OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard Practice for a 

Forensic Fiber Training Program

1

OSAC 2022-N-0018

Standard Practice for a

Forensic Fiber Training 

Program

Trace Materials Subcommittee

Chemistry: Trace Evidence Scientific Area Committee (SAC)

Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC) for Forensic Science
OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard Practice for a 

Forensic Fiber Training Program

2

Draft OSAC Proposed Standard

OSAC 2022-N-0018

Standard Practice for a

Forensic Fiber Training Program

Prepared by 

Trace Materials Subcommittee

Version: 1.0 - OSAC Open Comment

March 2022

Disclaimer:

This OSAC Proposed Standard was written by the Trace Materials Subcommittee of the 

Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC) for Forensic Science following a 

process that includes an open comment period. This Proposed Standard will be submitted to 

a standards developing organization and is subject to change. 

There may be references in an OSAC Proposed Standard to other publications under 

development by OSAC. The information in the Proposed Standard, and underlying concepts 

and methodologies, may be used by the forensic-science community before the completion 

of such companion publications.

Any identification of commercial equipment, instruments, or materials in the Proposed 

Standard is not a recommendation or endorsement by the U.S. Government and does not 

imply that the equipment, instruments, or materials are necessarily the best available for the 

purpose.
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1 Standard Practice for a Forensic Fiber Training Program

2

3 1. Scope

4 1.1.This practice covers training elements and program objectives for use by laboratory 

5 personnel responsible for training forensic science practitioners (FSPs) who will perform 

6 examinations and comparisons of fibers, fabric, rope, and cordage. 

7 1.2.This standard is intended for use by competent FSPs with the requisite formal education, 

8 discipline-specific training (see Practice E2917), and demonstrated proficiency to perform 

9 forensic casework.

10 1.3.This practice outlines the tasks, goals, and objectives that allows the trainee to acquire the 

11 requisite knowledge, skills, and abilities to independently perform casework.

12 1.4.This standard does not purport to address all of the possible safety concerns, if any, 

13 associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish 

14 appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of 

15 regulatory requirements prior to use.

16 1.5.This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally-recognized 

17 principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development 

18 of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade 

19 Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

20

21 2.Referenced Documents

22 2.1.ASTM Standards:

23 D123 Standard Terminology Relating to Textiles

24 D276 Standard Test Methods for Identification of Fibers in Textiles

25 D3990 Standard Terminology Relating to Fabric Defects

26 D4849 Standard Terminology Related to Yarns and Fibers

27 D4850 Standard Terminology Relating to Fabrics and Fabric Test Methods

28 D7139 Standard Terminology for Cotton Fibers

29 E620 Practice for Reporting Opinions of Scientific or Technical Experts

30 E1459 Standard Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and Related Documentation

31 E1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and Retrieving Evidence in a 

32 Forensic Science Laboratory

33 E1732 Standard Terminology Relating to Forensic Science

34 E2224 Standard Guide for Forensic Analysis of Fibers by Infrared Spectroscopy

35 E2225 Standard Guide for Forensic Examination of Fabrics and Cordage

36 E2227 Standard Guide for Forensic Examination of Non-Reactive Dyes in Textile Fibers 

37 by Thin-Layer Chromatography

38 E2228 Standard Guide for Microscopical Examination of Textile Fibers

39 E2809 Standard Guide for using Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy-Dispersive X-ray 

40 Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS) in Forensic Polymer Examinations

41 E2917 Standard Practice for Forensic Science Practitioner Training, Continuing Education, 

42 and Professional Development Program

43 E3255 Practice for Quality Assurance of Forensic Science Service Providers performing 

44 Forensic Chemical Analysis

45 WK78747 Standard Guide for the Forensic Examination of Fibers

46 WK78749 Microspectrophotometry in Forensic Fiber Analysis

47

48
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49 2.2.Other Documents:

50 AATCC Test Method 20: Qualitative Test Method 20-2013:Fiber Analysis: Qualitative 

51 OSAC 2022-S-0015 Standard Guide for Forensic Physical Fit Examination

52

53 3.Terminology

54 3.1. Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide, refer to Terminology D123, 

55 D3990, D4849, D4850, D7139, E1732, and to Standard Guides E2225, E2227, and E2228.

56 3.2. Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:

57 3.3. animal fiber, n—any natural protein-based fiber. (See D7641)

58 3.4. bulk sample, n—in the sampling of bulk material, one or more portions which (1) are taken 

59 from material that does not consist of separately identifiable units and (2) can be identified 

60 after sampling separate or composited units. (See D123)

61 3.5. charring, n—the formation of carbonaceous residue as the result of pyrolysis or incomplete 

62 combustion. (See D123)

63 3.6. fabric, n—in textiles, a planar structure consisting of yarns or fibers. (See D123)

64 3.7. filament, n—in textiles, a continuous fiber of extremely long length. (See D123)

65 3.8. finishing, n—the process of converting a woven or knitted textile into a usable material; 

66 any process performed after dyeing to improve the look, performance, or feel of a textile.

67 3.9. flax, n—the generic name for plants that are botanically classified as Linum usitatissimum, 

68 which are cultivated for seed and/or fiber.[D.13.17] (See D6798)

69 3.10. jute, n—soft fibers from the inner bark of the round pod jute (Corchorus capsularis), the 

70 long pod jute (Corchorus olitorius), and from the inner bark of other closely related plants, 

71 such as kenaf, sometimes referred to as Meshta (Hibiscus cannabinus). (See D7641)

72 3.11. target fibers, n—questioned fibers that a forensic science practitioner selects for further 

73 examination based on their resemblance to the known sample.

74

75 4.Significance and Use

76 4.1.This practice details a fiber training program to identify the necessary information and 

77 guidelines for preparing a trainee to become a qualified FSP. The trainee is under the direct 

78 supervision of a qualified FSP throughout their training. Upon successful completion of the 

79 program, a trained FSP is capable of independently performing appropriate examinations, 

80 interpreting analytical results, writing reports, and testifying in court. 

81 4.1.1.Additional training beyond that listed here should be made available to the trainee. Such 

82 training can include off-site courses, tours of manufacturing plants, internships, and 

83 specialized training by experienced FSPs. Additional training provides a FSP with the 

84 opportunity to remain current in the field.

85 4.2.This practice identifies a variety of microscopical and instrumental techniques that can be 

86 used in the laboratory’s training program for the analysis of fibers. Examples of 

87 microscopes and instruments used for fiber analysis include the polarized light microscope, 

88 comparison microscope, fluorescence microscope, Fourier-transform infrared spectrometer 

89 (FTIR), and microspectrophotometer (MSP).

90 4.3.Fabric or cordage samples may occasionally be evaluated for physical fits of edges. 

91 Physical fit comparisons are beyond the scope of this document. Additional training is 

92 required to conduct this type of analysis. Refer to OSAC 2022-S-0015 Standard Guide for 

93 Forensic Physical Fit Examination.

94 4.4.This document can be adapted to an individual laboratory’s training program. 

95 Recommendations as to lessons, practical exercises, progress monitoring, and evaluations 

96 are included. Reading assignments with full citations are listed in an appendix at the end of 

97 this document.
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98

99 5.Syllabus

100 5.1.Required topics for fiber training include:

101 5.1.1.Occurrence, transfer, and persistence of fibers;

102 5.1.2.Evidence recovery procedures;

103 5.1.3.Appropriate evidence handling to minimize contamination and loss;

104 5.1.4.Evidence packaging and documentation;

105 5.1.5.Fiber and microscopy terminology;

106 5.1.6.Use and maintenance of microscopes;

107 5.1.7.Understanding of fiber chemistry, biology, structure, and function;

108 5.1.8.Identification, classification, and characterization of fibers;

109 5.1.9.Classification of textiles and cordage;

110 5.1.10.Comparison of questioned and known fibers;

111 5.1.11.Comparison of questioned and known fabrics and textiles;

112 5.1.12.Comparison of questioned and known cordage;

113 5.1.13.Recognition and characterization of textile and cordage damage;

114 5.1.14.Recognition of fabric and cordage impressions;

115 5.1.15.Additional analytical techniques that can be used for fiber analysis;

116 5.1.16.Interpretation of comparison results;

117 5.1.17.Preparation of laboratory reports; and

118 5.1.18.Appropriate testimony of results and interpretations.

119

120 6.Responsibilities

121 6.1.Trainer Responsibilities

122 6.1.1.The trainer is technically qualified in fiber examinations and comparison, including fabric 

123 and cordage analysis. The trainer is responsible for:

124 6.1.1.1.Documenting and reviewing each stage of the training process.

125 6.1.1.2.Introducing the relevant scientific literature, appropriate procedures, training material, 

126 and reference collections.

127 6.1.1.3.Demonstrating and teaching basic microscopy and instrumental procedures for the 

128 analysis and comparison of fiber evidence.

129 6.1.1.4.Teaching case management, to include: chain of custody documentation; evidence 

130 processing, preservation, and storage; decision-making criteria; data interpretation; 

131 documentation of analyses; report writing; and laboratory safety protocols.

132 6.1.1.5.Fostering ethical, unbiased, and appropriate professional conduct.

133 6.1.1.6.Teaching appropriate quality assurance and quality control procedures.

134 6.2.Trainee Responsibilities

135 6.2.1.Through completion of this training, the trainee is expected to build on their formal 

136 educational background and acquire theoretical knowledge and practical skills in:

137 6.2.1.1.Equipment and instrumentation use, routine maintenance, and functionality assessment;

138 6.2.1.2.Fiber and textile history and usage, including common end-uses of different fiber, yarn, 

139 fabric and cordage types;

140 6.2.1.3.Fiber, textile, and cordage terminology (see ASTM documents D3990, D4845, D4849, 

141 D4850, D4920, D5219, D5684, D6798, D7022, and D7139);

142 6.2.1.4.Fiber and textile chemistry 

143 6.2.1.5.Manufacturing processes, including chemical treatments, mechanical treatments, and 

144 dyeing and finishing processes;

145 6.2.1.6.Search, recovery, preservation, and examination techniques, including appropriate sample 

146 handling, packaging, and documentation of fibrous materials collected from a variety of 
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147 substrates;

148 6.2.1.7.Classification of natural and manufactured fibers used in textile materials;

149 6.2.1.8.Identification and comparison of natural and manufactured fibers by optical, chemical 

150 and physical property examinations;

151 6.2.1.9.Examination and comparison of textiles and cordage for physical construction and fiber 

152 composition;

153 6.2.1.10.Fiber and textile physical wear, damage, and manufacturing artifacts assessment;

154 6.2.1.11.Understanding and interpreting fiber, textile, and cordage examination, identification, and 

155 comparison results, including factors affecting (1) the analytical interpretation and (2) the 

156 significance of the evidence with respect to fiber transfer and persistence;

157 6.2.1.12.Appropriate completion of laboratory reports;

158 6.2.1.13.Appropriate technical assessment of fiber reports for review;

159 6.2.1.14.Appropriate presentation of testimonial evidence; and

160 6.2.1.15.Detection and assessment of other types of physical evidence that could be encountered 

161 during fiber and textile examinations.

162

163 7.Training Program Objectives

164 7.1.Expectations

165 7.1.1.Provide a written schedule of expected completion dates for training goals.

166 7.1.2.Conduct periodic progress assessments between the trainer, trainee, and supervisor.

167 7.1.2.1.Establish satisfactory/pass criteria prior to beginning the training program, as well as 

168 contingencies for not passing a test. 

169 7.1.2.2.Address any deficiencies in performance and make any necessary remediation available 

170 in a timely manner through additional readings, training, and re-evaluation of the training 

171 program.

172 7.1.2.3.Recognize that continued deficiencies suggest the unsuitability of the trainee for 

173 casework in fiber analysis.

174 7.1.3.A trainee with experience in other areas of forensic science could have previous 

175 knowledge and experience in microscopy, in other areas of trace analysis, and in 

176 testimony, and therefore would not require such an extensive training regimen.

177 7.2.Instruction

178 7.2.1.Select and discuss reading assignments in relevant scientific literature to provide a sound 

179 theoretical background and solid foundation in topics necessary for fiber analysis. Other 

180 relevant literature or media may supplement the listed assignments.

181 7.2.1.1.Appendix 1 provides reading assignments to supplement subsequent sections.

182 7.2.2.Demonstrate and discuss basic and essential skills in sample preparation, microscopy, 

183 and instrumental procedures. The trainee practices these skills until they are able to 

184 exhibit proficiency in the technique(s) by demonstration to the trainer.

185 7.3.Observations

186 7.3.1.Enable the trainee to observe (an) experienced FSP(s) in all aspects of casework, 

187 including:

188 7.3.1.1.Record keeping;

189 7.3.1.2.Evidence processing;

190 7.3.1.3.Sample preparation;

191 7.3.1.4.Examination of prepared samples;

192 7.3.1.5.Characterization, identification, comparison and interpretation of fiber evidence; and

193 7.3.1.6.Development of a written laboratory report.

194 7.3.2.Enable the trainee to observe experienced FSPs testifying in court.

195 7.4.Practical Exercises
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196 7.4.1.Design practical exercises to allow the trainee to learn and practice the skills necessary to 

197 perform casework.

198 7.4.1.1.Include analysis of both reference materials and known samples.

199 7.4.2.Review the exercises with the trainee, with particular attention to development of critical200 thinking skills and continual development of practical skills.

201 7.4.3.Design higher-level exercises to mimic actual casework and to assess practical and 

202 critical-thinking skills.

203 7.4.4.Review performance and documentation during the exercises to evaluate the ability to 

204 make determinations based on fiber examinations.

205 7.4.5.Allow the trainee to assist in or observe casework performed by trained FSPs.

206 7.4.6.Document completion of the exercises.

207 7.4.7.Encourage continuous experimentation of skills beyond the required exercises.

208 7.5.Tests

209 7.5.1.Design tests for each topic of fiber analysis to:

210 7.5.1.1.Provide focus and continual feedback on comprehension of the topic;

211 7.5.1.2.Provide documentation on the ability to meet training objectives;

212 7.5.1.3.Demonstrate the mastery of practical basic skills and theoretical knowledge; and

213 7.5.1.4.Maintain a record of satisfactory completion of each topic area.

214 7.5.2.Design practical laboratory tests for each area of fiber analysis to:

215 7.5.2.1.Enable the trainee to independently perform all aspects (administrative and technical) of 

216 the task being tested at simulated casework level.

217 7.5.2.2.Evaluate the tests at casework level.

218 7.5.2.3.Document satisfactory completion.

219 7.5.3.Provide written or oral tests as a means of determining comprehension of the material and 

220 to document the training. 

221 7.5.3.1.Questions should be designed to test the trainee’s theoretical and practical knowledge.

222 7.6.Competency and Moot Court

223 7.6.1.Administer a competency test prior to authorizing the trainee to analyze and compare 

224 fiber evidence in supervised casework.

225 7.6.2.The competency test should be designed to mimic actual casework, requiring 

226 demonstration of knowledge of the laboratory procedures for (1) handling evidence; (2) 

227 case documentation; (3) maintaining chain of custody; (4) examining fiber evidence; (5) 

228 comparing fiber evidence; and (6) making determinations and writing reports based on 

229 the interpretations made.

230 7.6.3.The laboratory is responsible for establishing objective criteria for successful completion 

231 of a competency test.

232 7.6.4.If necessary, note any deficiencies or failures and develop a remediation plan.

233 7.6.5.Conduct a moot court exercise.

234 7.6.5.1.Evaluate the ability to orally express the appropriate interpretations and significance of 

235 fiber analyses.

236 7.7.Evaluation of Fiber Training Program

237 7.7.1.Allow the trainee to evaluate the fiber training program and the trainer.

238 7.7.2.Address any perceived deficiencies in the training program and the trainer in a timely 

239 manner.

240 7.8.Casework Authorization

241 7.8.1.Provide the trainee with written approval from designated laboratory personnel (e.g., 

242 quality control officer, training manager) to perform supervised casework upon 

243 successful completion of the training program and a comprehensive competency test.

244 7.8.2.Provide the trainee with approval from designated laboratory personnel (e.g., quality 
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245 control officer, training manager) to perform independent casework in fiber examinations 

246 after successful completion of supervised casework.

247 7.8.2.1.During this period of supervised casework, discuss and review laboratory results and 

248 documentation with the new FSP.

249 7.8.2.2.Maintain written documentation of this completion.

250 7.8.3.Provide written approval for the trainee to perform independent casework.

251 7.9.The following sections outline a suggested training program by topic area. Individual 

252 laboratories are expected to tailor the training program to reflect the examinations 

253 performed in their laboratory.

254

255 8.Introduction to Fibers and Textiles

256 8.1.Introduce the basic concepts and theoretical knowledge of fiber and textile product 

257 manufacture, construction, and use, in addition to commercial and forensic 

258 classifications, and provide an overview of forensic examinations for identification and 

259 comparisons. This area of training covers both historical and contemporary topics, and 

260 provides the foundation upon which practical analytical skills are developed in the 

261 subsequent sections.

