A Preliminary Update

from the 

Internet of Things

Federal Working Group

July 2023
Preliminary Update from the Internet of Things Federal Working Group

Page 2 

Introduction

The Internet of Things Federal Working Group (IoTFWG) is a collaboration

of Federal stakeholders providing recommendations and a Report to 

Congress regarding adoption and actions that the US Government can 

take to promote and enable the Internet of Things (IoT). IoTFWG is 

gathering and evaluating information from the community and other 

sources. This publication provides an update to readers about the 

progress of the working group.

Recognizing the potential and economic and societal benefits of the IoT, 

the U.S. Congress in the William M. (Mac) Thornberry National Defense

Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2021 (NDAA) established both the 

IoTFWG and an IoT Advisory Board (IoTAB) to advise the IoT FWG. The 

NDAA requires a report that documents how the US economy, US citizens

and US private sector can benefit from IoT technology, identify programs

or policies to help promote IoT development and record factors that are 

inhibiting or may inhibit IoT adoption. IoT considerations were also the 

focus of the "Developing Innovation and Growing the Internet of Things 

Act" or the "DIGIT Act” (S.1611 — 116th Congress (2019-2020). The 

DIGIT Act recognized that IoT “has the potential to generate trillions of 

dollars in new economic activity around the world in the transportation, 

energy, agriculture, manufacturing, and healthcare sectors and in other

sectors that are critical to the growth of the gross domestic product of the 

United States.” The Act recommends “the appropriate prioritization of a 

national strategy with respect to the Internet of Things”. This builds on 

the unanimous passage of Senate Resolution 110, 114th Congress, 

calling for a national strategy for development of the Internet of Things.

As the IoTFWG continues to prepare its June 2024 Report to Congress, 

this update provides an early view into the proposed strategic pillars of 

the planned roadmap identified based on inputs received from the IoTAB 

and other stakeholders.

Section 9204 (b)(4) directs the working group to consult with diverse

nongovernmental stakeholders with expertise relating to the Internet of 

Things and this paper offers an opportunity for feedback from a broad set 

of interested parties. IoT affects every area of the country and all entities, 

from individuals to public- and private-sector organizations. 
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IoT affects every aspect of our lives, from rural farms to city avenues, from

homes to offices to factories, so the IoTFWG welcomes all input.

Feedback from the community is welcomed, particularly in areas 

highlighted in green boxes like this one. Comments may be directed to: 

iotfwg@nist.gov 

The Strategic Environment

To gain the benefits of IoT, Congress and the many members of the 

Federal Government recognize the need for a comprehensive roadmap or 

strategy. IoT will create economic opportunities for small and large

businesses as they develop services and products, improve the efficiency 

of operations and logistics, cut costs, and improve worker and public 

safety. These cost savings and efficiencies will enhance consumers’ lives

and bring innovations – some of these improvements will represent 

conveniences while others will be life-changing, such as those in 

healthcare and safety technologies. IoT plays a vital role in emerging 

artificial intelligence (AI) and advanced computing capabilities that are

expanding daily. Using trustworthy implementation, it can bring open 

architecture and interoperability, helping aggregate and fuse real-time 

data into cooperative and actionable information, including machine-tomachine automation.

The IoTFWG Report to Congress will describe broad benefits in several

areas, including:

 Sustainability

 Cost Reductions

 Workforce productivity

 Societal Impacts

 Public Safety

 Health

 Equitability

The IoTFWG, drawing on recommendations from the Advisory Board and 

other stakeholder input, such as feedback on this publication, will

highlight benefits and opportunities in specific sectors, including:
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• Logistics and Supply Chain: IoT can be used to improve the efficiency 

and transparency of supply chains by tracking the movement of goods 

and materials to ensure appropriate levels of availability and facilitate

the relocation of supply to where it’s needed. Augmented logistics will

help track materials throughout production, warehousing, and 

distribution.

• Healthcare: Extensive improvements are made through the use of 

connected medical devices as new devices provide better patient 

monitoring, medication delivery, and even embedded and implanted 

sensors. The advancement of this technology increases accessibility to 

all patients by monitoring patients remotely and providing them with

personalized care.

