UNPUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

ROBERT DAVID BROWN, 

Plaintiff-Appellee,

v.

RICK WIITA,

Defendant-Appellant,  No. 00-1886

and

MICHAEL J. BROWN, Sheriff of

Bedford County; J. W. QUARLES;

KEVIN M. ADAMS; UNNAMED AGENTS,

Defendants. 

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Virginia, at Roanoke.

Samuel G. Wilson, Chief District Judge.

(CA-99-275-7)

Argued: February 26, 2001

Decided: April 23, 2001

Before WILKINSON, Chief Judge, TRAXLER, Circuit Judge, and

T. S. ELLIS, III, United States District Judge for the

Eastern District of Virginia, sitting by designation.

Reversed and remanded with instructions by unpublished per curiam

opinion. 
COUNSEL

ARGUED: Jim Harold Guynn, Jr., GUYNN & DILLON, P.C., Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellant. Terry N. Grimes, FRANKLIN COMMONS, P.C., Roanoke, Virginia, for Appellee. 

Unpublished opinions are not binding precedent in this circuit. See

Local Rule 36(c). 

OPINION

PER CURIAM: 

In this mistaken-identity arrest case, appellant Lieutenant Rick

Wiita of the Bedford County Sheriff’s Office (BCSO) appeals from

an order of the district court denying his motion for summary judgment on qualified immunity grounds. We reverse. 

I.

Appellee, Robert David Brown, brought this action under 42

U.S.C. § 1983 against Lieutenant Wiita and others for alleged violations of his Fourth Amendment rights when he was mistakenly

arrested for cocaine distribution on February 24, 1998 by Sergeant

Kevin Adams and Deputy J.W. Quarles of the BCSO. Sergeant

Adams and Deputy Quarles made the arrest at the direction of Lieutenant Wiita. 

The mistaken arrest of Robert David Brown grew out of the undercover operations of another BCSO officer, First Sergeant Ross Sheets.

On April 10, 1997, Sergeant Sheets, operating undercover, purchased

one-eighth of an ounce of powder cocaine for $250 from a white male

known as "Robert Brown." This purchase occurred on Route 24 in

Bedford County, Virginia. Sergeant Sheets described the individual

selling the cocaine as a white male, approximately 5’9" tall, 28 to 34

years old, with brown hair and brown eyes. Some time later, Sergeant

2 BROWN v. WIITA
Sheets attempted unsuccessfully to locate "Robert Brown" in Roanoke, Virginia and was advised that "Robert Brown" had moved to

the Smith Mountain Lake area located in Bedford County, Virginia.

On February 6, 1998, Lieutenant Wiita testified before a Grand

Jury that a "Robert Brown" had been involved in a hand-to-hand sale

of cocaine with Sergeant Sheets. As a result of this testimony, the

Grand Jury returned an indictment for "Robert Brown," and the Bedford County Clerk’s Office then issued a capias for this person’s

arrest. The capias, however, included neither "Robert Brown’s" physical description, nor his address.

Lieutenant Wiita then began an investigation to acquire additional

information that would enable him to locate and arrest the "Robert

Brown" who had engaged in the drug transaction with Sergeant

Sheets on April 10. At this point, Lieutenant Wiita knew only the

information provided by Sergeant Sheets, namely, "Robert Brown’s"

physical description and the fact that "Robert Brown" had recently

moved to the Smith Mountain Lake area.1 Lieutenant Wiita testified

that after receiving the capias, he instructed a dispatcher to check the

Virginia Computer Information Network ("VCIN") for additional

information about the suspect. The VCIN search, which included the

suspect’s name and the physical description provided by Sergeant

Sheets, identified only one individual—a Robert David Brown who

resided on Smith Mountain Lake Parkway. Significantly, the VCIN

database described Robert David Brown as a white male, 5’7" tall,

thirty-five years of age, with brown hair and brown eyes. And, Lieu1

In the course of oral argument, appellee’s counsel mistakenly contended that at the time Lieutenant Wiita directed his officers to execute

the capias, the only information he had was the suspect’s name—"Robert

Brown." The record reflects otherwise, showing instead that prior to

seeking the indictment, Lieutenant Wiita had not just the suspect’s name,

but also Sergeant Sheets’s physical description of the "Robert Brown"

and the fact that this person had recently moved to the Smith Mountain

Lake area. Moreover, the record reflects that by the time he directed that

the arrest be carried out, Lieutenant Wiita had also determined from a

computer search that there was only one "Robert Brown"—i.e., appellee

Robert David Brown—who lived in the Smith Mountain Lake area and

matched the suspect’s description. (J.A. at 226-28). 

