2019 IL App (1st) 160817

No. 1-16-0817 

Opinion filed March 29, 2019 

 FOURTH DIVISION

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ) 

ILLINOIS, ) 

 ) 

Plaintiff-Appellee, ) 

 ) 

 v. ) 

 ) 

NATHANIEL McCURINE, ) 

 ) 

Defendant-Appellant. ) 

Appeal from the Circuit Court 

of Cook County. 

No. 15 CR 10431 

The Honorable 

Timothy Joseph Joyce, 

Judge, presiding. 

 JUSTICE GORDON delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Presiding Justice McBride and Justice Burke concurred in the judgment and opinion.

 OPINION 

¶ 1 After a jury trial, defendant Nathaniel McCurine was convicted of one count of armed 

habitual criminal and sentenced to nine years with the Illinois Department of Corrections

(IDOC). 

¶ 2 On appeal, defendant claims, first, that the State’s evidence that he constructively 

possessed a gun was insufficient, where the gun was found in the smaller bedroom of 

defendant’s two-bedroom apartment and defendant’s girlfriend testified that defendant shared 

the apartment with another tenant who occupied the smaller bedroom. Second, although this 
No. 1-16-0817

2 

court has found the armed habitual criminal statute constitutional in three prior opinions, 

defendant claims that these opinions failed to adequately address the due process concerns 

inherent in labeling a defendant a “habitual” criminal and that the statute thereby creates an

unfair prejudice against the accused in the eyes of the jury, thereby violating due process. In 

his initial brief, defendant also claimed that he was entitled to 253 days of sentencing credit, 

rather than the 250 days that he received at sentencing. However, in his reply brief, he 

withdrew this third claim. 

¶ 3 For the following reasons, we affirm.

¶ 4 BACKGROUND

¶ 5 In sum, the State’s evidence at trial established that, in the early morning hours of 

June 18, 2015, IDOC agents and officers of the Chicago Police Department (CPD) performed 

a routine parole compliance check at defendant’s second-floor apartment in Chicago. During 

the search, they recovered a gun in the smaller, second bedroom of defendant’s two-bedroom 

apartment and arrested defendant. 

¶ 6 Prior to trial, defendant filed two motions in limine, arguing that presenting the jury 

with a charge called “armed habitual criminal” was prejudicial, where defendant was 

stipulating to the two required prior felony convictions and that the jury should be presented 

instead with a charge of unlawful use of a weapon. The trial court denied the motions. 

¶ 7 During the trial, Clarence Dumas, an IDOC agent, testified that on June 18, 2015, at 

5:30 a.m., he went to defendant’s apartment to conduct a routine parole compliance check.

Dumas testified that a standard parole requirement is that a parolee may not possess firearms

and that parolees are informed prior to their release from prison that they are subject to 

random compliance checks. 
No. 1-16-0817

3 

¶ 8 Dumas arrived at defendant’s apartment building with several other IDOC agents and 

CPD officers. The building had four units. Dumas knocked repeatedly on the door downstairs 

to gain entry to the building and was admitted after knocking on a first-floor window. Dumas 

then went to the second floor and knocked for three minutes on defendant’s apartment door

with a brass door knocker. Dumas explained that he carried with him “a brass baseball bat” 

to use as “a door knocker.” Although defendant responded, he did not open the door. Dumas 

then identified himself and stated he was there to conduct a parole compliance check.

Defendant asked Dumas to wait a minute because defendant was not properly dressed. 

Dumas waited for another three minutes, during which time Dumas heard “moving around 

behind the door,” before defendant opened the door. 

¶ 9 After verifying defendant’s identity, Dumas handcuffed defendant in the living room.

Before conducting the search, Dumas asked defendant “is there anything in the house that 

does not belong, any large sums of cash”? Defendant “did not say that he had a weapon.” 

Dumas determined that the apartment had only one occupant at that time since defendant was 

the only person present in the apartment. Dumas described the apartment as containing one 

larger bedroom with a bed and a nightstand; a smaller bedroom with a couple of boxes and 

some clothes in the closet but no bed, dresser, or television; a living room with a small twinsize bed, a couple of chairs, and a television set on a table; a small kitchen; and a bathroom. 

