The Honorable Sean F. Cox, United States District Judge for the Eastern District of Michigan, sitting by *

designation.

On July 23, 2007, the district court granted Eon’s motion to substitute “Lativafter Liquidating Trust” as the 1

real party in interest.

1

NOT RECOMMENDED FOR FULL-TEXT PUBLICATION

File Name: 09a0578n.06

Case No. 08-5959

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SIXTH CIRCUIT

LATIVAFTER LIQUIDATING TRUST,

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

CLEAR CHANNEL COMMUNICATIONS,

INC.,

Defendant-Appellant.

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ON APPEAL FROM THE

UNITED STATES DISTRICT

COURT FOR THE EASTERN

DISTRICT OF TENNESSEE

BEFORE: BATCHELDER, Chief Judge, CLAY, Circuit Judge; and COX , District Judge. *

ALICE M. BATCHELDER, Chief Judge. In this contract dispute, Defendant-Appellant

Clear Channel Communications, Inc. (“Clear Channel”) appeals a jury award of compensatory

damages and the district court’s award of pre-judgment interest to Plaintiff-Appellee Eon Streams,

Inc. (“Eon”). For the reasons that follow, we AFFIRM. 1

I.

Clear Channel operates a network of approximately 1200 radio stations. Prior to going out

of business, Eon provided internet streaming services, which allow radio stations to broadcast live
Ad-insertion technology allows a station to insert advertisements into its “streamed” internet broadcasts to 2

replace the advertisements that air on the station’s local radio broadcasts.

2

programming on their websites. In January 2004, Eon and Clear Channel entered into a one-year,

automatically renewable Service Agreement, under which Eon would provide internet streaming for

some of Clear Channel’s stations.

Later that year, Stephen Newman, Eon’s chief executive officer, approached Brian Parsons,

Clear Channel’s Vice President of Technology, with a proposal for Eon to provide ad-insertion

technology for Clear Channel’s internet broadcasts. On October 13, 2004, Newman e-mailed 2

Parsons a “Letter of Agreement” (“LOA”) that would amend the Service Agreement between Clear

Channel and Eon. Under the proposed LOA, Eon would, among other things, develop and

implement internet ad-insertion technology for Clear Channel. In return, Clear Channel was to

extend the Service Agreement for a minimum three-year term and move all streaming radio stations

within its network to Eon.

On October 19, 2004, Parsons sent an e-mail to Newman and Emma Woods of Eon, and to

Kim Johnson, Clear Channel’s Vice President of Sales and Marketing. Parsons began the e-mail by

stating: “I am going to have to start from scratch on this but wanted to make sure the deal points

were put into and verified via email first.” Parsons then listed the deal points as including: (1) a

three-year term under which Eon would be Clear Channel’s preferred streaming partner; (2) Eon’s

maintaining competitive pricing, quality, and features; (3) Clear Channel’s maintaining editorial

control of network and branding; and (4) a 15% commission for Eon on any internet advertisement

sale within Clear Channel’s network. The same day, Johnson “replied to all” to note that the 15%

commission would be on advertisement sales initiated by Eon, not on all sales.
3

After another round of revisions between Eon and Clear Channel, Woods e-mailed Parsons

what she referred to as “hopefully the final version” of the LOA on October 21, 2004. The next day,

Parsons e-mailed Newman an “updated draft” of the LOA. Parsons wrote: “[A]s a reminder, I won’t

be able to get an answer on a three-year commitment until I confirm with my cohort VPs.” The

attached “updated draft” included all the deal points Parsons had listed in his October 19 e-mail,

including the three-year term.

Parsons attended Eon’s January 2005 board meeting and informed the board that the contract

was “in legal” but assured them: “[W]e have a deal, so nobody has to worry about anything here;

we do have a deal.” At some point after that board meeting, Newman met with Jeffrey Littlejohn,

a Clear Channel Senior Vice President. Newman testified that Littlejohn told him: “We’ve

absolutely got a deal.”

Over the next several months, Eon sought to secure a written expression of that deal so it

could show potential investors that Eon had a solid commitment from Clear Channel. In an effort

to get a signed LOA, Newman presented Parsons with several new proposals suggesting changing

the term from three years to a one-year or two-year renewable term, and even expressing a

willingness to eliminate Eon’s commission on advertisement sales it initiated. Meanwhile, Eon

began developing the ad-insertion technology. Parsons regularly met with Eon during this time.

