Filed 1 / 17 / 24
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

SECOND APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION SIX

MARK OLSON

,
Plaintiff and Appellant,

v.

PATRICK SAVILLE

,
Defendant and Respondent. 2d Civ. No. B 324465 (Super. Ct. No. 20CV02207 ) ( Santa Barbara County)

In this personal injury case, we hold the doctrine of primary assumption of the risk bars liability for injuries caused by a negligent surfer to a fellow surfer because those injuries were caused by risks inherent in the sport of surfing. Mark Olson appeals from the order grant ing summary judgment for r espondent Patrick Saville. Appellant contends
that triable issues of material fact exist as to whether respondent is protected by the primary assumption of risk doctrine. We disagree and will affirm

.2 FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND 1 Appellant and respondent were surfing in a group at
M i r a mar Beach in Montecito

. Respondent was riding a custom longboard without a leash. 2 Appellant caught a wave

. Respondent then “appeared out of nowhere ” and “ dr o p ped in ” on the wave without looking in appellant’s direction. 3 This forced appellant “to make a fast turn correction to his l eft toward the
beach ” and to “ exit into the white water to his left

. ” Appellant “grabbed both [ of

] his board rails (aka sides ) and pushed himself and the nose of the board slightly down and into the foam pile of whitewater toward the deeper water and away from respondent

. ” Respondent was still standing on his board heading toward the
shore. As appellant made his exit and ducked into the wave, respondent ’s board propelled backward and struck appellant ’s
torso and back. Appellant sued respondent for negligence. He alleged that respondent “intentionally entered the wave and intentionally cut off appellant’s path of travel

, thereby forcing appellant to exit the

1 We rely on undisputed facts and allegations in the complaint.

2 A longboard is a board that is “typically longer than nine feet in length.” ( Paul Caprara, Surf ’ s Up: The Implications of Tort Liability in the Unregulated Sport of Surfing (2008) 44 Cal. Western L.Rev. 557, 5 73, fn. 90 (Caprara)

. ) Respondent ’s longboard was 10 feet 4 inches long. A leash is a cord that attaches the ankle of the surfer to the tail end of the board.

3 “ Dropping in ” or “ shoulder

- hopping ” describes a surfer getting in the right of way of another surfer who is surfing the

same wave

. ” ( Caprara, supra , 44 Cal. Western L.Rev. at p. 571 .)3

wave.” He further alleged that respondent ’s “ fail ure to use a leash to control [ his ] longboard” and his use of a “ sharpened and deadly fin ” was “ reckless and displayed a w [a] nton disregard for the safety of others. ” R espondent moved for summary judgment on the ground that appellant ’s cause of action was barred under the primary assumption of risk doctrine

. The trial court granted the motion, finding “the inherent risks of the sport of surfing include surfers ‘dropping in’ on other surfers, not wearing leas h es while riding longboards of the type used by respondent , and using surfboards that have sharp fins .”
DISCUSSION Appellant does not dispute that the primary assumption of the risk doctrine applies to surfing. He contends , however, that summary judgment is not appropriate because triable issues of
material fact exist as to whether respondent acted recklessly or increased the sport’s inherent risks. Standard of Review “[A] motion for summary judgment shall be granted if all the papers submitted show that there is no triable issue as to any material fact and that the moving party is entitled to a judgment
as a matter of law.” (Code Civ. Proc., § 437c, subd. (c) .) 4 A defendant moving for summary judgment “bears the burden of persuasion that ‘one or more elements of’ the ‘ cause of action’ in question ‘cannot be established,’ or that ‘there is a complete
defense’ thereto. [Citation.]” ( Aguilar v. Atlantic Richfield Co. (2001) 25 C al. 4th 826, 850 ( Aguilar ); § 437c, subd. (p)(2).) “A defendant seeking summary judgment on the basis of primary assumption of the risk must establish ‘that the

4 All unlabeled statutory reference s are to the Code of Civil Procedure unless otherwise stated.4

defendant owed no legal duty to the plaintiff to prevent the harm of which the plaintiff complains.’ [Citation.]” ( Capri v. L.A. Fitness International, LLC (2006) 136 Cal.A pp. 4th 1078, 1087.)
If the defendant meets this burden, the burden of production shifts to the plaintiff to “set forth the specific facts showing that a
triable issue of material fact exists. ” (§ 437c, subd. (p)(2); Aguilar

