J

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NON

- PRECEDENTIAL DECISION

- SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

PATRICK BETHEL

v.

PATRICK HELLER

Appellant :
:
:
:
:
:
:
:
: IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

No. 282 EDA 2022
Appeal from the Judgment Entered January 5, 2022 In the Court of Common Pleas of Montgomery County Civil Division at No(s): 2018

- 07211

BEFORE: PANELLA, P.J., OLSON, J., and STEVENS, P.J.E. *
MEMORANDUM BY OLSON, J.: FILED AUGUST 30, 2022
Appellant, Patrick Heller, appeals from January 5 , 2022 judgment

entered against him, and in favor of Patrick Bethel (“Bethel”) . The judgment ,
entered after the conclusion of a non

- jury trial, 1 held Appellant liable for the

sum of $100,000.00 , plus pre

- judgment interest at the rate of six per centum

per annum to be calculated starting on April 12, 2018. We vacate the January
5, 2022 judgment together with an order entered November 3, 2021, as more
fully described herein, and reverse the September 15, 2021 non

- ju ry verdict

.
O n April 12, 2018, Bethel filed a complaint against Appellant, seeking
judgment in the amount of $125,000.00 after Appellant failed to repay a loan

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

* Former Justice specially assigned to the Superior Court.

1 At the non
- jury trial, the trial court concluded that Appellant owed a
con tractual duty to execute a confession of judgment agreement favoring Be thel. See Trial Court Decision, 9/15/21, at 5; see also Trial Court Opinion, 3/7/22, at 6.J

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- 2

-

($100,000.00) plus interest ($25,000.00) pursuant to a promissory note
entered into by the parti e s on May 30, 2010

. Appellant filed preliminary
objections, which the trial court subsequently overruled. On October 8, 2018,
Appellant filed an answer to the complaint, as well as new matter.
On August 26, 2021, the trial court , after concluding a one

- day , non
- jury

trial , held the matter under advisement pending the preparation of the notes
of testimony. On September 15, 2021, the trial court rendered a non

- jury
verdict in favor of Bethel and against Appellant in the amount of $100,000.00.

In entering its non

- jury verdict, the trial court made the following findings of

fact:

Findings of Fact

1. [ Bethel ] and [Appellant] are long

- time friends.

2. On May 30, 2010, [ Bethel ] advanced [Appellant] the sum of $100,000 [.00] , in exchange for a written p romissory n ote signed by [Appellant]

. The p romissory n ote recited a principal amount of $100,000[.00] and an annual interest rate of 25% and provided that [the note became] payable in one year, on May 30, 2011, by a single lump

- sum payment of $125,000 [.00]

. 3. The p romissory n ote provided that it "may not be amended or modified unless in writing signed by" both parties.

4. [ Bethel ] advanced the $100,000 [.00] for use by [Appellant] in connection with a pending real estate development. Although [ the parties referred t o Bethel ] as an "investor" in the [real estate] development, the nature of the "investment" was a debt obligation, not an equity interest, and there was no agreement that repayment of the debt would be contingent on the financial success of the [real estat e] development.J

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-

5. Prior to the maturity date of May 30, 2011, [Appellant] notified [ Bethel ] that because of problems with the [real estate] development, he lacked the funds to pay the amount due.

6. In the fall of 2013, with no payment by [Appellant] , the pa r ties explored alternative arrangements for payment. In their discussions, [ Bethel ] stated his willingness to waive the interest and accept $100,000 [.00] in full payment, but he wanted [Appellant] to agree to the entry of judgment against him in that a mount. [ Bethel's ] counsel prepared a [ draft ] of [a] confession of judgment [ agreement ] for [Appellant’s] signature. [ 2 ]

7. In an email [ dated] November 11, 201 3, at 4:56 p.m., [Appellant] proposed to [ Bethel ] that the confession of judgment be accompanied by a "forbearance agreement with the outside date of [June 1, 2015] ." [Appellant] explained that while the original real estate development was not doing well, he was now involved with a "shopping center deal" that would generate the needed fu nds [to satisfy the debt obligation ] by that date.

8. On November 12, 2013, at 10:06 a.m., [ Bethel ] replied (with copy to his counsel) that he was agreeable to [the inclusion of] forbearance language "in return for 6% interest applying to the [promissory] note from the date of the judgment."

9. On November 12, 2013, at 10:19 a.m., [Appellant] replied (with copy to [ Bethel’s ] counsel) [,] "Please proceed." [The trial court determined that t] his email constituted an acceptance by [Appellant] of the offer conveyed in [ Bethel's prior email sent that same day at ] 10:06 a.m.

10. Thus, as of November 12, 2013, the parties had an agreement that [:] (a) judgment [by confession] would be

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

2 The trial court’s finding that Bethel’s counsel prepared a confession of judgment agreement for Appellant’s signature is supported only by what is represented in , and the inferences which may be draw from, the electronic mail (“email”) exchange between th e parties, as discussed in greater detail infra . The certified record does not contain a written draft of a confession of judgment agreement.J

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- entered in favor of [ Be thel ] and against [Appellant] for $100,000 [.00] ; (b) interest would accrue on the judgment at the rate of 6% per annum from the date of judgment; and (c) [ Bethel ] would forbear on enforcing the judgment until June 1, 2015.