Dumas testified that the smaller bedroom did not contain anything that indicated that it was 

occupied and that the closet of the larger bedroom had more clothes than the closet of the 

smaller bedroom. Dumas described the apartment as a “small” four-room apartment. 

¶ 10 Dumas began by searching the smaller bedroom, while other agents searched the 

other rooms. As Dumas entered the smaller bedroom, he could observe the inside of the 
No. 1-16-0817

4 

closet, since the closet had no door. In the closet were hanging some men’s clothing, 

specifically a jacket and a couple of shirts. The top shelf had a couple of small boxes. At the 

bottom of the closet were bags with a few clothing items, a couple of small boxes, a laundry 

basket, and other small containers. One box had documents, which Agent Dumas did not 

discuss and was not asked about. The laundry basket was half-full of men’s clothes. At the 

bottom of the basket and underneath the clothes, Dumas discovered a small grey Ziploc bag 

with a semiautomatic, .38-caliber gun. The bag was both zipped and opaque. The bag felt 

heavy, and by feeling the outside of the bag, Dumas believed it contained a weapon.

Although Dumas unzipped the bag to verify that it was a gun, he did not remove the gun 

from the bag and did not touch the gun directly. After turning the gun over to CPD officers, 

Dumas completed the search of the apartment. 

¶ 11 CPD Officer Joy McClain testified that on June 18, 2015, she was one of the CPD 

officers who accompanied IDOC agents to defendant’s building for a parole compliance 

check. McClain described defendant’s apartment as “small,” explaining that one could 

observe the back of the apartment from the front door. McClain searched the larger bedroom, 

which contained a dresser; a bed with a blanket, pillows, and sheets; men’s clothes both in 

the closet and on the floor; and men’s shoes on the floor. McClain observed that the larger 

bedroom contained “[a] lot of” men’s clothes—“a good size wardrobe”—and appeared 

“lived in.” By contrast, the smaller bedroom did not have a bed or a dresser and did not look 

“lived in.” Concerning the larger bedroom, McClain testified: 

“ASSISTANT STATE’S ATTORNEY: Which room did you search? 

McCLAIN: The bedroom with all the clothing in it and like dressers. So the 

defendant’s. I believe it was the defendant’s room.” 
No. 1-16-0817

5 

Similarly, on cross, McClain testified:

 “ASSISTANT PUBLIC DEFENDER [(APD)]: Now, you said you searched 

[defendant’s] bedroom? 

McCLAIN: I did. 

 * * * 

 [APD]: And you are saying that’s [defendant’s] bedroom. During this search, 

there was no gun in that bedroom? 

McCLAIN: Not in that room, no.” 

McClain did not recall whether the larger bedroom had a door, but she did recall that the 

entrance to it was open. 

¶ 12 McClain testified that, while she was searching the larger bedroom, Dumas entered 

and informed her that he had recovered a gun, which he handed to her. The gun included a 

magazine with five rounds in it and a bullet in the chamber. McClain unloaded it, placed the 

gun in her pocket, and later transported it back to the police station where she inventoried it. 

McClain handled the gun with her bare hands and did not have the gun tested for fingerprints 

or DNA evidence. 

¶ 13 The parties stipulated that defendant had two prior qualifying felony convictions. The 

stipulation, which was read to the jury, did not state what the felonies were or that they were 

forcible felonies; rather, the stipulation provided only the case numbers for the felonies and

stated that they were “qualifying” felonies. At the close of the State’s case, defendant moved 

for a directed verdict, which the trial court denied. 

¶ 14 The defense then called Felicia Adams, defendant’s 26-year-old girlfriend, who 

testified that they had been dating for three years. Adams, who had been in the apartment 
No. 1-16-0817

6 

numerous times, testified that defendant lived there with a roommate named David Singleton, 

who occupied the bedroom where the gun was found. Singleton had been living with 

defendant since Adams first met defendant four years ago. Adams herself had lived in the 

apartment with defendant and Singleton for a few months, moving out only two months 

before defendant’s arrest. Adams did not know how defendant and Singleton had first met or 

what sort of work he did. Adams had never been in Singleton’s room. Although there was no 

lock on the door, Singleton always kept the door closed. Thus, she did not know if his room

was larger or what was in it. Adams knew there was no lock on Singleton’s door because she 

observed “the outside of the door every time [she] entered [defendant’s] room.” 