, supra , 25 C al. 4th at p. 849.) “There is a triable issue of material fact if, and only if, the evidence would allow a reasonable trier of fact to find the underlying fact in favor of the party opposing the motion in accordance with the applicable standard of proof.” (

Aguilar , at p. 850, fn. omitted.) “On appeal from the granting of a motion for summary judgment, we examine the record de novo, liberally construing the evidence in support of the party opposing summary judgment and resolving doubts concerning the evidence in favor of that party.” ( Miller v. Department of Corrections (2005) 36 C al. 4th 446, 460.) Primary Assumption of Risk The primary assumption of risk doctrine “precludes liability for injuries arising from those risks deemed inherent in a sport.” ( Avila v. Citrus Community College Dist. (2006) 38
C al. 4th 148, 161 .) It “ rests on a straightforward policy
foundation: the need to avoid chilling vigorous participation in or sponsorship of recreational activities by imposing a tort duty to
eliminate or reduce the risks of harm inherent in those activities. It operates on the premise that imposing such a legal duty ‘ would
work a basic alteration

— or cause abandonment ’ of the activity. ” ( Nalwa v. Cedar Fair, L.P. (2012) 55 C al. 4th 1148, 1156 ( Nalwa )

, quoting Kahn v. East Side Union High School Dist. (2003) 31
C al. 4th 990, 1003 ( Kahn ). ) The doctrine applies both to sports5

and recreational activities “ ‘ involving an inherent risk of injury to voluntary participants

. . . where the risk cannot be eliminated without altering the fundamental nature of the activity. ’ ” ( Nalwa

, at p. 1156, quoting Beninati v. Black Rock City, LLC

. (2009) 175 Cal.A pp. 4th 650, 658.)

“ [D] efendants generally do not have a duty to protect the plaintiff from the risks inherent in the sport, or to eliminate risk from the sport, although they generally do have a duty not to
increase the risk of harm beyond what is inherent in the sport.” ( Kahn

, supra , 31 C al. 4th at p. 1004, citing Knight v. Jewett (1992)
3 C al. 4th 296, 315

- 316 ( Knight ), italics added.) A co participant breaches this duty only if he “ intentionally injures another player or engages in conduct that is so reckless as to be totally outside the range of the ordinary activity involved in the sport.” ( Knight

, at p. 320 .) “[C]onduct is within the range of ordinary activity involved in a sport if that conduct cannot be prohibited without deterring vigorous participation in the sport or otherwise fundamentally alter ing the nature of the sport

. ” ( Freeman v.
Hale (1994) 30 Cal.A pp. 4th 1388, 1396.) D etermining the nature of a defendant’s legal duty ( and the inherent risks that flow from the activity ) “depends heavily on the nature of the sport itself.” ( Knight , at p. 317.)

Appellant’s Injuries Resulted from
the Inherent Risks of Surfing “Judges deciding inherent risk questions under Knight may consider not only their own or common experience with the recreational activity involved but may also consult case law, other published materials, and documentary evidence introduced by the parties on a motion for summary judgment.” ( Nalwa

, supra , 55 C al. 4th at p. 1158.) Courts generally do not consider6

the legal conclusions of expert declarations but can receive

“ expert testimony on the customary practices in an arena of esoteric activity for purposes of weighing whether the inherent risks of the activity were increased by the defendant’s conduct.’ [Citation.]” (

Kahn

, supra , 31 Ca l. 4th at p. 1017.) O ur de novo
review includes such declarations to the extent they help us understand the sport of surfing. ( Towns v. Davidson (2007) 147
Cal.A pp. 4th 461, 472

- 473 , italics omitted [“ A court in its discretion could receive expert factual opinion to inform its
decision on these issues, particularly on the nature of an unknown or esoteric activity, but in no event may it receive expert evidence on the ultimate legal issues of inherent risk and duty. ” ] ; Kahn , supra, 31 Cal. 4th at p. 1017 [same].)
California courts have applied the doctrine to coparticipants in a variety of sports, such as snow skiing and
other non

