July 2023

Analysis of Fire Debris 

Reference List 

Fire Debris and Explosives Subcommittee 
July 2023

Table of Contents 

1 - Books .........................................................................................................................................1 

2 - ASTM Standards .......................................................................................................................4

3 - Reviews/Guides .........................................................................................................................5

4 - Health & Safety ..........................................................................................................................7

5 - Scene Sampling ..........................................................................................................................7

6 - Packaging and Containers ..........................................................................................................10

7 - Laboratory Sampling ..................................................................................................................12

8 - Laboratory Analysis ...................................................................................................................20

9 - Background interferences and Weathering.................................................................................32

10 - Sources of Contamination ........................................................................................................41

11 - Microbial Degradation .............................................................................................................42

12 - Comparison of Ignitable Liquids .............................................................................................44

13 - Data Handling and Interpretation ............................................................................................48

14 - Quality Control ........................................................................................................................61

15 - Biodiesel ..................................................................................................................................62

16 - Vegetable Oils .........................................................................................................................63

17 - Flash Point ...............................................................................................................................65

18 - Case Studies ............................................................................................................................65

To navigate to a particular section directly from the table of contents: 

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Note: This is a comprehensive list of textbooks and papers related to the forensic analysis of fire debris. It is 

provided primarily as an aid for forensic science practitioners and is not all encompassing. 

The latest update of the list is shown in the document footer. 

The citation format is that used by ASTM International. L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 1 8, 2 0 2 0 Page 1 
July 2023

1 – Books 

1980 

1. Criminalistics and Scientific Investigation, Cunliffe, F., and Piazza, P. B. Prentice Hall, NJ, 1980. 

1992 

1. Gas Chromatography in Forensic Science, Tebbett, I., ed., Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, UK,1992. 

Fultz, M. L. and DeHaan, J. D., “Gas Chromatography in Arson and Explosives Analysis,” Chapter 5. 

1993 

1. Chemical Analysis for the Arson Investigator and Attorney (Chromatographic methods), Bertsch, W., 

Holzer, G., and Sellers, C. S., Verlagsgruppe Huthig Jehle Rehm GmbH, 1993. 

1997 

1. GC-MS Guide to Ignitable Liquids, Newman, R., Gilbert, M., and Lothridge, K., CRC Press, FL, 

1997. 

2000 

1. Encyclopedia of Separation Science, Poole, C. F., and Cooke, M., eds., Academic Press, CA, 2000. 

2003 

1. Advances in Forensic Applications of Mass Spectrometry, 3rd ed., Yinon, Y., ed., CRC Press, Boca 

Raton, USA, 2003. 

2004 

1. Analysis and Interpretation of Fire Scene Evidence, Almirall, J., and Furton, K., eds., CRC Press, 

Florida, 2004. 

2. Forensic Science Handbook Volume II, 2nd ed., Saferstein, R., Pearson, 2004. 

3. Sources of Interference in Fire Debris Analysis, Stauffer, E., Daied, N. N., Ed., Fire Investigation, 

CRC Press, Boca Raton, 2004. 

2007 

1. Fire Debris Analysis, Stauffer, E.; Dolan, J. A.; and Newman, R., Academic Press, Elsevier, MA, 

2007. 

2010 

1. Forensic Science Handbook, Volume III, 2nd ed., Saferstein, R., Pearson, 2010. 

2011 
July 2023

1. Forensic Chemistry Handbook, Kobilinsky, L., ed., Wiley, NJ, 2011, Lentini, J. J., Chapter 3. 

2012 

1. Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, 2nd ed., Siegel, J. A., and Saukko, P. J., eds., Academic Press, 

Elsevier, 2012, pp. 151-166, 177-194. 

2014a t e d o n 

F e b r u a r y 2 0 2 0 Pag

1. The Chemistry and Technology of Petroleum, 5th ed., Speight, J. G., CRC Press, FL, 2014. 

2015 

1. Identifying Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris: A Guideline for Forensic Experts, Hendrikse, J., 

Grutters, M., and Schäfer, F., Elsevier, London, 2015. 

2. Forensic Chemistry, Houck, M. M., ed., Elsevier, London, 2015. 

2016 

1. Crime Scene to Court: The Essentials of Forensic Science, 4th ed., White, P., Ed., Halliday, D., Royal 

Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, 2016, Fire Investigation, pp. 260-292. 

2017 

1. Kirk’s Fire Investigation, 7th ed., DeHaan, J. D., and Icove, D. J., Pearson, 2017. 

2019 

1. Fire Investigations for First Responders. Chandler, R., Jones & Bartlett Learning, LLC; 2019. 

2. Forensic Analysis of Fire Debris and Explosives, Evans-Nguyen, K., and Hutches, K., eds., Springer 

Nature Switzerland AG, 2019. 

3. Gas Chromatography, 2nd ed., Poole, C. F., ed., Elsevier Inc., 2019 

4. Introduction to Forensic Science and Criminalistic, 2nd ed., Harris, H.A., and Lee, H.C. CRC Press, 

FL, 2019, pp. 289-325. 

5. Investigating Chemistry: A Forensic Science Perspective, 4th ed., Johll, M.E., W. H. Freeman and 

Company, NY, 2019. 

6. Scientific Protocols for Fire Investigation, 3rd ed., Lentini, J. J., CRC Press, FL, 2019. 

2020 

1. Forensic Science Handbook Volume I, 3rd ed. Saferstein, R., CRC Press, FL, 2020. 

2021 

1. Forensic Science: The Basics, 4th ed., Siegel, J.A., and Mirakovits, K., CRC Press, FL, 2021. 
July 2023

2. Criminalistics: An Introduction to Forensic Science, 13th ed., Saferstein, Roy, T., Pearson, New 

York, NY, 2021. 

3. Forensic Chemistry, Evans-Nguyen, K. American Chemical Society, Washington D.C., 2021, 

4. NFPA 921: Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations, 2021 ed., National Fire Protection Agency, 

2021. 

2022 

1. Technologies to Advance Automation in Forensic Science and Criminal Investigations, Kumar, S., 

Singlua, A., and Vidwans, R.R. IGI Global, PA, 2022, pp. 91-118. 

2- ASTM Standards 

E1386 Practice for the Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire 

Debris Samples by Solvent Extraction 

E1388 Practice for Static Headspace Sampling of Vapors from Fire Debris Samples 

E1412 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Passive 

Headspace Concentration with Activated Charcoal 

E1413 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Dynamic 

Headspace Concentration onto an Adsorbent Tube 

E1618 Test Method for Ignitable Liquid Residues in Extracts from Fire Debris Samples by Gas 

Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 

E2154 Practice for the Separation and Concentration of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire 

Debris Samples by Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME)

E2451 Practice for Preserving Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residue Extracts from Fire Debris 

Samples 

E2881 Test Method for Extraction and Derivatization of Vegetable Oils and Fats from Fire Debris and 

Liquid Samples with Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 

E2997 Test Method for the Analysis of Biodiesel Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry 

E3189 Practice for Separation of Ignitable Liquid Residues from Fire Debris Samples by Static 

Headspace Concentration onto an Adsorbent Tube 

E3197 Terminology Relating to Examination of Fire Debris 

E3245 Guide for Systematic Approach to the Extraction, Analysis and Classification of Ignitable Liquids 

and Ignitable Liquid Residues in Fire Debris Samples 

3 - Reviews/Guides 
July 2023

1998 

1. Lennard C., “Fire (Determination of Cause). A Review: 1995-1998.” INTERPOL, Lyon, France, 

1998, pp. 24. 

2001 

1. Lennard C., “Fire Cause and Fire Debris Analysis. A review: 1998-2001.” INTERPOL, Lyon, France, 

2001, pp. 27. 

2002 

1. Borusiewicz, R., “Fire Debris Analysis - A Survey of Techniques used for Accelerants Isolation and 

Concentration,” Problems of Forensic Sciences, Vol 50, 2002, pp. 44 - 63. 

2003 

1. Dolan, J., “Recent Advances in the Applications of Forensic Science to Fire Debris Analysis,” 

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol 376, 2003, pp. 1168–1171. 

2. Stauffer, E., Lentini, J.J., “ASTM Standards for fire debris analysis: a review.” Forensic Sci. Int. 

2003, Vol 132, Issue 1, pp.63-67. 

2004 

1. Sandercock P., “Fire Cause and Fire Debris Analysis. A Review: 2001-2004,” INTERPOL, Lyon, 

France, 2004, pp. 32. 

2005 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

1. Stauffer, E., “A Review of the Analysis of Vegetable Oil Residues from Fire Debris Samples: 

Spontaneous Ignition, Vegetable Oils and the Forensic Approach,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 

50, 2005, pp. 1016–1032. 

2006 

1. Pert, A. D., Baron, M. G., and Birkett, J. W., “Review of Analytical Techniques for Arson Residues,” 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 51, No. 5, 2006, pp. 1033–1049. 

2007 

1. Zadora G., Borusiewicz R., “Fire Cause and Fire Debris Analysis. A review: 2004-2007,” 

INTERPOL, Lyon, France, 2007, pp. 35. 

2008 

1. Lentini, J. J., “Review of Fire Debris Analysis,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 53, No. 4, 2008, 

pp. 1012. 

2. Sandercock, P. M. L., “Fire Investigation and Ignitable Liquid Residue Analysis – A Review: 2001-

2007,” Forensic Science International, Vol 176, 2008, pp. 93-110. 
July 2023

3. Wang, Y., McCaffrey, J., and Norwood, D. L., “Recent Advances in Headspace Gas 

Chromatography,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography and Related Technologies, Vol 31, 2008, pp. 

1823-1851. 

2010 

1. Viitala, N., and Kakko, T., “Fire Cause and Fire Debris Analysis. Review: 2007-2010,” INTERPOL, 

Lyon, France, 2010, pp. 420–448. 

2013 

1. Viitala, N., and Hyyppä, M., “Fire Cause Investigation and Fire Debris Analysis. Review: 2010 to 

2013,” INTERPOL, Lyon, France, 2013, pp. 231–279. 

2014 

1. Baerncopf, J., and Hutches, K., “A Review of Modern Challenges in Fire Debris Analysis,” Forensic 

Science International, Vol 244, 2014, pp. e12-e20. 

2015 

1. Hendrikse, J., Grutters, M., and Schäfer, F., “Chapter 1,” Identifying Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris, 

1st ed., Academic Press, Elsevier, London, 2015, pp. 1-2. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2016 

1. Stauffer, E., “Fire Investigation and Debris Analysis, 2013 to 2016,” INTERPOL, Lyon, France, 

2016, pp. 163–193. 

2017 

1. ENFSI, “Best Practice Manual for the Investigation of Fire Scenes,” ENFSI–BPM-FEI-01Version 02-

June 2017. 

2. NFPA® 921, Guide for Fire and Explosion Investigations, 2017 ed., National Fire and Protection 

Association, 2017. 

2020 

1. Sigman, M. E., and Williams, M. R., “Chemometric applications in fire debris analysis.” WIREs 

Forensic Sci. 2020; e1368.https://doi.org/10.1002/wfs2.1368 

2023 

1. Evans, M. “Interpol review of fire debris analysis and fire investigation 2019-2022” Forensic Sci. Int. 

Synergy 6 (2023). Article 100310. 

4 - Health & Safety 

1987 
July 2023

1. Levin, B. C., “A Summary of the NBS Literature Reviews on the Chemical Nature and Toxicity of 

the Pyrolysis and Combustion Products from Seven Plastics: Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrenes 

(ABS), Nylons, Polyesters, Polyethylenes, Polystyrenes, Poly (VinylChlorides) and Rigid 

Polyurethane Foams,” Fire and Materials, Vol 11, 1987, pp. 143-157. 

1997 

1. Lentini, J., and Armstrong, A., “Comparison of the Eluting Efficiency of Carbon Disulfide with 

Diethyl Ether: The Case for Laboratory Safety,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 42, No. 2, 1997, 

pp. 307-311. 

2002 

1. Massey, D., Du Pasquier, E., and Lennard, C., “Solent Desorption of Charcoal Strips (DFLEX®) in 

the Analysis of Fire Debris Samples: A Replacement of Carbon Disulfide,” Canadian Society of 

Forensic Sciences Journal, Vol 35, 2002, pp. 195–208. 

5 - Scene Sampling 

2006 

1. Mann, D., and Putaansuu, N., “Alternative Sampling Methods to Collect Ignitable Liquid Residues,” 

Fire and Arson Investigator, Vol 57, No. 1, 2006, pp. 43-46. L 

a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2007 

1. Nowlan, M., Stuart, A., Basara, G., and Sandercock, P., “Use of a Solid Absorbent and an Accelerant 

Detection Canine for the Detection of Ignitable Liquids Burned in a Structure Fire,” Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, Vol 52, No. 3, 2007, pp. 643-648. 

2012 

1. Chi, J. H., “Metallographic Analysis and Fire Dynamics Simulation for Electrical Fire Scene 

Reconstruction,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 57, No. 1, 2012, pp. 246-249. Available at 

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01948.x/full.

2013 

1. Chi, J.H., “Using Thermal Analysis Experiment and Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) to Reconstruct 

an Arson Fire Scene,” Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry, Vol 113, No. 2, pp. 641-648. 

Available at https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10973-012-2764-x.

2. Spring, N.J., “Engineering of Arson Forensics and Fire Debris Investigation: The Scientific, Social, 

and Curricular Impact,” Dissertation, Arizona State University, Phoenix, AZ, 2013. 

2016 

1. Burda, K., Black, M., Djulamerovic, S., Darwen, K., and Hollier, K., “Field Test Kits for Collection 

of Ignitable Liquids and Ignitable Liquid Residues Used by the NSW Fire Scene Investigators,” 
July 2023

Forensic Science International, Vol 264, 2016, pp. 70-81. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073816301049.

2. Chi, J. H., and Peng, P. C., “Application of Investigation Techniques to Identify an Arson Fire,” 

Journal of the Chinese Institute of Engineers, Vol 39, No. 5, pp. 578-584. Available at 

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/02533839.2016.1146087.

3. Hall, S., White, G., and Gautam, L., “The Development of a Novel Adsorbent for Collecting Ignitable 

Liquid Residues from a Fire Scene,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol 122, 2016, pp. 

304-314. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165237016303035.

4. Leary, P. E., Dobson, G. S., and Reffner, J. A., “Development and Applications of Portable Gas 

Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry for Emergency Responders, the Military, and Law-Enforcement 

Organizations,” Applied Spectroscopy, Vol 70, No. 5, 2016, pp. 888-896. Available at 

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0003702816638294.

5. Visotin, A., and Lennard, C., “Preliminary Evaluation of a Next-Generation Portable Gas 

Chromatograph Mass Spectrometer (GC-MS) for the On-Site Analysis of Ignitable Liquid Residues,” 

Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 48, No. 2, 2016, pp. 203-221. Available at 

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00450618.2015.1045554.

2018 

1. Henneberg, M. L., and Morling, N. R., “Unconfirmed accelerants: controversial evidence in fire 

investigations,” The International Journal of Evidence & Proof, 2018; 22 (1):45-67. Available at 

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1365712717746419.

2. Xie, D., Wang, W., Lv., S., and Deng, S., “Visual and Oxide Analysis for Identification of Electrical 

Fire Scene.” Forensic Science International 2018. 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073818300070

2019 

1. Harrison, K., “The Application of Archaeological Techniques to Forensic Fire Scenes.” Forensic 

Archaeology, 2019. Available at: https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-03291-3_10 

2. Ljungkvist, E., and Thomsen, B., “Interpretation of a fire scene with ultraviolet light: An assessment 

of the possible utilisation of ultraviolet light at fire scenes and subsequent recommendations for 

procedures.” Forensic Science International, 2019. Available at: 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073819300556. 

3. Lam, R., Lennard, C., Kingsland, G., Johnstone, P., Symons, A., Wythes, L., Fewtrell, J., O’Brien, 

D., and Spikmans, V., “Rapid onsite identification of hazardous organic compounds at fire scenes 

using person-portable gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)—part 1: air sampling and 

analysis.” Forensic Sciences Research, 2019. Available at: 

https://doi.org/10.1080/20961790.2019.1654205 

4. Viegra, J., “Analysesof your fire debris.” Fire & Arson Investigation, 2019. 

5. Ljungkvist, E., and Thomsen, B., “Interpretation of a fire scene with ultraviolet light: an assessment 

of the possible utilization of ultraviolet light at fire scenes and subsequent recommendations for 
July 2023

procedures.” Forensic Science International, 2019. Available at: 

httpls://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0379073819300556. 

6. Leung, S., Forbes, S., and Maynard, P., “Volatile organic compound analysis of accelerant detection 

canine distractor odours.” Forensic Science Interational, 2019. Available at: 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0379073819303652. 

7. Tiira, K., Viitala, N., Turunen, T., and Salonen. T., “Accelerant detection canines’ ability to detect 

ignitable liquids.” Police University of Applied Sciences, 2019. Available at: 

2020 

1. Abel, R.J., Lunder, J.L., and Harynuk, J.J., “A novel protocol for producing low-abundance targets to 

characterize the sensitivity limits of ignitable liquid detection canines.” Forensic Chemistry, 18 

(2020). Available at: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2468170920300187. 

2021 

1. Buchler, L., Werner, D., and Delemont, O., “Detection of gasoline on suspects’ hands: study of 

different sampling alternatives.” Forensic Sci. Int. 318 (2021). 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073820304527

2. Carlotti, J.N., “Absorbent household materials for the collection of ignitable liquid residues from 

surfaces of varying porosity.” Master’s Thesis Eastern Kentucky University. Publication No. 

28491625. 202.

3. DeHaan, J.D., “Enhancing fire scene investigations through new technologies.” Fire & Arson 

Investig. 71 (3), 28-35, 2021. Available at: https://www.ojp.gov/ncjrs/virtuallibrary/abstracts/enhancing-fire-scene-investigations-through-new-technologies. 

4. Aron, I., “Forensic investigation of fire and explosions.” Bulletin of the Transilvania University of 

Brasov. Series VII: Social Sciences. Law 14(63) 144-148, 2021. 

5. O’Hagan, A., and Ellis, H., “A critical review of canines used to detect accelerants within an arson 

crime scene.” Forensic Research & Criminology International Journal 9 (2) (2021) 65-72. Available 

at: https://medcraveonline.com/FRCIJ/FRCIJ-09-00342. 

2022 

1. Bordbar, M.M., Tashkhourian, J., and Hemmateenejad, B., “Paper-based optical nose made with 

bimetallic nanoparticles for monitoring ignitable liquids in gasoline.” ACS Applied Materials &

Interfaces 2022. Available at: https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acsami.1c24194. 

2. Torres, M.N., and Almirall, J.R., “Evaluation of capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMB) coupled 

to a person-portable gas chromatograph mass spectrometer (GC-MS) for the analysis of gasoline 

residues, Forensic Chemistry, 2022. Available at: 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S246817092100093X. 

3. Vecchiolla, D., “Fire investigation and the first-arriving company.” Fire Engineering, 2022. 

Available at: https://www.fireengineering.com/fire-prevention-protection/fire-investigation-and-thefirst-arriving-company/.
July 2023

4. Woods. R., “Tracking the wildfire arsonist bloodhounds on the trail in West Virginia.” Fire & Arson 

Investigator, 2022.

