# Patent

## Title
Pre-phase error correction transmitter

## Abstract

A CDMA communication system includes a signal processor which encodes voice and nonvoice signals into data at various rates, e.g. data rates of 8 kbps, 16 kbps, 32 kbps, or 64 kbps as I and Q signals. The signal processor selects a specific data rate depending upon the type of signal, or in response to a set data rate. When the signal is received and demodulated, the baseband signal is at the chip level. Both the I and Q components of the signal are despread using the conjugate of the pn sequence used during spreading, returning the signal to the symbol level. Carrier offset correction is performed at the symbol level. A lower overall processing speed is therefore required.

## Background
CROSS REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
This application is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/744,821, filed on Dec. 23, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,850,556, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 10/077,634 filed on Feb. 15, 2002, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,690,711, which is a continuation of application Ser. No. 09/820,014, filed on Mar. 28, 2001, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,831,941, which claims priority from Provisional Application No. 60/192,670, filed on Mar. 28, 2000.


BACKGROUND
The present invention relates generally to digital communications. More specifically, the invention relates to a system and method for pre-rotating a digital spread spectrum signal prior to transmission in order to improve receiver accuracy and recovery of the phase and frequency information by the receiver.
Many current communication systems use digital spread spectrum modulation or code divisional multiple access (CDMA) technology. Digital spread spectrum is a communication technique in which data is transmitted with a broadened band (spread spectrum) by modulating the data to be transmitted with a pseudo-noise signal. CDMA can transmit data without being affected by signal distortion or an interfering frequency in the transmission path.
Shown in FIG. 1 is a simplified CDMA communication system that involves a single communication channel of a given bandwidth which is mixed by a spreading code which repeats a predetermined pattern generated by a pseudo-noise (pn) sequence generator. A data signal is modulated with the pn sequence to produce digital spread spectrum signal. A carrier signal is modulated with the digital spread spectrum signal to establish a forward link and is then transmitted. A receiver demodulates the transmission to extract the digital spread spectrum signal. The same process is repeated to establish a reverse link.
During terrestrial communication, a transmitted signal is typically disturbed by reflections due to varying terrain and environmental conditions and man-made obstructions. Thus, a single transmitted signal produces a plurality of received signals with differing time delays at the receiver, an effect which is commonly known as multipath distortion. During multipath distortion, the signal from each different path arrives delayed at the receiver with a unique amplitude and carrier phase.
In the prior art, the error associated with multipath distortion is typically corrected at the receiver after the signal has been correlated with the matching pn sequence and the transmitted data has been reproduced. Thus, the correlation is completed with error incorporated in the signal. Similar multipath distortion affects the reverse link transmission.
Accordingly, there exists a need for a system that corrects a signal for errors encountered during transmission.
SUMMARY
According to the present invention, a CDMA communication system includes a signal processor which encodes voice and nonvoice signals into data at various rates, e.g. data rates of 8 kbps, 16 kbps, 32 kbps, or 64 kbps as I and Q signals. A signal processor selects a specific data rate depending upon the type of signal, or in response to a set data rate. When the signal is received and demodulated, the baseband signal is at the chip level. The I and Q components of the signal are despread and an correction signal is applied at the symbol level.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING(S)
FIG. 1 is a simplified block diagram of a prior art CDMA communication system.
FIG. 2 is a detailed block diagram of a B-CDMATM communication system.
FIG. 3A is a detailed block diagram of the present invention using one pseudo-pilot signal, with carrier-offset correction implemented at the chip level.
