Filed 4/19/22 Marriage of C.J. & T.R. CA4/1

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED IN OFFICIAL REPORTS

California Rules of Court, rule 8.1115(a), prohibits courts and parties from citing or relying on opinions not certified for 

publication or ordered published, except as specified by rule 8.1115(b). This opinion has not been certified for publication

or ordered published for purposes of rule 8.1115. 

COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

In re the Marriage of C.J. and T.R.

C.J.,

Respondent,

v.

T.R.,

Appellant.

 D078273

 (Super. Ct. No. 17FL008621E)

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, 

Frank L. Birchak, Judge. Reversed with directions.

Sidley Austin, David Ryan Carpenter, Andrew B. Talai, Alexandria 

Vanessa Ruiz; Paula C. Salazar; Community Legal Aid SoCal, Sarah 

Reisman, Michelle Kotval, Erica Embree, Janista Lee; for Appellant.

Winston & Strawn, Diana Hughes Leiden, Aaron Chase O’Dell, Nicole 

G. Malick; Amy C. Poyer, for California Women’s Law Center, et al., as Amici 

Curiae on behalf of Appellant.

No appearance for Respondent.
2

C.J. and T.R. were married in July 2016. They separated two days 

later. The next year, C.J. petitioned for annulment of their marriage based 

on T.R.’s alleged fraud or, in the alternative, dissolution based on 

irreconcilable differences. Claiming his efforts to locate T.R. were 

unsuccessful, C.J. obtained a family court order authorizing service by 

publication. After T.R. did not appear at a court proceeding, the family court 

entered her default and granted a judgment of nullity based on fraud.

After T.R. became aware of the default judgment, she moved to vacate 

the judgment, arguing she did not have actual notice of the action. (Code Civ. 

Proc., § 473.5.)1 In the alternative, T.R. sought relief based on mistake or 

surprise, maintaining she was in contact with C.J. by text message before 

and during the time he filed his petition but C.J. concealed it from her. The 

family court denied T.R.’s motion on the ground that her lack of notice was 

caused by her avoidance of service of process.

T.R. contends the court should have granted the motion on the grounds 

presented. She also contends the default judgment was void because C.J. 

made material misrepresentations in his application for a publication order. 

We conclude the trial court abused its discretion by denying relief 

under section 473.5. T.R. did not have actual notice of the action, and the 

evidence does not support the court’s finding that her lack of notice was 

caused by her avoidance of service of process. We therefore reverse.

FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

C.J. filed a petition for annulment or dissolution and stated in a 

supporting declaration: “[T.R.] left and would not tell me where she was 

going. She has never returned and I do not know her whereabouts.” C.J. 

1 Subsequent statutory references are to the Code of Civil Procedure.
3

asserted that T.R.’s “whole purpose . . . in marrying [him] was to obtain 

documentation for a green card or to become a US citizen.”

In May 2018, C.J. applied for an order authorizing service by 

publication in a San Diego County newspaper of general circulation. C.J. 

stated in a declaration he last saw or had contact with T.R. on the date of 

their separation, two days after their marriage. He maintained that T.R.’s 

“whereabouts” were “currently unknown.” He said he had “been trying for 

some time to locate and serve” T.R. He had been unable to find her residence 

or business address. A private investigator submitted a declaration 

describing his efforts to locate T.R., including searching various databases 

and social media services. He said he was unsuccessful. 

The trial court granted C.J.’s application for a publication order, and a 

San Diego newspaper published a copy of the summons to T.R. for four weeks 

in June 2018. After T.R. did not appear, the trial court in August 2018 

entered a default judgment of nullity, based on C.J.’s allegations of fraud by 

T.R. 

In October 2019, T.R. filed a motion to vacate and set aside her default 

and the resulting judgment based on her lack of notice under section 473.5, 

as well as her mistake or surprise.

