EXHIBIT C
UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

SOUTHERN DISTRICT OF FLORIDA

Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

RAYMOND H NAHMAD DDS PA, et al.,

Plaintiffs,

v.

HARTFORD CASUALTY INSURANCE 

COMPANY,

Defendant.

________________________________/

ORDER

THIS CAUSE is before the Court upon Defendant’s Motion to Dismiss, ECF No. [7] 

(“Motion”). Plaintiffs filed a Response in Opposition, ECF No. [9] (“Response”), to which 

Defendant filed a Reply, ECF No. [17] (“Reply”). The Court has considered the Motion, the 

Response, the Reply, the record in this case, the applicable law, and is otherwise fully advised. For 

the reasons set forth below, the Motion is granted.

I. BACKGROUND

This matter stems from a lawsuit Plainitffs initiated in the Eleventh Judicial Circuit in and 

for Miami-Dade County, Florida against Defendant on May 25, 2020. ECF No. [1-2] at 4-16 

(“Complaint”). Defendant timely removed this lawsuit to this Court on July 10, 2020, pursuant to 

28 U.S.C. §§ 1332, 1441, and 1446.

According to the Complaint, Plaintiffs entered into an insurance contract with Defendant 

to insure Plaintiffs’ business premises under a policy bearing No. 21 SBA VJ7288 (“Policy”).

1

1 Defendant filed a certified copy of the Policy, ECF No. [6-1]. For purposes of analysis, citations 

to policy provisions will be to the page listed on the bottom of the Policy itself rather than to 

portions contained in the parties’ briefings. 

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 1 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

2

ECF No. [1-2] at ¶¶ 5-6. Plaintiffs operate a dental practice, which practice was suspended due to 

“orders issued by the Governor of Florida and Mayor of Miami-Dade County that non-emergent 

or elective dental care be postponed indefinitely” in light of the COVID-19 pandemic. Id. at ¶ 10. 

See also id. at ¶ 18-20 (alleging that a public health emergency was declared on March 1, 2020 

and that Executive Order 20-72, limiting dental office operations, was issued on March 20, 2020). 

This suspension has had a “deleterious effect on [Plaintiffs’] business income.” Id. at ¶ 21. 

Plaintiffs submitted a claim for business interruption loss, but Defendant denied Plaintiffs’ claim 

on March 20, 2020. Id. at ¶¶ 22-24. Defendant denied the claim because the loss at issue did not 

come within the coverage grant of the Policy and because certain “potentially applicable 

exclusions” may bar coverage. Id. at ¶ 24. The Complaint asserts two counts: breach of contract 

(Count I) and declaratory relief (Count II). Id. at ¶¶ 11-12.

Regarding Count I, id. at ¶¶ 13-39, Plaintiff alleges that Defendant “is denying the 

obligation to pay for business income losses and other covered expenses incurred by policyholders 

for the physical loss and damage to the insured property from measures put in place by the civil 

authorities to stop the spread of COVID-19 among the population.” Id. at ¶ 11. In Plaintiffs’ view, 

Defendant has breached the Policy by failing to provide coverage under the Policy’s Business 

Income, Extra Expense, and Civil Authority provisions. Id. at ¶¶ 12, 25, 31-33.

Regarding Count II, id. at ¶¶ 40-54, Plaintiff seeks a “declaratory judgment that affirms 

that the COVID-19 pandemic and the corresponding response by civil authorities to stop the spread 

of the outbreak triggers coverage, has caused physical property loss and damage to the insured 

property, provides coverage for future civil authority orders that result in future suspensions or 

curtailments of business interruption, and finds that [Defendant] is liable for the losses suffered by 

policyholders.” Id. at ¶ 11. 

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 2 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

3

Defendant now moves to dismiss the Complaint with prejudice as to both counts. ECF No. 

[7]. It makes four main arguments. First, the Policy’s virus exclusion, ECF No. [6-1] at 135, bars 

coverage. ECF No. [7-1] at 6-7, 11-19. In this regard, it argues that the Policy’s plain terms apply, 

the virus caused Plaintiffs’ loss, and governmental orders aimed at slowing the spread of the 

coronavirus do not impact the applicability of the virus exclusion. Id. Second, even if the virus 

exclusion did not apply, Plaintiffs are not entitled to business income coverage because they do 

not allege any direct physical loss or damage to their property, which is required for coverage. Id.

at 7, 19-20. Third, Plaintiffs are not entitled to “civil authority” coverage under the terms of the 

Policy. Id. at 7, 20-23. Finally, because there is no breach of contract given the lack of coverage 

under the Policy, Count I fails and, as a consequence, Count II fails. Id. at 23.

Plaintiffs respond that they have stated actionable claims. ECF No. [9]. They make five 

points. First, the Complaint sufficiently alleges a covered cause of loss under the Policy, id. at 6-

11; second, the Complaint sufficiently alleges “loss of” or “damage to” insured property, id. at 11-

15; third, the loss at issue is not specifically excuded by the Policy’s “limited fungi, bacteria or 

virus coverage” provision, id. at 15-18; fourth; Count II is plausibly asserted, id. at 18; and finally, 

Plaintffs maintain that the issues underlying coverage and exclusions involve factual inquiries 

inappropriate for resolution at this time. Id. at 19-20.