262 8.2.Through completion of this module, the trainee will develop the knowledge to be 

263 conversant in:

264 8.2.1. Fiber and textile history, usage and manufacturing;

265 8.2.2. Fiber and textile technology and terminology;

266 8.2.3. Chemistry and manufacturing processes of fibers, fabric, cordage, and dyes;

267 8.2.4. Textile and cordage construction;

268 8.2.5. Fiber classification schemes; and

269 8.2.6. Identification versus comparison of fibers and textiles.

270 8.3.As an option, offer additional training from textile museum or industrial manufacturing 

271 plant tours, videos of textile processing, visits to fabric and carpet stores, etc.

272 8.4.Textiles

273 8.4.1. Instruct in the manufacturing, use, construction, and composition of different types of 

274 fibers and fabrics, to include the following:

275 8.4.1.1.Weaves, knits, and non-woven fabrics;

276 8.4.1.2.End-use applications of fibers, fabrics, and cordage, incorporating both household and 

277 clothing materials;

278 8.4.1.3.Dyeing and printing of fibers and fabrics;

279 8.4.1.4.Fiber components of textiles, including yarns, threads, embroidery, and button threads

280 8.4.1.5.Delustrant and inclusions in fibers; and

281 8.4.1.6.Bicomponent fibers.

282 8.4.2. The trainee is required to:

283 8.4.2.1.Understand textile terminology.

284 8.4.2.2.Understand the physical construction of household and clothing textiles.

285 8.4.3.Practical Exercises for the trainee

286 8.4.3.1.Classify fabrics as to weave, knit, or non-woven.

287 8.4.3.2.Identify the warp and weft in woven fibers.

288 8.4.4. Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test, incorporating various textiles types.

289 8.5.Cordage

290 8.5.1.Instruct in the manufacturing and construction of cordage.

291 8.5.1.1.Note—Cordage terminology can vary within the literature.

292 8.5.2. Instruct in the documentation and handling of knots, to include refraining from altering 

293 knots when possible. This section is not intended to instruct in the identification of knots.
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294 8.5.3.The trainee is required to:

295 8.5.3.1.Understand cordage terminology.

296 8.5.3.2.Understand how cordage is constructed.

297 8.5.3.3.Provide a physical description of cordage, to include where applicable: diameter, length, 

298 type of structure (e.g., twisted, braided), number of plies/strands, twist directions (S or Z), 

299 type of braiding, length and angle of lay (crowns or turns/inch), color, and presence of 

300 internal or external marker yarns.

301 8.5.3.4.Provide a physical description of the plies and yarns from each component, to include if 

302 applicable: twist direction of yarns or fibers, number of yarns twisted together, number of 

303 filament fibers, length of lay of twisted yarns, type of twisted fibers (e.g., staple, filament, 

304 film), and type of core that could be present (mono- or multi-filament).

305 8.5.4.Practical Exercise for the trainee:

306 8.5.4.1.Determine the physical construction of cordage samples.

307 8.5.5. Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test, incorporating various cordage 

308 types.

309 8.6.Overview of Fiber Examinations

310 8.6.1. Introduce the basic steps in fiber examinations and how these steps are used (1) to identify 

311 and characterize a fiber, textile, or cordage and (2) to conduct comparisons.

312 8.6.2. Evaluate by an oral or written test.

313

314 9. Fiber Evidence

315 9.1.Transfer and Persistence

316 9.1.1.Introduce the basic concepts and theory of transfer and persistence of fibers. Discuss loss 

317 and contamination as it relates to transfer and persistence of fibers.

318 9.1.2.Instruct in the following concepts:

319 9.1.2.1.Locard’s Exchange Principle;

320 9.1.2.2.The potential significance of fibers as associative trace evidence in forensic cases;

321 9.1.2.3.The varying potential for different types of fibers to shed;

322 9.1.2.4.Fiber transfer mechanisms; and

323 9.1.2.5.Factors affecting fiber transfer and persistence, e.g., amount of friction, physical 

324 characteristics of the fabric, duration of contact, force of contact, damage or lack of 

325 damage to material.

326 9.1.3.Instruct in techniques to prevent or reduce fiber evidence contamination and loss during 

327 laboratory examinations, including:

328 9.1.3.1.Wearing appropriate protective apparel;

329 9.1.3.2.Appropriate packaging, handling, and labeling;

330 9.1.3.3.Cleaning equipment and work surfaces;

331 9.1.3.4.Maintaining a controlled environment; and

332 9.1.3.5.Separating evidence from different sources by location and time.

333 9.1.4.Ensure the trainee can demonstrate comprehension of contamination and loss prior to 

334 training in basic practical skills.

335 9.1.5.Practical Exercises for the Trainee

336 9.1.5.1.Demonstrate knowledge of the types of cases in which fiber evidence is encountered and 

337 transferred through an oral or written exercise.

338 9.1.5.2.Assess the potential for transfer and persistence of fibers by simulating crime scene 

339 activity and by varying (1) fabric construction and composition, (2) fabric damage, (3) 

340 amount and force of contact, (4) time of collection, and (5) additional activity after the 

341 simulation.

342 9.1.6.Evaluate by an oral or written test.
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343 9.2. Search, Collection, and Preservation Techniques

344 9.2.1.Introduce the basic procedures and processes for appropriately documenting, detecting, 

345 collecting, and preserving all types of fiber evidence. 

346 9.2.2.Expose the trainee to practical evidence handling issues such as transfer, persistence, and 

347 loss of trace evidence.

348 9.2.3.Allow the trainee to observe fiber collection in the laboratory and in the field, if possible.

349 9.2.4.Demonstrate how to maintain control and integrity of fiber evidence throughout 

350 collection, examination, and de-mounting.

351 9.2.5.Complete this training section in conjunction with Section 10, Stereomicroscopy.

352 9.2.6.The trainee is required to:

353 9.2.6.1.Recognize fiber evidence.

354 9.2.6.2.Understand laboratory requirements for documentation of fiber evidence.

355 9.2.6.3.Coordinate fiber collection with other types of evidence collection. 

356 9.2.6.4.Use picking, taping, scraping, and vacuuming procedures to collect fibers from a variety 

357 of surfaces, in conjunction with (1) understanding the benefits and disadvantages of each 

358 collection procedure, (2) preventing contamination and loss of fiber evidence, (3) using 

359 alternate lighting techniques, and (4) documenting examination and collection.

360 9.2.6.5.Understand preservation techniques appropriate for various types of fiber evidence.

361 9.2.7.Practical Exercises for the Trainee

362 9.2.7.1.Perform collection of several fiber samples from various surfaces using procedures 

363 outlined above. Assess the efficiency and discrimination of each collection procedure.

364 9.2.7.2.Demonstrate appropriate packaging techniques and documentation for trace material 

365 collected from items of evidence.

366 9.2.7.3.Demonstrate the ability to appropriately handle and preserve fiber evidence, from 

367 collection and mock examination to de-mounting.

368 9.2.7.4.Tape lift or vacuum a “clean” laboratory surface and examine for any fibers.

369 9.2.7.5.Practice awareness for the potential of fiber transfer and contamination (e.g., place textile 

370 items on clean surfaces, remove, and collect from the surface; then place textile items on 

371 clean surfaces, remove, place other items on the surface, and then collect from the second 

372 item and evaluate results).

373 9.2.8.Evaluate by an oral or written test as well as a practical test.

374

375

376 10. Microscopy and Fiber Evidence

377 10.1.Introduction to Microscopy

378 10.1.1.Introduce the theory, basic procedures and techniques, and proper operation of a 

379 stereomicroscope, polarized light microscope (PLM), comparison microscope, and 

380 fluorescence microscope, to include:

381 10.1.1.1.Proper illumination;

382 10.1.1.2.Verification of ocular micrometer;

383 10.1.1.3.Care and maintenance of microscopes; and

384 10.1.1.4.Location and function of each microscope component.

385 10.1.2.The trainee is required to:

386 10.1.2.1.Understand the optics of the microscope.

387 10.1.2.2.Properly set up, operate, and maintain each type of microscope and its accessories, 

388 including making adjustments, cleaning, and diagnosing problems.

389 10.1.2.3.Understand the strengths and limitations of each type of microscope.

390 10.1.2.4.Center microscope stages and objectives.

391 10.1.2.5.Establish and optimize proper illumination, to include Köhler or modified Köhler 
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392 illumination.

393 10.1.2.6.Perform basic micrometry.

394 10.1.2.7.Observe samples under brightfield and crossed polars.

395 10.1.2.8.Observe relative refractive indices of various materials by the Becke line method.

396 10.1.2.9.Distinguish isotropic and anisotropic materials.

397 10.1.2.10.Determine extinction positions of various materials.

398 10.1.2.11.Observe interference colors of various materials.

399 10.1.2.12.Optimize lighting to achieve and recognize proper color-balancing on a comparison 

400 microscope for a similar visual response to color, clarity, and brightness.

401 10.1.2.13.Observe fluorescence of various materials, noting both color and intensity.

402 10.1.2.14.Practice taking photomicrographs using each type of microscope with appropriate camera 

403 equipment (if possible).

404 10.1.3.Practical Exercises for the Trainee

405 10.1.3.1.Become familiar with the stereomicroscope.

406 10.1.3.2.Become familiar with the compound light microscope, to include performing Kohler or 

407 modified Kohler illumination and verifying an ocular micrometer for each objective.

408 10.1.3.3.Become familiar with the PLM, to include (1) determining refractive indices by the 

409 Becke line method; (2) observing samples using the polarizer and analyzer in different 

410 positions; (3) observing extinction positions and interference colors under crossed polars; 

411 and (4) inserting a compensator or full-wave plate and observing the resulting colors.

412 10.1.3.4.Become familiar with the comparison light microscope, to include making reference 

413 slides for color-balancing and achieving color-balancing.

414 10.1.3.5.Become familiar with the fluorescence microscope, to include using excitation and 

415 barrier filters and observing fluorescent colors and intensity.

416 10.1.3.6.Take photomicrographs of samples using each type of microscope, if possible.

417 10.1.4.Evaluate by a written and practical test.

418 10.2.Fiber Sample Preparation

419 10.2.1.Instruct in handling and mounting of textiles, cordage, and single-fiber samples by:

420 10.2.1.1.Demonstrating manipulation and sampling of various textiles, cordage, and fibers; and

421 10.2.1.2.Selecting mounting media and tools appropriate to the evidence.

422 10.2.2.The trainee is required to:

423 10.2.2.1.Select the appropriate tools for fiber sample manipulation; 

424 10.2.2.2.Select the appropriate mounting media for sample observation;

425 10.2.2.3.Prepare slides from various textiles, cordage, and fiber samples for microscopical 

426 observation; and

427 10.2.2.4.Select appropriate microscopes and accessories for the required task.

428 10.2.3.Practical Exercises for the trainee:

429 10.2.3.1.Practice retrieving fibers from tape lifts.

430 10.2.3.2.Practice de-mounting fibers from slides.

431 10.2.4.Evaluate by a written and practical test.

432 10.3.Recognition of Fibers by Microscopy

433 10.3.1.Introduce the process of describing and recognizing basic fiber features, including:

434 10.3.1.1.Color (both macroscopic and microscopic);

435 10.3.1.2.Natural vs. manufactured; 

436 10.3.1.3.Longitudinal appearance;

437 10.3.1.4.Cross-sectional shape; and

438 10.3.1.5.Presence or absence of delustrant/inclusions.

439 10.3.2.Instruct in the ability to discern:

440 10.3.2.1.Differences in color using the unaided eye as well as the stereomicroscope and higher-
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441 powered microscopes; 

442 10.3.2.2.Fiber shapes by using various cross-sectioning techniques;

443 10.3.2.3.Surface features;

444 10.3.2.4.Internal structure;

445 10.3.2.5.Dichroism;

446 10.3.2.6.Fiber diameter (both longitudinal and cross-sectional); and

447 10.3.2.7.Basic differences between Manufactured, Animal, Mineral, and Vegetable Fibers.

448 10.3.3.The trainee is required to:

449 10.3.3.1.Observe fiber samples under brightfield and crossed polars using PLM.

450 10.3.3.2.Demonstrate an understanding of color and colorimetry.

451 10.3.3.3.Assess color and dichroism of fiber samples.

452 10.3.3.4.Understand metamerism and the usage of various light sources in the evaluation and 

453 comparison of color.

454 10.3.3.5.Assess the shape, surface, and internal features by optical cross-sectioning.

455 10.3.3.6.Prepare and mount cross sections of single fibers, multiple fibers, and fiber tufts using 

456 various techniques.

457 10.3.3.7.Measure fiber dimensions using ocular and stage micrometers.

458 10.3.3.8.Differentiate general morphological features distinguishing natural and manufactured 

459 fibers.

460 10.3.4.Practical Exercises for the trainee

461 10.3.4.1.Observe various different types of fibers, textiles, and cordage under the different 

462 microscopes, to include (1) different types of woven, non-woven, and knitted textiles; (2) 

463 textiles dyed by different methods; (3) textiles with prints, embroidery, etc.; (4) textiles of 

464 varying colors, depth of color, texture, and luster.

465 10.3.4.2.Become familiar with the use of the stereomicroscope for fibers, to include sampling and 

466 practicing to recognize “target” fibers.

467 10.3.4.3.Become familiar with the use of the compound light microscope for fibers, to include (1) 

468 determining and comparing fiber diameters at each magnification and (2) observing and 

469 comparing fibers mounted in different mounting media,

470 10.3.4.4.Cross section various fibers using the different techniques learned.

471 10.3.4.5.Become familiar with the use of PLM for fibers.

472 10.3.4.6.Observe extinction, interference colors and cross sections of various fibers.

473 10.3.4.7.Determine refractive indices of various fibers using the Becke line method.

474 10.3.4.8.Observe and note fiber texture, surface debris, and the presence or absence of pigment 

475 particles, inclusions, voids, draw marks, and striations.

476 10.3.4.9.Observe and note fiber color: uniformity, dyed/pigmented/printed, variation among 

477 sample set; and color and intensity under different orientations.

478 10.3.5.Evaluate by a written and practical test.

479

480 11. Microscopy of Vegetable Fibers

481 11.1.Instruct in the techniques used in the identification of plant fibers commonly used in 

482 textile products and cordage (e.g., cotton, flax, jute, sisal, hemp).

483 11.1.1.The scope of this document does not include other botanical identifications.

484 11.2.Instruct in the information that can be obtained from cross-sectioning.

485 11.3.The trainee is required to:

486 11.3.1.Perform ashing and maceration of fibers for further observation.

487 11.3.2.Use brightfield and PLM to:

488 11.3.2.1.Observe (both longitudinally and in cross section) and identify plant tissue and cellular 

489 structural features that can be present;
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490 11.3.2.2.Compare and contrast the types and quality of information obtained from optical cross491 sectioning versus physical cross-sectioning;

492 11.3.2.3.Identify and measure cell structures (e.g., entire cell length and width, cell wall, and 

493 lumen; spiral thickenings; pits; dislocations; cytoplasmic remnants; crystals; and resins);

494 11.3.2.4.Identify basic plant tissues, including epidermis, xylem, phloem, seed and leaf hairs;

495 11.3.2.5.Determine sign of elongation and direction of twist (Herzog test);

496 11.3.2.6.Examine relative dimensions of the lumens in fiber cross sections; and 

497 11.3.2.7.Observe other optical properties of individual fibers, fiber tissue, and cells. 

498 11.3.3.Determine direction of twist by visual/macroscopical observation.

499 11.3.4.Perform microchemical tests for degree of lignification (e.g., Graff C, phloroglucinol, 

500 Herzberg).

501 11.3.5.Classify fibers as vegetable, and further classify as bast (stem), leaf, or seed (fruit) fibers.

502 11.3.6.Determine botanical identification as specifically as possible, using reference sources and 

503 comparisons.

504 11.3.7.Understand the processing, dyeing techniques, and end-use products of various vegetable 

505 fibers.

506 11.3.8.Understand the strengths and limitations of each technique used in the identification 

507 process.

508 11.4.Practical Exercises for the trainee

509 11.4.1.Use known samples to study textile vegetable fibers (e.g., cotton, coir, flax, hemp, ramie, 

510 jute, kapok, sisal, and manila [abaca]). 

511 11.4.2.Perform ashing and maceration to obtain samples for observation.

512 11.4.3.Prepare and interpret cross sections by the various techniques learned.

513 11.4.4.Prepare, observe, and characterize longitudinal and cross sections of textile vegetable 

514 fibers and note:

515 11.4.4.1.Presence or absence of transverse dislocations;

516 11.4.4.2.Variation in cell wall;

517 11.4.4.3.Lumen dimension and diameter;

518 11.4.4.4.Degree of cell separation from bundles;

519 11.4.4.5.Shape of cell tips;

520 11.4.4.6.Presence or absence of striations, markings, pits, spiral cell wall thickenings, etc.;

521 11.4.4.7.Presence, shape, and position of crystalline inclusions;

522 11.4.4.8.Longitudinal appearance versus cross-sectional appearance;

523 11.4.4.9.Cross-sectional shape; and

524 11.4.4.10.Variation and arrangement of ultimates.

525 11.4.5.Observe and interpret optical cross sections.

526 11.4.6.Compare optical and created cross sections.

