistics and the Evaluation of Evidence for 

Forensic Scientists, 3rd edition. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons, 2021.

5.2. Akulova V, Vasiliauskiené D, and Talaliené D, "Further insights into the 

persistence of transferred fibres on outdoor clothes,” Science & Justice - Journal 

of the Forensic Science Society, 2002; 42:165-171.

5.3. Annis PA, Bresee RR, and Cooper TR, “Influence of textile structure on single 

fiber transfer from woven fabrics,” Textile Research Journal, 1992; 65(2):293-

301.

5.4. Bennett S, Roux CP, and Robertson J, “The significance of fibre transfer and 

persistence - a case study,” Australian Journal of Forensic Science, 2010; 42:221–

228.

5.5. Bruschweiler W and Grieve MC, “A study on the random distribution of a red 

acrylic target fibre,” Science & Justice, 1997; 37: 85-89.

5.6. Chewning D, Deaver K, and Christensen A, “Persistence of Fibres on Ski Masks 

During Transit and Processing,” Forensic Science Communications, July 2008; 

10(3).

5.7. Coxon A, Grieve M, and Dunlop J, “A method of assessing the fibre shedding 

potential of fabrics,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1992; 32(2):151-

158.

5.8. DeBattista R, Tidy H, Thompson TJU, and Robertson P, “An investigation into 

the persistence of textile fibres on buried carcasses,” Science & Justice, July 2014; 

54(4): 288-291.

5.9. DeWael K, Lepot L, Lunstroot K, and Gason F, “Evaluation of the shedding 

potential of textile materials,” Science & Justice, 2010; 50: 192-194.

5.10. Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 
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Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 

Inc., 1988: 214-221, 255-259.

5.11. Grieve MC, Dunlop J, and Haddock PS, “Transfer experiments with acrylic 

fibres,” Forensic Science International, 1989; 40:267-277.

5.12. Kidd C and Robertson J, “The transfer of textile fibers during simulated contacts,” 

Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1982; 3: 301-308.

5.13. Koch SL and Nehse K, “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio 

VJ, Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 

339–342.

5.14. Lepot L, Vanden Driesse T, Lunstroot K, et al., “Fibre persistence on immersed 

garments--influence of knitted recipient garments,” Science & Justice, 2015; 

55(4): 248-253.

5.15. Lowrie CN and Jackson G, “Secondary transfer of fibres,” Forensic Science 

International, 1994; 64: 73-82.

5.16. Marname R, Elliot D, and Coulson S, “A pilot study to determine the background 

population of foreign fibre groups on a cotton/polyester T-shirt,” Science & 

Justice, 2006; 46(4): 215-220.

5.17. Merciani P, Monard FS, Buzzini P, et al., “A study of the cross transfer of fibers,” 

Forensic Science International, 136(1): 123.

5.18. Palmer R, “The retention and recovery of transferred fibers following the washing 

of recipient clothing,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1997; 43(3):502-504.

5.19. Palmer R and Banks M, “The secondary transfer of fibres from head hair,” 

Science & Justice-Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 2005; 45:123–128.

5.20. Palmer R and Burch HJ, “The population, transfer, and persistence of fibres on the 

skin of living subjects,” Science & Justice, 2009; 49(4): 259-264.

5.21. Palmer R and Polworth G, “The persistence of fibers on skin in an outdoor 

deposition crime scene scenario,” Science & Justice, 2011; 51(4): 187-189.

5.22. Palmer R, Sheridan K, Puckett J, Richardson N, and Lo W, “An investigation into 

secondary transfer--the transfer of textile fibres to seats,” Forensic Science 

International, 2017; 278: 334-337.

5.23. Pounds CA and Smalldon KW, “The transfer of fibres between clothing materials 

during simulated contacts and their persistence during wear, Part I,” Journal of 

the Forensic Science Society, 1975;15:17-27.

5.24. Pounds CA and Smalldon KW, “The transfer of fibres between clothing materials 

during simulated contacts and their persistence during wear, Part II,” Journal of 

the Forensic Science Society, 1975;15:29-37.

5.25. Pounds CA and Smalldon KW, “The transfer of fibres between clothing materials 

during simulated contacts and their persistence during wear, Part III,” Journal of 

the Forensic Science Society, 1975;15:197-207.

5.26. Robertson J, Kidd CBM, and Parkinson HMP, “The persistence of textile fibres 

transferred during simulated contacts,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 

1982; 22: 353-360.

5.27. Robertson J and Roux C, “Transfer, Persistence and Recovery of Fibers,” 

Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins 

KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 109-119.

5.28. Robertson J and Lloyd AK, “Redistribution of textile fibres following transfer 
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during simulated contacts,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1984; 24:3-7.

5.29. Roux C, Robertson J, and Palmer R, “Persistence and Recovery,” Encyclopedia 

of Forensic Sciences, 2nd edition. Saukko PJ and Houck MM, editors. Waltham: 

Academic Press, 2013: 117-123.

5.30. Roux C, Langdon S, Waight D, and Robertson J, “The transfer and persistence of 

automotive carpet fibres on shoe soles,” Science & Justice, 1999; 39(4): 239-251.

5.31. Salter MT, Cook R, and Jackson AR, “Differential shedding from blended 

fabrics,” Forensic Science International 1987; 33:155-164.

5.32. Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), “Trace Evidence 

Recovery Guidelines,” Forensic Science Communications, October 1999; 1(3).

5.33. Scott H, “The persistence of fibers transferred during contact of automotive 

carpets and clothing fabrics,” Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 

1985; 18(4):185-199.

5.34. Sheridan K, et al., “A study on contactless airborne transfer of textile fibres 

between different garments in small compact semi-enclosed spaces," Forensic 

Science International, August 2020; 315: 110432.

5.35. Skokan L, Tremblay A, and Muehlethaler C, “Differential shedding: A study of 

the fiber transfer mechanisms of blended cotton and polyester textiles,” Forensic 

Science International, March 2020; 308: 110181.

5.36. Slot A, et al., “Tracers as invisible evidence — the transfer and persistence of 

flock fibres during a car exchange,” Forensic Science International, 2017; 275: 

178–186.

5.37. Trejos T, Koch S, and Mehltretter A, “Scientific foundations and current state of 

trace evidence—a review,” Forensic Chemistry, 2020: 100223

5.38. Watt R, Roux C, and Robertson J, “The population of coloured textile fibres in 

domestic washing machines,” Science & Justice, 2005; 45: 75-83.

5.39. Wiggins K, Drummond P, and Champod TH, “A study in relation to the random 

distribution of four fibre types on clothing (incorporating a review of previous 

fibre studies),” Science & Justice-Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 2004; 

44: 141-148.

6. Section 9.2: Fiber Evidence-Search, Collection, and Preservation Techniques

6.1. Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination, “ Forensic 

Science Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 

Prentice-Hall Inc., 1988: 218-272.

