SLIP OP. 07–162

UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

BEFORE: GREGORY W. CARMAN, JUDGE

Court No. 06‐00426

[Defendant’s motion for judgment upon the agency record is GRANTED; and Plaintiff’s

case is dismissed.  Judgment for Defendant.]

Steven D. Schwinn, Attorney, The John Marshall Law School, and Maria Caldera,

Student Attorney, University of Maryland School of Law, for Plaintiff.

Peter D. Keisler, Assistant Attorney General; Jeanne E. Davidson, Director; Patricia M.

McCarthy, Assistant Director; Delisa M. Sánchez, Trial Attorney, Civil Division,

Commercial Litigation Branch, U.S. Department of Justice, for Defendant.

Jeffrey Kahn, of Counsel, Office of the General Counsel, U.S. Department of

Agriculture, International Affairs & Commodity Programs Division, for Defendant.

OPINION

Date: November 6, 2007

CARMAN, JUDGE:  This matter is before the court on a motion for judgment upon the

agency record.  Defendant, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (“USDA” or

“Defendant”), moves pursuant to USCIT R. 56.1 to request that this Court affirm the

agency decision by the USDA, which denied Plaintiff trade adjustment assistance

Whitney Brothers, Inc.,

Plaintiff,

v.

United States Secretary of Agriculture,

Defendant.
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 2

1

Plaintiff attached to its response brief an affidavit that was not part of the

administrative record (“AR”).  (Plaintiff’s Mem. of P. & A. of Law in Opp’n to Def.’s

Mot. for J. on the Agency R. (“Pl. Resp. Br.”), App. B, affidavit of Phil Whitney, Pres.,

Whitney Brothers)  As this Court did not find that the record was incomplete, the

affidavit’s contents were not considered.  See Ammex, Inc. v. United States, 23 CIT 549,

555, 62 F. Supp. 2d 1148, 1156 (1999) (“relevant materials that were neither directly nor

indirectly considered by agency decision makers should not be included”) (emphasis

omitted); see also Saha Thai Steel Pipe Co. v. United States, 11 CIT 257, 259, 261, 661 F.

Supp. 1198, 1201, 1202 (1987) (A court will only consider matters outside of the

administrative record when there has been a “strong showing of bad faith or improper

behavior on the part of the officials who made the determination” or when a party

demonstrates that there is a “reasonable basis to believe the administrative record is

incomplete.”) (emphasis in original).

(“TAA”) benefits.  Plaintiff, Whitney Brothers, Inc. (“Whitney Brothers” or “Plaintiff”),

argues in opposition that Defendant’s agency determination was not supported by

substantial evidence and otherwise failed to adequately explain its reasoning.  Plaintiff

requests that this Court deny Defendant’s motion and remand the matter to the USDA

with special instructions to reconsider its application for TAA benefits.  After

considering all the briefs and other papers1 filed in this matter and for the reasons that

follow, this Court holds that the USDA’s findings of fact with regard to this matter are

supported by substantial evidence on the record and that the USDA’s legal conclusions

are not arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with

law.  Accordingly, the USDA’s motion is granted and its administrative determination

is affirmed.
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 3

2

The Concord grape is a robust grape cultivated from ancestral native species—a

derivative of a wild Vitis labrusca grape that could withstand the harsh New England

weather.  Concord grapes were first developed near Concord, Massachusetts by

Ephraim Wales Bull in 1849.  This grape variety is widely produced domestically in the

cooler climates of the northern United States, with Washington State producing the

largest quantity of Concord grapes.  Grape juice, jams, jellies and wine can be made

from Concord grapes.  See www.concordgrape.org (last visited Oct. 29, 2007);

www.uga.edu/fruit/grape.html (last visited Oct. 29, 2007). 

FACTUAL BACKGROUND & PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On February 21, 2006, the National Grape Cooperative Association, representing

Concord juice grape producers from the State of Washington, petitioned the Foreign

Agricultural Service of the USDA for TAA certification.  Trade Adjustment Assistance for

Farmers, 71 Fed. Reg. 15,691 (Dep’t Agric. Mar. 29, 2006) (notice) [hereinafter “TAA:

Concord Grapes”].  The FAS approved the petition, effective March 15, 2006, following an

investigation that determined that “increased imports of grape juice, non‐concentrated

(frozen and not frozen) contributed importantly to a decline in producer prices of

Concord juice grapes in Washington by 36 percent during August 2004 through July

2005, when compared with the previous 5‐year average.”  Id.  Under the TAA program,

following petition certification by the USDA, qualified Concord grape producers

became eligible to apply for TAA cash benefits.  