¶ 15 Adams testified that she did not know anything about Singleton, except for his name 

and that he was defendant’s roommate. Normally when she observed Singleton in the 

apartment, it was after 3 p.m., and she never observed him in the early mornings because, as 

defendant informed her, Singleton worked early in the morning. Adams was there the night 

before defendant’s arrest. She first learned that defendant had been arrested when defendant 

called her from jail. She received a couple of more calls from defendant while he was in jail, 

in which he told her that he had learned from the police where the gun was found. After her 

testimony, the defense rested.

¶ 16 After listening to closing arguments and jury instructions, the jury deliberated and 

found defendant guilty. Defendant filed a posttrial motion for a new trial, arguing that the 

charge of armed habitual criminal should not have been read to the jury because it was too 

prejudicial and that the State had failed to prove constructive possession. The trial court 

denied defendant’s motion. At the sentencing hearing, defendant stated that he knew that 

parole officers would visit and, thus, if he had known that his roommate had a gun, he would 
No. 1-16-0817

7 

have told him to dispose of it. The State asked for a sentence of 15 years and discussed 

defendant’s prior criminal history, including convictions for murder, attempted murder, two 

robberies, and residential burglary, which he was on parole for when the instant offense 

occurred. After considering factors in aggravation and mitigation, the trial court sentenced 

defendant to 9 years with IDOC. This appeal followed. 

¶ 17 ANALYSIS 

¶ 18 On appeal, defendant claims (1) that the State’s evidence that he constructively 

possessed a gun was insufficient and (2) that the armed habitual criminal statute violates due 

process. For the following reasons, we affirm. 

¶ 19 I. Sufficiency of the Evidence 

¶ 20 First, defendant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence against him. When 

reviewing a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence, a court considers whether, after 

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, a rational trier of fact 

could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt. People v. 

Wilkerson, 2016 IL App (1st) 151913, ¶ 64; People v. Woods, 214 Ill. 2d 455, 470 (2005); 

People v. Ray, 232 Ill. App. 3d 459, 461 (1992). If the court answers this inquiry in the 

negative, then it must reverse the defendant’s conviction. Wilkerson, 2016 IL App (1st) 

151913, ¶ 64; Woods, 214 Ill. 2d at 470. However, a reviewing court must not retry the 

defendant or substitute its judgment for that of the trier of fact, particularly with respect to 

the credibility of the witnesses or the weight to be given each witness’ testimony. Wilkerson, 

2016 IL App (1st) 151913, ¶ 64; People v. Jackson, 232 Ill. 2d 246, 280-81 (2009); People v. 

Ross, 229 Ill. 2d 255, 272 (2008). 
No. 1-16-0817

8 

¶ 21 “A person commits the offense of being an armed habitual criminal if he or she *** 

possesses *** any firearm after having been convicted a total of 2 or more times” of a 

forcible felony. 720 ILCS 5/24-1.7(a) (West 2014). Since the parties stipulated to the 

qualifying offenses, the only element that the State had to prove was possession, which may 

be actual or constructive. People v. Faulkner, 2017 IL App (1st) 132884-B, ¶ 39 (in an armed 

habitual case, possession may be “either actual or constructive”). In its brief to this court, the 

State concedes: “Because defendant in this case was not found in actual possession of a 

firearm, the People were required to prove constructive possession.” 

¶ 22 “To establish constructive possession, the State must prove that the defendant (1) had 

knowledge of the presence of the weapon and (2) exercised immediate and exclusive control 

over the area where the weapon was found.” Faulkner, 2017 IL App (1st) 132884-B, ¶ 39; 

People v. McCarter, 339 Ill. App. 3d 876, 879 (2003). Evidence of both knowledge and 

control is “ ‘often entirely circumstantial.’ ” Faulkner, 2017 IL App (1st) 132884-B, ¶ 39 

(quoting McCarter, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 879). 