FIG. 3B is a block diagram of a rake receiver.
FIG. 4 is a diagram of a received symbol P0 on the QPSK constellation showing a hard decision.
FIG. 5 is a diagram of the angle of correction corresponding to the assigned symbol.
FIG. 6 is a diagram of the resultant symbol error after applying the correction corresponding to the assigned symbol.
FIG. 7 is a block diagram of a conventional phase-locked loop.
FIG. 8A is a simple block diagram of a transmitter in accordance with the preferred embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8B is a simple block diagram of a transmitter in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 8C is a simple block diagram of a transmitter in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
The preferred embodiment will be described with reference to the drawing figures where like numerals represent like elements throughout.
A CDMA communication system 25 as shown in FIG. 2 includes a transmitter 27 and a receiver 29, which may reside in either a base station or a mobile user receiver. The transmitter 27 includes a signal processor 31 which encodes voice and nonvoice signals 33 into data at various rates, e.g. data rates of 8 kbps, 16 kbps, 32 kbps, or 64 kbps. The signal processor 31 selects a specific data rate depending upon the type of signal, or in response to a set data rate.
By way of background, two steps are involved in the generation of a transmitted signal in a multiple access environment. First, the input data 33 which can be considered a bi-phase modulated signal is encoded using forward error-correction (FEC) coding 35. For example, if a R=1/2 convolution code is used, the single bi-phase modulated data signal becomes bivariate or two bi-phase modulated signals. One signal is designated the in-phase (I) channel 41a. The other signal is designated the quadrature (Q) channel 41b. A complex number is in the form a+bj, where a and b are real numbers and j2=−1. Bi-phase modulated I and Q signals are usually referred to as quadrature phase shift keying (QPSK). In the preferred embodiment, the tap generator polynomials for a constraint length of K=7 and a convolutional code rate of R=1/2 are G1=1718 37 and G2=1338 39.
In the second step, the two bi-phase modulated data or symbols 41a, 41b are spread with a complex pseudo-noise (pn) sequence. The resulting I 45a and Q 45b spread signals are combined 53 with other spread signals (channels) having different spreading codes, mixed with a carrier signal 51 and then transmitted 55. The transmission 55 may contain a plurality of individual channels having different data rates.
The receiver 29 includes a demodulator 57a, 57b which downconverts the transmitted broadband signal 55 into an intermediate frequency signal 59a, 59b. A second downconversion reduces the signal to baseband. The QPSK signal is then filtered 61 and mixed 63a, 63b with the locally generated complex pn sequence 43a, 43b which matches the conjugate of the transmitted complex code. Only the original waveforms which were spread by the same code at the transmitter 27 will be effectively despread. Others will appear as noise to the receiver 29. The data 65a, 65b is then passed onto a signal processor 67 where FEC decoding is performed on the convolutionally encoded data.
When the signal is received and demodulated, the baseband signal is at the chip level. Both the I and Q components of the signal are despread using the conjugate of the pn sequence used during spreading, returning the signal to the symbol level. However, due to carrier offset, phase corruption experienced during transmission manifests itself by distorting the individual chip waveforms. If carrier offset correction is performed at the chip level overall accuracy increases due to the inherent resolution of the chip-level signal. Carrier offset correction may also be performed at the symbol level but with less overall accuracy. However, since the symbol rate is much less than the chip rate, a lower overall processing speed is required when the correction is done at the symbol level.
As shown in FIG. 3A, a receiver using the system 75 and method of the present invention is shown. A complex baseband digital spread spectrum signal 77 comprised of in-phase and quadrature phase components is input and filtered using an adaptive matched filter (AMF) 79 or other adaptive filtering means. The AMF 79 is a transversal filter (finite impulse response) which uses filter coefficients 81 to overlay delayed replicas of the received signal 77 onto each other to provide a filtered signal output 83 having an increased signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). The output 83 of the AMF 79 is coupled to a plurality of channel despreaders 851, 852, 85n and a pilot despreader 87. The pilot signal 89 is despread with a separate despreader 87 and pn sequence 91 contemporaneous with the transmitted data 77 assigned to channels which are despread 851, 852, 85n with pn sequences 931, 932, 93n of their own. After the data channels are despread 851, 852, 85n, the data bit streams 951, 952, 95n are coupled to Viterbi decoders 971, 972, 97n and output 991, 992, 99n.