Defendant replies that the Complaint alleges only economic losses rather than physical loss 

or damage, thus precluding coverage, and that regardless, the Complaint cannot avoid application 

of the Policy’s virus exclusion. ECF No. [17] at 2. It adds that four courts have “now concluded 

COVID-19 business income losses do not satisfy the direct physical loss requirements of property 

policies.” Id. at 3. They make three primary arguments. First, they assert that the virus exclusion 

applies and Plaintiffs’ case citations are inapposite. Id. at 3-5. Second, Plaintiffs fail to carry their 

burden to demonstrate a direct physical loss because business income is not “covered commercial 

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 3 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

4

property” under the Policy and the Complaint fails to demonstrate a direct physical loss. Id. at 5-

10. Finally, there are no factual disputes that require resolution and dismissal is appropriate. Id. at 

10.

The Motion, accordingly, is ripe for consideration.

II. LEGAL STANDARD

Rule 8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure requires that a pleading contain “a short and 

plain statement of the claim showing that the pleader is entitled to relief.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 8(a)(2). 

Although a complaint “does not need detailed factual allegations,” it must provide “more than 

labels and conclusions, and a formulaic recitation of the elements of a cause of action will not 

do.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 

(2007); see Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 (2009) 

(explaining that Rule 8(a)(2)’s pleading standard “demands more than an unadorned, thedefendant-unlawfully-harmed-me accusation”). In the same vein, a complaint may not rest on 

“‘naked assertion[s]’ devoid of ‘further factual enhancement.’” Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 

1937 (quoting Twombly, 550 U.S. at 557, 127 S.Ct. 1955 (alteration in original)). “Factual 

allegations must be enough to raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Twombly, 550 

U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955. These elements are required to survive a motion brought under Rule 

12(b)(6), which requests dismissal for “failure to state a claim upon which relief can be granted.”

When reviewing a motion under Rule 12(b)(6), a court, as a general rule, must accept the 

plaintiff’s allegations as true and evaluate all plausible inferences derived from those facts in favor 

of the plaintiff. See Miccosukee Tribe of Indians of Fla. v. S. Everglades Restoration Alliance, 304 

F.3d 1076, 1084 (11th Cir. 2002); AXA Equitable Life Ins. Co. v. Infinity Fin. Grp., LLC, 608 

F.Supp.2d 1349, 1353 (S.D. Fla. 2009). However, this tenet does not apply to legal conclusions, 

and courts “are not bound to accept as true a legal conclusion couched as a factual 

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 4 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

5

allegation.” Twombly, 550 U.S. at 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955; see Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 678, 129 S.Ct. 

1937; Thaeter v. Palm Beach Cnty. Sheriff's Office, 449 F.3d 1342, 1352 (11th Cir. 2006). 

Moreover, “courts may infer from the factual allegations in the complaint ‘obvious alternative 

explanations,’ which suggest lawful conduct rather than the unlawful conduct the plaintiff would 

ask the court to infer.” Am. Dental Ass’n v. Cigna Corp., 605 F.3d 1283, 1290 (11th Cir. 2010) 

(quoting Iqbal, 556 U.S. at 682, 129 S.Ct. 1937).

A court considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion is generally limited to the facts contained in 

the complaint and the attached exhibits, including documents referred to in the complaint that are 

central to the claim. See Wilchombe v. TeeVee Toons, Inc., 555 F.3d 949, 959 (11th Cir. 

2009); Maxcess, Inc. v. Lucent Technologies, Inc., 433 F.3d 1337, 1340 (11th Cir. 2005) (“[A] 

document outside the four corners of the complaint may still be considered if it is central to the 

plaintiff’s claims and is undisputed in terms of authenticity.”) (citing Horsley v. Feldt, 304 F.3d 

1125, 1135 (11th Cir. 2002)). “[W]hen the exhibits contradict the general and conclusory 

allegations of the pleading, the exhibits govern.” Griffin Indus., Inc. v. Irvin, 496 F.3d 1189, 1206 

(11th Cir. 2007). 

It is through this lens that the Court considers the Motion and the parties’ arguments.

III. DISCUSSION

Determining whether Defendant is entitled to dismissal of the Complaint raises three

overarching issues. The first is whether the Complaint alleges facts that come within the scope of 

the Policy’s coverage grants. If so, the second is whether coverage is nonetheless barred by a policy 

exclusion. And third, whether the claim for declaratory relief is actionable if the breach of contract 

claim fails. The Court will examine each issue in turn.

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 5 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

6

A. The Policy

Under the Special Property Coverage Form, ECF No. [6-1] at 31, the Policy provides

coverage as follows:

We will pay for direct physical loss of or physical damage to Covered Property at 

the premises described in the Declarations (also called “scheduled premises” in this 

policy) caused by or resulting from a Covered Cause of Loss.

Id.

The premises, as listed in the declarations pages of the Policy, is 7950 N.W. 53 Street, 

Suites 112, 113, and 114, Miami, FL 33166. Id. at 15-16. “Covered Property” includes buildings 

and structures, business personal property, but it excludes “money,” “accounts, bills,” and 

“valuable paper and records.” Id. at 31-32. The Policy does not define “direct physical loss” or 

“physical damage.” A “Covered Cause of Loss” is defined as “risks of direct physical loss unless 

the loss is: a. Excluded in Section B., Exclusions; or b. Limited in Paragraph A.4. Id. at 32 

(capitalization omitted).