527 11.4.7.Compare and contrast microscopic morphological features of fibers.

528 11.4.8.Examine and compare dyed or printed fiber samples with untreated samples.

529 11.4.9.Prepare single-fiber ultimates and determine natural fiber twist using the Herzog Effect. 

530 11.4.10.Perform the Drying Twist test and correlate with results from the Herzog test.

531 11.5.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test on identification of vegetable 

532 fibers.

533

534

535 12.Microscopy of Animal Textile Fibers

536 12.1.For the purposes of this practice, “animal” refers to non-human mammalian hairs that are 
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537 used as fibers.

538 12.2.Instruct in the techniques used in the identification of animal textile fibers, which could 

539 include such products as silk, leather, and animal hairs.

540 12.2.1.The scope of this document does not include animal hair species identification.

541 12.2.2.Introduce:

542 12.2.2.1.Microscopic features of animal hairs;

543 12.2.2.2.Various domestic and local wild animal hairs that can be encountered in casework; and 

544 12.2.2.3.Differences among domestic animal hairs (cat, dog) and animal textile fibers.

545 12.3.The trainee is required to:

546 12.3.1.Characterize optical and physical properties of animal textile fibers.

547 12.3.1.1.Make scale casts.

548 12.3.1.2.Identify and distinguish “wild” and “cultivated” types of silk.

549 12.3.1.3.Identify and describe the major morphological and structural features of animal hairs, 

550 including, but not limited to: root, cortex, medulla, scales, and shield, as appropriate for 

551 fur or guard hairs.

552 12.3.2.Distinguish human from animal hairs.

553 12.3.3.Identify the animal hairs and hides most commonly used in textile products:

554 12.3.3.1.Wool;

555 12.3.3.2.Goat family (Mohair, Cashmere);

556 12.3.3.3.Camel family (Camel, Alpaca, Vicuna);

557 12.3.3.4.Rabbit (Angora); and

558 12.3.3.5.Fur-bearing (Mink, Ermine, Chinchilla).

559 12.3.4.Understand the processing, grading, finishing, and dyeing techniques for animal hairs, as 

560 well as the end uses.

561 12.3.5.Understand appropriate animal taxonomy and morphological terminology.

562 12.3.6.Understand the strengths and limitations of identifying animal textile hairs by 

563 microscopy.

564 12.4.Practical Exercises for the trainee:

565 12.4.1.Examine human hairs and animal hairs to distinguish them from each other.

566 12.4.1.1.Animal hairs that are more difficult to distinguish from human hairs, such as cattle, horse, 

567 and bear, should be emphasized.

568 12.4.2.Identify and characterize the structures in various types of animal-based textiles.

569 12.4.3.Perform scale casts on various animal hairs used in textiles.

570 12.4.4.Determine scale margin distances.

571 12.4.5.Examine silk.

572 12.4.6.Examine leather.

573 12.5.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test, with emphasis on identification of 

574 animal hairs used in the textile industry.

575

576 13.Microscopy of Mineral Fibers

577 13.1.Instruct in the history and use of mineral fibers.

578 13.1.1.Manufactured textile products that could also fall under the classification of mineral 

579 fibers, such as glass wool, certain anti-static fibers, and metallic fibers, are addressed in 

580 Section 14.

581 13.1.2.Naturally-occurring mineral fibers such as asbestos can be encountered as fibrous 

582 evidence, although their use has declined significantly due to health risks. These types of 

583 fibers could be encountered as evidence from sources such as building insulation, old 
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584 textile products, and current textile products containing chrysotile. Additional training 

585 regarding health and safety issues may be necessary if handling such evidence.

586 13.1.3.The emerging use of basalt fibers in fireproof textiles can be studied in this section of 

587 training as well.

588 13.2.The trainee is required to:

589 13.2.1.Understand the historical and current processing practices and end uses of the asbestos 

590 minerals, including: 

591 13.2.1.1.Chrysotile;

592 13.2.1.2.Amosite;

593 13.2.1.3.Crocidolite;

594 13.2.1.4.Fibrous tremolite/actinolite; and

595 13.2.1.5.Fibrous anthophyllite.

596 13.2.2.Understand the crystalline nature, chemistry, and differences between layer and chain 

597 silicates.

598 13.2.3.Determine the optical properties of asbestos fibers by PLM and by dispersion staining.

599 13.2.4.Identify and classify asbestos by optical properties, particularly chrysotile.

600 13.2.5.Understand the applicability of instrumental techniques (e.g., infrared spectroscopy, X601 ray diffraction, and elemental analytical techniques) to this type of fiber identification.

602 13.2.6.Understand the strengths and limitations of identification of asbestos by microscopy.

603 13.3.Practical Exercises for the trainee

604 13.3.1.Use authenticated samples of asbestos, other natural fibers, and building materials to 

605 compare and contrast morphological features. Exercise caution when handling samples 

606 of asbestos.

607 13.3.2.Practice judging dispersion staining colors with known materials.

608 13.3.3.Examine and learn to identify the different types of asbestos using microscopy and 

609 dispersion staining techniques. Exercise caution when handling samples of asbestos.

610 13.3.4.Examine pulped polyethylene, pulped Kevlar, and leather to learn to differentiate from 

611 asbestos.

612 13.4.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

613

614 14. Microscopy of Manufactured Fibers

615 14.1.Manufactured fibers include fibers that are:

616 14.1.1.Made by chemical synthesis, such as thermoplastics, glass, and steel;

617 14.1.2.Made by regenerating natural polymers, such as rayon and bamboo; and

618 14.1.3.Derived from chemically-modified natural polymers, such as cellulose acetates.

619 14.2.Include manufactured fibers such as fiberglass; metal-coated decorative threads; and anti620 static, ceramic, and metal fibers in the training.

621 14.3.Optical properties

622 14.3.1.Instruct in the appropriate techniques and observations for determining the optical 

623 properties of manufactured fibers.

624 14.3.2.The trainee is required to:

625 14.3.2.1.Determine refractive indices, sign of elongation, and birefringence of various 

626 manufactured fibers using the immersion method, and by using compensators and a 

627 quartz wedge.

628 14.3.2.2.Use appropriate mounting media to reveal internal structures in fibers.

629 14.3.2.3.Obtain optical property values of reference materials (from literature and reference 

630 collections).
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631 14.3.2.4.Classify manufactured fibers into the appropriate generic class based on optical 

632 properties.

633 14.3.3.Practical Exercises for the trainee:

634 14.3.3.1.Determine sign of elongation using a first-order red compensator.

635 14.3.3.2.Determine sign of elongation using a quartz wedge.

636 14.3.3.3.Measure the birefringence of various fibers using a compensator or wedge.

637 14.3.3.4.Measure the refractive indices of various fibers using the immersion method.

638 14.3.3.5.Observe the amount of contrast and determine the relative refractive indices of multiple 

639 fibers in various mounting media.

640 14.3.3.6.Observe and note pigment particles, inclusions, voids, draw marks, and striations, and the 

641 amount, size, and shape of each.

642 14.3.4.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

643 14.4.Cross Sections

644 14.4.1.Instruct in the information that can be obtained from each of the cross-sectional 

645 techniques learned. Cross sections can reveal:

646 14.4.1.1.The physical shape of the fiber;

647 14.4.1.2.The distribution of internal structures; and

648 14.4.1.3.Dye penetration into the fiber.

649 14.4.2.The trainee is required to:

650 14.4.2.1.Measure fiber dimensions in cross section and determine the modification ratio of multi651 lobed fibers.

652 14.4.2.2.Describe and compare observed fiber features, such as: shape, delustrant, pigment 

653 particle distribution, presence and size of spherulites or voids, dye penetration depth, and 

654 bi-component fibers/biconstituent fibers in both cross- and longitudinal-sections.

655 14.4.2.3.Determine fiber diameter and shape (optical cross sections) from longitudinal sections.

656 14.4.2.4.Compare and contrast the types and quality of information obtained from optical cross657 sectioning versus physical cross-sectioning.

658 14.4.2.5.Observe the relationship of fiber cross-sectional shape to generic class and end-usage.

659 14.4.3.Practical Exercises for the trainee

660 14.4.3.1.Interpret cross sections made by the various techniques learned.

661 14.4.3.2.Observe and interpret optical cross sections.

662 14.4.3.3.Compare optical and created cross sections.

663 14.4.3.4.Determine the modification ratio of multi-lobed fibers.

664 14.4.4.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

665 14.5.Solubility 

666 14.5.1.Instruct in solubility testing and the judicious use of this destructive technique. Advise as 

667 to the applicability of solubility testing, and how it can provide information for fiber 

668 identification of manufactured fibers or distinctions between manufactured fibers that 

669 cannot easily be provided by other techniques.

670 14.5.2.The trainee is required to:

671 14.5.2.1.Understand the procedure and applications of solubility testing.

672 14.5.2.2.Micro-sample appropriately-sized fiber segments.

673 14.5.2.3.Observe and describe solubility test reactions (e.g., swelling, gelling, color change, 

674 soluble, insoluble).

675 14.5.2.4.Use solubility testing to determine fiber generic class distinctions.

676 14.5.2.5.Recognize the situations in which solubility testing is appropriate and select appropriate 

677 tests.
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678 14.5.2.6.Recognize solvent reactions indicative of bi-component/bi-constituent fiber 

679 compositions.

680 14.5.3.Practical Exercises for the trainee

681 14.5.3.1.Perform solvent testing on a variety of manufactured fibers.

682 14.5.3.2.Perform solubility testing on acetate and triacetate fibers specifically.

683 14.5.3.3.Practice re-using minimal fiber samples by solvent washing.

684 14.5.3.4.Compare fiber types in side-by-side solubility reactions.

685 14.5.4.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

686 14.6.Thermal Microscopy 

687 14.6.1.Instruct in the use of PLM equipped with a hot stage to observe the effect of heat on 

688 thermoplastic fibers and to determine fiber melting point. 

689 14.6.2.Advise as to the applicability and judicious use of this destructive technique.

690 14.6.3.The trainee is required to:

691 14.6.3.1.Properly set up, operate and calibrate a hot stage apparatus attached to a microscope.

692 14.6.3.2.Perform micro-sampling on appropriately-sized fiber segments.

693 14.6.3.3.Use the hot stage for melting point determinations.

694 14.6.3.4.Observe, describe, and evaluate thermal reactivity in fibers (e.g. softening, charring, 

695 melting, etc.).

696 14.6.3.5.Identify those situations in which thermal microscopy is appropriate.

697 14.6.3.6.Obtain and compare melting point values from reference materials and from the 

698 literature.

699 14.6.3.7.Understand alternative procedures of melting point determination.

700 14.6.4.Practical Exercises for the trainee

701 14.6.4.1.Determine melting range of various manufactured fibers.

702 14.6.4.2.Identify and discriminate Nylon 6 and 6,6 by melting points.

703 14.6.4.3.Observe and describe thermal reactions in bi-component and bi-constituent fibers.

704 14.6.4.4.Compare fiber types in side-by-side thermal reactions.

705 14.6.5.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

706 14.7.Evaluate the trainee in all the microscopical techniques for the identification of 

707 manufactured fibers by an oral or written test and a practical test.

708

709 15.Comparative Microscopy

710 15.1.Instruct in the microscopical comparison of fibers.

711 15.2.Compound Comparison Microscope

712 15.2.1.Instruct in the use of and proper setup of the comparison microscope/comparison 

713 polarized microscope for fiber comparisons.

714 15.2.2.Discuss the necessity of using the comparison microscope/comparison polarized 

715 microscope for the comparison of physical and optical properties of fibers.

716 15.2.2.1.If the laboratory does not possess a comparison polarized microscope, a polarized light 

717 microscope is used to assess the optical properties of the fibers being compared.

718 15.3.Fluorescence Microscopy

719 15.3.1.Instruct in the use of the fluorescence microscope for comparison, for both natural and 

720 manufactured fibers. 

721 15.3.2.Discuss the various filters or filter cubes (wavelength ranges, excitation, barrier filter, and 

722 dichromatic mirror) that are available to observe fluorescence in fibers.

723 15.3.3.Discuss sample variability, mounting media, sample handling, photobleaching, 

724 quenching, and case circumstances that affect the fluorescence of fibers, as well as the 
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725 significance and limitations for discriminating between samples.

726 15.4.The trainee is required to:

727 15.4.1.Perform comparisons of fiber features under the stereomicroscope (e.g, color, diameter, 

728 luster).

729 15.4.2.Perform comparisons of fiber features under PLM (e.g, birefringence).

730 15.4.3.Perform side-by-side comparison of fiber features under the comparison microscope 

731 (e.g., color, diameter, delustrant, cross-sectional shape).

732 15.4.4.Perform visual examinations and comparisons to assess the presence/absence of 

733 fluorescence and its dependence on various excitation conditions.

734 15.4.4.1.Distinguish between fluorescence originating from dyes and that originating from optical 

735 brighteners.

736 15.4.4.2.Recognize fluorescence from adherent material.

737 15.4.4.3.Understand the factors which could affect fluorescence.

738 15.4.5.Interpret the significance of the compared fiber features under each type of microscope.

739 15.4.6.Sample fabric standards to represent the textile as a whole.

740 15.5.Practical Exercises for the trainee

741 15.5.1.Examine and compare various fibers to determine whether each sample can be 

742 distinguished by stereomicroscopy and PLM.

743 15.5.2.Select and characterize fiber standard samples that represent the textile in its entirety.

744 15.5.3.Conduct a performance check of the comparison microscope to ensure that lighting, 

745 color, background color, and magnification are balanced.

746 15.5.4.Perform color comparisons of fibers under the comparison microscope.

747 15.5.5.Perform comparisons of morphological features of fibers under the comparison 

748 microscope.

749 15.5.6.Perform comparisons of optical features of fibers under the comparison 

750 microscope/comparison polarized microscope.

751 15.5.7.Mount fibers in different media (e.g., methanol, xylene, Entellan, Permount, Cargille) and 

752 observe any fluorescence.

753 15.5.8.Wash unbleached cotton in detergent to observe optical brighteners under fluorescence.

754 15.5.9.Expose textiles to products that can fluoresce (e.g., watercolor paint, oil, lubricants, 

755 wallboard particles), sample the fibers and observe.

756 15.5.10.Observe fibers longitudinally and in cross section under fluorescence.

757 15.5.11.Perform comparisons of fibers based on their fluorescent properties.

758 15.6.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

759 15.6.1.Include analytical procedures learned to this point.

760 15.6.2.Include identification in addition to comparison on the test(s).

761 15.6.3.Include both natural and manufactured fibers on the test(s).

762 15.6.4.Evaluate the trainee’s critical-thinking skills as to selection of examination processes and 

763 sequence of procedures.

764

765 16.Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

766 16.1.Introduce the use of Infrared (IR) spectroscopy as a valuable technique in fiber polymer 

767 identification and comparison. 

768 16.1.1.IR spectroscopy can provide additional compositional information to what is obtained 

769 from the use of PLM.

770 16.1.2.The IR spectrometer is primarily used in the identification of manufactured fibers. 

771 16.1.3.While cellulosic and animal fibers are indistinguishable from one another using IR, the 

772 trainee will find it useful to analyze natural fibers by IR to gain experience from the 

773 spectral information obtained by this technique.
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774 16.2.Advise on the appropriate use of IR analysis for fibers in the analytical scheme.

775 16.2.1.IR should follow visible and fluorescence comparison microscopy and PLM. IR analysis 

776 should also follow ultraviolet (UV)/visible spectroscopy, if sample preparation (e.g., 

777 flattening) irreversibly changes fiber morphology. If fibers have been differentiated by a 

778 previous analytical technique, IR analysis is not necessary.

779 16.2.2. IR spectroscopy should be conducted before dye extraction for chromatography due to 

780 the semi-destructive nature of the extraction technique.

781 16.2.3.Examination of acrylic and modacrylic fibers is likely to significantly benefit from IR 

782 spectral analysis due to the large number of sub-generic classes. Sub-types of nylon and 

783 polyester fibers can also be differentiated by IR spectroscopy.

784 16.2.4.Fiber dyes and pigments are difficult to discern by IR as they are often present at 

785 concentrations below the detection limits of the instrument and the polymer composition 

786 of the fiber often masks their absorption information.

787 16.3.The trainee is required to:

788 16.3.1.Properly operate and maintain an IR spectrometer and its accessories.

789 16.3.2.Understand the theory of infrared absorption and FTIR.

790 16.3.3.Understand the strengths and limitations of the instrument and its accessories.

791 16.3.4.Identify those situations in which infrared analysis is appropriate.

792 16.3.5.Prepare samples by a variety of techniques.

793 16.3.6.Acquire spectra from various samples.

794 16.3.7.Perform spectral library searches.

795 16.3.8.Interpret the spectral data.

796 16.3.9.Compare spectral data between samples.

797 16.4.Practical Exercises for the trainee:

798 16.4.1.Set up, operate, and do a performance check on the bench and microscope.

799 16.4.2.Adjust apertures, objectives and condensers for optimum performance.

800 16.4.3.Practice sample handling and preparation.

801 16.4.4.Achieve sample alignment with the aperture.

