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Informative Textbooks on Forensic DNA (16)

The following informative textbooks are listed by publication date in ascending order with the most recent ones 

listed last.This list is not comprehensive (e.g., earlier editions of some of these textbooks not included).

1. National Research Council (1996) The Evaluation of Forensic DNA Evidence. National Academy

Press:Washington, D.C.

2. Evett, I.W. and Weir, B.S. (1998) Interpreting DNA Evidence: Statistical Genetics for Forensic Scientists.

SinauerAssociates: Sunderland MA.

3. Inman, K. and Rudin, N. (2001) Principles and Practice of Criminalistics: The Profession of Forensic Science. 

CRCPress: Boca Raton.

4. Fung, W.K. and Hu, Y.-Q. (2008) Statistical DNA Forensics: Theory, Methods and Computation. 

Wiley:Chichester, UK.

5. Butler, J.M. (2010) Fundamentals of Forensic DNA Typing. Elsevier Academic Press: San Diego.

6. Goodwin, W., Linacre, A., Hadi, S. (2011) An Introduction to Forensic Genetics Second Edition. Wiley:

Chichester,UK.

7. Butler, J.M. (2012) Advanced Topics in Forensic DNA Typing: Methodology. Elsevier Academic Press: San

Diego.

8. Gill, P. (2014) Misleading DNA Evidence: Reasons for Miscarriages of Justice. Elsevier Academic Press:

SanDiego.

9. Butler, J.M. (2015) Advanced Topics in Forensic DNA Typing: Interpretation. Elsevier Academic Press: San

Diego.

10. Balding, D. J. and Steele, C. D. (2015). Weight-of-evidence for Forensic DNA Profiles Second Edition. 

Wiley:Chichester, UK.

11. Buckleton, J.S., Bright, J.-A., Taylor, D. (Editors) (2016) Forensic DNA Evidence Interpretation Second 

Edition.CRC Press: Boca Raton.

12. Robertson, B., Vignaux, G.A., Berger, C.E.H. (2016) Interpreting Evidence: Evaluating Forensic Science

in theCourtroom Second Edition. Wiley: Chichester, UK.

13. Jamieson, A. and Bader, S. (Editors) (2016) A Guide to Forensic DNA Profiling. Wiley: Chichester, UK.

14. Amorim, A. and Budowle, B. (Editors) (2017) Handbook of Forensic Genetics: Biodiversity and Heredity in

Civiland Criminal Investigation. World Scientific Publishing: London.

15. Bright, J.-A. and Coble, M. (2020) Forensic DNA Profiling: A Practical Guide to Assigning Likelihood Ratios. 

CRCPress: Boca Raton.

16. Gill, P., Bleka, Ø., Hansson, O., Benschop, C., Haned, H. (2020) Forensic Practitioner’s Guide to the 

Interpretationof Complex DNA Profiles. Elsevier Academic Press: San Diego.
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Informative Forensic DNA Reviews and Research Studies (434)

Below 26 categories are defined covering topics of interest in forensic DNA analysis and interpretation (listed 

arbitrarily from A to Z). Neither the categories nor this reference list are intended to be exhaustive. Suggestions for 

additional, appropriate references and categories are welcome. A #1 article (in bold font) was subjectively selected in 

each category andthen followed by reference citations defined by date in ascending order with the most recent 

publications at the end of each category. This letter and number system (e.g., A1, B3, F7) provides a simple method to 

locate specific articles and enables opportunities for expansion as the literature grows. Although some articles could 

logically appear under multiple categories,no duplicate listings were used. Recommended references from the 

SWGDAM 2020 Training Guidelines have been included as well.

A. Plain Language Guides to Forensic DNA Analysis

1. Sense about Science (2017) Making Sense of Forensic Genetics. A 40-page plain language guide available at

https://senseaboutscience.org/activities/making-sense-of-forensic-genetics/.

2. The Royal Society (2017) Forensic DNA Analysis: A Primer for Courts. A 60-page plain language guide

availableat https://royalsociety.org/-/media/about-us/programmes/science-and-law/royal-society-forensicdna-analysis- primer-for-courts.pdf.

3. Press, R. (2019) DNA Mixtures: A Forensic Science Explainer. Available at

https://www.nist.gov/featured-stories/dna-mixtures-forensic-science-explainer. (see also Forensic 

Science Review 31: 87-91 available at http://forensicsciencereview.com/Abstract/31(2)-

(R&C)%20Full%20text.pdf)

B. Serology and Body Fluid Identification

1. Gaensslen, R.E. (1983) Sourcebook in Forensic Serology, Immunology, and Biochemistry . U.S. Department ofJustice, 

National Institute of Justice: Washington, D.C.

2. Schweers BA, Old J, Boonlayangoor PW, Reich KA. (2008) Developmental validation of a novel lateral flow

striptest for rapid identification of human blood (Rapid Stain Identification--Blood). Forensic Science 

International: Genetics 2(3): 243-247.

3. Desroches, A.N., Buckle, J.L., Fourney, R.M. (2009) Forensic biology evidence screening: past and present.

Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal 42(2): 101-120.

4. Old, J.B., Schweers, B.A., Boonlayangoor, P.W., Reich, K.A. (2009) Developmental validation of RSIDsaliva: alateral flow immunochromatographic strip test for the forensic detection of saliva. Journal of 

Forensic Sciences 54(4): 866-873.

5. Harteveld, J., Lindenbergh, A. and Sijen, T. (2013) RNA cell typing and DNA profiling of mixed samples:

can celltypes and donors be associated? Science & Justice 53: 261-269.

6. Cotton, R.W. and Fisher, M.B. (2015) Review: Properties of sperm and seminal fluid, informed by

research onreproduction and contraception. Forensic Science International: Genetics 18: 66-77.

7. Harbison, S. and Fleming, R.I. (2016) Forensic body fluid identification: state of the art. Research and

Reports inForensic Medical Science 6: 11-23.
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8. Vidaki, A., Giangasparo, F., Syndercombe Court, D. (2016) Discovery of potential DNA methylation

markers forforensic tissue identification using bisulphite pyrosequencing. Electrophoresis 37(21): 2767-

2779.

9. Silva, D.S.B.S., Antunes, J., Balamurugan, K., Duncan, G., Alho, C.S., McCord, B. (2016) Developmental

validation studies of epigenetic DNA methylation markers for the detection of blood, semen and saliva

samples.Forensic Science International: Genetics 23: 55-63.

10. Legg, K.M. and Danielson, P.B. (2017) State of the Art in Forensic Serology. In Liz Fergus (Ed.), “Sexual

Assault Victimization Across the Life Span Second Edition Volume 1: Investigation, Diagnosis, and the 

MultidisciplinaryTeam”. (vol. 1, pp. 462). STM Learning Inc.

11. Wornes, D.J., Speers, S.J., Murakami, J.A. (2018) The evaluation and validation of Phadebas® paper 

as apresumptive screening tool for saliva on forensic exhibits. Forensic Science International 288:

81-88.

12. Dørum, G., Ingold, S., Hanson, E., Ballantyne, J., Snipen, L., Haas, C. (2018) Predicting the origin of stains

fromnext generation sequencing mRNA data. Forensic Science International: Genetics 34: 37-48.

13. Ingold, S., Dørum, G., Hanson, E., Berti, A., Branicki, W., Brito, P., Elsmore, P., Gettings, K.B.,

Giangasparo, F.,Gross, T.E., Hansen, S., Hanssen, E.N., Kampmann, M.L., Kayser, M., Laurent, F.X., 

Morling, N., Mosquera- Miguel, A., Parson, W., Phillips, C., Porto, M.J., Pośpiech, E., Roeder, A.D., 

Schneider, P.M., Schulze, J.K., Steffen, C.R., Syndercombe-Court, D., Trautmann, M., van den Berge, M., 

van der Gaag, K.J., Vannier, J., Verdoliva, V., Vidaki, A., Xavier, C., Ballantyne, J., Haas, C. (2018) Body 

fluid identification using a targeted mRNA massively parallel sequencing approach - results of a 

EUROFORGEN/EDNAP collaborative exercise. Forensic Science International: Genetics 34: 105-115.

14. Albani, P.P. and Fleming, R. (2019) Developmental validation of an enhanced mRNA-based multiplex

system forbody fluid and cell type identification. Science & Justice 59(3): 217-227.

15. Kulstein, G., Pably, P., Fürst, A., Wiegand, P., Hadrys, T. (2019) "The acid test"-validation of the ParaDNA® 

BodyFluid ID Test for routine forensic casework. International Journal of Legal Medicine 133(3): 751-757.

16. Foley, M.M., Brown, C.O., Westring, C.G., Danielson, P.B., McKiernan, H.E. (2020) Effects of organic 

acids and common household products on the occurrence of false positive test results using 

immunochromatographic assays.Forensic Science International 308:1-6.

17. Ingold, S., Dørum, G., Hanson, E., Ballard, D., Berti, A., Gettings, K.B., Giangasparo, F., Kampmann, M.L.,

Laurent, F.X., Morling, N., Parson, W., Steffen, C.R., Ulus, A., van den Berge, M., van der Gaag, K.J.,

Verdoliva,V., Xavier, C., Ballantyne, J., Haas, C. (2020) Body fluid identification and assignment to donors 

using a targetedmRNA massively parallel sequencing approach - results of a second 

EUROFORGEN/EDNAP collaborative exercise. Forensic Science International: Genetics 45: 102208.

C. Collection and Storage of Biological Material

1. Mapes, A.A., Kloosterman, A.D., van Marion, V., de Poot, C.J. (2016) Knowledge on DNA success rates to

optimize the DNA analysis process: from crime scene to laboratory. Journal of Forensic Sciences 61(4): 1055-

1061.
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2. Bär, W., Kratzer, A., Mächler, M., Schmid, W. (1988) Postmortem stability of DNA. Forensic Science

International

39(1): 59-70.

3. Sweet, D., Lorente, M., Lorente, J.A., Valenzuela, A., Villanueva, E. (1997) An improved method to recover

salivafrom human skin: the double swab technique. Journal of Forensic Sciences 42(2): 320-322.

4. Lee, H.C. and Ladd, C. (2001) Preservation and collection of biological evidence. Croatian Medical Journal 

42(3):225-228.

5. Kline, M.C., Duewer, D.L., Redman, J.W., Butler, J.M., Boyer, D.A. (2002) Polymerase chain reaction

amplification of DNA from aged blood stains: quantitative evaluation of the "suitability for purpose" of four

filterpapers as archival media. Analytical Chemistry 74(8): 1863-1869.

6. Bond, J.W. and Hammond, C. (2008) The value of DNA material recovered from crime scenes. Journal of 

ForensicSciences 53(4): 797-801.