6 - Packaging and Containers 

 1978 

1. DeHaan, J. D., “Arson Evidence Packaging,” Arson Analysis Newsletter, Vol 2, No. 3, 1978, pp. 9-

13. 

1981

1. DeHaan, J. D., and Skalsky, F., “Evaluation of Kapak Plastic Pouches,” Arson Analysis Newsletter, 

Vol 5, No. 1, 1981, pp. 6-11. 

1983 

1. Tontarski, R. E., “Evaluation of Polyethylene Containers Used to Collect Evidence for Accelerant 

Detection,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 28, No. 2, 1983, pp. 440-445. 

1988 

1. Dietz, W. R., and Mann, D. C., “Contamination Problem within Polyester Bags,” Newsletter of the 

Midwestern Association of Forensic Scientists, Vol 17, No. 3, 1988. 

2. Dietz, W. R., and Mann, D.C., “Evidence Contaminated by Polyester Bags,” Scientific Sleuthing 

Review, Vol 12, No. 3, 1988, pp. 5-6. 

3. Potts, M., “Contaminant in KAPAK Bags,” TIELINE 88, Vol 13, No. 1, 1988, pp. 17-27. 

1990 

1. Tsaroom, S., Elkayam, R., Natanyan, S., and Frenkel, M., “Evaporation of Gasoline and Kerosene 

from Polyethylene Containers,” Fire and Arson Investigator, Vol 40, No. 3, 1990, pp. 21-23. 

1991 

1. Dietz, W., “Improved Charcoal Packaging for Accelerant Recovery by Passive Diffusion,” Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, Vol 36, No. 1, 1991, pp. 111-121. 

2. Kinard, W., and Midkiff, C., “Arson Evidence Container Evaluation; New Generation Kapak Bags,” 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 36, No. 6, 1991, pp. 1714-1719. 

1994 

1. Demers-Kohls, J. F., Ouderkirk, S. L., Buckle, J. L., Norman, E. W., Cartwright, N. S., and Dagenais, 

C., “An Evaluation of Different Evidence bags Used for Sampling and Storage of Fire Debris,” 

Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol 27, No. 3, 1994, pp. 143-170. 

2000 
July 2023

1. Mann, D. C., “In Search of the Perfect Container for Fire Debris Evidence,” Fire and Arson 

Investigator, Vol 50, No. 3, 2000, pp. 21-25. 

2001 

1. Kocisko, M., “Absorption of Ignitable Liquids into Polyethylene/polyvinylidine Dichloride Bags,” 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 46, No. 2, pp. 356–362. 

a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 1 

2007 

1. Williams, M. R., and Sigman, M., “Performance Testing of Commercial Containers for Collection 

and Storage of Fire Debris Evidence,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 52, No. 3, 2007, pp. 579-

585. 

 

2008 

1. Henry, C. L., “Study of Nylon Bags for Packaging Fire Debris,” CAC News, Vol 4, 2008, pp. 30-32. 

2012 

1. Borusiewicz, R., “Comparison of New Ampac Bags and Fire Debris Pak Bags as Packaging for Fire 

Debris Analysis,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 57, No. 4, 2012, pp. 1059-1063.

2. Grutters, M. M. P., Dogger, J., and Hendrikse, J. N., “Performance Testing of the New AMPAC Fire 

Debris Bag Against Three Other Commercial Fire Debris Bags,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 

57, No. 5, pp. 1290-1298. 

2016 

1. Borusiewicz, R., and Kowalski, R., “Volatile Organic Compounds in Polyethylene Bags: A Forensic 

Perspective,” Forensic Science International, Vol 266, 2016, pp. 462-468. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073816303140. 

7 - Laboratory Sampling 

1976 

1. Yip, H., and Clair, E., “A Rapid Analysis of Accelerants in Fire Debris,” Canadian Society of 

Forensic Science Journal, Vol 9, No. 2, pp. 75-80. 

1977 

1. Twibell, J., and Home, J., “Novel Method for Direct Analysis of Hydrocarbons in Crime 

Investigation and Air Pollution Studies,” Nature, Vol 268, No. 1, 1977, pp. 711–713. 

1979 

1. Chrostowski, J., and Holmes, R., “Collection and Determination of Accelerant Vapours,” Arson 

Analysis Newsletter, Vol 3, No. 5, Systems Engineering Associates, Columbus, OH, 1979. 
July 2023

1981 

1. Russell, L. W., “The Concentration and Analysis of Volatile Hydrocarbons in Fire Debris using 

Tenax-GC,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 21, 1981, pp. 317. 

2. Twibell, J., Home, J., and Smalldon, K., “A Splitless Curie Point Pyrolysis Capillary inlet System for 

Use with the Adsorption Wire Technique of Vapour Analysis,” Chromatographia, Vol 14, No. 6, 

1981, pp. 366–370. 

1982 

1. Juhala, J. A., “A Method for Adsorption of Flammable Vapors by Direct Insertion of Activated 

Charcoal into the Debris Samples,” Arson Analysis Newsletter, Vol 6, No. 2, 1982, pp. 32. 

2. Lentini, J., and Waters, L.V., "Isolation of Accelerant-like Residues from Roof Shingles Using 

Headspace Concentration," Arson Analysis Newsletter, Vol 6, No. 3, 1982, pp. 48-55. 

3. Twibell, J., Home, J., and Smalldon, K., “A Comparison of the Relative Sensitivities of the 

Adsorption Wire and Other Methods for the Detection of Accelerant Residues in Fire Debris,” 

Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol 22, No. 2, 1982, pp. 155-159. 

4. Saferstein, R., and Park, S. “Application of Dynamic Headspace Analysis to Laboratory and Field 

Arson Investigations,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 27, No. 3, 1982, pp. 484-494. 

1983 

1. Andrasko, J., “The Collection and Detection of Accelerant Vapors using Porous Polymers and Curie 

Point Pyrolysis Wires Coated with Active Carbon,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 28, No. 2, 

1983, pp. 330-344. 

1984 

1. Higgins, K., Higg, M., Oakes, C., and Braverman, S., “High-Speed Extraction of Accelerants from 

Arson Debris.” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 29, No. 3, 1984, pp. 874-880. 

2. Kurz, M. E., Jakacki, J., and McCaskey, B., "Effects of Container Size and Volatility on Relative 

Detectability of Accelerants by Purge and Trap vs Heated Headspace Method," Arson Analysis 

Newsletter, Vol 8, No. 1, 1984, pp. 1-14; National Fire and Arson Report, Vol 3, No. 1, 1984, pp. 8-

10. 

1985 

1. Tontarski, R. E., “Using Absorbents to Collect Hydrocarbon Accelerants from Concrete,” Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, Vol. 30, No.4, 1985, pp. 1230-1232. L a s

 t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

1986 

1. Aldridge, T. A., and Oates, M., "Fractionation of Accelerants and Arson Residues by Solid Phase 

Extraction," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 31, No. 2, 1986, pp. 666-686. 
July 2023

2. Reeve, V., Jeffery, J., Weihs, D., and Jennings, W., "Developments in Arson Analysis: A Comparison 

of Charcoal Adsorption and Direct Headspace Injection Techniques Using Fused Silica Capillary Gas 

Chromatography," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 31, No. 2, 1986, pp. 479-488. 

1987 

1. Kobus, H., Kirkbride, K., and Maehly, A., “An Adsorption Sampling Method Combined with 

Capillary Column Gas Chromatography and Cryogenic Focusing for Trace Analysis of Volatile 

Organic Compounds,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol 27, No. 5, 1987, pp. 307-314. 

1988 

1. Stackhouse, C., and Gray, C., “Alternative Methods for Processing Arson Samples in Polyester 

Bags,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 33, No. 2, pp. 515-526. 

1989 

1. Buckleton, J. S., Bettany, B. L. and Walsh, K. A. J., “A Problem of Hydrocarbon Profile Modification 

by Charcoal,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 2, 1989, pp. 449-453. 

1990 

1. Bertsch, W., and Zhang, Q., “Sample Preparation for the Chemical Analysis of Debris in Suspect 

Arson Cases,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol 236, 1990, pp. 183–195.

2. Bishop, R. W., and Valis, R. J., “A Laboratory Evaluation of Sorbent Tubes for Use with a Thermal 

Desorption Gas Chromatography-Mass Selective Detection Technique,” Journal of Chromatographic 

Science, Vol 28, No. 11, 1990, pp. 589-593.

3. Hindshaw, J.V., "Headspace Sampling," LC-GC, Vol 8, No. 5, 1990, pp. 362-368.

4. Kostiainen, R., "Effect of Operating Parameters in Purge-and-Trap GC-MS of Polar and Non-Polar 

Organic Compounds,” Chromatographia, Vol 38, No. 11-12, pp. 709-714. 

5. Tranthim-Fryer, D., “The Application of a Simple and Inexpensive Modified Carbon Wire 

Adsorption/Solvent Extraction Technique to the Analysis of Accelerants and Volatile Organic 

Compounds in Arson Debris,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 35, No. 2, 1990, pp. 271-280. 

1991 

1. Caddy, B., Smith, F. P., and Macy, J. “Methods of Fire Debris Preparation for Determination of 

Accelerants,” Forensic Science Review, Vol 3, No. 1, 1991, pp. 57–69. 

2. Dietz, W. R., “Improved Charcoal Packaging for Accelerant Recovery by Passive Diffusion,” Journal 

of Forensic Sciences, Vol 36, No. 1, 1991, pp.111-121. 

3. Ettre, L. S., and Kolb, B., "Headspace-Gas Chromatography: The Influence of Sample Volume on 

Analytical Results," Chromatographia, Vol 32, No. 1-2, 1991, pp. 5-12.

4. Smith, C. B. and Macy, J., “Methods of Fire Debris Preparation for Detection of Accelerants,” 

Forensic Science Review, Vol. 3, No. 1, June 1991, pp. 58-69.
July 2023

1992 

1. Noedel, M. L., and Mann, D. C., "Variations on Charcoal Strip Exposure for Adsorption/Elution 

Recovery of Flammable Liquids," Presented: 44th Meeting AAFS New Orleans, LA, February 17-22, 

1992, Abstract # B28.

2. Tindall, R., and Dietz, W. R., "The Effects of Time, Temperature, Strip Size and Concentration in the 

Use of Activated Charcoal Strips in Fire Debris Analysis" Presented: 44th Annual Meeting AAFS, 

New Orleans, LA, February 17-22, 1992, Abstract # B86. 

3. Tindall, R., and Dietz, W.R., "Physical and Chemical Factors Influencing the Recovery of 

Accelerants from Activated Charcoal Strips," Presented: 44th Annual Meeting AAFS, New Orleans, 

LA, February 17-22, 1992, Abstract # B87. 

1993 

1. Waters, L.V., Palmer, L. A., “Multiple Analysis of Fire Debris Samples Using Passive Headspace 

Concentration,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 38, No. 1, 1993, pp. 165-183. 

1994 

1. Demers-Kohls, J. F., Ouderkirk, S. L., Buckle, J. L., Norman, W. E., Cartwright, N. S., and Dagenais, 

C., “Evaluation of the DFLEX Device for Fire Debris Analysis,” Canadian Society of Forensic 

Science Journal, Vol 27, No. 3, 1994, pp. 99-123. 

2. Fultz, M. L., "The Effect of Sample Preparation on the Identification of Class 4 and Class 5 

Petroleum Products," Presented: 46th Annual Meeting AAFS San Antonio, TX, February 14-19, 

1994, Abstract # B84. 

3. Kärkkäinen, M., Seppälä, I., and Himberg, K., “Detection of Trace Levels of Gasoline in Arson Cases 

by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with an Automatic On-Line Thermal Desorber,” Journal 

of Forensic Sciences, Vol 39, No. 1, 1994, pp. 186-193. 

4. McCaffrey, C. A., and MacLachlan, J. “Adsorbent Tube Evaluation for the Preconcentration of 

Volatile Organic Compounds in Air for Analysis by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,” 

Analyst, Vol 119, No. 5, 1994, pp. 897-902. 

5. Phelps, J. L., Chasteen, C. E., and Render, M. M., “Extraction and Analysis of Low Molecular 

Weight Alcohols and Acetone from Fire Debris Using Passive Headspace Concentration,” Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, Vol. 39, No. 1, 1994, pp. 194-206. 

6. Sandercock, P. M. L., “Comparison of Passive Charcoal Adsorption with a Dynamic Charcoal 

Adsorption Technique,” Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol. 27, No. 3, 1994, pp. 

179-201. 

7. Tindall, R. and Dietz, W. R. "Effects of Elution Techniques on the Desorption of Activated Charcoal 

Strips in Fire Debris Analysis," Presented: 46th Annual Meeting AAFS San Antonio, TX, February 

14-19, 1994, Abstract # B38. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 1 

1995 
July 2023

1. Frontela, L., Pozas, J. A., and Picabea, L. "A Comparison of Extraction and Adsorption Methods for 

the Recovery of Accelerants from Arson Debris," Forensic Science International, Vol 75, No. 1, 

1995, pp. 11-23. 

2. Furton, K., Bruna, J., and Almirall, J., “A Simple, Inexpensive, Rapid, Sensitive and Solventless 

Technique for the Analysis of Accelerants in Fire Debris Based on SPME,” Journal of Separation 

Science, Vol 18, No. 10, 1995, pp. 625-629. 

1996 

1. Almirall, J., Bruna, J., and Furton, K., “The Recovery of Accelerants in Aqueous Samples from Fire 

Debris using Solid-Phase Microextraction (SPME),” Science & Justice, Vol 36, No. 4, 1996, pp. 283-

287. 

2. Askari, M. D. F., Maskarinec, M. P., Smith, S. M., Beam, P. M., and Travis, C. C., “Effectiveness of 

Purge – and – Trap for Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds in Aged Soils,” Analytical 

Chemistry, Vol 68, No. 19, 1996, pp. 3431-3433. 

3. Furton, K., Almirall, J., and Bruna, J., “A Novel Method for the Analysis of Gasoline from Fire 

Debris using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 41, No. 1, 

1996, pp. 12-22. 

4. Newman, R. T., Dietz, W. R., and Lothridge, K., "The Use of Activated Charcoal Strips for Fire 

Debris Extractions by Passive Diffusion. Part 1: The Effects of Time, Temperature, Strip Size, and 

Sample Concentration" Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 41, No. 3, 1996, pp. 361-370. 

5. Steffen, A., and Pawliszyn, J., “Determination of Liquid Accelerants in Arson Suspected Fire Debris 

using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction,” Analytical Communications, Vol 33, No. 4, 1996, pp. 

129-131. 

1997 

1. Lentini, J. J., Armstrong, A. T. “Comparison of the Eluting Efficiency of Carbon Disulfide with 

Diethyl Ether: The Case for Laboratory Safety,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 2, 1997, 

pp. 307-311. 

2. Sandercock, P. M. L. “Retention of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Samples on Charcoal: Evaluation of 

Long Term Preservation of Petroleum Residues,” Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol. 

30, No. 4, 1997, pp. 219-224. 

3. Wang, J., Almirall, J. R., and Furton, K.G., "Variables Influencing the Recovery of the Ignitable 

Liquid Residues from Simulated Fire Debris Samples Using Solid-Phase Microextraction," Presented: 

214th ACS National Meeting Los Vegas, NV, September 7-11, 1997, ANAL #28. 

1999 

1. Bertsch, W., and Ren, Q. “Contemporary Sample Preparation Methods for the Detection of Ignitable 

Liquids in Suspect Arson Cases”, Forensic Science Review, Vol 11, No. 2, 1999, pp. 141-156. 

2. Ren, Q., and Bertsch, W., “A Comprehensive Sample Preparation Scheme for Accelerants in Suspect 

Arson Cases,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 44, No. 3, 1999, pp. 504-515. 
July 2023

2000 

1. Almirall, J., Wang, J., Lothridge, K., and Furton, K. “The Detection and Analysis of Ignitable Liquid 

Residues Extracted from Human Skin using SPME/GC,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 45, No. 

2, 2000, pp. 453-461. 

2. Furton, K. G., Almirall, J. R., Wang, M., Bi, J., and Wu, L. “Application of Solid-Phase 

Microextraction to the Recovery of Explosives and Ignitable Liquid Residues from Forensic 

Specimens,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol 885, 2000, pp. 419-432.

2001 

1. Newman, R., and Dolan, J., “Solvent Options for the Desorption of Activated Charcoal in Fire Debris 

Analysis,” Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, February 2001, Seattle, WA, 

AAFS 2001, pp. 63. L 

a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r 

2002 

1. Almirall, J. R., and Furton, K. G. “New Developments in Sampling and Sample Preparation for 

Forensic Analysis,” Chapter 27, Pawliszyn, J., Ed., Comprehensive Analytical Chemistry, Vol 37, 

Elsevier Science, 2002. 

2. Massey, D., Du Pasquier, E., and Lennard, C., “Solvent Desorption of Charcoal Strips (DFLEX) in 

the Analysis of Fire Debris Samples: Replacement of Carbon Disulfide,” Canadian Society of 

Forensic Science Journal, Vol 35, No. 4, 2002, pp. 195-207. 

3. Snow, N. H., and Slack, G.C., “Head-Space Analysis in Modern Gas Chromatography.” TrAC, 

Trends in Analytical Chemistry, Vol 21, 2002, pp. 608–617. 

2003 

1. Harris, A. C. and Wheeler, J. F., “GC-MS of Ignitable Liquids using Solvent-Desorbed SPME for 

Automated Analysis,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 48, No. 1, 2003, pp. 41–46. 

2. Kwon, M., Hong, S., and Choi, H., “Sampling of Highly Volatile Accelerants at the Fire Scene,” 

Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol 36, No. 4, 2003, pp. 197–205. 

3. Lloyd, J. A., Edmiston, P. L., “Preferential Extraction of Hydrocarbons from Fire Debris Samples by 

Solid Phase Microextraction,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 48, No. 1, 2003, pp. 130–134. 

2005 

1. Williams, M. R., Fernandes, D., Bridge, C., Dorrien, D., Elliott, S., and Sigman, M., “Adsorption 

Saturation and Chromatographic Distortion Effects on Passive Headspace Sampling with Activated 

Charcoal in Fire Debris Analysis,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 50, No. 2, 2005, pp. 1-10. 

2006 

1. Mann, D. C., and Putaansuu, N. D., “Alternative Sampling Methods to Collect Ignitable Liquid 

Residues from Non-Porous Areas such as Concrete,” Fire and Arson Investigator, Vol 57, 2006, pp. 

43–46. 
July 2023

2. Pert, A. D., Baron, M. G., and Birkett, J. W., “Review of Analytical Techniques for Arson Residues,” 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 51, No. 5, 2006, pp. 1033-1049. 

2007 

1. Borusiewicz, R., and Janina Zieba-Palus, J., “Comparison of the Effectiveness of Tenax TA® and 

Carbotrap 300® in Concentration of Flammable Liquids Compounds,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

Vol 52, No. 1, 2007, pp. 70–74. 

2008 

1. Kuk, R. J., and Spagnola, M. V., “Extraction of Alternative Fuels from Fire Debris Samples,” Journal 

of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 53, No. 5, 2008, pp. 1123-1129.

