COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA

Present: Judges Petty, AtLee and Senior Judge Annunziata

Argued by teleconference

KAREN ROMPALO

OPINION BY

v. Record No. 1717-18-4 JUDGE RICHARD Y. ATLEE, JR.

JUNE 2, 2020

COMMONWEALTH OF VIRGINIA

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF FAIRFAX COUNTY

Bruce D. White, Judge

Vernida R. Chaney (Chaney Law Firm PLLC, on briefs), for 

appellant.

Craig W. Stallard, Assistant Attorney General (Mark R. Herring, 

Attorney General, on brief), for appellee.

Following a jury trial, Karen Rompalo was convicted of three counts of destroying a 

public record in violation of Code § 18.2-107. She was ordered to pay $500 per count, with 

$250 suspended for each count. Rompalo appeals her convictions arguing that the trial court 

erred (1) because the evidence was insufficient to establish the records were destroyed, (2) by

finding that the fraudulent intent language does not apply to “destroy,” (3) by sustaining certain 

hearsay and relevance objections, and (4) by denying her proffered jury instructions. For the 

following reasons, we affirm the rulings of the trial court.

I. BACKGROUND

On appeal, we view the evidence in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth, the 

prevailing party below, and afford to it all reasonable inferences from that evidence. Yerling v. 

Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 527, 530 (2020).

PUBLISHED
- 2 -

On March 1, 2016, Rompalo went to the Clerk’s office in the Fairfax County Circuit 

Court. She asked the clerk on duty, Indumathi Sosale, if she could review the court file from her 

divorce proceedings. She correctly identified herself to the clerk and signed for the files. She

took them to the records reviewing room, which is next to and visible from the clerk’s window.

Sosale could see Rompalo from the clerk’s window, and she noticed that Rompalo was 

writing on certain documents in the file. When she asked Rompalo to stop, Rompalo complied. 

Sosale reported the incident to her supervisor, Rowdy Batchelor, the civil records manager, who 

reviewed the files.

The files were sent to the Chief Deputy Clerk, who opened an investigation and alerted 

Detective Comfort of the Fairfax Police Department. Rompalo had written on three different 

documents from the file: a Commonwealth’s Motion to Quash and two different trial court 

orders. She was charged with three counts of destroying a public record.

Rompalo filed a pre-trial motion in limine, asking the trial court to prohibit the 

Commonwealth’s witnesses from referring to the records as destroyed. Rompalo argued that 

whether the records were destroyed was an ultimate issue of fact for the jury to decide. The trial 

court pointed out that the corollary of Rompalo’s argument is that her witnesses could not testify 

that the documents were not destroyed. With that comment, it granted the motion.

At trial, the Commonwealth presented evidence that the documents had lost their value 

because they could no longer be certified as original documents. At the conclusion of the 

Commonwealth’s case, Rompalo made a motion to strike. She argued that the evidence was not 

sufficient to demonstrate that the documents were destroyed and that the destruction of public 

records had to be done with fraudulent intent. The trial court denied the motion to strike, and it

found that the “fraudulently” language in the statute did not apply to “destroy.”
- 3 -

Rompalo attempted to ask two witnesses about an RM-3 Certificate of Records 

Destruction (“RM-3”) form, which is submitted to the State Library of Virginia when a public 

record is destroyed. She asked Fairfax County Clerk John Frye whether he had filed one of the 

forms for the three documents at issue. The Commonwealth objected on hearsay grounds. The 

trial court noted that the question violated the rule he had made regarding Rompalo’s motion in 

limine and sustained the objection. Rompalo then attempted to ask Glen Smith, a record analyst 

for the State Library of Virginia, about the RM-3 form. The Commonwealth objected again, and 

the trial court again sustained the objection.