The Policy also provides additional coverage for business income, extra expense, and civil 

authority as follows:

Business Income: We will pay for the actual loss of Business Income you sustain 

due to the necessary suspension of your “operations” during the “period of 

restoration.” The suspension must be caused by direct physical loss of or physical 

damage to property at the “scheduled premises,” including personal property in the 

open (or in a vehicle) within 1,000 feet of the “scheduled premises,” caused by or 

resulting from a Covered Cause of Loss. . . . With respect to the coverage provided 

in this Additional Coverage, suspension means: (a) The partial slowdown of your 

business activities; or (b) That part or all of the “scheduled premises” is rendered 

untenantable as a result of a Covered Cause of Loss if coverage for Business 

Income applies to the policy.

Id. at 40.

Extra Expense: We will pay reasonable and necessary Extra Expense you incur 

during the “period of restoration” that you would not have incurred if there had 

been no direct physical loss or physical damage to property at the “scheduled 

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 6 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

7

premises,” including personal property in the open (or in a vehicle) within 1,000 

feet, caused by or resulting from a Covered Cause of Loss.

Id.

Civil Authority: This insurance is extended to apply to the actual loss of Business 

Income you sustain when access to your “scheduled premises” is specifically 

prohibited by order of a civil authority as the direct result of a Covered Cause of 

Loss to property in the immediate area of your “scheduled premises.”

Id. at 41.

Extended Business Income: If the necessary suspension of your “operations” 

produces a Business Income loss payable under this policy, we will pay for the 

actual loss of Business Income you incur during the period . . . Loss of Business 

Income must be caused by direct physical loss or physical damage at the “scheduled 

premises” caused by or resulting from a Covered Cause of Loss.

Id. at 42.

By endorsement, the Policy also contains an exclusion for “fungi,” wet rot, dry rot, bacteria 

and virus as follows:

We will not pay for loss or damage caused directly or indirectly by any of the 

following. Such loss or damage is excluded regardless of any other cause or event 

that contributes concurrently or in any sequence to the loss: (1) Presence, growth, 

proliferation, spread or any activity of “fungi,” wet rot, dry rot, bacteria or virus. 

. . . This exclusion applies whether or not the loss even results in widespread 

damage or affects a substantial area.

Id. at 135.

B. Insurance contract interpretation in Florida

Both parties agree that Florida law governs interpretation of the Policy. See ECF Nos. [7-

1] at 11; [9] at 7. The Court likewise agrees that Florida law controls. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins.

Co. v. Roach, 945 So. 2d 1160, 1163 (Fla. 2006). 

In determining coverage under an insurance policy, courts look at the policy in its entirety 

and are required to give “every provision its full meaning and operative effect.” See State Farm

Fire & Cas. Co. v. Steinberg, 393 F.3d 1226, 1230 (11th Cir. 2004) (internal quotation marks 

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 7 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

8

omitted). Thus, when construing a policy’s terms, “the pertinent provisions should be read in pari

materia.” U.S. Fire Ins. Co. v. J.S.U.B., Inc., 979 So. 2d 871, 877 (Fla. 2007) (quoting State Farm 

Fire & Cas. Co. v. CTC Dev. Corp., 720 So. 2d 1072, 1074 (Fla. 1998)). A court’s inquiry begins 

with “the plain language of the policy, as bargained for by the parties.” Steinberg, 393 F.3d at

1230 (citing Auto–Owners Ins. Co. v. Anderson, 756 So. 2d 29, 34 (Fla. 2000)). Stated 

differently, “insurance contracts are construed according to their plain meaning.” Garcia v.

Federal Ins. Co., 473 F.3d 1131, 1135 (11th Cir. 2006) (quoting Taurus Holdings, Inc. v. U.S. Fid.

& Guar. Co., 913 So. 2d 528, 532 (Fla. 2005)); see also Siegle v. Progressive Consumers Ins.

Co., 819 So. 2d 732, 736 (Fla. 2002) (“[The] terms of an insurance policy should be taken and 

understood in their ordinary sense and the policy should receive a reasonable, practical and 

sensible interpretation consistent with the intent of the parties.” (citation omitted)). 

The unambiguous language of the policy is controlling; however, where the language is 

“susceptible to more than one reasonable interpretation, one providing coverage and the other 

limiting coverage, the insurance policy is considered ‘ambiguous,’ and must be ‘interpreted 

liberally in favor of the insured and strictly against the drafter who prepared the

policy.’” Steinberg, 393 F.3d at 1230.

“[I]nsurance coverage must be construed broadly and its exclusions narrowly.” Evanston

Ins. Co. v. Budget Grp. Inc., 199 F. App’x. 867, 868 (11th Cir. 2006) (citing Demshar v. AAACon

Auto Transport, Inc., 337 So. 2d 963, 965 (Fla. 1976)). In the same vein, policies “are to be 

construed most strongly against the insurer and liberally in favor of the insured.” Id. (citing 

Hartnett v. Southern Ins. Co., 181 So.2 d 524, 528 (Fla. 1965)). Accordingly, exclusionary clauses 

restricting the insured’s coverage are generally disfavored. Hartford Acc. & Indem. Co. v.

Beaver, 466 F.3d 1289, 1296 (11th Cir. 2006) (citing Northland Cas. Co. v. HBE Corp., 160 F.

Supp. 2d 1348, 1359 (M.D. Fla. 2001)). The burden falls on the insurer to prove that an 

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 8 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

9

exclusionary clause precludes coverage, and it must do so by “demonstrating that the allegations 

of the complaint are cast solely and entirely within the policy exclusion and are subject to no other

reasonable interpretation.” Id. (citing Northland, 160 F. Supp. 2d at 1359); see also U.S. Concrete

Pipe Co. v. Bould, 437 So. 2d 1061, 1065 (Fla. 1983) (“Non-insurability is a defensive matter, 

with the burden resting on the insurer.”).