2. Stauffer, E., Dolan, J., and Newman, R., Fire Debris Analysis, Elsevier, Inc., Burlington, MA, 2008, 

pp. 377-437.

3. Yoshida, H., Kaneko, T., and Suzuki, S. “A Solid Phase Microextraction Method for the Detection of 

Ignitable Liquids,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 53, No. 3, 2008, pp. 668-676. 

2010 

1. Baechler, S., Comment, S., and Delémont, O., “Extraction and Concentration of Vapors from Fire 

Debris for Forensic Purposes: Evaluation of the use of Radiello Passive Air Sampler,” Talanta, Vol 

82, 2010, pp. 1247–1253. 

2. Montani, I., Comment, S., and Delemont, O. “The Sampling of Ignitable Liquids on Suspects Hands,” 

Forensic Science International, Vol 194, 2010, pp. 115–124. 

3. Olesen, B., “An Economical Method for Static Headspace Enrichment for Arson Analysis,” Journal 

of Chemical Education, Vol 87, No. 3, 2010, pp. 314-315. Available at 

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed800078b.

4. Sanagi, M. M., Basri, R. S., Miskam, M., Ibrahim, W., Kalthom, U., Hassan, A., and Aboul-Enein, 

Y., “Headspace Single Drop Microextraction for the Analysis of Fire Accelerants in Fire Debris 

Samples,” Analytical Letters, Vol 43, 2010, pp. 2257–2266. 

5. Ueta, I., Saito, Y., Teraoka, K., Matsuura, H., Fujimura, K., and Jinno, K. “Novel Fire Investigation 

Technique Using Needle Extraction in Gas Chromatography,” Analytical Sciences, Vol 26, No. 11, 

2010, pp. 1127-1132. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21079340. 

2014 

1. Cacho, C. L., Campillo, N., Aliste, M., Vinas, P., and Hernandez-Cordoba, M., “Headspace Sorptive 

Extraction for the Detection of Combustion Accelerants in Fire Debris,” Forensic Science 

International, Vol 238, 2014, pp. 26-32. 

2. Rodgers, C. L., St. Pierre, K. A., and Hall, A. B., “Recovery of Oxygenated Ignitable Liquids by 

Zeolites, Part II: Dual-Mode Heated Passive Headspace Extraction,” Forensic Science International, 

Vol 240, 2014, pp. 144-150. 
July 2023

3. Smale, T., Arthur, I., and Royds, D., “A Comparison of Techniques for Extracting Ignitable Liquid 

Residue from Concrete,” Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 46, No. 2, 2014, pp. 216-223. 

Available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00450618.2013.818708.

4. St. Pierre, K. A., Desiderio, V. J., and Hall, A. B. “Recovery of Oxygenated Ignitable Liquids by 

Zeolites, Part I: Novel Extraction Methodology in Fire Debris Analysis,” Forensic Science 

International, Vol 240, 2014, pp. 137-143. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073814000784. 

2016 

1. Sandercock, P. M. L., “Passive Headspace Extraction of Ignitable Liquids using Activated Carbon 

Cloth,” Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol 49, No. 4, 2016, pp. 176-188. Available 

at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00085030.2016.1189226. 

2020 

1. Baerncopf, K., and Hutches, K., “Evaluation of long-term preservation of ignitable liquids adsorbed 

onto charcoal strips: 0 to 2 years.” Forensic Chemistry, Vol. 18, Article 110590, 2020. 

2. Totten, V., and Willis, J., “The use of hydrophobic pads to recover ignitable liquids from water.” 

Forensic Science International, Vol. 312, Article 110309, 2020. 

2021 

1. Jess, A.L., Land, D.P., Hengel, M., and Lasater, B., “Qualitatively analyzing QuEChERS’ ability to 

extract ignitable liquid residues (ILRs) from cotton-based fire debris.” Fire & Arson Investigators, 

Vol. 72, No. 2, 2021, pp. 14-19. 

2. Yadav, V.K., Das, T., Harshee, A., Yadav, M.M., Nigam, K., and Srivastava, A., “A forensic 

approach to evaluate the effect of different matrices and extraction solvents for the identification of 

diesel residue in simulated arson by GC-MS.” Chromatographia, Vol. 84, No. 5, 2021, pp. 413-423. 

2022 

1. Bueno Carmona, L.H.P., Campos, E.G., Caleffo, V.L., Bigao, P., Pereira, A,L.C., Duate Maia, F., 

Silva Telles, L., and De Martinis, B.S., “Activated charcoal pellets as an innovate method for forensic 

analysis of ignitable liquid residues from fire debris by GC-MS.” Brazillian Journal of Analytical 

Chemistry, Vol. 9, No, 34, 2022, pp. 198-209. 

8 - Laboratory Analysis 

1960 

1. Lucas, D.M., “The Identification of Petroleum Products in Forensic Science by Gas 

Chromatography,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 5, No. 2, 1960, pp. 336-347. 

1968 

1. Ettling B., and Adams, M., “The Study of Accelerant Residues in Fire Remains,” Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, Vol 13, No. 1, 1968, pp. 76–89. 
July 2023

1970 

1. Leung, K., and Yip, H., “Rapid Identification of Light Petroleum Products by Gas Chromatography,” 

Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol 3, No. 2, 1970, pp. 41-51. 

1977 

1. Hrynchuk, R., Cameron, R., and Rodgers, P., “Vacuum Distillation for the Recovery of Fire 

Accelerants from Charred Debris,” Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol 10, No. 2, 

1977, pp. 41–50. 

2. Mach, M., “Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry of Simulated Arson Residue Using Gasoline as 

an Accelerant,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 22, No. 2, 1977, pp. 348-357. 

3. Wilson D., “A Unified Scheme for the Analysis of Light Petroleum Products used as Fire 

Accelerants,” Forensic Science, Vol 10, No. 3, 1977, pp. 243-252. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r 

1976 

1. Yip, I. H. L., and Clair, E. G., “A Rapid Analysis of Accelerants in Fire Debris,” Canadian Society of 

Forensic Science Journal, Vol 9, No. 2, 1976, pp. 75-80. 

1978 

1. Armstrong, A., and Wittkower, R., “Identification of Accelerants in Fire Residues by Capillary 

Column Gas Chromatography,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 23, No. 4, 1978, pp. 662-671. 

1981 

1. Bryce, K. L., Stone, I. C., and Daugherty, K.E., “Analysis of Fire Debris by Nuclear Magnetic 

Resonance Spectroscopy,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 26, No. 4, 1981, pp. 678 - 685. 

1984 

1. Frenkel, M., Tsaroom, S., Aizenshtat, Z., Kraus, S., and Daphna, D. “Enhanced Sensitivity in 

Analysis of Arson Residues: An Adsorption-Tubes/Gas Chromatograph Method,” Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, Vol 29, No. 3, 1984, pp. 723-731. 

2. Kelly, R. L., and Martz. R. M., “Accelerant Identification in Fire Debris by Gas 

Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Techniques.” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 29, No. 3, 

1984, pp. 714-722. 

1986 

1. Brettell, T., Moore, P., and Grob, R. “Detection of Arson Accelerants using Dual Wide-Bore BondedPhase Capillary Columns and Static Headspace Sampling,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol 358, 

No. 1, 1986, pp. 423-428. 

2. Jones, G. P., “Evaluation of a Fully Automated Thermal Desorption Device for the Headspace 

Screening of Fire Debris,” Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol 19, No. 2, 1986, pp. 

141-148. 
July 2023

1987 

1. Alexander, J., Mashak, G., Kapitan, N., and Siegel, J. A., “Fluorescence of Petroleum Products II: 

Three-Dimensional Fluorescence Plots of Gasoline,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 32, No. 1, 

1987, pp. 72-86.

2. Bhattacharya, A.; Sen Gupta, P. K. and Basu, A. "Recovery and Detection of Petroleum Products 

(Petrol, Kerosene and Diesel) in Fire as Well as 'Bride Burning' Cases: Maximum Limitation of Time 

Lapse "Journal of the Indian Academy of Forensic Sciences, Vol 26, No. 2, 1987, pp. 42-44 (publ. 

1988). 

3. Mann, D. C., “Comparison of Automotive Gasolines Using Capillary Gas Chromatography I: 

Comparison Methodology,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 3, 1987, pp. 606-615. 

4. Mann, D. C., “Comparison of Automotive Gasolines Using Capillary Gas Chromatography II: 

Limitations of Automotive Gasoline Comparisons in Casework,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 

32, No. 3, 1987, pp. 616-628. 

1988 

1. Kimura, K., Nagata, T., Hara, K., Kageura, K. “Gasoline and Kerosene Components in Blood—a 

Forensic Analysis,” Human Toxicology, Vol 7, 1988, pp. 299–305. 

1990 

1. Morinaga, M., Hara, K., Kageura, M., Takamoto, M., and Kashimura, S. “A Simple, Rapid and 

Simultaneous Analysis of Complex Volatile Hydrocarbon Mixtures in Blood using Gas 

Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry with a Wide-Bore Capillary column,” Zeitschrift fuer 

Rechtsmedizin, Vol 103, 1990, pp. 567–572. 

2. Smith, R. M., “Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry in Arson Analysis,” Analytical Methods in 

Forensic Chemistry, Ellis Wood, New York, 1990. 

3. Wineman, P. L. and Fultz, M. L. "A GC/MS Procedure for Detecting-Petroleum Derived Accelerants 

in High Background Fire Debris Isolates" Presented: IAFS Meeting Adelaide, Australia, October 22-

29, 1990, Abstract $ FE53. 

1991 

1. Keto, R. O., and Wineman, P. L. “Detection of Petroleum-Based Accelerants in Fire Debris by Target 

Compound Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol 63, 1991, pp. 

1964–1971. 

1992 

1. Fultz, M. L., and DeHaan, J. D. “Gas Chromatography in Arson and Explosives Analysis,” Chapter 5, 

Gas Chromatography in Forensic Science, Tebbett, I., Ed., Ellis Horwood Ltd., Chichester, UK, 

1992, pp. 109-117. 

2. Schmierbach, D., and Smith, C. G. "Isolation and Identification of Isoparaffins in Arson Debris," 

Presented: 44th Meeting AAFS New Orleans, LA, February 17-22, 1992, Abstract # B23. 
July 2023

3. Vella, A. “Arson Investigation using the Ion Trap Detector,” Journal of Forensic Science Society, Vol 

32, No. 2, 1992, pp. 131-142. L

 a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

1993 

1. Waters, L., and Palmer, L. “Multiple Analysis of Fire Debris Samples using Passive Head Space 

Concentration,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 38, No. 1, 1993, pp. 165-183. 

1994 

1. Jayatilaka, A., and Poole, C. F. “Identification of Petroleum Distillates from Fire Debris using 

Multidimensional Gas Chromatography,” Chromatographia, Vol 39, No. 3/4, 1994, pp. 200-209. 

2. Karkkainen, M., Seppala, I., and Himberg, K., “Detection of Trace Levels of Gasoline in Arson Cases 

by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with an Automatic On-Line Thermal Desorber,” Journal 

of Forensic Sciences, Vol 39, No. 1, 1994, pp. 186-193. 

3. Keto, R. O., and Wineman, P. L., “Target-Compound Method for the Analysis of Accelerant 

Residues in Fire Debris,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol 288, 1994, pp. 97–110. 

4. Sheff, L. M., and Siegel, J.A., "Fluorescence of Petroleum Products V: Three-Dimensional 

Fluorescence Spectroscopy and Capillary Gas Chromatography of Neat and Evaporated Gasoline 

Samples," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 38, No. 5, 1994, pp. 1201-1214. 

1995 

1. Dhole, V. R., and Ghosal, G. K., “Detection and Characterisation of Petroleum Based Accelerants in 

Fire Debris by HPLC,” Journal of Liquid Chromatography, Vol 18, No. 9, 1995, pp. 1767–1786. 

2. Keto, R. O., “GC/MS Data Interpretation for Petroleum Distillate Identification in Contaminated 

Arson Debris,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 40, No. 3, 1995, pp. 412-423. 

3. Rochaix, V. T., Champod, C., and Lennard, C., “The Detection and Identification of Denatured 

Alcohol in Fire Debris Samples,” Advances in Forensic Sciences, Vol 3, Jacob & Bonte, Berlin, 1995, 

pp. 191-195. 

4. Wang, Z., and Fingas, M., "Differentiation of the Source of Spilled Oil and Monitoring of the Oil 

Weathering Process Using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry" Journal of Chromatography A, 

Vol 712, No. 2, 1995, pp. 321-343. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

1997 

1. Jackowski, J. “The Incidence of Ignitable Liquid Residues in Fire Debris as Determined by a 

Sensitive and Comprehensive Analytical Scheme,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 42, No. 5, 

1997, pp. 828–832. 

1998 

1. Deelchand, J. P., “Planar Chromatographic Separation of Petroleum Residues and Coal-Derived 

Liquids,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol 830, No. 2, 1998, pp. 397-414. 
July 2023

2. Mathiesen, M. D., and Lubeck, A. J., “Improving Accuracy in the Determination of Aromatics in 

Gasoline by Gas Chromatography - Mass Spectrometry,” Journal of Chromatographic Science, Vol 

36, No. 9, 1998, pp. 449-456. 

2000 

1. Almirall, J. R., Wang, J., Lothridge, K., and Furton, K. G., “The Detection and Analysis of Ignitable 

Liquid Residues Extracted from Human Skin using SPME/GC,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 

45, No. 2, 2000, pp. 453–461. 

2. Furton, K. G., Almirall, J. R., Bi, M., Wang, J., and Wu, L., “Application of Solid-Phase Micro 

Extraction to the Recovery of Explosives and Ignitable Liquid Residues from Forensic Specimens,” 

Journal of Chromatography A, Vol 885, 2000, pp. 419-432. 

3. Tan, B., Hardy, J. K., and Snavely, R. E., “Accelerant classification by gas chromatography/mass 

spectrometry and multivariate pattern recognition.” Anal. Chim. ACTA. 2000, 422, pp 37-46. 

4. Touron, P., Malaquin, P., Gardebas, D., and Nicolai, J., “Semi-Automatic Analysis of Fire Debris,” 

Forensic Science International, Vol 110, No. 1, 2000, pp. 7-18. 

2002 

1. DeVos, B. J., Froneman, M., Rohwer, E., and Sutherland, D. A. “Detection of Petrol (Gasoline) in 

Fire Debris by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS/MS).” Journal 

of Forensic Sciences, Vol 47, No. 4, 2002, pp. 1-21. 

2. Frysinger, G. S., and Gaines, R. B. “Forensic Analysis of Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris by 

Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 47, No. 

3, 2002, 47, 471–482. 

3. Rella, R., Sturato, A., Parvoli, G., Ferrara, D., and Doretti, L., “Accelerant Identification in Fire 

Debris by TCT-GC-MS,” LC-GC Europe, Vol 15, No. 9, 2002, pp. 603-609. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2003 

1. Dolan, J., “Recent Advances in the Application of Forensic Science to Fire Debris Analysis,” 

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol 376, 2003, pp. 1168-1171. 

2. Sutherland, D. A., Perr, J., and Almirall, J. “Identification of Ignitable Liquid Residues in Fire Debris 

by GC/MS/MS,” Chapter 5, Advances in Forensic Applications of Mass Spectrometry, 3rd ed., 

Yinon, Y., Ed., CRC Press, Boca Raton, USA, 2003. 

2004 

1. Barnes, A. T., Dolan, J. A., Kuk, R. J., and Siegel, J. A., “Comparison of Gasolines using Gas 

Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry and Target Ion Response,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 

49, No. 5, 2004, pp. 1-6. 

2. Borusiewicz, R., Zadora, G., and Zieba-Palus, J. “Application of Headspace Analysis with Passive 

Adsorption for Forensic Purposes in the Automated Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass 

Spectrometry System,” Chromatographia, Vol 60, Supp., 2004, pp. S133 - S142. 
July 2023

3. Dolan, J., “Analytical Methods for the Detection and Characterization of Ignitable Liquid Residues 

from Fire Debris,” Analysis and Interpretation of Fire Scene Evidence, Almirall, J. R., Furton, K. G., 

Eds., CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2004. 

2005 

1. DeVos, B. J., “Gas Chromatography Coupled with Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry for Arson Fire Debris 

Analysis,” Chemistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, 2005, p. 21. 

2006 

1. Pert, A. D., Baron, M. G., and Birkett, J. W. “Review of Analytical Techniques for Arson Residues,” 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 51, No. 5, 2006, pp. 1033–1049.

2. Varsney, K. M., and Sudhakar, P., “Simultaneous Detection of Petroleum Products and Their 

Residues in Arson by Single Programming Gas Chromatography,” Forensic Chemistry, Vol 9, 2006, 

pp. 1-5. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a 

2007 

1. Rostad, C., and Hostettler, F., “Profiling Refined Hydrocarbon Fuels using Polar Components,” 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 8, No. 1-2, 2007, pp. 129-137. 

2. Whyte, C., Wyche, K. P., Kholia, M., Ellis, A. M., and Monks, P. S., “Fast Fingerprinting of Arson 

Accelerants by Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry,” International Journal 

of Mass Spectrometry, Vol 263, 2007, pp. 222–232. 

2008 

1. Dolan, J., “Forensic Analysis of Fire Debris,” Handbook of Analytical Separations, Vol 6, No. 26, 

2008, pp. 873-922. 

2. Barua, R., Chi, L-H., Fitzpatrick, R., Gillard, D., and Kostyniak, P. J., “Determination of Volatile 

Organic Compounds in Biological Samples Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction and Gas 

Chromatography: Toluene and Styrene,” Journal of Analytical Toxicology, Vol 32, 2008, pp. 379-

386. 

3. Huppa, A. M., Marshall, L. J., Campbell, D. I., Waddell Smith, R., and McGuffin, V. L., 

“Chemometric Analysis of Diesel Fuel for Forensic and Environmental Applications,” Analytica 

Chimica Acta, Vol 606, 2008, pp. 159–171. 

2009 

1. Locke, A., Basara, G., and Sandercock, P., “Evaluation of Internal Standards for the Analysis of 

Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 54, No. 2, 2009, pp. 320–327.

2. Lu, Y., Chen, P., and Harrington, P. “Comparison of Differential Mobility Spectrometry and Mass 

Spectrometry for Gas Chromatographic Detection of Ignitable Liquids from Fire Debris using 

Projected Difference Resolution,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol 394, No. 8, 2009, pp. 

2061-2067. 

2010 
July 2023

1. Aernecke, M. J., and Walt, D. R., “Detection and Classification of Ignitable Liquid Residues Using a 

Fluorescence-Based Vapor-Sensitive Microsphere Array,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 55, No. 

1, 2010, pp. 178-184. 

2. Baerncopf, J. M., McGuffin, V. L., and Waddell Smith, R. “Effect of Gas Chromatography 

Temperature Program on the Association and Discrimination of Diesel Samples,” Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, Vol. 55, No. 1, 2010, pp. 185-193. 

3. Curran, A., Prada, P., and Furton, K., “The Differentiation of the Volatile Organic Signatures of 

Individuals through SPME-GC/MS of Characteristic Human Scent Compounds,” Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, Vol 55, No. 1, 2010, pp. 50-57. 

