#### Henrietta Schmidt, plaintiff and respondent, *vs.*Emil Herfurth, defendant and appellant.

1. What is sufficient evidence to go to the jury of the ignorance of the plaintiff of - the nature of a general release under seal, set up in the answer, and of her belief that she was merely signing a receipt for a specified sum, upon a return *pro tanto*of a loan she had made.

2. Even if mere ignorance of, or mistake as to, the contents of an instrument, by a party executing it, however much such ignorance or mistake may be the result of his or her own negligence or willful conduct, and even, although he or she has received a valuable consideration for executing it, be sufficient to invalidate it; the circumstances preceding or attending such execntion must be such as would have induced .a person of ordinary intelligence to infer that it was of the nature supposed, even if some misrepresentation or misconduct of the other party be not also necessary.

3. It would be monstrous to invalidate instruments upon the mere oaths of the parties executing them that they did not know what they contained, or that they believed them to be something else than they really were, without a reasonable or plausible ground for such belief, particularly if they omitted, at the time, to disclose their ignorance, or otherwise left the party benefited by such instrument, unaware of such ignorance or mistake. *Per*Robertson, Ch. J. '

*4.*The testimony of a plaintiff that she supposed an instrument, signed by her, was a mere receipt for one half the amount of a loan, will not be sufficient to warrant the verdict of a jury in opposition to the terms of such instrument itself, unless she had some reasonable grounds for such supposition. It must be presumed that she could not have had such ground, if the facts known to her at the time of signing—there being no fraud or undue influence—were such as to have prevented any person of ordinary intelligence from supposing that such document was merely such receipt.

6. It would be unjust to allow a party to escape the obligation of an instrument executed by her, for which she had received ’ a consideration, by merely swearing to her supposition that it was an instrument of a different kind) *125where such belief was inconsistent with previous occurrences within her own knowledge, contrary to the evidence of her senses, and not encouraged by- any thing said or done at the time of such execution, when, to arrive at it, she must have supposed that the other party was more anxious to pay a demand for which he was not pressed, than one for which he was; that her counsel had drawn an instrument, which she had not directed him to prepare, in place of one that she had; that a mere receipt for money could be three or four pages long, and needed counsel to prepare it with deliberation, and when she knew the length of the paper, so executed by her, was owing fe> that of another paper on which it was based, which she had every reason to believe ” was a general release of all claims, such as that so executed by her.

6. The testimony of neither of two witnesses to the value of a denomination of foreign money, at a certain time, in United States currency, is admissible in evidence as that of experts, where one testified that he was in Europe at that time; that he had bought hills of exchange in that money; that he could not tell precisely its value then in American currency, but that it depended on the value of gold, which he only knew from reading American newspapers abroad; and the other stated that he was a soldier in the United" States army at that time, but was a broker at the time of the trial, and did not state any means of knowledge of such value.

7. In an action to recover the value of money lent, it is not erroneous to ask the plaintiff, when examined as a witness in her own behalf, if she is the wife of the defendant. For, if so, she cannot be sworn as a witness- against him; and the defendant does not waive the objection to the plaintiff’s competency • by allowing her to be examined in chief,

8. A plaintiff's statement, in her complaint in a former action, of her marriage to the defendant, in a subsequent suit, is proper evidence to show her incompetency as a witness in the latter suit.

(Before Robebtson, Oh. J. and Babboub and Monelb, JJ.)

Heard April 13, 1867;

decided May —, 1867.

This was an action brought to recover the value of certain Prussian thalers, claimed in the complaint to have been lent by the plaintiff on the 7th of July, 1863, to the defendant, in the city of New York, and alleged therein to be worth $5250. The-answer denied every allegation in the' complaint, and set up, as a defense, a general release, under seal, executed by the plaintiff to the defendant, of" which a copy was annexed.

The issues of fact therein were tried before Justice Bar- . bour and a jury, in November, 1866. On the trial the plaintiff, being examined as a witness on her own behalf, testified that she had two names, (Schmidt and Herfurth.) *126That she arrived in this country on the 24th of June, 1863, and on the following- 7th of July lent the defendant one hundred Prussian treasury notes for fifty thalers each, of which he returned 2500 thalers on the 7th of March, 1864. Nobody else was present at the loan, and no receipt or voucher was taken therefor. She demanded back the sum lent in March, April and May, 1864.

The plaintiff’s signature to an instrument in the German language was proved, of which a translation- was annexed, to the answer, and is as follows:

*“*All whom it may concern, know by these presents, that I, the undersigned, Henrietta Schmidt, of the city of New York, have received of Emil Herfurth, of the same place, the sum of two thousand five hundred dollar’s, money of the United States, by cash, at the date hereof; and hereby expressly and formally acknowledge the receipt of said sum, and release him from the payment of the same.

