IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

EASTERN DIVISION

JOY B., 

 Claimant,

 v. 

KILOLO KIJAKAZI, 

Acting Commissioner of Social 

Security, 

 Respondent.

 No. 20 C 3238

 Magistrate Judge Jeffrey T. Gilbert

 

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Joy B.1 (“Claimant”) seeks review of the final decision of Kilolo Kijakazi,2

Acting Commissioner of the Social Security Administration (“Commissioner”), 

denying her application for disability insurance benefits under Title II of the Social 

Security Act. Pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 636(c) and Local Rule 73.1, the parties 

consented to the exercise of jurisdiction of a United States Magistrate Judge for all 

proceedings, including entry of final judgment. [ECF No. 7]. This Court, therefore, 

has jurisdiction pursuant to 42 U.S.C. § 405(g). Claimant filed a Brief in Support of 

Reversing the Decision on the Commissioner of Social Security [ECF No. 19], which 

the Court construes as a motion, and the Commissioner filed a Motion for Summary 

1 Pursuant to Northern District of Illinois Local Rule 8.1 and Internal Operating Procedure 

22, the Court will identify the non-government party by using her first name and the first 

initial of the last name.

2 Kilolo Kijakazi became Acting Commissioner of the Social Security Administration on July 

9, 2021. Pursuant to Rule 25(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, the Court has 

substituted Acting Commissioner Kijakazi as the named defendant.

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Judgment [ECF No. 24]. This matter is fully briefed and ripe for decision. See [ECF 

Nos. 19, 24, 25, 26]. For the reasons discussed in this Memorandum Opinion and 

Order, Claimant’s Brief in Support of Reversing the Decision of the Commissioner of 

Social Security [ECF No. 19] is granted, and the Commissioner’s Motion for Summary 

Judgement [ECF No. 24] is denied. 

PROCEDURAL HISTORY

On September 13, 2017, Claimant filed a Title II application for a period of 

disability and disability insurance benefits, alleging a disability beginning on March 

16, 2016. (R.35). Her application was denied initially on November 8, 2017, and again 

on reconsideration on November 29, 2017, after which Claimant requested a hearing 

before an administrative law judge (“ALJ”). (R.35). On December 28, 2018, Claimant 

appeared and testified at a hearing before ALJ Edward Studzinski. (R.35). At the 

hearing, Claimant was represented by counsel. (R.35). During the hearing, the ALJ 

also heard testimony Tobey Andre, a vocational expert. (R.35). 

On May 7, 2019, the ALJ issued his decision denying Claimant’s application 

for disability insurance benefits. (R.35-46). In finding Claimant not disabled within 

the meaning of the Social Security Act, the ALJ followed the five-step evaluation 

process required by the Social Security Regulations for individuals over the age of 18. 

See 20 C.F.R. § 404.1520(a). At step one, the ALJ found Claimant met the insured 

status requirement of the Social Security Act through September 30, 2017, and that 

Claimant had not engaged in substantial gainful activity since March 16, 2016, the 

alleged onset date of her disability, through her date last insured. (R.37). At step two, 

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the ALJ found that Claimant has the following severe impairments: spine disorder, 

joint dysfunction, anxiety, and headaches. (R.37).

At step three, the ALJ found that Claimant did not have an impairment or 

combination of impairments that met or medically equaled the severity of one of the 

listed impairments in 20 C.F.R. Part 404, Subpart P, Appendix 1 (20 C.F.R. §§ 

404.1520(d), 404.1525, 404.1526). (R.38). In particular, the ALJ considered listings 

1.02, 1.04, 11.14, and 12.06 and concluded that Claimant did not manifest clinical 

signs or findings that met or equaled the criteria of any of those listings. (R.38). As to 

Listing 12.06, the ALJ also considered whether the “paragraph B” criteria were

satisfied and concluded that Claimant did not meet the paragraph B criteria. (R.38). 

The ALJ, however, did note that Claimant had moderate limitations in the following 

areas of functioning including: (1) understanding, remembering, or applying 

information; (2) interacting with others; (2) concentrating, persisting, or maintaining 

pace; and (4) adapting or managing oneself. (R.38-39). 

Before proceeding from step three to step four, the ALJ assessed Claimant’s 

residual functional capacity (“RFC”). 20 C.F.R. § 416.920(a)(4). “The RFC is the 

maximum that a claimant can still do despite his mental and physical limitations.”