C. The Complaint fails to allege coverage under the Policy’s plain terms

Plaintiffs contend that the Motion should be denied because “[l]osses stemming from the 

COVID-19 Pandemic are without factual or legal precedent,” and a “fact-specific inquiry into 

these issues is especially critical here, especially because insurance policy decisions are not 

binding where the policy forms and underlying facts differ.” ECF No. [9] at 19. In their view, the 

“parties have barely scratched the surface of dense factual issues relevant to this coverage 

determination” and thus “an order concluding that coverage is barred as a matter of law is 

premature at the pleading stage.” Id. The Court disagrees.

As Defendant correctly notes, Plaintiffs “do not identify a single factual issue that needs to 

be developed. The reason is simple: there are none.” ECF No. [17] at 10. Numerous other courts 

across the country have dismissed substantially similar COVID-19-related lawsuits at this stage 

for failing to plead actionable claims under the insurance policy. See, e.g., Malaube, LLC v.

Greenwich Ins. Co., No. 20-22615-CIV, 2020 WL 5051581 (S.D. Fla. Aug. 26, 2020); Mauricio

Martinez, DMD, P.A. v. Allied Ins. Co. of Am., No. 220CV00401FTM66NPM, 2020 WL 5240218 

(M.D. Fla. Sept. 2, 2020); Infinity Exhibits, Inc. v. Certain Underwriters at Lloyd's London Known

as Syndicate PEM 4000, No. 8:20-CV-1605-T-30AEP, 2020 WL 5791583 (M.D. Fla. Sept. 28, 

2020); Diesel Barbershop, LLC v. State Farm Lloyds, No. 5:20-CV-461-DAE, 2020 WL 4724305 

(W.D. Tex. Aug. 13, 2020); Turek Enterprises, Inc. v. State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co., No. 20-

11655, 2020 WL 5258484 (E.D. Mich. Sept. 3, 2020); Seifert v. IMT Ins. Co., No. CV 20-1102 

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 9 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

10

(JRT/DTS), 2020 WL 6120002 (D. Minn. Oct. 16, 2020); Sandy Point Dental, PC v. Cincinnati

Ins. Co., No. 20 CV 2160, 2020 WL 5630465 (N.D. Ill. Sept. 21, 2020).

“Under Florida law, an insured seeking to recover under an all-risks policy . . . bears the 

burden of proving that a covered loss occurred at the insured property. The burden is on the insured 

to prove that the insurance policy covers a claim.” Berkower v. USAA Cas. Ins. Co., No. 15-23947-

CIV, 2017 WL 1250419, at *7 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 4, 2017). “In Florida, the insured has the burden of 

proving facts that bring its claim within an insurance policy’s affirmative grant of coverage. In 

order to meet this burden under a policy of property damage insurance, the insured must prove (1) 

that the property harmed or damaged falls within the ‘insuring clause’ of the policy, and (2) the 

loss claimed falls within a second ‘covered perils’ provision contained in each policy.” Id. (citation 

omitted; emphasis removed). Once the insured shows coverage, the burden shifts to the insurer to 

prove an exclusion applies to the coverage. Id. If there is an exception to the exclusion, the burden 

once again is placed on the insured to demonstrate the exception to the exclusion. Id. Accordingly,

Plaintiffs bear the burden to demonstrate that coverage exists under the Policy.

Under the Policy’s Special Property Coverage Form, coverage exists for “direct physical 

loss of or physical damage to Covered Property at the . . . ‘scheduled premises’ . . . caused by or 

resulting from a Covered Cause of Loss.” ECF No. [6-1] at 31. According to Plaintiffs, the 

“Complaint sufficiently alleges that the ‘cause’ of loss was the governmental suspension orders 

and/or the COVID-19 Pandemic.” ECF No. [9] at 10. Plaintiffs add that loss of business income 

“constitutes a direct ‘physical loss’ and ‘physical damage,’ as nonessential dental procedures were 

specifically suspended by Governor DeSantis.” Id. at 11-12. In their view, economic damages 

alone without any corresponding physical harms to the Covered Property is covered under the 

Policy. Id. at 13-15. The Court is unpersuaded.

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 10 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

11

As an initial matter, business income is not included within the list of Covered Property 

under the Policy. ECF No. [6-1] at 32-33. In fact, money and accounts are expressly excluded from 

the definition. Id. But more importantly, the Complaint itself alleges that there were no physical 

harms to the insured premises because Plaintiffs’ injuries are purely economic. See ECF No. [1-2] 

at ¶¶ 9-12, 21, 30. See also ECF No. [9] at 5 (“To be clear, [Plaintiffs] do[] not allege or argue that 

the closure(s) were precipitated by the presence of coronavirus on the insured property.”). 

Federal courts in Florida that have examined whether economic losses caused by COVID19 business closures or suspensions constitute a “direct physical loss” or “physical harm” have 

rejected Plaintiffs’ arguments. See Malaube, LLC, 2020 WL 5051581, at *5-7 (“courts in our 

district have found that “[a] direct physical loss ‘contemplates an actual change in insured property 

then in a satisfactory state, occasioned by accident or other fortuitous event directly upon the 

property causing it to become unsatisfactory for future use or requiring that repairs be made to 

make it so.’ . . . Plaintiff has not alleged any physical harm. There is no allegation, for example, 

that COVID-19 was physically present on the premises. Instead, Plaintiff only alleges that two 

Florida Emergency Orders forced the closure of its restaurant. And, as stated earlier, courts have 

found this to be insufficient to state a claim because there must be some allegation of actual harm.”) 