Further, I declare for myself, my heirs, executors, and administrators, that, in consideration of the said sum of two thousand five hundred dollars, I have formally, irrevocably, and forever, released and discharged, and hereby do release and discharge formally, irrevocably, and forever, the said Emil Herfurth, his heirs, executors and administrators, of and from all obligations, agreements, contracts, covenants, and promises of every kind concerning any act or object, or originating from any cause whatsoever, and which he may have incurred to me.

And I therefore renounce, irrevocably, formally, and forever, for myself as well as my heirs, my executors and administrators, all rights, demands and claims which I had, have, or may have against said Emil Herfurth, and which arose or originated, or may have arisen or originated out of any agreement, act, promise, or affair or relation existing between me and said Emil Herfurth, and all the causes of ' action and consequences resulting therefrom, from the beginning of the world to the present day.

I further renounce the fulfillment of any promise which *127was ever made by the said Emil Herfurth, to enter with me into marital relations, and hereby expressly renounce it in all due form, and bind myself never to commence any suit for that purpose against the said Emil Herfurth, or to appear against him as plaintiff in any court of justice or tribunal, in any country or state, by reason of any relation that may have existed between me and him, or to make any one else appear for me.

I hereby further declare, expressly, that the foregoing document is an absolute and final answer, and full and final bar against all suits against the said Emil Herfurth, and it shall be so considered by every court, court of justice and tribunal.

In witness whereof, I have subscribed this document with my own hand, and affixed a seal to it, on the 7th day of March, 1864.

Henrietta Schmidt, [seal.] Signed, sealed and delivered in the presence of

J. P. Legare.”

This instrument was in the hand writing of a former counsel for the plaintiff, (S. Hirsch, Esq.) and the signature and death of the subscribing witness to it, (Legare,) were proved.

The plaintiff called on such counsel, (Hirsch,) on the Saturday (March 5) before the day on which such instrument was signed, (Monday, March 7, 1864.) She was introduced to him by a friend, to whom she had told her trouble, to wit, that the defendant was about to leave her. She was then seven months advanced in pregnancy, and living with the defendant. Such counsel called on the defendant, in consequence of such application of the plaintiff, and stated to him the-object of the claim, on her part, as being a breach of promise of marriage. He went, in company with the plaintiff, to the defendant’s office, and there quitted her, in order to. speak to him. After some con*128versation between the two, she approached, and her counsel communicated to her a proposition which the defendant had made, to pay her $2500 in satisfaction of this breach of promise claim. Some question then arose as to the ¿ustody of the child with which the plaintiff was then supposed to be pregnant, and she claimed it under all circumstances. Finally the defendant expressed his willingness that she should have it until the child was seven years old. A paper, previously drawn by the defendant’s counsel, (Mr. Stemler,) in English, was then handed to the plaintiff’s „ counsel, and he was requested, by both parties, to draw it in German. He also drew up a paper in German, which the defendant signed at his store, and it was given to the plaintiff, either on that Saturday or on the following Monday, when the release was executed. Her counsel read it to her, (as he thought.)' The following is a translation of it.

“I, the undersigned, Emil Herfurth, of the-city of New York, in consideration of a general release, executed this day to me by Henrietta Schmidt, and in consideration of the sum of one dollar, duly paid to me by said Henrietta Schmidt, the receipt whereof is hereby acknowledged, hereby agree to maintain and take care of the child with which the said Henrietta Schmidt is now pregnant, if the same shall be born alive, and live until it has reached the age of seven years.

Done at said city of New York, and confirmed by my signature and seal, this 7th day of March, 1864.

Emil Hereurth. [l. s.] ,

Witness: P. J. Legare.”

At such interview no other claim was mentioned as existing between the parties, except the breach of promise and the child..' Hothing was said about any remaining 2500 thalers. The plaintiff’s counsel drew the release ‘ ultimately executed, partly from the paper prepared by the defendant’s counsel, and partly from instructions given by both parties in each other’s presence, according to what he *129understood to be' their understanding, and he was paid for drawing it by the plaintiff’.