¶ 23 First, a defendant has control when he has the “ ‘ “intent and capability to maintain 

control and dominion” ’ ” over the item, but does not have immediate personal control of it. 

Wilkerson, 2016 IL App (1st) 151913, ¶ 65 (quoting People v. Carodine, 374 Ill. App. 3d 16, 

25 (2007), quoting People v. Frieberg, 147 Ill. 2d 326, 361 (1992)); see also Faulkner, 2017 

IL App (1st) 132884-B, ¶ 39. “Control over the area where the contraband was found gives 

rise to an inference that the defendant possessed the contraband.” Faulkner, 2017 IL App 

(1st) 132884-B, ¶ 39; McCarter, 339 Ill. App. 3d at 879. 

¶ 24 Second, knowledge may be shown by circumstantial evidence of the defendant’s acts 

or conduct, from which it may be inferred that he knew the contraband existed in the place 
No. 1-16-0817

9 

where it was found. Faulkner, 2017 IL App (1st) 132884-B, ¶ 39; People v. Ross, 407 Ill. 

App. 3d 931, 936 (2011). 

¶ 25 “ ‘Knowledge and possession are factual issues, and the trier of fact’s findings on 

these questions will not be disturbed unless the evidence is so unbelievable, improbable, or 

palpably contrary to the verdict that it creates a reasonable doubt of the defendant’s guilt.’ ” 

Wilkerson, 2016 IL App (1st) 151913, ¶ 65 (quoting People v. Brown, 277 Ill. App. 3d 989, 

998 (1996)). 

¶ 26 If one viewed the evidence in the light most favorable to defendant, one could argue

that (1) first, Dumas testified that parolees are informed prior to their release that they are not 

allowed to possess a gun and that IDOC will conduct random compliance checks and, thus, it 

was unlikely that defendant would knowingly allow a gun in his apartment; (2) second, since 

the agents showed up at 5:30 in the morning, it was reasonable that the officers needed to 

knock for a few minutes to gain defendant’s attention and also reasonable that defendant was 

not yet dressed and needed a minute to dress as he, in fact, stated to the officers; (3) third, 

after the officers entered the apartment, defendant was immediately handcuffed in the living 

room, and no weapons were found on his person or immediately around him in the living 

room or in the room that Officer McClain testified was defendant’s bedroom; (4) fourth, the 

firearm was not examined for fingerprints and was not handled in a way to ensure the 

preservation of fingerprints; (5) fifth, the only testimony at trial about who occupied the 

second, smaller bedroom was offered by defendant’s girlfriend, and the State offered no 

evidence, such as a lease or photos of the names on the mailboxes or buzzer, to contradict her 

testimony; (6) sixth, defendant’s girlfriend testified that the roommate, David Singleton, 

always kept the door to his room closed, so much so that she had never observed the inside of 
No. 1-16-0817

10 

the room in the three years that she had been dating defendant or during the months that she 

had resided in the apartment; and (7) finally, the only firearm was found in the second 

bedroom, in a laundry basket, underneath clothes, where defendant would not have had an 

opportunity to observe it, if it had been placed there by his roommate. 

¶ 27 By contrast, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the State, as we are 

required to do, a rational juror could have found (1) first, since defendant knew he was not 

allowed to possess a gun, he had every motive to hide it once he heard the police at his door;

(2) second, he had the opportunity to hide it since the police knocked on the door to the 

apartment building for several minutes, waking up the downstairs neighbors, and then 

knocked on defendant’s apartment door for another three minutes and then waited an 

additional three minutes for defendant to open the apartment door; (3) third, defendant’s 

girlfriend testified that one had to pass right by the door to the second bedroom when going 

to or from the larger bedroom; (4) fourth, Dumas did not indicate that he had any difficulty 

opening the door to the second bedroom when he arrived to search it and he testified that the 

closet had no door, leading to the reasonable inference that the one person in the apartment 

when the police arrived—namely, defendant—could have easily entered the closet to hide the 

weapon. Thus, even if one accepts the complete truth of the girlfriend’s testimony, her 