At the close of all the evidence, Rompalo did not renew her motion to strike. Each party 

presented their proposed jury instructions to the trial court. Rompalo proffered Instructions

10-A, 10-B, and 10-C, each of which included language that would have instructed the jury that 

any destruction of a public record must be done with fraudulent intent. Rompalo told the trial 

court,

based on the Court’s ruling with the motion to strike with respect 

to the intent element, I think that there’s going to be several 

instructions that I am going to offer them, Your Honor, but I would 

assume the Court will still have the same ruling with respect to the 

instructions. So we don’t need to belabor the point and have a lot 

of argument on it. I would just offer them, Your Honor.

The trial court agreed and marked the instructions “not given.”

The jury convicted Rompalo on all three counts. She now appeals her convictions to this 

Court.

II. ANALYSIS

A. Destruction of the Records

Rompalo argues that the evidence was insufficient to demonstrate that the records were 

destroyed. She made her argument via a motion to strike at the conclusion of the 
- 4 -

Commonwealth’s case-in-chief. She did not renew her motion to strike after she presented 

evidence on her own behalf.

Under Virginia law, “[w]hen a defendant in a civil or criminal case proceeds to introduce 

evidence in his own behalf, after the trial court has overruled his motion to strike, made at the 

conclusion of the introduction of plaintiff’s evidence in chief, he waives his right to stand upon 

such motion.” McDowell v. Commonwealth, 282 Va. 341, 342 (2011) (quoting 

Murillo-Rodriquez v. Commonwealth, 279 Va. 64, 73 (2010)). After presenting his or her own 

evidence, a defendant must renew the motion to strike or file a motion to set aside the verdict. 

Murillo-Rodriquez, 279 Va. at 84.

Rompalo argues that she was not required to renew her motion to strike because Code 

§ 8.01-384(A) provides that once an objection has been made known to the trial court, a party 

shall not be required to make the objection again to preserve his right to appeal. But the 

Supreme Court has specifically rejected this argument. See id.

In Murillo-Rodriquez, the Court noted that Code § 8.01-384(A) also provides that 

arguments at trial “shall, unless expressly withdrawn or waived, be deemed preserved therein for 

assertion on appeal.” Id. at 73 (quoting Code § 8.01-384(A)). Relying on a long line of cases 

from this Court, the Supreme Court noted that “a motion to strike the evidence presented after 

the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief is a separate and distinct motion from a motion to strike all 

the evidence, or a motion to set aside an unfavorable verdict, made after the defendant has 

introduced evidence on his own behalf.”1 Id. at 82. By introducing evidence on his own behalf, 

1 The motion to strike made at the conclusion of the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief 

challenges the sufficiency of that evidence. The motion to strike made after a defendant presents 

evidence on his own behalf challenges the sufficiency of all of the evidence, including that 

presented by the defendant. Murillo-Rodriquez, 279 Va. at 82.
- 5 -

a defendant demonstrates “by his conduct” the intent to abandon or waive his argument made at 

the conclusion of the Commonwealth’s case-in-chief. Id. at 83 (quoting Graham v. Cook, 278 

Va. 233, 248 (2009)). Thus, a defendant cannot rely on Code § 8.01-384(A) to preserve for 

appeal a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence where he has not renewed his motion to 

strike or made a motion to set aside the verdict.2 Id. at 84.

Because Rompalo did not renew her motion to strike after she presented evidence on her 

own behalf, and she did not file a motion to set aside the verdict, she has not preserved her 

sufficiency argument for appeal, and we do not consider it.

3

B. Fraudulent Intent

We review issues of statutory interpretation de novo. Eley v. Commonwealth, 70 

Va. App. 158, 162 (2019). Code § 18.2-107 provides, in relevant part, “If any person steal or 

fraudulently secrete or destroy a public record or part thereof, including a microphotographic 

copy thereof, he shall . . . be guilty of a Class 6 felony.”

2 Where a defendant is tried by jury, as here, the defendant preserves the issue by 

renewing his or her motion to strike or by making a motion to set aside the verdict. 

Murillo-Rodriquez, 279 Va. at 84. In a bench trial, a defendant can preserve the issue by raising 

the argument in a renewed motion to strike or during closing arguments.