The plaintiff testified that she took such agreement as to the child, merely because it was given to her, but did not know its contents, or for what it was given, and never read it, because she was continually sick. The evening before the release was executed, the defendant told her to sign the paper the next day and he would give her one half of the 5000 thalers, and two months after, he would give her the other half, and that such paper was a mere receipt for the money. The evening previous to that (being Saturday) he had taken her to his counsel (Mr. Stemler) and wanted her to sign the paper drawn by the latter, which she had refused. She believed what the defendant told her, that the release signed by her “ contained ” a receipt for 2500 thalers of the money she had given him. She only saw the upper half of the last page of .such release, when she signed it, but no time was given her to see what was in it. Her counsel said he was in a great hurry'to go to court; told her to sign it, it was all good, and the defendant would advise her of the contents. The defendant had often asked her before, if she was satisfied that he should separate himself from her, if he gave her back that money. He said nothing in presence of her counsel. The plaintiff asked her counsel to read such release to her, but he said it was too long; the defendant had brought him a paper which was very long, and he had not time, and the defendant would advise her of it. Ho one told her what the paper contained. The defendant had told the plaintiff that he would treat her badly if she did not sign that paper; that he would leave her and cheat her; that he would maltreat her, until she signed it. She signed it to prevent the plaintiff from leaving her. He tormented her day and night, and she was in a very distracted state, and did not know what she was doing.

The defendant testified that he read to the plaintiff, the day before she signed the release, the paper drawn by his *130counsel (Stemler) for him, before he gave it to her counsel, (Hirsch,) which was not contradicted.

The defendant ceased to live with the plaintiff after the execution of the two before mentioned instruments, but not quite two months afterward returned to live with her again. She then asked him where the paper was, which she had signed. He said he had burned it; that it was a scandal to cany with him. After that, she asked him for the other 2500 thalers, and he said he had no money, and could not give her any. There was no evidence that he subsequently promised to pay any thing. This action was begun in July, 1865.

The parties had known each other about twelve years, the acquaintance having commenced in Germany. The defendant came to this country in January, 1863, the plain- • tiff accompanying him part of the way in a railway carriage from Leipsic to Magdeburg. She. was then a widow. She arrived in this country on the 24th of June, 1863. Before July following, she called on the defendant at his place of business, became his mistress shortly after, and continued so until March, 1864, when the release in question was executed, and the parties separated.

The learned judge, before whom the cause was tried, instructed the jury to disregard the release as applicable to any portion of the claim, if they found that “ it was signed by the plaintiff without knowing what it was, and under the supposition that she was receipting for 2500 thalers upon'a return *pro tanto*of the loan she had made; that she supposed she was simply signing a receipt for the money.” He also informed them that the plaintiff had said “ she frequently requested the defendant to pay the remaining 2500 thalers of the loan, in March, April and May, and he promised to pay it, * * after the execution of the release. If they believed her, it would, “ probably, satisfy them that neither of the parties considered the release as embracing the lent money.”

Various exceptions were taken on behalf of the defendant, *131to the admission and exclusion of evidence. Under such exceptions the following questions to the plaintiff were excluded:

Did you commence a suit against the defendant in January, 1865, for breach of promise of marriage? Did you commence a suit in January, 1865, for 2500 thalers ? Did you commence a suit in July, 1865, for 5250 thalers ? Are you the wife of the defendant ?

Under such exceptions, the following questions were admitted :

Did you visit the plaintiff in her bed-room ? Did you live with her in Broome street ?

Under like exception a complaint in an action in which the plaintiff swore she was married to the defendant, and the complaint in the present action, after the counsel for the defendant had begun to sum up, were excluded.

Two witnesses gave evidence, under like exception, of the value of a Prussian thaler in July, 1863, in United States currency, (Stalknecht and Ternow.) The first testified that he was in Europe at that time; that he had bought bills of exchange in Prussian thalers, but couldn’t tell precisely their value in July, 1863, in American currency; it depended on the value of gold; and he testified to the value of gold from knowledge of it obtained by reading American newspapers abroad. The other (Ternow) testified he was a soldier in the United States army in July, 1863, but was a broker at the time of the trial. But he also was permitted to testify as to such value under like exception.

No evidence was given of the value of the Prussian thaler in March, 1864. .

The j ary found a verdict for the plaintiff for nearly §3000 (§2966.99.)

A motion was made for a new trial founded on the judge’s minutes, and such new trial was denied. An appeal was taken from the order denying such new trial, as well as from the judgment, a case containing exceptions having been made.

Both appeals were heard together. •

*132
      *M. V. B. Wilcoxson,*for the appellant.

I. The proof of the alleged loan rested entirely on the uncorroborated statement of the plaintiff herself, absolutely denied by the defendant. The only safe rule of evidence, applicable to such a case, is to consider the claim unproven. It is a rule, well recognized, that the unsupported testimony of any person, on his own behalf, cannot be safely acted on. *(Grant*v. *Grant,*11 *Jurist, N. S.*787. 34 *Law Jour. Chanc.*641.)

II. The same observation is proper in relation to the release. It was a full release, fairly proven, and no evidence whatever was introduced to invalidate it, except the uncorroborated assertion of the plaintiff that the contents of it were.misrepresented to her, although, in this respect, she was contradicted by the evidence of her own lawyer, (Mr. Hirsch.) '

TTT. Hot only was the plaintiff’s claim created by the naked verbal assertion of it, by her testifying in her own behalf, despite the denial of it by the defendant, but an instrument, solemnly signed and sealed by the plaintiff, under the supervision of her own lawyer, was peremptorily set aside, upon the mere assertion of the plaintiff, again testifying in her own behalf, that it was not what she intended to sign.