11. On November 14, 2013, at 9:28 a. m ., [Appellant sent an email to Bethel asking, ] "Are you sure you really need to enter this judgment? I'll only ask once, can we forego this exercise and still rely on the covenant we've agreed to?"

12. The "covenant" that [Appellant] referred to was t he original p romissory n ote.

13. On November 14, 2013, at 10:02 a.m., [ Bethel ] replied [,] "I would consider not filing the judgment if you can provide me with a full report on the [real estate] development projects in place and agree to continue updating me on set dates as we move forward."

14. On November 14, 2013, at 10:16 a.m., [Appellant] replied [,] " [ Ca p eesh]!!! Let's stipulate that we have monthly updates

. C ommencing in December [2013] , I will be doing monthly updates and will make you par t of the conversation."

15. After an exchange of e mails on the specific schedule for updates, on November 15, 2013, at 1 0:44 a.m., [ Bethel ] stated [,] "I will def e r decision on filing the judgment until after the December 15 [, 2013 update] and I have a clear understanding of what is going on. Let me know if that works."

16. On November 29, 2013, at 12:41 p.m., [ Bethel's ] counsel sent an e mai l [ to both Bethel and Appellant,] asking [Appellant] for "the status of the [confession of] judgment document." [ 3 Bethel ] replied [to his counsel and to Appellant that] "I have agreed with [ Appellant ] to hold off

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

3 To reiterate, a written draft of the “confession of judgment document” was not introduced as evidence during t he non

- jury trial. Similarly, no evidence was introduced during the non

- jury trial showing that such a document was sent to Appellant via email as an attachment.J

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- for now and contingent upon him providing monthly updates regarding project progress."

17. By the emails from [ Bethel ] on November 14 [, 2013,] and [November] 29, 2013

- stating that he would "defer decision on filing the [confession of] judgment" and would “ hold off for now"

– [ Bethel ] did not accept [Appellant’s] proposal to

“ forego" the entry of [a confession of] judgme nt and to rely on the original p romissory n ote and did not abrogate [Appellant’s] obligation to provide a signed confession of judgment [document] under the November 12 [, 2013] agreement. Instead, [ Bethel ] agreed only to defer [Appellant’s] performance of that obligation pending the submission of updates on the shopping center deal.

1 8. On December 16, 2013, [Appellant sen t Bethel an email containing ] a description of the shopping center deal and its status. [ Bethel ] responded that it "sounds promising."

19. In an exchange of emails in late January 2014, [ Bethel ] agreed that the updates from [Appellant] w ould be made quarterly rather than monthly.

20. [Appellant] did not adhere to the quarterly update schedule.

21. At some point in time, the parties met at [a] restaurant [] in King of Prussia [, Pennsylvania] and discussed the status of repayment and [] the shopping center deal. No agreement on any change in the t erms of entry of judgment

or forbearance was reached at that meeting.

22. [Appellant] never [] signed [a] confession of judgment [agreement] , nor did he make any repayment to [ Bethel ]

. 23. On April 12, 2018, [ Bethel ] commenced [a cause of] action against [ Appellant] by [] filing [] a c omplaint [containing] a single count, seeking judgment in the amount of $125,000 [.00]

. 24. [A] n on [

- ] jury trial was held on August 26, 2021. Prior to and during [the non
- jury ] trial, [Appellant’s] counsel argued that any clai m for enforcement of the p romissory n ote was barred by the four

- year statute of limitations, 42 Pa.C.S. [A.] § 5525(a)(7), since the action was commenced more than four years after the maturity date of the [promissory] n ote. [ Bethel's ] counsel asserted that this argument wasJ

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- irrelevant because [ Bethel ] was not suing on the [promissory] n ote but, rather, was suing to enforce a new agreement reached between the parties in [November] 2013. His counsel did acknowledge that he was seeking a judgment for $100,000 [.00] , not $125,000 [.00 , as well as interest from June 1, 2015 ]

.

Trial Court Decision, 9/15/21 , at 1

- 4 (record citations , ellipsis, original

brackets, footnotes, and extraneous capitalization omitted).
On September 15, 2021, t he trial court returned a verdict in favor of
Bethel, and against Appellant, finding Appellant in breach of a contractual
obligation formed on November 12, 2013. On October 8, 2021, Bethel filed a

motion to mold the non

- jury verdict to include an award of pre

- jud gment

interest. On October 29, 2021, Appellant filed an answer to Bethel’s motion

to mold the non

- jury verdict, as well as a motion requesting permission to file

a post

- trial motion or motion for reconsideration nunc pro tunc

. On November 3, 2021, the tr ial court granted, in part, Bethel’s motion

to mold the non

- jury verdict . The trial court amended t he non
- jury verdict to
include an award of pre

- judgment interest at the rate of six per centum per

annum to be calculated starting on April 12, 2018 , the da te Bethel commenced
his breach of contract action against Appellant

. On November 3, 2021, t he
trial court also granted Appellant permission to file a post