Representatives of Eon and Clear Channel together met with potential advertising customers. Clear

Channel’s internal communications referred to Eon’s responsibilities to develop the ad-insertion

technology and expressed an objective of moving all streaming stations over to Eon.

Parsons even joined Eon’s board of directors. The minutes of Eon’s April 2005 board

meeting reflect that Parsons announced that Clear Channel was “committed to executing the written
4

contract . . . .” At Eon’s July 2005 board meeting, Parsons assured the directors that a signed

contract would be sent that day. That contract, however, never arrived.

In September 2005, Clear Channel signed an agreement with Akamai Technologies, Inc., one

of Eon’s competitors, to serve as Clear Channel’s streaming provider. In November 2005, Clear

Channel notified Eon of its intent to let its Service Agreement with Eon expire. In May 2006, Eon

sold substantially all of its assets to a third party for $17 million.

Eon filed suit against Clear Channel, alleging breach of contract, promissory estoppel, and

negligent misrepresentation. Both parties unsuccessfully moved for summary judgment, and the case

proceeded to a jury trial. Following Eon’s evidence and again at the close of all evidence, Clear

Channel unsuccessfully moved for judgment as a matter of law under Rule 50(a). A jury found for

Clear Channel on Eon’s promissory estoppel and negligent misrepresentation claims, but found for

Eon on the breach of contract claim and awarded Eon $40 million in damages. Clear Channel filed

a post-verdict Rule 50(b) motion for judgment as a matter of law, or, in the alternative, a new trial;

and Eon moved to alter the judgment to include pre-judgment interest. The district court denied

Clear Channel’s motion and granted Eon’s, bringing the total award to approximately $44.2 million.

Clear Channel timely filed its Notice of Appeal.

II.

Clear Channel makes several arguments on appeal. First, it argues it was entitled to judgment

as a matter of law because there was no “meeting of the minds” regarding Eon’s proposed LOA, and

thus no contract for it to breach. Next, Clear Channel contends that the district court erred in

allowing Grady Vanderhoofen, an Eon board member, to testify regarding Eon’s diminished value
5

and that Vanderhoofen’s testimony was, in any event, insufficient evidence of Eon’s damages.

Finally, Clear Channel argues that the district court erred in awarding Eon pre-judgment interest.

A. Was there a contract?

We review a district court’s denial of a Rule 50(b) motion de novo. Radvansky v. City of

Olmsted Falls, 496 F.3d 609, 614 (2007). “[I]n a diversity case, when a Rule 50 motion for

judgment as a matter of law is based on the sufficiency of the evidence, this court applies the

standard of review of the state whose substantive law governs the matter.” American Trim, L.L.C.

v. Oracle Corp., 383 F.3d 462, 471 (6th Cir. 2004) (citing Morales v. Am. Honda Motor Co., 151

F.3d 500, 506 (6th Cir.1998)). In Tennessee,

The standards governing trial courts in ruling on motions for directed verdict or

JNOV . . . are well established. In ruling on the motion, the court must take the

strongest legitimate view of the evidence in favor of the non-moving party. In other

words, the court must remove any conflict in the evidence by construing it in the light

most favorable to the non-movant and discarding all countervailing evidence. The

court may grant the motion only if, after assessing the evidence according to the

foregoing standards, it determines that reasonable minds could not differ as to the

conclusions to be drawn from the evidence. If there is any doubt as to the proper

conclusions to be drawn from the evidence, the motion must be denied.

Potter v. Ford Motor Co., 213 S.W.3d 264, 267-68 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (quoting Eaton v. McLain,

891 S.W.2d 587, 590 (Tenn. 1994)) (internal citations omitted).

Clear Channel argues that the LOA regarding Eon’s ad-insertion technology was not a

contract because Clear Channel never accepted the terms of any of Eon’s various offers. It contends

that there was no meeting of the minds between it and Eon and that their volleys of e-mails and draft

proposals were simply ongoing negotiations that never culminated in a mutual agreement.

Eon, on the other hand, argues that Parsons’s October 22 e-mail with the attached “updated

draft” of the LOA set forth an express contract between the parties. Eon contends that “[t]he jury
6

could legitimately have concluded that the only open item in November 2004 was whether Clear

Channel would confirm a three-year term for the Letter of Agreement.” Eon submits that “[t]he jury

could have concluded that any doubt on this point was removed when Parsons attended the Eon

board meeting in January 2005 and manifested Clear Channel’s unqualified and unconditional

acceptance by stating ‘we have a deal.’” In other words, Eon argues that the evidence was sufficient

for the jury to find that an express contract existed as of October 22, 2004, the date of the final LOA

draft, or at least by January 2005, the date of Parsons’s appearance before the Eon board.

