NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

JANA A. SMITH, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

JILL LIMERICK, 

Defendant-Appellee, 

JAMES SANSONE, 

Defendant-Appellee, 

and 

BARBARA WILT, 

Defendant.

No. 23-35476 

D.C. No. 1:17-cv-00712-AA 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Oregon

Ann L. Aiken, District Judge, Presiding

Submitted August 23, 2024**

Portland, Oregon

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

FILED

SEP 17 2024

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

Before: WALLACH,*** CHRISTEN, and HURWITZ, Circuit Judges.

Jana Smith appeals the dismissal of her action alleging state-law claims 

against Jill Limerick, Barbara Wilt, and James Sansone (Defendants). We have 

jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291, and we affirm.1

1. The district court did not abuse its discretion by taking judicial notice 

of public records of other court proceedings. See United States v. Chapel, 41 F.3d 

1338, 1342 (9th Cir. 1994) (“We review the district court’s decision to take judicial 

notice under Fed. R. Evid. 201 for abuse of discretion.”). First, the district court 

was not required to hold a hearing before taking judicial notice. Although 

Rule 201(e) entitles parties “to be heard on the propriety of taking judicial notice 

and the nature of the fact to be noticed,” it does not require an oral hearing. See

Allen v. City of Los Angeles, 92 F.3d 842, 848 n.7 (9th Cir. 1996) (holding that 

appellants “were given sufficient opportunity to object to the propriety of taking 

*** The Honorable Evan J. Wallach, United States Circuit Judge for the 

U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, sitting by designation.

1 We deny Smith’s motion to vacate the order rescinding oral argument and stay 

proceedings as moot. (Dkt. 51). We grant in part and deny in part Smith’s motion 

for leave to supplement the record and to submit a corrected reply brief. (Dkt. 52). 

We grant Smith’s request to submit the corrected reply brief, but the declarations 

Smith submitted are not part of the district court record, and her motion for leave 

to supplement the record is thus denied. See Lowry v. Barnhart, 329 F.3d 1019, 

1024 (9th Cir. 2003) (“Save in unusual circumstances, we consider only the district 

court record on appeal.”).
3 

judicial notice of the criminal verdict when the district court invited additional 

briefing”), overruled on other grounds by Acri v. Varian Assocs., Inc., 114 F.3d 

999 (9th Cir. 1997); see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 78(b) (“By rule or order, the court 

may provide for submitting and determining motions on briefs, without oral 

hearings.”). Second, the district court did not take judicial notice of disputed facts. 

See Fed. R. Evid 201(b) (authorizing a court to “judicially notice a fact that is not 

subject to reasonable dispute”). The court relied on the records of the other court 

proceedings only to notice that certain claims had been litigated previously and 

that those cases had resulted in judgments against Smith. Third, the district court 

properly identified the specific facts that were judicially noticed. See Khoja v. 

Orexigen Therapeutics, Inc., 899 F.3d 988, 999 (9th Cir. 2018) (“A court must . . .

identify . . . which fact or facts it is noticing . . . .”). 

2. The district court did not abuse its discretion in applying Federal Rule 

of Evidence 403 to Defendants’ requests for judicial notice. See United States v. 

Jimenez-Chaidez, 96 F.4th 1257, 1264 (9th Cir. 2024) (“We review the district 

court’s admission of evidence under Rule 403 for an abuse of discretion.” (quoting 

United States v. Cox, 963 F.3d 915, 925 (9th Cir. 2020))). The district court 

reasonably concluded that the probative value of the evidence was not 

“substantially outweighed by a danger of . . . unfair prejudice, confusing the issues, 

misleading the jury, undue delay, wasting time, or needlessly presenting 
4 

cumulative evidence.” Fed. R. Evid. 403.

3. The district court did not abuse its discretion by denying Smith’s 

recusal motion under 28 U.S.C. § 144. See United States v. Studley, 783 F.2d 934, 

939 (9th Cir. 1986) (“Denial of a motion for recusal is reviewed for an abuse of 

discretion.”). Smith made no showing that “a reasonable person with knowledge 

of all the facts would conclude that the judge’s impartiality might reasonably be 

questioned,” Blixseth v. Yellowstone Mountain Club, LLC, 742 F.3d 1215, 1219 

(9th Cir. 2014) (citation omitted), and the district court’s rulings did not “rest[] 

upon knowledge that the [court] ought not to [have] possess[ed],” Liteky v. United 

States, 510 U.S. 540, 550 (1994). Nor was Judge Clarke required to refer the 

recusal motion to another judge. See United States v. Azhocar, 581 F.2d 735, 738 

(9th Cir. 1978) (“Only after the legal sufficiency of the affidavit is determined does 

it become the duty of the judge to ‘proceed no further’ in the case.” (quoting 28 

U.S.C. § 144)).