2011 

1. Choodum, A., and Nic Daeid, N., “Development and Validation of an Analytical Method for 

Hydrocarbon Residues using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,” Analytical Methods, Vol 3, 

2011, pp. 1136-1142. Available at www.rsc.org/methods. 

2. Choodum, A., and Nic Daeid, N., “Evaluating the Performance of Three GC Columns Commonly 

Used for the Analysis of Ignitable Liquid Mixtures Encountered in Fire Debris,” Analytical Methods, 

Vol 3, 2011, pp. 1525-1534. Available at www.rsc.org/methods. 

3. González-Rodríguez, J., Sissons, N., and Robinson, S., “Fire Debris Analysis by Raman 

Spectroscopy and Chemometrics,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol 91, 2011, pp. 

210–218. 

4. Muller, D., Levy, A., and Shelef, R., “Detection of Gasoline on Arson Suspects’ Hands,” Forensic 

Science International, Vol 206, 2011, pp. 150–154. 

5. Monfreda, M., and Gregori, A., “Differentiation of Unevaporated Gasoline Samples According to 

Their Brands, by SPME–GC–MS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis,” Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, Vol 56, No. 2, 2011, pp. 372-380. 

2012 

1. Green, M. K., “Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry of Fire Debris Evidence at 

Suspected Clandestine Methamphetamine Laboratories [dissertation].” Ada, OH: Ohio Northern 

University, 2012. 

2. Hutches, K., and Lord, J., “A New Kind of Molotov? Gasoline–Pool Chlorinator Mixtures,” Journal 

of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 57, No. 4, 2012, pp. 1064-1069. 

3. Kabir, A., and Furton, K. G., “Applications of Gas Chromatography in Forensic Science,” Chapter 5, 

Gas Chromatography, Poole, C. F., Ed, Elsevier Inc., 2012. 

4. Kosei, Y., Ako, S., Toru, O, Sohtaro, M., Yuki, O., and Yoko, N., “Quantitative Evaluation of 

Volatile Hydrocarbons in Post-Mortem Blood in Forensic Autopsy Cases of Fire-Related Deaths,” 

Forensic Science International, Vol 217, 2012, pp. 71-75. 
July 2023

5. Salgueiroa, P. A. S., Borges, C. M. F., Bettencourt da Silva, R. J. N., “Valid Internal Standard 

Technique for Arson Detection based on Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry,” Journal of 

Chromatography A, Vol 1257, 2012, pp. 189–194. 

6. Taylor, C.M., Rosenhan, A. K., Raines, J. M., and Rodriquez, J. M., “An Arson Investigation by 

using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography-Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry,” 

Journal of Forensic Research, Vol 3, No. 9, 2012, pp. 1-8. 

7. Yonemitsu, K., Sasao, A., Oshima, T., Mimasaka, S., Ohtsu, Y., and Nishitani, Y., “Quantitative 

Evaluation of Volatile Hydrocarbons in Post-Mortem Blood in Forensic Autopsy Cases of FireRelated Deaths,” Forensic Science International, Vol 217, 2012, pp. 71–75. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2013 

1. Mealy, C. L., Wolfe, A. J., and Gottuk, D. T., “Forensic Analysis of Ignitable Liquid Fuel Fires in 

Buildings,” NIJ, 2013. Available at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/241441.pdf. 

2. Nic Daeid, N., and Stauffer, E., “Chemistry/Trace/Fire Investigation,” Encyclopedia of Forensic 

Sciences, Elsevier, 2013, pp. 177-182.

3. Pahor, K., Olson, G., and Forbes, S. L., “Post-Mortem Detection of Gasoline Residues in Lung Tissue 

and Heart Blood of Fire Victims,” International Journal of Legal Medicine, 127:923-930, 2013 

4. Schwartz, Z., An, Y., Konstantynova, K. I., and Jackson, G. P., “Analysis of Household Ignitable 

Liquids and their Post-Combustion Weathered Residues using Compound-Specific Gas 

Chromatography-Combustion-Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry,” Forensic Science International, 

Vol 233, No. 1-3, 2013, pp. 365-373. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073813004556. 

5. Sturaro, A., Vianello, A., Denti, P., and Rella, R., “Fire Debris Analysis and Scene Reconstruction,” 

Science and Justice, Vol 53, No. 2, 2013, pp. 201-205. 

2014 

1. Chan, W. P. “Evaluation of Commercial Products as Possible Sources of Oxygenates in Fire Debris 

Samples [dissertation].” Boston, MA: Boston University, 2014.

2. Ferreiro-González, M., Ayuso, M., Alvarez, J.A., Palma, M., and Barroso, C.G., “New headspacemass spectrometry method for the discrimination of commercial gasoline samples with different 

research octane numbers.” Energy Fuels, 2014; 28:6249-6254.

3. Fettig, I., Krüger, S., Deubel, J. H., Werrel, M., Raspe, T., and Piechotta, C., “Evaluation of a 

Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction Method for the Analysis of Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris,” 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 59, No. 3, 2014, pp. 743-749. Available at 

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-4029.12342/full. 

4. Li, Y., Wang, L., Yan, J., Liang, D., and Shen, H., “Persistence Study on Gasoline Compound in Soil 

Matrix and its Application in Fire Investigation,” Procedia Engineering, Vol 71, 2014, pp. 605-610. 

Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705814005049. 
July 2023

5. Muller, D., Levy, A., and Shelef, R., “A New Method for the Detection of Ignitable Liquid Residues 

on Arsonist Suspects Hands,” Fire Technology, Vol 50, No. 2, 2014, pp. 393-402. Available at 

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10694-012-0275-8. 

6. Nichols, J. E., Harries, M. E., Lovestead, T. M., and Bruno, T. J., “Analysis of Arson Fire Debris by 

Low Temperature Dynamic Headspace Adsorption Porous Layer Open Tubular Columns,” Journal of 

Chromatography A, Vol 1334, 2014, pp. 126-138. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967314001940. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2015 

1. Davis, A. “Acquiring Chemical Attribute Signatures for Gasoline: Differentiation of Gasoline 

Utilizing Direct Analysis in Real Time - Mass Spectrometry and Chemometric Analysis 

[dissertation].” Boston, MA: Boston University, 2015. 

2. Ferreiro-González, M., Ayuso, J., Álvarez, J. A., Palma, M., and Barroso, C. G., “Application of an 

HS–MS for the Detection of Ignitable Liquids from Fire Debris,” Talanta, Vol 142, 2015, pp, 150-

156. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914015002684. 

3. Ferreiro-González, M., Ayuso, J., Álvarez, J. A., Palma, M., and Barroso, C. G., “Gasoline Analysis 

by Headspace Mass Spectrometry and Near Infrared Spectroscopy,” Fuel, Vol 153, 2015, pp. 402-

407. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236115003154.

4. Martin-Alberca, C., García-Ruiz, C., and Delémont, O., “Study of Acidified Ignitable Liquid 

Residues in Fire Debris by Solid-Phase Microextraction with Gas Chromatography and Mass 

Spectrometry,” Journal of Separation Science, Vol 38, No. 18, 2015, pp. 3218-3227. Available at 

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jssc.201500337/full.

5. Martín-Alberca, C., García-Ruiz, C., and Delémont, O., “Study of Chemical Modifications in 

Acidified Ignitable Liquids Analysed by GC–MS,” Science & Justice, Vol 55, No. 6, 2015, pp. 446-

455. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1355030615000891.

6. Martin-Alberca, C., López-López, M., and García-Ruiz, C., “Analysis of Pre-Ignited Improvised 

Incendiary Devices using Portable Raman,” Talanta, Vol 144, 2015, pp. 612-618. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0039914015301156.

2016 

1. Aqel, A., Dhabbah, A. M., Yusuf, K., Al-Harbi, N. M., Al Othman, Z. A., and Badjah-Hadj-Ahmed, 

A. Y. “Determination of Gasoline and Diesel Residues on Wool, Silk, Polyester and Cotton Materials 

by SPME–GC–MS,” Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol 71, No. 7, 2016, pp. 730-736. Available at 

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1061934816070029. 

2. Cheenmatchaya, A., and Kungwankunakorn, S., “The Detection of Residual Gasoline for Forensic 

Soil Investigation in Arson,” Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2016, pp. 1-12. 

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00450618.2016.1225817 L 

3. Ferreiro-González, M., Barbero, G. F., Palma, M., Ayuso J., Álvarez, J. A., and Barroso, C. G., 

“Determination of Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris: Direct Analysis by Electronic Nose,” Sensors, 

Vol 16, No. 5, 2016, pp. 695. Available at http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/16/5/695/htm. 
July 2023

4. Martin-Alberca, C., Ortega-Ojeda, F. E., and García-Ruiz, C., “Analytical Tools for the Analysis of 

Fire Debris, A review: 2008–2015,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol 928, 2016, pp. 1-19. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0003267016305499. 

5. Martín-Alberca, C., Ortega-Ojeda, F. E., and García-Ruiz, C., “Study of Spectral Modifications in 

Acidified Ignitable Liquids by Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared 

Spectroscopy,” Applied Spectroscopy, Vol 70, No. 3, 2016, pp. 520–530. Available at 

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0003702815626681. 

6. McKinney, P. “Using Solid Phase Microextraction and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry 

when Analyzing Fire Debris for Pseudoephedrine, a Precursor Drug in Clandestine 

Methamphetamine Production [dissertation].” Boston, MA: Boston University, 2016.

7. Nizio, K. D., Cochran, J. W., and Forbes, S. L., “Achieving a Near-Theoretical Maximum in Peak 

Capacity Gain for the Forensic Analysis of Ignitable Liquids Using GC×GC-TOFMS,” Separations, 

Vol 3, No. 3, 2016, pp. 26. Available at http://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/3/3/26/htm. 

8. Sampat, A. A. S., Lopatka, M., Vivó-Truyols, G., Schoenmakers, P. J., and van Asten, A.C., 

“Towards Chemical Profiling of Ignitable Liquids with Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas 

Chromatography: Exploring Forensic Application to Neat White Spirits,” Forensic Science 

International, Vol 267, 2016, pp. 183-195. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037907381630336X. 

9. Yang, Q., “GC-MS Analysis on the Trace Residue of Gasoline Combustion,” Procedia Engineering, 

Vol 135, 2016, pp. 322-326. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705816001417. 

 a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2017 

1. Choi, S., and Yoh, J. J., “Fire Debris Analysis for Forensic Fire Investigation Using Laser Induced 

Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS),” Spectrochimica Acta Part B: Atomic Spectroscopy, Vol 134, 

2017, pp. 75-80. 

2. DeHaan J. D., Taormina E. I., and Brien D. J., “Detection and Characterization of Volatile Organic 

Compounds from Burned Human and Animal Remains in Fire Debris,” Science & Justice, Vol 57, 

No. 2, 2017, pp. 118-127. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1355030616301319. 

3. Ferreiro-González, M, Barbero, G. F., Ayuso, J., Álvarez, J. A., Palma, M, and Barroso, C. G., 

“Validation of an HS-MS Method for Direct Determination and Classification of Ignitable Liquids,” 

Microchemical Journal, Vol 132, 2017, pp. 358-364. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0026265X16302296. 

4. Green, M. K., Kuk, R. J., and Wagner, J. R., “Collection and Analysis of Fire Debris Evidence to 

Detect Methamphetamine, Pseudoephedrine, and Ignitable Liquids in Fire Scenes at Suspected 

Clandestine Laboratories,” Forensic Chemistry, Vol 4, 2017, pp. 82-88. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170917300103. 

5. Kerr, T. J., Myers, L., and Duncan, K. L. “Raman Microspectroscopic Mapping: A Tool for 

Identification of Fused Materials in Fire Debris,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2017. Available at 

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-4029.13417/full. 
July 2023

6. Liu, S., Wang, B., Wang, Y., “Identification of Diesel Residues by GC/MS/MS,” 2nd International 

Conference on New Energy and Renewable Resources 2017. 

7. Lopatka, M., Sampat, A. A., Jonkers, S., Adutwum, L. A., Mol, H. G. J., van der Weg, G., Harynuk, 

J. J., and Schoenmakers, P. J., “Local Ion Signatures (LIS) for the Examination of Comprehensive 

Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography Applied to Fire Debris Analysis,” Forensic Chemistry, Vol 

3, 2017, pp. 1-13. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170916300674. 

8. Suzuki, Y., Ishizawa, F., and Honda, K., “Semiquantitative Screening of Trace Combustion-derived 

Volatile Substances in the Blood of Fire Victims Using NeedlEx® Headspace Gas 

Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry,” Forensic Science International, 2017. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073817302633. 

 

2018 

1. Barnett, I., and Zhang, M., “Discrimination of brands of gasoline by using DART-MS and 

chemometrics.” Forensic Chemistry 2018; 10:58-66. Available at: 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170918300420 

2. Fabritius, M. M., Broillet, A., Konig, S., Weinmann, W., “Analysis of volatiles in fire debris by 

combination of activated charcoal strips (ACS) and automated thermal desorption – gas 

chromatography–mass spectrometry (ATD/GC–MS).” Forensic Science International 2018. 

Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073818303025. L a

 s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 1 

2019 

1. Aliano-Gonzalez, M. J., Ferreiro-Gonzalez, M., Barbero, G. F., and Palma, M., “Novel method based 

on ion mobility spectrometry sum spectrum for the characterization of ignitable liquids in fire debris.” 

Talanta, 2019; 199:189-194. 

2. Dhabbah, A. M., “Investigation of Kerosene used as Fire Accelerant Remaining on Different Kinds of 

Fabrics.” Arab Journal of Forensic Sciences & Forensic Medicine (AJFSFM). 2019;1(10):1386. 

https://journals.nauss.edu.sa/index.php/AJFSFM/article/view/1373/pdf

3. Frauenhofer, E., Cho, J., Yu, J., Al-Saigh, Z. Y., and Kim, J., “Adsorption of hydrocarbons 

commonly found in gasoline residues on household materials studied by inverse gas 

chromatography.” Journal of Chromatography A. 2019. Available at: 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021967319301281

4. Leung, D., Forbes, S., and Maynard, P., “Volatile Organic Compound Analysis of Accelerant 

Detection Canine Distractor Odours.” Forensic Science International Vol. 303, October 2019. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109953

5. Matos, M. P. V., Jackson, G. P., “Isotope ratio mass spectrometry in forensic science applications.” 

Forensic Chemistry, 2019; 13:100154. Available at: 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170919300098

6. Roberson, Z.R., and Goodpaster, J.V. “Preparation and characterization of micro-bore wall-coated 

open-tubular capillaries with low phase ratios for fast-gas chromatography–mass spectrometry: 

Application to ignitable liquids and fire debris.” Science & Justice 2019. 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1355030618303368 
July 2023

7. Barnett, I., Bailey, F.C., and Zhang, M., “ Detection and classification of ignitable liquid residues in 

the presence of matrix interferences by using direct analysis in real time mass spectrometry.” Journal 

of Forensic Science, Vol. 64, No. 5, 2019, pp. 1486-1494. 

2020 

1. Torres, M.N., Valdes, N.B., and Almirall, J.R., “Comparison of portable and benchtop GC-MS 

coupled to capillary microextraction of volatiles (CMV) for the extraction and analysis of ignitable 

liquid residues.” Forensic Chemistry, Vol. 19, 2020, Article 100240.

2. Kates, L.N., Richards, P.I., and Sandau, C.D., “The application of comprehencive two-dimensional 

gas chromatography to the analysis of wildfire debris for ignitable liquid residue.” Forensic Science 

International, Vol. 310, 2020, Article 110256. 

2021 

1. Rael, A.S., Cruse, C.A., Rydberg, M., and Goodpaster, J.V., “A critical comparison of vacuum UV 

(VUV) spectrometer and electron ionization single quadrupole mass spectrometer detectors for the 

analysis of alkylbenzenes in gasoline by gas chromatography:experimental and statistical aspects.” 

Talanta, Vol. 225, 2021, Article 122081. 

2. Sisco, E., and Forbes, T.P., “Forensic application of DART-MS: a review of recent literature.” 

Forensic Chemistry, Vol. 22, 2021, Article 100294 

3. Patel, S.V., and Lurie, I.S., “The use of portable separation devices for forensic analysis: a review of 

recent literature.” Forensic Chemistry, Vol. 26, 2021, Article 100365. 

4. DiDomizio, M.J., Ibrahimli, V., and Weckman, E.J., “Testing of liquids with the cone calorimeter.” 

Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 126, 2021, Article 103449. 

9 - Background interferences and Weathering 

1973 

1. Sumi, K., and Tsuchiya, Y., "Combustion Products of Polymeric Materials Containing Nitrogen in 

their Chemical Structure," Journal of Fire and Flammability, Vol 4, 1973, pp. 15-22. 

1977 

1. Clodfelter, R. W., and Hueske, E. E., "A Comparison of Decomposition Products from Selected 

Burned Materials with Common Arson Accelerants,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 22, No. 1, 

1977, pp. 116-118. L 

 a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

1984 

1. Howard, J., and McKague, A. B., "A Fire Investigation Involving Combustion of Carpet Material," 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 29, No. 3, 1984, pp. 919-922. 

1987 
July 2023

1. Rapley, P., "Background Volatiles in Fire Debris," Presented: Joint Meeting; Royal Society of 

Chemistry, Association of Consulting Chemists and the Forensic Science Society, London, England, 

February 14, 1987. Abstract: Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol 27, No. 3, 1987, pp. 210. 

1988 

1. DeHaan, J. D. and Bonaris, K., "Pyrolysis Products of Structure Fires," Journal of the Forensic 

Science Society, Vol 28, No. 5/6, 1988, pp. 299-309. 

1990 

1. Faix, O., Meier, D., and Fortmann, I., "Thermal Degradation Products of Wood. Gas 

Chromatographic Separation and Mass Spectrometric Characterization of Monomeric Lignin Derived 

Products," Holz als Roh- Und Werkstoff, Vol 48, No. 7-8, 1990, pp. 281-285.

2. Faix, O., Meier, D., and Fortmann, I., "Thermal Degradation Products of Wood. A Collection of 

Electron-Impact (EI) Mass Spectra of Monomeric Lignin Derived Products," Holz als Roh- und 

Werkstoff, Vol 48, No. 9, 1990, pp. 351-354.

3. Shapi, M. M., “Thermal Decomposition of Polystyrene: Volatile Compounds from Large-Scale 

Pyrolysis,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol 18, 1990, pp. 143-161. 

4. Sliva, G., and Verrett, G., "The Analysis of Background Volatiles and Creation of a Library of 

Retention Indices," Presented: 37th Annual Meeting, Canadian Society of Forensic Science, Ottawa, 

Ontario, October 1-5, 1990. Abstract: Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol 23, No. 4, 

1990, pp. 133. 

5. Small, J. L., and Milroy, S., "Possible 'Accelerants' Found in Household Products," Presented: 42nd 

Annual Meeting American Academy of Forensic Science, Cincinnati, OH, February 19-24, 1990. 

Abstract # B55. 

1991 

1. Trimpe, M. A., “Turpentine in Arson Analysis,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 36, No. 4, 1991, 

pp. 1059-1073. L 

 a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r 

1992 

1. Sturaro, A., Parvoli, G., and Doretti, L., "Artifacts Produced by Poropak Q Sorbent Tubes on Solvent 

Desorption," Chromatographia, Vol 33, No. 1/2, 1992, pp. 53-57. 