“[A]n enforceable contract must, among other elements, result from a meeting of the minds

and must be sufficiently definite to be enforced.” Rice v. N.N. Inc., Ball & Roller Div., 210 S.W.3d

536, 542 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2006) (quoting Jamestowne on Signal, Inc. v. First Federal Sav. & Loan

Ass’n, 807 S.W.2d 559, 564 (Tenn. Ct. App. 1990)). Taking “the strongest legitimate view of the

evidence in favor of” Eon, and “discarding all countervailing evidence” in favor of Clear Channel,

Potter, 213 S.W.3d at 267, the jury reasonably could have concluded that the parties reached an

agreement on the LOA’s material terms. In replying to Emma Wood’s October 21, 2004, e-mail

containing the “hopefully [] final version” of the LOA, Parsons attached an “updated draft”

containing all the “deal points” listed by Woods in her version. True, Parsons cautioned that he

would have to get approval for a three-year term from his fellow Clear Channel Vice Presidents.

This approval, however, was manifested by Parsons’s and Littlejohns’s subsequent assurances to Eon

CEO Stephen Newman that they “had a deal.” Moreover, the conduct of the parties also served as

evidence that the deal was sealed: Eon and Clear Channel even made joint sales calls to potential

advertising customers. Even if we were inclined to reach an opposite determination, we cannot say
7

“that reasonable minds could not differ as to the conclusions to be drawn from the evidence.” Potter,

213 S.W.3d at 267.

B. Should the district court have allowed Vanderhoofven to testify, and was his

testimony sufficient evidence of Eon’s damages?

Grady Vanderhoofven is a venture capitalist, the Executive Vice-President of Southern

Appalachian Fund (which invested in Eon), and was a member of Eon’s board. Vanderhoofven

testified that Eon’s value would have been $57 million with the Clear Channel contract, instead of

the $17 million it sold for in 2006. As an investor in Eon, Vanderhoofven in 2005 investigated

Eon’s financials, retaining a market research firm to verify Eon’s market potential. When he became

a member of Eon’s board in March 2005, he received Eon’s monthly financial reports, including

income statements, balance sheets, and cash flow statements. Vanderhoofven testified that between

June 2004 and June 2005, the number of stations Eon was streaming increased by over 500%. After

June 2005, however, the revenue from Clear Channel began to dwindle, and Vanderhoofven

determined that Clear Channel was moving its streaming business to another company.

Vanderhoofven based his $57 million valuation on the revenue Clear Channel had been generating

for Eon prior to the discontinuation of their business, and the projection for the 12-month period

prior to Eon’s sale.

Clear Channel argues, as an initial matter, that Eon cannot recover damages for its

diminished value because Tennessee does not recognize diminished-value damages outside the

context of commercial real estate, and because a potential loss in Eon’s value was not contemplated

by the parties when they entered into the contract.
8

In BVT Lebanon Shopping Center, Ltd. v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 48 S.W.3d 132, 136 (Tenn.

2001), the Tennessee Supreme Court upheld a diminished-value award to a shopping center whose

value had decreased when its anchor tenant breached a covenant of continuous occupancy. The court

held that its conclusion was in line with general contract remedies: “The purpose of assessing

damages in breach of contract cases is to place the plaintiff as nearly as possible in the same position

she would have been in had the contract been performed[.]” Id. (quoting Lamons v. Chamberlain,

909 S.W.2d 795, 801 (Tenn. Ct. App.1993)). “Generally speaking,” the court recognized, “damages

for breach of contract include only such as are incidental to or directly caused by the breach and may

be reasonably supposed to have entered into the contemplation of the parties.” Id. (quoting Simmons

v. O’Charley’s, Inc., 914 S.W.2d 895, 903 (Tenn. Ct. App.1995)). The court in BVT Lebanon did

not limit its holding to the commercial real estate context; indeed, it relied on basic principles of

contract law to place the plaintiff in the position it would have enjoyed had the contract been kept.

Here, had Clear Channel not breached the contract, Eon would have had a fixed-term

agreement to stream internet broadcasts for hundreds of radio stations, obviously increasing its

attractiveness to potential investors and buyers. And by the time Clear Channel executives assured

Stephen Newman and the Eon board that a deal was in place, Clear Channel knew that Eon was

seeking assurances to mollify investors; Clear Channel knew that the amended Service Agreement

was integral to Eon’s financial health. Diminished-value damages were in order here and were not

outside the contemplation of the contracting parties.