• Agriculture: IoT can be used to improve the efficiency and 

sustainability of agriculture by monitoring crops, livestock, and soil.

Precision IoT helps reduce the use of fertilizers and other chemicals, 

minimize water consumption, and improve yields and crop production. 

Many farming activities are labor-intensive and are supported by 

increased automation.

• Energy: The IoT supports improved, efficient, and reliable energy 

systems through automated monitors and controls, enabling resilient 

generation and distribution through smart grid infrastructure. 

Automated home and building management systems help reduce

energy use, providing further cost savings and environmental benefits.

• Transportation: Safe and reliable transportation has never been more

vital. IoT improves the safety and efficiency of cars, railways, trucks, 

and many other modes of transport. Today’s automobiles are rolling 

internetworks with hundreds of sensors and controllers rapidly 

exchanging data through secure, low latency communications, 

including emerging crash prevention technologies and numerous 

safety and reliability improvements. Similar technologies are pervasive 

throughout the transportation industry, supported by an intelligent 

infrastructure that enables and connects the various components.

• Public safety: IoT monitoring and reporting improve the safety of our

citizens and communities. The health and safety of citizens 

everywhere are increasingly protected via cameras, sensors, and 

communications tools that help to detect crime, monitor weather 

conditions, inspect and observe infrastructure, and other helpful 

actions, the health and safety of citizens everywhere are protected. IoT 
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directly protects first responders by monitoring air and safety 

conditions, reporting locations in hazardous environments, 

transporting them to incident locations safely and efficiently, and 

improving communications among personnel.

• Manufacturing: Improving the efficiency and productivity of 

manufacturing by monitoring and controlling production equipment 

while ensuring high product quality is another benefit of IoT. Tracking 

parts and monitoring the state of partially finished goods can improve 

efficiency and reduce downtime. 

Notably, IoT has the potential to significantly improve the equitability of 

access to these and other benefits. The information and abilities that IoT 

and associated technologies provide are vital to the prosperity of 

individuals and businesses. A 2022 report from the World Economic 

Forum reported that effective digital transformation “presents a 

generational opportunity to close the [digital] divide and help level the 

playing field. This transformation requires a close partnership between

schools, governments, non-profits, and private organizations to create a

technology ecosystem with equitable access to opportunities for

underserved communities worldwide.”1 IoT is a key part of that 

transformation, and the IoTFWG continues to seek ways to improve that 

equitability and ensure access to the benefits described above.

Join the conversation: This is a starting list of the benefits enabled by 

expanded use of the Internet of Things. Are there additional benefits (or 

specific instances of use cases showing benefits) that should be included? 

1 https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2022/01/equitable-digital-transformation-business-leaders-davosagenda-2022-digitization
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Strategic Pillars for Improved IoT Adoption

The IoTFWG has identified a distinct set of critical focus areas for a 

roadmap that will help the nation achieve its goal of adopting IoT and

receiving the benefits described above. These strategic pillars represent

key areas necessary to enable and advance IoT adoption. 

Based on feedback to this publication, as well as recommendations from 

the IoTAB, the Final Report will identify government actions that can 

support and advance these pillars, and reduce barriers, where possible.

Pillar 1: Trust

Successful adoption of IoT technology depends heavily on gaining the 

trust and confidence of the organizations, agencies, consumers, and 

others that will implement and expand its use. IoT provides powerful 

benefits, as described above, but reaping those benefits requires placing 

sensors and devices in physical locations that can be highly sensitive and 

intrusive. While IoT promises exciting innovation and advancement 

opportunities, trust in that technology (and in the protection of associated 

data) by industrial adopters and other stakeholders is a key prerequisite. 

Consumer trust considerations certainly influence IoT adoption, such as 

for smart home technology and security systems. This includes all the 

dimensions of trust including the safety and reliability of the IoT products 

as well as their security and privacy. 
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Still, the IoTFWG’s Report to Congress must also focus on vital aspects of 

commercial and municipal adoption. For businesses to entrust their 

livelihoods and corporate assets to such technologies, adopters must 

have complete confidence in the data protection mechanisms that

undergird the sensors, applications, storage, analytics, and related

components. Mechanisms for ensuring reliability and confidence in data 

protection will be vital to attaining the promises of IoT.