1994 

1. Bertsch, W., "Volatiles from Carpet: A Source of Frequent Misinterpretation in Arson Analysis," 

Journal of Chromatography A, 1994, Vol 674, No. 1-2, pp. 329-333. 

1995 

1. Voorhees, K. J., "Analysis of Soot Produced from the Combustion of Polymeric Materials," Chapter 

26, Fire and Polymers II, American Chemical Society, 1995, pp. 393-406. 

1997 
July 2023

1. Knappmeyer, K., and Yoshida, S., "Detection of Extinguishing Agents," Tieline, Vol 21, No. 1/2, 

1997, pp. 21-28. 

1998 

1. Lentini, J. J., “Differentiation of Asphalt and Smoke Condensates from Liquid Petroleum Distillates 

using GC/MS,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 43, No. 1, 1998, pp. 97-113. 

2000 

1. Coulson, S. A., Morgan-Smith, R. K., and Noble, D., “The effect of compressed air foam on the 

detection of hydrocarbon fuels in fire debris samples.” Sci. Justice, 2000, 40, pp 257-260. 

2. Lentini, J. J, Dolan, J. A., and Cherry, C., “The Petroleum-Laced Background,” Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, Vol 45, No. 5, 2000, pp. 968-989. 

2001 

1. Lentini, J. J., “Persistence of Floor Coating Solvents,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 46, No. 6, 

2001, pp. 1470–1473.

2. Stauffer, E., “Identification and Characterization of Interfering Products in Fire Debris Analysis,” MS 

thesis, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA, 2001. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2002 

1. Ballice, L., and Reimert, R., “Classification of Volatile Products from the Temperature-Programmed 

Pyrolysis of Polypropylene (PP), Atactic-Polypropylene (APP) and Thermogravimetrically Derived 

Kinetics of Pyrolysis,” Chemical Engineering and Processing, Vol 41, 2000, pp. 289–296. 

2. Cavanagh, K., Du Pasquier, E., and Lennard, C., “Background Interference from Car Carpets--The 

Evidential Value of Petrol Residues in Cases of Suspected Vehicle Arson,” Forensic Science 

International, Vol 125, No. 1, 2002, pp. 22-36. 

3. DeHaan, J. D., “Our Changing World. Part 1: Furnishings,” Fire and Arson Investigator, Vol 52, No. 

2, 2002, pp. 44-45.

4. DeHaan, J. D., “Our Changing World. Part 2: Ignitable Liquids: Petroleum Distillates, Petroleum 

Products and Other Stuff,” Fire and Arson Investigator, Vol 52, No. 3, 2002, pp. 46–47. 

5. DeHaan, J. D., “Our Changing World. Part 3: Detection Limits—Is More Sensitive Necessarily More 

Better? Part 4: A Matter of Time,” Fire and Arson Investigator, Vol 52, No. 4, 2002, pp. 20–23.

6. Fernandes, M., Lau, C., and Wong, W., “The Effect of Volatile Residues in Burnt Household Items 

on the Detection of Fire Accelerants,” Science & Justice, Vol 42, No. 1, 2002, pp. 7-15. 

7. McGee, E., Lang, T.L., “A Study of the Effects of a Micelle Encapsulator Fire Suppression Agent on 

Dynamic Headspace Analysis of Fire Debris Samples,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 47, No. 2, 

2002, pp. 267–274. 

2003 
July 2023

1. Stauffer, E., “Concept of Pyrolysis for Fire Debris Analysts,” Science & Justice, Vol 43, No. 1, 2003, 

pp. 29-40. 

2004 

1. Almirall, J., and Furton, K., “Characterization of Background and Pyrolysis Products that May 

Interfere with the Forensic Analysis of Fire Debris,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol 

71, No. 1, 2004, pp. 51-67.

2. DeHaan, J., Brien, D., and Large, R., “Volatile Organic Compounds from the Combustion of Human 

and Animal issue,” Science & Justice, Vol 44, No. 4, 2004, pp. 223-236. 
July 2023

2005 

1. Cavanagh-Steer, K., Du Pasquier, E., Roux, C., and Lennard, C., “The Transfer and Persistence of 

Petrol on Car Carpets,” Forensic Science International, Vol 147, 2005, pp. 71–79.

2. Hetzel, S. S., and Moss, R. D., “How Long after Waterproofing a Deck Can You Still Isolate an 

Ignitable Liquid?” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 50, No. 2, 2005, pp. 369-76. 

3. Wells, S., “The Identification of Isopar H in Vinyl Flooring,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 50, 

No. 4, 2005, pp. 865-872. 

2008 

1. Aziz, N., Greenwood, P. F., Kliti, Grice, Watling, R. J., and van Bronswijk, W., “Chemical 

Fingerprinting of Adhesive Tapes by GCMS Detection of Petroleum Hydrocarbon Products,” Journal 

of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 53, No. 5, 2008, pp. 1130-1137. 

2. Vass, A., Smith, R., Thompson, C., Burnett, M., Dulgerian, N., and Eckenrode, B., “Odor Analysis of 

Decomposing Buried Human Remains,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 53, No. 2, 2008, pp. 384-

391. 

2009 

1. Dekeirsschieter, J., Verheggen, F. J., Gohy, M., Hubrecht, F., Bourguignon, L., Lognay, G., and 

Haubruge, E., “Cadaveric Volatile Organic Compounds Released by Decaying Pig Carcasses (Sus 

domesticus L.) in Different Biotopes,” Forensic Science International, Vol 189, No. 1-3, 2009, pp. 

46-53. 

2. Stolle, A., Ondruschka, B., and Hopf, H., “Thermal Rearrangements of Monoterpenes and 

Monoterpenoids,” Helvetica Chimica Acta, Vol 92, No. 9, 2009, pp. 1673–1719. 

2011 

1. Cruz, N. L., “Assessing the Impact of Background Pyrolysis Products on Ignitable Liquid 

Comparisons [dissertation],” Fresno, CA: California State University, 2011. 

2012 

1. Kataoka, H., Ohashi, Y., Mamiya, T., Nami, K., Saito, K., Ohcho, K., and Takigawa, T., “Indoor Air 

Monitoring of Volatile Organic Compounds and Evaluation of Their Emission from Various Building 

Materials and Common Products by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,” Chapter 9, Advanced 

Gas Chromatography - Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications, Mohd, M. 

A., Ed., InTech Open Science, 2012.

2. Knowlton, B., E., “The Effects of Using Fire-Fighting Foams: GC-MS Pattern Analysis of Fire 

Debris.” Ph.D. Thesis, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA. 2012 

3. Ohkuwa, T., Funada, T., and Tsuda, T., “Acetone Response with Exercise Intensity,” Chapter 8, 

Advanced Gas Chromatography - Progress in Agricultural, Biomedical and Industrial Applications, 

Mohd, M. A., Ed., InTech Open Science, 2012.

4. Prather, K. R., McGuffin, V. L., and Smith, R.W., “Effect of Evaporation and Matrix Interferences on 

the Association of Simulated Ignitable Liquid Residues to the Corresponding Liquid Standard,” 
July 2023

Forensic Science International, Vol 222, No. 1-3, 2012, pp. 242-251. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073812002861. 

5. Sandercock, P. M. L., “Preparation of Pyrolysis Reference Samples: Evaluation of a Standard Method 

Using a Tube Furnace.” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 57, No. 3, pp. 738-743. 

2013 

1. Contreras, P. A., Houck, S. S., Davis, W. M., and Yu, J. C. C., “Pyrolysis Products of Linear 

Alkylbenzenes— Implications in Fire Debris Analysis,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 58, No. 1, 

2013, pp. 210-216. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1556-

4029.2012.02194.x/full. 

2. Kerr, T. J., Duncan, K. L., and Myers, L., “Application of Vibrational Spectroscopy Techniques for 

Material Identification from Fire Debris,” Vibrational Spectroscopy, Vol 68, 2013, pp. 225-235. 

3. Kerr, T., Duncan, K., and Myers, L., “Post Fire Materials Identification by Micro-Raman 

Spectroscopy and Principal Components Analysis,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol 

102, 2013, pp. 103-113. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S015237013000594. 

4. Li. Y., Liang, D., and Shen, H., “An Analysis of Background Interference on Fire Debris.” Procedia 

Engineering, Vol 52, 2013, pp. 664-670. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1877705813003226. 

2014 

1. Prather, K. R., Towner, S. E., McGuffin, V. L., and Waddell Smith, R., “Effect of Substrate 

Interferences from High-Density Polyethylene on Association of Simulated Ignitable Liquid Residues 

with the Corresponding Liquid,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 59, No. 1, 2014, pp. 52-60. 

Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-4029.12305/full. 

2015 

1. Borusiewicz, R., “Substrate Interferences in Identifying Flammable Liquids in Food, Environmental 

and Biological Samples: Case Studies,” Science & Justice, Vol 55, No. 3, 2015, pp. 176-180. 

Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135503061400166X.

2. Brehe, R. “Overcoming Challenges in Fire Debris Analysis Caused by Evaporation [dissertation],” 

East Lansing, MI, Michigan State University, 2015.

3. Chakrabortty, A., Bagchi, S., and Chandra Lahiri, S., “Studies of Fire Debris from Bomb Blasts using 

Ion Chromatography, Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry and Fluorescence Measurements – 

Evidence of Ammonium Nitrate, Wax-Based Explosives and Identification of a Biomarker,” 

Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 47, No. 1, 2015, pp. 83-94. Available at 

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00450618.2014.897370. 

4. Krüger, S., Deubel, J. H., Werrel, M., Fettig, I., and Raspe, T., “Experimental Studies on the Effect of 

Fire Accelerants during Living Room Fires and Detection of Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris,” Fire 

and Materials, Vol 39, No. 7, 2015, pp. 636-646. Available at 

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/fam.2263/full. 
July 2023

2016 

1. Winters, K., and Evans, M., “The Effects of Burning and Mold Growth on the Chemical Composition 

of Firelog Fuels,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 61, No. 4, 2016, pp. 1085-1092. Available at 

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-4029.13080/full. 

2. Zong, R., Liu, X., Li, F., and Ye, J., “Influence of Fire Accelerant on the Thermal Degradation and 

Ignition of Wood Chip,” Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 48, No. 5, 2016, pp. 538-548. 

Available at http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00450618.2015.1076035. 

2017 

1. Birks H. L, Cochran A. R, Williams T. J, and Jackson G. P., “The Surprising Effect of Temperature 

on the Weathering of Gasoline,” Forensic Chemistry, Vol 4, 2017, pp. 32-40. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170917300024.

2. Grafit, A., Avissar, Y. Y., Kimchi, S., and Muller, D., “A Preliminary Investigation into Background 

Interferences in Identifying Flammable Residues from Gloves,” Journal of Forensic Identification, 

Vol 67, No. 1, 2017, pp. 45-59.

3. Martín-Alberca, C., Carrascosa, H., San Román, I., Bartolomé, L., García-Ruiz, C. “Acid alteration of 

several ignitable liquids of potential use in arsons.” Science & Justice, 2017. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1355030617301132

4. Turner, D. A., Williams, M., Sigman, M. A., and Goodpaster, J. V., “A Comprehensive Study of the 

Alteration of Ignitable Liquids by Weathering and Microbial Degradation,” Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, May 2017. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-4029.13527/full. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2018 

1. Aliaño-González, M. J., Ferreiro-González, M., Barbero, G. F., Ayuso, J., Palma, M., and Barroso, C. 

G., “Study of the Weathering Process of Gasoline by eNose.” Sensors Open Access Journal 2018; 

18(1):139. http://www.mdpi.com/1424-8220/18/1/139/htm 

2019 

1. Ji, B., Liu, S., and Wang, Y., “Effect of Combustion Residues of Typical Rubber Products on GC-MS 

Identification of Gasoline.” IOP Conf. Series: Materials Science and Engineering 2019; 585:012047. 

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1757-899X/585/1/012047/pdf

2. Leung, D., Forbes, S., and Maynard, P., “Volatile Organic Compound Analysis of Accelerant 

Detection Canine Distractor Odours.” Forensic Science International Vol. 303, October 2019. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.109953

3. Guerrera, G., Chen, E., Powers, R., and Kammrath, B.W., “The potential interference of body 

products and substrates to the identification of ignitable liquid residues on worn clothing.” Forensic 

Chemistry, Vol. 12, 2019, pp. 46-57. 

4. Zhang, Y., Zhu, X., Zhao, C., Peng, B., Yang, S., and Xie, L., “Study of diesel residues from fire 

debris in a bus arson experiment.” [Conference presentation] 9th International Conference on Fire 

Science and Fire Protection Engineering, October 18-20, 2019, Chengdu, China. 
July 2023

5. Eklund, N.K., “Further investigation of a kinetic model to accurately predict evaporation of gasoline.” 

Publication No. 13897508, Master’s Thesis, Michigan State University, ProQuest Dissertations & 

Theses Global, 2019. 

2020 

1. Hutches, K., Stevens N, Milleville, L., “Inherent Ignitable Liquids in New/Lightly Used Shoes.” 

Forensic Chemistry. Volume 18, May 2020, 100211. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2019.100211

2. Willis, I. C., Fan, Z., Davidson, J. T., and Jackson, G. P., “Weathering of ignitable liquids at elevated 

temperatures: a thermodynamic model, based on laws of ideal solutions, to predict weathering in 

structure fires.” Forensic Chemistry. 2020 Jan 13:100215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2020.100215 

3. Swierczynski, M.J., Grau, K., Schmitz, M., and Kim, J., “Detection of gasoline residues present in 

household materials via headspace-solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass 

spectrometry.” Journal of Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 75, No, 1, 2020, pp 44-55.

4. Dhabbah, A.M., “Detection of petrol residues in natural and synthetic textiles before and after 

burning using SPME and GC-MS.” Australian Journal of Forensic Science, Vol. 53, No. 2, 2020, pp. 

194-207.

5. Jin, J., Chi, J., Xue, T., Liu, L., Li, Y., Deng, L., and Zhang, J., “Influence of thermal environment in 

fire on the identification of gasoline combustion residues.” Forensic Science International, Vol. 315, 

2020, Article 110430.

6. Eklund, N.K., Capistran, B.A., McGuffin, V.L., and Smith, R.W., “Improvements in a kinetic-based 

model to predict evaporation of gasoline.” Forensic Chemistry, Vol. 17, 2020, Article 100194.

7. Capistran, B.A., “Kinetically modelling total ion chromatograms and extracted ion profiles to identify 

ignitable liquids for fire debris applications.” Publication No. 28031746, Master’s thesis, Michigan 

State University, ProQuest Dissertations & Theses Global, 2020.

8. Deng, J., Lu, H., Li, Y., Wang, W., Xiao, Y., Bai, L., and Shu, C., “Mathematical method for 

polymerized styrene butadiene rubber 1502 pyrolysis residue and gasoline differentiation.” Journal of 

Thermal Analytical Calorimetry, Vol. 142, No. 2, 2020, pp. 685-694.

9. Wensel, C., “The effects of household substrates on the evaporation of ignitable liquids at 

temperatures up to 210°C.” Master’s thesis, West Virginia University, Research repository at West 

Virginia University, 2020.

2021 

1. Boegelsack, N., Hayes, K., Sandau, C., Withey, J.M., McMartin, D.W., and O’Sullivan, G., 

“Development of retention time indices for comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography and 

application to ignitable liquid residue mapping in wildfire investigations.” Journal of 

Chromatography, Vol. A 1635, 2021, Article 461717. 

2. Capistran, B.A., McGuffin, V.I., and Smith, R.W., “Applications of a kinetic model to predict 

extracted ion profiles for the identification of evaporated ignitable liquids.” Forensic Chemistry, Vol. 

24, 2021, Article 100340. 
July 2023

3. Burkhart, A.L., “Measuring evaporation rate constants of highly volatile compounds and investigating 

the effect of interface on a kinetic model applied to forensic fire debris.” Publication No. 28549232, 

Doctoral dissertation, Michigan State University, ProQuest Dissertations & Thesis Global, 2021. 

4. McGuffin, V.I., and Smith, R.W., “A unified kinetic and thermodynamic model of evaporation for 

forensic applications.” Forensic Chemistry, Vol. 23, 2021, Article 100304. 

5. Burkhart, A.L., Smith, R.W., and McGuffin, V.L., “Measuring evaporation rate constants of highly 

volatile compounds for use in predictive kinetic models.” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 1182, 2021, 

Article 338932. 

6. Huang, and Y., Yu, J.C.C., “Development of crime scene intelligence using a hand-held Raman 

spectrometer and transfer learning.” Analytical Chemistry, Vol. 93, No. 25, 2021, pp. 8889-8896. 

2022 

1. Nims, M.K., Melville, A.M., Moran, J.J., Jarman, K.H., and Wright, B.W., “Compound specific 

stable isotope analysis of aromatics in diesel fuel to identify potential cocktailing.” Forensic Science 

International, Vol. 334, 2022, Article 111244. 

10 - Sources of Contamination 

1997 

1. Kanppmeyer, K., and Yoshida, S., “Detection of Extinguishing Agents,” TIELINE, Vol 21, No. 1-2, 

1997, pp. 21-28. L a

 s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

1999 

1. Lang, T. L., “A Study of Contamination in Fire Debris Containers,” Canadian Society of Forensic 

Science Journal, Vol 32, No. 2&3, 1999, pp. 75-83. 

2000 

1. Coulson, S., Morgan-Smith, R., and Noble, D., “The Effect of Compressed Air Foam on the 

Detection of Hydrocarbon Fuels in Fire Debris Samples,” Science & Justice, Vol 40, No. 4, 2000, pp. 

257-260. 

2. Lang, T. L., and Dixon, B. M., “The Possible Contamination of Fire Scenes by the Use of Positive 

Pressure Ventilation Fans,” Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol 33, No.2, 2000, pp. 

55-60. 

2002 

1. Koussiafes, M. P., “Evaluation of Fire Scene Contamination by Using Positive-Pressure Ventilation 

Fans,” Forensic Science Communications, Vol 4, No. 4, 2002. Available at 

http://www.fbi.gov/hq/lab/fsc/backissu/oct2002/koussiafes.htm. 

2004 
July 2023

1. Armstrong, A., Babrauskas, V., Holmes, D. L., Martin, C., Powell, R., Riggs, S., and Young, L. D. 

“The Evaluation of the Extent of Transporting or “Tracking” an Identifiable Ignitable Liquid 

(Gasoline) Throughout Fire Scenes during the Investigative Process,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

Vol 49, 2004, pp. 741–748; Journal of the Canadian Association of Fire Investigators, 2004/2005, 

pp. 6–12. 

2016 

1. Belchior, F., Andrews, S. P. “Evaluation of Cross-contamination of Nylon Bags with Heavy-loaded 

Gasoline Fire Debris and with Automotive Paint Thinner,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 61, No. 

6, 2016, pp. 1622-1631. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-

4029.13185/full. 