802 16.4.5.Run several different types and sizes of fibers on the IR.

803 16.4.5.1.Run samples of cellulosic fibers for informational purposes.

804 16.4.5.2.Run samples of animal textile fibers for informational purposes.

805 16.4.5.3.Run samples of a wide variety of manufactured fibers, to include a variety of acrylics, 

806 modacrylics, nylons, and polyesters.

807 16.4.6.Examine the effects of fiber thickness, flattening, and orientation.

808 16.4.7.Examine a variety of fibers using the various techniques and sample preparation 

809 procedures available on the laboratory instrument (such as transmission IR, diamond cell, 

810 KBr salt plate, and ATR) and by using different detectors, if available. 

811 16.4.8.Interpret spectra and search spectral libraries.

812 16.4.9.Identify the fiber type by IR.

813 16.4.10.Perform spectral comparisons between fibers.

814 16.5.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

815

816 17.Microspectrophotometry

817 17.1.Instruct in the use of UV and visible light as a qualitative, quantitative and objective 

818 process of color analysis. 

819 17.1.1.Color analysis by spectrophotometry is applicable to both natural and manufactured 

820 fibers.

821 17.2.The trainee is required to:

822 17.2.1.Properly operate, maintain, and conduct performance checks on the MSP and its 
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823 accessories.

824 17.2.2.Understand the theory of microspectrophotometry.

825 17.2.3.Understand and optimize the optical properties of the MSP.

826 17.2.4.Identify those situations in which microspectrophotometry is appropriate.

827 17.2.5.Prepare samples for analysis by microspectrophotometry and select appropriate mounting 

828 media.

829 17.2.6.Select appropriate parameters and apertures for the sample and acquire spectra.

830 17.2.7.Evaluate the number of fibers required within a control sample to yield representative 

831 spectra.

832 17.2.8.Interpret spectra.

833 17.2.9.Demonstrate the ability to use the technique to compare spectra.

834 17.2.10.Understand the strengths and limitations of the technique.

835 17.3.Practical Exercises for the trainee

836 17.3.1.Do performance checks using certified filters.

837 17.3.2.Acquire spectra from various samples of fibers.

838 17.3.2.1.Vary the parameters to obtain maximum absorbance values.

839 17.3.2.2.Compare reproducibility in uniformly-dyed fibers.

840 17.3.2.3.Vary fiber orientation and compare reproducibility.

841 17.3.2.4.Vary fiber sample area on a single fiber and compare reproducibility.

842 17.3.2.5.Vary fiber sample area on a set of fibers and compare reproducibility.

843 17.3.2.6.Acquire and compare spectra from samples that exhibit variable dye uptake (e.g., cotton).

844 17.3.3.Acquire and compare spectra from metameric fibers.

845 17.3.4.Acquire and compare spectra from multiple MSP instruments, if available.

846 17.3.5.Acquire spectral sets of known and questioned samples and compare spectral curves 

847 between samples.

848 17.4. Evaluate through an oral or written test and a practical test.

849

850 18. Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)

851 18.1.Instruct in the appropriate application of thin-layer chromatography (TLC) to fiber dye 

852 analysis and comparison.

853 18.1.1.Dye analysis by TLC is applicable to both natural and manufactured fibers.

854 18.2. The trainee is required to:

855 18.2.1.Understand the physical and chemical principles of TLC.

856 18.2.2.Identify those situations in which TLC analysis is appropriate.

857 18.2.3.Use standard dye mixtures for testing eluent, extraction chemical, and system 

858 performance.

859 18.2.4.Classify dyes based on fiber type and extraction reactions in various solvents.

860 18.2.5.Successfully extract dye from both bulk samples and single fibers.

861 18.2.6.Effectively apply samples to a TLC plate.

862 18.2.7.Select optimum eluent system(s) and develop TLC plates using the appropriate eluent(s).

863 18.2.8.Develop and evaluate chromatograms for colors, fluorescence, position and intensity of 

864 bands under both UV and visible light.

865 18.2.9.Compare TLC results between samples.

866 18.2.10.Interpret the significance of the observed chromatogram.

867 18.3.Practical Exercises for the trainee

868 18.3.1.Extract and classify fiber dyes.

869 18.3.2.Perform TLC on various dyed fibers and textiles.

870 18.3.3.Using different eluent systems, extract fibers from known dye classes and compare.

871 18.3.4.Using different solvent systems, perform TLC on fibers from known dye classes and 
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872 compare.

873 18.3.5.Perform TLC on similarly-colored fibers and compare.

874 18.3.6.Perform TLC on basic-dyed acrylic fibers (bulk samples).

875 18.3.7.Perform TLC on basic-dyed acrylic fibers of differing lengths.

876 18.4.Evaluate through a written or oral test and a practical test, covering sample application, 

877 plate development, and interpretation of bands.

878

879 19.Comparison 

880 19.1.Instruct in the classification and comparison of a variety of fibers, both natural and 

881 manufactured, based on their physical, optical, and chemical characteristics.

882 19.2.Instruct in the appropriate sampling of textiles and cordage to obtain a known fiber 

883 standard, including the use of alternate lighting techniques for sample selection.

884 19.3.Instruct in the comparison of cordage and textiles, including yarns, threads, fabrics, 

885 embroidery, and button threads.

886 19.4.Instruct in the application of fiber examination to mock casework scenarios.

887 19.5.The trainee is required to:

888 19.5.1.Learn to select known samples representative of the variation within a textile, including 

889 color, pattern, fiber-type, and texture.

890 19.5.2.Understand and apply the techniques learned for the examination and comparison of the 

891 physical construction and composition of textiles, including yarns, threads, fabrics, 

892 embroidery, and button threads.

893 19.5.3.Understand and apply the techniques learned for the examination and comparison of the 

894 physical construction and composition of cordage.

895 19.5.4.Appropriately apply processes and techniques learned throughout the training period for 

896 fiber analysis and comparison.

897 19.5.5.Assess comparison results and understand the significance of the results.

898 19.5.6.Define and recognize exclusionary differences.

899 19.5.7.Understand and discuss the discrimination power of the analytical protocol(s) used.

900 19.5.8.Evaluate the appropriate process of analysis, based on casework scenarios.

901 19.6.Practical Exercises for the trainee

902 19.6.1.Perform fiber comparisons.

903 19.6.2.Identify the types of fibers present in a textile, including both clothing and household 

904 textiles.

905 19.6.3.Compare the physical construction of textiles.

906 19.6.4.Determine the composition of various natural-fiber and manufactured-fiber cordages.

907 19.6.5.Compare the physical construction of cordages.

908 19.6.6.Interpret the completed exercises.

909 19.6.7.Assess the processes of fiber analysis that should be used in mock scenarios.

910 19.7.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test, including:

911 19.7.1.Determination of textile content, incorporating both natural and manufactured fibers.

912 19.7.2.Comparison of textile construction and composition, incorporating both natural and 

913 manufactured products.

914 19.7.3.Determination of fiber content of cordage, incorporating both natural and manufactured 

915 fibers.

916 19.7.4.Comparison of cordage construction and composition, incorporating both natural and 

917 manufactured products.

918 19.7.5.Evaluation of the trainee’s critical-thinking skills as to selection of examination 

919 techniques and sequence of procedures.
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20

920

921 20.Damage and Impressions

922 20.1.Instruct in the recognition, examination, and possible cause(s) of damage to textile and 

923 cordage materials.

924 20.2.Instruct in the recognition and documentation of fabric and cordage impressions. The 

925 analysis of fabric and cordage impressions is outside the scope of this practice.

926 20.3.Instruct in the recognition, documentation, potential composition, and examination of 

927 fiber-plastic (thermoplastic) fusions. The analysis of the non-fiber (such as paint or other 

928 polymer) portions of a thermoplastic fusion is outside the scope of this practice.

929 20.4.Instruct in the recognition of when a physical fit could be pursued, if relevant. Physical 

930 fitting of textile materials and cordage is beyond the scope of this document.

931 20.5.The trainee is required to:

932 20.5.1.Identify and characterize the possible causes of physical, chemical, mechanical and 

933 environmental damage to textile and cordage materials.

934 20.5.2.Recognize and characterize the types of damage that can occur from normal wear (e.g., 

935 seam separation, stains, snags, runs, pills, holes, fraying).

936 20.5.3.Examine and identify different types of textile damage and identify characteristics 

937 commonly associated with each type (e.g., cuts, tears, burned material, gunshots) by 

938 visual, stereomicroscopical, and microscopical procedures.

939 20.5.3.1.Imaging by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) can be useful in the recognition and 

940 characterization of textile damage. See Section 21.8.

941 20.5.4.Examine airbags and identify singe marks on textiles caused by airbags.

942 20.5.5.Reproduce different types of damage (e.g., cuts, tears, gunshots) and understand how 

943 simulations are useful in examinations.

944 20.5.6.Understand how laundering can affect the characteristics of damage.

945 20.5.7.Identify and document fabric impressions.

946 20.5.7.1.Understand different procedures by which fabric impressions can be collected from a 

947 crime scene (e.g., photography, tape lifts, gel lifts).

948 20.5.8.Identify, examine, and collect material from fiber-plastic fusions.

949 20.6.Practical Exercises for the trainee:

950 20.6.1.Expose various textiles and cordage to environmental damage (e.g., weathering such as 

951 sunlight and rain, burial, submersion), observe resulting characteristics, and compare to 

952 each other and to the original textile.

953 20.6.2.Expose various textiles and cordage to chemical damage (e.g, acids, bases, ignitable 

954 liquids, household chemicals), observe resulting characteristics, and compare to each 

955 other and to the original textile.

956 20.6.3. Expose various textiles and cordage to mechanical damage (e.g., laundering, crushing, 

957 burning, abrading), observe resulting characteristics, and compare to each other and to 

958 the original textile.

959 20.6.4.Subject various textiles and cordage to damage by weapons or other implements (e.g, 

960 serrated knife, key, scissors, ice pick, double-edged knife, bullet, screwdriver, knitting 

961 needle) that can be used in stabbing, slashing, tearing, and projectile damage; observe 

962 resulting characteristics, and compare to each other and to the original textile.

963 20.6.5.Simulate fabric impressions using various types of textiles and cordage, including 

964 airbags.

965 20.6.6.Obtain exemplars of fiber-plastic fusions and fiber-airbag fusions (e.g., from junkyards); 

966 examine, collect and characterize material from these samples.

967 20.7.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test, including:
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21

968 20.7.1.Assessment and characterization of textile damage, to include physical, chemical, 

969 mechanical, and environmental damage, and damage by weapons;

970 20.7.2.Assessment of fabric impressions;

971 20.7.3.Assessment of damage vs. wear;

972 20.7.4.Assessment of fiber-plastic fusions, to include collection and comparison of material 

973 from such fusions;

974 20.7.5.Assessment of fiber-airbag fusions, to include collection and comparison of material from 

975 such fusions; and 

976 20.7.6.Evaluation of critical-thinking skills as to selection of examination techniques and 

977 sequence of procedures.

978

979 21.Fiber Examination - Additional Techniques

980 21.1.Familiarize the trainee with a variety of additional instrumental techniques that can be 

981 applied to fiber and textile examinations.

982 21.2.This section is intended to develop the trainee’s theoretical knowledge of these 

983 techniques. If the laboratory uses any of these procedures for fiber analysis, amend this 

984 module to include:

985 21.2.1.Specifically-stated learning objectives;

986 21.2.2.Additional reading assignments;

987 21.2.3.Basic skills demonstrations;

988 21.2.4.Practical exercises; and

989 21.2.5.Oral or written tests and a practical test.

990 21.3.Upon satisfactory completion of this training module, the trainee will have developed 

991 theoretical knowledge in the applicability and use of alternative procedures in fiber 

992 examinations including, but not limited to, the use of:

993 21.3.1.Raman spectroscopy;

994 21.3.2.Pyrolysis-gas chromatography and pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry;

995 21.3.3.Capillary electrophoresis and high-performance liquid chromatography for dye analysis;

996 21.3.4.Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy; and

997 21.3.5.X-ray fluorescence.

998 21.4.Raman Spectroscopy

999 21.4.1.Introduce the comparison of a variety of fibers and fiber dyes, based on their chemical 

1000 composition, using Raman spectroscopy.

1001 21.4.2.Trainee objectives:

1002 21.4.2.1.Prepare samples for analysis by Raman spectroscopy.

1003 21.4.2.2.Perform appropriate computer searches of spectral libraries, if available.

1004 21.4.2.3.Demonstrate the ability to use Raman to chemically classify components found in fibers 

1005 using typical case-size samples.

1006 21.4.2.4.Understand the strengths and limitations of the technique.

1007 21.4.3.Practical Exercises for the trainee:

1008 21.4.3.1.Prepare and analyze a series of fiber samples having a variety of composition and dyes.

1009 21.4.3.2.Search a series of spectra against a spectral library.

1010 21.4.3.3.Perform dye component classifications for the spectra of a series of unknowns.

1011 21.4.3.4.Perform spectral comparisons between fibers.

1012 21.4.4.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

1013 21.5.Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (PGC and PGC/MS)

1014 21.5.1.Introduce the comparison of a variety of fibers, based on their chemical composition, 
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1015 using pyrolysis gas chromatography with flame ionization detection (PGC) or pyrolysis 

1016 gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (PGC/MS).

1017 21.5.2.Trainee objectives:

1018 21.5.2.1.Understand the theory of PGC or PGC/MS.

1019 21.5.2.2.Prepare samples for analysis by PGC or PGC/MS.

1020 21.5.2.3.Perform computer searches of spectral libraries, if available.

1021 21.5.2.4.Use PGC or PGC/MS to classify and compare fibers.

1022 21.5.2.5.Understand the strengths and limitations of the technique.

1023 21.5.3.Practical Exercise for the trainee

1024 21.5.3.1.Classify and compare polymers found in types of fiber using PGC or PGC/MS.

1025 21.5.4.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

1026 21.6.Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)

1027 21.6.1.Introduce the comparison of a variety of fiber dyes using capillary electrophoresis (CE).

1028 21.6.2.Trainee objectives:

1029 21.6.2.1.Understand the theory of CE.

1030 21.6.2.2.Prepare samples for analysis by CE.

1031 21.6.2.3.Use CE to classify and compare fiber dyes.

1032 21.6.2.4.Understand the strengths and limitations of the technique.

1033 21.6.3.Practical Exercise for the trainee

1034 21.6.3.1.Classify and compare dyes in various types of fibers using CE.

1035 21.6.4.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

1036 21.7.High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

1037 21.7.1.Introduce the comparison of a variety of fiber dyes using high-performance liquid 

1038 chromatography (HPLC).

1039 21.7.2.Trainee objectives:

1040 21.7.2.1.Understand the theory of HPLC.

1041 21.7.2.2.Prepare samples for analysis by HPLC.

1042 21.7.2.3.Use HPLC to classify and compare fiber dyes.

1043 21.7.2.4.Understand the strengths and limitations of the technique.

1044 21.7.3.Practical Exercise for the trainee

1045 21.7.3.1.Classify and compare dyes in various types of fibers using HPLC.

1046 21.7.4.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

1047 21.8.Scanning Electron Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS)

1048 21.8.1.Introduce the comparison of a variety of fibers, based on their elemental components, 

1049 using SEM/EDS.

1050 21.8.2.Introduce the imaging of textile samples by SEM/EDS.

1051 21.8.3.Trainee objectives:

1052 21.8.3.1.Understand the theory of SEM/EDS.

1053 21.8.3.2.Prepare samples for analysis by SEM/EDS.

1054 21.8.3.3.Know the types of SEM detectors and understand when each detector can be used.

1055 21.8.3.4.Perform computer searches of spectral libraries, if available.

1056 21.8.3.5.Demonstrate the ability to use the technique to compare samples based upon their 

1057 elemental components.

1058 21.8.3.6.Demonstrate the ability to use the instrument to observe the surface features of textile 

1059 samples.

1060 21.8.3.7.Understand the strengths and limitations of the techniques.

1061 21.8.4.Practical Exercises for the trainee
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1062 21.8.4.1.Compare the elemental components in a variety of fiber samples using SEM/EDS.

1063 21.8.4.2.Observe and characterize the surface features of various textiles.

1064 21.8.4.3.Observe and characterize the surface features of damaged textiles, and compare to 

1065 undamaged textiles from the same source.

1066 21.8.5.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

1067 21.9.X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF)

1068 21.9.1.Introduce the comparison of a variety of fibers, based on their elemental components, 

1069 using XRF.

1070 21.9.2.Trainee objectives:

1071 21.9.2.1.Understand the theory of XRF.

1072 21.9.2.2.Prepare samples for analysis by XRF.

1073 21.9.2.3.Perform computer searches of spectral libraries, if available.

1074 21.9.2.4.Demonstrate the ability to use the technique to compare samples based upon their 

1075 elemental components.

1076 21.9.2.5.Understand the strengths and limitations of the technique.

1077 21.9.3.Practical Exercise for the trainee

1078 21.9.3.1.Compare the elemental components in a variety of fiber samples using XRF.

1079 21.9.4.Evaluate by an oral or written test and a practical test.