testimony does not exonerate defendant but, rather, still leaves open the question of who 

placed the gun at the bottom of the clothes hamper in the second bedroom, prior to the 

officers’ entry, and why. In addition, the jury could reasonably infer that the girlfriend had a 

bias since she had dated defendant for three years, had been at his apartment the night before 

his arrest and was still his girlfriend at the time of trial, and she knew prior to her trial 

testimony where the weapon was found. 
No. 1-16-0817

11 

¶ 28 When considering a claim of insufficient evidence by a criminal defendant, “[a] 

reviewing court must allow all reasonable inferences from the record in favor of the State.” 

Faulkner, 2017 IL App (1st) 132884-B, ¶ 35; People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 280 

(2004). Drawing all reasonable inferences from the record for the State, as we must, we find 

that a rational juror could have found both control and knowledge. 

¶ 29 First, defendant’s control was shown by the facts that the residence was admittedly 

his apartment, that he was the only person in the apartment at the time the police entered, and 

that the police did not observe any evidence that the second bedroom was separately 

inhabited, such as the presence of a bed, dresser, television or any furnishings, or the 

presence of a wardrobe of clothes, as were present in the first bedroom. Except for the 

testimony of defendant’s girlfriend, there was no evidence of a separate resident in the room 

where the gun was found, and the jury may have found her testimony biased or unbelievable 

and, hence, not credible. In Faulkner, for example, this court found control, although the gun 

was found in the attic of a two-unit home, where defendant lived in the first-floor unit, where 

the attic was “directly accessible from the defendant’s first-floor unit” by a set of stairs, and

where the aunt who lived in the basement unit had difficulty walking. Faulkner, 2017 IL App 

(1st) 132884-B, ¶ 42. Viewing Faulkner as instructive, we find that the facts here are ones 

from which a rational juror could have found control because, first, this was a single unit and 

defendant was the only occupant when police arrived; second, except for the girlfriend’s 

testimony, there was no evidence of a second tenant; and, third, the second bedroom was 

“directly accessible” (Faulkner, 2017 IL App (1st) 132884-B, ¶ 42) from defendant’s own 

bedroom since the door to the second bedroom had no lock and one had to pass it to enter or 

exit the larger bedroom. 
No. 1-16-0817

12 

¶ 30 Next, the jury could have inferred knowledge from the same facts that showed 

defendant’s motive and opportunity to conceal the gun. Even if we were to assume that the 

girlfriend’s testimony was truthful, and the door to the smaller bedroom was always kept 

closed and the other tenants, like herself, never went in there, then there was little reason for 

the alleged tenant to feel a need to further hide the opaque gun bag at the bottom of a laundry 

basket, underneath a pile of clothes. This was triple concealment—opaque bag, in a basket, 

under clothes. By contrast, defendant had every motive to hide the bag underneath a pile of 

clothes, after he heard the police knocking at the door. Not only did he have the motive, but 

he also had the opportunity in both time and space. He had the spatial opportunity because 

the door to the second bedroom was not locked and was next to his own bedroom, and he had 

the temporal opportunity because the police spent time knocking on the building door until 

they woke up the downstairs neighbors and then spent three minutes knocking on defendant’s 

apartment door and then spent another three minutes waiting for defendant to open the 

apartment door. Thus, defendant had both the motive and opportunity to conceal the gun, and 

no motive for triple concealment would be apparent for another person. Viewing these facts 

in the light most favorable to the State and drawing every inference in the State’s favor, a 

rational juror could reasonably infer defendant’s knowledge of the gun’s presence from these 

facts. 

¶ 31 At oral argument, this court asked defendant for the best opinions concerning 

reasonable doubt in this case, and he cited People v. Macias, 299 Ill. App. 3d 480 (1998), and 

People v. Wolski, 27 Ill. App. 3d 526 (1975). We do not find either of these cases persuasive 

concerning the facts of this case. First, in Macias, this court found that the evidence was 

insufficient to prove that the defendant constructively possessed guns and drugs found in an 
No. 1-16-0817

13 

apartment, although he had keys for the apartment on a key ring of more than a dozen keys, 

where the parties stipulated that the electric service for the apartment was in another person’s 

name and that hospital bills also showed that this apartment was the other person’s residence, 

where the officers found no evidence that the defendant resided in the apartment, and where

evidence showed that defendant resided in another location. Macias, 299 Ill. App. 3d at 481-

83. Macias is inapposite because, in the instant case, there was no question that defendant 

resided in the apartment where the contraband was found. 