- contact sports, but not yet to surfing. ( See

, Cheong v.
Antablin (1997) 16 Cal.4th 1063, 1066 ( Cheong ) [holding the doctrine barred a skier’s negligence claim against another skier who unintentionally injured him in a collision]; Shin v. Ahn (2007) 42 Cal.4th 482, 486 ( Shin ) [extending the doctrine to apply
to the non

- contact sport of golf].) We note that s now skiing and surfing have m uc h in common : (1) “both sports involve individual participants that use nature, either a mountain slope or wave, as a propulsion mechanism”; (2) “[b]oth require similar equipment
in the form of skis , snowboard

, or surfboard to participate”; and (3) “the most important similarity between skiing and surfing is
the use of the right

- of

- way custom to promote safety and order among participants.” (Caprara, supra , 44 Cal. West ern L

. Rev. at

p. 562.)7 Respondent submitted the declaration of Ian Cairn s , a champion surfer and coach

, who opined that surfing is an “extreme sport” with “many inherent risks.” Cairns stated it is

“ extremely common for surfers to ‘ wipe out ’ ” and lose control of
their board given the variability of ocean conditions

. “Because ‘wipeouts’ are so common, it is a known risk that a surfer may collide with another surfer, or another surfer’s board.” He explained the sport is largely regulated by unwritten safety

customs and practices he referred to as “ ‘ surfing etiquette

. ’ ” ( citing Caprara, supra , 44 Cal. Western L.Rev. at p. 571

. ) He stated, “ [t] he se r ules encompass such things as priority, right

- of

way, and sharing waves

. ” Nonetheless, “violating this surfing etiquette is common among surfers

. ” He further opined it is “not
uncommon for surfers to surf without a leash” and “ [ m ] any longboard surfers particularly enjoy the challenge and freedom of surfing without a leash” which otherwise c ould interfere with their footwork and speed. Lastly, Cairns noted that surfboards “contain between one and four fins, which assist the board with speed and stability” and that the fins are “very sharp and can inflict significant injury.” Appellant ’s expert did not oppose the core components of Cairn’s opinion. He did not dispute that surfers often violate
well

- established rules of etiquette. The experts appear to agree that surfers commonly collide and lose control of their board s; that boards have sharp fins that can cause injury ; and that some
surfers choose to forego leashes because they can inhibit speed and agility. The undisputed evidence shows that appellant’s injuries resulted from these risks

. We agree with the trial court
that t he primary assumption of the risk doctrine bars appellant’s8

negligence claim a bsent evidence that respondent recklessly or inc reased the sport’s inherent risks.
There I s No Evidence R espondent Acted Reckless ly
or Increased the Inherent Risks of Surfing Appellant relies primarily upon surfing expert Shaun
Tomson to support his contention that respondent ’s conduct was reckless

. Tomson explained th at “[o]ver time, the sport of surfing has adopted the Surfing C ode and R ules of E tiquette. ” According to Tomson, “surfers have a self

- managed obligation to observe the Surfers Code and Rules of Etiquette and not increase the risk of
harm to others in the water.” He described the rules of etiquette
as follows : ( 1) observe the right of way of other s ; ( 2) look for
other surfers before entering the wave ; ( 3) do not interfer e with

, “drop in” or cut off surfers already riding a wave ; ( 4) hold onto and do not let go of your board ; ( 5 ) wear a surf leash so you do not lose control of your board ; and ( 6 ) be aware and communicate
with others around you. Tomson opined that respondent’s blatant disregard of these rules constitute d a “conscious and wanton reckless disregard ” for the safety of fellow surfers, especially considering his experience in the sport

. Tomson supported his conclusions by citing the “Leash/Legrope Policy” found in the International Surfing Association Rule Book (ISA), which he describe d as “the World Governing Body for [ s ] urfing and all related activities.” The policy reads : “As a risk management precaution

. . . the ISA has a mandatory leash/legrope policy at events, due to the potential risk to other participants

. ” ( ISA Rule Boo k & Contest
Administration Manual , September 2023 Section D Competition Rules, s ubsection xvii (a), p.34 .) T he policy further states , “ [f] ree surfing with or without a leash is at the rider’s discretion9

however the ISA recommends the use of a leash if there is a possible danger to third parties.” ( Id

