IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 23-0109

Filed January 24, 2024

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF JOSEPH THOMAS GAST

AND SHANNON MARY-CHYENNE SULLIVAN

Upon the Petition of

JOSEPH THOMAS GAST,

Petitioner-Appellant,

And Concerning

SHANNON MARY-CHYENNE SULLIVAN,

Respondent-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dubuque County, Monica Zrinyi 

Ackley, Judge.

A father appeals from the decree dissolving the parties’ marriage, granting 

physical care of their daughter to her mother, and ordering him to pay rehabilitative 

spousal support and attorney fees. AFFIRMED.

Joseph Thomas Gast, Dubuque, self-represented appellant.

Dustin A. Baker, Dubuque, for appellee.

Considered by Bower, C.J., and Buller and Langholz, JJ.
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LANGHOLZ, Judge.

Joseph Gast appeals the decree dissolving his marriage with Shannon 

Sullivan. Gast argues that the district judge should have recused herself because 

of comments she made at the beginning of the trial. He also challenges the 

physical-care, spousal-support, and attorney-fee awards to Sullivan. And Gast 

contends that the district court’s relinquishment of continuing jurisdiction over 

future child-custody disputes violates his constitutional due-process rights.

On our de novo review, giving the district court’s decisions the deference 

we must, we cannot say the physical-care or spousal-support awards fail to do 

equity. The court’s award of attorney fees was not an abuse of discretion. We 

also decline to award appellate attorney fees and costs. And Gast failed to 

preserve error on his due-process or recusal issues because he did not first raise

them before the district court. Therefore, we affirm the district court. 

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

Joseph Gast and Shannon Sullivan met early in 2014 through their service 

in the United States Air Force. They married in June 2014 in Colorado. And the 

next year, their daughter was born. The family moved around a lot—living in 

Colorado, California (twice), and Texas before landing in Dubuque in October 

2020. But they spent the longest time living with Sullivan’s mother in California 

over two stints totaling about four years. They moved to Dubuque for Gast’s job 

and otherwise have little connection to the community. 

Since their daughter was born, Sullivan has been her primary caregiver. 

The parties initially agreed that she should be a stay-at-home mom. While there 

is some dispute as to how long this consensus continued, it is uncontested that, 
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aside from some online gaming ventures, she has not had outside employment 

until after they separated. At the time of trial, she was working remotely from home 

as a financial assistant and earning around $39,000 per year. Gast was the 

primary earner throughout the marriage. And at trial, he was earning roughly 

$77,000 annually as a network engineer.

Sullivan’s remote employment offers her the flexibility to continue to care 

for their daughter while working. At the time of trial, she had decided to move to 

California to live with her mother—as the parties had earlier in their marriage. She 

expected to continue her remote employment while also pursuing her education to 

ultimately obtain a bachelor’s degree in software engineering. Sullivan has access 

to an educational fund to help pay for the expenses of her education.

Throughout their marriage, Gast demonstrated issues managing anger that 

resulted in physical and verbal abuse toward his family. This included instances 

where he smashed cell phones and computer screens, engaged in verbally violent 

behavior, and physically abused Sullivan on four or five occasions—sometimes in 

front of their daughter. Sullivan called the police during one incident in Texas, 

resulting in Gast’s arrest for assault. Police also confiscated marijuana from the 

home at the time of the arrest.

Indeed, Gast has a long history of drug use. He had a medical marijuana 

card in California. But he has continued to use marijuana—along with psilocybin 

mushrooms and sometimes cocaine—despite his conduct being illegal in Iowa. 

And he would sometimes be under the influence in front of their daughter.

In September 2021, Gast filed this dissolution proceeding. Four months 

later, he was charged with two felony controlled-substance violations for allegedly 
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receiving sizable quantities of marijuana, psilocybin mushrooms, THC vape pens, 

and THC gummies with the intent to sell or give to other individuals to sell. Sullivan 

tipped off the police to Gast’s activities. And because of threats Gast made to her 

after his arrest, Sullivan requested—and after a hearing, the district court issued

with Gast’s consent—a civil protective order against Gast. Around the same time, 

the court also granted temporary physical care of their daughter to Sullivan but 

ordered Sullivan not to move permanently to California.