¶ 32 In the almost half-a-century old case of Wolski, the defendant was convicted after a 

bench trial of possessing a small amount of marijuana and sentenced to serve five weekends 

in jail. Wolski, 27 Ill. App. 3d at 527. An officer testified that the defendant’s mother, who 

lived upstairs, volunteered that the defendant’s brother also lived in the basement apartment

where the marijuana was found. Wolski, 27 Ill. App. 3d at 527. The State did not dispute this 

fact and did not present any additional evidence connecting the defendant to the marijuana, 

so this court found insufficient evidence. Wolski, 27 Ill. App. 3d at 528-29. While we wonder 

about the precedential value of an almost half-a-century old marijuana case with a fiveweekend sentence, we observe that a mother’s incriminating statements about her son have 

fewer credibility issues than a girlfriend’s exonerating statements about her boyfriend. Cf.

Young v. Bryco Arms, 213 Ill. 2d 433, 451-52 (2004) (a 41-year-old 1963 case had less 

persuasive value). 

¶ 33 For the foregoing reasons, a rational juror could have reasonably found constructive 

possession, and thus, we do not find persuasive defendant’s claim of insufficient evidence. 
No. 1-16-0817

14 

¶ 34 II. Due Process

¶ 35 Next defendant argues that the armed habitual criminal statute violates due process. 

Defendant acknowledges that at least two prior opinions of this court have found this statute 

constitutional: People v. Davis, 405 Ill. App. 3d 585, 591, 595 (2010) (rejecting defendant’s 

claim for a bifurcated proceeding and finding that the statute did not violate due process, 

although it placed his convictions before the jury), and People v. Adams, 404 Ill. App. 3d 

405, 411-13 (2010) (rejecting defendant’s claim for a bifurcated proceeding and finding that 

the statute did not violate due process). See also People v. Allen, 382 Ill. App. 3d 594, 597-

600 (2008) (finding constitutional the offense of unlawful use of a weapon by a felon and 

rejecting defendant’s claim that due process required a bifurcated proceeding). We observe 

that all three cases were from the First District, none had special concurrences or dissents,

and none had overlapping panels, so that these cases represent the collective wisdom of nine 

justices of this court. 

¶ 36 As we observed above, a person commits the offense of being an armed habitual 

criminal if he or she possesses any firearm after having been convicted a total of two or more 

times of “a forcible felony.” 720 ILCS 5/24-1.7(a)(1) (West 2014). We review de novo

defendant’s challenge to the constitutionality of this statute. People v. Pepitone, 2018 IL 

122034, ¶ 12. 

¶ 37 All statutes carry a strong presumption of constitutionality. Pepitone, 2018 IL 

122034, ¶ 12. As a result, courts will uphold statutes whenever reasonably possible and will 

resolve all doubts in favor of constitutionality. Pepitone, 2018 IL 122034, ¶ 12. To rebut the 

presumption that a statute is constitutionally valid, a party, like defendant, who seeks to 
No. 1-16-0817

15 

challenge a statute’s constitutionality, must establish a clear violation. Pepitone, 2018 IL 

122034, ¶ 12. 