2018 

1. Falatova, B., Ferreiro-Gonzalez, M., Martin-Alberca, C., Kacikova, D., Galla, S., Palma, M., and 

Barroso, G. “Effects of Fire Suppression Agents and Weathering in the Analysis of Fire Debris by 

HS-MS eNose.” Sensors 2018; 18 (6):1933. Available at 

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6021975/ 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2019 

1. Shinde, A. D., “Analysis of Fireground Contamination of Firefighting Turnouts using Headspace 

Sampling-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (HS-GC-MS).” 2019. [Thesis] 

https://repository.lib.ncsu.edu/bitstream/handle/1840.20/37222/etd.pdf?sequence=1

2020 

1. Baerncopf, J., “Prevalence of ignitable liquids in clothing with printing.” Forensic Science 

International, Vol. 312, 2020, Article 110312. 

2. Whitney, R.K., “Effective laundering conditions for ignitable liquid decontamination of fire scene 

clothing used by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.” Master’s thesis, Virginia 

commonwealth University, VCU Scholars Compass, 2020. 

2021 

1. Letendre, H., Seguin, K., Grenier, A., Mousseau, B., Cadola, L., and Crispino, F., “First lessons 

regarding the data analysis of physicochemical traces at activity level in TTADB.” Journal of the 

Canadian Society of Forensic Science, Vol. 54, No. 3, 2021, pp. 139-156. 

11 - Microbial Degradation 

1981 

1. Atlas, R. M., “Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons; An Environmental Perspective,” 

Microbiological Reviews, Vol 45, No. 1, 1981, pp. 180-209. 

1990 
July 2023

1. Mann, D. C. and Gresham, W. R., "Microbial Degradation of Gasoline in Soil," Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, Vol 35, No. 4, 1990, pp. 913-923. 

1992 

1. Kirkbride, K. P., Yap, S. M., Andrews, S., Pigou, P. E., Klass, G., Dinan, A. C., and Peddie, F. L., 

"Microbial Degradation of Petroleum Hydrocarbons: Implications for Arson Residue Analysis," 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 37, No. 6, 1992, pp. 1585-1599. 

1995 

1. Huesemann, M. H., "Field Desorption Mass Spectroscopy Monitoring of Changes in Hydrocarbon 

Type Composition During Petroleum Biodegradation," Monitoring and Verification of 

Bioremediation, [Papers from the International In Situ and On-Site Bioreclamation Symposium], 3rd 

11-18, Hinchee, R. E., Douglas, G.S., and Ong, S.K. – Eds., Battelle Press, Columbus, OH, 1995. 

1997 

1. Hewitt, A. D. "Biodegradation of Volatile Organic Compounds in Soil Samples," American 

Environmental Laboratory, Vol 9, No. 7, 1997, pp. 1. 

2000 

1. Da Cunha, C. D., and Leite, S. G. F., “Gasoline Biodegradation in Different Soil Microcosms,” 

Brazilian Journal of Microbiology, Vol 31, No. 1, 2000, pp. 45-49. 

2001 

1. Chalmers, J., Yan, S. X., Cassista, A., Hrynchuk, R., and Sandercock, P. M. L., “Degradation of 

Gasoline, Barbecue Starter Fluid and Diesel Fuel by Microbial Action in Soil,” Canadian Society of 

Forensic Science Journal, Vol 34, No. 2, 2001, pp. 49-62. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2009 

1. Korpi, A., Järnberg, J., and Pasanen, A. L., “Microbial Volatile Organic Compounds,” Critical 

Reviews in Toxicology, Vol 39, No. 2, 2009; pp. 139-193.

2. Turner, D., and Goodpaster, J., “The Effects of Microbial Degradation on Ignitable Liquids,” 

Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol 394, No. 1, 2009, pp. 363-371. 

2011 

1. Turner, D., Goodpaster, J., “The Effect of Microbial Degradation on the Chromatographic Profiles of 

Tiki Torch Fuel, Lamp Oil and Turpentine,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 56, No. 4, 2011, pp. 

984-987. 

2012 

1. Turner, D., and Goodpaster, J., “Comparing the Effects of Weathering and Microbial Degradation on 

Gasoline Using Principal Components Analysis,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 57, No. 1, 2012, 

pp. 64-69. 

2013 
July 2023

1. Hutches, K., “Microbial Degradation of Ignitable Liquids on Building Materials,” Forensic Science 

International, Vol 232, No. 1-3, 2013, pp. e38-e41. 

2. Kindell, J. H., “Quantitative Assessment of the Effects of Microbial Degradation of a Simple 

Hydrocarbon Mixture [dissertation].” Orlando, FL: University of Central Florida, 2015.

3. Turner, D. A., and Goodpaster, J. V., “The Effects of Season and Soil Type on Microbial Degradation 

of Gasoline Residues from Incendiary Devices,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol 405, 

No. 5, 2013, pp. 1593-1599.

4. Tverdovsky, A., “Microbial Biodegradation of Various Classes of Ignitable Liquids in Forensic Soil 

Samples [dissertation],” Boston, MA: Boston University, 2013.

2014 

1. Burdulis, A., “A Statistical Evaluation of Six Classes of Hydrocarbons: Which Classes are Promising 

for Future Biodegraded Ignitable Liquid Research?” [Dissertation], Boston, MA: Boston University, 

2014. 

2. Turner, D. A., and Goodpaster, J. V., “Preserving Ignitable Liquid Residues on Soil using Triclosan 

as an Anti-Microbial Agent,” Forensic Science International, Vol 239, 2014, pp. 86-91. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073814001133.

3. Turner, D. A., Pichtel, J., Rodenas, Y., McKillip, J., and Goodpaster, J. V. K., “Microbial 

Degradation of Gasoline in Soil,” Journal of Bioremediation and Biodegradation, Vol 5, 2014, pp. 

216. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2015 

1. Turner, D. A., Pichtel, J., Rodenas, Y., McKillip, J., and Goodpaster, J. V., “Microbial Degradation of 

Gasoline in Soil: Effect of Season of Sampling,” Forensic Science International, Vol 251, 2015, pp. 

69-67. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073815001176. 

2017 

1. Kindell, J. H., Williams. M.R., Sigman, M.E. “Biodegradation of Representative Ignitable Liquid 

Components on Soil.” Forensic Chemistry 2017. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170917300802 

2. Turner, D. A., Williams, M., Sigman, M. A., and Goodpaster, J. V., “A Comprehensive Study of the 

Alteration of Ignitable Liquids by Weathering and Microbial Degradation,” Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, 2017. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-4029.13527/full.

 

2018 

1. Hutches, K., Hoult, J. “Practical Methods for Mitigating Microbial Degradation of Ignitable Liquids 

in Soil Samples.” Forensic Chemistry 2018; 8:95-103. Available at: 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170918300031 

12 - Comparison of Ignitable Liquids 
July 2023

1975 

1. Cain, P., “Comparison of Kerosenes using Capillary Column Gas Liquid Chromatography,” Journal 

of the Forensic Science Society, Vol 15, No. 4, 1975, pp. 301-308. 

2. Midkiff Jr., C. R., "Brand Identification and Comparison of Petroleum Products - A Complex 

Problem," Fire and Arson Investigator, Vol 26, No. 2, 1975, pp. 18-21. 

1980 

1. Frank, H., “Lead Alkyl Components as Discriminating Factors in the Comparison of Gasolines,” 

Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol 20, No. 4, 1980, pp. 285-292. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r 

1987 

1. Mann, D., “Comparison of Automotive Gasolines using Capillary Gas Chromatography I: 

Comparison Methodology,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 32, No. 3, 1987, pp. 606-615. 

2. Mann, D., “Comparison of Automotive Gasolines using Capillary Gas Chromatography II: 

Limitations of Automotive Gasoline Comparisons in Casework,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 

32, No. 3, 1987, pp. 616-628. 

1989 

1. Hirz, R., “Gasoline Brand Identification and Individualization of Gasoline Lots,” Journal of the 

Forensic Science Society, Vol 29, No. 2, 1989, pp. 91-101. 

1991 

1. Hirz, R., “Simulation of the Weathering of Gasolines using Gas Chromatographic Retention Data,” 

Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol 31, No. 3, 1991, pp. 309-319. 

2. Hirz, R., and Rizzi, A., “Simulation of Concentration Changes in Complex Volatile Mixtures during 

Evaporation by using Gas Chromatography,” Chromatographia, Vol 31, No. 5/6, 1991, pp. 224-232. 

2002 

1. Smallwood, B., Philp, R. P., and Allen, J., “Stable Carbon Isotopic Composition of Gasolines 

Determined by Isotope Ratio Monitoring Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry,” Organic 

Geochemistry, Vol 33, No. 2, 2002, pp. 149-159. 

2003 

1. Sandercock, P. M. L., and Du Pasquier, E., “Chemical Fingerprinting of Unevaporated Automotive 

Gasoline Samples,” Forensic Science International, Vol 134, No. 1, 2003, pp. 1-10. 

2004 

1. Barnes, A., Dolan, J., Kuk, R., and Siegel, J., “Comparison of Gasolines using Gas ChromatographyMass Spectrometry and Target Ion Response,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 49, No. 5, 2004, pp. 

29-34. 
July 2023

2. Sandercock, P. M. L., and Du Pasquier, E., “Chemical Fingerprinting of Gasoline: Part 2. 

Comparison of Unevaporated and Evaporated Automotive Gasoline Samples,” Forensic Science 

International, Vol 140, No. 1, 2004, pp. 43-59.

3. Sandercock, P. M. L., and Du Pasquier, E., “Chemical Fingerprinting of Gasoline: Part 3. 

Comparison of Unevaporated Automotive Gasoline Samples from Australia and New Zealand,” 

Forensic Science International, Vol 140, No. 1, 2004, pp. 71-77. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r 

2006 

1. Sigman, M., and Williams, M., “Covariance Mapping in the Analysis of Ignitable Liquids by Gas 

Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol 78, No. 5, 2006, pp. 1713-1718. 

2007 

1. Bodle, E., and Hardy, J., “Multivariate Pattern Recognition of Petroleum-Based Accelerants by SolidPhase Microextraction Gas Chromatography with Flame Ionization Detection,” Analytica Chimica 

Acta, Vol 589, No. 2, 2007, pp. 247-254.

2. Reardon, M., Allen, L., Bender, E., and Boyle, K., “Comparison of Motor Oils using HighTemperature Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 52, No. 3, 

2007, pp. 656-663. 

3. Rostad, C., and Hostettler, F., “Profiling Refined Hydrocarbon Fuels using Polar Components,” 

Environmental Forensics, Vol 8, No. 1-2, 2007, pp. 129-137. 

4. Sigman, M., Williams, M., and Ivy, R., “Individualization of Gasoline Samples by Covariance 

Mapping and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol 79, No. 9, 2007, 

pp. 3462-3468. 

2008 

1. Hupp, A., Marshall, L., Campbell, D., Smith, R., and McGuffin, V., “Chemometric Analysis of 

Diesel Fuel for Forensic and Environmental Applications,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol 606, No. 2, 

2008, pp. 159-171. 

2. O'Sullivan, G., and Kalin, R., “Investigation of the Range of Carbon and Hydrogen Isotopes within a 

Global Set of Gasolines,” Environmental Forensics, Vol 9, No. 2-3, 2008, pp. 166-176. 

3. Petraco, N., Gil, M., Pizzola, P., and Kubic, T., “Statistical Discrimination of Liquid Gasoline 

Samples from Casework,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 53, No. 5, 2008, pp. 1092-1101. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2009 

1. Marshall, L., McIlroy, J., McGuffin, V., and Smith, R., “Association and Discrimination of Diesel 

Fuels using Chemometric Procedures,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol 394, No. 8, 

2009, pp. 2049-2059. 

 

2010 
July 2023

1. Mat Desa, W., Nic Daéid, N., Ismail, D., and Savage, K., “Application of Unsupervised Chemometric 

Analysis and Self-Organizing Feature Map (SOFM) for the Classification of Lighter Fuels,” 

Analytical Chemistry, Vol 82, No. 15, 2010, pp. 6395-6400. 

2011 

1. Mat-Desa, W., Ismail, D., and Nic Daéid, N., “Classification and Source Determination of Medium 

Petroleum Distillates by Chemometric and Artificial Neural Networks: A Self Organizing Feature 

Approach,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol 83, No. 20, 2011, pp. 7745-7754.

2. Monfreda, M., and Gregori, A., “Differentiation of Unevaporated Gasoline Samples According to 

their Brands, by SPME-GC-MS and Multivariate Statistical Analysis,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

Vol 56, No. 2, 2011, pp. 372-380. 

2012 

1. Heo, S. Y., Shin, W. J., Lee, S. W., Bong, Y. S., and Lee, K. S., “Using Stable Isotope Analysis to 

Discriminate Gasoline on the Basis of its Origin,” Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry, Vol 

26, No. 5, 2012, pp. 517-522. 

2. Li, S., and Dai, L. K., “Classification of Gasoline Brand and Origin by Raman Spectroscopy and a 

Novel R-Weighted LSSVM Algorithm,” Fuel, Vol 96, No. 1, 2012, pp. 146-152. 

2013 

1. Yang, Z., Hollebone, B., Wang, Z., Yang, C., Brown, C., and Landriault, M., “Forensic Identification 

of Spilled Biodiesel and its Blends with Petroleum Oil Based on Fingerprinting Information,” Journal 

of Separation Science, Vol 36, No. 11, 2013, pp. 1788-1796. 

2014 

1. Vergeer, P., Bolck, A., Peschier, L., Berger, C., and Hendrikse, J., “Likelihood Ratio Methods for 

Forensic Comparison of Evaporated Gasoline Residues,” Science & Justice, Vol 54, No. 6, 2014, pp. 

401-411. 

2021 

1. Jin, J., Li, K., Chi, J., Li, S., Zhang, J., and Lu, L., “The most remarkable interference to gaoline 

identification from polystyrene-co-butadiene and the corresponding cause.” Journal of 

Chromatography, Vol. A 1654, 2021, Article 462462. 

2. Harries, M.E., Wasserman, S.S., Berry, J.L., and Jeerage, K.M., “Characterization of a headspace 

sampling method with a five-component diesel fuel surrogate.” Forensic Chemistry, Vol. 22, 2021, 

Article 100301. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

13 - Data Handling and Interpretation 

National Center for Forensic Science – Ignitable Liquids Reference and Substrate Online Databases. 

Available at: http://ilrc.ucf.edu 

1980 
July 2023

1. Loscalzo, P. J., DeForrest, P. R., and Chao, J. M., "A Study to Determine the Limit of Detectability of 

Gasoline Vapor from Simulated Arson Residues," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 25, No. 1, 1980, 

pp. 162-167. 

1981 

1. Nowicki, J. F., "Control Samples in Arson Analysis," Arson Analysis Newsletter, Vol 5, No. 1, 1981, 

pp. 1-5.

2. Smith, R. M., “Arson Analysis by Mass Chromatography,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol 54, 1982, pp. 

1399A–1409A. 

1982 

1. Tontarski, R., and Strobel, R., “Automated Sampling and Computer-Assisted Identification of 

Hydrocarbon Accelerants,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 27, No. 3, 1982, pp. 710-714. 

1983 

1. Bryson, B. R., "Open Minded," National Fire and Arson Report, Vol 2, No. 3, 1983, pp. 9. 

2. Lentini, J., "Incidental Accelerants," National Fire and Arson Report, Vol 2, No. 3, 1983, pp. 8.

3. Trimpe, M. A., "Case Study," (Peak from melted plastic) Arson Analysis Newsletter, Vol 7, No. 5-6, 

1983, pp. 110-113. 

1984 

1. Goldstein, H. M., and Bidanset, J. H., "Post Fire Accelerant Residue Study - Hydrocarbon Patterns to 

be expected in Arson Determination," Presented: 36th Annual Meeting AAFS, Anaheim, CA, 

February 21-25, 1984, Abstract C38. 

2. Stone, I. C., and Lomonte, J. N., "False Positives in Analysis of Fire Debris," Fire and Arson 

Investigator, Vol 34, No. 3, 1984, pp. 36-40. 

1985 

1. Lentini, J., "Avoiding Contamination," Fire and Arson Investigator, Vol 36, No. 1, 1985, pp. 21-22.L 

 a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

1986 

1. Bertsch, W., and Sellers, C. S., “Limits in Arson Debris Analysis by Capillary Column Gas 

Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry,” HRC & CC, Journal of High Resolution Chromatography and 

Chromatography Communications, Vol 9, No. 11, 1986, pp. 657-661. 

2. Henderson, R. W., “Impurities in Activated Charcoal,” Arson Analysis Newsletter, Vol 9, No. 1, 

1986, pp. 13-19. 

3. Midkiff Jr., C. R. “Is It a Petroleum Product? How Do You Know?” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

Vol 31, No. 1, 1986, pp. 231-234. 
July 2023

 

1987 

1. Higgins, M., “Turpentine, Accelerant or Natural?” Fire and Arson Investigator, Vol 38, No. 2, 1987, 

pp.10. 

2. Mann, D. C., “Comparison of Automotive Gasolines Using Capillary Gas Chromatography II: 

Limitations of Automotive Gasoline Comparisons in Casework,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 

32, No. 3, 1987, pp. 616-628.

3. Stackhouse, C. S., "Will the Real Lamp Oil Please Stand Up?" Arson Analysis Newsletter, Vol 9, No. 

2, 1986, pp. 21-31. (Publ. 1987). 

1988 

1. Lorenzana-Jimenez, M., Capella, S., Labastida, C., Magos, G. A., and Amancio-Chassin, O., 

"Thinner Composition Determined by Gas Chromatography," Contaminacion Ambiental, Vol 4, No. 

1, 1988, pp. 65-71. (in Spanish). 

1989 

1. Buckleton, J. S., Bettany, B. L. and Walsh, K. A. J., “A Problem of Hydrocarbon Profile Modification 

by Charcoal,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 34, No. 2, 1989, pp. 449-453. 

2. Hirz, R., "Gasoline Brand Identification and Individualization of Gasoline Lots," Journal of the 

Forensic Science Society, Vol 29, No. 2, 1989, pp. 91-101.

3. O'Donnell, J. F., "Interferences from Backgrounds in Accelerant Residue Analysis," Fire and Arson 

Investigator, Vol 39, No. 4, 1989, pp. 25-27.

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

1990 

1. Folkman, T. E., Kuehl, A. M., Groves, R. J., and Beveridge, A. D., "Evaporation Rate of Gasoline 

from Shoes, Clothing, Wood and Carpet Materials and Kerosene from Shoes and Clothing," 

Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol 23, No. 2-3, 1990, pp. 49-59.

2. Nowicki, J. F., "An Accelerant Classification Scheme Based on Analysis by Gas 

Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS)," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 35, No. 5, 1990, 

pp. 1064-1086. 

3. Stackhouse, C. C., "Lacquer Thinners-Rare but Not Forgotten," Presented: 42nd Annual Meeting of 

the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Cincinnati, OH, February 19-24, 1990, Abstract # B56. 

1991 

1. Hirz, R., and Rizzi, A. M., "Simulation of the Weathering of Gasolines Using Gas Chromatographic 

Retention Data," Journal of the Forensic Science Society, Vol 31, No. 3, 1991, pp. 309-319.

2. Hirz, R., and Rizzi, A. M., "Simulation of Concentration Changes in Complex Volatile Mixtures 

During Evaporation by Using Gas Chromatography," Chromatographia, Vol 31, No. 5/6, 1991, pp. 

