J

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NON
- PRECEDENTIAL DECISION
- SEE SUPERIOR COURT OP 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

Appellee

v.

ROLAND GRAHAM

Appellant : : : : : : : : : IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 2316 EDA 2022 Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence Entered September 7, 2022 In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Criminal Division at No(s): CP

- 51

- CR

- 0000634

- 2020

BEFORE: OLSON, J., McLAUGHLIN, J., and KING, J.
MEMORANDUM BY KING, J.: FILED JUNE 21, 2023
Appellant, Roland Graham, appeals from the judg ment of sentence
entered in the Philadelphia County Court of Common Pleas, following his jury

trial convictions for attempted murder , aggravated assault, carrying a firearm

without a license , carrying a firear m on public street s in Philadelphia, and
possessing instrument s of crime (“PIC”)

. 1 We affirm.

The relevant facts and procedural history of this appeal ar e as follows : On March 6, 2016 at approximately 5:00 p.m., [Appellant] was eating at Church’s Chicken o n North Broad Street and West Erie Avenue in North Philadelphia

. L e muel M eyers and his brother, Josiah Meyers, were working at Church’s Chicken that evening. L e muel went into the dining room to clean tables. As he was sp raying a table near [Appellant] , mist from the cleaning solution wafted towards [Appellant]

. [ Appellant] became upset and told Lemuel that he should not be cleaning tables around people who were eating.

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

1 18 Pa .C.S. A. §§ 901(a) , 2 5 02 , 2702 , 6106 , 6108 , and 907, respectively.J

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- Lemuel apologized, but [Appellant] cursed at him an d an argument ensued. [Appellant] left the restaurant but was still arguing with Lemuel from outside. Lemuel took his uniform shirt off and prepared to exit the store to fight [Appellant] , but he was stopped by a customer. At that point, Josia h, who was working in the kitchen, became aware of the altercation between Lemuel and [Appellant]

. Josiah ran into the dining room and assisted the customer in restraining Lemuel. [Appellant] continued to yell at Lemuel and told him to “come outside,” but Lemuel p ut his hands up and began to walk away. [Appellant] then reentered the store with a gun and, apparently mistaking Josiah for Lemuel, shot Josiah twice. [Appellant] then paused, called Josiah a “mother

- fucker,” and shot him twice more as he was on the gro und. Josiah was struck in the neck, shoulder, arm, and chest. [Appellant] grabbed his food and calmly exited the restaurant.
Upon their arrival at the scene, detectives collected video surveillance footage from the restaurant, which showed the incident in its entirety. Police made a compilation of the surveillance footage and sent it to local news stations to obtain tips on the suspect’s identity. Police immediately began receiving tips from the public and, based on those tips, prepared a photo array. The photo array was shown to both Josiah and Lemuel. They both identified [Appellant] as the shooter.
On the morning of Mar ch 10, 2016, SEPTA police officers Michael Arlen and Thomas Messer, responding to a radio call, found and arrested [Appellant] in the back of a SEPTA bus. [Appellant] first identified himself to the officers as Roland Brown before identifying himself as R oland Graham.
(Trial Court Opinion , filed 11/ 16 / 22, at 2

- 3) (internal footnote and record
citations omitted)

. The court scheduled trial for June 2022. At th e time, the Philadelphia
County Sheriff’s Department would not transport prisoners to court w ithout a
negative COVID

- 19 test

. ( See N.T. Trial, 6/22/22, at 3). Pursuant to thisJ

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-

policy, prisoners who refus ed test ing would not receive transportation

. The

court was aware of the policy and determined that it would proceed to trial

without Appellant if he refuse d to take a COVID

- 19 test on the date scheduled

for trial

. 2 ( See Court Exhibit 1 , Letter , dated 6/10/22). To confirm that
Appellant was aware of the consequences of a refusal , defense counsel sent a
letter to Appellant at the county jail on June 10, 2022. ( See id. )
At the direction of the court, counsel also attempted to visit Appellant
at the county jail on June 21, 2022. ( See N.T. Trial, 6/22/22, at 4). Appellant,
however, refused t he visit. 3 ( Id. at 5). In re sponse, counsel asked a

corrections officer to telephone Appellant ’s unit, speak with Appellant, and

inform him that “t his case would proceed if he refused the COVID test .” ( Id. )
With counsel present, the officer telephoned Appellant and informed him “that
this trial would be proceeding without him should he refuse the COVID test
tomorrow[.]” ( Id. )
Trial commenced on June 22, 2022, but Appellant refused to take the