7. Virkler, K. and Lednev, I.K. (2009) Analysis of body fluids for forensic purposes: from laboratory testing to 

non-destructive rapid confirmatory identification at a crime scene. Forensic Science International 188: 1-17.

8. Vandewoestyne, M. and Deforce, D. (2010) Laser capture microdissection in forensic research: a review.

International Journal of Legal Medicine 124(6): 513-521.

9. van Oorschot, R.A.H. (2012) Assessing DNA profiling success rates: need for more and better collection of

relevantdata. Forensic Science Policy and Management 3: 37-41.

10. Goray, M., van Oorschot, R.A., Mitchell, J.R. (2012) DNA transfer within forensic exhibit packaging: 

potential forDNA loss and relocation. Forensic Science International: Genetics 6(2): 158-166.

11. Allen-Hall, A. and McNevin, D. (2013) Non-cryogenic forensic tissue preservation in the field: a review. 

AustralianJournal of Forensic Sciences 45(4): 450-460.

12. Higgins, D. and Austin, J.J. (2013) Teeth as a source of DNA for forensic identification of human

remains: Areview. Science & Justice 53(4): 433-441.

13. Verdon, T.J., Mitchell, R.J. and van Oorschot, R.A. (2014) Swabs as DNA collection devices for sampling 

differentbiological materials from different substrates. Journal of Forensic Sciences 59(4): 1080-1089.

14. Verdon, T.J., Mitchell, R.J. and van Oorschot, R.A. (2014) Evaluation of tapelifting as a collection method for

touchDNA. Forensic Science International: Genetics 8(1): 179-186.

15. Verdon, T.J., Mitchell, R.J., van Oorschot, R.A. (2015) Preliminary investigation of differential

tapelifting forsampling forensically relevant layered deposits. Legal Medicine 17(6): 553-559.

16. Baechler, S. (2016) Study of criteria influencing the success rate of DNA swabs in operational conditions: A

contribution to an evidence-based approach to crime scene investigation and triage. Forensic Science

International:Genetics 20: 130-139.

17. Pickrahn, I., Kreindl, G., Müller, E., Dunkelmann, B., Zahrer, W., Cemper-Kiesslich, J., Neuhuber, F.

(2017)Contamination incidents in the pre-analytical phase of forensic DNA analysis in Austria—
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Statistics of 17 years. Forensic Science International: Genetics 31: 12-18.

18. Sujatha, G., Muruganandhan, J., Priya, V.V., Srinivasan, M.R. (2019) Determination of reliability and

practicality ofsaliva as a genetic source in forensic investigation by analyzing DNA yield and success rates: A

systematic

review. Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Medicine, and Pathology 31(3): 218-227.

19. Prasad, E., Hitchcock, C., Raymond, J., Cole, A., Barash, M., Gunn, P., McNevin, D., van Oorschot, 

R.A.(2020) DNA recovery from unfired and fired cartridge cases: A comparison of swabbing, tape lifting,

vacuum filtration, anddirect PCR. Forensic Science International 317: 110507.

D. DNA Extraction/Purification, Differential Extraction

1. Gill, P., Jeffreys, A.J., Werrett, D.J. (1985) Forensic application of DNA 'fingerprints'. Nature 318: 577-579.

2. Walsh, P.S., Metzger, D.A., Higuchi, R. (1991) Chelex 100 as a medium for simple extraction of DNA for 

PCR-based typing from forensic material. Biotechniques 10(4): 506-513.

3. Comey, C.T., Koons, B.W., Presley, K.W., Smerick, J.B., Sobieralski, C.A., Stanley, D.M., Baechtel, F.S. 

(1994)DNA extraction strategies for amplified fragment length polymorphism analysis. Journal of Forensic

Sciences 39(5): 1254-1269.

4. Rådström, P., Knutsson, R., Wolffs, P., Lövenklev, M., Löfström, C. (2004). Pre-PCR processing:

Strategies togenerate PCR-compatible samples. Molecular Biotechnology 26(2): 133-146.

5. Nagy, M., Otremba, P., Krüger, C., Bergner-Greiner, S., Anders, P., Henske, B., Prinz, M., Roewer, L. (2005)

Optimization and validation of a fully automated silica-coated magnetic beads purification technology in

forensics.Forensic Science International 152(1): 13-22.

6. Anslinger, K., Bayer, B., Rolf, B., Keil, W., Eisenmenger, W. (2005) Application of the BioRobot EZ1 in a

forensiclaboratory. Legal Medicine 7(3): 164-168.

7. Montpetit, S.A., Fitch, I.T., O'Donnell, P.T. (2005) A simple automated instrument for DNA extraction in

forensiccasework. Journal of Forensic Sciences 50(3): 1-9.

8. Castella, V., Dimo-Simonin, N., Brandt-Casadevall, C., Mangin, P. (2006) Forensic evaluation 

of theQIAshredder/QIAamp DNA extraction procedure. Forensic Science International 156(1):

70-73.

9. Loreille, O.M., Diegoli, T.M., Irwin, J.A., Coble, M.D., Parsons, T.J. (2007) High efficiency DNA extraction

frombone by total demineralization. Forensic Science International: Genetics 1(2): 191-195.

10. Brevnov, M.G., Pawar, H.S., Mundt, J., Calandro, L.M., Furtado, M.R., Shewale, J.G. (2009) 

Developmental validation of the PrepFiler Forensic DNA Extraction Kit for extraction of genomic DNA

from biological samples.Journal of Forensic Sciences 54(3): 599-607.

11. Stray, J.E., Liu, J.Y., Brevnov, M.G., Shewale, J.G. (2010) Extraction of DNA from forensic biological

samples forgenotyping. Forensic Science Review 22(2): 159-175.

12. Stray, J.E. and Shewale, J.G. (2010) Extraction of DNA from human remains. Forensic Science Review 22(2):

177-

185.
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13. Frégeau, C.J., Lett, C.M., Fourney, R.M. (2010) Validation of a DNA IQTM-based extraction method for 

TECAN robotic liquid handling workstations for processing casework. Forensic Science International: 

Genetics 4(5): 292-304.

14. Lee, S.B., Shewale, J.G. (2017). DNA Extraction Methods in Forensic Analysis. In “Encyclopedia of

AnalyticalChemistry” pp 1–18. John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

E. DNA Quantitation, Degraded DNA

1. Lee, S.B., McCord, B., Buel, E. (2014) Advances in forensic DNA quantification: a review. Electrophoresis 35:

3044-3052.

2. Lindahl, T. (1993) Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA. Nature 362: 709-715.

3. Butler, J.M., Shen, Y., McCord, B.R. (2003) The development of reduced size STR amplicons as tools for

analysisof degraded DNA. Journal of Forensic Sciences 48(5) 1054-1064.

4. Green, R.L., Roinestad, I.C., Boland, C., Hennessy, L.K. (2005) Developmental validation of the Quantifiler 

real- time PCR kits for the quantification of human nuclear DNA samples. Journal of Forensic Sciences

50(4): 809-825.

5. Westring, C.G., Kristinsson, R., Gilbert, D.M., Danielson, P.B. (2007) Validation of reduced-scale reactions

for theQuantifiler (TM) human DNA kit. Journal of Forensic Sciences 52(5): 1035-1043.

6. Barbisin, M., Fang, R., O'Shea, C.E., Calandro, L.M., Furtado, M.R., Shewale, J.G. (2009) Developmental

validation of the Quantifiler Duo DNA Quantification kit for simultaneous quantification of total human and

humanmale DNA and detection of PCR inhibitors in biological samples. Journal of Forensic Sciences 54(2):

305-319.

7. Alaeddini, R., Walsh, S.J., Abbas, A. (2010) Forensic implications of genetic analyses from degraded 

DNA--areview. Forensic Science International: Genetics 4(3):148-157.

8. Grgicak, C.M., Urban, Z.M., Cotton, R.W. (2010) Investigation of reproducibility and error associated with

qPCRmethods using Quantifiler® Duo DNA quantification kit. Journal of Forensic Sciences 55(5):1331-

1339.

9. Vieira-Silva, C., Afonso-Costa, H., Ribeiro, T., Porto, M.J., Dias, M., Amorim, A. (2015) Quantifiler® Trio 

DNA validation and usefulness in casework samples. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement 

Series 5: e246-e247.

10. Holt, A., Wootton, S.C., Mulero, J.J., Brzoska, P.M., Langit, E., Green, R.L. (2016) Developmental validation 

of the Quantifiler(®) HP and Trio Kits for human DNA quantification in forensic samples. Forensic Science 

International:Genetics 21: 145-157.

F. PCR Amplification, Inhibition, and Artifacts

1. Walsh, P.S., Erlich, H.A. and Higuchi, R. (1992) Preferential PCR amplification of alleles: mechanisms and

solutions. PCR Methods & Applications 1(4): 241-250.

2. Saiki, R.K., Gelfand, D.H., Stoffel, S., Scharf, S.J., Higuchi, R., Horn, G.T., Mullis, K.B., Erlich, H.A. 

(1988) Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase. Science 

239: 487-491.
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3. Clark, J.M. (1988). Novel non-templated nucleotide addition reactions catalyzed by procaryotic and eucaryotic

DNApolymerases. Nucleic Acids Research 16(20): 9677-9686.

4. Bloch, W. (1991) A biochemical perspective of the polymerase chain reaction. Biochemistry 30: 2735-2747.

5. Reynolds, R., Sensabaugh, G., Blake, E. (1991) Analysis of genetic markers in forensic DNA samples 

using thepolymerase chain reaction. Analytical Chemistry 63(1): 2-15.

6. Walsh, P.S., Fildes, N.J., Reynolds, R. (1996) Sequence analysis and characterization of stutter products

at thetetranucleotide repeat locus vWA. Nucleic Acids Research 24(14): 2807-2812.

7. Leclair, B., Sgueglia, J.B., Wojtowicz, P.C., Juston, A.C., Frégeau, C.J,, Fourney, R.M. (2003) STR DNA

typing:increased sensitivity and efficient sample consumption using reduced PCR reaction volumes. Journal 

of ForensicSciences 48(5): 1001-1013.

8. Alaeddini, R. (2012) Forensic implications of PCR inhibition—A review. Forensic Science International:

Genetics

6(3): 297-305.

9. Kumar, P., Gupta, R., Singh, R., Jasuja, O.P. (2015) Effects of latent fingerprint development

reagents onsubsequent forensic DNA typing: a review. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine 

32:64-69.

10. Cavanaugh, S.E. and Bathrick, A.S. (2018) Direct PCR amplification of forensic touch and other challenging 

DNAsamples: A review. Forensic Science International: Genetics 32: 40-49.