BROWN v. WIITA 3
tenant Wiita further testified that he believed that the information

from the VCIN search also revealed that this individual had recently

moved to the Smith Mountain Lake area and that if there had been

other Robert Browns in that area, he would have expected the VCIN

search to have identified these other individuals. Based on this

information—the description that matched Sheets’s description and

the address in the Smith Mountain Lake area—Lieutenant Wiita felt

certain that the "Robert Brown" named in the indictment was the

Robert David Brown identified by the VCIN search. Accordingly, on

February 24, 1998, Lieutenant Wiita directed Sergeant Adams and

Deputy Quarles to arrest Robert David Brown.2 The officers proceeded to Robert David Brown’s residence on Smith Mountain Lake

Parkway and arrested appellee for distribution of cocaine. Throughout

the arrest, Robert David Brown maintained his innocence and told the

officers they had the wrong person. Nevertheless, the officers took

appellee into custody and brought him before a magistrate, who

released him on bond. On March 5, 1998, the BCSO was informed

that the wrong person had been arrested. Lieutenant Wiita promptly

contacted Sergeant Sheets, who was assisting the DEA with undercover drug operations in Florida, and faxed him appellee’s picture.

Sergeant Sheets confirmed that Robert David Brown was not the

"Robert Brown" from whom he had purchased drugs. Accordingly, on

March 26, 1998, all charges against Robert David Brown were dismissed. 

Thereafter, Robert David Brown filed the instant § 1983 action

against Lieutenant Wiita, Sheriff Michael Brown, Deputy Quarles,

and Sergeant Adams for alleged violations of his Fourth, Fifth, and

Fourteenth Amendment rights. State claims for malicious prosecution

and false imprisonment were also included. Defendants filed a motion

to dismiss portions of the amended complaint. In resolving this

motion, the district court dismissed the § 1983 claim against Sheriff

2Shortly after receiving the VCIN search results, Lieutenant Wiita also

requested a photograph of Robert David Brown from the Virginia

Department of Motor Vehicles. At the evidentiary hearing, Lieutenant

Wiita testified that because these photographs generally take four to six

weeks to obtain and because he felt certain that he had located the individual identified in the capias, he did not wait to receive this photograph

before arresting the appellee. 

4 BROWN v. WIITA
Brown in his official capacity. See Brown v. Brown, C.A. No. 99-275-

7 (W.D. Va. Feb. 22, 2000). Defendants then moved for summary

judgment, which was granted in part and denied in part. The district

court granted defendants’ summary judgment motion on (i) all claims

against Quarles and Adams, (ii) the § 1983 and malicious prosecution

claims against Sheriff Brown, and (iii) the malicious prosecution

claim against Lieutenant Wiita. The district court denied summary

judgment on the § 1983 and false imprisonment claims against Lieutenant Wiita, ruling that he was not entitled to qualified immunity.

See Brown v. Brown, C.A. No. 99-275-7 (W.D. Va. Jun. 12, 2000)

(granting in part and denying in part defendants’ motion for summary

judgment). Lieutenant Wiita appeals this decision, which we review

de novo. See Mensh v. Dyer, 956 F.2d 36, 39 (4th Cir. 1992). 

II.

The purpose of qualified immunity is to ensure that government

officials performing discretionary functions can "perform their duties

free from the specter of endless and debilitating lawsuits." Torchinsky

v. Siwinski, 942 F.2d 257, 260 (4th Cir. 1991). Without qualified

immunity, there is a substantial risk that the fear of personal liability

and harassing litigation will "unduly inhibit officials in the discharge

of their duties." Anderson v. Creighton, 483 U.S. 635, 638 (1987).

Accordingly, government officials are entitled to qualified immunity

for civil damages to the extent that "their conduct does not violate

clearly established statutory or constitutional rights of which a reasonable person would have known." Harlow v. Fitzgerald, 457 U.S. 800,

818 (1982); see also Pritchett v. Alford, 973 F.2d 307, 312 (4th Cir.