There has rarely been a conversation about IoT that did not turn to the

subject of cybersecurity. Cybersecurity is far from the only IoT-related 

trust factor, but it is vital to gaining and retaining the confidence of all 

who use IoT. The value of the Internet of Things lies in the ability to convert 

manual procedures to automated processes that generate significant

amounts of raw information.

This data can expose nearly all of an organization’s internal mechanisms,

from manufacturing to operations to distribution. An entity’s secrets can 

be exposed to these devices in exchange for efficiencies. Therefore, there 

must be specific mechanisms for users to ensure that IoT devices and 

supporting infrastructure are suitable for the intended purposes and that 

suitability can be asserted through a reliable method. Risk management 

needs will vary depending on the mission and purpose of the technology.

Security of IoT and associated technology is an essential element of

national security since, without technology security, the nation cannot 

enjoy economic security.

Ensuring an acceptable level of risk extends to assurance of a trustworthy 

development and distribution supply chain of an IoT device or service.

There must be mechanisms that increase confidence in the pedigree of 

IoT technology and processes, especially where IoT affects critical areas 

such as health and safety. This includes, for example, having sufficient 

information about devices being marketed and distributed and identifying 

counterfeit devices that often suffer from quality and security deficiencies 

so that users can make appropriate and informed decisions. The IoTFWG 

recognizes that supply chain security is related to but different from a 

sustainable and reliable supply chain. Both are necessary elements.

For the nation to realize the extensive economic benefits in the 

transportation, energy, agriculture, manufacturing, and healthcare

sectors and in other sectors that are critical to the growth and prosperity 

of the United States, trust in reliable operation and data protection must 

be assured.
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Pillar 2: Ease of Implementation

While today’s IoT represents amazing innovation and technical 

advancement, widespread adoption and implementation will require

significant improvement in the cost and availability of IoT technology. 

Businesses nationwide will benefit from new services and products and

improved efficiency of operations and logistics. Gaining these benefits 

requires significantly reducing the cost of devices and enhancing 

interoperability between technical components.

Interoperability is a critical success factor. Early generations of IoT have 

evolved quickly, with significant improvements and advancements 

through each product cycle. These advancements have resulted, in many 

cases, in the use of proprietary methods that may lock users into a 

particular vendor or class of products, limiting the ability of devices to 

operate with those of other manufacturers or technology types. These 

challenges are not new, and we have previously faced similar

interoperability needs (e.g., Betamax videotapes, 8-track cassettes, and 

earlier generations of competing cellular telephone standards). No one 

wants to invest time and money into technology that will likely become

obsolete. Proprietary technical mechanisms stifle competition and reduce 

availability, so the roadmap is expected to promote visionary planning 

and cooperation. 

To ease implementation, there should be clear guidance, standards, and 

protocols for ensuring reliable and consistent communications where IoT 

components need to interoperate. Where existing and reliable data

exchange mechanisms exist, these should be encouraged; where new 

models are needed, work should be quickly applied to improve and

advance their availability. Reliability should include confidence that

product and system types will likely remain relevant and operative.

Reducing the cost to develop, deploy and maintain inexpensive devices is 

vital to widespread IoT adoption. Producing less expensive devices 

depends upon advances in the size, power, and availability of

microelectronic chips and related technology. For this reason, the

roadmap will likely call for additional research into ways to continue 

improving IoT circuitry, including methods for reducing power 

consumption and heat generation. Research should include means to 

improve IoT technology's physical deployment, implementation, and 

maintenance. An interoperable IoT infrastructure that is easily managed 

will provide valuable benefits to the nation and its partners.
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Pillar 3: Connectivity

By definition, IoT technology must be able to internetwork through some

physical, ad hoc/mesh, or wireless capability. While communications 

technologies (e.g., satellite, cellular, broadband/Wi-Fi, and other traditional 

licensed communications technologies) have expanded in both 

geographic scope and capacity to accommodate higher data loads in 

recent years, the capabilities are not unlimited. This condition is 

exacerbated by the fact that, in many cases, the very places where some

IoT sensors are needed, such as for remote security and environmental 

monitoring, are locations with limited connectivity. Scalability represents 

another IoT challenge: the communications infrastructure must 

simultaneously support hundreds of billions of digital conversations. 