1080

1081 22.Interpretation and Report Writing

1082 22.1.Interpretation

1083 22.1.1.Instruct in integrating the factors that affect evidence interpretations and the significance 

1084 of fiber evidence.

1085 22.1.2.Practical Exercise for the trainee

1086 22.1.2.1.Interpret technically-reviewed, completed laboratory casefiles on fiber evidence.

1087 22.1.2.2.Review and interpret previously-completed practical exercises.

1088 22.1.2.3.Understand the strengths and limitations of different fiber types, fabrics, and cordage, 

1089 based upon factors such as color, commonness or uncommonness of fiber type; number 

1090 of comparable characteristics; texture of material.

1091 22.2.Report Writing

1092 22.2.1.Instruct in writing technically- and administratively-accurate reports for fiber 

1093 examinations.

1094 22.2.2.The trainee is required to:

1095 22.2.2.1.Provide appropriate interpretations from analytical data.

1096 22.2.2.2.Understand the factors affecting analytical data.

1097 22.2.2.3.Understand the factors affecting the interpretation of analytical data.

1098 22.2.2.4.Understand the significance of fiber evidence.

1099 22.2.2.5.Understand the current literature on the formal application of statistics and be able to 

1100 discuss when it would be appropriate for the interpretation of fiber evidence.

1101 22.2.2.6.Write complete and unbiased analytical reports with appropriate results and 

1102 interpretations.

1103 22.2.3.Practical Exercise for the trainee

1104 22.2.3.1.Write practice reports on completed, technically-reviewed laboratory reports on fiber 

1105 evidence.

1106 22.2.3.2.Write a report communicating the results and interpretations of previously-completed 

1107 practical exercises.

1108 22.2.4.Evaluate by reviewing and discussing the trainee’s interpretations and practice case 
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24

1109 reports.

1110 22.3.Interpretive Exercise 

1111 22.3.1.Provide a number of mock cases for analysis, either composed of analytical data or 

1112 simulated evidence. Simulated evidence is handled as evidence according to laboratory 

1113 protocols. 

1114 22.3.2.Based on the provided or generated information, the trainee prepares an analytical report 

1115 for each case. 

1116 22.3.3.Evaluate and discuss the reports with the trainee.

1117

1118 23.Testimony and Competency

1119 23.1.Testimony

1120 23.1.1.Allow observation of experienced FSPs testifying in court as often as possible.

1121 23.1.1.1.A variety of FSPs testifying on a range of offenses and examinations is recommended.

1122 23.1.1.2.Determine the number and frequency of testimony observations based on the testimony 

1123 experience of the trainee and the depth of the testimonies observed.

1124 23.1.1.3.Discuss the courtroom experience after each observation. If available, review the 

1125 testimony transcript with the trainee.

1126 23.1.1.4.Consider supplementing testimony observations with trial transcripts when an adequate 

1127 number of testimony reviews is logistically difficult for the laboratory.

1128 23.1.2.Practical Exercises for the trainee

1129 23.1.2.1.Observe general courtroom procedures, witness appearance and demeanor, and the 

1130 presentation of technical or expert knowledge in testimony; document observations.

1131 23.1.2.2.Prepare a list of suggested questions on a mock case. 

1132 23.1.2.3.Prepare a list of questions and answers for educating the court on forensic fiber analysis.

1133 23.1.2.4.Review relevant materials for an admissibility hearing.

1134 23.1.3.Review and discuss the documents and questions prepared by the trainee.

1135 23.2.Competency

1136 23.2.1.Evaluate the knowledge, skills, and abilities of the trainee in fiber examinations.

1137 23.2.2.The trainee:

1138 23.2.2.1.Completes a final, comprehensive, written or oral examination on fiber examinations;

1139 23.2.2.2.Conducts mock case(s) for evaluation of competency; and

1140 23.2.2.3.Participates in a mock trial using one of the mock cases completed during training. An 

1141 oral review can replace the mock trial if there is previous experience in this area.

1142 23.2.3.Competency is achieved by:

1143 23.2.3.1.Receiving a passing grade on the written examination;

1144 23.2.3.2.Successful completion of the competency evaluation; and 

1145 23.2.3.3.Successful completion of the mock trial or oral review.

1146 23.3.Supervised Casework and Peer Reviews

1147 23.3.1.Subsequent to achieving competency, and prior to performing independent casework, the 

1148 trainee performs supervised casework.

1149 23.3.2.Practical Exercises for the trainee:

1150 23.3.2.1.Observe (an) experienced FSP(s) perform fiber analysis casework.

1151 23.3.2.2.Perform actual casework under the supervision of a qualified FSP.

1152 23.3.3.Review, evaluate and discuss the supervised casework with the trainee.

1153 23.3.3.1.Independency is achieved when there are no technical errors and minimal administrative 

1154 errors in the supervised casework, based on a determined amount of cases completed.

1155 23.3.4.Peer Review
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1156 23.3.4.1.The trainee completes mock technical and administrative review exercises.

1157 23.3.4.2.Review, evaluate, and discuss the mock reviews with the trainee.

1158 23.3.4.3.Competency in review is achieved when there are no technical errors and there are 

1159 minimal administrative errors in mock review.

1160 APPENDIX I: Reading Assignments

1161

1162 1.Section 8: Introduction to Fibers and Textiles

1163 1.1.Apsell P, “What are dyes? What is dyeing?,” Dyeing Primer. Aspland JR, editor. Research 

1164 Triangle Park, NC: American Association of Textile Chemists and Colorists, 1981: 4-7.

1165 1.2.Fergusson SM and Hemmings J, “Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics: An Introduction to 

Production, Structure and Properties,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd 1166 edition. 

1167 Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 1-59.

1.3.Joseph ML, Joseph’s Introductory Textile Science, 6th 1168 edition. New York: International 

1169 Thomson Publishing, 1992.

1170 1.4.Koch SL and Nehse K, “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio VJ, 

1171 Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 322–339.

1172 1.5.Patnaik A and Patnaik S, Fibres to Smart Textiles: Advances in Manufacturing, 

1173 Technologies, and Applications, 1st edition. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2020.

1174 1.6.Review various textile manufacturing websites (e.g., www.ncto.org)

1175 1.7.Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT) “Introduction to Fibers 

1176 Chapter,” Forensic Fiber Examination Guidelines, 

1177 https://www.asteetrace.org/static/images/pdf/02%20Introduction%20to%20Fibers%20Ch

1178 apter%20%282011%20Update%29.pdf

1179

1180 2.Section 8.4:Introduction to Fibers and Textiles-Textiles

1181 2.1.Fergusson SM and Hemmings J, “From Fibre to Fabric,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 

1182 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 

1183 39-59.

1184 2.2.Taupin JM and Cwiklik C, Scientific Protocols for Forensic Examination of Clothing. 

1185 Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2010.

1186 2.3.Van Amber RR, “Apparel and household textiles and their role in forensics,” Forensic 

1187 Textile Science. Carr D, editor. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2017: 15-26.

1188

1189 3.Section 8.5:Introduction to Fibers and Textiles-Cordage

1190 3.1.Himmelfarb D, The Technology of Cordage Fibres and Rope. London: Leonard Hill, 

1191 1957.

1192 3.2.McKenna HA, Hearle JWS, and O’Heare N, Handbook of Fibre Rope Technology. Boca 

1193 Raton: CRC Press, 2004.

1194 3.3.Wiggins KG, “Ropes and Cordages,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition.

1195 Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 89-98.

1196

1197 4.Section 8.6:Introduction to Fibers and Textiles-Overview of Forensic Fiber 

1198 Examinations

1199 4.1.Carr D, Forensic Textile Science. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 2017.

1200 4.2.Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 

1201 Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1988: 

1202 209-214.
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1203 4.3.Grieve MC, “Fibers and their Examination in Forensic Science,” Forensic Science 

1204 Progress, Volume 4. Maehly A and Williams RL, editors. New York: Springer, 1990: 41-

1205 125.

1206 4.4.Grieve MC and Wiggins KG, “Fibers under fire: suggestions for improving their use to 

1207 provide forensic evidence,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2001; 46(4): 835-843.

1208 4.5.Koch SL and Nehse K, “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio VJ, 

1209 Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 322–376.

1210 4.6.Robertson J and Roux C, “From Crime Scene to Laboratory,” Forensic Examination of 

1211 Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KC, editors. Boca Raton: CRC 

1212 Press, 2018: 99-143.

1213 4.7.Trejos T, Koch S, and Mehltretter A, “Scientific foundations and current state of trace 

1214 evidence—a review,” Forensic Chemistry, 2020: 100223.

1215 4.8.Wiggins K, “Forensic textile fiber examination across the USA and Europe,” Journal of 

1216 Forensic Sciences, November 2001; 46(6): 1303-1308.

1217

1218 5.Section 9.1: Fiber Evidence-Transfer and Persistence

1219 5.1.Akulova V, Vasiliauskiené D, and Talaliené D, "Further insights into the persistence of 

1220 transferred fibres on outdoor clothes,” Science & Justice - Journal of the Forensic 

1221 Science Society, 2002; 42:165-171.

1222 5.2.Annis PA, Bresee RR, and Cooper TR, “Influence of textile structure on single fiber 

1223 transfer from woven fabrics,” Textile Research Journal, 1992; 65(2):293-301.

1224 5.3.Bennett S, Roux CP, and Robertson J, “The significance of fibre transfer and persistence 

1225 - a case study,” Australian Journal of Forensic Science, 2010; 42:221–228.

1226 5.4.Bruschweiler W and Grieve MC, “A study on the random distribution of a red acrylic 

1227 target fibre,” Science & Justice, 1997; 37: 85-89.

1228 5.5.Chewning D, Deaver K, and Christensen A, “Persistence of Fibres on Ski Masks During 

1229 Transit and Processing,” Forensic Science Communications, July 2008; 10(3).

1230 5.6.Coxon A, Grieve M, and Dunlop J, “A method of assessing the fibre shedding potential 

1231 of fabrics,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1992; 32(2):151-158.

1232 5.7.DeBattista R, Tidy H, Thompson TJU, and Robertson P, “An investigation into the 

1233 persistence of textile fibres on buried carcasses,” Science & Justice, July 2014; 54(4): 

1234 288-291.

1235 5.8.DeWael K, Lepot L, Lunstroot K, and Gason F, “Evaluation of the shedding potential of 

1236 textile materials,” Science & Justice, 2010; 50: 192-194.

1237 5.9.Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 

1238 Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 

1239 1988: 214-221, 255-259.

1240 5.10.Grieve MC, Dunlop J, and Haddock PS, “Transfer experiments with acrylic fibres,” 

1241 Forensic Science International, 1989; 40:267-277.

1242 5.11.Kidd C and Robertson J, “The transfer of textile fibers during simulated contacts,” 

1243 Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1982; 3: 301-308.

1244 5.12.Koch SL and Nehse K, “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio VJ, 

1245 Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 339–342.

1246 5.13.Lepot L, Vanden Driesse T, Lunstroot K, et al., “Fibre persistence on immersed 

1247 garments--influence of knitted recipient garments,” Science & Justice, 2015; 55(4): 248-

1248 253.

1249 5.14.Lowrie CN and Jackson G, “Secondary transfer of fibres,” Forensic Science 

1250 International, 1994; 64: 73-82.
OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard Practice for a 

Forensic Fiber Training Program

27

1251 5.15.Marname R, Elliot D, and Coulson S, “A pilot study to determine the background 

1252 population of foreign fibre groups on a cotton/polyester T-shirt,” Science & Justice, 

1253 2006; 46(4): 215-220.

1254 5.16.Merciani P, Monard FS, Buzzini P, et al., “A study of the cross transfer of fibers,” 

1255 Forensic Science International, 136(1): 123.

1256 5.17.Palmer R, “The retention and recovery of transferred fibers following the washing of 

1257 recipient clothing,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1997; 43(3):502-504.

1258 5.18.Palmer R and Banks M, “The secondary transfer of fibres from head hair,” Science & 

1259 Justice-Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 2005; 45:123–128.

1260 5.19.Palmer R and Burch HJ, “The population, transfer, and persistence of fibres on the skin 

1261 of living subjects,” Science & Justice, 2009; 49(4): 259-264.

1262 5.20.Palmer R and Polworth G, “The persistence of fibers on skin in an outdoor deposition 

1263 crime scene scenario,” Science & Justice, 2011; 51(4): 187-189.

1264 5.21.Palmer R, Sheridan K, Puckett J, Richardson N, and Lo W, “An investigation into 

1265 secondary transfer--the transfer of textile fibres to seats,” Forensic Science International, 

1266 2017; 278: 334-337.

1267 5.22.Pounds CA and Smalldon KW, “The transfer of fibres between clothing materials during 

1268 simulated contacts and their persistence during wear, Part I,” Journal of the Forensic 

1269 Science Society, 1975;15:17-27.

1270 5.23.Pounds CA and Smalldon KW, “The transfer of fibres between clothing materials during 

1271 simulated contacts and their persistence during wear, Part II,” Journal of the Forensic 

1272 Science Society, 1975;15:29-37.

1273 5.24.Pounds CA and Smalldon KW, “The transfer of fibres between clothing materials during 

1274 simulated contacts and their persistence during wear, Part III,” Journal of the Forensic 

1275 Science Society, 1975;15:197-207.

1276 5.25.Robertson J, Kidd CBM, and Parkinson HMP, “The persistence of textile fibres 

1277 transferred during simulated contacts,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1982; 22: 

1278 353-360.

1279 5.26.Robertson J and Roux C, “Transfer, Persistence and Recovery of Fibers,” Forensic 

Examination of Fibres, 3rd 1280 edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca 

1281 Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 109-119.

1282 5.27.Robertson J and Lloyd AK, “Redistribution of textile fibres following transfer during 

1283 simulated contacts,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1984; 24:3-7.

1284 5.28.Roux C, Robertson J, and Palmer R, “Persistence and Recovery,” Encyclopedia of 

1285 Forensic Sciences, 2nd edition. Saukko PJ and Houck MM, editors. Waltham: Academic 

1286 Press, 2013: 117-123.

1287 5.29.Roux C, Langdon S, Waight D, and Robertson J, “The transfer and persistence of 

1288 automotive carpet fibres on shoe soles,” Science & Justice, 1999; 39(4): 239-251.

1289 5.30.Salter MT, Cook R, and Jackson AR, “Differential shedding from blended fabrics,” 

1290 Forensic Science International 1987; 33:155-164.

1291 5.31.Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), “Trace Evidence 

1292 Recovery Guidelines,” Forensic Science Communications, October 1999; 1(3).

1293 5.32.Scott H, “The persistence of fibers transferred during contact of automotive carpets and 

1294 clothing fabrics,” Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 1985; 18(4):185-199.

1295 5.33.Sheridan K, et al., “A study on contactless airborne transfer of textile fibres between 

1296 different garments in small compact semi-enclosed spaces," Forensic Science 

1297 International, August 2020; 315: 110432.

1298 5.34.Skokan L, Tremblay A, and Muehlethaler C, “Differential shedding: A study of the fiber 

1299 transfer mechanisms of blended cotton and polyester textiles,” Forensic Science 
OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard Practice for a 

Forensic Fiber Training Program

28

1300 International, March 2020; 308: 110181.

1301 5.35.Slot A, et al., “Tracers as invisible evidence — the transfer and persistence of flock fibres 

1302 during a car exchange,” Forensic Science International, 2017; 275: 178–186.

1303 5.36.Trejos T, Koch S, and Mehltretter A, “Scientific foundations and current state of trace 

1304 evidence—a review,” Forensic Chemistry, 2020: 100223

1305 5.37.Watt R, Roux C, and Robertson J, “The population of coloured textile fibres in domestic 

1306 washing machines,” Science & Justice, 2005; 45: 75-83.

1307 5.38.Wiggins K, Drummond P, and Champod TH, “A study in relation to the random 

1308 distribution of four fibre types on clothing (incorporating a review of previous fibre 

1309 studies),” Science & Justice-Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 2004; 44: 141-148.

1310

1311 6.Section 9.2: Fiber Evidence-Search, Collection, and Preservation Techniques

1312 6.1.Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination, “ Forensic Science 

1313 Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 

1314 1988: 218-272.

1315 6.2.Grieve MC and Garger BS, “An improved method for rapid and accurate scanning of 

1316 fibers on tape,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1981; 26(3):560-563.

1317 6.3.McKenna FJ and Sherwin JC, “A simple and effective method for collecting contact 

1318 evidence,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1985; 30:485-493.

1319 6.4.Palenik S, “Microscopy and Microchemistry of Physical Evidence,” Forensic Science 

1320 Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ:Prentice-Hall, 1988: 

1321 164-171.

1322 6.5.Dignan SJ and Murphy KJ, “Fibre evidence from fingernail clippings,” Canadian Society 

1323 Forensic Science Journal, 2002; 35(1):17-21.

1324 6.6.Koch SL and Nehse K, “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio VJ, 

1325 Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 342–344.

1326 6.7.Moore JE, Jackson G, and Firth M, “Movement of fibres between working areas as a 

1327 result of routine examination of garments,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 

1328 1986; 26:433-440.

1329 6.8.Robertson J and Roux C, “Crime Scene Considerations,” Forensic Examination of 

1330 Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 

1331 2018: 101-109.