Craft v. Astrue, 539 F.3d 668, 675-76 (7th Cir. 2008). Here, the ALJ concluded that 

Claimant had the following RFC: 

to lift and/or carry up to 10 pounds occasionally and lighter weights 

frequently, and has no limitations in her ability to sit throughout an 8 

hour workday. The claimant can stand and/or walk for ten continuous 

minutes, and for a total of two out of eight hours. The claimant needs to 

alternate her position such that she stands or walks for up to 5 minutes 

after sitting for an hour. While doing so, she would not need to be off 

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task. The claimant can occasionally climb ramps and stairs, and she can 

occasionally stoop, kneel, balance, crouch and crawl, but she can never 

climb ladders, ropes or scaffold. She can frequently reach in all 

directions including overhead. She can frequently us her hand to 

perform fine or gross manipulation, but cannot perform forceful 

grasping or torqueing [sic], nor can she use vibrating hand tools. The 

claimant should avoid concentrated exposure to light or noise exceeding 

office-type environments. The claimant is limited to working in nonhazardous environments, i.e., no driving at work, operating moving 

machinery, working at unprotected heights or around exposed flames 

and unguarded large bodies of water, and she should avoid concentrated 

exposure to unguarded hazardous machinery. The claimant is further 

limited to simple, routine tasks, work involving no more than simple 

decision-making, no more than occasional and minor changes in the 

work setting, and work requiring the exercise of only simple judgment. 

She ought not perform work which requires multitasking. She could 

perform work requiring an average production pace, but is incapable of 

significantly above average or highly variable production pace work. She 

ought not perform work which requires significant self direction [sic]. 

She is further precluded from work involving direct public service, in 

person or over the phone, although the claimant can tolerate brief and 

superficial interaction with the public which is incidental to her primary 

job duties. She is unable to work in crowded, hectic environments. The 

claimant can tolerate brief and superficial interaction with supervisors 

and coworkers, but is not to engage in tandem tasks.

(R.39-40). At step four, the ALJ determined that Claimant could not perform her past 

relevant work. (R.44). At step five, the ALJ considered Claimant’s age, education, 

work experience, and RFC and concluded that she had the ability to make a successful 

adjustment to other jobs that existed in significant numbers in the national economy. 

(R.46). 

After completing the five-step evaluation process required by the Social 

Security Regulations, the ALJ found Claimant was not disabled under the Social 

Security Act. (R.45-46). The Appeals Council declined to review the matter on July 

22, 2020, making the ALJ’s decision the final decision of the Commissioner. (R.1-6).

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Therefore, this Court now has jurisdiction to review this matter. See 42 U.S.C. § 

405(g); see also Smith v. Berryhill, 139 S. Ct. 1765, 1775 (2019); Haynes v. Barnhart, 

416 F.3d 621, 626 (7th Cir. 2005).

STANDARD OF REVIEW

When a claimant files an application for disability benefits, she bears the 

burden under the Social Security Act to bring forth evidence that proves her 

impairments are so severe that they prevent the performance of any substantial 

gainful activity. 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(5)(A); see Bowen v. Yuckert, 482 U.S. 137, 147–48 

(1987) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 423(d)(1)(A)). A five-step inquiry controls whether an 

individual is eligible for disability benefits under the Social Security Act, which the 

Seventh Circuit has summarized as follows:

The ALJ must consider whether: (1) the claimant is presently employed; (2) 

the claimant has a severe impairment or combination of impairments; (3) the 

claimant’s impairment meets or equals any impairment listed in the 

regulations as being so severe as to preclude substantial gainful activity; (4) 

the claimant’s residual functional capacity leaves him unable to perform his 

past relevant work; and (5) the claimant is unable to perform any other work 

existing in significant numbers in the national economy.”

Butler v. Kijakazi, 4 F.4th 498, 501 (7th Cir. 2021) (citing Briscoe ex rel. Taylor v. 

Barnhart, 425 F.3d 345, 351-52 (7th Cir. 2005); 20 C.F.R. §§ 404.1520, 416.920). The 

claimant bears the burden of proof at steps one through four, but the burden shifts to 

the Commissioner at step five. Gedatus v. Saul, 994 F.3d 893, 898 (7th Cir. 2021); 

Wilder v. Kijakazi, 22 F.4th 644 (7th Cir. 2022). 

A decision by an ALJ becomes the Commissioner’s final decision if the Appeals 

Council denies a request for review. See Sims v. Apfel, 530 U.S. 103, 106-07 (2000). 