4. Smith’s contention that the district court was required to convert 

Defendants’ motions to dismiss into summary judgment motions rests on the 

flawed premise that judicial notice was improper. Because notice was proper, 

conversion was not required. See Khoja, 899 F.3d at 998 (holding that judicial 

notice “permit[s] district courts to consider materials outside a complaint” without 

converting a motion to dismiss into a motion for summary judgment).
5 

5. Smith’s contention that “Sansone’s purported original decisions from 

a superior court” were not properly authenticated fails because Sansone properly 

authenticated the records in his affidavit. See Fed. R. Evid. 901(a) (“To satisfy the 

requirement of authenticating or identifying an item of evidence, the proponent 

must produce evidence sufficient to support a finding that the item is what the 

proponent claims it is.”).

6. The district court did not abuse its discretion by applying the law of 

the case doctrine. See Askins v. U.S. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 899 F.3d 1035, 1041

n.1 (9th Cir. 2018) (“We ordinarily review a district court’s application of the law 

of the case doctrine for abuse of discretion.”). As Smith points out, “[a] court may 

have discretion to depart from the law of the case if . . . ‘the first decision was 

clearly erroneous.’” United States v. Cuddy, 147 F.3d 1111, 1114 (9th Cir. 1998)

(first alteration in original) (quoting United States v. Alexander, 106 F.3d 874, 876 

(9th Cir. 1997)). But Smith has not shown clear error. See 61A Am. Jur. 2d 

Pleading § 349 (2024) (“Although the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure forbid 

successive motions [to dismiss], the court may allow the original motion to be 

amended before it is ruled upon . . . as long as the motion to amend is made in 

good faith and the opposing party will not be prejudiced.” (footnotes omitted)).

7. The district court did not abuse its discretion by dismissing the case 

with prejudice under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 41(b). See Applied 
6 

Underwriters, Inc. v. Lichtenegger, 913 F.3d 884, 890 (9th Cir. 2019) (“[W]e 

review the district court’s dismissal of a complaint pursuant to Rule 41(b) for 

abuse of discretion.” (citation omitted)). First, dismissal under Rule 41(b) is 

appropriate not only for a failure to prosecute but also, as here, for a failure “to 

comply with . . . a court order.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 41(b); see Ferdik v. Bonzelet, 963 

F.2d 1258, 1260 (9th Cir. 1992) (as amended). Second, given the district court’s 

warnings and Smith’s repeated failure to file an amended complaint conforming to 

the district court’s orders, the district court did not abuse its discretion by 

concluding that dismissal with prejudice was warranted. See Applied 

Underwriters, 913 F.3d at 890 (describing the “five factors that must be considered 

before dismissing a case pursuant to Rule 41(b)”).

8. Smith’s contention that we should vacate the judgment because the 

district court’s errors, considered cumulatively, denied her due process fails 

because Smith has not shown a single error, let alone a series of errors. 

9. The remaining issues identified by Smith—that the district court erred 

by granting Limerick’s third motion to dismiss, by denying her leave to file a third 

amended complaint, and by denying unspecified motions for reconsideration—are 

forfeited because we “will not ordinarily consider matters on appeal that are not 

specifically and distinctly argued in appellant’s opening brief.” Clark v. Time 

Warner Cable, 523 F.3d 1110, 1116 (9th Cir. 2008) (quoting Kim v. Kang, 154 
7 

F.3d 996, 1000 (9th Cir. 1998)); see Moran v. Screening Pros, LLC, 25 F.4th 722, 

728 n.6 (9th Cir. 2022) (holding that the plaintiff forfeited a challenge to a

summary judgment on his statutory claim where the opening brief referred to the 

claim “as among the issues on appeal” but did not refer to the claim “in the 

summary of his argument or advance a specific and distinct argument” regarding 

the claim in the argument section of his brief).

AFFIRMED.