1332 6.9.Robertson J and Roux C, “Protocols for Fibre Examination and Initial Examinations,” 

1333 Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, 

1334 editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 119-126.

1335 6.10.Roux C, Huttuen J, Rampling K, and Robertson J, “Factors affecting the potential for 

1336 fibre contamination in purpose-designed forensic search rooms,” Science & Justice, 

1337 2001; 41:135-144.

1338 6.11.Scotman TG and van der Weerd J, “On the recovery of fibres by tape lifts, tape scanning, 

1339 and manual isolation,” Science & Justice, December 2015; 55(6): 415-421.

1340 6.12.Schwartz TR, Rothenberg DS, and Clark BL, “Trace Evidence Recognition, Collection 

1341 and Preservation,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio VJ, Taylor CE, and 

1342 Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 1-30.

1343 6.13.Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), “Trace Evidence 

1344 Recovery Guidelines,” Forensic Science Communications, October 1999; 1(3).

1345

1346 7.Section 10.1: Microscopy and Fiber Evidence-Introduction to Microscopy

1347 7.1.Abramowitz M, “Fluorescence Microscopy, The Essentials,” Basics and Beyond Series, 

1348 Volume 4. Melville, NY: Olympus America Inc., 1993: 1-22.
OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard Practice for a 

Forensic Fiber Training Program

29

1349 7.2.Bowen AB, “Polarized Light Microscopy for the Trace Evidence Examiner,” Handbook 

1350 of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio VJ, Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. 

1351 Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 32-156.

1352 7.3.DeForest PR, “Foundations of forensic microscopy,” Forensic Science Handbook, 

1353 Volume I, 2nd edition. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Regents/Prentice-Hall 

1354 Inc., 2002: 215-319.

1355 7.4.Goldberg O, “Kohler Illumination,” The Microscope, 1980; 28:15-20.

1356 7.5.Gray P, The Encyclopedia of Microscopy and Microtechnique. Malabar, FL: Krieger 

1357 Publishing Company, 1982.

1358 7.6.McCrone WC, “Checklist for True Kohler Illumination,” American Laboratory, 1980; 

1359 12(1): 96-98.

1360 7.7.McCrone WC, McCrone LB, and Delly JB, Polarized Light Microscopy. Chicago: 

1361 McCrone Research Institute, 2002.

1362 7.8.Nesse WD, An Introduction to Optical Mineralogy, 4th edition. Cambridge: Oxford 

1363 University Press, 2013.

1364 7.9.Siegel JI, “Fluorescence Microscopy,” American Laboratory, 1982; 14(3): 65-69.

1365 7.10.Stoiber RE and Morse SA, Crystal Identification with the Polarizing Microscope. New 

1366 York, NY: Chapman and Hall, 1994.

1367 7.11.Wheeler BP, Practical Forensic Microscopy: A Laboratory Manual, 2nd edition. 

1368 Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons Ltd., 2021.

1369

1370 8.Section 10.2: Microscopy and Fiber Evidence-Fiber Sample Preparation

1371 8.1.Robertson J and Roux C. “Protocols for Fibre Examination and Initial Examinations,” 

1372 Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, 

1373 editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 119-126.

1374

1375 9.Section 10.3: Microscopy and Fiber Evidence-Recognition of Fibers by Microscopy

1376 9.1.Barna CE and Stoeffler SF, “A New Method for Cross-sectioning Single Fibers,” Journal 

1377 of Forensic Sciences, 1987; 32: 761-767.

1378 9.2.De Wael K and Vanden Driessche T, “Dichroism measurements in forensic fibre 

1379 examination. Part 2 - dyed polyamide, wool and silk fibres,” Science & Justice, 

1380 December 2011; 51(4):163-72.

1381 9.3.De Wael K and Lepot L, “Dichroism measurements in forensic fibre examination. Part 3 

1382 - dyed cotton and viscose fibres,” Science & Justice, December 2011; 51(4):173-186.

1383 9.4.Gaudette B. “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 

1384 Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 

1385 1988: 222-230, 238-241.

1386 9.5.Grieve MC and Kotowski TM, “An Improved Method of Preparing Fiber Cross 

1387 Sections,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1986; 26: 29-34.

1388 9.6.Fergusson SM and Hemmings J. “Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics: An Introduction to 

1389 Production, Structure and Properties,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. 

1390 Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 1-59.

1391 9.7.Houck MM. Identification of Textile Fibers. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing Ltd, 

1392 2009.

1393 9.8.Jones J and Coyle T, “Synthetic flock fibres: a population and ‘target’ fibre study,” 

1394 Science & Justice, 2011; 51:68-71.

1395 9.9.Koch SL and Nehse K. “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio VJ, 

1396 Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 322-376.

1397 9.10.Palenik SJ. “Microscopic Examination of Fibres,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd 
OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard Practice for a 

Forensic Fiber Training Program

30

1398 edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 

1399 145-177.

1400 9.11.Palenik S and Fitzsimmons C, “Fiber Cross Sections: Part I,” Microscope, 1990; 38:187-

1401 195.

1402 9.12.Palenik S and Fitzsimmons C, “Fiber Cross Sections: Part II,” Microscope, 1990; 38:313-

1403 320.

1404 9.13.Thornton J, “Visual Color Comparison in Forensic Science,” Forensic Science Review, 

1405 1997; 9(1): 38-57.

1406

1407 10.Section 11: Microscopy of Vegetable Fibers

1408 10.1.Adamopoulos S and Oliver JV, “Fiber composition of packaging grade papers as determined 

1409 by the Graff ‘C’ staining test,” Wood and Fiber Science, 2007; 38(4): 567-575.

1410 10.2.Catling D and Grayson J. Identification of Vegetable Fibres. London: Chapman and Hall, 

1411 1982.

1412 10.3.Fergusson SM and Hemmings J, “Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics: An Introduction to 

Production, Structure and Properties,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd 1413 edition. 

1414 Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 1-59.

1415 10.4.Hall DM, Practical Fiber Identification. Textile Engineering Department, Auburn, AL: 

1416 Auburn University, 1982. 

1417 10.5.Haugan E and Holst B, “Determining the fibrillar orientation of bast fibres with polarized 

1418 light microscopy: the modified Herzog test (red plate test) explained,” Journal of 

1419 Microscopy, November 2013; 252(2): 159-168.

1420 10.6.Koch SL and Nehse K, “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio VJ, 

1421 Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 322–376.

1422 10.7.Merrit MF, Pulp and Paper Fiber Composition Standards, Technologic Papers of the 

1423 Bureau of Standards No. 250, Department of Commerce, 1924: 

1424 https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/nbstechnologic/nbstechnologicpapert250.pdf

1425 10.8.Palenik SJ, “Microscopic Examination of Fibres,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd 

1426 edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 

1427 145-177.

1428 10.9.Robertson J and Roux C, “Protocols for Fibre Examination and Initial Examinations,” 

1429 Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, 

1430 editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 119-126.

1431 10.10.Summerscales J and Gwinnett C, “Forensic Identification of Bast Fibres,” Bicomposites 

1432 for High-Performance Applications. Ray D, editor. Cambridge: Woodhead Publishing, 

1433 2017: 125-164.

1434 10.11.Valaskovic G, “Polarized Light in Multiple Birefringent Domains: A Study of the Herzog 

1435 Effect,” Microscope, 1991; 39: 269-286.

1436 10.12.Wiggins KG, “Ropes and Cordages,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. 

1437 Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 89-98.

1438

1439 11.Section 12: Microscopy of Animal Textile Fibers

1440 11.1.Deedrick D and Koch S, “Microscopy of Hair Part II: A Practical Guide and Manual for 

1441 Animal Hairs,” Forensic Science Communications, 2004; 6(3).

1442 11.2.Fergusson SM and Hemmings J, “Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics: An Introduction to 

Production, Structure and Properties,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd 1443 edition. 

1444 Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 1-59.

1445 11.3.Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 

1446 Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 
OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard Practice for a 

Forensic Fiber Training Program

31

1447 1988: 209-214, 239-241.

1448 11.4.Moore TD, Spence LE, and Dugnolle CE, editors. Identification of the Dorsal Guard 

1449 Hairs of Some Mammals of Wyoming (Bulletin No. 14). Cheyenne, Wyoming: Wyoming 

1450 Game and Fish Department, 1974.

1451 11.5.Perry DR, Appleyard HM, Cartridge G, et al., Identification of textile materials. 1985.

1452 11.6.Teerink BJ, Hair of West European Mammals: Atlas and Identification Key. Cambridge: 

1453 Cambridge University Press, 2003.

1454

1455 12.Section 13: Microscopy of Mineral Fibers

1456 12.1.Deer WA, Howie RA, and Zussman J, An Introduction to the Rock-Forming Minerals. 

1457 New York: Addison- Wesley Publishing, 1992. (Sections on asbestiform mineral)

1458 12.2.McCrone WC. Asbestos Identification, 2nd edition. Chicago: McCrone Research 

1459 Institute, 1987.

1460 12.3.McCrone WC, McCrone LB, and Delly JB, Polarized Light Microscopy. Chicago: 

1461 McCrone Research Institute, 2002: 169-196.

1462 12.4.EPA 600/R-93/116 Method for the Determination of Asbestos in Bulk Building Materials

1463

1464 13.Section 14.3: Microscopy of Manufactured Fibers-Optical Properties

1465 13.1.Brinsko K, “Optical Characterization of Some Modern ‘Eco-Friendly’ Fibers,” Journal of 

1466 Forensic Sciences, July 2010; 55(4): 915-923.

1467 13.2.Coyle T, Shaw C, and Stevens L, “The Evidential Value of Hi-Vis Workwear,” Journal 

1468 of the American Society of Trace Evidence Examiners, August 2013; 4(2): 2-16.

1469 13.3.Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 

1470 Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 

1471 1988: 223-230.

1472 13.4.Long H, Walbridge-Jones S, and Lundgren K, “Synthetic Wig Fibers: Analysis & 

1473 Differentiation from Human Hairs,” Journal of the American Society of Trace Evidence 

1474 Examiners, January 2014; 5(1): 2-21.

1475 13.5.McCrone WC, McCrone LB, and Delly JB, Polarized Light Microscopy. Chicago: 

1476 McCrone Research Institute, 2002; 142-149.

1477 13.6.Palenik SJ, “Microscopic Examination of Fibres,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd 

1478 edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 

1479 145-177.

1480 13.7.Reffner JA and Kammrath BW, “A More Efficient Method for Synthetic Textile Fiber 

1481 Analysis Using Polarized Light Microscopy,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, May 2020; 

1482 65(3): 744-750.

1483 13.8.Robertson J and Roux C, “Protocols for Fibre Examination and Initial Examinations,” 

1484 Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, 

1485 editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 119-126.

1486 13.9.Stoeffler SF, “A Flowchart System For the Identification of Common Synthetic Fibers by 

1487 Polarized Light Microscopy,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1996; 41(2): 297-299.

1488

1489 14.Section 14.4: Microscopy of Manufactured Fibers-Cross Sections

1490 14.1.Fong W and Inami SH, “Simple, Rapid, and Unique Hand Techniques for Cross1491 Sectioning Fibers and Hair,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, March 1988; 33(2): 305-309.

1492 14.2.Ford JE and Simmens SC, “Fibre Section Cutting by the Plate Method,” Textile Institute 

1493 Journal, 1959; 50: 148.

1494 14.3.Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 
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Forensic Fiber Training Program

32

1495 Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 

1496 1988: 228-231.

1497 14.4.Hardy JI, A Practical Laboratory Method for Making Thin Cross-Sections of Fibers. U. 

1498 S. Department of Agriculture, Circular 378; November 1935.

1499 14.5.Jolliff EC, “A Useful Cross-Sectioning Slide and Some of Its Applications,” Textile 

1500 Research Journal, 1955; 25(6): 541-545.

1501 14.6.Lee HN and Schwarz ER, “Cross Sectioning of Textile Materials by Hand Without 

1502 Microtome or Other Special Equipment,” Textile Research Journal, 1941; 11(8): 363-

1503 367.

1504 14.7.Nehse K, Koch S, Grieve M, Houck MM, and Robertson J, “New Fibre Developments,” 

1505 Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, 

1506 editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 427-440.

1507 14.8.Palenik SJ, “Microscopic Examination of Fibres,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd 

1508 edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 

1509 145-177.

1510 14.9.Schwarz ER, Textiles and the Microscope. New York: McGraw Hill, 1934.

1511 14.10.Stoeffler SF and Barna CE, “A New Method for Cross Sectioning Single Fibers,” Journal 

1512 of Forensic Sciences, May 1987; 32(3): 761-767.

1513

1514 15.Section 14.5: Microscopy of Manufactured Fibers-Solubility

1515 15.1.Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 

1516 Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 

1517 1988: 236-237.

1518 15.2.Fergusson SM and Hemmings J, “Fibres, Yarns and Fabrics: An Introduction to 

Production, Structure and Properties,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd 1519 edition. 

1520 Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 1-59.

1521 15.3.Hartshorne A, Wild FM, and Babb NL, “The Discrimination of Cellulose Di- and Tri1522 Acetate Fibres by Solvent Testing and Melting Point Determination,” Journal of the 

1523 Forensic Science Society, 1991; 31: 457-461.

1524 15.4.Stratmann M, “The Solubility Characteristics of Fibres,” Textile Industries, 1970; 72: 13-

1525 19.

1526 15.5.Suga K, Narita Y, and Suzuki S, “A Simple Solubility Test For the Discrimination of 

1527 Acrylic and Mod-acrylic Fibers,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, May 2014; 59(3): 750-

1528 753.

1529

1530 16.Section 14.6: Microscopy of Manufactured Fibers-Thermal Microscopy

1531 16.1.Bresee RR and Orr CL, “Thermal Shrinkage of Small Single Acrylic Fibers--A 

1532 Technique of Forensic Potential,” Forensic Science International, May-June 1983; 21(3): 

1533 233-243.

1534 16.2.Bruschweiler W and Schoch H, “Thermal Microscopy of Fibers--A Methodological 

1535 Addition to Fiber Analysis,” Archiv fur Kriminologie, 1982; 169: 89-98.

1536 16.3.Cassidy FH, “A Simple Thermistor Device for Checking the Calibration of the Mettler 

1537 Hot Stage,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1986; 26: 409-415.

1538 16.4.Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 

1539 Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 

1540 1988: 233, 236.

1541 16.5.Grieve MC, “The Use of Melting Point and Refractive Index Determination to Compare 

1542 Colourless Polyester Fibers,” Forensic Science International, 1983; 22: 31-48.
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Forensic Fiber Training Program

33

1543 16.6.Hartshorne A, Wild FM, and Babb NL, “The Discrimination of Cellulose Di- and Tri1544 Acetate Fibres by Solvent Testing and Melting Point Determination,” Journal of the 

1545 Forensic Science Society, 1991; 31: 457-461.

1546 16.7.Julian Y and McCrone WC, “Accurate Use of Hotstages,” Microscope, 1971; 19: 225-

1547 234.

1548 16.8.Kisler-Rao AE, “Comparison of Nylon, Polyester, and Olefin Fibers Using FTIR and 

1549 Melting Point Analysis,” Journal of the American Society of Trace Evidence Examiners, 

1550 January 2015; 6(1): 3-20.

1551 16.9.Palenik SJ, “Microscopic Examination of Fibres,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd 

1552 edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 

1553 145-177.

1554 16.10.Woodard GD, “Calibration of the Mettler FP2 Hot Stage,” Microscope, 1970; 18: 105-

1555 108.

1556

1557 17.Section 15: Comparative Microscopy

1558 17.1.Gaudette B, “The forensic aspects of textile fiber examination,” Forensic Science 

1559 Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 

1560 1988: 241-245.

1561 17.2.Koch SL and Nehse K, “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio VJ, 

1562 Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 344–356.

1563 17.3.Kubic TA, King JB, and DuBey IS, “Forensic Analysis of Colorless Textile Fibers by 

1564 Fluorescence Microscopy,” Microscope, 1983; 31: 213-222.

1565 17.4.Robertson J and Roux C, “Protocols for Fibre Examination and Initial Examinations,” 

1566 Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, Wiggins KG, editors. 

1567 Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 119-126.

1568 17.5.Was-Gubala J, “The Kinetics of Colour Change in Textiles and Fibres Treated with 

1569 Detergent Solutions. Part I-Colour Perception and Fluorescence Microscopy Analysis,” 

1570 Science & Justice, September 2009; 49(3): 165-169.

1571

1572 18.Section 16: Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)

1573 18.1.Bartick EG and Tungol MW, “Infrared Microscopy and Its Forensic Applications,” 

1574 Forensic Science Handbook, Volume III. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: 

1575 Prentice-Hall Inc., 1993: 196-252.

1576 18.2.Causin V, Marega C, Guzzini G, et al., “Forensic Analysis of Poly(Ethylene 

1577 Terephthalate) Fibers by Infrared Spectroscopy,” Applied Spectroscopy, 2004; 58(11): 

1578 1272-1276.