The filter coefficients 81, or weights, used in adjusting the AMF 79 are obtained by the demodulation of the individual multipath propagation paths. This operation is performed by a rake receiver 101. The use of a rake receiver 101 to compensate for multipath distortion is well known to those skilled in the communication arts.
As shown in FIG. 3B, the rake receiver 101 consists of a parallel combination of path demodulators “fingers” 1030, 1031, 1032, 103n which demodulate a particular multipath component. The pilot sequence tracking loop of a particular demodulator is initiated by the timing estimation of a given path as determined by a pn sequence 105. In the prior art, a pilot signal is used for despreading the individual signals of the rake. In the present invention, the pn sequence 105 may belong to any channel 931 of the communication system. Typically, the channel with the largest received signal is used.
Each path demodulator includes a complex mixer 1070, 1071, 1072, 107n, and summer and latch 1090, 1091, 1092, 109n. For each rake element, the pn sequence 105 is delayed τ 1111, 1112, 111n by one chip and mixed 1071, 1072, 107n with the baseband spread spectrum signal 113 thereby despreading each signal. Each multiplication product is input into an accumulator 1090, 1091, 1092, 109n where it is added to the previous product and latched out after the next symbol-clock cycle. The rake receiver 101 provides relative path values for each multipath component. The plurality of n-dimension outputs 1150, 1151, 1152, 115n provide estimates of the sampled channel impulse response that contain a relative phase error of either 00, 900, 1800, or 2700.
Referring back to FIG. 3A, the plurality of outputs from the rake receiver are coupled to an n-dimensional complex mixer 117. Mixed with each rake receiver 101 output 115 is a correction to remove the relative phase error contained in the rake output.
A pilot signal is also a complex QPSK signal, but with the quadrature component set at zero. The error correction 119 signal of the present invention is derived from the despread channel 951 by first performing a hard decision 121 on each of the symbols of the despread signal 951. A hard decision processor 121 determines the QPSK constellation position that is closest to the despread symbol value.
As shown in FIG. 4, the Euclidean distance processor compares a received symbol p0 of channel 1 to the four QPSK constellation points x1, 1, x−1, 1, x−1, −1, x1, −1. It is necessary to examine each received symbol po due to corruption during transmission 55 by noise and distortion, whether multipath or radio frequency. The hard decision processor 121 computes the four distances d1, d2, d3, d4 to each quadrant from the received symbol P0 and chooses the shortest distance d2 and assigns that symbol location x−1, 1. The original symbol coordinates P0 are discarded.
Referring back to FIG. 3A, after undergoing each hard symbol decision 121, the complex conjugates 123 for each symbol output 125 are determined. A complex conjugate is one of a pair of complex numbers with identical real parts and with imaginary parts differing only in sign. As shown in FIG. 5, a symbol is demodulated or de-rotated by first determining the complex conjugate of the assigned symbol coordinates x−1,−1, forming the correction signal 119 which is used to remove the relative phase error contained in the rake output. Thus, the rake output is effectively de-rotated by the angle associated with the hard decision, removing the relative phase error. This operation effectively provides a rake that is driven by a pilot signal, but without an absolute phase reference.
Referring back to FIG. 3A, the output 119 from the complex conjugate 123 is coupled to a complex n-dimensional mixer 117 where each output of the rake receiver 101 is mixed with the correction signal 119. The resulting products 127 are noisy estimates of the channel impulse response p1 as shown in FIG. 6. The error shown in FIG. 6 is indicated by a radian distance of π/6 from the in-phase axis.