6.2. Grieve MC and Garger BS, “An improved method for rapid and accurate scanning 

of fibers on tape,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1981; 26(3):560-563.

6.3. McKenna FJ and Sherwin JC, “A simple and effective method for collecting 

contact evidence,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1985; 30:485-493.

6.4. Palenik S, “Microscopy and Microchemistry of Physical Evidence,” Forensic 

Science Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, 

NJ:Prentice-Hall, 1988: 164-171.

6.5. Dignan SJ and Murphy KJ, “Fibre evidence from fingernail clippings,” Canadian 

Society Forensic Science Journal, 2002; 35(1):17-21.

6.6. Koch SL and Nehse K, “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio 

VJ, Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 
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342–344.

6.7. Moore JE, Jackson G, and Firth M, “Movement of fibres between working areas 

as a result of routine examination of garments,” Journal of the Forensic Science 

Society, 1986; 26:433-440.

6.8. Robertson J and Roux C, “Crime Scene Considerations,” Forensic Examination of 

Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC 

Press, 2018: 101-109.

6.9. Robertson J and Roux C, “Protocols for Fibre Examination and Initial 

Examinations,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux 

C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 119-126.

6.10. Roux C, Huttuen J, Rampling K, and Robertson J, “Factors affecting the potential 

for fibre contamination in purpose-designed forensic search rooms,” Science & 

Justice, 2001; 41:135-144.

6.11. Scotman TG and van der Weerd J, “On the recovery of fibres by tape lifts, tape 

scanning, and manual isolation,” Science & Justice, December 2015; 55(6): 415-

421.

6.12. Schwartz TR, Rothenberg DS, and Clark BL, “Trace Evidence Recognition, 

Collection and Preservation,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio 

VJ, Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 

2020: 1-30.

6.13. Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), “Trace Evidence 

Recovery Guidelines,” Forensic Science Communications, October 1999; 1(3).

7. Section 10.1: Microscopy and Fiber Evidence-Introduction to Microscopy

7.1. Abramowitz M, “Fluorescence Microscopy, The Essentials,” Basics and Beyond 

Series, Volume 4. Melville, NY: Olympus America Inc., 1993: 1-22.

7.2. Bowen AB, “Polarized Light Microscopy for the Trace Evidence Examiner,” 

Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio VJ, Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid 

N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 32-156.

7.3. DeForest PR, “Foundations of forensic microscopy,” Forensic Science Handbook, 

Volume I, 2nd edition. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 

Regents/Prentice-Hall Inc., 2002: 215-319.

7.4. Goldberg O, “Kohler Illumination,” The Microscope, 1980; 28:15-20.

7.5. Gray P, The Encyclopedia of Microscopy and Microtechnique. Malabar, FL: 

Krieger Publishing Company, 1982.

7.6. McCrone WC, “Checklist for True Kohler Illumination,” American Laboratory, 

1980; 12(1): 96-98.

7.7. McCrone WC, McCrone LB, and Delly JB, Polarized Light Microscopy. Chicago: 

McCrone Research Institute, 2002.

7.8. Nesse WD, An Introduction to Optical Mineralogy, 4th edition. Cambridge: 

Oxford University Press, 2013.

7.9. Siegel JI, “Fluorescence Microscopy,” American Laboratory, 1982; 14(3): 65-69.

7.10. Stoiber RE and Morse SA, Crystal Identification with the Polarizing Microscope. 

New York, NY: Chapman and Hall, 1994.

7.11. Wheeler BP, Practical Forensic Microscopy: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd edition. 

Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 2021.
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8. Section 10.2: Microscopy and Fiber Evidence-Fiber Sample Preparation

8.1. Robertson J and Roux C. “Protocols for Fibre Examination and Initial 

Examinations,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux 

C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 119-126.

9. Section 10.3: Microscopy and Fiber Evidence-Recognition of Fibers by Microscopy

9.1. Barna CE and Stoeffler SF, “A New Method for Cross-sectioning Single Fibers,” 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1987; 32: 761-767.

9.2. De Wael K and Vanden Driessche T, “Dichroism measurements in forensic fibre 

examination. Part 2 - dyed polyamide, wool and silk fibres,” Science & Justice, 

December 2011; 51(4):163-72.

9.3. De Wael K and Lepot L, “Dichroism measurements in forensic fibre examination. 

Part 3 - dyed cotton and viscose fibres,” Science & Justice, December 2011; 

51(4):173-186.

9.4. Gaudette B. “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 

Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 

Inc., 1988: 222-230, 238-241.

9.5. Grieve MC and Kotowski TM, “An Improved Method of Preparing Fiber Cross 

Sections,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1986; 26: 29-34.

9.6. Fergusson SM and Hemmings J. “Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics: An Introduction to 

Production, Structure and Properties,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd 

edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 

2018: 1-59.

9.7. Houck MM. Identification of Textile Fibers. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing 

Ltd, 2009.

9.8. Jones J and Coyle T, “Synthetic flock fibres: a population and ‘target’ fibre 

study,” Science & Justice, 2011; 51:68-71.

9.9. Koch SL and Nehse K. “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio 

VJ, Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 

322-376.

9.10. Palenik SJ. “Microscopic Examination of Fibres,” Forensic Examination of 

Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: 

CRC Press, 2018: 145-177.

9.11. Palenik S and Fitzsimmons C, “Fiber Cross Sections: Part I,” Microscope, 1990; 

38:187-195.

9.12. Palenik S and Fitzsimmons C, “Fiber Cross Sections: Part II,” Microscope, 1990; 

38:313-320.

9.13. Thornton J, “Visual Color Comparison in Forensic Science,” Forensic Science 

Review, 1997; 9(1): 38-57.

10. Section 11: Microscopy of Vegetable Fibers

10.1. Adamopoulos S and Oliver JV, “Fiber composition of packaging grade papers as 

determined by the Graff ‘C’ staining test,” Wood and Fiber Science, 2007; 38(4): 

567-575.

10.2. Catling D and Grayson J. Identification of Vegetable Fibres. London: Chapman 
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and Hall, 1982.

10.3. Fergusson SM and Hemmings J, “Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics: An Introduction to 

Production, Structure and Properties,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. 

Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 1-

59.

10.4. Hall DM, Practical Fiber Identification. Textile Engineering Department, 

Auburn, AL: Auburn University, 1982. 

10.5. Haugan E and Holst B, “Determining the fibrillar orientation of bast fibres with 

polarized light microscopy: the modified Herzog test (red plate test) explained,” 

Journal of Microscopy, November 2013; 252(2): 159-168.

10.6. Koch SL and Nehse K, “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. 

Desiderio VJ, Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & 

Sons, 2020: 322–376.