Clear Channel contends that even if diminished-value damages are allowed in this setting,

they cannot be proven without expert testimony, and that Vanderhoofven’s testimony as a lay

opinion witness under Federal Rule of Evidence 701 was improper. “‘We review for abuse of
On March 13, 2009, Clear Channel moved this Court to certify three questions of law to the Supreme Court 3

of Tennessee under Tennessee Supreme Court Rule 23. Specifically, Clear Channel asked us to inquire of that court:

“(1) whether Tennessee would permit a corporate plaintiff to recover $40 million in diminished value damages for a

breach of contract that does not involve either permanent damage to real estate or a covenant of continuous occupancy;

(2) whether Tennessee permits a plaintiff to recover diminished value damages for a breach of an implied contract; and

(3) whether Tennessee required diminished value damages to be proven by expert testimony.” Because we hold that an

9

discretion a district court’s evidentiary rulings, including rulings on witness testimony under Rule[]

701 . . . of the Federal Rules of Evidence.’” United States v. White, 492 F.3d 380, 398 (2007)

(quoting JGR, Inc. v. Thomasville Furniture Indus., Inc., 370 F.3d 519, 524 (6th Cir.2004)). That

Rule provides:

If the witness is not testifying as an expert, the witness’ testimony in the form of

opinions or inferences is limited to those opinions or inferences which are (a)

rationally based on the perception of the witness, (b) helpful to a clear understanding

of the witness’ testimony or the determination of a fact in issue, and (c) not based on

scientific, technical, or other specialized knowledge within the scope of Rule 702.

Fed. R. Evid. 701. The advisory commission notes to the 2000 amendments to Rule 701 provide:

[M]ost courts have permitted the owner or officer of a business to testify to the value

or projected profits of the business, without the necessity of qualifying the witness

as an accountant, appraiser, or similar expert. See, e.g., Lightning Lube, Inc. v.

Witco Corp., 4 F.3d 1153 (3d Cir. 1993) (no abuse of discretion in permitting the

plaintiff’s owner to give lay opinion testimony as to damages, as it was based on his

knowledge and participation in the day-to-day affairs of the business). Such opinion

testimony is admitted not because of experience, training or specialized knowledge

within the realm of an expert, but because of the particularized knowledge that the

witness has by virtue of his or her position in the business.

Id. (emphasis added).

As an investor who researched Eon’s financial condition, and later as a member of Eon’s

board, Vanderhoofven had personal, particularized knowledge of Eon’s value. The district court did

not abuse its discretion in permitting him to testify about Eon’s projected value if it had retained

Clear Channel’s business. Moreover, contrary to Clear Channel’s assertions, Vanderhoofven’s

testimony rested on a sufficient foundation — his personal research into Eon’s financial reports.3
express contract existed between Eon and Clear Channel, that the Tennessee Supreme Court in BVT Lebanon did not

limit its holding to the real estate context, and that Federal Rule of Evidence 701 permits Vanderhoofen’s testimony, we

hereby DISMISS Clear Channel’s motion to certify.

10

C. Should the district court have awarded Eon pre-judgment interest?

We review for an abuse of discretion a district court’s prejudgment-interest award. Gentek

Bldg Products, Inc. v. Steel Peel Litigation Trust, 491 F.3d 320, 333 (2007) (quoting Anderson v.

Whittaker Corp., 894 F.2d 804, 809 (6th Cir.1990)). “There is no dispute that in a diversity action

the question of prejudgment interest must be determined under state law.” Daily v. Gusto Records,

Inc., 14 F. App’x 579, 591 (6th Cir. 2001) (citing Mass. Benefit Ass’n v. Miles, 137 U.S. 689

(1891)). Tennessee law favors “awarding prejudgment interest whenever doing so will more fully

compensate plaintiffs for the loss of use of their funds. Fairness will, in almost all cases, require that

a successful plaintiff be fully compensated by the defendant for all losses caused by the defendant,

including the loss of use of money the plaintiff should have received.” Scholz v. S.B. Intern., Inc.,

40 S.W.3d 78, 83 (Tenn. Ct. App. 2000). The court determined that “Eon’s demise was assured

when Clear Channel breached the parties’ contract on September 9, 2005.” The court then calculated

interest as accruing from that date at a rate equal to 4.666%, the average rate from September 9, 2005

to December 14, 2007. The district court did not abuse its discretion in awarding Eon prejudgment

interest.

III.

Accordingly, we AFFIRM the judgment of the district court.