IV". The defendant, under the circumstances of this case, resting, as it did, on the plaintiff’s testimony alone, given in her own behalf, was entitled to a wide latitude in her .cross-examination. It was eminently a case for the exercise of the liberal discretion of the court, in that respect, to the fullest "extent. But, at the very outset of the cross-examination, the defendant was rigidly restricted. 1. The plaintiff, at the time of her cross-examination, had pending against the defendant six suits, in which she had sworn to complaints, the statements in which were totally inconsistent with each other. In one of them she claimed to be his wife, and that he had converted $5000 of her money to his own use. In another she claimed damages *133for a breach of promise of marriage. In one she claimed that the defendant owed her 2500 German thalers. In another that he owed her $5250, while in this suit she claimed he owed her 5000 Prussian thalers. If liberty of cross-examination had been allowed, so as to elicit from the plaintiff all these facts, which was prohibited, the plaintiff" would have involved herself in such inconsistent and conflicting statements, as to her relations with the defendant, and as to the moneys she claimed to have loaned him, that the jury could not, however much they might' have sympathized with her, have refused to discredit her testimony. *(La Beau*v. *The*People, 34 *N. Y.*Rep. 234.) 2. Even if all the questions mentioned had been, as they were not, strictly speaking, irrelevant to the issue, and therefore resting, as to their admission or rejection, in the discretion of the judge who presided over the trial of the cause, and nothing but a plain abuse of that discretion were the subject of review here, a careful scrutiny of the whole case will show that the learned judge’s discretion was exercised against us.

V. The excluded questions mentioned were strictly relevant to the issue. It was relevant to the issue raised, to be decided solely upon the contradictory testimony of the two parties to the suit, to prove, out of the mouth of one of the parties, on cross-examination, that at the same time, as Henrietta Schmidt, she claimed a loan to the defendant, she claimed, as Henrietta Herfui’th, marriage with the defendant, and the rights of alimony; that, at the same time she was claiming, in one breath, that her loan to him was 5000 thalers, in another that it was $2500, and in a third that it was $5250. It may be said that these claims were all consistent with each other; but our ground of complaint is, that we are not allowed the opportunity to prove, out" of the plaintiff’s own mouth, on cross-examination, if we could, that they were not consistent with each other, and that her testimony was, consequently, wholly unreliable.

*134■ VI. The various questions, as to marital suits, and as to an alleged marriage, would, if admitted and answered in the affirmative, have shown that the plaintiff had no right to bring the suit under the name of Henrietta Schmidt, or to testify in her own behalf in a cause against her own alleged husband. It would have been proper, and according to the rule and practice of the courts, to have allowed this evidence to come out on cross-examination of the plaintiff herself. She was bound not to be surprised by any evidence that she gave herself, in making out her own case, or which was elicited from her on cross-examination, and the court below erred in the rejection of these inquiries.

VH. We were aggrieved and injured with the jury, by the charge of the learned judge, as to matters of fact, where are to be found observations not sustained or warranted by, but contradictory to, the evidence in the case.

VIII. The exclusion of the question, whether the plaintiff went before an officer, to acknowledge the release, the same day, was clear error, and very injurious to us. One of the issues in the case was as to the validity of that paper. The plaintiff’ asserted she had been deceived into signing and executing it. The original instrument shows that the same day she executed it, she also went before Mr. Talmadge, (late clerk of the Court of Appeals,) and solemnly acknowledged' it to he -her free act and deed. Our inquiry was addressed in order to show, by her own testimony, that she had done so, and that she knew what she was doing. We should have had a variety of questions to put to her on this point, which might have shown, conclusively, that she did know what she had done when she signed it; but the court checked us at the very threshold of the most important inquiries -in the case, whether the plaintiff had not done such acts -in such a manner, and under such circumstances, in relation to the release after she signed it, as would convince the jury that her statement that she did not know what the paper was when she signed it, was a falsehood.

*135IX. The defendant was allowed to prove, under our exceptions, the value of the thaler in currency, which is contrary to the decisions which give only its gold value in a case like this, in a suit brought here. *(Swanson*v. *Cooke,*45 *Barb.*574.)

*F. F. Rail,*for the respondent.

I. The questions put to the plaintiff, on cross-examination, as to the commencement of a divorce suit by her against the defendant, on May 22, 1861, as to whether she was his wife, and as to whether she had sworn, under oath, in a suit in the Supreme Court, that she was married to him in Magdeburg, were properly overruled.