Whitney Brothers is a family‐operated grape farm, located in Prosser,

Washington, which grows Concord grapes.2

  (Pl. Resp. Br. 1.)  As a result of the

approved certification, Plaintiff was eligible to apply for TAA benefits.  The application
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 4

filing deadline for Concord grape juice producers seeking TAA benefits for fiscal year

2006 was set for June 26, 2006.  TAA: Concord Grapes, 71 Fed. Reg. at 15,691.  Plaintiff

filed its application with the local branch office of the USDA’s Farm Service Agency on

May 24, 2006 for TAA cash benefits concerning crop year 2004.  (Administrative Record

(“AR”) at 1.)  Along with its application, Plaintiff also submitted to the USDA part of its

2003 and 2004 tax returns (the Schedules F, Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) form 1040)

as well as its USDA forms CCC‐526.  (Confidential (“Conf.”) AR at 2 & 3; Compl., Ex. 3

& 4; AR at 13–22.)  

Thereafter, the USDA notified Plaintiff by letter, dated October 16, 2006 (the

“October 16 Letter”), that its TAA benefits application had been denied.  (AR at 37.)

The letter stated that Whitney Brothers was denied TAA benefits because it (1) failed to

“provide a completed form CCC‐526 by the certification deadline (September 30) to

verify that [its] average adjusted gross income did not exceed program limits” and (2)

“did not provide acceptable documentation of net farm . . . income by the certification

deadline (September 30) to show that [its] net income declined from that reported

during the petition’s pre‐adjustment tax year.”  (Id.)  A subsequent letter from the

USDA, dated November 19, 2006, reiterated the denial of Plaintiff’s application and

informed them that they had sixty days from November 6, 2006 in which to file an

appeal to this Court.  (AR at 39.)  
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 5

3

Plaintiff is ably represented by law student Ms. Maria Caldera of the University

of Maryland School of Law, under the supervision of Professor Steven D. Schwinn, Esq.,

The John Marshall Law School.  See Administrative Order 06‐01, U.S. Court of Int’l

Trade (2006).  This Court notes that Ms. Caldera did admirable work in preparing

Plaintiff’s Reply Brief.

4

“Net farm income” is defined by the USDA as “net farm profit or loss, excluding

payments under this part, reported to the Internal Revenue Service for the tax year that

most closely corresponds with the marketing year under consideration.”  7 C.F.R.

§ 1580.102 (2006).  Plaintiff does not dispute this regulatory definition.  (See Pl. Resp.

Br. 6.)

Plaintiff timely filed a letter complaint, pro se, to the U.S. Court of International

Trade on November 20, 2006.  Pursuant to Administrative Order 06‐01 of this Court,

Plaintiff retained counsel.3

  On March 30, 2007, Defendant moved for judgment on the

agency record requesting that this Court affirm USDA’s denial of Plaintiff’s application

for TAA benefits.  This motion is now before the court.

PARTIES’ CONTENTIONS

I. Defendant’s Contentions

The USDA maintains that it denied the Whitney Brothers’s application for TAA

cash benefits because its “2004 net farm income4 was not less than its 2003 net farm

income” as the TAA statute requires.  (Def.’s Mot. For J. Upon the Agency R. (“Def.’s

Reply Br.”) 7 (emphasis omitted).)  The USDA determined that Plaintiff’s “2003 net farm

loss was $141,252.00 and its 2004 net farm loss was $109,018.  Accordingly, Whitney

Brothers had an increase in net farm income from 2003 to 2004.”  (Id. at 8.)  
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 6

Defendant in its reply brief concedes that Whitney Brothers had indeed provided

a completed form CCC‐526, as evidenced by its presence in the administrative record.