The roadmap will likely call for accelerated innovation to ensure improved 

communications by ensuring the availability of suitable and sufficient 

spectrum resources, the development of wide-area networking

technologies, and enhancing interoperability. For example, the roadmap

could include the exploration of 5G and satellite implementations to support 

connectivity to rural and underrepresented areas. The roadmap will also 

encourage IoT technology to be developed using protocols that allow 

seamless connectivity and facilitate reliable communications. 

The rapid evolution of communications technology in recent history 

demonstrates the significant promise and opportunity for the nation to 

improve IoT connectivity. Current capabilities that were science fiction in 

the past are now routine in our daily lives. The U.S. must continue such

advances to ensure that IoT can securely and reliably communicate and

interoperate wherever devices are applied.

Pillar 4: Sustainability

Sustainability speaks to both environmental stewardship and to the 

ability to maintain continued use of IoT technology for a long time. Both

are critical elements of effective IoT adoption.

In many cases, capital spending for IoT and associated technologies 

represents a significant investment that must provide benefits for 

decades. Retooling items like manufacturing equipment, municipal 

systems, and smart grid infrastructure can bring considerable benefits 

but must be well considered. To support such investments, it will be 

helpful to document the value proposition of comprehensive 

modernization that includes IoT technology and associated processes.
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Building compelling business cases showing the value of increased 

efficiency and productivity from technical improvements will help propel 

organizations into the upcoming years.

A resilient and reliable supply chain is a prerequisite for this technology –

as businesses and public-sector organizations come to depend upon the 

billions of devices that will form this IoT fabric, device manufacturers need 

to know that they have a reliable supply of materials, parts, and software. 

As with other areas, this concern represents both a challenge and an 

opportunity. Recent experiences with reduced availability of parts and 

supplies are teaching the nation to better manage our supply chain – from 

production to distribution to warehousing. As the nation better 

understands its reliance on external suppliers, it learns about

opportunities to improve resilience and independence.

Recent history has also taught our nation to be more resilient in other

ways and to be better stewards of the environment itself. All are gaining 

a new appreciation for the need to reduce the use of finite materials that

are costly and bring environmental impact. Research into more practical 

solutions will help reduce costs, increase IoT availability, and improve 

stewardship.

Meanwhile, engineers continue to find new ways IoT can improve our 

environmental footprint. Smart technology can enhance ecological

sustainability in many ways, such as monitoring environmental

conditions, reducing the need for water and chemicals in farming, and 

automatically decreasing energy consumption. It is equally essential that 

the nation be cautious not to create new stewardship challenges by 

creating myriads of devices that end up in landfills. As the roadmap 

encourages expanded access to IoT for all, the nation should continue to

promote accountability in recycling, responsible disposal, and maximized 

reuse of associated materials. IoT itself will not solve all environmental 

issues, but it may go a long way toward recording, monitoring, and 

addressing today’s challenges.

As IoT improves sustainability for the nation – both technically and 

environmentally – it will measurably help ensure the reliability of critical 

infrastructure. The roadmap could explore monitoring and reporting 

capabilities (e.g., performance metrics, risk indicators) to help drive 

improvement.
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Pillar 5: Workforce

Every aspect of IoT implementation depends on a trained and effective 

workforce, so the strategy for IoT adoption will focus on IoT training and 

education in order to increase not only capabilities but also to broaden 

the number of and diversity of people who are equipped to develop, 

provision, implement, and sustain IoT across sectors. This effort to ensure 

the scalability of personnel brings exciting opportunities to all areas of the

country, from cities to farms to factories. 

For instance, there is a vital need for engineers that will design the 

integrated circuits needed to create and evolve tomorrow’s technology. 

The physical devices will rely upon software, communications, and 

interfaces that must operate faster, more securely, and more efficiently 

with every product life cycle. There is a significant need for seasoned

workers, as well, as our nation learns how to transition from legacy to 

digital processes. 