3

In addition to her motion to strike argument, Rompalo states that she raised the issue of 

the definition of “destroy” during her motion in limine, her opening statement, and her closing 

arguments. Therefore, she argues this Court can consider this legal question. But Rompalo’s 

argument during the motion in limine addressed the statutory “destroy” language in the context 

of whether the witnesses were allowed to refer to the documents as destroyed. “Making one 

specific argument does not preserve a separate legal point on the same issue for review.” 

Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752, 760 (2003) (en banc). Further, Rompalo was tried 

by jury; her opening statement and closing arguments were made to the jury, not the trial court, 

and therefore do not preserve the issue for appeal. Campbell v. Commonwealth, 12 Va. App. 

476, 481 (1991) (“Furthermore, in a jury trial, the closing argument is addressed to the jury, not 

the trial judge, and does not require the trial judge to rule on the evidence as a matter of law. 

Only a motion to strike the evidence accomplishes that objective in a jury trial.”).
- 6 -

Rompalo argues that “fraudulently” in the statute applies to both “secrete” and “destroy”

and that the Commonwealth was therefore required to prove not just that she destroyed the 

public records, but that she did so fraudulently. The Commonwealth argues that “fraudulently” 

applies only to “secrete.”

4

When interpreting a statute, “our primary objective is to ‘ascertain and give effect to 

legislative intent,’ as expressed by the language used in the statute.” Blake v. Commonwealth, 

288 Va. 375, 381 (2014) (quoting Cuccinelli v. Rector, Visitors of the Univ. of Va., 283 Va. 420, 

425 (2012)). “[W]e must assume that ‘the legislature chose, with care, the words it used . . . and 

we are bound by those words as we [examine] the statute.’” Eley, 70 Va. App. at 163

(alterations in original) (quoting Doulgerakis v. Commonwealth, 61 Va. App. 417, 420 (2013)).

The plain language of Code § 18.2-107 supports the trial court’s interpretation that the 

word “fraudulently” applies only to the word “secrete.” The General Assembly used “or,” which 

is a disjunctive that signifies an availability of alternatives. Dollar Tree Stores, Inc. v. Tefft, 69 

Va. App. 15, 25 (2018). Thus, the plain language of the statute indicates that there are three 

alternative ways to violate it: (1) steal, (2) fraudulently secrete, or (3) destroy a public record.

Rompalo argues that where a modifier comes at the beginning of a series of words, it 

necessarily modifies all of the words in the series. See Long v. United States, 199 F.2d 717, 719 

(4th Cir. 1952) (“The use of the adverb ‘forcibly’ before the first of the string of verbs, with the 

4 The Commonwealth argues that Rompalo did not preserve her fraudulent intent 

argument because she did not renew her motion to strike the evidence after she presented 

evidence on her own behalf. However, Rompalo raised the issue again when she proffered jury 

instructions 10-A, 10-B, and 10-C to the trial court. By raising the issue at the jury instruction 

stage, it was raised as a legal issue rather than as a sufficiency of the evidence issue. See Jordan 

v. Commonwealth, 50 Va. App. 322, 326-27 (2007) (stating that the trial court’s responsibility is 

to determine whether an instruction is a correct statement of law). Furthermore, Rompalo’s 

assignment of error challenges the trial court’s interpretation of the statute, not the sufficiency of 

the evidence.
- 7 -

disjunctive conjunction used only between the last two of them, shows quite plainly that the 

adverb is to be interpreted as modifying them all.”); see also Porto Rico Ry., Light & Power Co. 

v. Mor, 253 U.S. 345, 348 (1920) (finding that a clause following a series of words applies 

equally to all of the words in the series).