(See Def.’s Reply Br. 11.)  Thus, USDA acknowledges that its October 16 Letter is “not

accurate in this regard.”  (Id.)  Accordingly, this Court will treat the matter as conceded.

II. Plaintiff’s Contentions

Whitney Brothers contends that the USDA’s determination is not supported by

“substantial evidence“ since the agency failed to conduct a “reasonable inquiry” as

required under 19 U.S.C. § 2401e(a)(1) (2000) and it failed to “cogently” explain the

basis for its determination.  (Pl. Resp. Br. 5.)  In essence, Plaintiff argues that the statute

requires that the USDA “determine an applicant’s ‘net farm income[]’ [and] not merely

determine the meaning of ‘net farm income.’” (Id. (emphasis in original; citing Lady Kim

T, Inc. v. U.S. Sec’y of Agriculture, 30 CIT __, __, 469 F. Supp. 2d 1262, 1266 (2006)).)

Plaintiff goes on to assert that the USDA merely compared the “net farm income” lines

from Plaintiff’s 2003 and 2004 tax returns (lines 36, Schedules F, IRS forms 1040) and

conducted no further inquiry—a determination that is “per se invalid.”  (Id. at 8–11.)

The USDA, Plaintiff argues, had “an obligation” to conduct a “reasonable inquiry”—it

“must determine an applicant’s ‘net farm income’ based on the ‘record as a whole,’

including the various factors that went into calculating the applicant’s net income as

reported” to the IRS.  (Id. at 8 (citations omitted).)  Whitney Brothers insist that the
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 7

USDA failed to consider its “non‐recurring deduction” that formed part of Plaintiff’s

calculation of “net farm income” for 2003:

[H]ad the Department examined the tax forms more closely, it would have

noted that Plaintiff’s net farm income in 2003 was drastically distorted by

a one‐time, non‐recurring deduction in the amount of $82,655 (reflected in

line 34c) for restoring the farm’s irrigation system. . . . In contrast, in 2004,

no similar deduction was taken. . . . Thus, if not for this deduction, which

accounted for 31% of Plaintiff’s gross income, Plaintiff’s net farm loss in

2003 would have been –$58,597, less than Plaintiffs 2004 net farm loss of

–$109,018 . . . [entitling them] to TAA cash benefits.

(Id. at 13–14.)  

In addition, Plaintiff argues that there were “other varying operating expenses”

reported as deductions on its tax returns that “distorted” its net farm income.  (Id. at 14.)

Whitney Brothers assert, for example, that its deductions for hired labor (line 24 of the

1040 tax return) went from $60,117 in 2003 to $49,830 in 2004; gasoline, fuel, and oil

deductions (line 21 of the 1040 tax return) went from $72,088 in 2003 to $36,927 in 2004;

and supplies purchased (line 30 of the 1040 tax return) dropped from $23,472 in 2003 to

$8,270 in 2004.  (Id.)  Consequently, Plaintiff had “fewer expenses to deduct from its tax

return in 2004, thereby creating the appearance that its net farm income increased—or

at least that losses fell—between 2003 and 2004.  (Id.)  As a result of the distorting effect

of the deductions and in light of Whitney Brothers’s “drastic decline of gross income

and operating expenses (deductions) in 2004, [the USDA] should have conducted a

more comprehensive review” of Whitney Brothers’s Schedules F to “understand fully
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 8

5

All further citations to the Trade Act of 1974, as amended by the Trade Act of

2002, are to the relevant provision in Title 19 of the U.S. Code, 2004 Supplement.

6

Under the Administrative Procedures Act, de novo review is applicable only

when (1) “the action is adjudicatory in nature and the agency fact‐finding procedures

are inadequate,” or (2) “issues that were not before the agency are raised in a

proceeding to enforce nonadjudicatory agency action.”  Citizens to Preserve Overton Park,

Inc. v. Volpe, 401 U.S. 402, 415 (1971), rev’d on other grnds., Califano v. Sanders, 430 U.S. 99,

105 (1977).

the circumstances that led to the net figures.”  (Id.)  

JURISDICTION & STANDARD OF REVIEW

This Court has jurisdiction over this action pursuant to section 142 of the Trade

Act of 2002, as amended, 19 U.S.C. § 2395 (Supp. 2004).5

  This Court may affirm, set

aside, or remand the actions of the USDA “in whole or in part.”  19 U.S.C. § 2395(c).  