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Judicial review is limited to determining whether an ALJ’s decision is supported by 

substantial evidence in the record and whether the ALJ applied the correct legal 

standard in reaching his decision. See Nelms v. Astrue, 553 F.3d 1093, 1097 (7th Cir. 

2009). The reviewing court may enter a judgment “affirming, modifying, or reversing 

the decision of the Commissioner of Social Security, with or without remanding the 

cause for a rehearing.” 42 U.S.C. § 405(g).

Substantial evidence “means—and means only—such relevant evidence as a 

reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Biestek v. 

Berryhill, 139 S.Ct. 1148, 1154 (2019) (internal quotations omitted); see also 

Richardson v. Perales, 402 U.S. 389, 401 (1971). A “mere scintilla” of evidence is not 

enough. Biestek, 139 S.Ct. at 1154; Scott v. Barnhart, 297 F.3d 589, 593 (7th Cir. 

2002). Even when there is adequate evidence in the record to support the decision, 

the findings will not be upheld if the ALJ does not “build an accurate and logical 

bridge from the evidence to the conclusion.” Berger v. Astrue, 516 F.3d 539, 544 (7th 

Cir. 2008) (internal quotations omitted). In other words, if the Commissioner’s 

decision lacks evidentiary support or adequate discussion of the issues, it cannot 

stand. See Villano v. Astrue, 556 F.3d 558, 562 (7th Cir. 2009). 

Though the standard of review is deferential, a reviewing court must “conduct 

a critical review of the evidence” before affirming the Commissioner’s decision. 

Eichstadt v. Astrue, 534 F.3d 663, 665 (7th Cir. 2008) (internal quotations omitted). 

The reviewing court may not, however, “displace the ALJ’s judgment by reconsidering 

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facts or evidence, or by making independent credibility determinations.” Elder v. 

Astrue, 529 F.3d 408, 413 (7th Cir. 2008). 

ANALYSIS

Claimant asserts three arguments in challenging the ALJ’s decision: (1) the 

ALJ improperly assessed her physical RFC; (2) the ALJ improperly assessed her 

mental RFC; and (3) the ALJ failed to address her subjective symptoms and 

complaints. See generally Claimant’s Brief [ECF No. 19]. In response, the 

Commissioner contends there is very little objective medical evidence in the record 

during the relevant time period to support Claimant’s alleged limitations and 

allegations of disability, and the ALJ did what was minimally required in the course 

of finding Claimant not disabled prior to September 30, 2017. See Commissioner’s 

Brief [ECF No. 24]. Essentially, the Commissioner argues the medical evidence in the 

record does not corroborate Claimant’s assertions of disability and limited 

functionality and the ALJ reasonably concluded Claimant is not disabled. The Court 

agrees with Claimant that this case must be remanded to the agency for further 

proceedings.

As to Claimant’s arguments challenging the ALJ’s findings on Claimant’s 

physical and mental RFC, the standard of review for these arguments is clear and 

not controversial. An ALJ’s analysis of a claimant’s RFC “must say enough to enable 

review of whether the ALJ considered the totality of a claimant’s limitations.”

Lothridge v. Saul, 984 F.3d 1227, 1233 (7th Cir. 2021). An ALJ is not required to 

provide a complete and written evaluation of every piece of testimony and evidence, 

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but he must build a logical bridge from the evidence to his conclusion. Minnick v. 

Colvin, 775 F.3d 929, 935 (7th Cir. 2015). It is well-settled law that mere boilerplate 

statements and conclusions cannot support an ALJ’s decision, and an ALJ must set 

forth “specific reasons” for discounting subjective reports of symptoms. See Myles v. 

Astrue, 582 F.3d 672, 676 (7th Cir. 2009), citing Moss v. Astrue, 555 F.3d 556, 561 

(7th Cir. 2009); Steele v. Barnhart, 290 F.3d 936, 941-42 (7th Cir. 2002). An ALJ’s 

sparse explanation frustrates the court’s ability to engage in a meaningful review of 

his decision. Eakin v. Astrue, 432 Fed. Appx. 607, 611 (7th Cir. 2011). 