10.7. Merrit MF, Pulp and Paper Fiber Composition Standards, Technologic Papers of 

the Bureau of Standards No. 250, Department of Commerce, 1924: 

https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/nbstechnologic/nbstechnologicpapert250.pdf

10.8. Palenik SJ, “Microscopic Examination of Fibres,” Forensic Examination of 

Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: 

CRC Press, 2018: 145-177.

10.9. Robertson J and Roux C, “Protocols for Fibre Examination and Initial 

Examinations,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux 

C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 119-126.

10.10. Summerscales J and Gwinnett C, “Forensic Identification of Bast Fibres,” 

Bicomposites for High-Performance Applications. Ray D, editor. Cambridge: 

Woodhead Publishing, 2017: 125-164.

10.11. Valaskovic G, “Polarized Light in Multiple Birefringent Domains: A Study of the 

Herzog Effect,” Microscope, 1991; 39: 269-286.

10.12. Wiggins KG, “Ropes and Cordages,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd 

edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 

2018: 89-98.

11. Section 12: Microscopy of Animal Textile Fibers

11.1. Deedrick D and Koch S, “Microscopy of Hair Part II: A Practical Guide and 

Manual for Animal Hairs,” Forensic Science Communications, 2004; 6(3).

11.2. Fergusson SM and Hemmings J, “Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics: An Introduction to 

Production, Structure and Properties,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. 

Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 1-

59.

11.3. Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 

Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 

Inc., 1988: 209-214, 239-241.

11.4. Moore TD, Spence LE, and Dugnolle CE, editors. Identification of the Dorsal 

Guard Hairs of Some Mammals of Wyoming (Bulletin No. 14). Cheyenne, 

Wyoming: Wyoming Game and Fish Department, 1974.

11.5. Perry DR, Appleyard HM, Cartridge G, et al., Identification of textile materials. 

1985.
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11.6. Teerink BJ, Hair of West European Mammals: Atlas and Identification Key. 

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

12. Section 13: Microscopy of Mineral Fibers

12.1. Deer WA, Howie RA, and Zussman J, An Introduction to the Rock-Forming 

Minerals. New York: Addison- Wesley Publishing, 1992. (Sections on 

asbestiform mineral)

12.2. McCrone WC. Asbestos Identification, 2nd edition. Chicago: McCrone Research 

Institute, 1987.

12.3. McCrone WC, McCrone LB, and Delly JB, Polarized Light Microscopy. 

Chicago: McCrone Research Institute, 2002: 169-196.

12.4. EPA 600/R-93/116 Method for the Determination of Asbestos in Bulk Building 

Materials

13. Section 14.3: Microscopy of Manufactured Fibers-Optical Properties

13.1. Brinsko K, “Optical Characterization of Some Modern ‘Eco-Friendly’ Fibers,” 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, July 2010; 55(4): 915-923.

13.2. Coyle T, Shaw C, and Stevens L, “The Evidential Value of Hi-Vis Workwear,” 

Journal of the American Society of Trace Evidence Examiners, August 2013; 

4(2): 2-16.

13.3. Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 

Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 

Inc., 1988: 223-230.

13.4. Long H, Walbridge-Jones S, and Lundgren K, “Synthetic Wig Fibers: Analysis & 

Differentiation from Human Hairs,” Journal of the American Society of Trace 

Evidence Examiners, January 2014; 5(1): 2-21.

13.5. McCrone WC, McCrone LB, and Delly JB, Polarized Light Microscopy. 

Chicago: McCrone Research Institute, 2002; 142-149.

13.6. Palenik SJ, “Microscopic Examination of Fibres,” Forensic Examination of 

Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: 

CRC Press, 2018: 145-177.

13.7. Reffner JA and Kammrath BW, “A More Efficient Method for Synthetic Textile 

Fiber Analysis Using Polarized Light Microscopy,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

May 2020; 65(3): 744-750.

13.8. Robertson J and Roux C, “Protocols for Fibre Examination and Initial 

Examinations,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux 

C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 119-126.

13.9. Stoeffler SF, “A Flowchart System For the Identification of Common Synthetic 

Fibers by Polarized Light Microscopy,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1996; 

41(2): 297-299.

14. Section 14.4: Microscopy of Manufactured Fibers-Cross Sections

14.1. Fong W and Inami SH, “Simple, Rapid, and Unique Hand Techniques for CrossSectioning Fibers and Hair,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, March 1988; 33(2): 

305-309.
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14.2. Ford JE and Simmens SC, “Fibre Section Cutting by the Plate Method,” Textile 

Institute Journal, 1959; 50: 148.

14.3. Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 

Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 

Inc., 1988: 228-231.

14.4. Hardy JI, A Practical Laboratory Method for Making Thin Cross-Sections of 

Fibers. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Circular 378; November 1935.

14.5. Jolliff EC, “A Useful Cross-Sectioning Slide and Some of Its Applications,” 

Textile Research Journal, 1955; 25(6): 541-545.

14.6. Lee HN and Schwarz ER, “Cross Sectioning of Textile Materials by Hand 

Without Microtome or Other Special Equipment,” Textile Research Journal, 

1941; 11(8): 363-367.

14.7. Nehse K, Koch S, Grieve M, Houck MM, and Robertson J, “New Fibre 

Developments,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux 

C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 427-440.

14.8. Palenik SJ, “Microscopic Examination of Fibres,” Forensic Examination of 

Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: 

CRC Press, 2018: 145-177.

14.9. Schwarz ER, Textiles and the Microscope. New York: McGraw Hill, 1934.

14.10. Stoeffler SF and Barna CE, “A New Method for Cross Sectioning Single Fibers,” 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, May 1987; 32(3): 761-767.

15. Section 14.5: Microscopy of Manufactured Fibers-Solubility

15.1. Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 

Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 

Inc., 1988: 236-237.

15.2. Fergusson SM and Hemmings J, “Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics: An Introduction to 

Production, Structure and Properties,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. 

Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 1-

59.

15.3. Hartshorne A, Wild FM, and Babb NL, “The Discrimination of Cellulose Di- and 

Tri-Acetate Fibres by Solvent Testing and Melting Point Determination,” Journal 

of the Forensic Science Society, 1991; 31: 457-461.

15.4. Stratmann M, “The Solubility Characteristics of Fibres,” Textile Industries, 1970; 

72: 13-19.

15.5. Suga K, Narita Y, and Suzuki S, “A Simple Solubility Test For the Discrimination 

of Acrylic and Mod-acrylic Fibers,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, May 2014; 

59(3): 750-753.

16. Section 14.6: Microscopy of Manufactured Fibers-Thermal Microscopy

16.1. Bresee RR and Orr CL, “Thermal Shrinkage of Small Single Acrylic Fibers--A 

Technique of Forensic Potential,” Forensic Science International, May-June 

1983; 21(3): 233-243.

16.2. Bruschweiler W and Schoch H, “Thermal Microscopy of Fibers--A 

Methodological Addition to Fiber Analysis,” Archiv fur Kriminologie, 1982; 169: 
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89-98.