Following a two-day bench trial in November 2022, the district court issued 

a dissolution decree. The court granted the parties joint legal custody of their 

daughter and placed her in Sullivan’s physical care with “fair and liberal” visitation 

for Gast. Recognizing that Sullivan and their daughter would be moving to 

California to live with Sullivan’s mother and the parties’ passing connection to Iowa, 

the court declined to exercise continuing jurisdiction over child-custody disputes. 

The district court also awarded Sullivan rehabilitative spousal support, 

ordering Gast to pay $750 per month for two years while Sullivan worked to 

complete a bachelor’s degree in software engineering. And the district court

eventually awarded Sullivan $7500 of her total $16,600 requested trial attorney 

fees. Gast now appeals.1

1 While the appeal was pending, Gast filed a motion seeking an injunction 

prohibiting Sullivan from moving from California and arguing for a modification of 

the physical-care provision based on new evidence not presented to the district 

court. We denied the motion and do not consider the evidence submitted in 

deciding the merits of this appeal because it is not a part of the record before the 

district court. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.801. A request to modify the decree based 

on a substantial and material change in circumstances since the entry of the 

decree must be made first to the district court. See In re Marriage of Harris, 877 

N.W.2d 434, 440 (Iowa 2016) (describing requirements for petition to modify the 

decree).
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II. Preservation of Error on Recusal and Due Process Issues

Before we can consider a claim of error on appeal, a party must first 

preserve the error by raising it in the district court. See Meier v. Senecaut, 641 

N.W.2d 532, 537 (Iowa 2002). This gives the district court a chance to correct the 

error itself “at a time when corrective action can be taken.” In re Marriage of Heiar, 

954 N.W.2d 464, 470 (Iowa Ct. App. 2020) (cleaned up). And it ensures that we 

are acting as a court of appeals, reviewing a decision that has been made by the 

district court rather than considering it for the first time on appeal. See Meier, 641 

N.W.2d at 537. This preservation-of-error requirement applies even to dissolution 

proceedings that we review de novo. See In re Marriage of Huston, 263 N.W.2d 

697, 699–700 (Iowa 1978); see also In re Marriage of Ricklefs, 726 N.W.2d 359, 

363 (Iowa 2007) (refusing to consider merits of recusal issue in dissolution 

modification proceeding when error was not preserved in the district court).

With this in mind, we cannot consider two issues that Gast raises for the 

first time on appeal. He contends that the district judge should have recused 

herself. But Gast did not move for recusal of the judge or otherwise bring the issue 

to the district court’s attention. He also argues that the district court’s decision that 

it would not have continuing jurisdiction over future child-custody disputes because 

of Sullivan’s move to California, see Iowa Code § 598B.202(1)(a) (2021), violates 

his due-process rights. Again, we have scrutinized the record and have been 

unable to find any way in which he raised this issue before or after the district 

court’s ruling. And Gast’s brief does not point to how he preserved error on either 

issue. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.903(2)(g) (requiring appellant’s brief to include for 

each issue “[a] statement addressing how the issue was preserved for appellate 
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review, with references to the places in the record where the issue was raised and 

decided”). Gast thus failed to preserve error, and we will not address the merits of 

either of these arguments.

III. Physical Care

We review the district court’s decision on physical-care placement de novo. 

See In re Marriage of Fennelly, 737 N.W.2d 97, 100 (Iowa 2007). But a district 

court “is greatly helped in making a wise decision about the parties by listening to 

them and watching them in person,” while we are limited to the cold, printed record 

and thus “denied the impression created by the demeanor of each and every 

witness.” In re Marriage of Vrban, 359 N.W.2d 420, 423 (Iowa 1984) (cleaned up).