1992). Thus, Lieutenant Wiita is entitled to qualified immunity if a

reasonable person in his position would not have appreciated that his

conduct would violate Robert David Brown’s rights. 

Appellee argues that Lieutenant Wiita is not entitled to qualified

immunity because he failed to take additional steps to verify that Robert David Brown was the "Robert Brown" identified in the capias.

Specifically, he argues that Lieutenant Wiita should have (i) waited

for the photograph he had ordered from the Department of Motor

Vehicles, (ii) contacted Sergeant Sheets and the Commonwealth’s

attorney, or (iii) consulted local telephone directories before directing

Robert David Brown’s arrest. 

BROWN v. WIITA 5
The reasonableness of Lieutenant Wiita’s belief that he was arresting the correct person must be judged by an objective standard in light

of the facts he possessed at the time of the arrest. See Anderson, 483

U.S. at 640; Rowland v. Perry, 41 F.3d 167, 173 (4th Cir. 1994)

(qualified immunity inquiry "must be filtered through the lens of the

officer’s perception at the time of the incident in question"). In other

words, the qualified immunity reasonableness determination is based

on evidence reasonably available to the police officer and in light of

any exigencies present. See Pritchett, 973 F.2d at 312-13. And importantly, this inquiry must not result in a "second-guessing" of the officer’s actions "with the benefit of 20/20 hindsight." Rowland, 41 F.3d

at 174. This is so because officers executing a warrant are "not

required to investigate independently every claim of innocence," or to

be absolutely certain that the person arrested is the person identified

in the warrant. Mensh, 956 F.2d at 40. Instead, "sufficient probability,

not certainty, is the touchstone of reasonableness under the Fourth

Amendment." Hill v. California, 401 U.S. 797, 804 (1971). Mistaken

identity errors, of course, will inevitably occur from time to time, but

the law sensibly recognizes that "[n]ot every mix-up in the issuance

of an arrest warrant, even though it leads to the arrest of the wrong

person . . . automatically constitutes a constitutional violation for

which a remedy may be sought under . . . [section] 1983." Thompson

v. Prince William County, 753 F.2d 363, 364 (4th Cir. 1985). In sum

officers who mistakenly arrest the wrong person are immune from

§ 1983 liability unless they act in an objectively unreasonable manner

in the circumstances, as for example, in failing to investigate readily

available exculpatory evidence. See, e.g., Clipper v. Takoma Park,

876 F.2d 17 (4th Cir. 1989). 

These principles, applied here, compel the conclusion that Lieutenant Wiita’s belief that Robert David Brown was the individual identified in the arrest warrant was objectively reasonable in light of the

circumstances as they appeared to Lieutenant Wiita at the time he

ordered appellee’s arrest. Those circumstances were (i) that Robert

David Brown and the individual identified in the capias—"Robert

Brown"—shared the same first and last names, (ii) that the physical

description of "Robert Brown" provided by the undercover officer

matched quite closely Robert David Brown’s description in the VCIN

database, (iii) that consistent with information concerning "Robert

Brown," Robert David Brown lived in the Smith Mountain Lake area,

6 BROWN v. WIITA
and (iv) that the VCIN search identified only one individual with the

first name, "Robert," and the last name, "Brown," matching the physical description of the suspect "Robert Brown" and living in the Smith

Mountain Lake area. Based on this evidence, it was objectively reasonable for Lieutenant Wiita to conclude that Robert David Brown

was the "Robert Brown" identified in the capias, even though this

conclusion proved later to be mistaken. 

Nor is this a novel result; several courts analyzing mistaken identity arrests have granted qualified immunity on substantially similar

facts. For example, in Hill v. California, the Supreme Court found

that the officers’ belief that the person mistakenly arrested was the

suspect was reasonable in light of the circumstances, namely that the

individual arrested fit the physical description of the suspect, was in

the suspect’s home, and could not provide a convincing explanation

for his presence in the suspect’s home. See Hill, 401 U.S. at 802-04.