16.3. Cassidy FH, “A Simple Thermistor Device for Checking the Calibration of the 

Mettler Hot Stage,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1986; 26: 409-415.

16.4. Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 

Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 

Inc., 1988: 233, 236.

16.5. Grieve MC, “The Use of Melting Point and Refractive Index Determination to 

Compare Colourless Polyester Fibers,” Forensic Science International, 1983; 22: 

31-48.

16.6. Hartshorne A, Wild FM, and Babb NL, “The Discrimination of Cellulose Di- and 

Tri-Acetate Fibres by Solvent Testing and Melting Point Determination,” Journal 

of the Forensic Science Society, 1991; 31: 457-461.

16.7. Julian Y and McCrone WC, “Accurate Use of Hotstages,” Microscope, 1971; 19: 

225-234.

16.8. Kisler-Rao AE, “Comparison of Nylon, Polyester, and Olefin Fibers Using FTIR 

and Melting Point Analysis,” Journal of the American Society of Trace Evidence 

Examiners, January 2015; 6(1): 3-20.

16.9. Palenik SJ, “Microscopic Examination of Fibres,” Forensic Examination of 

Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: 

CRC Press, 2018: 145-177.

16.10. Woodard GD, “Calibration of the Mettler FP2 Hot Stage,” Microscope, 1970; 18: 

105-108.

17. Section 15: Comparative Microscopy

17.1.Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 

Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall 

Inc., 1988: 241-245.

17.2.Koch SL and Nehse K, “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio VJ, 

Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 344–

356.

17.3.Kubic TA, King JB, and DuBey IS, “Forensic Analysis of Colorless Textile Fibers by 

Fluorescence Microscopy,” Microscope, 1983; 31: 213-222.

17.4. Robertson J and Roux C, “Protocols for Fibre Examination and Initial 

Examinations,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux 

C, Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 119-126.

17.5.Was-Gubala J, “The Kinetics of Colour Change in Textiles and Fibres Treated with

Detergent Solutions. Part I-Colour Perception and Fluorescence Microscopy 

Analysis,” Science & Justice, September 2009; 49(3): 165-169.

18. Section 16: Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

18.1. Bartick EG and Tungol MW, “Infrared Microscopy and Its Forensic 

Applications,” Forensic Science Handbook, Volume III. Saferstein R, 

editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1993: 196-252.

18.2. Causin V, Marega C, Guzzini G, et al., “Forensic Analysis of Poly(Ethylene 

Terephthalate) Fibers by Infrared Spectroscopy,” Applied Spectroscopy, 

2004; 58(11): 1272-1276.
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18.3. Cho L, Reffner JA, Gatewood BM, and Wetzel DL, “Single Fiber Analysis 

by Internal Reflection Microspectroscopy,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

2001; 46(6):1309-1314.

18.4. Cho L, Reffner JA, Gatewood BM, and Wetzel DL, “A New Method for 

Fiber Comparison Using Polarized Infrared Microspectroscopy,” Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, 1999; 44(2):275-282.

18.5. Cho L, Reffner JA, and Wetzel DL, “Forensic Classification of Polyester 

Fibers by Infrared Dichroic Ratio Pattern Recognition,” Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, 1999; 44(2):283-291.

18.6. Gal T, Ambrus I, and Urszu S,” Forensic Analysis of Textile Fibers by 

Fourier-Transform Infrared Diamond Cell Technique,” Acta Chimica 

Hungarica, 1991; 128: 919-928.

18.7. Grieve MC, “Another Look at the Classification of Acrylic Fibres, Using 

FTIR Microscopy,” Science and Justice, 1995; 35(3): 179–190.

18.8. Joslin Yogi TA, Penrod M, Holt M, and Buzzini P, “The Relationship 

Between Cross-sectional Shapes and FTIR Profiles in Synthetic Wig Fibers 

and Their Discriminating Abilities--an Evidential Value Perspective,” 

Forensic Science International, 2018; 283: 94-102.

18.9. Katon JE, “Infrared microscopy. A Review of Fundamentals and 

Applications,” Micron, 1996; 27: 303-314. 

18.10. Kirkbride KP, “Infrared Microspectroscopy of Fibres,” Forensic 

Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, 

editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 245-288.

18.11. Murakoshi Takematsu M, Faria Deniz M, deCosta Mattos E, et al., “Sheathcore Bicomponent Fiber Characterization by FT-IR and Other Analytical 

Methodologies,” Polimeros, 2018; 28(4): 339-347.

18.12. Tungol MW, Bartick EG, and Montaser A, “The Development of a Spectral 

Database for the Identification of Fibers by Infrared Microscopy,” Applied 

Spectroscopy, 1990; 44: 543–549.

18.13. Tungol MW, Bartick EG, and Montaser A, “Forensic Examination of 

Synthetic Textile Fibers by Microscopic Infrared Spectrometry,” Practical 

Guide to Infrared Microspectroscopy. Humecki H, editor. New York: Marcel 

Dekker, Inc., 1995: 245–286.

18.14. Tungol MW, Bartick EG, and Montaser A, “Forensic Analysis of Acrylic 

Copolymer Fibers by Infrared Microscopy,” Applied Spectroscopy, 1993; 47: 

1655-1658.

19. Section 17: Microspectrophotometry (MSP)

19.1. Biermann TW and Wiggins KG, “Microspectrophotometry,” Forensic 

Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, 

editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 180-224.

19.2. DeWael K, Van Dijck K, and Gason F, “Discrimination of Reactively-dyed 

Cotton Fibres with Thin Layer Chromatography and UV 

Microspectrophotometry,” Science & Justice, December 2015; 55(6): 422-430.

19.3. Eng M, Martin P, and Bhagwandin C, “The Analysis of Metameric Blue Fibers 

and Their Forensic Significance,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, July 2009; 
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54(4): 841-845.

19.4. Eyring MB, “Visible Microscopical Spectrophotometry in the Forensic 

Sciences,” Forensic Science Handbook, 2nd edition, Volume I. Saferstein R, 

editor. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2002: 321-387.

19.5. Forster AL, Bitter JL, Rosenthal S, Brooks S, and Watson SS, “Photofading in 

Cotton Fibers Dyed Using Red, Yellow, and Blue Direct Dyes During 

Examination with Microspectrophotometry (MSP),” Forensic Chemistry, 2017; 

5: 72-78.

19.6. Gaudette B, “The Forensic Aspects of Textile Fiber Examination,” Forensic 

Science Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 

Prentice-Hall Inc., 1988: 245-248.

19.7. Grieve MC, Biermann TW, and Davignon M, “The Evidential Value of Black 

Cotton Fibres,” Science & Justice, 2001; 41(4):245-260.