T.R. said in her supporting declaration that she met C.J. online in June 

2016. T.R. was living in Orange County, while C.J. lived in El Cajon, San 

Diego County. After about a month, C.J. said they did not need to “waste 

time dating” and asked T.R. to marry him. T.R. did not accept right away, 

but she eventually decided that C.J. was “the right person” for her. He had 

“well thought out plans for the future” and was willing to care for her autistic 

son. They were married in Las Vegas and returned to C.J.’s home in El 

Cajon. Two days later, T.R. left and returned to her home in Orange County. 
4

She said she married C.J. in good faith but she left because C.J. “subjected 

[her] to battery, including physical violence and sexual violence, as well as 

extreme cruelty.” T.R. lived at a domestic violence shelter in Orange County 

from December 2016 through February 2017, and she lived at a domestic 

violence nonprofit program in Los Angeles County from February 2017 

through August 2017. After August 2017, T.R. lived in Orange County.

T.R. said she was in contact with C.J. from August 2017 through May

2018 but he did not tell her he was filing for divorce. T.R. provided copies of

text messages they apparently exchanged before and during this period.

In January 2017, several months after their separation, C.J. pressured 

T.R. to return. For example, he wrote, “I want you to stop playing games 

start acting like a wife and make your husband happy get pregnant like we 

planned and make are family whole [sic].” He warned T.R. that 

“immigration” called him about their wedding, and they “[d]id not sound like 

they where [sic] happy or liked what was said.” The next month, C.J. told 

T.R. he loved and needed her. C.J. sent text messages and called T.R., urging 

her to return to him.

In July 2017, the month before C.J. filed his petition for annulment or 

dissolution, he asked T.R. for her address. T.R. asked why, and C.J. 

answered, “Paperwork.” T.R. responded, “Divorce?,” but C.J. said, “Your 

bills.” They continued to go back and forth until C.J. eventually demanded, 

in all capital letters, “GIVE ME YOUR ADDRESS.” T.R. responded, “You are 

still the same[.] I’m so disappointed with you.” T.R. asked if C.J. had filed 

for divorce, but he would not respond. C.J. eventually told T.R. she was 

“breaking the law” if she did not provide her address and “things will go very 

bad” for T.R. with immigration unless she cooperated.
5

Two months later, after C.J. filed his petition, T.R. asked if they were 

still married or if C.J. had filed for divorce. C.J. avoided the question, and 

his responses were unclear. T.R. said, “You are supposed to send me the 

divorce papers,” but C.J. told her, “Get your own divorce.” T.R. went on, “I 

don’t need to since you already did,” but C.J. appears to have denied doing so.

In April 2018, C.J. in messages repeatedly called T.R. his wife. T.R. 

asked, “Why you don’t file divorce [sic].” C.J. said, “I cant i dont have your 

address [sic].” T.R. responded, “You don’t need it,” but C.J. went on, “And i 

dont want to [sic].”

In her declaration, T.R. said she first learned of the nullity or 

dissolution action in August 2019. She did not see the published summons. 

Except for the two days after their marriage, T.R. had not lived in San Diego 

County. C.J. was aware T.R. lived in Orange County and had no connections 

to San Diego other than him. T.R. maintained she would have rebutted 
6

C.J.’s allegations of fraud if she had been aware of the action. She asserted 

she married C.J. in good faith and left him because of domestic violence.2

The trial court held a hearing on T.R.’s motion. Both C.J. and T.R. 

were present. The court asked C.J. why he said his last contact with T.R. 

occurred two days after their marriage, although they continued to 

correspond by text message. C.J. responded that was the last time he saw 

T.R. or knew her location.

The court in its ruling focused on T.R.’s refusal to provide C.J. with her 

address. It found that C.J.’s “statements about his inability to find” T.R. 

were accurate. T.R. “refused to provide [C.J.] information” about her location 

and “did not provide any alternative method for [C.J.] to obtain some form of 

address to send [her] documents or to have [her] served.” The court denied 

T.R.’s motion based on a finding that T.R. “evaded the service of process” and 

agreed publication was the only way to serve her. 

2 In her motion and declaration, T.R. said she had attached a proposed 

response to C.J.’s petition. It was not filed or lodged with the trial court. 