1. If the defendant intended to .avail himself of the coverture as a defense to the action, he should have set it up in the" answer. Having omitted to do so, all inquiries on this point were irrelevant and immaterial. (Di*laye*v. *Parks,*31 *Barb.*132.)

2. If it was the object of the defendant’s counsel to exclude the testimony of the plaintiff on the ground of incompetency, he should have insisted upon her examination *voir dire,*and before she had been examined in chief. *(Seeley*v. *Engell,*3 *Kern.*542.)

H. The question put to the plaintiff, on her cross-examination, whether she had not sworn before the magistrate, at the tombs, in an abandonment case, that she brought all her money over from Germany in gold and greenbacks, was obviously for the purpose of laying a foundation for impeachment, by proof of inconsistent' declarations, she having sworn, on her direct examination, as to the 5000 thalers in Prussian treasury notes loaned to the defendant, that she got them in Leipzig. What she had sworn to before the magistrate must have been in writing, and subscribed by her. This the law requires, and this is the uniform practice. The question was,' therefore, properly excluded. *(Newcomb*v. *Griswold,*24 *N. Y. Rep.*301. *Bellinger*v. *The People,*8 *Wend.*599. 1 *Grreenl. Ev.*§§ 463, 465.) If *136the question were improperly excluded, the error was cured by the offer subsequently made to the defendant’s counsel to allow him to put the question. *[Stephens*v. *The People,*4 *Park. C.*R. 396.)

IH. As to many of the exceptions to the rejection of _ testimony reviewed in the foregoing points, and as to all of those not thus far reviewed, it is impossible to see what the object was in putting the questions rejected, except to divert the attention of the jury from the real merits of the case. At all events, the nature of the questions themselves was not such as to enable any one, “ without explanation,” to see their relevancy. *[Opinion of Denio, Ch. J. Chapman*v. *Brooks,*31 N. *Y. Rep.*88. *Fairchild*v. *Case,*24 *Wend.*383. *Daniels*v. *Patterson,*3 *Comst.*47. *Van Amringe*v. *Barnett, 8 Bosw.*357.) The same rule applies, also, to a cross-examination. *[Ogden*v. *Raymond,*5 *id.*16. *Bellows*v. *Sackett,*15 *Barb.*104. *Keeler*v. *Salisbury,*33*N. Y. Rep. 655.)*It is an elementary rule, that the limit of a cross-examination is within the discretion of the judge conducting it. *[Plato*v. *Kelly,*16 *Abb. Pr.*188.)

IV. In the inquiry as to the valué of the Prussian thalers loaned to the defendant, it was proper to take into consideration the premium on gold at the time of the loan, because this was an essential element in the calculation of the value of the thalers in the currency of the United States. Consequently, the' testimony at folios 20, 23 and 64, 65, was admissible, and the objection of the defendant’s counsel to any evidence as to the value of gold in currency, was properly overruled. *[Councer*v. *The Steam Tug Griffin, Am. Law Reg. N. S. vol. 5, p. 45.) ■*At all events the error, if such there were, could not have worked, any prejudice to the defendant, as the value was afterward proved, by the competent evidence of the broker Ternow, without objection. *[Castree*v. *Gavelle,*4 *E D. Smith,*425. *Belmont*v. *Coleman,*1 *Bosw.*188. *Lowery*v. *Steward,*3 *id.*505. *Benedict*v. *Ocean Ins. Co.,*1 *Daly,*9.)

*137By the Court, Robertson, Ch. J.

The principal point arising upon the. appeal from the order denying the motion for a new trial upon the judge’s minutes, is whether there was enough ¿vidence to go to the jury upon the question whether the plaintiff signed the release set up in the answer, “ without knowing what it was, under the supposition that she was receipting for_2500 thalers, upon a return *pro tanto*of the loan she had made; that she signed it *supposing she was simply signing a receipt for that money.”*Which was submitted to the jury, and if answered in the affirmative by them, was declared by such judge to be fatal to the release. There was no other ground on which a verdict could have been found for the plaintiff. Assuming that it is a principle of law, that mere ignorance or mistake as to the contents of an instrument by a party executing it, however much the result of their own negligence or willful conduct, even although they have received a valuable consideration for executing it, is sufficient to invalidate it, without returning such consideration, yet that must at least be qualified by the sufficiency of all the circumstances preceding or attending such execution to induce a person of ordinary intelligence to infer that it was of the nature so supposed, even if no misrepresentation or misconduct of the opposite party be necessary. It would be monstrous to invalidate instruments upon the mere oaths of the parties executing them, that they did not know what they contained, or believed it to be something else than it really was, without a reasonable or plausible ground for such belief, in case they omitted to disclose their ignorance, or otherwise left the party in whose favor they executed such instrument unaware of it. No one, who parted with value on the faith of an executed instrument, would be safe, if that were the rule, without a minute examination and instruction of the party executing, , in the presence of witnesses, to ascertain if he knew the contents of the instrument and their legal effect.