19.8. Hartshorne AW and Laing DK, “Microspectrofluorimetry of Fluorescent Dyes 

and Brighteners on Single Textile Fibres: Part I--Fluorescence Emission 

Spectra,” Forensic Science International, 1991; 51(2): 203-220.

19.9. Hartshorne AW and Laing DK, “Microspectrofluorimetry of Fluorescent Dyes 

and Brighteners on Single Textile Fibres: Part II: Colour Measurements,” 

Forensic Science International, 1991; 51(2):221-237.

19.10. Hartshorne AW and Laing DK, “Microspectrofluorimetry of Fluorescent Dyes 

and Brighteners on Single Textile Fibres: Part III: Fluorescence Decay 

Phenomena,” Forensic Science International, 1991; 51(2): 239-250.

19.11. Hu C, Mei H, Guo H, and Zhu J, “Color Analysis of Textile Fibers by 

Microspectrophotometry,” Forensic Chemistry, May 2020; 18: 100221.

19.12. Martin P, “Color analysis,” Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, Siegel JA and 

Saukko PJ, editors. Waltham: Academic Press, 2013: 148-154.

19.13. McLaren K, The Colour Science of Dyes and Pigments. Bristol, UK: Adam 

Hilger, 1983.

19.14. Morgan SL, Nieuwland AA, Mubarak CR, Hendrix JE, et al., “Forensic 

Discrimination of Dyed Textile Fibers Using UV-Vis and Fluorescence 

Microspectrophotometry,” Proceedings of the European Fibres Group. Annual 

Meeting, Prague, Czech Republic: May 25, 2004.

19.15. Palenik CS, Beckert JC, and Palenik S, “Microspectrophotometry of Fibers: 

Advances in Analysis and Interpretation,” National Criminal Justice Reference 

Service. Office of Justice Programs Publications, May 27, 2015: 

<https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250437.pdf>

19.16. Purcell DK, “UV-Visible Microscope Spectrophotometric Polarization and 

Dichroism with Increased Discrimination Power in Forensic Analysis,” 2013 

(doctoral dissertation). Retrieved from CUNY Academic Works: 

<http://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1632>

19.17. Sauzier G, Reichard E, van Bronswijk W, Lewis SW, and Goodpaster JV, 

“Improving the Confidence of ‘Questioned vs. Known’ Fiber Comparisons 

Using Microspectrophotometry and Chemometrics,” Forensic Chemistry, 2016; 

2:15-21.

19.18. Starczak R and Was-Gubala J, “UV-Vis Microspectrophotometric Study of 

Wool and Polyamide Fibers Dyed with Analogous Gryfalan Dyes,” Dyes and 
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Pigments, September 2016; 132: 58-63.

19.19. Suzuki S, Suzuki Y, Ohta H, Sugita R, and Marumo Y, 

“Microspectrophotometric Discrimination of Single Fibers Dyed by Indigo and 

Its Derivatives Using Ultaviolet-Visible Transmittance Spectra,” Science & 

Justice, 2001, 41(2): 107-111.

19.20. Venkataraman K, The Analytical Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes. New York: 

John Wiley & Sons, 1977.

19.21. Was-Gubala J and Starczak R, “UV-Vis Microspectrophotometry as a Method 

of Differentiation Between Cotton Fibre Evidence Coloured with Reactive 

Dyes,” Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular 

Spectroscopy, May 2015; 142: 118-125.

19.22. Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), “UV-VIS 

Spectroscopy of Textile Fibers,” Forensic Fiber Examination Guidelines, 

https://www.asteetrace.org/static/images/pdf/03%20UVVIS%20Spectroscopy%20of%20Textile%20Fibers%20Chapter%20%282011%20

Update%29.pdf

20. Section 18: Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)

20.1. Biermann TW and Wiggins KG, “Fibre Dyes Analysis,” Forensic Examination of 

Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: 

CRC Press, 2018: 224-243.

20.2. DeWael K, Van Dijck K, and Gason F, “Discrimination of Reactively-dyed 

Cotton Fibres with Thin Layer Chromatography and UV 

Microspectrophotometry,” Science & Justice, December 2015; 55(6): 422-430.

20.3. Gaudette B, “The Forensic Aspects of Textile Fiber Examination,” Forensic 

Science Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 

Prentice-Hall Inc., 1988: 248-254.

20.4. Gora P and Was-Gubala J, “Enzymatic Extraction of Dyes for Differentiation 

of Red Cotton Fibres by TLC Coupled with VSC,” Science & Justice, July 

2019; 59(4): 425-432.

20.5. Groves E, Palenik CS, and Palenik S, “A Survey of Extraction Solvents in the 

Forensic Analysis of Textile Dyes,” Forensic Science International, 2016; 

268:139-144.

20.6. Groves E, Palenik S, and Palenik CS, “Reproducibility of High-performance 

Thin-layer Chromatography (HPTLC) in Textile Dye Analysis,” Forensic 

Chemistry, 2018; 8:104-110.

20.7. Groves E, Palenik S, and Palenik CS, “A Generalized Approach to Forensic 

Dye Identification: Development and Utility of Reference Libraries,” Journal 

of AOAC International, 2018; 101(5): 1385-1396.

21. Section 19: Comparison

21.1. Coyle T, “Practitioner Narrative: Fibres Stands Alone-R-v-Everson-a Case in 

Double Jeopardy,” Parts 1, 2, and 3, Forensic Science International: Reports 2, 

2020: 100140-42.

21.2. Deadman HA, “Fiber evidence and the Wayne Williams Trial,” FBI Law 

Enforcement Bulletin, March and May 1984.
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21.3. Farah S, Kunduru K, Bentolila A, et al., “Morphological, Spectral, and 

Chromatography Analysis and Forensic Comparison of PET Fibers,” Talanta, 

June 2014; 123: 54-62.

21.4. Farah S, Kunduru K, Tsach T, et al., “Forensic Comparison of Synthetic 

Fibers,” Polymers for Advanced Technologies, July 2015; 26(7): 785-796.

21.5. Grieve MC, Biermann T, and Davignon M, “The Occurrence and Individuality 

of Orange and Green Cotton Fibers,” Science & Justice, 2003; 43(1): 5-22.

21.6. Grieve MC, Biermann T, and Schaub K, “The Individuality of Fibres Used to 

Provide Forensic Evidence--Not All Blue Polyesters Are the Same,” Science & 

Justice, 2005; 45(1): 13-28.

21.7. Grieve MC, Dunlop J, and Haddock P, “An Assessment of the Value of Blue, 

Red, and Black Cotton Fibres as Target Fibres in Forensic Science 

Investigations,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1988; 33: 1332-1344.

21.8. Houck MM, “Inter-comparison of Unrelated Fiber Evidence,” Forensic Science 

International, 2003; 135: 146-149.

21.9. Palmer R, Hutchinson W, and Fryer V, “The Discrimination of (Non-denim) 

Blue Cotton,” Science & Justice, 2009; 49: 12-18.