1579 18.3.Cho L, Reffner JA, Gatewood BM, and Wetzel DL, “Single Fiber Analysis by Internal 

1580 Reflection Microspectroscopy,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2001; 46(6):1309-1314.

1581 18.4.Cho L, Reffner JA, Gatewood BM, and Wetzel DL, “A New Method for Fiber 

1582 Comparison Using Polarized Infrared Microspectroscopy,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

1583 1999; 44(2):275-282.

1584 18.5.Cho L, Reffner JA, and Wetzel DL, “Forensic Classification of Polyester Fibers by 

1585 Infrared Dichroic Ratio Pattern Recognition,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1999; 

1586 44(2):283-291.

1587 18.6.Gal T, Ambrus I, and Urszu S,” Forensic Analysis of Textile Fibers by Fourier1588 Transform Infrared Diamond Cell Technique,” Acta Chimica Hungarica, 1991; 128: 919-

1589 928.

1590 18.7.Grieve MC, “Another Look at the Classification of Acrylic Fibres, Using FTIR 
OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard Practice for a 

Forensic Fiber Training Program

34

1591 Microscopy,” Science and Justice, 1995; 35(3): 179–190.

1592 18.8.Joslin Yogi TA, Penrod M, Holt M, and Buzzini P, “The Relationship Between Cross1593 sectional Shapes and FTIR Profiles in Synthetic Wig Fibers and Their Discriminating 

1594 Abilities--an Evidential Value Perspective,” Forensic Science International, 2018; 283: 

1595 94-102.

1596 18.9.Katon JE, “Infrared microscopy. A Review of Fundamentals and Applications,” Micron, 

1597 1996; 27: 303-314. 

1598 18.10.Kirkbride KP, “Infrared Microspectroscopy of Fibres,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 

1599 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 

1600 2018: 245-288.

1601 18.11.Murakoshi Takematsu M, Faria Deniz M, deCosta Mattos E, et al., “Sheath-core 

1602 Bicomponent Fiber Characterization by FT-IR and Other Analytical Methodologies,” 

1603 Polimeros, 2018; 28(4): 339-347.

1604 18.12.Tungol MW, Bartick EG, and Montaser A, “The Development of a Spectral Database for 

1605 the Identification of Fibers by Infrared Microscopy,” Applied Spectroscopy, 1990; 44: 

1606 543–549.

1607 18.13.Tungol MW, Bartick EG, and Montaser A, “Forensic Examination of Synthetic Textile 

1608 Fibers by Microscopic Infrared Spectrometry,” Practical Guide to Infrared 

1609 Microspectroscopy. Humecki H, editor. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc., 1995: 245–286.

1610 18.14.Tungol MW, Bartick EG, and Montaser A, “Forensic Analysis of Acrylic Copolymer 

1611 Fibers by Infrared Microscopy,” Applied Spectroscopy, 1993; 47: 1655-1658.

1612

1613 19.Section 17: Microspectrophotometry (MSP)

1614 19.1.Biermann TW and Wiggins KG, “Microspectrophotometry,” Forensic Examination of 

1615 Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 

1616 2018: 180-224.

1617 19.2.DeWael K, Van Dijck K, and Gason F, “Discrimination of Reactively-dyed Cotton Fibres 

1618 with Thin Layer Chromatography and UV Microspectrophotometry,” Science & Justice, 

1619 December 2015; 55(6): 422-430.

1620 19.3.Eng M, Martin P, and Bhagwandin C, “The Analysis of Metameric Blue Fibers and Their 

1621 Forensic Significance,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, July 2009; 54(4): 841-845.

1622 19.4.Eyring MB, “Visible Microscopical Spectrophotometry in the Forensic Sciences,” 

1623 Forensic Science Handbook, 2nd edition, Volume I. Saferstein R, editor. Upper Saddle 

1624 River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2002: 321-387.

1625 19.5.Forster AL, Bitter JL, Rosenthal S, Brooks S, and Watson SS, “Photofading in Cotton 

1626 Fibers Dyed Using Red, Yellow, and Blue Direct Dyes During Examination with 

1627 Microspectrophotometry (MSP),” Forensic Chemistry, 2017; 5: 72-78.

1628 19.6.Gaudette B, “The Forensic Aspects of Textile Fiber Examination,” Forensic Science 

1629 Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 

1630 1988: 245-248.

1631 19.7.Grieve MC, Biermann TW, and Davignon M, “The Evidential Value of Black Cotton 

1632 Fibres,” Science & Justice, 2001; 41(4):245-260.

1633 19.8.Hartshorne AW and Laing DK, “Microspectrofluorimetry of Fluorescent Dyes and 

1634 Brighteners on Single Textile Fibres: Part I--Fluorescence Emission Spectra,” Forensic 

1635 Science International, 1991; 51(2): 203-220.

1636 19.9.Hartshorne AW and Laing DK, “Microspectrofluorimetry of Fluorescent Dyes and 

1637 Brighteners on Single Textile Fibres: Part II: Colour Measurements,” Forensic Science 

1638 International, 1991; 51(2):221-237.

1639 19.10.Hartshorne AW and Laing DK, “Microspectrofluorimetry of Fluorescent Dyes and 
OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard Practice for a 

Forensic Fiber Training Program

35

1640 Brighteners on Single Textile Fibres: Part III: Fluorescence Decay Phenomena,” Forensic 

1641 Science International, 1991; 51(2): 239-250.

1642 19.11.Hu C, Mei H, Guo H, and Zhu J, “Color Analysis of Textile Fibers by 

1643 Microspectrophotometry,” Forensic Chemistry, May 2020; 18: 100221.

1644 19.12.Martin P, “Color analysis,” Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences, Siegel JA and Saukko 

1645 PJ, editors. Waltham: Academic Press, 2013: 148-154.

1646 19.13.McLaren K, The Colour Science of Dyes and Pigments. Bristol, UK: Adam Hilger, 1983.

1647 19.14.Morgan SL, Nieuwland AA, Mubarak CR, Hendrix JE, et al., “Forensic Discrimination 

1648 of Dyed Textile Fibers Using UV-Vis and Fluorescence Microspectrophotometry,” 

1649 Proceedings of the European Fibres Group. Annual Meeting, Prague, Czech Republic: 

1650 May 25, 2004.

1651 19.15.Palenik CS, Beckert JC, and Palenik S, “Microspectrophotometry of Fibers: Advances in 

1652 Analysis and Interpretation,” National Criminal Justice Reference Service. Office of 

1653 Justice Programs Publications, May 27, 2015: 

1654 <https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/250437.pdf>

1655 19.16.Purcell DK, “UV-Visible Microscope Spectrophotometric Polarization and Dichroism 

1656 with Increased Discrimination Power in Forensic Analysis,” 2013 (doctoral dissertation). 

1657 Retrieved from CUNY Academic Works: <http://academicworks.cuny.edu/gc_etds/1632>

1658 19.17.Sauzier G, Reichard E, van Bronswijk W, Lewis SW, and Goodpaster JV, “Improving the 

1659 Confidence of ‘Questioned vs. Known’ Fiber Comparisons Using 

1660 Microspectrophotometry and Chemometrics,” Forensic Chemistry, 2016; 2:15-21.

1661 19.18.Starczak R and Was-Gubala J, “UV-Vis Microspectrophotometric Study of Wool and 

1662 Polyamide Fibers Dyed with Analogous Gryfalan Dyes,” Dyes and Pigments, September 

1663 2016; 132: 58-63.

1664 19.19.Suzuki S, Suzuki Y, Ohta H, Sugita R, and Marumo Y, “Microspectrophotometric 

1665 Discrimination of Single Fibers Dyed by Indigo and Its Derivatives Using Ultaviolet1666 Visible Transmittance Spectra,” Science & Justice, 2001, 41(2): 107-111.

1667 19.20.Venkataraman K, The Analytical Chemistry of Synthetic Dyes. New York: John Wiley 

1668 & Sons, 1977.

1669 19.21.Was-Gubala J and Starczak R, “UV-Vis Microspectrophotometry as a Method of 

1670 Differentiation Between Cotton Fibre Evidence Coloured with Reactive Dyes,” 

1671 Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy, May 2015; 142: 

1672 118-125.

1673 19.22.Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), “UV-VIS Spectroscopy 

1674 of Textile Fibers,” Forensic Fiber Examination Guidelines, 

1675 https://www.asteetrace.org/static/images/pdf/03%20UV1676 VIS%20Spectroscopy%20of%20Textile%20Fibers%20Chapter%20%282011%20Update

1677 %29.pdf

1678

1679 20.Section 18: Thin-Layer Chromatography (TLC)

1680 20.1.Biermann TW and Wiggins KG, “Fibre Dyes Analysis,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 

1681 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 

1682 2018: 224-243.

1683 20.2.DeWael K, Van Dijck K, and Gason F, “Discrimination of Reactively-dyed Cotton Fibres 

1684 with Thin Layer Chromatography and UV Microspectrophotometry,” Science & Justice, 

1685 December 2015; 55(6): 422-430.

1686 20.3.Gaudette B, “The Forensic Aspects of Textile Fiber Examination,” Forensic Science 

1687 Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 

1688 1988: 248-254.
OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard Practice for a 

Forensic Fiber Training Program

36

1689 20.4.Gora P and Was-Gubala J, “Enzymatic Extraction of Dyes for Differentiation of Red 

1690 Cotton Fibres by TLC Coupled with VSC,” Science & Justice, July 2019; 59(4): 425-432.

1691 20.5.Groves E, Palenik CS, and Palenik S, “A Survey of Extraction Solvents in the Forensic 

1692 Analysis of Textile Dyes,” Forensic Science International, 2016; 268:139-144.

1693 20.6.Groves E, Palenik S, and Palenik CS, “Reproducibility of High-performance Thin-layer 

1694 Chromatography (HPTLC) in Textile Dye Analysis,” Forensic Chemistry, 2018; 8:104-

1695 110.

1696 20.7.Groves E, Palenik S, and Palenik CS, “A Generalized Approach to Forensic Dye 

1697 Identification: Development and Utility of Reference Libraries,” Journal of AOAC 

1698 International, 2018; 101(5): 1385-1396.

1699

1700 21.Section 19: Comparison

1701 21.1.Coyle T, “Practitioner Narrative: Fibres Stands Alone-R-v-Everson-a Case in Double 

1702 Jeopardy,” Parts 1, 2, and 3, Forensic Science International: Reports 2, 2020: 100140-42.

1703 21.2.Deadman HA, “Fiber evidence and the Wayne Williams Trial,” FBI Law Enforcement 

1704 Bulletin, March and May 1984.

1705 21.3.Farah S, Kunduru K, Bentolila A, et al., “Morphological, Spectral, and Chromatography 

1706 Analysis and Forensic Comparison of PET Fibers,” Talanta, June 2014; 123: 54-62.

1707 21.4.Farah S, Kunduru K, Tsach T, et al., “Forensic Comparison of Synthetic Fibers,” 

1708 Polymers for Advanced Technologies, July 2015; 26(7): 785-796.

1709 21.5.Grieve MC, Biermann T, and Davignon M, “The Occurrence and Individuality of 

1710 Orange and Green Cotton Fibers,” Science & Justice, 2003; 43(1): 5-22.

1711 21.6.Grieve MC, Biermann T, and Schaub K, “The Individuality of Fibres Used to Provide 

1712 Forensic Evidence--Not All Blue Polyesters Are the Same,” Science & Justice, 2005; 

1713 45(1): 13-28.

1714 21.7.Grieve MC, Dunlop J, and Haddock P, “An Assessment of the Value of Blue, Red, and 

1715 Black Cotton Fibres as Target Fibres in Forensic Science Investigations,” Journal of 

1716 Forensic Sciences, 1988; 33: 1332-1344.

1717 21.8.Houck MM, “Inter-comparison of Unrelated Fiber Evidence,” Forensic Science 

1718 International, 2003; 135: 146-149.

1719 21.9.Palmer R, Hutchinson W, and Fryer V, “The Discrimination of (Non-denim) Blue 

1720 Cotton,” Science & Justice, 2009; 49: 12-18.

1721

1722 22.Section 20: Damage and Impressions

1723 22.1.Brinsko K, Sparenga S, and King M, “The Effects of Environmental Exposure on the 

1724 Physical, Chemical, and Optical Properties of Manufactured Fibers of Natural Origin,” 

1725 Journal of Forensic Sciences, September 2016; 61(5): 1215-1227.

1726 22.2.Cowper EJ, Carr DJ, Horsfall I, and Fergusson SM, “The Effect of Fabric and Stabbing 

1727 Variables on Severance Appearance,” Forensic Science International, April 2015; 249: 

1728 214-224.

1729 22.3.Geisenberger D, Wuest F, Bielefeld L, et al., “Fat from Contused Adipose Tissue May 

1730 Cause Yellow Discoloration of Clothes in Blunt Force Trauma Victims,” Forensic 

1731 Science International, December 2014; 245: 72-76.

1732 22.4.Hemmings J, Carr D, and Robertson J, “Textile Damage Interpretation,” Forensic 

1733 Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca 

1734 Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 61-87.

1735 22.5.Janaway RC, “Degradation of Clothing and Other Dress Materials Associated with 

1736 Buried Bodies of Archeological and Forensic Interest,” Advances in Forensic 

1737 Taphonomy: Method, Theory, and Archeological Perspectives. Haglund WD and Sorg, 
OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard Practice for a 

Forensic Fiber Training Program

37

1738 MH, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2002: 379-402.

1739 22.6.Koch SL and Nehse K, “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio VJ, 

1740 Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 363–368.

1741 22.7.Lowe AC, Beresford DV, Carter DO, et al., “The Effect of Soil Texture on the 

1742 Degradation of Textiles Associated with Buried Bodies,” Forensic Science International, 

1743 September 2013; 231: 331-339.

1744 22.8.Masakowski S, Enz B, Cothern J, and Rowe W, "Fiber-Plastic Fusions in Traffic 

1745 Accident Reconstruction," Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1986; 31(3): 903-912.

1746 22.9.Palenik C, Palenik S, and Diaczuk P, “Plumbum Microraptus: Definitive Microscopic 

1747 Indicators of a Bullet Hole in a Synthetic Fabric,” Journal of the American Society of 

1748 Trace Evidence Examiners, January 2015, 6(1): 66-75.

1749 22.10.Roberts KA, Hogrebe G, Fischer G, and Davis AR, “Detection of Bullet vs. Nail Damage 

1750 to Textile Fabrics Using Polarized Light Microscopy,” Journal of the American Society 

1751 of Trace Evidence Examiners, November 2018, 8(1): 34-45.

1752 22.11.Schubert GD, "Forensic Value of Pattern and Particle Transfers From Deployed 

1753 Automotive Airbag Contact," Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2005; 50(6): 1411-1416.

1754 22.12.Schubert GD, “Forensic Analysis of Automotive Airbag Contact – Not Just A Bag of Hot 

1755 Air,” Forensic Analysis On The Cutting Edge. Blackledge RD, editor. Hoboken, NJ: John 

1756 Wiley & Sons, 2007: 33-56.

1757 22.13.Taupin JM and Cwiklik C, Scientific Protocols for Forensic Examination of Clothing, 

1758 CRC Press, 2010.

1759 22.14.Ueland M, Howes JM, Forbes SL, and Stuart BH, “Degradation Patterns of Natural and 

1760 Synthetic Textiles on a Soil Surface During Summer and Winter Seasons Studied by 

1761 ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy,” Spectrochimica Acta, Part A, 2017; 185: 69-76.

1762 22.15.Ueland M, Nizio KD, Forbes SL, and Stuart BH, “The Interactive Effect of the 

1763 Degradation of Cotton Clothing and Decomposition Fluid Production Associated with 

1764 Decaying Remains,” Forensic Science International, October 2015; 255: 56-63.

1765 22.16.Was-Gubala J, “Textile and Fiber Damage,” Encyclopedia of Forensic Sciences. 2nd 

1766 edition. Saukko PJ and Houck MM, editors. Waltham: Academic Press, 2013: 138-142.

1767 22.17.Williams GA, “Forensic Textile Damage Analysis: Recent Advances,” Research and 

1768 Reports in Forensic Medical Science, 2018; 8: 1-8.

1769

1770 23.Section 21.4: Fiber Examination – Additional Techniques--Raman 

1771 Spectroscopy

1772 23.1.Bianchi F, Riboni N, Trolla V, et al., “Differentiation of Aged Fibers by Raman 

1773 Spectroscopy and Multivariate Data Analysis,” Talanta, July 2016; 154: 467-473.

1774 23.2.Buzzini P and Massonnet G, “The Discrimination of Colored Acrylic, Cotton, and Wool 

1775 Textile Fibers Using Micro-Raman Spectroscopy. Part 1: In situ Detection and 

1776 Characterization of Dyes,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, November 2013; 58(6): 1593-

1777 1600.

1778 23.3.Buzzini P and Massonnet G, “The Analysis of Colored Acrylic, Cotton, and Wool Textile 

1779 Fibers Using Micro‐Raman Spectroscopy. Part 2: Comparison with the Traditional 

1780 Methods of Fiber Examination,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, May 2015; 60(3): 712-

1781 720.