G. Capillary Electrophoresis Separation and Detection

1. Butler, J.M., Buel, E., Crivellente, F., McCord, B.R. (2004) Forensic DNA typing by capillary electrophoresis

using the ABI Prism 310 and 3100 Genetic Analyzers for STR analysis. Electrophoresis 25: 1397-1412.

2. Guttman, A. and Cooke, N. (1991) Effect of temperature on the separation of DNA restriction fragments in

capillarygel electrophoresis. Journal of Chromatography 559: 285-294.

3. Issaq, H.J., Chan, K.C., Muschik, G.M. (1997) The effect of column length, applied voltage, gel type, and

concentration on the capillary electrophoresis separation of DNA fragments and polymerase chain reaction

products.Electrophoresis 18(7): 1153-1158.

4. Lazaruk, K., Walsh, P.S., Oaks, F., Gilbert, D., Rosenblum, B.B., Menchen, S., Scheibler, D., Wenz, H.M.,

Holt, C.,Wallin, J. (1998) Genotyping of forensic short tandem repeat (STR) systems based on sizing precision 

in a capillaryelectrophoresis instrument. Electrophoresis 19(1): 86-93.

5. Mansfield, E.S., Robertson, J.M., Vainer, M., Isenberg, A.R., Frazier, R.R., Ferguson, K., Chow, S., Harris,

D.W.,Barker, D.L., Gill, P.D., Budowle, B., McCord, B.R. (1998) Analysis of multiplexed short tandem 

repeat (STR) systems using capillary array electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 19(1): 101-107.

6. Heller, C. (2001) Principles of DNA separation with capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 22(4): 629-643.

7. Moretti, T.R., Baumstark, A.L., Defenbaugh, D.A., Keys, K.M., Smerick, J.B. and Budowle, B. (2001)
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Validation ofshort tandem repeats (STRs) for forensic usage: performance testing of fluorescent multiplex STR 

systems and analysis of authentic and simulated forensic samples. Journal of Forensic Sciences 46(3): 647-

660.

8. Moretti, T.R., Baumstark, A.L., Defenbaugh, D.A., Keys, K.M., Brown, A.L. and Budowle, B. (2001)

Validation ofSTR typing by capillary electrophoresis. Journal of Forensic Sciences 46(3): 661-676.

9. Sgueglia, J.B., Geiger, S., Davis, J. (2003) Precision studies using the ABI Prism 3100 Genetic 

Analyzer forforensic DNA analysis. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 376(8): 1247-1254.

10. Gilder, J.R., Doom, T.E., Inman, K. and Krane, D.E. (2007) Run-specific limits of detection and 

quantitation forSTR-based DNA testing. Journal of Forensic Sciences 52(1): 97-101.

11. Rakay, C.A., Bregu, J. and Grgicak, C.M. (2012) Maximizing allele detection: Effects of analytical

threshold andDNA levels on rates of allele and locus drop-out. Forensic Science International: Genetics

6(6): 723-728.

12. Adelman, J.D., Zhao, A., Eberst, D.S. and Marciano, M.A. (2019) Automated detection and removal of

capillaryelectrophoresis artifacts due to spectral overlap. Electrophoresis 40(14): 1753-1761.

H. Assessing Sample Suitability and Complexity, Low-Template DNA

1. Gill, P., Whitaker, J., Flaxman, C., Brown, N., Buckleton, J. (2000) An investigation of the rigor of

interpretation rules for STRs derived from less than 100 pg of DNA. Forensic Science International 112(1):17-

40.

2. Taberlet, P., Griffin, S., Goossens, B., Questiau, S., Manceau, V., Escaravage, N., Waits, L.P. Bouvet, J. 

(1996) Reliable genotyping of samples with very low DNA quantities using PCR. Nucleic Acids Research 

24(16): 3189-3194.

3. Findlay, I., Taylor, A., Quirke, P., Frazier, R., Urquhart, A. (1997) DNA fingerprinting from single cells.

Nature 389: 555-556.

4. Gill, P. (2001) Application of low copy number DNA profiling. Croatian Medical Journal 42(3): 229-232.

5. Graham, Eleanor A. M. (2008) DNA reviews: low level DNA profiling. Forensic Science Medicine and 

Pathology.

4(2): 129-131.

6. Balding, D.J. and Buckleton, J. (2009) Interpreting low template DNA profiles. Forensic Science 

International:Genetics 4(1): 1-10.

7. Butler, J.M. and Hill, C.R. (2010) Scientific issues with analysis of low amounts of DNA. Profiles in DNA

(Promega), 13(1). Available at https://www.promega.com/resources/profiles-in-dna/2010/scientific-issueswith-analysis-of-low-amounts-of-dna/.

8. Benschop, C.C., van der Beek, C.P., Meiland, H.C., van Gorp, A.G., Westen, A.A. and Sijen, T. (2011) Low

template STR typing: effect of replicate number and consensus method on genotyping reliability and DNA

databasesearch results. Forensic Science International: Genetics 5(4): 316-328.
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I. Estimating the Number of Contributors

1. Buckleton, J.S., Curran, J.M. and Gill, P. (2007) Towards understanding the effect of uncertainty in the

number of contributors to DNA stains. Forensic Science International: Genetics 1(1): 20-28.

2. Egeland, T., Dalen, I. and Mostad, P.F. (2003) Estimating the number of contributors to a DNA profile.

International Journal of Legal Medicine 117(5): 271-275.

3. Coble, M.D., Bright, J.A., Buckleton, J.S. and Curran, J.M. (2015) Uncertainty in the number of contributors

in theproposed new CODIS set. Forensic Science International: Genetics 19: 207-211.

4. Swaminathan, H., Grgicak, C.M., Medard, M. and Lun, D.S. (2015) NOCIt: a computational method to infer 

the number of contributors to DNA samples analyzed by STR genotyping. Forensic Science International: 

Genetics 16:172-180.

5. Alfonse, L.E., Tejada, G., Swaminathan, H., Lun, D.S. and Grgicak, C.M. (2017) Inferring the 

number ofcontributors to complex DNA mixtures using three methods: exploring the limits of lowtemplate DNA interpretation. Journal of Forensic Sciences 62(2): 308-316.

6. Marciano, M.A. and Adelman, J.D. (2017) PACE: Probabilistic Assessment for Contributor Estimation- A 

machine learning-based assessment of the number of contributors in DNA mixtures. Forensic Science 

International: Genetics27: 82-91.

7. Norsworthy, S., Lun, D.S., Grgicak, C.M. (2018) Determining the number of contributors to DNA mixtures

in thelow-template regime: Exploring the impacts of sampling and detection effects. Legal Medicine 32: 1-8.

8. Dembinski, G.M., Sobieralski, C., Picard C.J. (2018) Estimation of the number of contributors of theoretical 

mixtureprofiles based on allele counting: Does increasing the number of loci increase success rate of 

estimates? Forensic Science International: Genetics 33: 24-32.

9. Young, B.A., Gettings, K.B., McCord, B., Vallone, P.M. (2019) Estimating number of contributors in

massivelyparallel sequencing data of STR loci. Forensic Science International: Genetics 38: 15-22.

10. Marciano, M.A. and Adelman, J.D. (2019) Developmental validation of PACETM: Automated artifact 

identification and contributor estimation for use with GlobalFilerTM and PowerPlex® Fusion 6C generated 

data. Forensic ScienceInternational: Genetics 43: 102140.

11. Evett, I.W. and Pope, S. (2014) Is it to the advantage of a defendant to infer a greater number of

contributors to aquestioned sample than is necessary to explain the observed DNA profile? Science &

Justice 54(5): 373-374.

12. Benschop, C.C., Haned, H., Jeurissen, L., Gill, P.D. and Sijen, T. (2015) The effect of varying the number 

of contributors on likelihood ratios for complex DNA mixtures. Forensic Science International: Genetics

19: 92-99.

J. Data Interpretation, Mixture Deconvolution, Interlaboratory Studies

1. Gill, P., Sparkes, R. and Kimpton, C. (1997) Development of guidelines to designate alleles using an STR

multiplex system. Forensic Science International 89(3): 185-197.
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2. Gill, P., Sparkes, R., Pinchin, R., Clayton, T., Whitaker, J., Buckleton, J. (1998) Interpreting simple STR

mixturesusing allele peak areas. Forensic Science International 91(1): 41-53.

3. Clayton, T.M., Whitaker, J.P., Sparkes, R. and Gill, P. (1998) Analysis and interpretation of mixed forensic

stainsusing DNA STR profiling. Forensic Science International 91(1): 55-70.

4. Crouse, C.A., Rogers, S., Amiott, E., Gibson, S., Masibay, A. (1999) Analysis and interpretation of short 

tandem repeat microvariants and three-banded allele patterns using multiple allele detection systems. 

Journal of ForensicSciences 44(1): 87-94. Erratum in: J Forensic Sci 1999 May;44(3):667.

5. Duewer, D.L., Kline, M.C., Redman, J.W., Newall, P.J. and Reeder, D.J. (2001) NIST Mixed Stain Studies #1 

and #2: interlaboratory comparison of DNA quantification practice and short tandem repeat multiplex

performance withmultiple-source samples. Journal of Forensic Sciences 46: 1199-1210.

6. Duewer, D.L., Kline, M.C., Redman, J.W. and Butler, J.M. (2004) NIST Mixed Stain Study #3: signal

intensitybalance in commercial short tandem repeat multiplexes. Analytical Chemistry 76: 6928-6934.

7. Prieto, L., Haned, H., Mosquera, A., Crespillo, M., Aleman, M., Aler, M., Alvarez, F., Baeza-Richer, C.,

Dominguez, A., Doutremepuich, C., Farfán, M.J., Fenger-Grøn, M., García-Ganivet, J.M., González-Moya, 

E., Hombreiro, L., Lareu, M.V., Martínez-Jarreta, B., Merigioli, S., Milans Del Bosch, P., Morling, N., 

Muñoz-Nieto,M., Ortega-González, E., Pedrosa, S., Pérez, R., Solís, C., Yurrebaso, I. and Gill, P. (2014) 

Euroforgen-NoE collaborative exercise on LRmix to demonstrate standardization of the interpretation of 

complex DNA profiles. Forensic Science International: Genetics 9: 47-54.

8. Benschop, C.C., Connolly, E., Ansell, R. and Kokshoorn, B. (2017) Results of an inter and intra laboratory

exerciseon the assessment of complex autosomal DNA profiles. Science & Justice 57(1): 21-27.

9. Butler, J.M., Kline, M.C. and Coble, M.D. (2018) NIST interlaboratory studies involving DNA mixtures 

(MIX05and MIX13): variation observed and lessons learned. Forensic Science International: Genetics 37:

81-94.

10. Lynch, P.C. and Cotton, R.W. (2018) Determination of the possible number of genotypes which can 

contribute to DNA mixtures: non-computer assisted deconvolution should not be attempted for greater than

two person mixtures.Forensic Science International: Genetics 37: 235-240.