Significantly, the arrest was held objectively reasonable despite the

fact that the individual arrested maintained his innocence and produced identification that supported his claim of mistaken identity. In

this respect, the Supreme Court noted that "aliases and false identifications are not uncommon." Hill, 401 U.S. at 803. Similarly, in

Thompson v. Prince William County, we upheld the reasonableness of

an officer’s belief that the person he arrested was the individual identified in the arrest warrant despite discrepancies in height, weight, eye

color, and hair color. There, we held the officer’s belief was reasonable because the suspect and the person arrested shared the same first

name and had a close connection with the registered vehicle at issue

in the case. See Thompson, 753 F.2d at 365. Here, because Lieutenant

Wiita had substantially the same amount of information as the officers

in Hill and Thompson, he is entitled, as they were, to qualified immunity.3

3Our sister circuits have reached similar results. For example, in Blackwell v. Barton, 34 F.3d 298 (5th Cir. 1994), the Fifth Circuit granted

qualified immunity where the officer reasonably believed that he was

arresting the suspect because the person he arrested was of the "same

height and weight, sex, race, age, nickname, and [was present] at the

location where he expected to find [the suspect]." Id. at 304; see also

United States v. Zipperian, Crim. No. 91-61-1-JKS, 977 F.2d 594 (9th

Cir. Sep. 22, 1992) (unpublished) (noting that officers’ belief that they

BROWN v. WIITA 7
Moreover, that Robert David Brown protested his innocence or that

Lieutenant Wiita could have waited to receive the Department of

Motor Vehicles photograph does not detract from the reasonableness

of Lieutenant Wiita’s belief that he was arresting the correct person.4

As noted, an officer is not required to "exhaust every potentially

exculpatory lead or resolve every doubt about a suspect’s guilt before

probable cause is established." Torchinsky, 942 F.2d at 264. It will

always be possible to take additional investigatory steps. But the law

sensibly does not determine reasonableness based on "secondguessing . . . with the benefit of 20/20 hindsight."5

 For example, in

Mensh, we upheld the reasonableness of an arrest where officers mistakenly arrested the father of the suspect, even though the officers

could have waited for clearer photographs or secured an additional

physical description of the suspect before executing the warrant. See

Mensh, 956 F.2d at 37. Similarly, in the case at bar, while Lieutenant

Wiita might have avoided the mistake by conducting additional inveshad arrested the suspect was reasonable in light of "the circumstances

surrounding the arrest, including the physical similarities between [the

defendant and the suspect], the matching descriptions of the car and the

pit bull, the fact that the arrest occurred at night, and the actions of [the

defendant]"); Gero v. Henault, 740 F.2d 78, 85 (1st Cir. 1984) (noting

that facts available to officer, including identification by victim, provided

"compelling reasons for the police reasonably to believe" that the individual he arrested was the suspect). 

4

In this respect, the instant facts are easily distinguished from the facts

in Clipper v. Takoma Park, 876 F.2d 17 (4th Cir. 1989). In Clipper, significantly, the officers were in possession of photographs that, if viewed,

would have established that the individual arrested was not the suspect.

In addition, the officers, in Clipper, failed to interview individuals,

whose names were provided by the individual arrested, and who would

have verified that the individual was with them at the time the crime was

committed. Clipper, unlike the case at bar, was an instance of an officer

who unreasonably failed to investigate readily available exculpatory evidence. 

5Rowland, 41 F.3d at 174; see also Thompson, 753 F.2d at 365 ("[I]t

simply demands too much to expect police officers on the basis of slight

discrepancies of height . . . and weight or in color of eyes . . . and hair

. . . to abandon obtention or execution of a warrant on someone who, for

other strong indications . . ., meets the warrant’s description."). 

8 BROWN v. WIITA
tigation, the law does not require him to do so where, as here, it was

reasonable for him to conclude on the basis of the information he had

that Robert David Brown was the "Robert Brown" identified in the

capias. 

III.

For the foregoing reasons, Lieutenant Wiita is entitled to qualified

immunity, and accordingly, the district court’s denial of his motion

for summary judgment is reversed, and the matter is remanded with

instructions to enter summary judgment for Lieutenant Wiita.6

REVERSED AND REMANDED WITH INSTRUCTIONS

6Lieutenant Wiita is also entitled to qualified immunity with respect to

the state false imprisonment claim, as it is settled Virginia law that an

officer cannot be found liable for false imprisonment if he acted "in good

faith and with reasonable belief in the validity of the arrest." See

DeChene v. Smallwood, 226 Va. 475, 479 (1984). 

BROWN v. WIITA 9