22. Section 20: Damage and Impressions

22.1. Brinsko K, Sparenga S, and King M, “The Effects of Environmental Exposure 

on the Physical, Chemical, and Optical Properties of Manufactured Fibers of 

Natural Origin,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, September 2016; 61(5): 1215-

1227.

22.2. Cowper EJ, Carr DJ, Horsfall I, and Fergusson SM, “The Effect of Fabric and 

Stabbing Variables on Severance Appearance,” Forensic Science International, 

April 2015; 249: 214-224.

22.3. Geisenberger D, Wuest F, Bielefeld L, et al., “Fat from Contused Adipose Tissue 

May Cause Yellow Discoloration of Clothes in Blunt Force Trauma Victims,” 

Forensic Science International, December 2014; 245: 72-76.

22.4. Hemmings J, Carr D, and Robertson J, “Textile Damage Interpretation,” Forensic 

Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. 

Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 61-87.

22.5. Janaway RC, “Degradation of Clothing and Other Dress Materials Associated 

with Buried Bodies of Archeological and Forensic Interest,” Advances in 

Forensic Taphonomy: Method, Theory, and Archeological Perspectives. Haglund 

WD and Sorg, MH, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2002: 379-402.

22.6. Koch SL and Nehse K, “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio

VJ, Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 

363–368.

22.7. Lowe AC, Beresford DV, Carter DO, et al., “The Effect of Soil Texture on the 

Degradation of Textiles Associated with Buried Bodies,” Forensic Science 

International, September 2013; 231: 331-339.

22.8. Masakowski S, Enz B, Cothern J, and Rowe W, "Fiber-Plastic Fusions in Traffic 

Accident Reconstruction," Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1986; 31(3): 903-912.

22.9. Palenik C, Palenik S, and Diaczuk P, “Plumbum Microraptus: Definitive 

Microscopic Indicators of a Bullet Hole in a Synthetic Fabric,” Journal of the 
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American Society of Trace Evidence Examiners, January 2015, 6(1): 66-75.

22.10. Roberts KA, Hogrebe G, Fischer G, and Davis AR, “Detection of Bullet vs. Nail 

Damage to Textile Fabrics Using Polarized Light Microscopy,” Journal of the 

American Society of Trace Evidence Examiners, November 2018, 8(1): 34-45.

22.11. Schubert GD, "Forensic Value of Pattern and Particle Transfers From Deployed 

Automotive Airbag Contact," Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2005; 50(6): 1411-

1416.

22.12. Schubert GD, “Forensic Analysis of Automotive Airbag Contact – Not Just A 

Bag of Hot Air,” Forensic Analysis On The Cutting Edge. Blackledge RD, editor. 

Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2007: 33-56.

22.13. Taupin JM and Cwiklik C, Scientific Protocols for Forensic Examination of 

Clothing, CRC Press, 2010.

22.14. Ueland M, Howes JM, Forbes SL, and Stuart BH, “Degradation Patterns of 

Natural and Synthetic Textiles on a Soil Surface During Summer and Winter 

Seasons Studied by ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy,” Spectrochimica Acta, Part A, 

2017; 185: 69-76.

22.15. Ueland M, Nizio KD, Forbes SL, and Stuart BH, “The Interactive Effect of the 

Degradation of Cotton Clothing and Decomposition Fluid Production 

Associated with Decaying Remains,” Forensic Science International, October 

2015; 255: 56-63.

22.16. Was-Gubala J, “Textile and Fiber Damage,” Encyclopedia of Forensic 

Sciences. 2nd edition. Saukko PJ and Houck MM, editors. Waltham: Academic 

Press, 2013: 138-142.

22.17. Williams GA, “Forensic Textile Damage Analysis: Recent Advances,” 

Research and Reports in Forensic Medical Science, 2018; 8: 1-8.

23. Section 21.4: Fiber Examination – Additional Techniques--Raman 

Spectroscopy

23.1. Bianchi F, Riboni N, Trolla V, et al., “Differentiation of Aged Fibers by Raman 

Spectroscopy and Multivariate Data Analysis,” Talanta, July 2016; 154: 467-

473.

23.2. Buzzini P and Massonnet G, “The Discrimination of Colored Acrylic, Cotton, 

and Wool Textile Fibers Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy. Part 1: In situ 

Detection and Characterization of Dyes,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

November 2013; 58(6): 1593-1600.

23.3. Buzzini P and Massonnet G, “The Analysis of Colored Acrylic, Cotton, and 

Wool Textile Fibers Using Micro‐Raman Spectroscopy. Part 2: Comparison 

with the Traditional Methods of Fiber Examination,” Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, May 2015; 60(3): 712-720.

23.4. DeWael K and Lepot L, “Forensic Science, Applications of Raman 

spectroscopy to Fiber Analysis,” The Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and 

Spectrometry Volume 1, 3rd edition. Lindon JC, Trantor GE, and Koppenaal 

DW, editors. Waltham: Academic Press, 2017: 712-719.

23.5. Doty KC, Muro CK, Bueno J, Halámková L, and Lednev IK, “What Can 

Raman Spectroscopy Do for Criminalistics?” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, 

January 2016; 47(1): 39-50.
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23.6. Hemmings J, “Raman Spectroscopy of Fibres,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd 

edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 

2018: 289-307.

23.7. Keen I, White G, and Fredericks P, “Characterization of Fibers by Raman 

Microprobe Spectroscopy,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1998; 43(1):82-89.

23.8. Kokot S, Tuan NA, and Rintoul L, “Discrimination of Reactive Dyes on 

Cotton Fabric by Raman Spectroscopy and Chemometrics,” Applied 

Spectroscopy, 1997; 51(3): 387-395.

23.9. Kuptsov A, “Applications of Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy in 

Forensic Science,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1994; 39(2): 305-318.

23.10. Lepot L, DeWael K, Gason F, and Gilbert B, “Application of Raman 

Spectroscopy to Forensic Fibre Cases,” Science & Justice, 2008; 48(3): 109-

117.

23.11. Massonnet G, Buzzini P, and Jochem G, “Evaluation of Raman 

Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Colored Fibers: a Collaborative Study,” 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, September 2005; 50(5):1028-1038.

23.12. Miller JV and Bartick EG, “Forensic Analysis of Single Fibers by Raman 

Spectroscopy,” Applied Spectroscopy, 2001; 55(12):1729-1732.

23.13. Thomas J, Buzzini P, Massonnet G, Reedy B, and Roux C, “Raman 

Spectroscopy and the Forensic Analysis of Black/Grey and Blue Cotton 

Fibers: Part 1. Investigation of the Effects of Varying Laser Wavelength,” 

Forensic Science International, 2005; 152(2-3):189-197.

23.14. Was-Gubala J and Machnowski W, “Application of Raman Spectroscopy for 

Differentiation Among Cotton and Viscose Fibers Dyed with Several Dye 

Classes,” Spectroscopy Letters, August 2014; 47(7): 527-535.