224-232.
July 2023

3. Lincoln, S., "Charcoal Lighter Fluid Used as an Arson Accelerant," Fire and Arson Investigator, Vol 

42, No. 1, 1991, pp. 46-47.

4. Nowicki, J., “Analysis of Fire Debris Samples by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GCMS): Case Studies,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 36, No. 5, 1991, pp. 1536-1550.

5. Trimpe, M. A., "Turpentine in Arson Analysis," Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 36, No. 4, 1991, 

pp. 1059-1073. 

1992 

1. DeHaan, J. D., and Greenfield, A., “Evaporation Rates of Volatile Hydrocarbon Accelerants," 

Presented: 44th Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, New Orleans, LA, 

February 17-22, 1992, Abstract # B20. 

2. Dietz, W. R. "Interpretation Guidelines for 'Problem' Accelerant Chromatograms," Presented: 44th 

Annual Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, New Orleans, LA, February 17-22, 

1992, Abstract # B29. 

3. Henderson, R. W., "Fire Losses and Negative Samples," National Fire and Arson Report, Vol 10, No. 

1/2, 1992, pp. 14-15. 

4. Henderson, R. W., "Aromatic Compounds and Fire Debris Analysis," Presented: 44th Annual 

Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, New Orleans, LA, February 17-22, 1992, 

Abstract # B18. 

5. O'Donnell, J. F., "Retesting of Accelerant Residue Samples," Fire and Arson Investigator, Vol 42, 

No. 3, 1992, pp. 10-14. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

1993 

1. Koussiafes, P., and Bertsch, W., “Profile Matching for the Analysis of Accelerants in Suspected 

Arson Cases,” Journal of Chromatographic Science, Vol 31, No. 4, 1993, pp. 137-144. 

2. Trimpe, M. A., "What the Arson Investigator Should Know About Turpentine," Fire and Arson 

Investigator, Vol 44, No. 1, 1993, pp. 53-55. 

1994 

1. Gialamas, D. M., "Is it Gasoline or Insecticide?" Presented: CAC Fall Seminar San Diego, CA, 

October 1993; CAC News 1994, pp. 16-20.

2. Nowicki, J. F., "Determining the Source of Gasoline Samples from Fire Scenes by GC-MS Using 

Selected Ion Profiles," Presented: 46th Annual Meeting AAFS, San Antonio, TX, February 14-19, 

1994, Abstract # B85. 

1995 

1. Bates, J. W., "Variations in Headspace Vapor Compositions According to Accelerant Amounts in 

Fire Accelerants Analysis by Gas Chromatography,” Advances in Forensic Sciences, Proceedings of 

the Meeting of the International Association of Forensic Sciences, Vol 3, 1995, pp. 172-177
July 2023

2. Coulombe, R., “Chemical Markers in Weathered Gasoline,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 40, 

No. 5, 1995, pp. 867–872.

3. Keto, R. O., “GC ⁄ MS Data Interpretation for Petroleum Distillate Identification in Contaminated 

Arson Debris,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 40, No. 3, 1995, pp. 412-423. 

4. Lennard, C. J., Tristan Rochaix, V., Margot, P., and Huber, K., “A GC–MS Database of Target 

Compound Chromatograms for the Identification of Arson Accelerants,” Science and Justice, Vol 35, 

No. 1, 1995, pp. 19–30. 

5. Newman, R., "New and Unusual Ignitable Liquids," Newsletter of the Southern Association of 

Forensic Sciences, Vol 23, No. 2, 1995, pp. 27-31. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

1996 

1. Bertsch, W., “Chemical Analysis of Fire Debris. Was it Arson?” Analytical Chemistry, Vol 68, 1996, 

pp. 541A-545A.

2. Moorehead, W., Dickan, T., “Capillary Gas Chromatography Characterization and Classification of 

Some Hydrocarbon Solvents and Alkyl Glycol Ethers,” CAC News, Winter 1996, pp. 8-11.

3. O'Neal, C. L., and Poklis, A., “Postmortem Production of Ethanol and Factors that Influence 

Interpretation,” The American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology, Vol 17, No. 1, 1996, pp. 8-

20. 

4. Pannuto, P. M., and Fultz, M. L., "A Survey of Specialty Solvents Encountered in the Examination of 

Fire Debris," Presented: 48th Annual Meeting, AAFS, Nashville, TN February 19-24, 1996, Abstract 

# B38; Abstract: Science and Justice, Vol 36, No. 3, 1996, pp. 203. 

1997 

1. Bertsch, W., “Analysis of Accelerants in Fire Debris,” Data Interpretation, Forensic Science Review, 

Vol 9, No. 2, 1997, pp. 2-22. 

2. Sandercock, P. M. L., "Technical Note: Chromatographic Profiles of Three Fuel Injector Cleaners," 

Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol 30, No. 4, 1997, pp. 213-217.

3. Sandercock, P. M. L., "Retention of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Samples on Charcoal: Evaluation of 

Long-Term Preservation of Petroleum Residues," Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol 

30, No. 4, 1997, pp. 219-224. 

1998 

1. Gilbert, M. W., “The Use of Individual Extracted Ion Profiles Versus Summed Extracted Ion Profiles 

in Fire Debris Analysis,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 43, No. 4, 1998, pp. 871-876. 

2. Newman, R., Gilbert, M., and Lothridge, K., GC-MS Guide to Ignitable Liquids, CRC Press, FL, 

1998. 

1999 
July 2023

1. Wallace, J. R., “GC/MS Data from Fire Debris Samples: Interpretation and Applications,” Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, Vol 44, No. 5, 1999, pp. 996-1012.L 

2000 

1. Coulson, S. A., and Morgan-Smith, R. K., “The Transfer of Petrol on to Clothing and Shoes while 

Pouring Petrol Around a Room,” Forensic Science International, Vol 112, 2000, pp. 135–141.

2. Tan, B., Hardy, J. K., and Snavely, R. E, “Accelerant Classification by Gas Chromatography Mass 

Spectrometry and Multivariate Pattern Recognition,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol 422, 2000, pp. 37-

46. 

2002 

1. Dolan, J., Ritacco, C., “Gasoline Comparisons by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Utilizing 

an Automated Approach to Data Analysis., Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic 

Sciences Annual Meeting, Atlanta, GA, February 16, 2002, pp. 62.

2. Stout, S., Uhler, A., McCarthy, K., and Emsbo-Mattingly, S., “Chemical Fingerprinting of 

Hydrocarbons,” Introduction to Environmental Forensics, Academic Press, Burlington, MA, 2002, 

pp. 168. 

2003 

1. Sandercock, P. M. L., and Du Pasquier, E., “Chemical Fingerprinting of Unevaporated Automotive 

Gasoline Samples,” Forensic Science International, Vol 134, No. 1, 2003, pp. 1-10. 

2. Doble, P., Sandercock, P. M. L., Du Pasquier, E., Petocz, P., Roux, C., and Dawson, M., 

“Classification of premium and regular gasoline by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry principal 

component analysis and artificial neural networks.” Forensic Sci. Int., 2003, Vol 132, pp 26-39. 

2004 

1. Dolan, J. A., and Stauffer, E., “Aromatic Content in Medium Range Distillate Products. Part I. An 

Examination of Various Liquids,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 49, No. 5, 2004, pp. 992–1004. 

2. Koussiafes, P. M., “The Interpretation of Data Generated from Fire Debris Examination: Report 

Writing and Testimony,” Analysis and Interpretation of Fire Scene Evidence, Almirall, J., and Furton, 

K., Eds., CRC Press, FL, 2004, pp. 193-227. 

3. Sandercock, P. M. L., and Du Pasquier, E., “Chemical Fingerprinting of Gasoline 2. Comparison of 

Unevaporated and Evaporated Automotive Gasoline Samples,” Forensic Science International, Vol 

140, No. 1, 2004, pp. 43–59. 

4. Sandercock, P. M. L., and Du Pasquier, E., “Chemical Fingerprinting of Gasoline: Part 3. 

Comparison of Unevaporated and Evaporated Automotive Gasoline Samples from Australia and New 

Zealand,” Forensic Science International, Vol 140, No. 1, 2004, pp. 71–77.

5. Wintz, J., Rankin, J., “Application of Principal Components Analysis in the Individualization of 

Gasolines by GC-MS,” Proceedings of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, Dallas, TX, 

February 2004, pp. 48. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 
July 2023

2005 

1. Biedermann, A., Taroni, F., Delmont, O., Semadeni, C., and Davison, A. C., “The Evaluation of 

Evidence in the Forensic Investigation of Fire Incidents Part I. An Approach using Bayesian 

Networks,” Forensic Science International, Vol 147, 2005, pp. 49–57.

2. Biedermann, A., Taroni, F., Delmont, O., Semadeni, C., and Davison, A. C. “The Evaluation of 

Evidence in the Forensic Investigation of Fire Incidents. Part II. Practical Examples of the Use of 

Bayesian Networks,” Forensic Science International, Vol 147, 2005, pp. 59–69.

3. DeVos, B. J., “Gas Chromatography Coupled with Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS and GCMS-MS) for Arson Debris Analysis,” Thesis for the degree of Master of Science in Chemistry, in 

Department of Applied Chemistry, 2005, University of Pretoria: Pretoria. 

4. Pierce, K. M., Hope, J. L., Johnson, K. J., Wright, B. W., and Synovec, R. E., “Classification of 

Gasoline Data Obtained by Gas Chromatography using a Piecewise Alignment Algorithm Combined 

with Feature Selection and Principal Component Analysis,” Journal of Chromatography A, Vol 1096, 

2005, pp. 101–110. 

5. Zadora, G., Borusiewicz, R., and Zieba-Palus, J., “Differentiation Between Weathered Kerosene and 

Diesel Fuel using Automatic Thermal Desorption-GC-MS Analysis and the Likelihood Ratio 

Approach,” Journal of Separation Science, Vol 28, No. 13, 2005, pp. 1467-1475. 

2006 

1. Borusiewicz, R., Zieba-Palus, J., and Zadora, G., “The Influence of the Type of Accelerant, Type of 

Burned Material, Time of Burning and Availability of Air on the Possibility of Detection of 

Accelerant Traces,” Forensic Science International, Vol 160, 2006, pp. 115-126. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2007 

1. Kurata, S., Iyozumi, T., Hirano, H., and Nagai, M., “Discrimination between Residues from Kerosene 

or Gas Oil and Plastics in Fire Debris,” Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute, Vol 50, 2007, pp. 

69–78. (Japanese)

2. Sandercock, P. M. L., “A Survey of Canadian Gasoline (2004),” Canadian Society of Forensic 

Science Journal, Vol 40, No. 3, 2007, pp. 105-130. 

3. Sigman M. E., Williams, M. R., and Ivy, R. G., “Individualization of Gasoline Samples by 

Covariance Mapping and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry,” Analytical Chemistry, Vol 79, 

No. 9, 2007, pp. 3462–3468. 

2008 

1. Coulson, S. A., Morgan-Smith, R. K., Mitchell, S., and McBriar, T., “An Investigation into the 

Presence of Petrol on the Clothing and Shoes of Members of the Public,” Forensic Science 

International, Vol 175, 2008, pp. 44–54. 

2. Darrer, M., Jacquemet-Papilloud, J., and Delemont, O., “Gasoline on Hands: Preliminary Study on 

Collection and Persistence,” Forensic Science International, Vol 175, No. 2–3, 2008, pp. 171–178.
July 2023

3. Moorehead, W., “Cautions on Brand Identification of Ignitable Liquids,” CAC News, 4th Quarter 

2008, pp. 25-29. 

4. Petraco, N. D. K., Gil, M., Pizzola, P. A., and Kubic, T. A., “Statistical Discrimination of Liquid 

Gasoline Samples from Casework,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 53, No. 5, 2008, pp. 1092–

1101. 

5. Sigman, M. E., Williams, M. R., Castelbuono, J. A., Colca, J. G., and Clark, C. D., “Ignitable Liquid 

Classification and Identification using the Summed-Ion Mass Spectrum,” Instrumentation Science 

and Technology, Vol 36, 2008, pp. 375–393. 

6. Stauffer, E. Dolan, J. A., and Newman, R., Fire Debris Analysis, Elsevier, 2008. 

2009 

1. Lu, Y., Chen, P., and Harrington, P. B. “Comparison of Differential Mobility Spectrometry and Mass 

Spectrometry for Gas Chromatographic Detection of Ignitable Liquids from Fire Debris using 

Projected Difference Resolution,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Vol 394, 2009, pp. 2061–

2067.

2. Marshall, L. J., McIlroy, J. W., McGuffin, V. L., and Waddell Smith, R. “Association and 

Discrimination of Diesel Fuels using Chemometric Procedures,” Analytical and Bioanalytical 

Chemistry, Vol 394, No. 8, pp. 2049-2059. 

3. Okamoto, K., Watanabe, N., Hagimoto, Y., Miwa, K., and Ohtani, H., “Changes in Evaporation Rate 

and Vapor Pressure of Gasoline with Progress of Evaporation,” Fire Safety Journal, Vol 44, 2009, pp. 

756–763. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2010 

1. McHugh, K., “Determining the Presence of an Ignitable Liquid Residue in Fire Debris Samples 

Utilizing Target Factor Analysis [dissertation],” Orlando, FL: University of Central Florida, 2010. 

2011 

1. Baerncopf, J. M., McGuffin, V. L., Waddell Smith, R., “Association of Ignitable Liquid Residues to 

Neat Ignitable Liquids in the Presence of Matrix Interferences Using Chemometric Procedures,” 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 56, No. 1, 2011, pp. 70-82. 

2. Bruno, T. J., Lovestead, T. M., and Huber, M. L., “Prediction and Preliminary Standardization of Fire 

Debris Constituents with the Advanced Distillation Curve Method,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

Vol 56, No. 1, 2011, pp. S192-S202. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1556-

4029.2010.01628.x/full. 

3. Lewis, J., “The Application of Chemometrics to the Detection and Classification of Ignitable Liquids 

in Fire Debris Using the Total Ion Spectrum [dissertation],” Orlando, FL: University of Central 

Florida, 2011. 

4. Sinkova, N. A., Johnston, B. M., Mark, L., Sandercock, P. M. L., and Harynuka, J. J., “Automated 

Optimization and Construction of Chemometric Models based on Highly Variable Raw 

Chromatographic Data,” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol 697, 2011, pp. 8–15. 
July 2023

2012 

1. Lu, W., Rankin, J. G., Bondra, A., Trader, C., Heeren, A., and Harrington, P., “Ignitable Liquid 

Identification using Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry Data by Projected Difference 

Resolution Mapping and Fuzzy Rule-Building Expert System Classification,” Forensic Science 

International, 2012, doi:10.1016/ j. forsciint.2012.03.003. 

2. Sandercock, P. M. L., “Survey of Canadian Gasoline (Winter 2010),” Canadian Society of Forensic 

Science Journal, Vol 45, No. 2, 2012, pp. 64-78. 

3. Sigman, M., Williams, S. “Application of Chemometrics and Fast GC-MS Analysis for the 

Identification of Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris Samples,” National Institute of Justice, 2012. 

Available at https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/240684.pdf. 

4. Williams, M. R., Sigman, M. E., Lewis, J., and Pitan, K. M., “Combined Target Factor Analysis and 

Bayesian Soft-Classification of Interference-Contaminated Samples: Forensic Fire Debris Analysis,” 

Forensic Science International, Vol 222, No. 1-3, 2012, pp. 373-386. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073812003635. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2013 

1. Bruno, T. J., and Allen, S., “Weathering Patterns of Ignitable Liquids with the Advanced Distillation 

Curve Method,” Journal of Research of the National Institute of Standards and Technology, Vol 118, 

2013, pp. 29-51. 

2. Martín-Alberca, C., Ferrando, J. L., García-Ruiz, C. “Anionic Markers for the Forensic Identification 

of Chemical Ignition Molotov Cocktail Composition,” Science & Justice, Vol 53, No. 1, 2013, pp. 

49-54. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S135503061200144X. 

3. McGee, E., MacDonald, S., McGibbon, G. A., “An Evaluation of Standardized Software for 

Processing GC/MS Data from Different Vendors’ Instruments in a Forensic Laboratory.” Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, Vol 58, No. 3, 2013, pp. 764–766.

4. Nic Daeid, N., and Stauffer, E. “Interpretation of Fire Debris Analysis,” Encyclopedia of Forensic 

Sciences, Elsevier, 2013, pp 183-194.

5. Shujun, L., Yonghui, W., and Lili, Y., “Study on Timeliness of Gasoline Analysis Adsorbed in 

Cotton Cloth Carrier,” Advanced Materials Research Vols. 616-618, 2013, pp. 881-884.

6. Shujun, L., Yonghui, W., and Lili, Y., “Study on Timeliness of Burned Gasoline Residues Analysis 

Adsorbed on the Floor Carrier,” Advanced Materials Research Vols. 726-731, 2013, pp. 1577-1580.

7. Waddell, E. E., “Chemometric Applications to a Complex Classification Problem: Forensic Fire 

Debris Analysis [dissertation],” Orlando, FL: University of Central Florida, 2013.

8. Waddell, E. E., Song, E.T., Rinke, C. N., Williams, M. R., and Sigman, M. E. “Progress Toward the 

Determination of Correct Classification Rates in Fire Debris Analysis,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

Vol 58, No. 4, 2013, pp. 887-896. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-

4029.12159/full. 

2014 
July 2023

1. Baerncopf, J., and Hutches, K., “A Review of Modern Challenges in Fire Debris Analysis,” Forensic 

Science International, Vol 244, 2014, pp. e12-e20.

2. Frisch-Daiello, J. L., Williams, M. R., Waddell, E. E., and Sigman, M. E., “Application of SelfOrganizing Feature Maps to Analyze the Relationships between Ignitable liquids and Selected Mass 

Spectral Ions,” Forensic Science International, Vol 236, 2014, pp. 84-89. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073813005495. 

3. Hetzel, S. S., “Survey of American (USA) Gasolines (2008),” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 60, 

No. s1, 2015, pp. S197-S206. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-

4029.12595/full

4. Sinkov, N. A., Sandercock, P. M. L., and Harynuk, J. J., “Chemometric Classification of Casework 

Arson Samples based on Gasoline Content,” Forensic Science International, Vol 235, 2014, pp. 24-

31. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073813005136. 

5. Waddell, E. E., Frisch-Daiello, J. L., Williams, M. R., and Sigman, M. E., “Hierarchical Cluster 

Analysis of Ignitable Liquids Based on the Total Ion Spectrum,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 

59, No. 5, 2014, pp. 1198-1204. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-

4029.12517/full. 

6. Waddell, E. E., Williams, M. R., and Sigman, M. E., “Progress Toward the Determination of Correct 

Classification Rates in Fire Debris Analysis II: Utilizing Soft Independent Modeling of Class 

Analogy (SIMCA),” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 59, No. 4, 2014, pp. 927-935. Available at 

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-4029.12417/full. 

7. Zong, R., Zhi, Y., Yao, B., Gao, J., and Stec, A. A., “Classification and Identification of Soot Source 

with Principal Component Analysis and Back-Propagation Neural Network,” Australian Journal of 

Forensic Science, Vol 46, No. 2, 2014, pp. 224-233. Available at 

http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00450618.2013.818711. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2015 

1. Hendrikse, J., Grutters, M., and Schäfer, F., Identifying Ignitable Liquids in Fire Debris, 1st ed., 

Academic Press, Elsevier, London, 2015. 