(citation omitted); Infinity Exhibits, Inc., 2020 WL 5791583, at *3-5 (“Plaintiff argues that 

economic damage is synonymous with ‘physical loss’ and is therefore covered under the Policies. 

Plaintiff’s argument is unpersuasive because Florida law and the plain language of the Policies 

reflect that actual, concrete damage is necessary. . . . Significantly, Plaintiff is not the first insured 

to seek coverage due to COVID-19 government shutdown orders under a policy that limits 

coverage to losses caused by direct physical loss or damage to the property. Courts across the 

country have held that such coverage does not exist where, as here, policyholders fail to plead facts 

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 11 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

12

showing physical property damage. . . . there is simply no coverage under the policies if they 

require ‘direct physical loss of or damage’ to property.”).

The Court finds these decisions instructive. In Malaube, LLC, plaintiff sought to recover 

insurance benefits for the loss of business income to its restaurant as a result of government 

shutdowns in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Just like here, plaintiff claimed that the 

government shutdown orders resulted in significant financial losses. 2020 WL 5051581, at *1. The 

insurer denied coverage and argued that the policy’s virus exclusion applied, there was no coverage 

because plaintiff did not allege that it suffered any direct physical loss or damage to the insured 

property, and the emergency orders did not prohibit access to the property. Id. at *2. The policy 

similarly did not define “physical loss” or “physical damage.” Id. at *5.

In examining the policy, that court determined that the complaint’s allegations were 

insufficient to state a claim for coverage. See id. at *7 (“Plaintiff’s allegations are insufficient to 

state a claim for an entirely separate reason because, when we examine the language of the 

insurance policy, ‘direct physical’ modifies both ‘loss’ and ‘damage.’ That means that any 

‘interruption in business must be caused by some physical problem with the covered property . . .

which must be caused by a ‘covered cause of loss.’”) (citing Philadelphia Parking Authority v.

Federal Ins. Co., 385 F. Supp. 2d 280, 288 (S.D.N.Y. 2005); see also United Airlines, Inc. v. Ins.

Co. of State of Pa., 385 F. Supp. 2d 343, 349 (S.D.N.Y. 2005), aff’d 439 F.3d 128 (2d Cir. 2006) 

(“The inclusion of the modifier ‘physical’ before ‘damages’ . . . supports [defendant’s] position 

that physical damage is required before business interruption coverage is paid.”)).

The court further analyzed Florida state court decisions, determining that “Florida’s 

appellate courts are in agreement with this interpretation,” and it noted that the “Eleventh Circuit’s 

decision in Mama Jo’s Inc. v. Sparta Ins. Co., 2020 WL 4782369, at *1 (11th Cir. Aug. 18, 2020), 

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 12 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

13

is also consistent with our interpretation of Florida law.” Id. at *7-8 (summarizing Mama Jo’s).2

Notably, the court then compared Mama Jo’s framework to the complaint’s allegations and 

determined that plaintiff’s allegations are “far weaker,” especially as “it is not plausible how two 

government orders meet [coverage under the policy] when the restaurant merely suffered 

economic losses – not anything tangible, actual, or physical.” Id. The court also looked at other 

provisions and concluded that “if there was any lingering doubt on whether a loss of use for pure 

economic reasons could be recoverable under the policy, the other provisions of the policy put that 

uncertainty to bed.” Id. at *9. Accordingly, the carrier’s motion to dismiss was granted.

In Infinity Exhibits, Inc., the court dismissed with prejudice plaintiff’s claims for business 

income loss related to government shutdown orders caused by the COVID-19 pandemic because 

plaintiff “has not alleged direct physical loss or damage to the Property” under the all-risk policy. 

2020 WL 5791583, at *2. In particular, the court reasoned that Mama Jo’s decision “undercuts 

Plaintiff’s response” to the motion to dismiss because it “rejects Plaintff’s argument that the 

Policies are ambiguous” and “also rejects Plaintiff’s contention that pure economic losses are 

covered.” Id. at *4. The court further collected cases from across the country where courts denied 

2

In Mama Jo’s, 2020 WL 4782369, which did not involve COVID-19, the Eleventh Circuit 

affirmed summary judgment in favor of defendant insurer where the plaintiff submitted a claim to 

the insurer for cleaning the restaurant and for business income loss related to nearby road 

construction that caused dust and debris to interfere with the restaurant’s operations. Like the 

Policy here, the all-risk policy provided coverage for “direct physical loss of or damage to Covered 

Property . . . caused by or resulting from any Covered Cause of Loss.” Id. at *8. The Court 

explained that under Florida law, the definition of “direct physical loss” is the “dimininution of 

value of something” and that “‘[d]irect and ‘physical’ modify loss and impose the requirement that 

the damage be actual.” Id. (citations omitted). Regarding the cleaning claim, the court determined 

that “under Florida law, an item or structure that merely needs to be cleaned has not suffered a 

‘loss’ which is both ‘direct’ and ‘physical.’” Id. As to the business income loss claim, the court 

noted that there was no evidence that the restaurant “suffered a direct physical loss of or damage 

to its property during the policy period.” Id. at *9. 