So we give weight to a district court’s fact findings—especially those based on 

credibility determinations—even though they are not binding on us. See id.; Iowa 

R. App. P. 6.904(3)(g).

Our overriding consideration in physical-care decisions is the best interest 

of the child. In re Marriage of Brainard, 523 N.W.2d 611, 614 (Iowa Ct. App. 1994). 

The factors in Iowa Code section 598.41(3) and In re Marriage of Winter, 223 

N.W.2d 165, 166–67 (Iowa 1974), guide us in discerning the best interest. See 

Fennelly, 737 N.W.2d at 101. And our goal “is to place the child[] in the 

environment most likely to bring [her] to health, both physically and mentally, and 

to social maturity.” In re Marriage of Hansen, 733 N.W.2d 683, 695 (Iowa 2007).

In the district court, Gast and Sullivan painted two starkly different portraits 

of each other. According to Gast and his witnesses, he is the more stable provider

and nurturing caretaker, while Sullivan struggles with mental-health issues, 

maintaining employment, and managing her finances and the household. But 
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Sullivan and her witnesses describe Gast as physically and verbally abusive, more 

focused on his career and other interests—including using and distributing drugs—

than caring for their daughter. And they present Sullivan as the consistent 

presence and caregiver for their daughter, managing her educational, 

extracurricular, and medical care.

The district court found Sullivan’s evidence more credible and placed their 

daughter in her physical care. On appeal, Gast mainly continues to argue that we 

should find his version of the facts more believable. But we defer to the district 

court’s factual findings based on witnesses’ credibility because of that court’s 

inherent advantages in making credibility determinations. And on our de novo 

review, we find that they are supported—not just from the testimony of witnesses 

but also by other corroborating evidence, like the issuance of a civil domesticabuse protective order, his pending drug charges, and the confiscation of 

marijuana during his Texas arrest.

We also agree that granting physical care to Sullivan is in their daughter’s 

best interest. This placement maintains a stable connection between the child and 

her primary caregiver. See In re Marriage of Decker, 666 N.W.2d 175, 177 (Iowa 

Ct. App. 2003); see also Iowa Code § 598.41(3)(d). It avoids potential negative 

influences on their daughter’s development from Gast’s drug use, anger, and 

violence. See Iowa Code § 598.41(3)(i) (factoring in the “safety of the child”); id.

§ 598.41(3)(j) (requiring consideration of “a history of domestic abuse,” including 

the issuance of a civil domestic abuse protective order). And Sullivan has shown 

that she has a viable plan to offer a stable home with the support from her mother

and other family, her flexible remote employment, and her longer-term educational 
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endeavors. See Winter, 223 N.W.2d at 166 (factoring in the nature of the proposed 

environment and the parents’ capacities to provide for the child’s material needs).

Therefore, we affirm the district court’s physical-care decision.2 But we 

caution that their daughter deserves a continued relationship with both her parents. 

Because Sullivan has physical care, she must strive to foster those connections 

and not deny them. See Iowa Code § 598.41(1)(c) (“The court shall consider the 

denial by one parent of the child’s opportunity for maximum continuing contact with 

the other parent, without just cause, a significant factor in determining the proper 

custody arrangement.”); In re Marriage of Quirk–Edwards, 509 N.W.2d 476, 480 

(Iowa 1993) (holding that parent’s attempt to limit child’s contact with other parent 

was a compelling reason to place child with the other parent). 

IV. Spousal Support

As with the physical-care decision, we review a district court’s spousalsupport decision de novo. In re Marriage of Sokol, 985 N.W.2d 177, 182 (Iowa 

2023). But we defer to the district court’s “important, but often conjectural, 

judgment calls” and must not engage in “undue tinkering” with the award on 

appeal. Id. at 182–83 (cleaned up). And so, we will not disturb it unless “there has 

been a failure to do equity.” Id. at 182 (cleaned up).