¶ 38 Defendant asserts that the armed habitual criminal statute violates due process. Both 

the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution (U.S. Const., amend. XIV) and 

article I, section 2, of the Illinois Constitution (Ill. Const. 1970, art. I, § 2) provide that no 

person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of law. “[A] 

procedural due process claim asserts that the deprivation at issue is constitutionally invalid 

because the process leading up to it was deficient, whereas a substantive due process claim 

asserts that the deprivation at issue is [constitutionally] invalid in and of itself, irrespective of 

the process leading up to it.” People v. Cardona, 2013 IL 114076, ¶ 17. Although defendant 

does not specify whether he is making a substantive or procedural due process claim, his 

claim appears to be procedural. In the case at bar, defendant challenges the process by which

the jury was informed that he had two prior felony convictions and that he was accused of 

being a “habitual” armed criminal. Defendant claims that the trial court should have 

bifurcated the proceeding so that, after the trial court admitted the parties’ stipulation to the 

two qualifying offenses, the jury should have been presented with only a charge of unlawful 

use of a weapon. Thus, if the trial court had granted his motion for this procedure, he would 

not be making this claim on appeal. See Allen, 382 Ill. App. 3d at 597-98 (this court 

considered, as a procedural due process claim, defendant’s claim that, after he stipulated to 

his felon status, the trial court should have conducted a bifurcated proceeding).

¶ 39 Defendant also does not specify whether he is raising a facial or as-applied challenge. 

A facial challenge to the constitutionality of a statute is the most difficult to mount 

successfully since a statute is facially invalid only if no set of circumstances exists under 
No. 1-16-0817

16 

which it would be valid. Napleton v. Village of Hinsdale, 229 Ill. 2d 296, 305-06 (2008). By 

contrast, in an as-applied challenge, a party protests how a statute was applied in the 

particular context in which he or she acted or proposed to act, and the facts surrounding his 

or her particular circumstances become relevant. Napleton, 229 Ill. 2d at 306. Since 

defendant’s claim is based on the facts particular to his case, namely, that he stipulated to the 

qualifying felonies and that the trial court denied his motion for a bifurcated process, his 

claim appears to be an as-applied challenge. 

¶ 40 Defendant claims that, because of the procedural infirmities whereby the jury was 

informed that he had two prior felonies and that he was accused of being an armed habitual 

criminal, the statute as applied to him fails the rational basis test. Defendant acknowledges 

that his claim does not affect a fundamental right and, thus, the rational basis test applies. 

Pepitone, 2018 IL 122034, ¶ 14. A statute passes the rational basis test if it is “reasonably 

related to a legitimate state interest.” Pepitone, 2018 IL 122034, ¶ 16. In the case at bar, 

defendant acknowledges that the State has a legitimate interest in discouraging repeat 

offenders from possessing firearms, but he argues that the method employed was 

unreasonable. Adams, 404 Ill. App. 3d at 411 (reviewing the armed habitual criminal statute, 

this court found that the State had a legitimate interest “in deterring felons from possessing, 

receiving, or transferring firearms”). See also Davis, 405 Ill. App. 3d at 592 (reviewing the 

armed habitual criminal statute, this court found that “the State has a legitimate interest in 

preventing the danger associated with repeat felons having firearms”). 

¶ 41 As noted, this court has previously upheld the constitutionality of this same statute

against prior due process challenges. However, defendant argues that the panels in Davis and 

Adams failed “to adequately address” defendant’s argument that the statute is inherently 
No. 1-16-0817

17 

prejudicial by labeling a defendant a “habitual” criminal and by making his prior convictions

an element of the offense submitted to the jury. Defendant acknowledges that he suffered no 

prejudice from the nature of his prior offenses, which were in this case murder and burglary, 

because the stipulation removed that information from the jury. See People v. Walker, 211 

Ill. 2d 317, 338 (2004) (“when proving felon status is the only purpose for admitting 

evidence of a defendant’s prior convictions, and the defendant offers to stipulate,” a trial 

court abuses its discretion if it admits “the name and nature” of his prior convictions). Instead 

he argues that he suffered prejudice from having placed in front of the jury (1) the allegation

that he was an armed habitual criminal and (2) the fact that he was previously convicted of 

two felonies. 

¶ 42 First, an indictment is nothing more, or less, than an accusation that the State then 

has the burden of proving. See People v. Rowell, 229 Ill. 2d 82, 92-93 (2008); People v. 

Grever, 222 Ill. 2d 321, 327 (2006) (an indictment satisfies a criminal defendant’s right to be 

informed of the nature and cause of the accusation against him). This court fails to see how 

being accused of being an armed habitual criminal is worse than being accused of being a 

murderer or a sexual abuser of children; yet, the allegations in those indictments are routinely 

presented to the jury. Defendant takes issue with the word “habitual” and with the fact that 

our legislature determined that two felonies qualifies a person as a habitual offender. 