The predominant theme in the ALJ’s opinion is that this case involves an 

application for disability benefits for a relatively narrow period of time from March 

2016 through September 2017 and that most of Claimant’s complaints and the 

medical evidence submitted come after September 2017, which is after her date last 

insured. Specifically, the ALJ stated: “Treatment records do not document consistent 

treatment since the alleged onset date through the date last insured. Many of 

claimant’s complaints and much of her treatment history began shortly after her date 

last insured.” (R.40-41). The Court agrees with the ALJ that there is very little 

objective medical evidence to support Claimant’s limitations and complaints of 

disabling pain during the relevant time period. But that is not the end of the Court’s 

analysis, and it should not have been the end of the ALJ’s analysis. 

Notwithstanding the lack of medical evidence during the relevant time period 

that would support a disability finding, the ALJ also must “build an accurate and 

logical bridge between the evidence and the result.” Shramek v. Apfel, 226 F.3d 809, 

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811 (7th Cir. 2000) (internal quotations omitted); see also Fisher v. Berryhill, 760 F. 

App’x 471, 476 (7th Cir. 2019) (explaining that a ruling is not supported by 

substantial evidence if the ALJ “fails to build a logical and accurate bridge between 

the evidence and conclusion”). Indeed, “[w]ithout an adequate explanation, neither 

the applicant nor subsequent reviewers will have a fair sense of how the applicant’s 

testimony is weighed.” Steele, 290 F.3d at 942; see also Briscoe ex rel. Taylor v. 

Barnhart, 425 F.3d 345, 351 (7th Cir. 2005) (“[T]he ALJ must [ ] explain his analysis 

of the evidence with enough detail and clarity to permit meaningful appellate 

review.”).

In this case, the ALJ summarized the medical evidence in the record, but did

not explain how that evidence supports the RFC finding. A general discussion of the 

medical record does not satisfy an ALJ’s obligation to explain how he arrived at his 

RFC finding and does not create the logical bridge from the evidence to his 

conclusion. See Samuel v. Barnhart, 316 F. Supp. 2d 768, 772 (E.D. Wis. Apr. 29, 

2004) (“By failing to include in his narrative discussion a description of how the 

medical evidence supported his findings, the ALJ committed a clear error of law.”); see 

also Scott v. Astrue, 647 F.3d 734, 740 (7th Cir. 2011) (remanding the case after the 

ALJ failed to explain how she reached her conclusions about the plaintiff’s physical 

capabilities in assessing her RFC). Although the ALJ’s RFC finding is very detailed

and contains numerous specific limitations, the ALJ does not explain how he 

determined those limitations and on what evidence he relied.

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In the Court’s view, the ALJ did not articulate any analysis he conducted of 

the evidence or explain how he determined Claimant’s RFC and concluded that 

Claimant was not as disabled as she claims she was prior to September 30, 2017. The 

ALJ’s decision contains no markers for the Court to follow and discern the path the 

ALJ followed in reaching his conclusion. The Court cannot assume or speculate what 

the ALJ was thinking to support the RFC limitations. Simply citing a few specific 

medical facts or exhibits in the record is not enough. See SSR 96-8p (requiring that 

the “RFC assessment must include a narrative discussion describing how the 

evidence supports the conclusion”). The ALJ erred by not providing a narrative 

discussion of how the record evidence supported his determination that Claimant is 

limited to performing a restricted range of sedentary work activities. The Court is left 

with two critical and dispositive questions: (1) how does the clinical evidence support 

the ALJ’s RFC assessment; and (2) how does the ALJ account for Claimant’s 

subjective complaints in that RFC assessment? Nowhere in his opinion does the ALJ 

answer these questions.

The Commissioner argues that there is very little evidence in the record to 

support a finding of disability, and the Court agrees. The problem, however, is that 

the Court does not understand how the ALJ came up with the limitations and 

restrictions he imposed for Claimant’s RFC. The only opinions from the relevant 

period limited Claimant to medium work, but the ALJ went further and restricted 

Claimant to sedentary work. (R.39-40, 94-96, 107-10). The Court recognizes that the 

ALJ provided several reasons for discounting Claimant’s allegations, including that 

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she had minimal treatment during the March 2016 to September 2017 relevant time 

period and that there were significant breaks in treatment during that time. While 

these are valid reasons to support a finding that Claimant was not disabled during 

the relevant time period, the Court does not understand how the ALJ determined 

that Claimant was capable of sedentary work with additional limitations. (R.39-40). 

The Commissioner argues the ALJ credited Claimant’s allegations more than 

any other medical opinion to fashion a less than sedentary RFC, but the Court cannot 

speculate about what was in the ALJ’s mind based on the Commissioner’s 

explanation rather than an explanation from the ALJ himself. Commissioner’s Br. 