In making this argument, however, Rompalo ignores the fact that the modifier, in this 

case the word “fraudulently,” does not come at the beginning or end of a series of words. Here, 

the General Assembly chose to place the modifier before the second word in the series, rather 

than the first, which indicates it did not intend the modifier to apply to all of the words in the 

series. Furthermore, unlike in Long, the disjunctive “or” is not used only between the last two 

words in the series. Rather, the disjunctive “or” is used between each word in the series. By its 

placement of the modifier and its use of multiple disjunctives, we conclude that the General 

Assembly intended the modifier “fraudulently” to apply only to the word that directly follows it.

Rompalo argues that this interpretation turns the statute, or at least the “destroy” part of 

the statute, into a strict liability crime. We disagree. “Specific intent is not an implicit element 

of every statutory crime . . . .” Johnson v. Commonwealth, 37 Va. App. 634, 640 (2002). The 

absence of a specific intent requirement does not mean that the statute dispenses with the mens 

rea element of a crime. If a statute does not require a specific intent, a general criminal intent is 

still required. See, e.g., United States v. Adderly, 529 F.2d 1178, 1181 (5th Cir. 1976) (“All 

crimes other than those imposing strict liability still require a degree of culpability, either 

knowledge, intent, recklessness, or willfulness.”). Accordingly, we conclude that the trial court 

did not err in concluding that “fraudulently” does not apply to “destroy.”

C. Hearsay and Relevance Objections

Rompalo argues that the trial court erred by sustaining the Commonwealth’s hearsay and 

relevance objections to his questions about the RM-3 form. “The Supreme Court has held that 
- 8 -

‘[a] party may not approbate and reprobate by taking successive positions in the course of 

litigation that are either inconsistent with each other or mutually contradictory.’” Nelson v. 

Commonwealth, 71 Va. App. 397, 403 (2020) (alterations in original) (quoting Rowe v. 

Commonwealth, 277 Va. 495, 502 (2009)). This doctrine prevents “litigants from ‘playing fast 

and loose’ with the courts, or ‘blowing hot and cold’ depending on their perceived self-interests.” 

Id. (citation omitted) (quoting Babcock & Wilcox Co. v. Areva NP, 292 Va. 165, 204-05 

(2016)).

Rompalo argued that the witnesses should not be able to testify that they believed the

document was destroyed because that was an ultimate issue of fact for the jury to decide.5 By 

arguing that the witnesses can testify about whether they filled out a document saying the records 

were destroyed, she was, in essence, asking the witnesses to state whether they believed the 

documents were destroyed. Because Rompalo took inconsistent positions in the trial court 

below, we will not now consider her argument on appeal.

D. Jury Instructions

Rompalo argues that the trial court erred in rejecting her proffered jury instructions, 

Instructions 10-A, 10-B, and 10-C, each of which included an instruction that “the destruction 

was done with fraudulent intent.” She based her argument on her contention that the trial court 

erred in finding that fraudulent intent to destroy was not required. Because we conclude that the 

5 Rompalo points out that her argument at the motion in limine was to prevent the 

Commonwealth’s witnesses from testifying that the records were destroyed. Her argument, 

however, was based on the ground that the witnesses should not be able to testify on an ultimate 

issue of fact. The trial court repeatedly pointed out that this would apply to both Rompalo 

herself, if she testified, and her other witnesses.
- 9 -

trial court did not err in its interpretation of the statute, we likewise find that the trial court did 

not err for refusing the jury instruction that required fraudulent intent.6

III. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the decisions of the trial court.

Affirmed.

6 The Commonwealth argues that Rompalo waived her argument relating to the jury 

instructions because she did not obtain a ruling on the proffered instructions. At the outset of the 

discussion about the jury instructions, Rompalo’s counsel told the trial court, 

based on the Court’s ruling with the motion to strike with respect 

to the intent element, I think that there’s going to be several 

instructions that I am going to offer them, Your Honor, but I would 

assume the Court will still have the same ruling with respect to the 

instructions. So we don’t need to belabor the point and have a lot 

of argument on it. I would just offer them, Your Honor.

The trial court agreed. Given the full context of the discussions, and other statements made by 

both Rompalo and the trial court, we conclude that Rompalo did not waive her jury instruction 

argument.