11. Tao, R., Wang, S., Zhang, J., Zhang, J., Yang, Z., Sheng, X., Hou, Y., Zhang, S., Li, C. (2018)

Separation/extraction, detection, and interpretation of DNA mixtures in forensic science (review). 

InternationalJournal of Legal Medicine 132(5): 1247-1261.

12. Sanz-Piña, E., Santurtún, A., Zarrabeitia, M.T. (2019) Forensic implications of the presence of chimerism

afterhematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Forensic Science International 302: 109862.

K. Interpretation: Binary Approaches (CPI, RMP, LR)

1. Gill, P., Brenner, C.H., Buckleton, J.S., Carracedo, A., Krawczak, M., Mayr, W.R., Morling, N., Prinz, M.,

Schneider, P.M. and Weir, B.S. (2006) DNA Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics:

Recommendations on the interpretation of mixtures. Forensic Science International 160: 90-101.

2. Schneider, P.M., Gill, P., Carracedo, A. (2006) Editorial on the recommendations of the DNA commission 

of theISFG on the interpretation of mixtures. Forensic Science International 160: 89.
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3. Buckleton, J. and Triggs, C. (2006) Is the 2p rule always conservative? Forensic Science International 159: 

206-209.

4. Morling, N., Bastisch, I., Gill, P. and Schneider, P.M. (2007) Interpretation of DNA mixtures--European

consensuson principles. Forensic Science International: Genetics 1: 291-292.

5. Buckleton, J. and Curran, J. (2008) A discussion of the merits of random man not excluded and likelihood ratios.

Forensic Science International: Genetics 2(4): 343-348.

6. Schneider, P.M., Fimmers, R., Keil, W., Molsberger, G., Patzelt, D., Pflug, W., Rothämel, T., Schmitter, H.,

Schneider, H. and Brinkmann, B. (2009) The German Stain Commission: recommendations for the

interpretation ofmixed stains. International Journal of Legal Medicine 123(1): 1-5. [Originally published in 

German in Rechtsmedizin (2006) 16: 401-404].

7. Budowle, B., Onorato, A.J., Callaghan, T.F., Della, M.A., Gross, A.M., Guerrieri, R.A., Luttman, J.C., McClure,

D.L. (2009) Mixture interpretation: defining the relevant features for guidelines for the assessment of mixed

DNAprofiles in forensic casework. Journal of Forensic Sciences 54(4): 810-821.

8. Bieber, F.R., Buckleton, J.S., Budowle, B., Butler, J.M., Coble, M.D. (2016) Evaluation of forensic DNA

mixtureevidence: protocol for evaluation, interpretation, and statistical calculations using the combined 

probability of inclusion. BMC Genetics 17(1):125.

9. Marsden, C.D., Rudin, N., Inman, K., Lohmueller, K.E. (2016) An assessment of the information

content oflikelihood ratios derived from complex mixtures. Forensic Science International: Genetics

22: 64-72.

L. Interpretation: Probabilistic Genotyping Software (Discrete, Continuous)

1. Coble, M.D. and Bright, J.-A. (2019) Probabilistic genotyping software: An overview. Forensic Science

International: Genetics 38: 219-224.

2. Evett, I.W. (1983) What is the Probability that This Blood Came from That Person? A Meaningful Question?

Journal of the Forensic Science Society (Science & Justice) 23:35-39.

3. Gill, P., Kirkham, A., Curran, J. (2007) LoComatioN: A software tool for the analysis of low copy number

DNAprofiles, Forensic Science International. 166:128-138.

4. Cowell, R.G. (2009) Validation of an STR peak area model. Forensic Science International: Genetics 3(3): 

193-199.

5. Perlin, M.W. and Sinelnikov, A. (2009) An information gap in DNA evidence interpretation. PLoS ONE 

4(12):e8327.

6. Tvedebrink, T., Eriksen, P.S., Mogensen, H.S., Morling, N. (2010) Evaluating the weight of evidence by

usingquantitative short tandem repeat data in DNA mixtures. Applied Statistics 59(5): 855-874.

7. Perlin, M.W., Legler, M.M., Spencer, C.E., Smith, J.L., Allan, W.P., Belrose, J.L., Duceman, B.W.

(2011)Validating TrueAllele® DNA mixture interpretation. Journal of Forensic Sciences 56(6): 1430-

1447.
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8. Cowell, R.G., Lauritzen, S.L., Mortera, J. (2011) Probabilistic expert systems for handling artifacts in

complexDNA mixtures. Forensic Science International: Genetics 5(3): 202-209.

9. Brookes, C., Bright, J.-A., Harbison, S., Buckleton, J. (2012) Characterizing stutter in forensic STR multiplexes.

Forensic Science International: Genetics 6(1): 58-63.

10. Tvedebrink, T., Eriksen, P.S., Mogensen, H.S., Morling, N. (2012) Statistical model for degraded DNA

samplesand adjusted probabilities for allelic drop-out. Forensic Science International: Genetics 6: 97-101.

11. Kelly, H., Bright, J.-A., Curran, J.M., Buckleton, J. (2012) Modelling heterozygote balance in forensic 

DNAprofiles, Forensic Science International: Genetics 6: 729-734.

12. Gill, P., Gusmao, L., Haned, H., Mayr, W.R., Morling, N., Parson, W., Prieto, L., Prinz, M.,

Schneider, H.,Schneider, P.M., Weir, B.S. (2012) DNA commission of the International Society of 

Forensic Genetics: Recommendations on the evaluation of STR typing results that may include dropout and/or drop-in using probabilistic methods. Forensic Science International: Genetics 6(6): 679-

688.

13. Bright, J.-A., Curran, J.M., Buckleton, J.S. (2013). Investigation into the performance of different

models forpredicting stutter. Forensic Science International: Genetics 7(4), 422–427.

14. Taylor, D., Bright, J.-A., Buckleton, J. (2013) The interpretation of single source and mixed DNA profiles, 

ForensicScience International: Genetics 7:516-528.

15. Gill, P. and Haned, H. (2013) A new methodological framework to interpret complex DNA profiles using

likelihoodratios. Forensic Science International: Genetics 7(2): 251-263.

16. Puch-Solis, R., Rodgers, L., Mazumder, A., Pope, S., Evett, I., Curran, J., Balding, D. (2013) Evaluating

forensicDNA profiles using peak heights, allowing for multiple donors, allelic dropout and stutters. 

Forensic Science International: Genetics 7(5): 555-563.

17. Ramos, D. and Gonzalez-Rodriguez, J. (2013) Reliable support: measuring calibration of likelihood ratios. 

ForensicScience International 230: 156-169.

18. Taylor, D., Bright, J.-A., Buckleton, J. (2014) The 'factor of two' issue in mixed {DNA} profiles, 

Journal ofTheoretical Biology 363:300-306.

19. Taylor, D., Bright, J.-A., Buckleton, J. (2014) Interpreting forensic DNA profiling evidence without

specifying thenumber of contributors, Forensic Science International: Genetics 13:269-280.

20. Taylor, D., Bright, J.-A., Buckleton, J. (2014) Considering relatives when assessing the evidential strength of

mixedDNA profiles, Forensic Science International: Genetics 13:259-263.

21. Bright, J.-A., Taylor, D., Curran, J.M., Buckleton, J. (2014) Searching mixed DNA profiles directly against 

profiledatabases, Forensic Science International: Genetics 9:102-110.

22. Bille, T.W., Weitz, S.M., Coble, M.D., Buckleton, J., Bright, J.-A. (2014) Comparison of the

performance ofdifferent models for the interpretation of low level mixed DNA profiles, Electrophoresis 

35: 3125-3133.
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23. Kelly, H., Bright, J.A., Buckleton, J.S., Curran, J.M. (2014) A comparison of statistical models for the

analysis ofcomplex forensic DNA profiles. Science & Justice 54(1): 66-70.

24. Steele, C.D., Greenhalgh, M., Balding, D.J. (2014) Verifying likelihoods for low template DNA profiles

usingmultiple replicates. Forensic Science International: Genetics 13: 82-89.

25. Steele, C.D. and Balding, D.J. (2014) Statistical evaluation of forensic DNA profile evidence. Annual 

Review ofStatistics and its Application 1: 361-384.

26. Bright, J.-A., Evett, I.W., Taylor, D., Curran, J.M., Buckleton, J. (2015) A series of recommended tests when

validating probabilistic DNA profile interpretation software, Forensic Science International: Genetics

14:125-131.

27. Gill, P., Haned, H., Bleka, O., Hansson, O., Dorum, G. and Egeland, T. (2015) Genotyping and 

interpretation ofSTR-DNA: Low-template, mixtures and database matches-Twenty years of research and 

development. ForensicScience International: Genetics 18: 100-117.

28. Perlin, M.W., Hornyak, J.M., Sugimoto, G., Miller, K.W. (2015) TrueAllele® genotype identification on

DNAmixtures containing up to five unknown contributors. Journal of Forensic Sciences 60(4): 857-868.

29. Greenspoon, S.A., Schiermeier‐ Wood, L., Jenkins, B.C. (2015) Establishing the limits of TrueAllele® 

Casework:A validation study. Journal of Forensic Sciences 60(5): 1263-1276.

30. Bleka, Ø., Benschop, C.C., Storvik, G. and Gill, P. (2016) A comparative study of qualitative and

quantitativemodels used to interpret complex STR DNA profiles. Forensic Science International:

Genetics 25: 85-96.

31. Steele, C.D., Greenhalgh, M. and Balding, D.J. (2016) Evaluation of low-template DNA profiles using peak 

heights.

Stat. Appl. Genet. Mol. Biol. 15(5): 431-445.

32. Haned, H., Gill, P., Lohmueller, K., Inman, K., Rudin, N. (2016) Validation of probabilistic genotyping

software foruse in forensic DNA casework: Definitions and illustrations. Science & Justice 56(2): 104-108.

33. Moretti, T.R., Just, R.S., Kehl, S.C., Willis, L.E., Buckleton, J.S., Bright, J.A., Taylor, D.A. and Onorato, 

A.J. (2017) Internal validation of STRmix for the interpretation of single source and mixed DNA profiles. 

ForensicScience International: Genetics 29: 126-144.

34. Bright, J.A., Taylor, D., Gittelson, S., Buckleton, J. (2017) The paradigm shift in DNA profile interpretation.

Forensic Science International: Genetics 31: e24-e32.

35. Meuwly, D., Ramos, D., Haraksim, R. (2017) A guideline for the validation of likelihood ratio methods

used forforensic evidence evaluation. Forensic Science International 276: 142-153.