- trial motion nunc

pro tunc within ten days. On November 15, 2021, Appellant filed a post

- trial

motion nunc pro tunc , requesting the trial court reconsider its non

- juryJ

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-

verdict. 4 On December 27, 2021, the trial court denied Appellant’s post

- trial
motion. Pursuant to Appellant’s praecipe to enter judgment, judgment in the

amount of $100,000.0 0 plus pre

- judgment interest at a rate of six per centum

per annum from April 12, 2018, was entered against Appellant and in favor of
Bethel. This appeal followed. 5

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

4 Pennsylvania Rule of Civil Procedure 227.1(c)(1) requires a post

- trial motion to be filed within ten days after entry of a non
- jury verdict. Pa.R.Civ.P. 227.1(c)(1). “ Pennsylvania courts have consistently held that trial court [s] have wide latitude in considering whether to address the merits of post

- trial motions that are filed outside the 1 0

- day period required by Rule 227.1. ” D.L. Forrey & Assocs., Inc. v. Fuel City Truck Stop, Inc. , 71 A.3d 915, 920 (Pa. Super. 2013). “ So long as the [trial] court has jurisdiction, it can exercise its equitable powers to hear untimely post

- trial motions ” because “ the 10

– day time period under Rule 227.1 is not a jurisdictional requirement, but merely a procedural rule [.]” Id. It is well

- settled, however, that the filing of a post

- trial motion “ is mandatory if a litigant wishes to preserve issues for appe llate review. ” Lenhart v. Cigna Cos. , 824 A.2d 1193, 1196 (Pa. Super. 2003), citing L.B. Foster Co. v. Lane Enters., Inc. , 710 A.2d 55 (Pa. 1998).

Here, Appellant did not file a post

- trial motion within ten days of the September 15, 2021 non

- jury verdict. Rather, o n October 29, 2021, Appellant filed a request for permission to file a post

- trial motion nunc pro tunc . Bethel did not file an objection to Appellant’s request, and, on November 3, 2021, the trial court granted Appellant permission to file a post

- trial motion nunc pro tunc within ten days thereafter. We note that November 1 3 , 2021, ten days after the entry of the trial court order granting Appellant permission to file a post

- trial motion nunc pro tunc within ten days, fell on S atur day . Therefore, Appellant’s post

- trial motion was timely filed on Monday, November 15, 2021. See 1 Pa.C.S.A. § 1908 (stating that, whenever the last day of any period of time “shall fall on Saturday or Sunday, or on any day made a legal holiday by the la ws of this Commonwealth or of the United States, such day shall be omitted from the computation”). Therefore, Appellant preserved his issues for Appellate review by first raising them in a post

- trial motion. Lenhart , 824 A.2d at 1196.

5 Both Appellant a nd the trial court complied with Pa.R.A.P. 1925.J

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-

Appellant raises the following issues for our review:

1. Whether the [trial] court commi tted an error of law in finding that the alleged November 12, 2013 agreement was valid and enforceable and was not an amendment of[,] or modification to[,] the promissory note [] but [,] rather [,] a compromise agreement on enforcement of the [promissory] not e, when [,] in fact [,] the terms of the promissory note provided that it could not be amended or modified unless in a writing signed by both parties [?]

2. W hether the [trial] court committed an abuse of discretion [or] error of law in finding that [Bethel] and A ppellant entered into a subsequent contract on N ovember 12, 2013 [,] when the parties never had a meeting of the minds regarding the material terms of any alleged subsequent contract, specifically the amount of the payment, the date payment was due, an d the date of performance [?]

3. [W] hether the [trial] court committed an error of law in finding that A ppellant breached the alleged [November 12, 2013] agreement [] by failing to provide a signed confession of judgment [document] when the only evidence pr oduced at trial regarding this issue was that: [(a)] A ppellant wanted to review any confession of judgment [document] drafted by [Bethel’s] attorney before signing any confession of judgment [document] ; [( b) ] after the parties entered into the alleged N ovember 12, 2013 agreement, [Bethel] told his attorney to "hold off for now" regarding the draft document; [( c) ] A ppellant never received a draft [copy of the] confession of judgment [document] ; and [( d) ] the al leged N ovember 12, 2013 agreement did no t contain a term regarding the time for performance [in which] A ppellant [was] to provide a signed confession of judgment [ document ?]

4. W hether the [trial] court committed an abuse of discretion [ or ] error of law in finding that A ppellant's email dated N ovember 12, 2013 [,] at 10:19 a.m. [and] stating [,] "please proceed [,] " constituted an acceptance by A ppellant of an offer allegedly made by [Bethel , ] when [,] in fact [,] A ppellant was asking [Bethel’s] attorney to proc eed with drafting a formal [confession of judgment] document forJ

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- A ppellant to review and sign before he would agree to any subsequent contract [or] judgment [?]

5. W hether the [trial] court committed an error of law in awarding pre [

- ] judgment interest as of the date the complaint was filed when the facts of this case and the law do not support an award of pre [

- ] judgment interest?

Appellant’s Brief at 5

- 6 (extraneous capitalization omitted).
Our standard and scope of review in an appeal from a judgment entered

on a non
- jury verdict

is to determine whether the findings of the trial court are supported by competent evidence and whether the trial court committed error in any application of the law. The findings of fact of the trial [court] must be given the same weight and effect on appeal as the verdict of a jury. We consider the evidence in a light most favorable to the verdict winner. We will reverse the trial court only if its findings of fact are not supported by competent evidence in the record or if its findings are premised on an error of law.