“Spousal support is not an absolute right; rather, its allowance is determined 

based on the particular circumstances presented in each case.” Id. at 185 (quoting 

In re Marriage of Mills, 983 N.W.2d 61, 67 (Iowa 2022)). In deciding an equitable 

2 Because we reach this decision without relying on Gast’s text messages to third 

parties that were photographed by Sullivan or Sullivan’s journals, we need not 

decide whether Gast preserved error for the evidentiary arguments he now makes 

on appeal or the merits of those challenges.
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spousal-support award, a court must consider the statutory factors set forth in Iowa 

Code section 598.21A(1). See id.

The district court awarded Sullivan only one of the four forms of spousal 

support recognized by our supreme court: rehabilitative spousal support. See id.

at 185–86. “Rehabilitative spousal support is a way of supporting an economically 

dependent spouse through a limited period of re-education or retraining following 

divorce, thereby creating incentive and opportunity for that spouse to become selfsupporting.” In re Marriage of Becker, 756 N.W.2d 822, 826 (Iowa 2008) (cleaned 

up). Such support is inappropriate “[w]ithout a showing that the recipient spouse 

seeks reeducation, retraining, or some discrete period of time to increase earning 

capacity to become self-supporting.” Sokol, 985 N.W.2d at 186. The duration of 

rehabilitative spousal support should be driven by “the realistic needs of the 

economically dependent spouse, tempered by the goal of facilitating the economic 

independence of the ex-spouses.” Id. (cleaned up).

Consistent with these parameters, the district court ordered Gast to pay

Sullivan $750 per month for two years—$18,000 in total—to support her while she

pursues a bachelor’s degree in software engineering. Gast contends that evidence 

before the district court was too speculative on Sullivan’s financial need and her 

likelihood of actually pursuing a degree. But the court found that her income was 

about half of Gast’s, that she plans to finish her schooling, and that she has a need 

for assistance. We defer to these factual findings and see no basis in the record 

to come to a contrary conclusion. 

True, Sullivan also has access to a fund to assist in paying for her 

educational expenses. But given her limited income, we cannot say it is 
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inappropriate to give her some additional economic support as she completes her 

education to grow her longer-term earning capacity. Indeed, if she did not have 

access to the educational fund, an award greater than $18,000 would likely have 

been needed to support her. The district court’s award of rehabilitative spousal 

support for two years is equitable.

V. Trial and Appellate Attorney Fees and Appellate Costs

We review a district court’s award of attorney fees in a dissolution 

proceeding for abuse of discretion. See In re Marriage of Witten, 672 N.W.2d 768, 

773 (Iowa 2003). Neither party has a right to attorney fees. See id. at 784. The 

main consideration in deciding whether to award fees is “the respective abilities of 

the parties to pay.” Id. (cleaned up). We consider that same factor “and the relative 

merits of the appeal” in exercising our discretion to award appellate fees in 

dissolution cases. In re Marriage of McDermott, 827 N.W.2d 671, 687 (Iowa 2013)

(cleaned up). And when one party is completely unsuccessful on appeal, they 

cannot be awarded appellate costs. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.1207; Solland v. 

Second Injury Fund, 786 N.W.2d 248, 249–50 (Iowa 2010) (holding that it is an 

abuse of discretion even to split appellate costs when one party is fully successful).

Gast argues that the district court should have awarded him his trial attorney 

fees rather than making him pay for $7500 of Sullivan’s fees. He also seeks his 

appellate fees and costs. The district court did not abuse its discretion in awarding 

Sullivan $7500 of her trial attorney fees and declining to award Gast his fees. The 

court properly considered Gast’s higher income and, recognizing that Sullivan did 

have some ability to pay, awarded her less than half of her requested $16,600 in 

fees.
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We likewise decline to award appellate attorney fees or costs to Gast. 

Sullivan does not have a better ability to pay his fees, and he was unsuccessful in 

this appeal. Rather, appellate costs must be assessed to him. See Solland, 786 

N.W.2d at 249–50.

AFFIRMED.