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 13 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

14

claims for economic losses related to the COVID-19 pandemic where there is no accompanying 

physical property harms or damages. Id. at *4-5. 

Plaintiffs fail to convince the Court that the instant allegations command a different result. 

See also Sandy Point Dental, PC, 2020 WL 5630465, at *2-3 (determing that there was no 

coverage for dental office’s losses due to COVID-19 closures; “The critical policy language here—

‘direct physical loss’—unambiguously requires some form of actual, physical damage to the 

insured premises to trigger coverage. The words ‘direct’ and ‘physical,’ which modify the word 

‘loss,’ ordinarily connote actual, demonstrable harm of some form to the premises itself, rather 

than forced closure of the premises for reasons extraneous to the premises themselves, or adverse 

business consequences that flow from such closure . . . In essence, plaintiff seeks insurance 

coverage for financial losses as a result of the closure orders. The coronavirus does not physically 

alter the appearance, shape, color, structure, or other material dimension of the property. 

Consequently, plaintiff has failed to plead a direct physical loss—a prerequisite for coverage.”).

The Complaint does not allege any physical harm to Plaintiffs’ Covered Property much 

less “direct physical loss of or physical damage” caused by or resulting from a “Covered Cause of 

Loss.” ECF No. [6-1] at 31. Accordingly, there is no coverage under the Special Property Coverage 

Form.3 As for additional coverages under the Business Income, Extra Expense, and Extended 

Business Income provisions, id. at 40-41, there is likewise no coverage under those portions of the 

3 Plaintiffs contend that Maspons, 211 So. 3d 1067 “hits the nail on the head” and “forecloses 

[Defendant’s] argument that damage to the building or structure itself is required to trigger 

coverage or that damage to that [] insured property is ‘not covered.’” ECF No. [9] at 14. The Court 

is unconvinced. In Maspons, the loss at issue involved an actual tangible harm because a drain 

pipe failed to perform its function, and the case involved the repair of the drain line. See 211 So. 

3d at 1069 (“it is clear that the failure of the drain pipe to perform its function constituted a ‘direct’ 

and ‘physical’ loss to the property within the meaning of the property.”). Here, by contrast, 

Plaintiffs allege only pure economic losses without any corresponding physical components. And, 

to be sure, Malaube, LLC, Infinity Exhibits, Inc., and Mama Jo’s Inc. all cite Maspons in support 

of finding no “direct physical loss or damage” under the policies.

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 14 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

15

Policy because the Complaint fails to allege “direct physical loss of or physical damage to” the 

property, which is a necessary component of coverage under those provisions. 

As for coverage under the Civil Authority provision, that coverage applies when “access 

to your ‘scheduled premises’ is specifically prohibited by order of a civil authority as the direct 

result of a Covered Cause of Loss to property in the immediate area of your ‘scheduled premises.’” 

Id. at 41. Plaintiffs do not clearly express how the Complaint alleges coverage within the terms of 

this provision other than to state that Defendant “employs legal gymnastics to twist coverage 

endorsements . . . into supplemental restrictions.” ECF No. [9] at 9. Regardless, the Court agrees 

with Defendant that the Complaint does not allege coverage under this provision. 

First, Plaintiffs fail to allege that access to the premises is prohibited “as the direct result 

of a Covered Cause of Loss,” which again under the Policy means a “risk[] of direct physical loss,” 

“to property in the immediate area[.]” ECF No. [6-1] at 32. The Complaint alleges no physical 

harm to any properties in the immediate area, only suspensions and closures in general due to 

government orders. ECF No. [1-2] at ¶ 8. See Seifert, 2020 WL 6120002, at *4 (granting motion 

to dismiss civil authority coverage claim because plaintiff “does not plead any facts demonstrating 

that the coronavirus contaminated properties neighboring his businesses, or that a civil authority 

then prohibited him from entering his insured properties because of any such contamination”).

Second, the Complaint does not allege that “access” to the “scheduled premises” was 

“specifically prohibited by order of a civil authority.” Rather, Plaintiffs allege that they suspended 

or reduced their practice because two government orders required “that non-emergent or elective 

dental care be postponed indefinitely.” ECF No. [1-2] at ¶ 10; see also id. at ¶ 19 (alleging that 

Governor DeSanitis issued an order “specifically prohibit[ing] all dental offices from providing 

any medically unnecessary, non-urgent or non-emergency procedure or surgery. Accordingly, all 

. . . dentists, were ordered to immediately cease performing these elective services.”). Plaintiffs do 

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 15 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

16

not allege that they were prohibited from accessing the premises nor do they allege that they could 

not perform medically necessary non-elective medical procedures. Merely restricting access to 

Plaintiffs’ dental practice for essential medical services does not trigger coverage under the 

Policy’s Civil Authority provision. See, e.g., Ski Shawnee, Inc. v. Commonwealth Ins. Co., No. 

3:09-CV-02391, 2010 WL 2696782, at *4 (M.D. Pa. July 6, 2010) (“When the action of a civil 

authority completely shuts down access to a party’s premises, federal courts have held that the 

coverage in insurance policies similar to the one at bar are triggered. However, where the action 

of a civil authority merely hinders access to the covered premises, without completely prohibiting 

access, federal courts have held that such action is not covered under policies like the one in the 

instant case.”). 

Accordingly, Plaintiffs have failed to allege facts that come within the Policy’s coverage 

grants. Count I for breach of contract, therefore, fails to state a claim upon which relief can be 

granted because Plaintiffs have not shown that Defendant breached its obligations under the 

Policy.