The jury may be considered as having disposed of the question of the loan in controversy by their verdict, what*138ever suspicions might attach to the evidence in favor of it, from the time when the first claim for it, known to any one hut the parties was made, or the circumstances of making it, or the relation of the parties, and the time and mode of repaying one half of it as stated by the plaintiff. The testimony of the plaintiff, that she supposed the paper she sign'ed was a mere receipt for such half of the loan, will not be sufficient to warrant the verdict of the jury, unless she had reasonable ground for such supposition. And it must be presumed that she could not have had such ground, if the facts known to her at the time of such execution, in the absence of any fraud or undue influence, were such as to have prevented any person of ordinary intelligence from supposing that such release was a mere receipt.

The sole ground upon which the plaintiff claims that she supposed such instrument to be a mere receipt was, that the defendant told her the night before, that if she would sign the paper, which was a mere receipt for half of the money she had lent him, he would give it to her, and the other half in two months; and she believed what he told her, that it *contained*a receipt for the 2500 thaler^ out of the money she had given him. This, apart from any other circumstances, would seem quite credible considering the relation of the parties. But those which preceded and accompanied such 1 execution, give a different color to the transaction.

The plaintiff was not illiterate, for she could read and write her native language, in which the release was written. She was disposed not to part with her rights, without fully understanding the mode of doing it, for she had just refused to sign a paper in English, because she could not understand it. She was not without assistance or advice, for her counsel drew the instrument, for which she paid him, and she executed it in his office, and in his presence. She had an opportunity of reading it, if she had chosen, and actually saw, when she signed it, the upper half of the last page as it was folded, which contained a release of all claims. *139Her counsel, it is true, may have declined to read it, for want of time, on account of its length, yet that very length he attributed to that of the instrument brought to him by the defendant, the nature of which was made known to her on the previous interview. But she asked no questions, even as to its general nature, or why the previous arrangement of the breach of promise of marriage claim had fallen through, or why a mere receipt for money was so long.

Such instrument was executed on Monday morning, pursuant to an arrangement made on the previous Saturday afternoon.1 The plaintiff had that day employed counsel to enforce a claim for breach of promise of marriage, in consequence of a *previous*threat of the defendant to leave her. That counsel went the same day with her to the defendant’s office. After some conversation with the defendant, her counsel communicated to her a proposition he had made to pay her 5200 dollars in settlement of such claim. A dispute, which then arose as to the custody of the child, with which she was supposed to be pregnant, was finally arranged by the agreement under seal given in evidence, of the defendant to support such child until seven years old. That agreement was then reduced to writing in German by the plaintiff’s counsel, signed by the defendant, and, either on that occasion or on the following Monday, delivered to the plaintiff. Ho other claim was mentioned on that occasion as existing, except such breach of promise and the custody of the child. Hothing was said of any remaining 2500 thalers. 1 A paper drawn by the defendant’s counsel (Stemler) was then handed to the plaintiff’s counsel by the defendant, which was in English,' and which the plaintiff had refused to sign. The plaintiff not understanding that language, her counsel was requested by both parties to draw the instrument in German, and he drew the release in question, based on such instrument, according to what he understood to be the understanding of both parties, they having given instructions and information to him in each other’s presence in relation thereto.

*140The plaintiff claims to have signed such release, solely because the defendant threatened to leave her ; unless she would agree to receive half the money he had borrowed from her, and give him a receipt for it, and to have received the defendant’s agreement from him, simply because it was given to her, without knowing what was in it. That although she retained it, she never read it, because, she was constantly sick. The defendant at first left her, but returned in two months, proposing to live with her again, and the first question she seems to have asked him was, What he had done with the paper she had signed ? His reply to which, (that he .had burned it,) satisfied her, for they resumed their former relations, and after living with him for some time, (how long does not appear,) she waited until two years after the supposed loan was made, to sue for the part unpaid, and never seems to have sued the defendant for the defined cause of action for damages.

The jury could only have arrived at the conclusion at which they did, upon the facts before them, by assuming first that between the Saturday, when the plaintiff had employed counsel to enforce a claim for damages for breach of promise of marriage, (made apparently in consequence of a threat of the defendant to leave her,) which counsel .had forthwith adjusted the claim, and the following Monday morning, when the arrangement was to be carried out and a release signed, it was discovered that' 2500 United States dollars were just equal to the half of 5000 Prussian thalers, (whether with or without interest does not appear,) and upon the defendant insisting that the plaintiff should take it for such half, and give a receipt therefor, leaving the claim which had been settled undisposed of, the plaintiff (moved by a similar threat to that which induced her to make such claim,) agreed to take that sum for such part of the loan and give a receipt *therefor;*that she allowed her counsel to remain in entire ignorance of the change of the arrangement, and * signed a paper drawn by him, which she knew was to have been drawn pursuant to the previous understanding, with*141out asking any thing about it, although she had every reason to believe it was so drawn.