Referring back to FIG. 3A, the outputs 115 of the complex n-dimensional channel mixer 117 are coupled to an n-dimensional estimator 131. The channel estimator 131 is a plurality of low-pass filters, each for filtering a multipath component. The outputs 81 of the n-dimensional estimator 131 are coupled to the AMF 79. These outputs 81 act as the AMF 79 filter weights. The AMF 79 filters the baseband signal to compensate for channel distortion due to multipath without requiring a large magnitude pilot signal.
The rake receiver 101 is used in conjunction with the phase-locked loop (PLL) 133 circuits to remove carrier offset. Carrier offset occurs as a result of transmitter/receiver component mismatches and other RF distortion. The present invention 75 uses a low level pilot signal 135 which is produced by despreading 87 the pilot from the baseband signal 77 with a pilot pn sequence 91. The pilot signal is coupled to a single input PLL 133, shown in FIG. 7. The PLL 133 measures the phase difference between the pilot signal 135 and a reference phase of 0. The despread pilot signal 135 is the actual error signal coupled to the PLL 133.
The PLL 133 includes an arctangent analyzer 136, complex filter 137, an integrator 139 and a phase-to-complex-number converter 141. The pilot signal 135 is the error signal input to the PLL 133 and is coupled to the complex filter 137. The complex filter 137 includes two gain stages, an integrator 145 and a summer 147. The output from the complex filter 137 is coupled to the integrator 139. The integral of frequency is phase, which is output 140 to the converter 141. The phase output 140 is coupled to a converter 141 which converts the phase signal into a complex signal for mixing 151 with the baseband signal 77. Since the upstream operations are commutative, the output 149 of the PLL 133 is also the feedback loop into the system 75.
The correction signal 119 of the complex conjugate 123 and the output signal 149 of the PLL 133 are each coupled to mixers located within the transmitter 181, in order to correct the signal before transmission as shown in FIG. 8A. The transmitter 181 shown in FIG. 8A operates in a similar manner to the transmitter 27 shown in FIG. 2, except that the signal ready for transmission is pre-rotated prior to transmission. Referring to FIG. 8A, data 1641, 1642, 1643 is encoded using forward correcting coding (FEC) 35. The two bi-phase modulated data or symbols 41a, 41b are spread with a complex pseudo-noise (pn) sequence and the resulting I 45a and Q 45b spread signals are mixed with the correction signal 119, upconverted with the carrier signal 51, and combined 53 with other spread signals having different spreading codes. The resulting signal 55 is again corrected using the signal 149 from the receiver PLL 133. The signal 56 which has been pre-corrected for phase and frequency is then transmitted. In this manner, the present invention utilizes the signals 119, 149 generated by the receiver 71 to pre-correct the transmitted signal and reduce the phase and frequency errors in the signals as received at the receiving unit.
Referring to FIG. 8B, a transmitter 183 made in accordance with an alternative embodiment of the present invention is shown. This embodiment is similar to the embodiment shown in FIG. 8A, except that the correction signal 119 is mixed with the baseband data signal via a mixer 157. Thus, the baseband data is pre-corrected prior to encoding and spreading. Of course, those of skill in the art should realize that other processing steps may be introduced before the correction signal 119 is mixed with the data signal.
Referring to FIG. 8C, a transmitter 188 made in accordance with another alternative embodiment of the present invention is shown. In this embodiment, the correction signal 119 and the carrier offset signal 149 are input into a combiner, which combines the signal into a single pre-correction signal, and mixed using the mixer 169 with the output of the summer 53 prior to transmission.
Finally, it should be noted that the carrier offset correction and the pre-rotation correction are separate corrections. Each may be utilized independently of the other. For example, the system may pre-correct only for carrier offset error and may not perform pre-rotation. Alternatively, the system may perform pre-rotation but may not correct for carrier offset error.
While specific embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, many modifications and variations could be made by one skilled in the art without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. The above description serves to illustrate and not limit the particular form in any way.