C. The Policy’s virus exclusion applies even if Plaintiffs had alleged facts 

otherwise supporting the existence of coverage

Assuming for argument’s sake that Plaintiffs had alleged facts triggering coverage under 

the Policy, the virus exclusion would still apply to bar coverage for Plaintiffs’ losses. Under the 

Policy, the parties agreed that Defendant 

will not pay for loss or damage caused directly or indirectly by any of the following. 

Such loss or damage is excluded regardless of any other cause or event that 

contributes concurrently or in any sequence to the loss: (1) Presence, growth, 

proliferation, spread or any activity of “fungi,” wet rot, dry rot, bacteria or virus. 

. . . This exclusion applies whether or not the loss even results in widespread 

damage or affects a substantial area.

ECF No. [6-1] at 135.

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 16 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

17

According to Defendant, the Complaint alleges that the COVID-19 pandemic triggered the 

civil government orders to halt the spread of the virus, which in turn led to Plaintiffs’ business 

suspension and/or closure, and hence coronavirus is one of the direct or indirect causes for 

Plaintiffs’ losses. ECF No. [7-1] at 7-8. Plaintiffs respond that they have not alleged that 

coronavirus caused their business losses, but rather they are “seeking to be made whole for covered 

business closures precipitated by a series of government orders aimed at fighting the COVID-19 

Pandemic.” ECF No. [9] at 5. See also id. at 12 (“Significantly, the operative causes of the loss 

were the government suspension orders suspending [Plaintiffs’] operations and the COVID-19 

pandemic, as opposed to the presence of the coronavirus on the insured property.”).

Upon consideration, the Court does not agree that Plaintiffs’ distinction between the

government orders versus the virus as the immediate cause of their losses avoids the plain language 

of the virus exclusion. Even if COVID-19 is not a direct cause of their losses, the Complaint’s 

allegations demonstrate that the government’s civil orders were specifically enacted to address 

COVID-19 activity in Florida. See ECF No. [1-2] at ¶¶ 7-12. Thus, coronavirus still remains part 

of the causal chain leading to Plaintiffs’ losses, and the exclusion applies “regardless of any other 

cause or event that contributes concurrently or in any sequence to the loss.” As Defendant argues, 

the government orders at issue “undisputably exist solely to reduce or limit the spread of the virus 

and would not have been issued absent the coronavirus.” ECF No. [7-1] at 8.

Court that have considered whether the virus exclusion applies where government closure 

orders themselves rather than the virus are alleged to be the cause of plaintiff’s business losses, 

have rejected similar arguments and determined that coverage is excluded. See, e.g., Mauricio 

Martinez, DMD, P.A., 2020 WL 5240218, at *2 (determining that virus exclusion barred dental 

office’s claims for business losses caused by COVID-19 government orders because “the policy 

expressly excludes insurer liability for loss or damage caused ‘directly or indirectly’ by any virus” 

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 17 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

18

and plaintiff’s “damages resulted from COVID-19, which is clearly a virus”); Diesel Barbershop,

LLC, 2020 WL 4724305, at *6 (“the Court finds that Plaintiffs have pleaded that COVID-19 is in 

fact the reason for the Orders being issued and the underlying cause of Plaintiffs’ alleged losses. 

While the Orders technically forced the Properties to close to protect public health, the Orders only 

came about sequentially as a result of the COVID-19 virus spreading rapidly throughout the 

community. Thus, it was the presence of COVID-19 in Bexar County and in Texas that was the 

primary root cause of Plaintiffs’ businesses temporarily closing.”); Seifert, 2020 WL 6120002, at 

*4 (D. Minn. Oct. 16, 2020) (granting motion to dismiss pursuant to virus exclusion because 

plaintiff “alleges that his business losses are the direct and proximate result of ‘Governmental 

Pandemic Closure Orders; orders that have been put in place in an effort to control the spread of 

the COVID-19 Pandemic.’ Pursuant to the anti-concurrent loss provision, if a virus is any part of 

the causal chain causing a loss, then the loss is not covered.”).

4 This is all the more so given that 

the Complaint expressly alleges that Plaintiffs’ losses were incurred from measures “to stop the 

spread of COVID-19[.]” ECF No. [1-2] at ¶ 11. 

Further, the Court rejects Plaintiffs’ argument that the virus exclusion is ambiguous 

because the term “virus” is undefined in the Policy. ECF No. [9] at 12, 15-16. “An ambiguous 

policy must, for example, have a genuine inconsistency, uncertainty, or ambiguity in meaning after 

the court has applied the ordinary rules of construction. ‘Just because an operative term is not 

defined, it does not necessarily mean that the term is ambiguous.’” Malaube, LLC, 2020 WL 

4 The Court recognizes that in Urogynecology Specialist of Fla. LLC v. Sentinel Ins. Co., Ltd., No. 

620CV1174ORL22EJK, 2020 WL 5939172, at *4 (M.D. Fla. Sept. 24, 2020), the court rejected 

defendant’s argument that the instant virus exclusion barred coverage. However, unlike here, that 

court refused to “make a decision on the merits of the plain language of the Policy to determine 

whether Plaintiff’s losses were covered” because, in part, the parties failed to provide the court 

with relevant coverage forms that corresponded to the exclusions. 