The recent U.S. focus on a diverse workforce provides a solid foundation

for the IoT roadmap. Today’s students and workers come from all walks 

of life, and they bring diverse experiences and perspectives that will be 

vital for the imaginative, innovative, and practical implementation of IoT

technology. Some development and operations work can be performed 

remotely, further enhancing the ability to draw workers from areas of the 

country that have been underserved or those where major employers

have left the region. These perspectives will help drive innovation and 

transformation, bolstered by advanced technologies for automation, data 

analytics, and information sharing.

Tomorrow’s smart homes, factories and facilities will rely upon a broad 

pipeline of prepared workers that can implement technology, and on 

operators that can apply evolving technology. Therefore, the IoT roadmap

will likely include specific actions to ensure that students and workers 

have the necessary knowledge and skills to perform the work to be done. 

These actions will also bring improved prosperity to many communities 

that have not previously enjoyed those benefits.

Pillar 6: Data Governance

As with other topics, data aspects of IoT present both challenges and 

opportunities. While the trust opportunities described in Pillar 1 are

essential, it is equally important that the IoT roadmap support equitable 

access to the vast amounts of information that ubiquitous IoT will provide.
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Some in the community have compared access to data with other 

valuable assets. Some U.S. regions historically gained economic benefits

from the discovery of mineral resources like oil and gold – similar benefits 

could be achieved by “mining” and harvesting the vast information that 

data analytics provide. It is vital, however, that such use of information be

conducted responsibly. As communities are learning from AI 

implementation, there must be safeguards to ensure that use of data is 

accurate, unbiased, and reliable.

Data will be used for vital decisions, many of which affect citizens’ lives 

and safety, so it must be well protected, maintained, and governed. 

Fortunately, this need presents additional opportunities for workforce

development and management.

Unlike the “gold rush” and “oil boom” days of the past, where a limited 

region prospered, the nation has the opportunity to ensure broad and

equitable access to data repositories, including those fed by vast 

networks of IoT devices. The IoT roadmap could stress the need for 

accessibility and data transparency. 

Recommendations will highlight the need to ensure provisions for 

protecting how IoT-derived data is stored, shared, protected and deleted 

when no longer needed, including anonymization and privacy, in 

alignment with the Trust Pillar. 

The ability to access and fuse different real-time data sources already 

provide benefits, such as supporting improved crash prevention and 

mobility in transportation. Safe and equitable access to large pools of 

data could bring additional benefits to the nation – perhaps revolutionary 

cures based on healthcare findings, production innovation based on 

manufacturing data, or imaginative agriculture solutions.

By providing incentives and requirements for fair and equitable access to

safe, protected data repositories, new opportunities for citizens around 

the country will emerge. The diversity of the data types may also drive 

some sector-specific considerations and possibilities. 

Pillar 7: Adjacent Technologies

IoT is supplemented and supported by an array of adjacent technologies 

such as AI and “big data analytics”. As the vast fabric of IoT collects data 

in near real-time, AI and analytic engines interpret results and provide 

actionable information, which are then acted on within the IoT ecosystem. 

The two technologies are converging to provide even more benefits to the 
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adopters of IoT technologies. Blockchain is another example of an 

adjacent technology that can support scalability, security, and traceability

of the IoT. The roadmap recognizes that IoT success requires a 

comprehensive solution that leverages these overlapping technologies

safely and responsibly.

One example of an overlapping solution is the notion of “digital twins”. 

The use of digital information to simulate and represent some physical 

object or system continues to expand and enables significant research.

This approach supports other pillars, as well. Creation, operation, and

maintenance of digital twin simulation reduce the cost and burden of 

creating physical replicas for researching and achieving improved 

sustainability. Data produced and available to a diverse and distributed 

workforce provides opportunities in underserved areas and communities. 

Lessons learned from such work enable other communities to accelerate

their own research and development actions.

It is likely that many other adjacent technologies will help accelerate IoT 

adoption by working together. Wider availability of Wireless Power 

Transfer, for example, could help to address anticipated issues 

surrounding IoT device maintenance relating to battery replacement or 

charging high volumes of IoT devices. Strategic pillars, like physical pillars 

for a structure, share the workload to ensure resilience, trust, and

sustainability. Operational Technology IoT leads the way for efficient and 

sustainable infrastructure and operations. An important element of the 

IoT roadmap for national IoT adoption could be understanding ways to 

weave various technologies together into a tapestry that improves

interoperability, supports national priorities, and enhances resilience.