COVID

- 19 test that morning and failed to appear

. At the start of the
proceedings, t he court made a specific finding that Appellant’s “refusal to take

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

2 The court subsequently noted that Appellant refused COVID

- 19 testing prior to the last three pretrial listings where the Sheriff’s Department had been scheduled to transport Appellant to court. ( See N.T. Trial, 6/22/22, at 3).

3 Counsel informed the court that he had “been up to see [Appellant] before,” and Appellant had “never refused” counsel’s visits. ( See N.T. Trial, 6/22/22, at 3).J

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the test and not be brought down was an intentional act to voluntarily absent

himself from this trial.” ( Id. at 6). The court also directed defense counsel

to communicate with Appellant a nd notify him that trial had begun, and
Appellant would lose the opportunity to testify if he did not appear

. ( Id. at
8). To comply with this directive, counsel sent another letter to Appellant.
( See Court Exhibit 2 , Letter, dated 6/ 22 / 22). Th e letter reiterated that
Appellant would need to comply with the COVID

- 19 testing policy if he wish ed
to participate in the trial. ( Id. )
Despite these warnings , Appellant failed to appear for any of the trial.
( See N.T. Trial, 6/23/22, at 3; N.T. Trial, 6/24/22 at 3 ). T he jury convicted

A ppellant o f all counts on June 24, 2022

. On September 7 , 2022, the court
imposed an aggregate sentence of twenty

- three and one

- half ( 231⁄2 ) to forty

seven ( 47 ) years ’ incarceration. Appellant did not file post

- sentence motions.
Appellant timely filed a notice of appeal on September 8, 2022 . On
September 9, 2022, the court ord ered Appellant to file a Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b)
concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. Appellant timely filed

his R ule 1925(b) statement on September 1 3 , 2022.
Appellant now raises the following issues for this Court’s review:
Whether the trial court erred in conducting [Appellant’s] trial in absentia while he was being held in custody ?

A. [Appellant’s] refusal to submit to a C OVID test prior to trial should not be deemed a willful ly failed to appear

.
B. [Appellant’s] constitutional right to confrontJ

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- witnesses against him at trial was violated under both the United States Constitution and Pennsylvania Constitution

. C. [Appellant] was unable to present evidence of self

- defense at trial

. Whether the evide nce introduced at trial and all reasonable inferences derived from the evidentiary record, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, is insufficient to establish all elements of c riminal
a ttempt

— m urder

... beyond a reasonable doubt?

Whether the evidence introduced at trial and all reasonable inferences derived from the evidentiary record, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, is insufficient to establish all elements of a ggravated
a ssault

... beyond a reasonable doubt?

Whether the evidence introduced at trial and all reasonable inferences derived from the evidentiary record, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, is insufficient to establish all elements of firearms not to be carried w/o license ... beyond a reasonable doubt?

Whether the evidence introduced at trial and all reasonable inferences derived from the evidentiary record, viewed in the light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict winner, is insufficient to establish all elements of c arry f irearms p ublic in Phila

... beyond a reasonable doubt?

Whether the evidence introduced at trial and all reasonable inferences derived from the evidentiary record, viewed in the light most favorable to th e Commonwealth as verdict winner, is insufficient to establish all elements of [PIC]

... beyond a reasonable doubt?
(Appellant’s Brief at 7

- 8 )

. In his first issue, Appellant contends that the court erred in conducting

a trial in absentia while he was being held at the county jail . Appellant alleges

that his refusal to submit to COVID

- 19 test ing was not an intentional actJ

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designed to keep him from appearing at trial. A ppellant insist s that a trial

may proceed in absentia only when a defendant “ voluntarily, knowingly, and
without justification failed to be present at the designated time and place [

. ] ”
( Id. at 14 )

. Appellant maintains that his trial should not have proceeded in

absentia where his absence was not voluntary

. Further, Appellant maintains

that the court erred by depriv ing him of his : 1) right to confront the witnesses
against him ; and 2) his right to present evidence of self

- defens e. Appellant

concludes that a new trial is warranted. We disagree.