The release, as -drawn, (which included a discharge of all claims,), corresponded, as appears by uncontradicted testimony, with the understanding of the parties, and accorded with the instructions given on .the previous Saturday afternodn. The defendant had a right, therefore, to expect a release of that nature to be drawn for the sum he was to pay. The plaintiff must have known that a receipt for any particular claim was embraced therein.' The defendant had no motive, therefore, to use any threats to induce the plaintiff to accept the sum agreed upon, for one account more than another; or to persuade her that the instrument to be signed wouldmerely acknowledge the receipt of the money. On the other hand it is difficult to imagine, why the plaintiff should have exhibited so much reluctance, to give a receipt for the money as payment of part of a loan, instead of signing a release of all claims, or, (unless the settlement was a very good one,) to take the money on account of the loan, instead of the claim for damages, as to require a new threat of abandonment by the defendant to overcome it. And it is still stranger that, having employed counsel to take care of her interests, who negotiated the settlement and was employed in drawing'an instrument to carry it out, she wholly omitted to consult him as to the propriety of the change, or ask him any question as to the nature and effect of the instrument she signed, or to pursue the original claim. There' was certainly nothing done by her in his presence to induce such counsel to believe that the settlement was not in accordance with the previous arrangement, and that the instrument signed was intended to be a discharge of the claim for damages as well as all other claims. Indeed no other claim but that was ever disclosed to him by her. He had no reason to doubt her confidence in him, yet if any thing had passed favoring the idea that the paper signed was to be a receipt only, it must have awakened his suspicions. Her last instructions, on Saturday afternoon, had been to draw *142a general release, and on Monday morning, although she supposed what he had drawn was a receipt for part of a loan, which had never been spoken of between them, she did not ask him how he knew any thing about the loan, or. came to draw a mere receipt, or whether the paper she signed was such. He was thus left in the dark as to any .change in the arrangement.

It is very plain that if the understanding of the parties, as fixed on the Saturday afternoon, had been carried put and the release was drawn by the plaintiff’s counsel according to such instructions, and the plaintiff had done what was agreed upon, the present cause of action would have been taken away. In good faith she was bound to carry out that agreement whatever the defendant did. She has actually carried it out by signing the release. If allowed to stand, it will accomplish the first agreement of the parties, and in equity it ought to be enforced. Should her bare recollection of her impression as to the nature of the paper, although inconsistent with circumstances known to her, and contrary to all probability, and standing alone, be permitted to invalidate it ?

It is a circumstance somewhat worthy of note if the payment was to be of a loan, that the money paid was United States currency, and the money lent Prussian. ' The complaint alleges that the money lent was worth $5250. A witness on the trial testified that a Prussian thaler was always worth seventy-one cents in gold, which would make the sum lent only $3750 in gold. To raise its value to $5000 would require a premium on gold of nearly forty-one per cent, and to raise it to $5250, one of nearly forty-eight per cent. One witness, who obtained his knowledge of their value only by American newspapers seen in Europe, made the highest value in July, 1863, the date of the loan, ninety-eight cents. Another, who was then a soldier in the United States army, fixed it at a dollar, although it does not appear from whence he derived his information. It is not strange that a sum ($2500) should be taken in satis*143faction of a claim of damages for breach of promise of marriage,.but it is a little extraordinary, in the absence of any explanatory evidence, that just that sum should be given and received to pay half of a debt of 5000 Prussian thalers, whose value was indefinite, without any discussion, particularly as it does not appear that any thing was said about the interest.