T.R. requests judicial notice of (1) a “return sheet” from the trial court clerk’s 

office rejecting her attempt to lodge a document, (2) an unfiled notice of 

intent to lodge a 71-page exhibit consisting of communications between T.R. 

and C.J. or his daughter, and (3) T.R.’s unfiled proposed response to C.J.’s 

petition. We grant the request for judicial notice of the return sheet, which is 

an official act of the trial court, and we take judicial notice of its existence 

under Evidence Code section 452, subdivision (c). The return sheet shows the 

clerk rejected a document based on the clerk’s misreading of the trial court 

case number. However, T.R. has not shown the remaining two documents 

are judicially noticeable. She argues that the documents are court records

under subdivision (d) of the statute. We disagree. These documents are not 

court records; they were not filed or lodged in any court. T.R. points out the 

documents are on Judicial Council forms. But this fact alone does not make 

them court records.
7

DISCUSSION

Section 473.5 provides for relief from default when service of a 

summons has not resulted in actual notice to a party in time to defend the 

action. (§ 473.5, subd. (a).) A motion under the statute “shall be 

accompanied by an affidavit showing under oath that the party’s lack of 

actual notice in time to defend the action was not caused by his or her 

avoidance of service or inexcusable neglect.” (§ 473.5, subd. (b).) The party 

must also serve and file “a copy of the answer, motion, or other pleading 

proposed to be filed in the action.” (Ibid.) The motion must be filed within a 

reasonable time, but no later than two years after entry of default or 180

days after service of a written notice that the default or default judgment has 

been entered. (§ 473.5, subd. (a).)

“Trial court rulings on motions for relief from default are subject to an 

abuse of discretion standard.” (Luxury Asset Lending, LLC v. Philadelphia 

Television Network, Inc. (2020) 56 Cal.App.5th 894, 907.) We consider 

whether the trial court’s “decision exceeded the bounds of reason in light of 

the circumstances before the court. [Citation.] In doing so, we determine 

whether the trial court’s factual findings are supported by substantial 

evidence [citation] and independently review its statutory interpretations 

and legal conclusions.” (County of San Diego v. Gorham (2010) 186

Cal.App.4th 1215, 1230.)

“Even so, ‘[w]ith respect to setting aside a default judgment, it is the 

policy of the law to favor, whenever possible, a hearing on the merits, and 

appellate courts are much more disposed to affirm an order where the result 

is to compel a trial on the merits than they are when the judgment by default 

is allowed to stand and it appears that a substantial defense could be made.’ ” 
8

(Luxury Asset Lending, LLC v. Philadelphia Television Network, Inc., supra, 

56 Cal.App.5th at pp. 907-908.)

Based on our review, the trial court abused its discretion by denying 

T.R.’s motion under the circumstances here. T.R. established each element 

required for relief under the statute. First, T.R. did not have actual notice of 

the nullity or dissolution action. (§ 473.5, subd. (a).) “ ‘[A]ctual notice’ ” 

means “genuine knowledge of the party litigant,” as opposed to imputed or 

constructive notice. (Rosenthal v. Garner (1983) 142 Cal.App.3d 891, 895.) 

In her declaration, T.R. states she was unaware of the action until August

2019, two years after the default judgment. Based on their text messages, 

T.R. seemingly believed C.J. would file for divorce at some point. But, in 

response to T.R.’s questions, C.J. denied he had filed and told T.R. to “[g]et 

your own divorce”—even though C.J. had filed his petition two months 

earlier, and concealed the existence of the action. Moreover, even if T.R. had 

suspected C.J. filed his petition, any “fragmentary” and “unconfirmed” 

statements to that effect were insufficient to provide T.R. with actual notice 

under the statute. (See Olvera v. Olvera (1991) 232 Cal.App.3d 32, 41

[affirming a finding of no actual notice, where the defendant was aware of the 

lawsuit but not the specific claims against her].)

Second, T.R.’s lack of notice was not caused by her avoidance of service, 

and the trial court’s contrary finding is not supported by the evidence. 

(§ 473.5, subd. (b).) T.R. was in contact with C.J. and did not avoid 

communications from him. C.J. demanded T.R.’s address, but he did not say 

it was for service of process. C.J. claimed he could not file for divorce without 

her address—even though C.J. had already filed his petition. When T.R. told 

C.J. he did not need her address, he replied he did not want to file for divorce, 

thereby cutting off any discussion about methods of service. T.R. was not 
9

required to simply give C.J. her address, nor was her residence address 

necessary for service of process. T.R. could have accepted personal service in 

a public place, for example. And, rather than concealing it, C.J. could have 

told T.R. by text message that the action was pending. We note that T.R. 

may have had valid reasons to keep her address confidential from C.J., 

including because she was living at a domestic violence shelter (see Pen. 