The court employs a split standard of review, which varies for questions of fact

and for questions of law.  For factual determinations made by the USDA, the court must

accept the findings‐of‐fact as conclusive if they are supported by “substantial

evidence.”6  19 U.S.C. § 2395(b); Cabana v. United States Secʹy of Agric., 30 CIT __, __, 427

F. Supp. 2d 1232, 1233 (2006).  “Substantial evidence is more than a mere scintilla.  It

means such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to

support a conclusion.”  Consol. Edison Co. v. NLRB, 305 U.S. 197, 229 (1938) (citations

omitted); accord Huaiyin Foreign Trade Corp. (30) v. United States, 322 F.3d 1369, 1374

(Fed. Cir. 2003); Wooten v. U.S. Sec’y of Agric., 30 CIT __, __, 441 F. Supp. 2d 1253,
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 9

1255 (2006).  “Courts have found that substantial evidence ‘is something less than the

weight of the evidence, and the possibility of drawing two inconsistent conclusions

from the [same] evidence does not prevent an administrative agency’s finding from

being supported by substantial evidence.’”  Wooten, 30 CIT at __, 441 F. Supp. 2d at 1255

(quoting Consolo v. Fed. Maritime Comm’n, 383 U.S. 607, 620 (1966)).  “As long as the

agency’s methodology and procedures are reasonable means of effectuating the

statutory purpose, and there is substantial evidence in the record supporting the

agency’s conclusions, the court will not impose its own views as to the sufficiency of the

agency’s investigation or question the agency’s methodology.”  Ceramica Regiomontana,

S.A. v. United States, 10 CIT 399, 404‐05, 636 F. Supp. 961, 966 (1986) (citations omitted),

aff’d, 810 F.2d 1137 (Fed. Cir. 1987).

With respect to judicial review of the USDA’s decisions on questions of law,

because the TAA statute is silent in this regard, the court looks to the Administrative

Procedure Act (“APA”).  See 5 U.S.C. § 706 (2000).  The APA provides that agency

determinations shall be held invalid if they are arbitrary, capricious, an abuse of

discretion, or otherwise not in accordance with law.  Id.; Anderson v. U.S. Sec’y of Agric.,

31 CIT __, __, 491 F. Supp. 2d 1305, 1309–10 (2007).  Furthermore, the scope of review of

the agency’s actions is limited to the administrative record.  28 U.S.C. § 2640(e);

Defenders of Wildlife v. Hogarth, 25 CIT 1309, 1315, 177 F. Supp. 2d 1336, 1342–43 (2001).
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 10

7

Notwithstanding that the USDA has revised the relevant section of the Code of

Federal Regulations (“C.F.R.”), this Court refers to the 2006 version of the C.F.R. since it

was in effect at the time Plaintiff completed its application and the USDA rendered its

decision.  See Steen v. United States, 468 F.3d 1357, 1359–60 (Fed. Cir. 2006).  

To be sustained, “the agency must examine the relevant data and articulate a

satisfactory explanation for its action including a rational connection between the facts

found and the choice made.”  Motor Vehicle Mfrs. Ass’n of the U.S., Inc. v. State Farm Mut.

Auto. Ins. Co., 463 U.S. 29, 43 (1983) (quotation & citation omitted).  Thus, if this Court

finds that the USDA did not provide a cogent explanation for its decision, the Court will

set aside that decision.  Id. at 48–49.

DISCUSSION

The essential issue in this case is whether Plaintiff satisfied the requirements of

19 U.S.C. § 2401e(a)(1)(C) and 7 C.F.R. § 1580.301(e)(4) (2006).7  In pertinent part, 19

U.S.C. § 2401e(a)(1)(C) requires that

[t]he producer’s net farm income (as determined by the Secretary) for the most

recent year is less than the producer’s net farm income for the latest year in

which no adjustment assistance was received by the producer under this part.