Your feedback is valuable: Broad stakeholder feedback about these 

pillars will inform IoTFWG’s report to Congress. Which recommendations 

on these pillars will help achieve the economic and societal benefits IoT 

promises? Are there additional pillars (or changes to these pillars) that 

readers recommend? What monitoring and reporting capabilities (e.g., 

performance metrics and risk indicators) will help drive improvement?
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Mechanisms for Supporting IoT Pillar Adoption

The IoTFWG is identifying specific and practical ways to enable IoT

adoption. The following mechanisms provide examples of actions that the 

U.S. can begin or expand to achieve the vision described in our Strategic 

Pillars, helping to accelerate progress toward the benefits above.

• Government-based / cooperative research and development – 

federally funded research programs are a key mechanism for 

discovering, improving, and advancing IoT technology. In addition to 

R&D programs within agencies, collaborative partnership (e.g., with 

public/private sectors, academia) brings exciting opportunities for 

progress on strategic pillars.

• Federal technology transfer – in line with the research described above, 

agencies often seek ways to share knowledge, skills, methods, and 

technologies with others that can further develop capabilities. Many 

products and technologies foundational to IoT (including the Internet 

itself) began as government projects. Agencies can work with partners 

to seek ways to jointly develop or to license research results for 

commercial development of new products from which all will benefit. 

The government can also fund a university or a federally funded 

research and development center (FFRDC) to develop a technology and 

subsequently license it to a company for inclusion in a product.

• Government-based outreach and engagement – agencies can 

engage with the public about improvements, recommendations, and 

opportunities to address known IoT challenges and enhance 

opportunities. Federal support and encouragement of community 

members in many industry sectors will help them to be primary 

adopters of IoT technology. An example approach might be through a 

community extension partnership similar to the highly-successful U.S. 

Department of Agriculture Cooperative Extension Services and the 

NIST Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP).

• Federal support for workforce training - preparing learners to develop,

implement, secure, and operate IoT technology will greatly help the 

nation to achieve IoT’s economic and societal benefits. As it has done 

for other types of technical needs (e.g., cybersecurity), the government 

can help standardize, improve, and promote successful training 

initiatives. Technology changes rapidly, so federal coordination will 
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help enable learners at all levels in all industries to understand the 

evolving skills and knowledge needed for successfully applying and 

improving IoT technology.

• Federal coordination - as agencies expand adoption of IoT and work 

with nonfederal entities to fulfill IoT recommendations, extensive 

coordination will be necessary. Interagency collaboration is vital, as 

well. Examples of coordination types may include resource sharing, 

knowledge repositories, and cooperative projects. 

• Government-based grants - benefits from IoT often depend upon 

initial investments that are difficult for small businesses and

municipalities to afford. Through grants and partnerships, the 

government may be able to kickstart the implementation of IoT 

solutions, leading to significant benefits for businesses; state, local, 

and tribal government entities; and consumers. In economically 

disadvantaged communities, grants to enable sustainment may also 

be needed. 

• Federal guidance/policy - clear, consistent policy with supporting 

guidance is an important building block. Policy underlies much of the 

connectivity and interoperability described, so the roadmap could 

identify necessary policies (or updates to existing ones) to support 

reliable, equitable IoT deployment. Clear guidance can provide

awareness and consistent implementation in various technical and 

societal areas.

Are there mechanisms that should be added? What methods should the 

Federal Government include to implement the pillars above?
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Conclusion

The U.S. has a unique opportunity to advance its social and economic 

prosperity through improved adoption of IoT technology. The U.S. 

Congress has recognized the need for a roadmap or strategy promoting 

IoT solutions for use across the country which are secure, scalable, 

interoperable, industry-driven, and standards-based.

Doing so will maximize IoT benefits to all stakeholders, including

businesses, governments, and consumers. The IoTFWG, as part of a 

comprehensive and collaborative process, will continue to develop 

strategic recommendations for Congress. Public feedback is welcomed 

regarding benefits, enabling mechanisms, and challenges. By improving

and expanding the Internet of Things adoption, the U.S. will enjoy 

significant economic benefits, improved efficiency of operations, and 

exciting innovations across the nation.