Code, § 273.7, subd. (a) [prohibiting “malicious[ ]” disclosure of a shelter’s 

location]) or because she feared for her safety based on her past interactions 

with C.J. T.R.’s refusal to provide C.J. with her address does not support a 

finding she was avoiding service of process under the circumstances here. 

(Cf. Rios v. Singh (2021) 65 Cal.App.5th 871, 876-877, 883 [describing a 

defendant’s efforts to avoid service of process, including failing to 

acknowledge receipt of mailing, refusing to meet with a private investigator,

threatening retaliation if the lawsuit were not withdrawn, and affirmatively 

stating he would not cooperate with service of process].)3

Third, T.R. substantially complied with the statute’s requirement that 

she provide a copy of her proposed answer to C.J.’s petition. (§ 473.5, subd.

(b).) As one court explained in an analogous context, “Because the purpose of 

the proposed answer requirement is to provide the delinquent party with an 

opportunity to show good faith and readiness to answer the allegations of the 

3 For similar reasons, the record does not support a finding that T.R.’s 

lack of notice was caused by her inexcusable neglect. (§ 473.5, subd. (b).) On 

the contrary, T.R. consistently sought information from C.J. regarding a 

potential dissolution action, but C.J. concealed and misrepresented the fact 

that he had already filed one. “ ‘Unless inexcusable neglect is clear, the 

policy favoring trial on the merits prevails. [Citation.] Doubts are resolved 

in favor of the application for relief from default [citation], and reversal of an 

order denying relief results.’ ” (Tunis v. Barrow (1986) 184 Cal.App.3d 1069, 

1079.)
10

complaint, courts have held substantial compliance to be sufficient. On this 

point, our Supreme Court observed: ‘The plain object of the provision was 

simply to require the delinquent party seeking leave to contest on the merits, 

to show his good faith and readiness to at once file his answer in the event 

that leave is granted by producing a copy of the proposed answer for the 

inspection of his adversary and the court.’ ” (Carmel, Ltd. v. Tavoussi (2009) 

175 Cal.App.4th 393, 402.) Here, although T.R.’s proposed answer is not 

properly a part of the record on appeal (see fn. 2, ante), the record shows she 

prepared a proposed answer and attempted to include it with her motion.

This effort is sufficient to show substantial compliance. (See Carmel, at pp.

402-403 [reversing a finding of no substantial compliance where defendants 

attempted to file their proposed answer and proffered a copy at the hearing].) 

Moreover, even in the absence of a proposed pleading, T.R. substantially 

complied with the statute by stating in her declaration that her marriage was 

in good faith, she left because of C.J.’s physical and sexual abuse, and she 

would have contested C.J.’s petition if she had been aware of it. (See

Mechling v. Asbestos Defendants (2018) 29 Cal.App.5th 1241, 1247 [a 

declaration may show a defaulted defendant has a meritorious defense].)

Although the trial court does not appear to have considered this requirement, 

it would have been an abuse of discretion for the court to have denied relief 

on this basis.

Finally, T.R.’s motion was timely. (§ 473.5, subd. (a).) T.R. filed her 

motion within two months of learning about the default judgment against 

her. This interval is reasonable under the circumstances. And, because T.R. 

was not served with written notice of default, she had two years after entry of 

the default judgment to file her motion. (Ibid.) Her motion was filed within 

this period as well.
11

In sum, T.R. showed she had no actual notice of the nullity or 

dissolution action, her lack of notice was not caused by her avoiding service of 

process (or inexcusable neglect), she substantially complied with the statute’s 

requirement of filing a proposed answer, and her motion was timely filed. 

Her motion should have been granted, and the trial court abused its 

discretion by denying it. In light of our conclusion, we need not consider 

T.R.’s alternative arguments for reversal.

DISPOSITION

The order is reversed. On remand, the trial court is directed to (1)

enter a new order granting T.R.’s motion, (2) set aside T.R.’s default and the 

default judgment, and (3) allow T.R. to defend the action. T.R. is entitled to 

her costs on appeal. 

O’ROURKE, Acting P. J.

WE CONCUR:

AARON, J.

IRION, J.