19 U.S.C. § 2401e(a)(1)(C).  The USDA implements this provision through 7 C.F.R.

§ 1580.301(e)(4), which requires that applicants “[c]ertif[y] that net farm or fishing

income was less than that during the producer’s pre‐adjustment year.”  7 C.F.R. §

1580.301(e)(4).
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 11

8

Defendant in its brief incorrectly cites to 7 C.F.R. § 1580.102(e)(4).

Whitney Brothers filed, along with its TAA application, copies of its 2003 and

2004 Schedules F, IRS form 1040.  (Conf. AR at 2 & 3; Compl., Ex. 3 & 4.)  No other

documents evidencing Whitney Brothers net farm income were submitted, nor were

any additional documents requested.  Based on this submission, the USDA determined

that Plaintiff did not meet the statutory and regulatory income requirements because its

“2004 net farm income was not less than its 2003 net farm income.”  (Def.’s Reply Br.

7–8 (emphasis omitted) (citing 19 U.S.C. § 2401e and 7 C.F.R. § 1580.302(e)(4)8).)  

The letter of denial sent to Plaintiff—the October 16th Letter—cryptically stated

that Plaintiff “did not provide acceptable documentation of net farm or fishing income

by the certification deadline (September 30) to show that [its] net income declined from

that reported during the petition’s pre‐adjustment tax year.”  (AR at 37.)  This statement

seems to imply that Plaintiff’s application was denied based on the absence of financial

documentation, which was, to be sure, an incorrect statement.  (See AR at 2 & 3.)

Alternatively, the statement could also suggest that Plaintiff’s application was denied

based on the quality or insufficiency of its submitted financial documentation, which

showed that its reported net farm income increased from 2003 to 2004.  (See id.)  In

either instance, the October 16th Letter appears to be an opaque form‐letter response

from an inundated agency, burdened by numerous applications.  Notwithstanding the
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 12

possibility that Plaintiff may have been confused by the USDA’s inartfully drafted

letter, as discussed below, the agency’s reasoning may be fairly discerned from the

letter’s contents.  See Bowman Transp., Inc. v. Arkansas‐Best Freight Sys., 419 U.S. 281, 286

(1974) (A court “will uphold [an agency’s] decision of less than ideal clarity if the

agency’s path may reasonably be discerned.”); accord Nucor Corp. v. United States, 414

F.3d 1331, 1339 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (“Where an agency has not made a particular

determination explicitly, the agency’s ruling nonetheless may be sustained as long as

the path of the agency may be reasonably discerned.”) (quotes and citation omitted); see

also Def.’s Reply Br. 11 (“While this particular wording may not provide the ideal

language plaintiff seeks, it is indisputable that the documentation submitted by

Whitney Brothers reflects . . . its net farm income, as reported to the IRS, increased,

rather than decreased . . . .”).  

Plaintiff’s complaint alleged that the USDA’s determination was incorrect

because “if you look at our gross income figure on line 11, of schedule F, form 1040 (1065)

in 2003, we took in $259,231.00 and in fiscal year 2004, we only took in $131,368.00 or a

drop of $127,863.00.”  (Compl. ¶ 3 (emphasis added).)  Congress, however, requires,

inter alia, that in order to qualify for agricultural TAA benefits a producer’s net farm

income—and not its gross income—is the statutory preference for measure of income

that triggers benefits.  See 19 U.S.C. § 2401e(a)(1)(C).  Moreover, the statute expressly
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 13

grants the Secretary of Agriculture the authority to define “net farm income.”  Id. (“The

producer’s net farm income (as determined by the Secretary) . . . .”).  The USDA, in turn,

promulgated regulations that defined “net farm income” as “net farm profit or loss . . .

reported to the [IRS] for the tax year that most closely corresponds with the marketing

year under consideration.”  7 C.F.R. § 1580.102.  This definition has been upheld by the

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit.  See Steen v. United States, 468 F.3d 1357,

1362–63 (Fed. Cir. 2006).  Additionally, Plaintiff does not challenge the USDA’s

definition of net farm income.  (Pl. Resp. Br. 5 & 6.)  Based on the submitted financial

information, the USDA found that Plaintiff’s net farm income in 2003 was a loss of

$141,252 and its 2004 net farm income was a loss of $109,018.  (See Def.’s Br. 8.)  The