The plaintiff knew, then, when signing the release that the only instructions "she had given her counsel were to draw such a paper, and that he had had no instructions from her intermediately. That the' paper signed by the defendant related to the custody of her unborn child, and was part of the original settlement. She saw that the paper signed by her occupied more than a page, and was long enough to be folded. She was informed by her counsel that it was too long to read, and was rendered so by the paper drawn by the defendant’s counsel, which she had refused to sign, and which was handed to him in her presence, to be re-written in German, and she understood it to relate to the claim for damages previously compromised; Without any inquiry as to the nature of the paper, merely because the defendant had told her it would be a receipt, and threatened anew to leave her if she didn’t sign it, she assumed that it was nothing but a receipt. No one of ordinary intelligence, exercising ordinary caution, under the circumstances under which such paper was prepared, and without further information, could or would have believed that a mere receipt had been drawn and was the paper signed, when it had only been spoken of the evening before between the parties, in the absence of counsel. Her subsequent conduct belies such belief. The first question she seems to have put to the defendant, after carrying out his threat and living apart for two months, upon his proposal to return, was, *What he had done with the paper she had signed ?*It would have been a matter of no consequence if it had been only a receipt. He seems to have understood the object of the°question, and answered *he had burned it;*
      *144
      *it was a scandal to carry about.*She could not have understood him to refer to a mere receipt for money lent; hut she immediately resumed her former relation. It is also remarkable that before the release was produced, and on the trial the plaiptiff testified, that she had demanded from the defendant *the whole*of the loan, in April and May, 1864, which was after the release-was signed, as well as in March, when it was signed, and when the defendant, as she testified afterwards, was endeavoring to induce her to take, and give a receipt for, one half, even threatening to leave her if she didn’t, while" after the release was produced she testified that during their renewed cohabitation, which begun two months after it was signed, she only asked for one half.

A belief of the plaintiff that such release, when she signed it, was a mere receipt, was clearly inconsistent with what had previously occurred within her knowledge; contrary to the evidence of her senses; and in the absence of any thing done on the part of her counsel to encourage it, wholly unaccountable. She must, in order .to believe so, have supposed that the defendant was anxious to pay a debt for which he was not pressed, instead of a demand for which he was; that her counsel had neglected his duty by drawing an instrument which she had not instructed him to prepare, in place of one which she had, and that, too, without any directions from her; that an instrument three or four pages long was a mere receipt; that it needed counsel to prepare it; and although she knew its length was due to a paper which she had reason to believe was a release of all claims, she continued to believe it was only a receipt. Such a belief was too irrational to have been submitted to the jury, as a ground of invalidating the release. It would be subversive of every principle of justice to allow á party who had signed an instrument, and received the consideration for signing it, to avoid it by swearing to her mere supposition of its nature as being different from what it really was, in the face of every proof to the contrary. The *145motion for a new trial, upon the ground of the verdict being without evidence, I think, should have been granted. This, however, might subject the defendant to the costs of the former trial; and it becomes, therefore, necessary to examine whether any of the exceptions on the trial, to the admission or rejection of evidence, were well taken.

In the first place, if the value of a Prussian thaler was of any consequence in the case, it is very evident that neither of the witnesses offered for the purpose showed himself possessed of the proper knowledge of the value in New York at the time of the supposed loan, in .July, 1863, to enable him to testify. One was in Europe and the other in the United States army. The former (Stalknecht) acknowledged himself unable to testify precisely as to such value, and based his calculations upon the value of gold as reported in newspapers which he read in Europe. I am not aware of any rule making newspaper reports of value, evidence. The other witness (Ternow) did not explain how he was able to ascertain the value of a thaler in New York, while serving in the army elsewhere. Indeed he did not state his means of knowledge at all. Neither of those witnesses were experts, and the admission of the questions put to them was erroneous.

The questions also put to the plaintiff, whether she commenced certain suits against the defendant in the year 1865, were relevant. It did not appear on the trial when she discovered the paper she signed to be something more than a receipt, but it appeared that she ascertained, as she supposed, that the defendant had burned it, two months after she executed it. She had employed counsel to draw it, as a release of a claim for damages for breach of promise of marriage, which she employed him to press. If, therefore, she brought an action for that cause in January, 1865, and not until then, it would go to show that until she had reason to believe the release was destroyed, she made no claim, and therefore must have thought such release a good bar to it. The action for 2500 thalers would also go to show that *146no claim was made until it was commenced for the residue of the loan, and then that for $5250, which was the present action, would tend to show the staleness and want of good faith of the claim.

The questions as to the marriage of the parties were also improperly excluded. Whether a wife can sue her husband in a common law action, for moneys lent, is not yet settled. She cannot, however, be a witness against him, and the defendant had not waived the objection against the plaintiff’s competency by allowing her to be examined in chief. *(Seeley*v. *Engell,*13 *N. Y. Rep.*546.) Her statement also in a complaint in an action, of her marriage, was likewise proper evidence to show her in competency.

I cannot perceive that the widest liberty of cross-examination could make the questions as to the illicit relations between the parties, put to the defendant on his cross-examination, relevant to any fact in issue, or lead to any discovery material to the merits. They did not tend to prove the loan of the money in controversy, and were as fatal to the moral character of the plaintiff as to that of the defendant, if that was to affect their credibility. They may have possibly awakened some sympathy on the part of the jury to control their judgment, but were otherwise immaterial.

For such erroneous admission and exclusion of testimony, the judgment should be reversed, and a new trial had, with ■costs to abide the event.