1782 23.4.DeWael K and Lepot L, “Forensic Science, Applications of Raman spectroscopy to Fiber 

1783 Analysis,” The Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry Volume 1, 3rd edition. 

1784 Lindon JC, Trantor GE, and Koppenaal DW, editors. Waltham: Academic Press, 2017: 

1785 712-719.
OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard Practice for a 

Forensic Fiber Training Program

38

1786 23.5.Doty KC, Muro CK, Bueno J, Halámková L, and Lednev IK, “What Can Raman 

1787 Spectroscopy Do for Criminalistics?” Journal of Raman Spectroscopy, January 2016; 

1788 47(1): 39-50.

1789 23.6.Hemmings J, “Raman Spectroscopy of Fibres,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. 

1790 Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 289-307.

1791 23.7.Keen I, White G, and Fredericks P, “Characterization of Fibers by Raman Microprobe 

1792 Spectroscopy,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1998; 43(1):82-89.

1793 23.8.Kokot S, Tuan NA, and Rintoul L, “Discrimination of Reactive Dyes on Cotton Fabric by 

1794 Raman Spectroscopy and Chemometrics,” Applied Spectroscopy, 1997; 51(3): 387-395.

1795 23.9.Kuptsov A, “Applications of Fourier Transform Raman Spectroscopy in Forensic 

1796 Science,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1994; 39(2): 305-318.

1797 23.10.Lepot L, DeWael K, Gason F, and Gilbert B, “Application of Raman Spectroscopy to 

1798 Forensic Fibre Cases,” Science & Justice, 2008; 48(3): 109-117.

1799 23.11.Massonnet G, Buzzini P, and Jochem G, “Evaluation of Raman Spectroscopy for the 

1800 Analysis of Colored Fibers: a Collaborative Study,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

1801 September 2005; 50(5):1028-1038.

1802 23.12.Miller JV and Bartick EG, “Forensic Analysis of Single Fibers by Raman Spectroscopy,” 

1803 Applied Spectroscopy, 2001; 55(12):1729-1732.

1804 23.13.Thomas J, Buzzini P, Massonnet G, Reedy B, and Roux C, “Raman Spectroscopy and 

1805 the Forensic Analysis of Black/Grey and Blue Cotton Fibers: Part 1. Investigation of the 

1806 Effects of Varying Laser Wavelength,” Forensic Science International, 2005; 152(2-

1807 3):189-197.

1808 23.14.Was-Gubala J and Machnowski W, “Application of Raman Spectroscopy for 

1809 Differentiation Among Cotton and Viscose Fibers Dyed with Several Dye Classes,” 

1810 Spectroscopy Letters, August 2014; 47(7): 527-535.

1811 23.15.Was-Gubala J and Starczak R, “Nondestructive Identification of Dye Mixtures in 

1812 Polyester and Cotton Fibers Using Raman Spectroscopy and Ultraviolet–Visible (UV1813 Vis) Microspectrophotometry,” Applied Spectroscopy, 2015; 69(2): 296-303.

1814

1815 24.Section 21.5: Fiber Examination - Additional Techniques--Pyrolysis Gas 

1816 Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (PGC and PGC/MS)

1817 24.1.Armitage S, Saywell S, Roux C, Lennard C, and Greenwood P, "The Analysis of 

1818 Forensic Samples Using Laser Micro-Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography Mass 

1819 Spectrometry," Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2001; 46(5):1043-1052.

1820 24.2.Causin V, Marega C, Schiavone S, Della Guardia V, and Marigo A, “Forensic Analysis 

1821 of Acrylic Fibers by Pyrolysis–Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry,” Journal of 

1822 Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis, 2006; 75(1): 43-48. 

1823 24.3.Hardin IR, “Investigation of Textiles by Analytical Pyrolysis,” Modern Textile 

1824 Characterization Methods. Mastura R, editor. New York: Marcel Dekker Publisher, 

1825 1996: 175-206.

1826 24.4.Liang J, Frazier J, Benefield V, Sing Chong N, and Zhang M, “Forensic Fiber Analysis 

1827 by Thermal Desorption/Pyrolysis-Direct Analysis in Real-Time Mass Spectrometry,” 

1828 Analytical Chemistry, 2020; 92(2): 1925-1933.

1829 24.5.Roux C, Morison R, and Maynard P, “Fibre Identification by Pyrolysis Techniques,” 

1830 Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, 

1831 editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 311-317.

1832 24.6.Stafford D, “Forensic Capillary Gas Chromatography,” Forensic Science Handbook, 

1833 Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1988: 38-65.
OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard Practice for a 

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1834 24.7.Takekoshi Y, Sato, S, Kanno S, Kawase S, Kiho T, and Ukai S, “Analysis of Wool Fiber 

1835 by Alkali-catalyzed Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography,” Forensic Science International, 

1836 1997; 87(2): 85-97.

1837 24.8.Wampler T, Applied Pyrolysis Handbook, 2nd edition. Boca Raton:Taylor & Francis, 

1838 2007.

1839

1840 25.Section 21.6: Fiber Examination - Additional Techniques--Capillary 

1841 Electrophoresis (CE)

1842 25.1.Dockery CR, Stefan AR, Nieuwland AA, et al., “Automated Extraction of Direct, 

1843 Reactive, and Vat Dyes from Cellulosic Fibers for Forensic Analysis by Capillary 

1844 Electrophoresis,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2009; 394: 2095–2103.

1845 25.2.Moini M, Klauenberg K, and Ballard M, “Dating Silk by Capillary Electrophoresis Mass 

1846 Spectrometry,” Analytical Chemistry, 2011; 83:7577-7581.

1847 25.3.Roux C, Morison R, and Maynard P, “Capillary Electrophoresis,” Forensic Examination of 

1848 Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 

1849 2018: 331-339.

1850 25.4.Stefan AR, Dockery CR, Baguley BM. et al., “Microextraction, Capillary 

1851 Electrophoresis, and Mass Spectrometry for Forensic Analysis of Azo and Methine Basic 

1852 Dyes from Acrylic Fibers,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2009; 394: 2087–

1853 2094.

1854 25.5.Stefan AR, Dockery CR, Nieuwland AA, et al., “Forensic Analysis of Anthraquinone, 

1855 Azo, and Metal Complex Acid Dyes from Nylon Fibers by Micro-extraction and 

1856 Capillary Electrophoresis,” Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 2009; 394: 2077–

1857 2085.

1858

1859 26.Section 21.7: Fiber Examination - Additional Techniques--High-Performance 

1860 Liquid Chromatography (HPLC)

1861 26.1.Carey A, Rodewijk N, Xu X, and van der Weerd J, “Identification of Dyes on Single 

1862 Textile Fibers by HPLC-DAD-MS,” Analytical Chemistry, 2013; 85(23): 11335-11343.

1863 26.2.Davila-Jimenez MM, Elizalde-Gonzalez MP, Gutierrez-Gonzalez A, and Pelaez-Cid AA, 

1864 “Electrochemical Treatment of Textile Dyes and Their Analysis by High-performance 

1865 Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detection,” Journal of Chromatography, 

1866 2000; 889(1-2): 253-259.

1867 26.3.Hu C, Zhu J, Mei H, Shi H, Guo H, Zhang G, et al., “A sensitive HPLC-MS/MS Method 

1868 for the Analysis of Fiber Dyes,” Forensic Chemistry, 2018; 11:1-6.

1869 26.4.Huang M, Yinon J, and Sigman ME, “Forensic Identification of Dyes Extracted from 

1870 Textile Fibers by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS),” Journal of 

1871 Forensic Sciences, 2004; 49(2): 238-249.

1872 26.5.Huang M, Russo R, Fookes BG, and Sigman ME, “Analysis of Fiber Dyes by Liquid 

1873 Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS) with Electrospray Ionization: 

1874 Discriminating Between Dyes with Indistinguishable UV-Visible Absorption Spectra,” 

1875 Journal of Forensic Sciences, 2005; 50(3): 1-9.

1876 26.6.Kretschmer K and Kelbig W, “Differentiation of Commercial Polyester Fibers Using 

1877 Two Dimensional High-performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and Multivariate 

1878 Pattern Recognition Techniques,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1992; 37(3):727-737.

1879 26.7.Petrick LM, Wilson TA, and Fawcett WR, “High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography–

1880 Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy–Electrospray Ionization Mass Spectrometry Method for 

1881 Acrylic and Polyester Forensic Fiber Dye Analysis,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, July 
OSAC 2022-N-0018 Standard Practice for a 

Forensic Fiber Training Program

40

1882 2006; 51(4): 771-779.

1883 26.8.Roux C, Morison R, and Maynard P, “High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC),” 

1884 Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. 

1885 Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 328-331.

1886 26.9.Schotman TG, Xu X, Rodewijk N, and van der Weerd J, “Application of Dye Analysis in 

1887 Forensic Fibre and Textile Examination: Case Examples,” Forensic Science 

1888 International, 2017; 278: 338-350.

1889 26.10.Yang Y, “Liquid Chromatographic Techniques in Textile Analysis,” Modern Textile 

1890 Characterization Methods. Mastura R, editor. New York: Marcel Dekker Publisher, 

1891 1996: 207-236.

1892

1893 27.Section 21.8: Fiber Examination - Additional Techniques--Scanning Electron 

1894 Microscopy/Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (SEM/EDS)

1895 27.1.Craven, BJ, “Cross-sectional Measurement of Cellulose Acetate Fibers Using Scanning 

1896 Electron Microscopy and Image Analysis,” Microscope, 1993; 41:115-117.

1897 27.2.Flegler S, Heckman J, and Klomparens K, Scanning and Transmission Electron 

1898 Microscopy: An Introduction. Cambridge: Oxford University Press, 1995.

1899 27.3.Greaves PH and Saville BP, Microscopy of Textile Fibers. Oxford: Bios Scientific 

1900 Publishers, 1995: 51-67.

1901 27.4.Goldstein J, et al., Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, 4th edition. 

1902 New York: Springer Verlag, 2018.

1903 27.5.Goynes WR, “A Scanning Electron Microscope Study of Washer-Dryer Abrasion in 

1904 Textile Fibers,” 28th Annual EMSA Meeting, 1971; 346-347.

1905 27.6.Goynes WR, “Surface Characterization of Textiles Using SEM,” Modern Textile 

1906 Characterization Methods. Mastura R, editor. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1996: 145-174.

1907 27.7.Pelton WR, “Distinguishing the Cause of Textile Fiber Damage Using the Scanning 

1908 Electron Microscope (SEM),” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1995; 40(5): 874-882.

1909 27.8.Pelton WR and Ukpabi P, “Using the Scanning Electron Microscope to Identify the 

1910 Cause of Fibre Damage, Part II: An Exploratory Study,” Canadian Society of Forensic 

1911 Science, 1995; 28(3): 189-200.

1912 27.9.Robson D, “Fiber Surface Imaging,” Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 1994; 

1913 34(3): 187-191.

1914 27.10.Roux C, Morison R, and Maynard P, “Scanning Electron Microscopy and Elemental 

1915 Analysis,” Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and 

1916 Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 319-328.

1917 27.11.Sano T and Suzuki S, “Basic Forensic Identification of Artificial Leather for Hit-and-Run 

1918 Cases,” Forensic Science International, November 2009; 192(1-3): e27-e32.

1919 27.12.Ukpabi P and Pelton WR, “Using the Scanning Electron Microscope to Identify the 

1920 Cause of Fibre Damage, Part I: A Review of Related Literature,” Canadian Society of 

1921 Forensic Science, 1995; 28(3): 181-187.

1922

1923 28.Section 21.9: Fiber Examination - Additional Techniques--X-Ray Fluorescence 

1924 (XRF)

1925 28.1.Cartier J, Roux C, and Grieve M, "A Study to Investigate the Feasibility of Using X-Ray 

1926 Fluorescence Microanalysis to Improve Discrimination Between Colorless Synthetic 

1927 Fibers," Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1997; 42(6): 1019-1026.

1928 28.2.Goldstein J, et al., Scanning Electron Microscopy and X-Ray Microanalysis, 4th edition. 

1929 New York: Springer Verlag, 2018.
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1930 28.3.Janssens KHA, Adams FCV, and Rindby A, editors. Microscopic X-ray Fluorescence 

1931 Analysis. Chichester, England: John Wiley & Sons, 2000.

1932 28.4.Koons R, "Comparison of Individual Carpet Fibers Using Energy Dispersive X1933 Ray Fluorescence," Journal of Forensic Sciences, 1996; 41(2): 199-205.

1934 28.5.Meleiro P and García-Ruiz C, “Spectroscopic Techniques for the Forensic 

1935 Analysis of Textile Fibers,” Applied Spectroscopy Reviews, 2016; 51(4): 278-301.

1936 28.6.Nishiwaki Y, Honda S,Yamato T, et al., “Nondestructive Differentiation of 

1937 Polyester Single White Fibers Using Synchrotron Radiation Microbeam X-ray 

1938 Fluorescence Spectrometry with Vertical Focusing,” Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

1939 2020; 65(5): 1474-1479.

1940 28.7.Roux C, Taudte R, and Lennard C, “X-Ray Fluorescence in Forensic Science,” 

1941 Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry. Myers RA, editor. Hoboken, NJ: John 

1942 Wiley & Sons, 2013: 1-16.

1943 28.8.Sano T and Suzuki S, “Basic Forensic Identification of Artificial Leather for Hit-and-Run 

1944 Cases,” Forensic Science International, November 2009; 192(1-3): e27-e32.

1945

1946 29.Section 22: Interpretation and Report Writing

1947 29.1.Cook R, Evett IW, Jackson G, Jones P, and Lambert JA, “A Model for Case Assessment 

1948 and Interpretation,” Science & Justice, 1998; 38(3):151-156.

1949 29.2.Evett IW, Jackson G, Lambert JA, and McCrossan S, “The Impact of the Principles of 

1950 Evidence Interpretation on the Structure and Content of Statements,” Science & Justice, 

1951 2000; 40: 233-239.

1952 29.3.Gaudette B, “The Forensic Aspects of Textile Fiber Examination,” Forensic Science 

1953 Handbook, Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 

1954 1988: 255-261.

1955 29.4.Grieve MC, “A Survey on the Evidential Value of Fibres and on the Interpretation of the 

1956 Findings in Fibre Transfer Cases. Part 1-Fibre Frequencies,” Science & Justice, 2000; 

1957 40(3): 189-200.

1958 29.5.Grieve MC, “A Survey on the Evidential Value of Fibres and on the Interpretation of the 

1959 Findings in Fibre Transfer Cases. Part 2-Interpretation and Reporting,” Science & Justice, 

1960 2000; 40(3): 201-209.

1961 29.6.Champod C and Taroni F, “A Probabilistic Approach to the Evaluation of Fibre Evidence,” 

1962 Forensic Examination of Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. 

1963 Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2018: 395-422.

1964 29.7.Champod C and Taroni F, “Factors Influencing Interpretation,” Forensic Examination of 

1965 Fibres, 3rd edition. Robertson J, Roux C, and Wiggins KG, editors. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 

1966 2018: 346-370.

1967 29.8.Houck M, “Statistics and Trace Evidence: the Tyranny of Numbers,” Forensic Science 

1968 Communications, October 1999; 1(3).

1969 29.9.Palmer R, Burnett E, Luff N, Wagner C, et al., “The Prevalence of Two ‘Commonly’ 

1970 Encountered Synthetic Target Fibres Within a Large Urban Environment,” Science & 

1971 Justice, March 2015; 55(2): 103-106.

1972 29.10.Koch SL and Nehse K, “Fibers,” Handbook of Trace Evidence Analysis. Desiderio VJ, 

1973 Taylor CE, and Nic Daéid N, editors. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, 2020: 368–370.

1974 29.11.Sapir G, “Legal aspects of forensic science,” Forensic Science Handbook, Volume I, 2nd 

1975 edition. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Regents/Prentice-Hall Inc., 2002: 1-

1976 39.
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1977 29.12.Starrs J, “Mountebanks Among Forensic Scientists,” Forensic Science Handbook, 

1978 Volume II. Saferstein R, editor. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc., 1988: 1-37.

1979 29.13.Tontarski RE, “What You See is What You Believe,” Journal of the Forensic Science 

1980 Society, 1991; 31(2): 279-281. 

1981 29.14.Vooijs C, Vergeer P, van der Weerd J, “Towards Source Level Evaluation of the 

1982 Evidential Value of Fibre Examinations,” Forensic Science International, May 2015; 

1983 250: 57-67.

1984

1985 30.Section 23: Testimony and Competency

1986 30.1.Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), “Fiber Admissibility 

1987 Package,” 

1988 https://www.asteetrace.org/static/images/pdf/01%20Fiber%20Evidence%20Courtroom%

1989 20Education%20and%20Admissibility%20Response.ppt

1990 30.2.Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals (92-102), 509 U.S. 579 (1993)

1991 30.3.Frye v. United States 293 F. 1013 (D.C. Cir. 1923)

1992 30.4.Kumho Tire Co. v. Carmichael 526 US 137 (1999)

1993 30.5.Department of Justice Uniform Language for Testimony and Reports for the Forensic 

1994 Textile Fiber Discipline at https://www.justice.gov/olp/uniform-language-testimony-and1995 reports