Agriculture TAA statute and rules provide that benefits will be provided to farmers

whose “net farm . . . income was less than that during the producer’s pre‐adjustment

year.”  7 C.F.R. § 1580.302(e)(4); 19 U.S.C. § 2401e(a)(1)(C) (“The producer’s net farm

income (as determined by the Secretary) for the most recent year is less than the

producer’s net farm income for the latest year in which no adjustment assistance was

received by the producer under this part.”).  As a result the agency rejected Whitney

Brothers’s application for TAA funds because it could not certify a decrease in reported

income from 2003 (the baseline pre‐adjustment year) to 2004.  (See Conf. AR at 2 & 3; AR

at 37.)  
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 14

The main thrust of Plaintiff’s argument is that in determining its net farm

income, the USDA failed to conduct a “reasonable inquiry” because it “ignored the non‐

recurring deductions that went into the [net farm income] calculation.”  (Pl. Resp. Br.

11.)  Plaintiff reasons that the USDA’s mere scanning of a “single line” of Plaintiff’s tax

returns to ascertain its net farm income, did not satisfy the agency’s obligation to make

a “reasonable inquiry” and is thus “per se invalid.”  (Pl. Resp. Br. 9–11.)  Plaintiff

contends that the USDA is required to go beyond this “single line” comparison of

Plaintiff’s tax returns and must determine its “true” net farm income.  (Pl. Resp. Br. 5, 9,

14, 15.)  As support, Plaintiff cites to several decisions of this court for the proposition

that the USDA “must look beyond a plaintiff’s tax return in determining net income.”

(Pl. Resp. Br. 10 n.5. (citing, e.g., Dus & Derrick, Inc. v. U.S. Sec’y of Agric., 31 CIT __, __,

469 F. Supp. 2d 1326, 1337 (2007); Lady Kim T, Inc., 30 CIT at __, 469 F. Supp. 2d at

1267–68; and Van Trinh v. U.S. Sec’y of Agric., 29 CIT __, __, 395 F. Supp. 2d 1259, 1268

(2005))).  Plaintiff also argues that the only Federal Circuit decision on point, Steen, 468

F.3d at 1363, supports this rule, as well as USDA regulation 7 C.F.R. § 1580.301(e)(6).  (Id

at 10.)  

Defendant counters that this “reasonable inquiry” requirement is misplaced in

light of the statutory language and regulatory definition of net farm income.  (Def.’s

Reply Br. 3, 6–8.)  Nowhere in the statute is the agency required to conduct an “ad hoc”
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 15

9

For example the court in Van Trinh, cited by Plaintiff, was grounded on case law

that itself interpreted the Labor TAA statute.  Van Trinh, 29 CIT at __, 395 F. Supp. 2d at

1268 (citing Former Employees of Sun Apparel v. U.S. Sec’y of Labor, 28 CIT 1389, 1398

(2004) (quoting Fmr. Employees of Chevron Prods. Co. v. U.S. Sec’y of Labor, 26 CIT 1272,

1274, 245 F. Supp. 2d 1312, 1318 (2002))).  The Van Trinh court, though analyzing Labor

TAA case law for use in the Agriculture TAA realm, cautions that the case law is likely

“not analogous” but is nevertheless “instructive.” Id. 

examination into the hardships faced by Whitney Brothers  (Def.’s Reply Br. 4.)  Indeed,

Defendant states, the regulations only require “a comparison of net income as reported

to the IRS.”  (Id.)  Defendant explains that Plaintiff’s reliance on the “reasonable

inquiry” requirement stems from a fundamental “confus[ion]” between the “two

different statutes—one pertaining to the Department of Labor (“Labor”) [19 U.S.C.

§§ 2271–2298] and another pertaining to the USDA [19 U.S.C. §§ 2401–2401g].”  (Def.’s

Reply Br. 6.)  Although 19 U.S.C. § 2401–et seq, furnishes the USDA with a duty “to

investigate group certifications, it creates no such duty for individual applications.”  (Def.’s

Reply Br. 7 (emphasis supplied) (comparing 19 U.S.C. § 2401a(a) (mandating

“investigation” of petitions for group certification) with 19 U.S.C. § 2401e (enumerating

required “conditions” for individual applicants).)  Furthermore, the cases that Plaintiff

relies on for support of a “reasonable inquiry” requirement rely upon interpretations of

the Labor TAA statute, which, in contrast, includes an obligation to investigate.9

  (Pl.