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 18 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

19

5051581, at *3 (citations omitted). Plaintiffs offer no basis for construing “COVID-19” or the 

“pandemic” as a non-virus for purposes of this exclusion. Nor can they plausibly do so, as the 

global spread, proliferation, and activity of “coronavirus” is the underlying pandemic at issue.5See 

ECF No. [1-2] at ¶¶ 7, 11, 18, 30 (alleging that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

issued guidance for “stopping the spread of COVID-19,” Florida declared a public health 

emergency caused by the “COVID-19 pandemic,” and civil authorities have responded to “stop 

the spread of the outbreak”). Indeed, they cite no cases where courts have determined that COVID19 is not a virus for purposes of this exclusion. 

Finally, while Plaintiffs maintain that the anti-concurrent causation language contained in 

the virus exclusion rests on “shaky ground,” ECF No. [9] at 17, they fail to establish that the 

exclusion contains an ambiguity precluding this clause’s application. Additionally, as Defendant 

notes, Florida courts enforce anti-concurrent causation clauses where the excluded peril is one 

cause of the loss. See, e.g., Sec. First Ins. Co. v. Czelusniak, No. 3D19-589, 2020 WL 2463762, at 

*1 (Fla. 3d DCA May 13, 2020) (“However, when the insurer explicitly avoids the application of 

the concurring-cause doctrine with an anti-concurrent cause provision, the plain language of the 

policy precludes recovery. . . . ‘[P]arties may contract around the concurrent cause doctrine with 

an anti-concurrent cause provision.’”) (footnote and citations omitted); Hatch v. GeoVera

Specialty Ins. Co., No. 617CV2142ORL41DCI, 2019 WL 2515926, at *4 (M.D. Fla. June 18, 

2019) (enforcing anti-concurrent cause provision related to losses caused by earth movement). As 

5 The Court disagrees with Plaintiffs that Westport Ins. Corp. v. VN Hotel Grp., LLC, 513 F. App’x 

927 (11th Cir. 2013) renders the virus exclusion inapplicable. That case is distinguishable because 

the exclusion under that policy was limited to the “presence of any ‘fungi’ or bacteria on or within 

a building or structure,” and the injury at issue occurred in an outdoor spa, which did not qualify 

as a structure. Id. at 932. Here, the virus exclusion does not contain any similar restrictive language.

Further, the Complaint does not allege that coronavirus was present at the premises. ECF No. [1-

2] at ¶ 30. See also ECF No. [9] at 5, 18 (emphasizing that Plaintiffs do not allege that coronavirus 

was present on the insured property).

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 19 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

20

such, the Court agrees with Defendant that even if the Complaint’s allegations came within the 

Policy’s coverage grants, the virus exclusion applies to bar coverage. Accordingly, Count I for 

breach of contract fails.

D. Count II is duplicative of Count I and fails to state an actionable claim

Plaintiffs seek a declaratory judgment that there is coverage for their losses under the 

Policy. See ECF No. [1-2] at ¶¶ 11, 40-54. “Declaratory judgment claims may properly coexist 

with breach of contract claims when they provide the plaintiff a form of relief unavailable under 

the breach of contract claim. Such claims for declaratory judgment must be forward-looking, rather 

than retrospective, as any retrospective declaration would be equally solved by resolution of the 

breach of contract claim.” Garcia v. Scottsdale Ins. Co., No. 18-20509-CIV, 2018 WL 3432702, 

at *2 (S.D. Fla. July 16, 2018) (internal citation omitted). Declaratory judgment claims that 

functionally seek adjudication on the merits of a breach of contract claim are duplicative and 

cannot stand. See Miami Yacht Charters, LLC v. Nat’l Union Fire Ins. Co., No. 11-21163-CIV, 

2012 WL 1416428, at *2 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 24, 2012); Ministerio Evangelistico Int’l v. United 

Specialty Ins. Co., No. 16-25313-CIV, 2017 WL 1363344, at *2 (S.D. Fla. Apr. 5, 2017); ABC 

Univ. Shops, LLC v. Scottsdale Ins. Co., No. 18-60562-CIV, 2018 WL 3672265, at *3-4 (S.D. Fla. 

July 24, 2018), report and recommendation adopted, No. 18-CV-60562, 2018 WL 4409851 (S.D. 

Fla. Aug. 16, 2018). 

Here, the Court does not find that an actual controversy exists under the Policy as to 

whether coverage exists for Plaintiffs’ losses. The claim for declaratory relief, in essence, is that 

judicial interpretation of the Policy could result in coverage for the same losses that underlie the 

breach of contract claim. “Because the breach-of-contract claim is dismissed, no controversy 

exists. Accordingly, Count II is dismissed as well.” Mauricio Martinez, DMD, P.A., 2020 wl 

5240218, at *3.

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 20 of 21
Case No. 1:20-cv-22833-BLOOM/Louis

21

IV. CONCLUSION

Accordingly, it is ORDERED AND ADJUDGED as follows:

1. The Motion, ECF No. [7], is GRANTED.

2. The Complaint, ECF No. [1-2], is DISMISSED with prejudice.

3. To the extent not otherwise disposed of, any scheduled hearings are CANCELED, 

all pending motions are DENIED as moot, and all deadlines are TERMINATED.

4. The Clerk of Court shall CLOSE this case.

DONE AND ORDERED in Chambers at Miami, Florida, on November 1, 2020.

_________________________________

BETH BLOOM

UNITED STATES DISTRICT JUDGE

Copies to: 

Counsel of Record

Case 1:20-cv-22833-BB Document 28 Entered on FLSD Docket 11/02/2020 Page 21 of 21