J.J. DeLuca, Co., Inc. v. Toll Naval Assocs

. , 56 A.3d 402, 410 (Pa. Super.
2012) (citation omitted).
Appellant’s first, second, and fourth issues , in toto , challenge the trial

court’s determination that the November 12, 2013 email correspondence
between the parties constituted a valid and enforceable contract. Appellant’s

Brief at 20

- 38, 44

- 52. Appellant asserts, instead, that the November 12, 2013

e xchange between the parties, even if found to give rise to an agreement,

amounted to an agreement to amend or modif y the May 30, 2010 promissory

note

. Id. at 18

- 20. S uch an amendment or modification agreement , Appellant contends, would be invalid and une nforceable because it was notJ

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-

reduced t o a writing signed by both parties as required by the terms of the

promissory note

. Id. at 20.
“A contract is formed when the parties to it 1) reach a mutual
understanding, 2) exchange consideration, and 3) delineate the terms of their
bargain with sufficient clarity.” Company Image Knitware, Ltd. v. Mothers

Work, Inc. , 909 A.2d 324, 330 (Pa. Super. 2006) (citation and original
quotation marks omitted), appeal denied , 929 A.2d 645 (Pa. 2007).

Where the existence of an informal contract is alleged, it is essential to the enforcement of such an informal contract that the minds of the parties should meet on all the terms [,] as well as the subject matter. If anything is left open for future negotiation, the informal paper cannot form the basis of a binding contract.

GMH Assocs., Inc. v. Prudential Realty Group , 752 A.2d 889, 900

(Pa. Super. 2000) (citation and quotation marks omitted), appeal denied , 795
A.2d 976 (Pa. 2000). “[I] n order for an enforceable a greement to exist, there

must be a ‘ meeting of the minds, ’ whereby both parties mutually assent to
the same thing, as evidenced by an offer and its acceptance. ” Prieto Corp.

v. Gambone Constr. Co. , 100 A.3d 602, 609 (Pa. Super. 2014) (citation
omitted).

“ Where the parties have agreed on the essential terms of a contract, the
fact that they intend to formalize their agreement in writing but have not yet
done so does not prevent enforcement of such agreement. ” Mazzella v.

Koken , 739 A.2d 531, 536 (Pa. 1999) . “Even the inability of the parties to
an oral agreement to reduce such agreement to writing after several attemptsJ

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-

does not necessarily preclude a finding that the oral agreement was

enforceable. ” Id. In the absence of a written agreement, however, ve rbal
discussions must give rise to a valid and binding oral agreement to be come

enforceable. Mastroni

- Mucker v Allstate Insur. Co. , 976 A.2d 510, 522
(Pa. Super. 2009), appeal denied , 991 A.2d 313 (Pa. 2010).

It is well

- established that “ [written] agreeme nts authorizing a
confession of judgment [(also known as a warrant of attorney or a cognovit
clause)] require a clearer manifestation of consent than do some other types
of contract provisions.” Centric Bank v. Sciore , 263 A.3d 31, 39

- 40
(Pa. Super. 2021), citing Scott v. 1523 Walnut Corp. , 447 A.2d 951
(Pa. Super. 1982). “ The language contained in the [written] agreement must
be specific enough to demonstrate that the signing party has consented to the
entry of the judgment by confession. ” S ciore , 263 A.3d at 40. The

requirements and governing standards that establish a valid written
agreement authorizing a confess ion of judgment must be strictly construed

“because a warrant of attorney to confess judgment confers such plenary
powers on the done e in respect of the adjudication of his[ or her] own

claims [.]” Graystone Bank v. Grove Estates. LP , 58 A.3d 1277, 1282
(Pa. Super 2012 ); see also Dime Bank v. Andrews , 115 A.3d 358, 368
(Pa. Super. 2015) (reiterating our Supreme Court’s observation t hat a warrant
of attorney authorizing a confession of judgment “is perhaps the most
powerful and drastic document known to civil law”).J

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-

Accordingly, a Pennsylvania warrant of attorney must be signed

. And it will be construed strictly against the party to be benefited by it, rather than against the party having drafted it. A warrant of attorney to confess judgment must be self

- sustaining and to be self

- sustaining the warrant must be in writing and signed by the person to be bound by it

. The requisite signature must bear a direct relation to the warrant of attorney and may not be implied.