36. Bright, J.A., Richards, R., Kruijver, M., Kelly, H., McGovern, C., Magee, A., McWhorter, A., Ciecko, A., 

Peck, B., Baumgartner, C., Buettner, C., McWilliams, S., McKenna, C., Gallacher, C., Mallinder, B., Wright,

D., Johnson, D.,Catella, D., Lien, E., O’Connor, C., Duncan, G., Bundy, J., Echard, J., Lowe, J., Stewart, J.,

Corrado, K., Gentile, S.,Kaplan, M., Hassler, M., McDonald, N., Hulme, P., Oefelein, R.H., Montpetit, S., 

Strong, M., Noel, S., Malsom, S.,Myers, S., Welti, S., Moretti, T., McMahon, T., Grill, T., Kalafut, T., GreerRitzheimer, M.M., Beamer, V., Taylor, D.A., Buckleton, J.S. (2018) Internal validation of STRmixTM– a multi 

laboratory response to PCAST. Forensic Science International: Genetics 34: 11-24.
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37. Slooten, K. (2018) The information gain from peak height data in DNA mixtures. Forensic Science 

International:Genetics 36: 119-123.

38. Swaminathan, H., Qureshi, M.O., Grgicak, C.M., Duffy, K. and Lun, D.S. (2018) Four model variants 

within a continuous forensic DNA mixture interpretation framework: effects on evidential inference and 

reporting. PLoSONE 13(11): e0207599.

39. Benschop, C.C.G., Nijveld, A., Duijs, F.E. and Sijen, T. (2019) An assessment of the performance of 

the probabilistic genotyping software EuroForMix: Trends in likelihood ratios and analysis of Type I &

II errors.Forensic Science International: Genetics 42: 31-38.

40. Bright, J.A., Cheng, K., Kerr, Z., McGovern, C., Kelly, H., Moretti, T.R., Smith, M.A., Bieber, F.R., 

Budowle, B., Coble, M.D., Alghafri, R., Allen, P.S., Barber, A., Beamer, V., Buettner, C., Russell, M., 

Gehrig, C., Hicks, T., Charak, J., Cheong-Wing, K., Ciecko, A., Davis, C.T., Donley, M., Pedersen, N., 

Gartside, B., Granger, D., Greer-Ritzheimer, M., Reisinger, E., Kennedy, J., Grammer, E., Kaplan, M., 

Hansen, D., Larsen, H.J., Laureano, A., Li, C., Lien, E., Lindberg, E., Kelly, C., Mallinder, B., Malsom, S., 

Yacovone-Margetts, A., McWhorter, A., Prajapati,S.M., Powell, T., Shutler, G., Stevenson, K., Stonehouse, 

A.R., Smith, L., Murakami, J., Halsing, E., Wright, D., Clark, L., Taylor, D.A., Buckleton. J. (2019) 

STRmixTM collaborative exercise on DNA mixture interpretation. Forensic Science International: Genetics

40:1-8.

41. You, Y. and Balding, D. (2019) A comparison of software for the evaluation of complex DNA profiles. 

ForensicScience International: Genetics 40: 114-119.

M. Report Writing and Technical Review

1. Association of Forensic Science Providers (2009) Standards for the formulation of evaluative forensic science

expert opinion. Science & Justice 49: 161-164.

2. Cook, R., Evett, I.W., Jackson, G., Jones, P.J. and Lambert, J.A. (1998) A model for case assessment

andinterpretation. Science & Justice 38(3): 151-156.

3. Cook, R., Evett, I.W., Jackson, G., Jones, P.J. and Lambert, J.A. (1998) A hierarchy of propositions: deciding

whichlevel to address in casework. Science & Justice 38(4): 231-239.

4. Evett, I.W., Jackson, G., Lambert, J.A. (2000) More on the hierarchy of propositions: exploring the

distinctionbetween explanations and propositions. Science & Justice 40(1): 3-10.

5. Evett, I.W., Jackson, G., Lambert, J.A., McCrossan, S. (2000) The impact of the principles of

evidenceinterpretation on the structure and content of statements. Science & Justice 40(4): 233-

239.

6. Doak, S. and Assimakopoulos, D. (2007) How do forensic scientists learn to become competent in

caseworkreporting in practice: A theoretical and empirical approach. Forensic Science International

167: 201-206.

7. Ballantyne, K.N., Edmond, G. and Found, B. (2017) Peer review in forensic science. Forensic Science 

International

277: 66-76.
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8. Barrio, P.A., Crespillo, M., Luque, J.A., Aler, M., Baeza-Richer, C., Baldassarri, L., Carnevali, E.,

Coufalova, P.,Flores, I., García, O. and García, M.A. (2018) GHEP-ISFG collaborative exercise on mixture 

profiles (GHEP- MIX06). Reporting conclusions: results and evaluation. Forensic Science International:

Genetics 35: 156-163.

N. Court Testimony, Communication of Results, Juror Comprehension Studies

1. Eldridge, H. (2019) Juror comprehension of forensic expert testimony: a literature review and gap analysis.

Forensic Science International: Synergy 1: 24-34.

2. Thompson, W.C. and Schumann, E.L. (1987) Interpretation of statistical evidence in criminal trials: the 

prosecutor’sfallacy and the defense attorney’s fallacy. Law and Human Behavior 11(3): 167-187.

3. Evett, I.W. (1995) Avoiding the transposed conditional. Science & Justice 35(2): 127-131.

4. Evett, I.W., Gill, P.D., Jackson, G., Whitaker, J. and Champod, C. (2002) Interpreting small quantities of

DNA: thehierarchy of propositions and the use of Bayesian networks. Journal of Forensic Sciences 47(3):

520-530.

5. Walsh, SJ (2005) Legal perceptions of forensic DNA profiling - Part I: A review of the legal literature. 

ForensicScience International. 155(1): 51-60.

6. Jackson, G., Jones, S., Booth, G., Champod, C., Evett, I.W. (2006) The nature of forensic science opinion-

-a possible framework to guide thinking and practice in investigations and in court proceedings. Science &

Justice46(1): 33-44.

7. Gill, P., Brown, R.M., Fairley, M., Lee, L., Smyth, M., Simpson, N., Irwin, B., Dunlop, J., Greenhalgh, M., 

Way, K., Westacott, E.J., Ferguson, S.J., Ford, L.V., Clayton, T. and Guiness, J. (2008) National

recommendations of theTechnical UK DNA working group on mixture interpretation for the NDNAD and for 

court going purposes. Forensic Science International: Genetics 2(1): 76-82.

8. Smith, L.L., Bull, R. and Holliday, R. (2011) Understanding juror perceptions of forensic evidence:

investigating theimpact of case context on perceptions of forensic evidence strength. Journal of Forensic

Sciences 56(2): 409-414.

9. Coyle, Heather Miller (2012) The importance of scientific evaluation of biological evidence - Data from eight 

yearsof case review. Science & Justice. 52(4): 268-270.

10. de Keijser, J. and Elffers, H. (2012) Understanding of forensic expert reports by judges, defense lawyers

andforensic professionals. Psychology, Crime & Law 18(2): 191-207.

11. Howes, L.M., Kirkbride, K.P., Kelty, S.F., Julian, R., Kemp, N. (2013) Forensic scientists’ conclusions:

howreadable are they for non-scientist report-users? Forensic Science International 231: 102-112.

12. Taroni, F., Biedermann, A., Vuille, J., and Morling, N. (2013). Whose DNA is this? How relevant a

question? (anote for forensic scientists). Forensic Science International: Genetics 7: 467-470.

13. Howes, L.M. (2015) The communication of forensic science in the criminal justice system: A review of

theory andproposed directions for research. Science & Justice 55(2): 145-154.
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14. Marquis, R., Biedermann, A., Cadola, L., Champod, C., Gueissaz, L., Massonnet, G., Mazzella, W.D.,

Taroni, F.,Hicks, T. (2016) Discussion on how to implement a verbal scale in a forensic laboratory: 

Benefits, pitfalls and suggestions to avoid misunderstandings. Science & Justice 56(5): 364-370.

15. de Keijser, J.W., Malsch, M., Luining, E.T., Weulen Kranenbarg, M. and Lenssen, D.J.H.M. (2016)

Differentialreporting of mixed DNA profiles and its impact on jurists' evaluation of evidence. An 

international analysis. Forensic Science International: Genetics 23: 71-82.

16. Evett, I., Pope, S. and Puch-Solis, R. (2016) Providing scientific guidance on DNA to the judiciary. 

Science &Justice 56(4): 278-281.

17. Gittelson, S., Kalafut, T., Myers, S., Taylor, D., Hicks, T., Taroni, F., Evett, I.W., Bright, J.A. and

Buckleton, J.(2016) A practical guide for the formulation of propositions in the Bayesian approach to 

DNA evidence interpretation in an adversarial environment. Journal of Forensic Sciences 61(1): 186-195.

18. Gill, P., Hicks, T., Butler, J.M., Connolly, E., Gusmão, L., Kokshoorn, B., Morling, N., van Oorschot, 

R.A.H., Parson, W., Prinz, M., Schneider, P.M., Sijen, T. and Taylor, D. (2018) DNA Commission of the 

International Society for Forensic Genetics: Assessing the value of forensic biological evidence –

guidelines highlighting theimportance of propositions. Part I: Evaluations of DNA profiling comparisons

given (sub-) source propositions.Forensic Science International: Genetics 36: 189-202.

19. Machado, H. and Silva, S. (2019) What influences public views on forensic DNA testing in the criminal

field? Ascoping review of qualitative evidence. Human Genomics 13:23.

20. Gill, P. (2019) Interpretation continues to be the main weakness in criminal justice systems: developing roles

of theexpert witness and court. WIREs Forensic Sci. 1:e1321. Available at https://doi.org/10.1002/wfs2.1321.

21. Gill, P. (2019) DNA evidence and miscarriages of justice. Forensic Science International 294: e1-e3.

O. Autosomal STR Markers and Kits

1. Butler, J.M. (2006) Genetics and genomics of core STR loci used in human identity testing. Journal of

Forensic Sciences 51(2): 253-265.

2. Edwards, A., Civitello, A., Hammond, H.A., Caskey, C.T. (1991) DNA typing and genetic mapping with

trimericand tetrameric tandem repeats. American Journal of Human Genetics 49(4): 746-756.

3. Frégeau, C.J. and Fourney, R.M. (1993) DNA typing with fluorescently tagged short tandem repeats: a

sensitive andaccurate approach to human identification. BioTechniques 15(1): 100-119.

4. Hammond, H.A., Jin, L., Zhong, Y., Caskey, C.T., Chakraborty, R. (1994) Evaluation of 13 short tandem

repeat locifor use in personal identification applications. American Journal of Human Genetics 55(1): 175-189.