Resp. Br. 6, 7, & 10 n.5); see also 29 C.F.R. § 90.12 (2007) (Labor “shall initiate . . . such

investigation” in order “to marshal all relevant facts to make a determination on the
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 16

petition”).  To date, no court has ruled on the specific legal distinction drawn above and

advanced by the USDA.  See, e.g., O’Toole v. Sec’y of Agric., 31 CIT __, __, 471 F. Supp. 2d

1323, 1341 n.32 (2007) (noting that the court has not squarely addressed this issue).

As a preliminary matter, this Court confines its review of USDA determinations

to the record before it.  28 U.S.C. § 2640(c); Defenders of Wildlife, 25 CIT at 1315, 177 F.

Supp. 2d at 1342–43; Int’l Union v. Reich, 22 CIT 712, 716, 20 F. Supp. 2d 1288, 1292

(1998).  Following a careful analysis of the record and the case law, this Court concludes

that it need not reach the issue of whether there exists an “extra‐statutory threshold of

reasonable inquiry” under the Agriculture TAA statute.  O’Toole, 31 CIT at __, 471 F.

Supp. 2d at 1342.  Because it is clear that on this record the only financial documents

submitted by Plaintiff were its 2003 and 2004 Schedules F, the Court holds that the

USDA’s determination is unequivocally supported by “substantial evidence” and is in

accordance with the law.  See Steen, 468 F.3d at 1360 (affirming the trial court’s

judgment upholding USDA’s denial of TAA application because plaintiff failed to show

that his net income decreased from the pre‐adjustment year to the marketing year); see

also Lady Kim T, Inc., 30 CIT at __, 469 F. Supp. 2d at 1267 n.6 (“It should be noted, that

the Court does not suggest that in reaching a determination, the [USDA] need conduct

an independent exploratory investigation into the net income of the producer.  In

conformity with the statutory and regulatory scheme, the [USDA] need rely only on the
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 17

10See, e.g., Wooten, 30 CIT at __, 414 F. Supp. 2d at 1316 (granting motion to

supplement the record where Schedules F from relevant tax returns were missing);

Anderson, 31 CIT at __, 493 F. Supp. 2d at 1290 (though plaintiff’s tax returns showed an

increase in net fishing income, plaintiff had submitted “other supporting information”

that evidenced a decline; USDA should have considered this data).

information submitted to it by the producer.”)  

The USDA regulations provide that a TAA applicant,

shall provide either—(i) Supporting documentation from a certified public

accountant or attorney, or (ii) Relevant documentation and other supporting

financial data, such as financial statements, balance sheets, and reports prepared

for or provided to the Internal Revenue Service or another U.S. Government

agency.  

7 C.F.R. § 1580.301(e)(6).  Plaintiff had until the filing deadline (September 30) to furnish

substantiating documents supporting certification that its net farm income in 2004 was

less than that of its pre‐adjustment year (2003).  Plaintiff only submitted to the USDA

copies of its 2003 and 2004 Schedules F; there were no balance sheets, other financial

statements, or documents from a certified public accountant or attorney.  (Conf. AR 2 &

3; Compl. Ex. 3 & 4; see 7 C.F.R. § 1580.301(e)(6).)  To be sure, this is not a case where

Plaintiff has submitted other or additional financial information and the agency ignored

or otherwise refused to account for such submissions in determining the applicant’s net

farm income.10  Indeed, Plaintiff has not argued that there is any other financial

information that it seeks to have supplemented to the record.  (Pl. Resp. Br. 17; see

generally Compl.)  The Federal Circuit makes clear that USDA’s determination of net
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 18

11Plaintiff also argues that, though a one line comparison of its tax returns gives

the appearance that its “net farm income increased,” the USDA’s rote reliance on its

submitted tax returns “fail to take into account deductions that distorted its net farm

income.”  (Pl. Resp. Br. 13.)  On closer analysis, they argue, had the USDA accounted for

an $82,655 deduction for restoration of its irrigation system, its base year (2003) net farm

income would actually show a loss of $58,597 and not a loss of $141,252, thus qualifying