However, that is a policy determination that our legislature is permitted to make. Courts have 

routinely found that “the legislative branch is far better suited to declare public policy *** 

due to its superior investigative and fact-finding facilities.” Blumenthal v. Brewer, 2016 IL 

118781, ¶ 77; Moline School District No. 40 Board of Education v. Quinn, 2016 IL 119704,

¶ 65 (“We have long recognized that the legislature is free to make those types of 
No. 1-16-0817

18 

judgments.”); Cates v. Cates, 156 Ill. 2d 76, 110 (1993) (“[t]he preferred role of the 

legislature” is “as an expositor of public policy”).

¶ 43 Second, defendant claims that he suffered undue prejudice from the fact that the jury 

was informed that he had previously committed two felonies. Defendant argued, both before 

this court and the court below, that the jury should have been presented only with the charge 

of unlawful use of a weapon. However, the jury would have still needed to know that 

defendant was a felon to understand why the second amendment1 did not protect him in his 

own home. 720 ILCS 5/24-1.1(a) (West 2014) (it is unlawful for a person to possess a 

firearm even “in his own abode” if he has been convicted of a felony); Ross, 407 Ill. App. 3d 

at 942 (“the armed habitual criminal statute is a constitutionally permissible restriction of the 

second amendment right to bear arms”). In the case at bar, the jury needed some explanation 

of why multiple IDOC agents and CPD officers were banging on his door at 5:30 in the 

morning with a brass door knocker and handcuffing him upon entry. Thus, even if the trial 

court had granted the motion, the jury would have still known that he had committed a prior 

felony.

2 Old Chief v. United States, 519 U.S. 172, 178-79 (1997) (finding that the fact of 

defendant’s prior conviction was relevant and, hence, admissible, for a charge of firearms 

possession by a felon). The issue is then whether defendant suffered undue prejudice from 

the jury’s knowledge that there were two qualifying convictions as opposed to just one. This 

is too slim a difference to find a statute unconstitutional, particularly where, as in the case at 

bar, the stipulation did not inform the jury what the felonies were or even that they were 

 1 In McDonald v. City of Chicago, 561 U.S. 742, 791 (2010), the United States Supreme Court 

found that the right to possess a handgun in the home for the purpose of self-defense is protected by the 

second amendment as a fundamental right. U.S. Const. amend. II (right “to keep and bear Arms”). See 

also People v. Ross, 407 Ill. App. 3d 931, 937-38 (2011). 

2 “If [jurors’] expectations are not satisfied, triers of fact may penalize the party who disappoints 

them by drawing a negative inference against that party.” (Internal quotation marks omitted.) Old Chief v.

United States, 519 U.S. 172, 188 (1997). 
No. 1-16-0817

19 

forcible felonies. Also, in defendant’s case, if the jury thought that he had committed only 

two felonies, that is less than what he had actually committed. 

¶ 44 For the above reasons, we cannot find that defendant suffered undue prejudice, and 

we are not persuaded to deviate from our well-established precedent. See Adams, 404 Ill. 

App. 3d at 412 (“the purpose of deterrence and punishment of recidivist offenders is 

effectively and reasonably achieved by” the armed habitual criminal statute); Davis, 405 Ill. 

App. 3d at 591-96; Allen, 382 Ill. App. 3d at 599 (“in cases where a defendant’s felon status 

is an element of the offense, a stipulation to the prior felony conviction is the least prejudicial 

means of introducing the evidence”); Walker, 211 Ill. 2d at 338 (“the defendant’s admission 

or stipulation is conclusive evidence of felon status which presents little or no risk of unfair 

prejudice”).

¶ 45 CONCLUSION

¶ 46 On appeal, defendant claimed that the State’s evidence that he constructively 

possessed a gun was insufficient and that the armed habitual criminal statute violated due 

process as applied to him. For the foregoing reasons, we do not find these claims persuasive 

and affirm. 

¶ 47 Affirmed.