23.15. Was-Gubala J and Starczak R, “Nondestructive Identification of Dye 

Mixtures in Polyester and Cotton Fibers Using Raman Spectroscopy and 

Ultraviolet–Visible (UV-Vis) Microspectrophotometry,” Applied 

Spectroscopy, 2015; 69(2): 296-303.

24. Section 21.5: Fiber Examination - Additional Techniques--Pyrolysis Gas 

Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (PGC and PGC/MS)

24.1. Armitage S, Saywell S, Roux C, Lennard C, and Greenwood P, "The Analysis of 

Forensic Samples Using Laser Micro-Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass 

Spectrometry," Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2001; 46(5):1043-1052.

24.2. Causin V, Marega C, Schiavone S, Della Guardia V, and Marigo A, “Forensic 

Analysis of Acrylic Fibers by Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography/Mass 

Spectrometry,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2006; 75(1): 43-48. 

24.3. Hardin IR, “Investigation of Textiles by Analytical Pyrolysis,” Modern Textile 

Characterization Methods. Mastura R, editor. New York: Marcel Dekker 

Publisher, 1996: 175-206.

24.4. Liang J, Frazier J, Benefield V, Sing Chong N, and Zhang M, “Forensic Fiber 

Analysis by Thermal Desorption/Pyrolysis-Direct Analysis in Real-Time Mass 

Spectrometry,” Analytical Chemistry, 2020; 92(2): 1925-1933.

24.5. Roux C, Morison R, and Maynard P, “Fibre Identification by Pyrolysis 

Techniques,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, 
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and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 311-317.

24.6. Stafford D, “Forensic Capillary Gas Chromatography,” Forensic Science 

Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice 

Hall, 1988: 38-65.

24.7. Takekoshi Y, Sato, S, Kanno S, Kawase S, Kiho T, and Ukai S, “Analysis of 

Wool Fiber by Alkali-catalyzed Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography,” Forensic 

Science International, 1997; 87(2): 85-97.

24.8. Wampler T, Applied Pyrolysis Handbook, 2nd edition. Boca Raton:Taylor & 

Francis, 2007.

25. Section 21.6: Fiber Examination - Additional Techniques--Capillary 

Electrophoresis (CE)

25.1. Dockery CR, Stefan AR, Nieuwland AA, et al., “Automated Extraction of 

Direct, Reactive, and Vat Dyes from Cellulosic Fibers for Forensic Analysis by 

Capillary Electrophoresis,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2009; 394: 

2095–2103.

25.2. Moini M, Klauenberg K, and Ballard M, “Dating Silk by Capillary 

Electrophoresis Mass Spectrometry,” Analytical Chemistry, 2011; 83:7577-

7581.

25.3. Roux C, Morison R, and Maynard P, “Capillary Electrophoresis,” Forensic 

Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, 

editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 331-339.

25.4. Stefan AR, Dockery CR, Baguley BM. et al., “Microextraction, Capillary 

Electrophoresis, and Mass Spectrometry for Forensic Analysis of Azo and 

Methine Basic Dyes from Acrylic Fibers,” Analytical and Bioanalytical 

Chemistry, 2009; 394: 2087–2094.

25.5. Stefan AR, Dockery CR, Nieuwland AA, et al., “Forensic Analysis of 

Anthraquinone, Azo, and Metal Complex Acid Dyes from Nylon Fibers by 

Micro-extraction and Capillary Electrophoresis,” Analytical and Bioanalytical 

Chemistry, 2009; 394: 2077–2085.

26. Section 21.7: Fiber Examination - Additional Techniques--High-Performance 

Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

26.1. Carey A, Rodewijk N, Xu X, and van der Weerd J, “Identification of Dyes on 

Single Textile Fibers by HPLC-DAD-MS,” Analytical Chemistry, 2013; 

85(23): 11335-11343.

26.2. Davila-Jimenez MM, Elizalde-Gonzalez MP, Gutierrez-Gonzalez A, and 

Pelaez-Cid AA, “Electrochemical Treatment of Textile Dyes and Their 

Analysis by High-performance Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array 

Detection,” Journal of Chromatography, 2000; 889(1-2): 253-259.

26.3. Hu C, Zhu J, Mei H, Shi H, Guo H, Zhang G, et al., “A sensitive HPLCMS/MS Method for the Analysis of Fiber Dyes,” Forensic Chemistry, 2018; 

11:1-6.

26.4. Huang M, Yinon J, and Sigman ME, “Forensic Identification of Dyes Extracted 

from Textile Fibers by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS),” 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2004; 49(2): 238-249.
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26.5. Huang M, Russo R, Fookes BG, and Sigman ME, “Analysis of Fiber Dyes by 

Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) with Electrospray 

Ionization: Discriminating Between Dyes with Indistinguishable UV-Visible 

Absorption Spectra,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2005; 50(3): 1-9.

26.6. Kretschmer K and Kelbig W, “Differentiation of Commercial Polyester Fibers 

Using Two Dimensional High-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) 

and Multivariate Pattern Recognition Techniques,” Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, 1992; 37(3):727-737.

26.7. Petrick LM, Wilson TA, and Fawcett WR, “High‐Performance Liquid 

Chromatography–Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy–Electrospray Ionization 

Mass Spectrometry Method for Acrylic and Polyester Forensic Fiber Dye 

Analysis,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, July 2006; 51(4): 771-779.

26.8. Roux C, Morison R, and Maynard P, “High Performance Liquid Chromatography 

(HPLC),” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and 

Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 328-331.

26.9. Schotman TG, Xu X, Rodewijk N, and van der Weerd J, “Application of Dye 

Analysis in Forensic Fibre and Textile Examination: Case Examples,” Forensic 

Science International, 2017; 278: 338-350.

26.10. Yang Y, “Liquid Chromatographic Techniques in Textile Analysis,” Modern 

Textile Characterization Methods. Mastura R, editor. New York: Marcel 

Dekker Publisher, 1996: 207-236.

27. Section 21.8: Fiber Examination - Additional Techniques--Scanning Electron 

Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS)

27.1. Craven, BJ, “Cross-sectional Measurement of Cellulose Acetate Fibers Using 

Scanning Electron Microscopy and Image Analysis,” Microscope, 1993; 

41:115-117.

27.2. Flegler S, Heckman J, and Klomparens K, Scanning and Transmission Electron 

Microscopy: An Introduction. Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 1995.

27.3. Greaves PH and Saville BP, Microscopy of Textile Fibers. Oxford: Bios 

Scientific Publishers, 1995: 51-67.

27.4. Goldstein J, et al., Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, 

4th edition. New York: Springer Verlag, 2018.

27.5. Goynes WR, “A Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Washer-Dryer 

Abrasion in Textile Fibers,” 28th Annual EMSA Meeting, 1971; 346-347.