Graystone , 58 A.3d at 1282 (citations, quotation marks, and brackets

omitted ; emphasis added ) . By way of an example, the Graystone Court

noted that the requirements for a valid and enforceable warrant of attorney
were satisfied by a “warrant of attorney appear[ing] conspicuously in all caps
at the bottom of the penultimate page of the agreement and immediately
preced[ing the signature , ] ” as compared to a n invalid and unenforceable
warrant of attorney “ located either altogether outside the body of the
agreement, too remote from the signature, or on pages subsequent to the

signature .” Id. (emphasis omitted).
In finding that Bethel and Appellant entered in to an agreement,
separate from , and subsequent to , the promissory note, the trial court
explained:

On the basis o f the email exchange between the parties on November 12, 2013, the [trial] c ourt found that the parties had made an agreement that [a confessed ] judgment would be entered against [Appellant] and in favor of [Bethel] f o r $100,000 [.00]

. Notably, the [trial] c ourt did not find an agreement that [Appellant] would pay $100,000 [.00] but [,] rather [,] that a [confessed] judgment would be entered in that amount

. The parties' agreement further provided that interest on the [confessed] judgment would run from the date o f judgment and that [Bethel] would forbear on enforcing the [confessed] judgment until June 1, 2015. Thus , the agreement did not requireJ

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[Appellant] to pay anything [] but [,] rathe r[,] to consent to entry of a [confessed] judgment . [Bethel] would then have his remedies for enforc e ment of the [confessed] judgment, provided that he would not seek such enforceme nt be f ore June 1, 2015.

. . . As early as October [] 2013, the parties were already discussing the possibility of a confession of judgment. On October 18, 2013, at 11:27 a.m., [Bethel’s] attorney wrote to [ Appellant ,] “ We can either agree on entry of a ju dgment in [Court of Common Plea s of Montgomery County, Pennsylvania] in favor of [ Bethel and ] against you for $125 [,000.00] or we [ would] have to file a complaint and seek the $ 1 25 [,000.00] plus interest from May 30, 2011 [, as well as ] counsel fees, which [, in total,] would run in the $145 [,000.00] neighborhood. ” [Appellant] replied at 2:58 [ p.m.] that [same day,] “ I would certainly enter a confession of judgment, because all that does is solidify what I have been telling [Bethel] all along. H oweve r, we did in fact agree on the return of the [$100,000.00] investment, so I would be inclined to enter [the confessed judgment] for that amount. ” A few minutes later, at 3:18 p.m., [Bethel’s] attorney replied [,] “ [Bethel] will agree to a judgment of [$100 ,000.00]

- I'll [send] you a document [, via email,] to look over and sign. ”
The record does not show any email s [having been sent by either party or by Bethel’s counsel ] between October 18 [, 2013,] and November 11 [, 2013]

. On November 11, 2013, at 4 : 56 p. m., [Appellant] wrote to [Bethel] as follows:
I would like to attach something known as a forbearance agreement to this which puts a time frame on this. As it stands, if I execute this it can be acted upon immediately and that certainly doesn't do us any good.
So, if your lawyer would add the forbearance agreement with the outside date of [June 1, 2015,] I will execute and we can call it a day on this one.

I f not, this will have to go deep in to lawyer [

- ] land and that will rack up the costs for both of us. The next morning, November 12, 2013, at 10:06 a.m., [Bethel] replied (with copy to his attorney) [ , ] “ I am agreeable to adding the forbearance wording to the agreement in return for 6% interest applying to the note from the date of the j udgment. LetJ

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me know if this works and I will have my attorney incorporate the necessary changes. ” [Appellant] replied (with copy to [Bethel’s] attorney) at 10:19 a.m. [,] “ Please proceed. ”
In context, this email exchange reflected a classic creation of a contract through offer and acceptance. The October [2013 ]

e mails set the context for discussion [

- ] the entry of a [confessed] judgment against [Appellant] for $100,000 [.00]

. On November 11 [, 2013,] and [Novemb er] 12, [2013, Appellant] proposed that the agreement include [a] forbearance [of] execution on the judgment until June 1, 2015. [Bethel] countered that he would agree to [a] forbearance in exchange for [an] agreement that interest at 6% [ per annum ] would [accrue] on the judgment from the date of entry. [Appellant] accepted the counteroffer. A contract was formed.
[Appellant] argues that there was no meeting of the minds on “the terms of the amount of the payment and the date that payment was due.” As emphasized above, however, the agreement found by the [trial] c ourt was not an agreement for any “ payment. ” Instead, the agreement was for entry of a [confessed] judgment in a specified amount, $100,000 [.00]

. Because the agreement was not for paymen t of money, there was no agreement on “ the date that payment was due. ” [Appellant] can argue that the evidence did not show an agreement only by mischaracterizing the agreement as one for payment of money rather than for entry of [a confessed] judgment.

L ikewise, [Appellant’s] argument []

- that the response “ Please proceed ” w as not an acceptance by [Appellant] but merely a request to [Bethel’s] attorney to prepare a document for his review

- is not supported by the evidence. In the context of the ba c k

- an d

- forth between the parties, the [trial] c ourt found by a preponderance of the evidence that “ Please proceed ” constituted an acceptance. By contrast, [Appellant’s] alternative interpretation that “ Please proceed ” was simply an invitation to prepare a legal document for further review was not persuasive, for several reasons.