[ECF No. 25], at 12-13. The Court must consider only what the ALJ said, or did not 

say as the case may be, when determining whether his decision is supported by 

substantial evidence. In this case, the ALJ’s opinion is sorely lacking in that respect.

Because the Court cannot decipher how the ALJ reached his conclusion that Claimant 

can perform a restricted range of sedentary work, it cannot connect the dots to 

determine whether there is substantial evidence to support Claimant’s RFC, and the 

Court will not speculate about that important issue. Ultimately, the ALJ’s brief 

summary of Claimant’s testimony and the chronological recitation of the contents of 

Claimant’s medical records and treatment history is not legally sufficient, and it does 

not provide any explanation of how Claimant’s subjective complaints were taken into 

account by the ALJ. 

The ALJ also did not address Claimant’s testimony about her pain, and he 

failed to explain how he resolved Claimant’s complaints with his finding that she is 

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cable of sustained work. The Seventh Circuit has repeatedly noted, “pain alone can 

be disabling,” Stark v. Colvin, 813 F.3d 684 (7th Cir. 2016), even in the absence of 

objective test results that evidence a disabling condition. Carradine v. Barnhart, 360 

F.3d 751, 753 (7th Cir. 2004). As discussed above, the Court recognizes there is 

minimal medical evidence in the record and it appears that Claimant did not receive 

significant treatment during the relevant period for the impairments she alleges 

cause her disability. It is not clear if her alleged impairments and the resulting pain 

existed or substantially limited her ability to engage in substantial gainful activity

prior to her application for disability benefits. Nonetheless, Claimant testified she 

had significant neck pain and headaches, needed to lay down throughout the day, and 

had limitations in her ability to sit, stand and walk. (R.73-77).

Although the ALJ is not required to accept Claimant’s testimony about her 

pain or any other complaints without question, the ALJ must minimally explain why 

he did not fully credit Claimant’s testimony, and he did not do so here. The Court 

cannot, and will not, make assumptions about how the ALJ evaluated and weighed 

the evidence and Claimant’s testimony. See Briscoe, 425 F.3d at 352 (finding that an 

ALJ must explain how the evidence supports their specific functional 

restrictions); Scott v. Astrue, 647 F.3d 734, 740-41 (7th Cir. 2011) (holding that an 

ALJ must consider claimant reports on the limiting pain of their medically 

determinable impairments). Therefore, the case must be remanded for further 

explanation from the ALJ. On remand, the Court encourages the ALJ to provide a 

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more fulsome explanation of his analysis and how he determined the limitations in 

Claimant’s RFC.

The Court is mindful of the deference that is owed to an ALJ’s decision under 

the substantial evidence standard and that a reviewing court should not substitute 

its judgment for that of the ALJ’s by reweighing the evidence. Although this standard 

is generous, it is not entirely uncritical. Clifford v. Apfel, 227 F.3d 863, 869 (7th Cir. 

2000). In this case, the ALJ’s explanation of Claimant’s RFC and his assessment of 

Claimant’s subjective complaints and testimony are deficient, and remand is required 

for those reasons. This is not an instance in which the Court is reweighing the 

evidence differently than the ALJ. Here, the ALJ simply recited the record evidence 

without explaining on what evidence he relied and how he weighed it in the first 

place. That does not mean the Court agrees with Claimant that she is disabled and 

cannot work within the meaning of the applicable law. There is very little evidence 

in the record to support that conclusion. However, the ALJ did not explain his

decisional process sufficiently for the Court to be able to conclude that his ultimate 

decision on Claimant’s RFC is supported by substantial evidence under the 

controlling standard of review. When an ALJ’s decision “lacks evidentiary support or 

is so poorly articulated as to prevent meaningful review,” as is the case here, the case 

must be remanded. Steele, 290 F.3d at 940.

CONCLUSION

For the reasons discussed above, Claimant’s Brief in Support of Reversing the 

Decision of the Commissioner of Social Security [ECF No. 19] is granted, and the 

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Commissioner’s Motion for Summary Judgement [ECF No. 24] is denied. This case is 

remanded to the Social Security Administration for further proceedings consistent 

with this Memorandum Opinion and Order. 

It is so ordered.

 ____________________________________ 

 Jeffrey T. Gilbert

United States Magistrate Judge

Dated: January 25, 2023 

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