27.6. Goynes WR, “Surface Characterization of Textiles Using SEM,” Modern Textile 

Characterization Methods. Mastura R, editor. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1996: 

145-174.

27.7. Pelton WR, “Distinguishing the Cause of Textile Fiber Damage Using the 

Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM),” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1995; 

40(5): 874-882.

27.8. Pelton WR and Ukpabi P, “Using the Scanning Electron Microscope to Identify 

the Cause of Fibre Damage, Part II: An Exploratory Study,” Canadian Society of 

Forensic Science, 1995; 28(3): 189-200.

27.9. Robson D, “Fiber Surface Imaging,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 

1994; 34(3): 187-191.
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27.10. Roux C, Morison R, and Maynard P, “Scanning Electron Microscopy and 

Elemental Analysis,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, 

Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 319-328.

27.11. Sano T and Suzuki S, “Basic Forensic Identification of Artificial Leather for Hitand-Run Cases,” Forensic Science International, November 2009; 192(1-3): e27-

e32.

27.12. Ukpabi P and Pelton WR, “Using the Scanning Electron Microscope to Identify 

the Cause of Fibre Damage, Part I: A Review of Related Literature,” Canadian 

Society of Forensic Science, 1995; 28(3): 181-187.

28. Section 21.9: Fiber Examination - Additional Techniques--X-Ray 

Fluorescence (XRF)

28.1. Cartier J, Roux C, and Grieve M, "A Study to Investigate the Feasibility of 

Using X-Ray Fluorescence Microanalysis to Improve Discrimination Between 

Colorless Synthetic Fibers," Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1997; 42(6): 1019-

1026.

28.2. Goldstein J, et al., Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, 

4th edition. New York: Springer Verlag, 2018.

28.3. Janssens KHA, Adams FCV, and Rindby A, editors. Microscopic X-ray 

Fluorescence Analysis. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 2000.

28.4. Koons R, "Comparison of Individual Carpet Fibers Using Energy 

Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence," Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1996; 

41(2): 199-205.

28.5. Meleiro P and García-Ruiz C, “Spectroscopic Techniques for the 

Forensic Analysis of Textile Fibers,” Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 

2016; 51(4): 278-301.

28.6. Nishiwaki Y, Honda S,Yamato T, et al., “Nondestructive Differentiation 

of Polyester Single White Fibers Using Synchrotron Radiation 

Microbeam X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry with Vertical Focusing,” 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2020; 65(5): 1474-1479.

28.7. Roux C, Taudte R, and Lennard C, “X-Ray Fluorescence in Forensic 

Science,” Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry. Myers RA, editor. 

Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2013: 1-16.

28.8. Sano T and Suzuki S, “Basic Forensic Identification of Artificial Leather for Hitand-Run Cases,” Forensic Science International, November 2009; 192(1-3): e27-

e32.

29. Section 22: Interpretation and Report Writing

29.1. Aitken CG, Taroni F, and Bozza S. Statistics and the Evaluation of Evidence 

for Forensic Scientists, 3rd edition. Chichester, England: John Wiley and Sons, 

2021.

29.2. Buzzini P and Curran J, “Interpreting Trace Evidence,” Handbook of Trace 

Evidence Analysis. Desiderio VJ, Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. 

Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 421-454.

29.3. Cook R, Evett IW, Jackson G, Jones P, and Lambert JA, “A Model for Case 
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Assessment and Interpretation,” Science & Justice, 1998; 38(3):151-156.

29.4. Department of Justice Uniform Language for Testimony and Reports for the 

Forensic Textile Fiber Discipline at https://www.justice.gov/olp/uniformlanguage-testimony-and-reports

29.5. Dror lE., “Cognitive and Human Factors in Expert Decision Making: Six 

Fallacies and the Eight Sources of Bias,” Analytical Chemistry, 2020; 92: 7998-

8004.

29.6. Eldredge H, Spellman BA, and Busey T, editors. “Human Factors in Forensic 

Science Practice Sourcebook,” Forensic Science International: Synergy, March 

2022 at https://forensiccoe.org/human_factors_forensic_science_sourcebook/

29.7. Evett IW, Jackson G, Lambert JA, and McCrossan S, “The Impact of the 

Principles of Evidence Interpretation on the Structure and Content of 

Statements,” Science & Justice, 2000; 40: 233-239.

29.8. Gaudette B, “The Forensic Aspects of Textile Fiber Examination,” Forensic 

Science Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 

Prentice-Hall Inc., 1988: 255-261.

29.9. Grieve MC, “A Survey on the Evidential Value of Fibres and on the 

Interpretation of the Findings in Fibre Transfer Cases. Part 1-Fibre 

Frequencies,” Science & Justice, 2000; 40(3): 189-200.

29.10. Grieve MC, “A Survey on the Evidential Value of Fibres and on the 

Interpretation of the Findings in Fibre Transfer Cases. Part 2-Interpretation and 

Reporting,” Science & Justice, 2000; 40(3): 201-209.

29.11. Champod C and Taroni F, “A Probabilistic Approach to the Evaluation of Fibre 

Evidence,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and 

Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 395-422.

29.12. Champod C and Taroni F, “Factors Influencing Interpretation,” Forensic 

Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, 

editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 346-370.

29.13. Houck M, “Statistics and Trace Evidence: the Tyranny of Numbers,” Forensic 

Science Communications, October 1999; 1(3).

29.14. Palmer R, Burnett E, Luff N, Wagner C, et al., “The Prevalence of Two 

‘Commonly’ Encountered Synthetic Target Fibres Within a Large Urban 

Environment,” Science & Justice, March 2015; 55(2): 103-106.

29.15. Koch SL and Nehse K, “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio 

VJ, Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 

368–370.

29.16. Sapir G, “Legal aspects of forensic science,” Forensic Science Handbook, 

Volume I, 2nd edition. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 

Regents/Prentice-Hall Inc., 2002: 1-39.

29.17. Starrs J, “Mountebanks Among Forensic Scientists,” Forensic Science 

Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: PrenticeHall Inc., 1988: 1-37.

29.18. Tontarski RE, “What You See is What You Believe,” Journal of the Forensic 

Science Society, 1991; 31(2): 279-281. 

29.19. Vooijs C, Vergeer P, van der Weerd J, “Towards Source Level Evaluation of 

the Evidential Value of Fibre Examinations,” Forensic Science International, 
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May 2015; 250: 57-67.

30. Section 23: Testimony and Competency

30.1. Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), “Fiber 

Admissibility Package,” 

https://www.asteetrace.org/static/images/pdf/01%20Fiber%20Evidence%20Co

urtroom%20Education%20and%20Admissibility%20Response.ppt

30.2. Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (92-102), 509 U.S. 579 (1993)

30.3. Frye v. United States 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923)

30.4. Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael 526 US 137 (1999)