F irst, [Appellant’s] t estimony on the issue was inco nsistent. In the context of [ Bethel ’s] counteroffer to forbear on enforcement of the [con fessed] judgment in exchange for the accrual of interest

on the judgment, [Appellant] testified on direct examination as follow :J

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- [Bethel’s Counsel:] And did you agree to [ Bethel’s ] counteroffer here to add 6% interest?
[ A ppellant:] I'm not sure that I agre ed at that particular time.
[Bethel’s Counsel:] So meaning that he would agree to add the forbearance wording to the agreement in retu rn for 6 [%] interest applying ?
[Appellant:] Yeah.
[Bethel’s Counsel:] Did you agree

- [Appellant:] I agreed to that

. [Beth el’s Counsel:] Did you agree to that term?
[Appellant:] Yes.
On further examination, [Appellant] backed off of his testimony that he [] accepted [Bethel’s] counteroffer, but the [trial] c ourt found [Appellant’s initial ] testimony to be accurate. It is not able that [Appellant’s] testimony did not include any explanation of his intention in stating “ Please proceed. ”
[Appellant’s] interpretation of “ Please proceed ” is further undermined by evidence that at the time of the email exchange on November 12, 2013, [Appellant] already had a proposed form of confession o f judgment [agreement] for his review. [O] n October 18, 2013, after the parties [] settled on $100,000 [.00] as the amount of the agreed judgment, [Bethel’s] counsel stated, “ I'll [send you, via email ,] a document to look over and sign. ” It is true that the record does not show a subsequent email transmitting a proposed document. But [,] on November 11, 2013, [Appellant] emailed, “ I would like to attach something known as a forbearance agreement to this

. . . .” The most likely interpretation is that the “ this ” to which a forbearance agreement was to be “ attached ’ was the [] confession of judgment [agreement] that [Bethel’s] counsel [] said he would provide a month earlier. On the next day, [Bet hel] replied, “ I am agreeable to adding the forbearance wording to the agreement” , reflecting that there was already an “ agreement ” document before the parties.J

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-

In light of the above evidence, the [trial] c ourt considered that the meaning of “ Please proceed ” in [Appellant’s] email was not

“ Please have your attorney prepare a document so that I can review it, ” but rather, “ Please have your attorney revise the existing documen t to reflect the additional forbea rance and interest terms that we have now agreed on. ” That acceptance of [Bethel’s] counteroffer was sufficient to create a binding agreement between the parties, even if a revised written form of [confession of] judgment [agreement] had not yet been prep ared. It is elementary that “ so long as the parties agree on essential terms which they intend to be bi nd ing, a contract is formed even though they intend to adopt a formal document with additional terms at a later date. ”

Trial Court Opinion, 3 / 7 /22, at 6 , 8

- 12 (citations , footnote s , original brackets,

emphasis, and extraneous capitalization omitted)

. The record reveals that Appellant executed a promissory note dated May
30, 2010, in which Appellant promised to pay Bethel $125,000.00 on or before

May 30, 2011. 6 N.T., 8/26/21, at Bethel’s Exhibit 1. Appellant testified that

he did not ma ke payment as due pursuant to the promissory note. Id. at 15.
Despite Appellant’s failure to make the required payment, Bethel, in an email

dated June 3, 2011, stated t hat he would “sit tight for while” in reference to

his pursui t of payment. Id. at Bethel’s Exhibit 2. In September 2013, Bethel
inquired , via email , about the status of Appellant’s business dealings and his

ability to make payment on the promissory note

. Id. at 35

- 36 and Bethel’s
Exhibits 5. In an attempt to resolve the outstanding debt, Bethel’s counsel

presented Appellant with an offer to, inter alia , enter into an agreement for a

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

6 We note that only Bethel’s exhibits numbered 1, 2, 5, 7, 9, and 10

- 13 were admitted as evidence at the non

- jury trial. N.T., 8/26/21, at 55.J

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confessed judgm ent in the amount of the outstanding debt under the

promissory note ($125,000.00)

. Id. at 37. Appellant agree d to the entry of
a confessed judgment but presented Bethel with a counteroffer that the

confessed judgment be entered for $100,000.00. Id. at 1 8

. Bethel’s counsel

responded, via email, that Bethel “will agree to a judgment of

[$100,000.00]

– I’ll [send you, via email,] a document to look over and sign.”

Id.
On November 11, 2013, in an email having the subject line
“Agreement,” Appellant sent B ethel the following message:

I would like to attach something known as a forbearance agreement to this which puts a time frame on this . As it stands, if I execute this it can be acted upon immediately and that certainly doesn’t do us any good.
So, if your lawyer would add the forbearance agreement with the outside date of [June 1, 2015,] I will execute and we can call it a day on this one.

Id. at Bethel’s Exhibit 7 (ema il dated November 11, 2013, 4:56 p.m.)

(emphasis added)

. 7 Although Appellant did not specifically explain , in the

email, what he referr ed to by the word “this,” the record supports the trial

court ’s finding that the use of the word “this” referr ed to a draft of the
confession of judgment agreement as previously referenced by Bethel’s

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

7 We note that this email does not indicate that a draft o f the confession of judgment agreement was attached to the email when it was sent to Appellant.J

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counsel in the email dated October 18, 2013, at 3:18 p.m. 8 The trial court’s
inference is further supported by the use of the word “Agreement” in the
subject line of the November 11, 2013 email.
The following day , Bethel responded to Appellant’s email referencing the
addition of the forbearance agreement, with a copy of his response sent to his

counsel, as follows:

I am agreeable to adding the forbearance wording to the agreement in return for 6% interest applying to the [promissory] note from the date of the [confessed] judgment. Let me know if this works and I will have my attorney incorporate the necessary changes.