5. Wallin, J.M., Buoncristiani, M.R., Lazaruk, K.D., Fildes, N., Holt, C.L., Walsh, P.S. (1998) TWGDAM 

validation of the AmpFISTRTM Blue PCR amplification kit for forensic casework analysis. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences 43(4):854-870.

6. Gill, P., Sparkes, R., Fereday, L., Werrett, D.J. (2000) Report of the European Network of Forensic

ScienceInstitutes (ENSFI): formulation and testing of principles to evaluate STR multiplexes. Forensic 
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Science International 108(1): 1-29.

7. Cotton, E.A., Allsop, R.F., Guest, J.L., Frazier, R.R.E., Koumi, P., Callow, I.P., Seager, A. Sparkes, R.L. 

(2000)Validation of the AMPFlSTR® SGM PlusTM system for use in forensic casework. Forensic Science

International 112: 151-161.

8. Ruitberg, C.M., Reeder, D.J., Butler, J.M. (2001) STRBase: a short tandem repeat DNA database for the

humanidentity testing community. Nucleic Acids Research 29: 320-322.

9. Frank, W.E., Llewellyn, B.E., Fish, P.A., Riech, A.K., Marcacci, T.L., Gandor, D.W., Parker, D., Carter, R.R.,

Thibault, S.M. (2001) Validation of the AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus PCR amplification kit for use in forensic

casework.Journal of Forensic Sciences 46(3): 642-646.

10. LaFountain, M.J., Schwartz, M.B., Svete, P.A., Walkinshaw, M.A., Buel, E. (2001) TWGDAM validation of 

the AmpFlSTR Profiler Plus and AmpFlSTR COfiler STR multiplex systems using capillary electrophoresis.

Journal ofForensic Sciences 46(5): 1191-1198.

11. Krenke, B.E., Tereba, A., Anderson, S.J., Buel, E., Culhane, S., Finis, C.J., Tomsey, C.S., Zachetti, J.M., 

Masibay, A., Rabbach, D.R., Amiott, E.A. (2002) Validation of a 16-locus fluorescent multiplex system. 

Journal of ForensicSciences 47(4): 773-785.

12. Collins, P.J., Hennessy, L.K., Leibelt, C.S., Roby, R.K., Reeder, D.J., Foxall, P.A. (2004) Developmental

validationof a single-tube amplification of the 13 CODIS STR loci, D2S1338, D19S433, and amelogenin: the 

AmpFlSTR Identifiler PCR Amplification Kit. Journal of Forensic Sciences 49(6): 1265-1277.

13. Gill, P., Fereday, L., Morling, N., Schneider, P.M. (2006) The evolution of DNA databases—

recommendations fornew European STR loci. Forensic Science International 156: 242-244.

14. Mulero, J.J., Chang, C.W., Lagace, R.E., Wang, D.Y., Bas, J.L., McMahon, T.P., Hennessy, L.K. (2008).

Development and validation of the AmpFlSTR® MiniFilerTM PCR Amplification Kit: a miniSTR multiplex 

for theanalysis of degraded and/or PCR inhibited DNA. Journal of Forensic Sciences 53(4): 838-852.

15. Luce, C., Montpetit, S., Gangitano, D., O'Donnell, P. (2009) Validation of the AMPFlSTR MiniFiler

PCRamplification kit for use in forensic casework*. Journal of Forensic Sciences 54(5): 1046-1054.

16. Wang, D.Y., Chang, C.W., Lagacé, R.E., Calandro, L.M., Hennessy, L.K. (2012) Developmental validation of 

the AmpFlSTR® Identifiler® Plus PCR Amplification Kit: an established multiplex assay with improved

performance.Journal of Forensic Sciences 57(2): 453-465.

17. Butler, J.M. and Hill, C.R. (2012) Biology and genetics of new autosomal STR loci useful for forensic

DNAanalysis. Forensic Science Review 24(1): 15-26.

18. Green, R.L., Lagacé, R.E., Oldroyd, N.J., Hennessy, L.K., Mulero, J.J. (2013) Developmental validation

of theAmpFlSTR® NGM SElectTM PCR Amplification Kit: A next-generation STR multiplex with the

SE33

locus. Forensic Science International: Genetics 7(1): 41-51.

19. Hares, D.R. (2015) Selection and implementation of expanded CODIS core loci in the United States. 

ForensicScience International: Genetics 17: 33-34.
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20. Gettings, K.B., Aponte, R.A., Vallone, P.M., Butler, J.M. (2015) STR allele sequence variation: current

knowledgeand future issues. Forensic Science International: Genetics 18: 118-130.

21. Ensenberger, M.G., Lenz, K.A., Matthies, L.K., Hadinoto, G.M., Schienman, J.E., Przech, A.J., Morganti, 

M.W., Renstrom, D.T., Baker, V.M., Gawrys, K.M., Hoogendoorn, M., Steffen, C.R., Martín, P., Alonso, A., 

Olson, H.R.,Sprecher, C.J., Storts, D.R. (2016) Developmental validation of the PowerPlex(®) Fusion 6C 

System. Forensic Science International: Genetics 21: 134-144.

22. Kraemer, M., Prochnow, A., Bussmann, M., Scherer, M., Peist, R., Steffen, C. (2017) Developmental 

validation ofQIAGEN Investigator® 24plex QS Kit and Investigator® 24plex GO! Kit: Two 6-dye multiplex 

assays for the extended CODIS core loci. Forensic Science International: Genetics 29: 9-20.

23. Gettings, K.B., Borsuk, L.A., Ballard, D., Bodner, M., Budowle, B., Devesse, L., King, J., Parson, W.,

Phillips, C., Vallone, P.M. (2017) STRSeq: A catalog of sequence diversity at human identification Short 

Tandem Repeat loci.Forensic Science International: Genetics 31: 111-117.

24. Ludeman, M.J., Zhong, C., Mulero, J.J., Lagacé, R.E., Hennessy, L.K., Short, M.L., Wang, D.Y. 

(2018)Developmental validation of GlobalFilerTM PCR amplification kit: a 6-dye multiplex assay 

designed for amplification of casework samples. International Journal of Legal Medicine 132(6):

1555-1573.

25. Gettings, K.B., Borsuk, L.A., Steffen, C.R., Kiesler, K.M., Vallone, P.M. (2018) Sequence-based U.S. 

populationdata for 27 autosomal STR loci. Forensic Science International: Genetics 37: 106-115.

26. Novroski, N.M.M., Woerner, A.E., Budowle, B. (2018) Potential highly polymorphic short tandem

repeat markers for enhanced forensic identity testing. Forensic Science International: Genetics 37:162-171.

27. Novroski, N.M.M., Wendt, F.R., Woerner, A.E., Bus, M.M., Coble, M., Budowle, B. (2019) Expanding

beyond thecurrent core STR loci: An exploration of 73 STR markers with increased diversity for enhanced 

DNA mixture deconvolution. Forensic Science International: Genetics 38: 121-129.

P. Mitochondrial DNA Testing

1. Parson, W., Gusmão, L., Hares, D.R., Irwin, J.A., Mayr, W.R., Morling, N., Pokorak, E., Prinz, M., Salas, A.,

Schneider, P.M., Parsons, T.J. (2014) DNA Commission of the International Society for Forensic Genetics:

revised and extended guidelines for mitochondrial DNA typing. Forensic Science International: Genetics 13:134-142.

2. Wilson, M.R., DiZinno, J.A., Polanskey, D., Replogle, J., Budowle, B. (1995) Validation of mitochondrial

DNAsequencing for forensic casework analysis. International Journal of Legal Medicine 108(2): 68-74.

3. Budowle, B., Allard, M.W., Wilson, M.R., Chakraborty, R. (2003) Forensics and mitochondrial DNA:

Applications,debates, and foundations. Annual Review of Genomics and Human Genetics 4: 119-141.

4. Melton, T. (2004) Mitochondrial DNA heteroplasmy. Forensic Science Review 16: 2-19.

5. Danielson, P.B., Sun, H.-Y., Melton, T., Kristinsson, R. (2007) Resolving mtDNA mixtures by denaturing 

high-performance liquid chromatography and linkage phase determination. Forensic Science International: 

Genetics1(2): 148-153.

6. van der Gaag, K.J., Hoogenboom, J., Sijen, T. (2017) Validation and implementation of MPS mtDNA control

regionanalysis for forensic casework: Determination of C-stretch lengths by the FDSTools noise correction 
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feature. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series. 6: e558-eE559.

7. Peck, M.A., Sturk-Andreaggi, K., Thomas, J.T., Oliver, R.S., Barritt-Ross, S., Marshall, C. (2018)

Developmentalvalidation of a Nextera XT mitogenome Illumina MiSeq sequencing method for high-quality 

samples. Forensic Science International: Genetics 34: 25-36.

8. Holland, M.M., Makova, K.D., McElhoe, J.A. (2018) Deep-coverage MPS analysis of heteroplasmic variants

withinthe mtGenome allows for frequent differentiation of maternal relatives. Genes (Basel) 9(3): 124.

9. Huber, N., Parson, W., Dur, A. (2018) Next generation database search algorithm for forensic mitogenome

analyses.

Forensic Science International: Genetics 37: 204-214.

10. Pereira, V., Longobardi, A., Borsting, C. (2018) Sequencing of mitochondrial genomes using the

Precision IDmtDNA Whole Genome Panel. Electrophoresis 39(21): 2766-2775.

11. Amorim, A., Fernandes, T., Taveira, N. (2019) Mitochondrial DNA in human identification: a review. 

PeerJ 7:e7314.

Q. Y-Chromosome and X-Chromosome Testing

1. Roewer, L., Andersen, M.M., Ballantyne, J., Butler, J.M., Caliebe, A., Corach, D., D'Amato, M.E., Gusmão,

L., Hou, Y., de Knijff, P., Parson, W., Prinz, M., Schneider, P.M., Taylor, D., Vennemann, M., Willuweit, S.

(2020) DNA commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics (ISFG): Recommendations on the

interpretation of Y-STR results in forensic analysis. Forensic Science International: Genetics 48: 102308.

2. Gill, P., Brenner, C., Brinkmann, B., Budowle, B., Carracedo, A., Jobling, M.A., de Knijff, P., Kayser, M.,

Krawczak, M., Mayr, W.R., Morling, N., Olaisen, B., Pascali, V., Prinz, M., Roewer, L., Schneider, P.M.,

Sajantila,A., Tyler-Smith, C. (2001) DNA Commission of the International Society of Forensic Genetics: 

recommendations on forensic analysis using Y-chromosome STRs. Forensic Science International 124(1): 5-

10.

3. Butler, J.M. (2003) Recent developments in Y-short tandem repeat and Y-single nucleotide

polymorphismanalysis. Forensic Science Review 15: 91-111.