Plaintiff for TAA benefits.  (Id. at 13–14.)  This Court, however, need not credit this

argument having already determined above that Plaintiff, on this record, can not certify

that its net farm income (as defined by statute and regulation) decreased from 2003 to

2004.  Moreover, had Plaintiff desired the USDA to consider this “one‐time, non‐

recurring deduction” as something different from how it was reported to the IRS,

Plaintiff should have submitted supporting documentation and raised it at the agency

level as this pertinent information was solely in its own hands.  Cf. Kandra v. United

States, 145 F. Supp. 2d 1192, 1208 (D. Or. 2001) (“it is presumed that agencies have used

the best data available unless those challenging agency actions can identify relevant

data not considered by the agency”).

farm income is “not to be made solely on the basis of tax return information if other

information is relevant to determining the producer’s net income from all farming or

fishing sources.”  Steen, 468 F.3d at 1363 (emphasis added); see also Dus & Derrick, Inc.,

31 CIT at __, 469 F. Supp. 2d at 1338 (“[T]he agency may not rely solely on the

information contained in plaintiff’s tax return when other information is available.”)

(emphasis added).  Here, Plaintiff submitted only the Schedules F as evidence of its net

farm income.  The USDA considered all that Plaintiff submitted and determined net

farm income from the record in toto, honing in on the applicant’s “net farm profit or

loss, excluding [TAA] payments . . . [as] reported to the” IRS.11  7 C.F.R. § 1580.102.  On

this point Defendant notes that the USDA’s “calculation of each producer’s net income

is fairly complex” and that “the line item that USDA looked to in this case, taxable
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 19

income, is the product of various calculations based upon other line items in the tax

return.”  (Def.’s Reply Br. 8 & n.1.)  Therefore, on this record, this Court finds that the

USDA’s determination was reasonable and supported by substantial evidence.  See

Steen, 468 F.3d at 1360 (affirming the trial court’s judgment upholding USDA’s denial of

TAA application because plaintiff failed to show that his net income decreased from the

pre‐adjustment year to the marketing year).  Significantly, this is not a case where the

USDA’s “chosen methodology is so marred that [its] finding is arbitrary or of such a

nature that it could not be based on substantial evidence.”  Van Trinh, 29 CIT at __, 395

F. Supp. 2d at 1269 (quoting Former Employees of Galey & Lord Indus. v. Chao, 26 CIT 806,

808‐09, 219 F. Supp. 2d 1283, 1286 (2002)); see also 19 U.S.C. § 2395(b) (The CIT “for good

cause shown” may remand the case to the USDA to “take further evidence.”).  

CONCLUSION

Though not unsympathetic to the Plaintiff’s difficult economic circumstances,

this Court is nonetheless simultaneously guided by, and constrained to act within, the

law.  Therefore, for the foregoing reasons, Defendant’s motion is granted; this Court

holds that the USDA’s determination of Whitney Brothers’s ineligibility for Agriculture

TAA benefits is supported by substantial evidence and is otherwise in accordance with
Court No. 06‐00426 Page 20

the law.  The USDA’s determination is affirmed and Plaintiff’s case is dismissed.  This

Court will enter judgment accordingly.

           /s/ Gregory W. Carman                

Gregory W. Carman                       

Dated: November 6, 2007

New York, New York
UNITED STATES COURT OF INTERNATIONAL TRADE

BEFORE:  GREGORY W. CARMAN, JUDGE

Court No. 06‐00426

JUDGMENT

Upon due consideration of Defendant’s Motion for Judgment Upon the Agency

Record, Plaintiff’s Response thereto, Defendant’s Reply thereto, and all other papers

filed and proceedings in this action, it is hereby,

ORDERED that Defendant’s denial of Plaintiff’s application for Trade

Adjustment Assistance for Farmers benefits for the fiscal year 2006 is affirmed; and it is

further,

ORDERED that this case be dismissed.

SO ORDERED.

           /s/ Gregory W. Carman                 

Gregory W. Carman                        

Dated: November 6, 2007

New York, New York

Whitney Brothers, Inc.,

Plaintiff,

v.

United States Secretary of Agriculture,

Defendant.