## Claims

1. A base station comprising a receiver and transmitter, the receiver including:
an antenna configured to receive a communication signal, the communication signal including a plurality of individual channels;
an adaptive matched filter configured to filter the received signal and generate a filtered signal using a weighting signal;
an analyzer configured to analyze the received signal for errors and generate a correction signal based on the analysis, the analyzer further including:
at least one despreader configured to despread said filtered signal using a pilot signal, and provide a despread filtered signal;
a processor configured to perform a hard decision on the despread filtered signal and generate symbol outputs therefrom; and
an error correction generator circuit configured to generate the correction signal; and

a correction unit configured to correct the received signal at a symbol level by using the correction signal, whereby the correction of the received signal removes a phase error from the despread filtered signal.

2. The base station of claim 1 wherein the correction unit comprises:
a RAKE receiver configured to demodulate the received signal and generate relative path values for each multipath component of the received signal; and
a mixer configured to mix the path values with the correction signal to generate the weighting signal.

3. The base station of claim 1 wherein the correction unit comprises:
a RAKE receiver configured to demodulate the received signal and generate relative path values for a plurality of multipath components of the received signal;
the analyzer further configured to provide correction signals for each of the plurality of multipath components; and
a mixer configured to mix the path values with the correction signal to generate the weighting signal.

4. The base station of claim 1 wherein the correction unit comprises:
a RAKE receiver configured to demodulate the received signal and generate relative path values for each of a predetermined plurality of multipath components of the received signal;
a separate analyzer for each of the plurality of multipath components; and
a mixer configured to mix the path values with the correction signal to generate the weighting signal.

5. The base station of claim 1 wherein the plurality of individual channels have different data rates.

6. The base station of claim 1 wherein the plurality of individual channels have different data rates and provide voice and nonvoice communication.

7. The base station of claim 1 wherein the plurality of individual channels have different data rates and provide voice and nonvoice communication on separate channels, the data rates selected based upon a type of signal.

8. The base station of claim 1 wherein the plurality of individual channels have different data rates and provide voice and nonvoice communication on separate channels, the data rates selected based upon at least one of a type of signal, or in response to a set data rate.

9. A mobile station comprising a receiver and transmitter, the receiver including:
an antenna configured to receive a communication signal, the communication signal including a plurality of individual channels;
an adaptive matched filter configured to filter the received signal and generate a filtered signal using a weighting signal;
an analyzer configured to analyze said received signal for errors and generate a correction signal for a subset of the individual channels based on the analysis, said analyzer further including:
at least one despreader configured to despread the filtered signal using a pilot signal, and provide a despread filtered signal;
a processor configured to perform a hard decision on the despread filtered signal and generate symbol outputs therefrom; and
an error correction generator circuit configured to generate the correction signal; and

a correction unit configured to correct the received signal at a symbol level by using the correction signal, whereby the correction of the received signal removes a phase error from the despread filtered signal.

10. The mobile station of claim 9 wherein the correction unit comprises:
a RAKE receiver configured to demodulate the received signal and generate relative path values for each multipath component of the received signal; and
a mixer configured to mix the path values with the correction signal to generate said weighting signal.

11. The mobile station of claim 9 wherein the correction unit comprises:
a RAKE receiver configured to demodulate the received signal and generate relative path values for a plurality of multipath components of the received signal;
the analyzer configured to provide correction signals for each of the plurality of multipath components; and
a mixer configured to mix the path values with the correction signal to generate the weighting signal.

12. The mobile station of claim 9 wherein the correction unit comprises:
a RAKE receiver configured to demodulate the received signal and generate relative path values for each of a predetermined plurality of multipath components of the received signal;
a separate analyzer for each of the plurality of multipath components; and
a mixer configured to mix the path values with the correction signal to generate the weighting signal.

13. The mobile station of claim 9 wherein the plurality of individual channels have different data rates.

14. The mobile station of claim 9 wherein the plurality of individual channels have different data rates and provide voice and nonvoice communication on separate channels.

15. The mobile station of claim 9 wherein the plurality of individual channels have different data rates and provide voice and nonvoice communication on separate channels, data rate selected based upon a type of signal.

16. The mobile station of claim 9 wherein the plurality of individual channels have different data rates and provide voice and nonvoice communication on separate channels, data rate selected based upon at least one of a type of signal, or in response to a set data rate.