4. Gusmão, L., Butler, J.M., Carracedo, A., Gill, P., Kayser, M., Mayr, W.R., Morling, N., Prinz, M.,

Roewer, L.,Tyler-Smith, C., Schneider, P.M. (2006) DNA Commission of the International Society of 

Forensic Genetics (ISFG): an update of the recommendations on the use of Y-STRs in forensic analysis. 

Forensic Science International 157(2-3): 187-197.

5. Diegoli, T.M. (2015) Forensic typing of short tandem repeat markers on the X and Y chromosomes.

ForensicScience International: Genetics 18: 140-151.

6. Caliebe, A. and Krawczak, M. (2018) Match probabilities for Y-chromosomal profiles: a paradigm shift.

ForensicScience International: Genetics 37: 200-203.

7. Tillmar, A.O., Kling, D., Butler, J.M., Parson, W., Prinz, M., Schneider, P.M., Egeland, T., Gusmão, L. (2017) 

DNACommission of the International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG): Guidelines on the use of X-STRs 

in kinship analysis. Forensic Science International: Genetics 29: 269-275.

8. Mulero, J.J., Chang, C.W., Calandro, L.M., Green, R.L., Li, Y., Johnson, C.L., Hennessy, L.K. (2006)
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Developmentand validation of the AmpFlSTR Yfiler PCR amplification kit: a male specific, single 

amplification 17 Y-STR multiplex system. Journal of Forensic Sciences 51(1): 64-75.

9. Gopinath, S., Zhong, C., Nguyen, V., Ge, J., Lagacé, R.E., Short, M.L., Mulero, J.J. (2016) Developmental

validation of the Yfiler(®) Plus PCR Amplification Kit: An enhanced Y-STR multiplex for casework and

databaseapplications. Forensic Science International: Genetics 24: 164-175.

10. Thompson, J.M., Ewing, M.M., Frank, W.E., Pogemiller, J.J., Nolde, C.A., Koehler, D.J., Shaffer, A.M., 

Rabbach, D.R., Fulmer, P.M., Sprecher, C.J., Storts, D.R. (2013) Developmental validation of the PowerPlex®

Y23 System: asingle multiplex Y-STR analysis system for casework and database samples. Forensic Science 

International: Genetics 7(2): 240-50.

11. Barbaro, A. and Cormaci, P. (2015) Validation of PowerPlex® Y23 System (Promega) using reduced

reactionvolume. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 5: e373-e374.

R. DNA Databases and Investigative Genetic Genealogy

1. Struyf, P., De Moor, S., Vandeviver, C., Renard, B., van der Beken, T. (2019) The effectiveness of DNA

databases in relation to their purpose and content: A systematic review. Forensic Science International 301:371-

381.

2. Werrett, D.J. (1997) The national DNA database. Forensic Science International 88: 33-42.

3. Bieber, F.R., Brenner, C.H., Lazer, D. (2006) Finding criminals through DNA of their relatives. Science 312: 

1315-1316.

4. Curran, J.M. and Buckleton, J.S. (2008) Effectiveness of familial searches. Science & Justice 48(4): 164-167.

5. Guerrini, C.J., Robinson, J.O., Petersen, D., McGuire, A.L. (2018) Should police have access to genetic 

genealogy databases? Capturing the Golden State Killer and other criminals using a controversial new forensic 

technique. PLoSBiology 16(10): e2006906.

6. Murphy, E. (2018) Law and policy oversight of familial searches in recreational genealogy databases. 

ForensicScience International 292: e5-e9.

7. Phillips, C. (2018) The Golden State Killer investigation and the nascent field of forensic genealogy.

ForensicScience International: Genetics 36: 186-188.

8. Ram, N., Guerrini, C.J., McGuire, A.L. (2018) Genealogy databases and the future of criminal investigation.

Science

360: 1078-1079.

9. Greytak, E.M., Kaye, D.H., Budowle, B., Moore, C., Armentrout, S.L. (2018) Privacy and genetic genealogy

data.

Science 361:857.

10. Samuel, G., Howard, H.C., Cornel, M., van El, C., Hall, A., Forzano, F., Prainsack, B. (2018) A response 

to theforensic genetics policy initiative's report "Establishing Best Practice for Forensic DNA Databases.” 

Forensic Science International: Genetics 36: e19-e21.
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11. Syndercombe Court, D. (2018) Forensic genealogy: Some serious concerns. Forensic Science 

International:Genetics 36: 203-204.

12. Greytak, E.M., Moore, C., Armentrout, S.L. (2019) Genetic genealogy for cold case and active investigations.

Forensic Science International 299: 103-113.

13. Kennett, D. (2019) Using genetic genealogy databases in missing persons cases and to develop suspect

leads inviolent crimes. Forensic Science International 301: 107-117.

14. Thomson, J., Clayton, T., Cleary, J., Gleeson, M., Kennett, D., Leonard, M., Rutherford, D. (2020) An

empiricalinvestigation into the effectiveness of genetic genealogy to identify individuals in the UK. 

Forensic Science International: Genetics 46: 102263.

S. Statistical Analysis

1. Curran, J.M. (2013) Is forensic science the last bastion of resistance against statistics? Science & Justice 53:

251-252.

2. DNA Advisory Board (2000) Statistical and population genetics issues affecting the evaluation of the

frequency ofoccurrence of DNA profiles calculated from pertinent population database (s). Forensic Science

Communications, 2(3), 1-8. Available at https://archives.fbi.gov/archives/about-us/lab/forensicscience-communications/fsc/july2000/dnastat.htm.

3. Foreman, L.A. and Evett, I.W. (2001). Statistical analyses to support forensic interpretation for a new ten-locus 

STRprofiling system. International Journal of Legal Medicine 114(3): 147-155.

4. Foreman, LA; Champod, C; Evett, IW; et al. (2003) Interpreting DNA evidence: A review. International 

StatisticalReview. 71(3): 473-495.

5. Aitken, C., Roberts, P. and Jackson, G. (2010) Practitioner Guide No. 1. Fundamentals of Probability and 

StatisticalEvidence in Criminal Proceedings: Guidance for Judges, Lawyers, Forensic Scientists and Expert 

Witnesses. Royal Statistical Society’s Working Group on Statistics and the Law. Available at

https://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~cgga/Guide-1-WEB.pdf.

6. Biedermann, A.; Taroni, F. (2012) Bayesian networks for evaluating forensic DNA profiling evidence: A

review andguide to literature. Forensic Science International-Genetics. 6(2): 147-157.

7. Puch-Solis, R., Roberts, P., Pope, S. and Aitken, C. (2012) Practitioner Guide No. 2. Assessing the Probative 

Valueof DNA Evidence: Guidance for Judges, Lawyers, Forensic Scientists and Expert Witnesses. Royal

Statistical

Society’s Working Group on Statistics and the Law. Available at 

https://www.maths.ed.ac.uk/~cgga/Guide-2-WEB.pdf.

8. Roberts, P. and Aiken, C. (2014) Practitioner Guide No. 3. The Logic of Forensic Proof: Inferential Reasoning 

in Criminal Evidence and Forensic Science: Guidance for Judges, Lawyers, Forensic Scientists and Expert 

Witnesses. Royal Statistical Society’s Working Group on Statistics and the Law. Available at

https://rss.org.uk/RSS/media/File-library/Publications/rss-inferential-reasoning-criminal-evidence-forensicscience.pdf.
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9. Jackson, G., Aitken, C., Roberts, P. (2014) Practitioner Guide No. 4. Case Assessment and Interpretation of 

ExpertEvidence: Guidance for Judges, Lawyers, Forensic Scientists and Expert Witnesses. Royal Statistical 

Society’s Working Group on Statistics and the Law. Available at https://rss.org.uk/RSS/media/Filelibrary/Publications/rss- case-assessment-interpretation-expert-evidence.pdf.

T. Population Genetics

1. Balding, D.J. and Nichols, R.A. (1994) DNA profile match probability calculation: how to allow for

population stratification, relatedness, database selection and single bands. Forensic Science International 64:125-

140.

2. Hardy, G.H. (1908) Mendelian proportions in a mixed population. Science 28: 49-50.

3. Stern, C. (1943) The Hardy-Weinberg law. Science 97: 137-138.

4. Weir, B.S. and Cockerham, C.C. (1984) Estimating F-statistics for the analysis of population structure. Evolution

38(6): 1358-1370.

5. Guo, S.W. and Thompson, E.A. (1992) Performing the exact test of Hardy-Weinberg proportion for

multiplealleles. Biometrics 48(2): 361-372.

6. Weir, B.S. (1994) The effects of inbreeding on forensic calculations. Annual Review of Genetics 28: 597-621.

7. Buckleton, J.S., Curran, J.M., Walsh, S.J. (2006) How reliable is the sub-population model in DNA testimony?

Forensic Science International 157(2-3): 144-148.

8. Curran, J.M., Walsh, S.J., Buckleton, J. (2007) Empirical testing of estimated DNA frequencies. Forensic 

ScienceInternational: Genetics 1: 267-272.

9. Steele, C.D., Syndercombe-Court, D., Balding, D.J. (2014) Worldwide F(ST) estimates relative to five 

continental-scale populations. Annals of Human Genetics 78(6): 468-477.

10. Buckleton, J., Curran, J., Goudet, J., Taylor, D., Thiery, A., Weir, B.S. (2016) Population-specific FST 

values forforensic STR markers: A worldwide survey. Forensic Science International: Genetics 23: 91-100.

U. DNA Phenotyping (Ancestry, Appearance, Age)

1. Kayser, M. and Schneider, P.M. (2009) DNA-based prediction of human externally visible characteristics in

forensics: motivations, scientific challenges, and ethical considerations. Forensic Science International: Genetics

3(3): 154-161.

2. Graham, Eleanor A. M. (2008) DNA reviews: predicting phenotype. Forensic Science Medicine and Pathology.

4(3): 196-199.

3. Walsh, S., Liu, F., Wollstein, A., Kovatsi, L., Ralf, A., Kosiniak-Kamysz, A., Branicki, W., Kayser, M.

(2013) TheHIrisPlex system for simultaneous prediction of hair and eye colour from DNA. Forensic Science 

International: Genetics 7(1): 98-115.

4. Chaitanya, L., Breslin, K., Zuñiga, S., Wirken, L., Pośpiech, E., Kukla-Bartoszek, M., Sijen, T., Knijff, P.,

Liu, F.,Branicki, W., Kayser, M., Walsh, S. (2018) The HIrisPlex-S system for eye, hair and skin colour 
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prediction from DNA: Introduction and forensic developmental validation. Forensic Science International:

Genetics 35: 123-135.

5. Vidaki, A. and Kayser, M. (2017) From forensic epigenetics to forensic epigenomics: broadening DNA

investigativeintelligence. Genome Biology 18(1): 238.