2. Lee, X. Q., “Simulation of Fire Debris for the Training of Chemometric Models for the Identification 

of Ignitable Liquids [dissertation],” Edmonton, AB: University of Alberta, 2015. 

3. Lopatka, M., Sigman, M. E., Sjerps, M. J., Williams, M. R., and Vivó-Truyols, G., “ClassConditional Feature Modeling for Ignitable Liquid Classification with Substantial Substrate 

Contribution in Fire Debris Analysis,” Forensic Science International, Vol 252, 2015, pp. 177-186. 

Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073815001905. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y

2016 

1. Lee, X., Sandercock, P., and Harynuk, J., “The Influence of Temperature on the Pyrolysis of 

Household Materials,” Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, Vol 118, 2016, pp. 75–85.

2. Lopatka, M., “Statistical Interpretation of Chemical Evidence Pertaining to Fire Debris 

[dissertation],” Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam, 2016. 
July 2023

3. Sigman, M. E., and Williams, M. R. “Assessing Evidentiary Value in Fire Debris Analysis by 

Chemometric and Likelihood Ratio Approaches,” Forensic Science International, Vol 264, 2016, pp. 

113-121. Available at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073816301384. 

4. Ugena, L., Moncayo, S., Manzoor, S., Rosales, D., and Cáceres, J. O., “Identification and 

Discrimination of Brands of Fuels by Gas Chromatography and Neural Networks Algorithm in 

Forensic Research,” Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry, Vol 2016, 2016, pp. 1-7. 

5. Waddell Smith, R., Brehe, R. J., McIlroy, J. W., and McGuffin, V. L., “Mathematically Modeling 

Chromatograms of Evaporated Ignitable Liquids for Fire Debris Applications,” Forensic Chemistry, 

Vol 2, 2016, 37-45. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170916300273. 

2017 

1. Adutwum, L. A., Abel, R.J., and Harynuk, J. “Total Ion Spectra versus Segmented Total Ion Spectra 

as Preprocessing Tools for Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometry Data,” Journal of Forensic 

Sciences 2017. Available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-4029.13657/full

2. Akmeemana, A., Williams, M. R., and Sigman, M. E., “Major Chemical Compounds in the Ignitable 

Liquids Reference Collection and Substrate Databases,” Forensic Chemistry, 2017. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170917300401 

3. Coulson, R., Williams, M. R., Allen, A., Akmeemana, A., Ni., L., and Sigman, M., E., “ModelEffects on Likelihood Ratios for Fire Debris Analysis,” Forensic Chemistry, 2017. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468170917300905

4. Peschier, L. J. C., Grutters, M. M. P., and Hendrikse, J. N., “Using Alkylate Components for 

Classifying Gasoline in Fire Debris Samples,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2017. Available at 

http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1556-4029.13563/full. 

2018 

1. Ferreiro-González, M., Aliaño-González. M.J., Barbero, G. F., Palma, M., and Barroso, C. G., 

“Characterization of petroleum-based products in water samples by HS-MS.” Fuel 2018;222:506-

512. Available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016236118303107 

2. Henneberg, M. L., and Morling, N. R., “Unconfirmed accelerants: controversial evidence in fire 

investigations,” The International Journal of Evidence & Proof, 2018;22 (1):45-67. Available at 

http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1365712717746419 

2019

1. Allen, A., Williams, M. R., and Sigman, M.E., “Application of Likelihood Ratios and Optimal 

Decision Thresholds in Fire Debris Analysis Based on a Partial Least Squares Discriminant Analysis 

(PLS-DA) Model.” Forensic Chemistry (2019). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.forc.2019.100188 

2. Bebeteidoh, O. L., Pazouki, K., and Norman, R., “An experimental investigation of the physiochemical properties of locally refined diesel oil.” Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy. 2020 Mar 

1;15 :100200. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352554119302499
July 2023

3. Bovens, M., Ahrens, B., Alberink, I., Nordgaard, A., Salonen, T., and Huhtala, S. “Chemometrics in 

forensic chemistry — Part I: Implications to the forensic workflow.” Forensic Science International 

2019; 301:82-90. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073819302129

4. de Figueiredo, M., Bouveresse, D.J.R., Cordella, C.B.Y., Archer, X., Begue, J.M., and Rutledge, DN. 

“Exploratory study on the possibility to link gasoline samples sharing a common source after 

alteration by evaporation or combustion.” Forensic Science International 2019; 301:190-201. 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0379073819302142

5. Eklund, N. K., Capistran, B. A., McGuffin, V. L., and Smith, R. W. “Improvements in a KineticBased Model to Predict Evaporation of Gasoline.” Forensic Chemistry. 2019 Nov 9:100194. 

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2468170919300918

6. Hondrogiannis, E. M., Newton, C., and Alibozek, R., “Determining the Method Threshold of 

Identification via Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry of Weathered Gasoline Extracted from 

Burnt Nylon Carpet.” J Forensic Sci, July 2019, Vol. 64 No. 4 Available at: 

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1556-4029.13983

7. Sigman, M. E., Williams, M. R., “Advances in Fire Debris Analysis.” Separations, 2019; 6(1):13. 

Available at: https://www.mdpi.com/2297-8739/6/1/13/htm

8. Suppajariyawat, P., de Andrade, A.F.B., Elie, M., Baron, M., and Gonzalez-Rodriguez, J. “The Use 

of Chemical Composition and Additives to Classify Petrol and Diesel Using Gas Chromatography–

Mass Spectrometry and Chemometric Analysis: A UK Study.” Open Chemistry 2019; 17(1):183-197. 

https://www.degruyter.com/view/j/chem.2019.17.issue-1/chem-2019-0021/chem-2019-0021.xml

9. Akmeemana, A.G., “Chemometric applications in fire debris analysis: Likelihood ratios from Naïve 

Bayes and frequency of component and pyrolysis product occurrence.” Doctoral dissertation, 

University of Central Florida, University of Central Florida STARS, 2019.

10. De Figueiredo, M., Cordella, C.B.Y., Bouveresse, D.J., Archer, X., Beque, J., and Ruteldge, D.N., 

“Evaluation of an untargeted chemometric approach for the source inference of ignitable liquids in 

forensic science.” Forensic Science International, Vol. 295, 2019, pp. 8-18.

11. Allen, A., “The evaluation of classifier performance on the forensic analysis of fire debris and the 

expansion of the substrate database.” Doctoral dissertation, University of Central Florida, University 

of Central Florida STARS, 2019.

2020 

1. Pandohee, J., Hughes, J.G., Pearson, J.R., and Jones, O.A.H., “Chemical fingerprinting of 

petrochemicals for arson investigations using two-dimensional gas chromatography – flame 

ionization detection and multivariate analysis.” Science and Justice, Vol. 60, No. 4, 2020, pp. 381-

387.

2. Sigman, M.E., and Williams, M.R., “Chemometric applications in fire debris.” WIREs: Forensic 

Science, Vol. 2, No. 5, 2020, Article e1368. 

3. Vergeer, P., Hendrikse, J.N., Grutters, M.M.P., and Peschier, L.J.C., “A method for forensic gasoline 

comparison in fire debris samples: a numerical likelihood ration system.” Science and Justice, Vol. 

60, No. 5, 2020, pp. 438-450.
July 2023

4. Sudol, P.E., Pierce, K.M., Prebihalo, S.E., Skogerboe, K.J., Wright, B.W., and Synovec, R.E., 

“Development of gas chromatographic pattern recognition and classification tools for compliance and 

forensic analyses of fuels: a review.” Analytica Chimica Acta, Vol. 1132, 2020, pp. 157-186. 

2021 

1. Park, C., Park, W., Jeon, S., Lee, S., and Lee, J., “Application and evaluation of machine-learning 

model for fire accelerant classification from GC-MS data of fire residue.” Analytical Science and 

Technology, Vol. 34, No. 5, 2021, pp. 231-239.

2. Thurn, N.A., Wood, T., Williams, M.R., Sigman, M.E., “Classification of ground-truth fire debris 

samples using artificial neural networks.” Forensic Chemistry, Vol. 23, 2021, Article 100313.

3. Sigman, M.E., Williams, M.R., Thurn, N., and Wood, T., “Validation of ground truth fire debris 

classification by supervised machine learning.” Forensic Chemistry, Vol. 26, 2021, Article 100358.

4. Boegelsack, N., Sandau, C., McMartin, D.W., Withey, J.M., and O’Sullivan, G., “Development of 

retention time indices for comprehensive multidimensional gas chromatography and application to 

ignitable liquid residue mapping in wildfire investigations.” Journal of Chromatography, Vol. A 

1635, 2021, Article 461717.5. 

5. Christy, B., Winters, K., Rossheim, A., Newman, R., Tang, L. “A foundational study of fire 

debris interpretation using quantitative measures of chromatographic features in gasoline and the 

use of graphical display to demonstrate data sufficiency.” Forensic Chemistry, 24 (2021), Article 

100337.

2022 

1. Bogdal, C., Schellenberg, R., Hopli, O., Bovens, M., and Lory, B., “Recognition of gasoline in fire 

debris using machine learning: part I, application of random forest gradient boosting, support vector 

machine, and naïve bayes.” Forensic Science International, Vol. 331, 2022, Article 111146. 

2. Bogdal, C., Schellenberg, R., Lory, M., Bovens, M., and Hopli, O., “Recognition of gasoline in fire 

debris using machine learning: part II, application of a neural network.” Forensic Science 

International, Vol. 332, 2022, Article 111177.

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

14 - Quality Control 

1990 

1. IAAI Forensic Science Committee, “Forensic Science Committee Position on Comparison Samples,” 

Fire and Arson Investigator, Vol 41, No. 2, 1990, pp. 50-51. 

1992 

1. O’Donnell, J., “Retesting of Accelerant Residue Samples,” Fire and Arson Investigator, Vol 42, No. 

3, 1992, pp. 10–14. 

1994 
July 2023

1. Forensic Science Committee, “Is Your Lab Giving You Proper Results?” Fire and Arson 

Investigator, Vol 45, No. 2, 1994, pp. 39. 

1997 

1. Sandercock, P. M. L., “Retention of Gasoline and Diesel Fuel Samples on Charcoal: Evaluation of 

Long Term Preservation of Petroleum Residues,” Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, Vol 

30, No. 4, 1997, pp. 219-22. 

2007 

1. Institutes (ENFSI), Hendrikse, J., “ENFSI Collaborative Testing Programme for Ignitable Liquid 

Analysis: A Review,” Forensic Science International, Vol 167, No. 2/3, 2007, pp. 213–219. 

2019 

1. Jansen, K., “Extinguishing subjectivity in fire investigations,” Chemical & Engineering News, Vol. 

97, No. 26, 2019, pp. 6. 

2. Lentini, J.J., “Fire investigation: historical perspectives and recent developments.” Forensic Science 

Review, Vol. 31, No. 1, 2019, pp. 37-44. 

3. Clafin, P., “Documenting the use of the scientific method in an origin and cause report.” Fire & Arson 

Investigator, Vol. 70, No. 2, 2019, pp. 16-20. 

15 - Biodiesel 

2005 

1. Foglia, T. A., Jones, K. C., and Phillips, J. G. “Determination of Biodiesel and Triacylglycerols in 

Diesel Fuel by LC,” Chromatographia, Vol 62, 2005, pp. 115-119. 

2007 

1. Seeley, J. V., Seeley, S. K., Libby, E. K., and McCurry, J. D.,” Analysis of Biodiesel/Petroleum 

Diesel Blends with Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography,” Journal of 

Chromatographic Science, Vol 45, 2007, pp. 650-656. 

2. Stauffer, E., and Byron, D., “Alternative Fuels in Fire Debris Analysis: Biodiesel Basics,” Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, Vol 52, 2007, pp. 371–379. L

 a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2008 

1. Adam, F., Bertoncini, F., Coupard, V., Charon, N., Thiebaut, D., Espinat, D., and Hennion, M. C., 

“Using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography for the Analysis of Oxygenates in 

Middle Distillates: I. Determination of the Nature of Biodiesels Blend in Diesel Fuel,” Journal of 

Chromatography A, Vol 1186, No. 1-2, 2008, pp. 236-244. 

2. Kuk, R., and Spagnola, M. “Extraction of Alternative Fuels from Fire Debris Samples,” Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, Vol 53, No. 5, 2008, pp. 1123-1129.
July 2023

3. Monteiroa, M. R., Ambrozina, A. R. P., Liãob, L. M., and Ferreirac, A. G., “Critical Review on 

Analytical Methods for Biodiesel Characterization,” Talanta, Vol 77, 2008, pp. 593–605. 

4. Tiyapongpattana, W., Wilairat, P., and Marriott, P. “Characterization of Biodiesel and Biodiesel 

Blends using Comprehensive Two-Dimensional Gas Chromatography,” Journal of Separation 

Science, Vol 31, No. 14, 2008, pp. 2640-2649. 

2011 

1. Yang, Z., Hollebone, B. P., Wang, Z., Yang, C., and Landriault, M., “Method Development for 

Fingerprinting of Biodiesel Blends by Solid-Phase Extraction and Gas Chromatography–Mass 

Spectrometry,” Journal of Separation Science, Vol 34, 2011, pp. 3253–3264. 

2013 

1. Fuller, S., Spikmans, V., Vaughan, G., and Guo, C., “Effects of Weathering on Sterol, Fatty Acid 

Methyl Ester (FAME), and Hydrocarbon Profiles of Biodiesel and Biodiesel/Diesel Blends,” 

Environmental Forensics, Vol 14, No. 1, 2013, pp. 42-49. 

2016 

1. Goodman, M. R., Kaley, E. A., and Finney, E. E., “Forensic Analysis of Biodiesel,” Forensic Science 

International, Vol 263, 2016, pp. 10-26. Available at 

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S037907381630127X. 

16 - Vegetable Oils 

1992 

1. Shantha, N., and Napolitano G. “Gas Chromatography of Fatty Acids,” Journal of Chromatography, 

Vol 624, No. 1-2, 1992, pp. 37–51. 

1993 

1. Mittelbach, M., "Diesel Fuel Derived from Vegetable Oils, V [1]: Gas Chromatographic 

Determination of Free Glycerolin Transesterified Vegetable Oils," Chromatographia, Vol 37, No. 

11/12, 1993, pp. 623-626. 

2001 

1. Ehara, Y., Sakamoto, K., and Marumo, Y. “A Method for Forensic Identification of Vegetable Oil 

Stains--Rapid Analysis of Carboxylic Acids with Methyl Esterification using Purge-and-Trap Gas 

Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 46, No. 6, 2001, pp. 1462-

1469. 

2002 

1. Coulombe, R., “Chemical Analysis of Vegetable Oils following Spontaneous Ignition,” Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, Vol 47, 2002, pp. 195–201. 

2003 
July 2023

1. Pitts, S. J., and Thomson, C. I. “Analysis and Classification of Common Vegetable Oils,” Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, Vol 48, No. 6, 2003, pp. 1-5. 

2005 

1. Stauffer, E., “A Review of the Analysis of Vegetable Oil Residues from Fire Debris Samples: 

Spontaneous Ignition, Vegetable Oils and the Forensic Approach,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 

50, No. 5, 2005, pp. 1016–1032. 

2. Stauffer, E. “A Review of the Analysis of Vegetable Oil Residues from Fire Debris Samples: 

Analytical Scheme, Interpretation of the Results, and Future Needs,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

Vol 51, 2005, pp. 1091–1100. 

2008 

1. Baylon, A., Stauffer, E., Delemont, O. “Evaluation of the Self-Heating Tendency of Vegetable Oils 

by Differential Scanning Calorimetry,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 53, No. 6, 2008, pp. 1334-

1342. 

2. Gambrel, A. K., Reardon, M. R., “Extraction, Derivatization, and Analysis of Vegetable Oils from 

Fire Debris,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol. 53, No. 6, 2008, pp. 1372-1380. 

L a s t u p d a t e d o n F e b r u a r y 

2009 

1. Schwenk L. M, and Reardon M. R., “Practical Aspects of Analyzing Vegetable Oils in Fire Debris,” 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, Vol 54, No. 4, 2009, pp. 874-880. 

2010 

1. Mikuma, T., Kaneko, T. “A Quick Discrimination of Vegetable Oil by Solid-Phase Microextraction 

Method,” Forensic Science International, Vol 198, 2010, pp. 79–84. 

 

2021 

1. Bryant, C.M., Warnica, J.M., Chen, R., and Shepard, C., “Identification of triglycerides in liquid and 

fire debris samples by triple quadrupole liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry.” Journal of 

Forensic Science, Vol. 66, No. 2, 2021, pp. 534-546. 

2. Huang, S., Wei, R., Xie, T., and Wang, J., “Evaluation of fire hazards in typicaln vegetable oil 

residues.” Process Safety and Environmental Protection, Vol. 154, 2021, pp. 223-235. 

3. Hu, Y., Chen, J., Bundy, M., and Hamins, A., “The character of residential cooktop fires.” Journal of 

Forensic Science, Vol. 39, No. 2, 2021, pp. 142-163. 

4. Chen, J., Hu, Y., Wang, Z., Lee, K.Y., Kim, S.C., Bundy, M., Fernandez, M., and Hamins, A., “Why 

are cooktop fires so hazardous?” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 120, 2021, Article 103070. 

2022 

1. Hsieh, P.C., Lin, R.Y., and Cheng, K.Y., “Research on adapting pyrolysis GC-MS to analyze 

spontaneous ignition in vegetable oil.” Fire & Arson Investigator, Vol. 72, No. 3, 2022, pp. 24-35. 
July 2023

2. Guo, Q., and Tang, Y., “Laboratory investigation of the spontaneous combustion characteristics and 

mechanisms of typical vegetable oils.” Energy, Vol. 241, 2022, Article 122887. 

17 - Flash Point 

2002 

1. Montemayor, R. G., Collier, M. A., and Lazarczyk, G. G., “Precision and Equivalence of Automatic 

and Manual Flash Point Apparatus,” Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol 30, 2002, pp. 74–84. 

2006 

1. Catoire, L., Paulmier, S., and Naudet, V. “Experimental Determination and Estimation of Closed Cup 

Flash Points of Mixtures of Flammable Solvents,” Process Safety Progress, Vol 25, 2006, pp. 33. 

2021 

1. Okamoto, K., Nakagawa, M., Ichikawa, T., Hagiwara, T., and Honma, M., “Induced fire hazards by 

gasoline spills.” Fire Safety Journal, Vol. 120, 2021, pp. 32-39. 

2022 

1. Babrauskas, V., “Ignition of gases, vapors, and liquids on hot surfaces.” Fire Technology, Vol. 58, 

No. 1, 2022, pp. 281-310. 

18 – Case Studies

2019 

1. Bilancia, L.F., and Mann, D.C., “Arson under the Christmas tree” Paper presentation, May 6-8, IEEE 

International Symposium on Product Compliance Engineering, San Jose California, United States, 

2019. 

2020 

1. Nath, S., Majumder, R., and Pratiharti, H.K., “Mystery of a burnt body” Forensic Research and 

Criminology International Journal, Vol. 8, No. 6, 2020, pp. 215-218/