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

8 While we agree that the record supports a finding that the word “this” refers to a draft of the confession of judgment agreement previously referenced by Bethel’s counsel , it is by no means clear that this inference is the only one supported by the facts. As the trial court determined, t he word “this” could refer to a draft agreement that included a confession of judgment clause. It could al so refer, however, to a conceptual agreement which the parties shared but which had not been drafted at this time. In this connection, w e note that neither a copy of the proposed confession of judgment agreement nor a copy of the proposed confession of ju dgment agreement that included the forbearance language were presented as evidence at the non

- jury trial. So, while the parties, at trial, appear to refer to an existing confession of judgment agreement (or circulating draft) when using the definitive pro noun “this,” it is also possible

– in the absence of documentary evidence

– that the parties referred to a shared conceptual draft which had been discussed but not yet reduced to written form. As we explain infra , in either scenario ( i.e. , the failure to introduce an existing confession of judgment agreement signed by Appellant or to establish the nonexistence of a written confession of judgment agreement ) no enforceable agreement can be found on the record developed in this case.J

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Id. (email dated November 12, 2013, 10:06 a.m.). Appellant replied to both

Bethel and Bethel’s counsel, via email, “Please proceed.” Id. at Bethel’s

Exhibit 9 (email dated November 12, 2013, 10:19 a.m.).

On November 14, 2013, in an email directed to Bethel but without a
copy sent to Bethel’s counsel, A ppellant inquired , Are you sure you really need to enter this judgment? I have never wavered on my pledge to you and this is still the same agreement we have, it just adds a blemish on my public record. I stood up for you and guided you in the right dire ction out of the gates, or this wouldn’t even be available for discussion. I took care of you as a friend. I’ll only ask once, can we [forgo] this exercise and still rely on the covenant we’ve agreed to?

Id. at Bethel’s Exhibit 7 (email dated November 14 , 2013, 9:28 a.m.)
(paragraph formatting omitted). Bethel replied,

When we initially spoke about doing business together, you came and picked me up, took me to your office, reviewed the [real estate development] plans [,] and took me to the proposed site. Since you advised that you couldn’t meet the obligation by the agreed date, you have given me next to no information. What little I got was in response to my inquires on a quarterly basis. When I asked for details recently, you said I wou ld get them and I didn’t. I followed up and you said you forgot. You then still didn’t give me the details. All I asked for was a copy of the townhouse listing. How hard i s that? [Alt hough ] I know you, I really don’t know you all that well

– at least from a business standpoint. What am I supposed to do when a person who owes me significant dollars doesn’t appear interested in giving me the slightest bit of information? If the roles were reversed, I’d have you with me every step of the way just to mak e sure you knew what was going on and could see the effort I was making to get you paid. I think I have been more than fair along the way and have kept our business together private. Even if you give me [$100,000.00,] I will have lost money on the deal

– no [$25,000.00] return as well as normal interest on theJ

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-

[$100,000.00] or the [$125,000.00] post original due date as stipulated in the agreement.
Notwithstanding the above, I would consider not filing the judgment if you can provide me a full report on t he projects in place and agree to continue updating me on set dates as we move forward.

Id. (email dated November 14, 2013, 10:02 a.m.). Appellant agreed, stating
“[l]et’s stipulate that we have monthly updates.” Id. (email dated November

14, 2013, 10:16 a.m.). After the parties agree d that Appellant would provide
the first update on December 15, 2013, Bethel informed Appellant, “I will defer
decision on filing judgment until after the December 15[, 2013 update ] and I
have a clear understanding of what i s going on.” Id. (email dated November

15, 2013, 10:44 a.m.).
On November 29, 2013, Bethel’s counsel, with a copy sent to Bethel,

sent Appellant an email asking, “Can you let me know the status of the

[confession of] judgment document?” Id. at Bethel’s Exhibit 9 (email dated

November 29, 2013, 12:41 p.m.). Bethel responded to both his counsel and
Appellant, “I have agreed with [Appellant] to hold off for now and contingent
upon him providing me monthly updates regarding project progress.” Id.
(email da ted November 29, 2013, 12:49 p.m.). Appellant provided Bethel
with an update in December 2013, and, in January 2014, Bethel suggested
that the updates be provided quarterly. Id. at Bethel’s Exhibits 10

- 13.

Thereafter, Appellant failed to provide Bethel with periodic updates on his
business projects and , in April 2018, Bethel commenced a n action against
Appellant for breach of contract.J

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-

The record supports the trial court’s finding that , in October 2013, in an
effort to obtain repayment of the monies due under the terms of the

promissory note and to avoid prolonged litigation of the matter, Bethel offered
to forgo attempts to collect under the promissory note in exchange for
Appellant agr eeing to enter into a confession of judgment agreement for
judgment in the amount of $125,000.00. Appellant agreed to enter into a
confession of judgment agreement but counteroffered that the judgment
should be $100,000.00. Bethel accepted Appellant’s co unteroffer of a
$100,000.00 confessed judgment , and Appellant allegedly received a draft of
the confession of judgment agreement.
In November 2013, Appellant requested modification of the confession
of judgment agreement to include forbearance language in which Bethel would

agree not to commence an action to collect on the judgment, once entered,

until June 1, 2015. Bethel agreed to the forbearance language , but only if
Appellant agreed to an accrual of interest on the confessed judgment at a rate

of six per centum per annum from the time the judgment was entered.
Appellant accepted Bethel’s counteroffer and a revised draft of a confession of
judgment agreement w as presumably provided to Appellant. 9 Appellant did
not execute this agreement , as demonstra ted by Bethel’s counsel ’s

subsequent email inquir y directed to Appellant

. Rather, counsel’s inquiry
sought the status of the written confession of judgment agreement. On