. , subsection xvii (b). ) Appellant analogizes respondent ’s failure to use a leash to the snowboard er’s failure to use a retention strap in Campbell v. Derylo (1999) 75 Cal.App.4th 823

. Campbell reversed the trial court’s granting of summary judgment for plaintiff on the grounds of primary assumption of risk, find ing defendant’s failure to use a retention strap “ increased the inherent risk of injury to coparticipants from a runaway snowboard. ” ( Id

., at

p

. 829. ) It n ot ed that a local ordinance as well as a “ Skier Responsibility Code ” posted at the ski resort require d the ir use. ( Ibid. ) The court also found that using a strap “ would not impede or alter the sport of snowboarding ” or “ chill or deter vigorous participation. ” ( Id.

, a t p. 830 .) We do not consider Campbell analogous

. N o law governs the use of surfboard leashes . No sign s were posted requiring the ir use at Miramar Beach. M ore significantly, appellant does not dispute Cairns ’ opinion that a
leash can alter the nature of the sport by interfering with a longboard surfer’s “ footwork and speed” and by pos ing a tripping
hazard to surfer s who “ walk ” on the ir board. ( Cf. Szarowicz v.
Birenbaum (2020) 58 Cal.App.5 th 146, 166 [ice hockey expert’s testimony that “open ice check [ ing ] ” in a “no

- check” game increased the sport’s inherent risks raised triable issues of fact to defeat summary judgment].) Appellant ’s expert merely described what could be done to
reduce the risks inherent in surfing

. Showing respondent could
have acted with more caution does not establish he acted recklessly

. Reckless conduct is more than “ ‘“ inadvertence ”’ ” or

“ ‘“ a failure to take precautions

. ”’ ” ( Towns v. Davidson

, supra , 147 Cal.App.4th at p. 470 , citing Delaney v. Baker (1999) 20 Cal.4th10

23, 31

- 32 .) It requires a “ ‘“ deliberate disregard ” of the “ high degree of probability ”’ ” that an injury will occur. ( I bi d .) Although b oth experts acknowledged respondent may not have
followed the rules of etiquette, we are wary of rely ing too heavily

on such guidelines when defining the scope of an activity’s
inherent risk s

. ( See , e.g., Shin

, supra , 42 Cal.4th at p. 497 , fn. 9 [ failure to follow golf etiquette of yelling “fore” to minimize chance of hitting other golfers with ball does not justify imposing liability].)
The undisputed evidence here showed that failure to follow the rules of etiquette is common in the surfing community

. A ppellant admitted: (1) he has witnessed other surfers riding a longboard without a leash; (2) a leash could obstruct some movement of an advanced surfer; (3) he has witnessed prior collisions between surfers; (4) he has witnessed another surfer failing to maintain control of their board; and (5) he personally has had surfers “drop

- in” or “shoulder

- hop” on his wave. Respondent ’s similar conduct , it follows, was not reckless or outside the range of the ordinary activity in surfing.

“ ‘ By eliminating liability for unintended accidents, the doctrine [of primary assumption of the risk] ensures that the fervor of athletic competition will not be chilled by the constant threat of litigation from every misstep, sharp turn and sudden
stop. ’ [Citation].” ( Cheong

, supra , 16 Cal.4th at pp. 1071

- 1072 .)
No trier of fact could reasonably find that respondent ’s conduct fell outside of the protection of the primary assumption of risk
doctrine. V igorous participation in surfing “ likely would be
chil led if legal liability were to be imposed ” in these
circumstances. (

Knight

, supra , 3 Cal.4th at p. 318.)11 DISPOSITION Judgment is affirmed

. R espondent shall recover his costs on appeal.
CERTIFIED FOR PUBLICATION

.

CODY , J.

We concur:

GILBERT, P. J.

YEGAN, J.12 Hon. Donna D. Geck , Judge Superior Court County of Santa Barbara

________________________________________

Law Office of Eric A. Woosley

, Eric A. Woosley ; The Law Offices of Bradford D. Brown, Bradford D. Brown, for Plaintiff and Appellant

. Freeman Mathis & Gary, Albert K. Alikin, Christian E. Foy Nagy, and Christopher J. Fleissner, for Defendant and Respondent.