“ A defendant has an absolute right to be present at his trial

. It is a right , however, which may be waived

. It may be waived expressly, or waiver
may be implied by a defendant’s actions. ” Commonwealth v. Sullens , 533
Pa. 99, 102, 619 A.2d 13 49 , 135 1 (1992). “ [W] hen a defendant is absent
without cause at the time his trial is scheduled to begin, he may be tried in

absentia [

. ] ” Id. at 104, 619 A.2d at 1352

. See also Pa.R.Crim.P. 602(A)
(stating : “ The defendant ’ s absence without cause at the time scheduled for
the start of trial or during trial shall not preclude proceeding with the trial,
including the return of the verdict and the imposition of sentence ”)

.

Unless the defendant is prevented from attending the proceedings for reasons beyond his or her control, the defendant is expected to be present at all stages of trial

. A defendant owes the court an affirmative duty to advise it if he or she will be absent

. If a defendant has a valid reason for failing to appear, for example, if he or she has a medical emergency or is called to leave because of a family emergency, then the defendant can alert the court personally or through counsel of the problem. When, h owever, the defendant leaves the trial abruptly, without anJ

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- explanation to either his lawyer or the court, this may be regarded as an absence without cause.

Commonwealth v. Wilson , 551 Pa. 593, 600, 712 A.2d 735, 73 8 (1998)
(internal citations omitted)

. Instantly, Appellant received notice of the consequences of a failure to
comply with the Sheriff’s Department’s COVID

- 19 test ing policy

. The June 10,

2022 letter from counsel to Appellant stated : “ [ S ] hould you refuse the covid
test, the case will proceed in your absence

. ” (Court Exhibit 1, Letter, dated
6/10/22). On June 21, 2022 , counsel went to the jail to communicate this
requirement in person. Appellant refused the visit , and counsel used a

corrections officer to notify Appellant that trial would start without him if he
failed to comply with the COVID

- 19 testing policy

. ( See N.T. Trial , 6/22/22 ,
at 5). After trial commenced, c ounsel delivered a second letter to Appellant
explaining that the trial would proceed in absentia if Appellant did not submit

to a COVID

- 19 test

. 4 ( See Court Exhibit 2, Letter, dated 6/22/22).

Thereafter , the S heriff’s D epartment offered COVID

- 19 testing to Appellant on

e ach day of the trial , but Appellant refused testing and did not appear

.
T he court evaluated these circumstances and determined that Appellant
knowingly failed to appear. ( See Trial Court Opinion at 5 ). Our review of the
record supports this determination. Contrary to Appellant’s assertions , the

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

4 Regarding Appellant’s ability to receive this letter, counsel state d, “He’ll get it. There’s no reason he wouldn’t get it unless he refuses the envelope.” (N.T. Trial, 6/23/22, at 3).J

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court and counsel worked to inform Appellant of the consequences of his

failure to submit to a COVID

- 19 test

. Therefore , i t was reasonable for the

court to conclude that Appellant was absen t from trial without cause , and
Appellant voluntarily waived his right to be present

. See Wilson , supra ; Sullens, supra

. In his remaining issues, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the
evidence supporting his convictions. For each issue, Appellant baldly asserts

that t he “evidence in this case compels one to conclude that no pro bability of
fact can be drawn in favor of meeting the elements of this crime.” (Appellant’s
Brief at 22, 23, 24

- 25 , 26 ). Appellant, however, fails to provide any additional
argument discussing the elements of each offense at issue. Absent more,
Appellant’s sufficiency challenges are waived

. 5 See Commonwealth v.
Taylor , 277 A.3d 577, 590

- 91 (Pa.Super. 2022) (reiterating that failure to
develop adequate argument in appellate brief may result in waiver of claim

under Pa.R.A.P. 2119 ). Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of sentence.
Judgment of sentence affirmed.

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

5 T he trial court also found these issues waived , albeit due to the lack of sp ecificity in Appellant’s Rule 1925(b) statement. ( See Trial Court Opinion at 6).J

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-

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary

Date: 6/21/2023