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

9 We reiterate that the record does not contain a written draft of the confession of judgment agreement signed by Appellant.J

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-

November 29, 2013, Bethel, in response to his counsel’s inquiry of Appellant,

respon ded , “I have agreed to hold off for now and contingent upon [Appellant]
providing updates regarding project progress.” Id. at Bethel’s Exhibit 9 (email

dated November 29, 2013, 12:49 P.M.). As a result of Bethel agreeing to
“hold off for now,” the revise d confession of judgment agreement was not

executed by the parties.
We concur with the trial court that the parties entered into an oral

agreement , via email correspondence, by which Appellant agreed to execute
a confession of judgment agreement the terms of which included : (1) entry of
a confessed judgment in favor of Bethel and against Appellant in the amount
of $100,000.00; (2) the accrual of interest at a rate of six per centum per

annum beginning on the date of entry of the confessed judgment; and (3)
Bethel would forgo attempts to collect on the confessed judgment until June

1, 2015. The trial court erred as a matter of law, however, in finding that the
oral agreement to execute a confession of judgment agreement was an

enforceable contract such that a confessed judgment in the amount of
$100,000.00 plus interest could be entered again st Appellant for his failure to
execute the revised confession of judgment agreement. 10

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

10 We concur with the trial court that the oral agreement was, inter alia , an agreement for entry of a confessed judgment and not an oral agreement for pay ment of a sum certain plus interest. See Trial Court Opinion, 3/7 /22, at 6.J

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-

I t is well

- established , as the trial court noted, that “ the inability of the
parties to an oral agreement to reduce such agreement to writing after several

attempts doe s not necessarily preclude a finding that the oral agreement was

enforceable .” Mazzella , 739 A.2d at 536, citing Woodbridge v. Hall , 76
A.2d 205, 206 (Pa. 1950) ; see als o Mastroni

- Mucker , 976 A.2d at 522 ;
Trial Court Opinion, 3/7/22, at 12, citing Courier Times, Inc. v. United
Feature Syndicate, Inc. , 445 A.2d 1288, 1295 (Pa. Super. 1982). Such is
not the case, however, when the oral agreement, which has not been reduced
to a signed written agreement, involves a confession of judgment agreement , particula rly in view of the heightened formalities Pennsylvania law imposes

upon confession of judgment agreements. See Graystone , 58 A.3d at 1282.
Even if the parties orally contract to enter into a confession of judgment
agreement, we cannot know

– in the absen ce of documentary proof reflecting
a fully executed written agreement

– whether the confession of judgment

agreement meets the applicable formalities imposed under Pennsylvania law.

Thus, i f we were t o permit entry of judgment by confession based upon an
oral agreement , as in the case sub judice , we would disavow the long

- standing
principle that confession of judgment agreements must be in writing signed
by the person to be bound by it and must be self

- sustaining with the
requisite signature bearing a direct relation to the agreement to
confess judgment

. Id. ; see also Egyptian Sands Real Estate, Inc. v.
Polony , 294 A.2d 799, 803 (Pa. Super. 1972). Therefore, because a written
agreement to confess j udgment was not executed by Appellant, Bethel wasJ

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not permitted, as a matter of law, to obtain a confessed judgment based upon
the enforcement of an oral agreement to execute a written confession of
judgment agreement. 11

Consequently, we are constrained to vacate the Jan uary 5, 2022
judgment . We are further constrained to vacate the November 3, 2021 Order

that amend ed the non

- jury verdict and award ed pre
- judgment interest and to
reverse the September 15, 2021 non

- ju ry verdict finding judgment in favor of
Bethel and again st Appellant in the amount of $100,000.00. 12

Judgment vacated. November 3, 2021 Order vacated. September 15,

2021 non

- jury verdict reversed. Case remanded. Jurisdiction relinquished.

_________________ __________ ______ ____ _______

11 Our decision is further supported by the fact that, although the parties agreed to execute a written confession of judgment agreement that included a forbearance agreement, when Appellant was asked about the status of his execution of the written agreemen t, Bethel replied to both his counsel and Appellant that he agreed “to hold off for now” on the parties’ agreement.

12 In light of our disposition of this matter, we do not address Appellant’s remaining issues. We note, however, that the November 2013 ora l agreement to enter into a confession of judgment agreement containing forbearance language was not a modification or amendment of the promissory note. Moreover, even if the oral agreement was construed as a modification or amendment of the promissory no te, the oral agreement would not be enforceable for the reasons set forth herein and because the promissory note required an amendment or modification agreement to be in writing and signed by the parties.J

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-

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq. Prothonotary

Date: 8/30/2022