6. Vidaki, A. and Kayser, M. (2018) Recent progress, methods and perspectives in forensic epigenetics.

ForensicScience International: Genetics 37: 180-195.

7. Parson, W. (2018) Age estimation with DNA: from forensic DNA fingerprinting to forensic (epi)genomics: a 

mini-review. Gerontology 64(4): 326-332.

8. Naue, J., Hoefsloot, H.C.J., Kloosterman, A.D., Verschure, P.J. (2018) Forensic DNA methylation profiling

fromminimal traces: How low can we go? Forensic Science International: Genetics 33: 17-23.

9. Scudder, N., McNevin, D., Kelty, S.F., Walsh, S.J., Robertson, J. (2018) Forensic DNA phenotyping:

Developing amodel privacy impact assessment. Forensic Science International: Genetics 34: 222-230.

10. Pośpiech, E., Chen, Y., Kukla-Bartoszek, M., Breslin, K., Aliferi, A., Andersen, J.D., Ballard, D., Chaitanya, 

L., Freire-Aradas, A., van der Gaag, K.J., Girón-Santamaría, L., Gross, T.E., Gysi, M., Huber, G., MosqueraMiguel, A., Muralidharan, C., Skowron, M., Carracedo, Á., Haas, C., Morling, N., Parson, W., Phillips, C.,

Schneider, P.M.,Sijen, T., Syndercombe-Court, D., Vennemann, M., Wu, S., Xu, S., Jin, L., Wang, S., Zhu, 

G., Martin, N.G., Medland, S.E., Branicki, W., Walsh, S., Liu, F., Kayser, M. (EUROFORGEN-NoE 

Consortium) (2018) Towards broadening Forensic DNA Phenotyping beyond pigmentation: Improving the 

prediction of head hair shape from DNA. Forensic Science International: Genetics 37: 241-251.

11. Wienroth, M. (2018) Governing anticipatory technology practices: forensic DNA phenotyping and the 

forensicgenetics community in Europe. New Genetics and Society 37(2): 137-152.

12. Samuel, G. and Prainsack, B. (2019) Forensic DNA phenotyping in Europe: views “on the ground” from those 

whohave a professional stake in the technology. New Genetics and Society 38(2): 119-141.

13. Katsara, M.-A, and Nothnagel, M. (2019) True colors: A literature review on spatial distribution of eye and

hairpigmentation. Forensic Science International: Genetics 39: 109-118.

14. Xiong, Z., Dankova, G., Howe, L.J., Lee, M.K., Hysi, P.G., de Jong, M.A., Zhu, G., Adhikari, K., Li, D., Li,

Y., Pan, B., Feingold, E., Marazita, M.L., Shaffer, J.R., McAloney, K., Xu, S.H., Jin, L., Wang, S., de Vrij, 

F.M., Lendemeijer, B., Richmond, S., Zhurov, A., Lewis, S., Sharp, G.C., Paternoster, L., Thompson, H., 

Gonzalez-Jose, R., Bortolini, M.C., Canizales-Quinteros, S., Gallo, C., Poletti, G., Bedoya, G., Rothhammer, 

F., Uitterlinden, A.G., Ikram, M.A., Wolvius, E., Kushner, S.A., Nijsten, T.E., Palstra, R.T., Boehringer, S., 

Medland, S.E., Tang, K., Ruiz-Linares, A., Martin, N.G., Spector, T.D., Stergiakouli, E., Weinberg, S.M., Liu, 

F., Kayser, M. (2019) Novel genetic loci affecting facial shape variation in humans. eLIFE 8: e49898.

15. Peng, F., Zhu, G., Hysi, P.G., Eller, R.J., Chen, Y., Li, Y., Hamer, M.A., Zeng, C., Hopkins, R.L., Jacobus, 

C.L., Wallace, P.L., Uitterlinden, A.G., Ikram, M.A., Nijsten, T., Duffy, D.L., Medland, S.E., Spector, T.D., 

Walsh, S., Martin, N.G., Liu, F., Kayser, M. (2019) Genome-wide association studies identify multiple genetic

loci influencingeyebrow color variation in Europeans. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 139(7): 1601-

1605.

16. Liu, F., Zhong, K., Jing, X., Uitterlinden, A.G., Hendriks, A.E.J., Drop, S.L.S., Kayser, M. (2019) Update 

on thepredictability of tall stature from DNA markers in Europeans. Forensic Science International:
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Genetics 42: 8-13.

17. Kukla-Bartoszeka, M., Pośpiech, E., Woźniak, A., Boroń, M., Karłowska-Pik, J., Teisseyre, P., Zubańska, M.,

Bronikowska, A., Grzybowski, T., Płoski, R., Spólnicka, M., Branicki, W. (2019) DNA-based predictive 

models forthe presence of freckles. Forensic Science International: Genetics 42: 252-259.

18. Heidegger, A., Xavier, C., Niederstätter, H., de la Puente, M., Pośpiech, E., Pisarek, A., Kayser, M.,

Branicki, W., Parson, W. (VISAGE Consortium) (2020) Development and optimization of the VISAGE 

basic prototype tool forforensic age estimation. Forensic Science International: Genetics 48: 102322.

19. Palencia-Madrid, L., Xavier, C., de la Puente, M., Hohoff, C., Phillips, C., Kayser, M., Parson, W. (2020)

Evaluation of the VISAGE basic tool for appearance and ancestry prediction using PowerSeq chemistry

on theMiSeq FGx System. Genes (Basel) 11(6): 708.

20. Xavier, C., de la Puente, M., Mosquera-Miguel, A., Freire-Aradas, A., Kalamara, V., Vidaki, A., Gross, 

T.E., Revoir, A., Pośpiech, E., Kartasińska, E., Spólnicka, M., Branicki, W., Ames, C.E., Schneider, P.M.,

Hohoff, C.,Kayser, M., Phillips, C., Parson, W. (VISAGE Consortium) (2020) Development and validation

of the VISAGE

AmpliSeq basic tool to predict appearance and ancestry from DNA. Forensic Science International: 

Genetics 48:102336.

V. New Technologies (Rapid DNA, Massively Parallel Sequencing)

1. Butler, J.M. (2015) The future of forensic DNA analysis. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of

London Series B, Biological Sciences 370: 20140252.

2. Gill, P. (2001) An assessment of the utility of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for 

forensicpurposes. International Journal of Legal Medicine 114: 204-210.

3. Gill, P., Werrett, D.J., Budowle, B., Guerrieri, R. (2004) An assessment of whether SNPs will replace STRs 

in national DNA databases--joint considerations of the DNA working group of the European Network of 

Forensic Science Institutes (ENFSI) and the Scientific Working Group on DNA Analysis Methods 

(SWGDAM). Science &Justice 44(1): 51-53.

4. Butler, J.M., Coble, M.D., Vallone, P.M. (2007) STRs vs SNPs: thoughts on the future of forensic

DNAtesting. Forensic Science Medicine and Pathology 3: 200-205.

5. Blackman, S., Dawnay, N., Ball, G., Stafford-Allen, B., Tribble, N., Rendell, P., Neary, K., Hanson, E.K.,

Ballantyne, J., Kallifatidis, B., Mendel, J., Mills, D.K., Wells, S. (2015) Developmental validation of the

ParaDNA(®) Intelligence System-A novel approach to DNA profiling. Forensic Science International: 

Genetics 17:137-148.

6. Date-Chong, M., Hudlow, W.R., Buoncristiani, M.R. (2016) Evaluation of the RapidHIT 200 and 

RapidHIT GlobalFiler® Express kit for fully automated STR genotyping. Forensic Science International:

Genetics 23: 1-8.

7. Parson, W., Ballard, D., Budowle, B., Butler, J.M., Gettings, K.B., Gill, P., Gusmão, L., Hares, D.R., Irwin,

J.A.,King, J.L., Knijff, P., Morling, N., Prinz, M., Schneider, P.M., Neste, C.V., Willuweit, S., Phillips, C. 

(2016) Massively parallel sequencing of forensic STRs: Considerations of the DNA commission of the 
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from Dr. John M. Butler and the SWGDAM 2020 Training Guidelines) DRAFT 10/20/2020

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International Society for Forensic Genetics (ISFG) on minimal nomenclature requirements. Forensic 

Science International: Genetics 22: 54-63.

8. van der Gaag, K.J., de Leeuw, R.H., Hoogenboom, J., Patel, J., Storts, D.R., Laros, J.F.J., de Knijff, P.

(2016)Massively parallel sequencing of short tandem repeats-Population data and mixture analysis 

results for the PowerSeqTM system. Forensic Science International: Genetics 24: 86-96.

9. Bruijns, B., van Asten, A., Tiggelaar, R., Gardeniers, H. (2016) Microfluidic devices for forensic DNA 

analysis: areview. Biosensors (Basel) 6(3): 41.

10. Della Manna, A., Nye, J.V., Carney, C., Hammons, J.S., Mann, M., Al Shamali, F., Vallone, P.M., Romsos, 

E.L., Marne, B.A., Tan, E., Turingan, R.S., Hogan, C., Selden, R.F., French, J.L. (2016) Developmental 

validation of theDNAscanTM Rapid DNA AnalysisTM instrument and expert system for reference sample 

processing. Forensic Science International: Genetics 25: 145-156.

11. Mapes, A.A., Kloosterman, A.D., de Poot, C.J., van Marion, V. (2016) Objective data on DNA success rates

can aidthe selection process of crime samples for analysis by rapid mobile DNA technologies. Forensic 

Science International 264: 28-33.

12. Moreno, L.I., Brown, A.L., Callaghan, T.F. (2017) Internal validation of the DNAscan/ANDE Rapid DNA 

Analysisplatform and its associated PowerPlex® 16 high content DNA biochip cassette for use as an expert 

system with reference buccal swabs. Forensic Science International: Genetics 29: 100-108.

13. Wiley, R., Sage, K., LaRue, B., Budowle, B. (2017) Internal validation of the RapidHIT®ID system. 

ForensicScience International: Genetics 31: 180-188.

14. Mehta, B., Daniel, R., Phillips, C., McNevin, D. (2017) Forensically relevant SNaPshot®assays for human 

DNASNP analysis: a review. International Journal of Legal Medicine 131(1): 21-37.

15. Jäger, A.C., Alvarez, M.L., Davis, C.P., Guzmán, E., Han, Y., Way, L., Walichiewicz, P., Silva, D., Pham, 

N., Caves, G., Bruand, J., Schlesinger, F., Pond, S.J.K., Varlaro, J., Stephens, K.M., Holt, C.L. (2017) 

Developmentalvalidation of the MiSeq FGx Forensic Genomics System for targeted next generation 

sequencing in forensic DNAcasework and database laboratories. Forensic Science International: Genetics

28: 52-70.

16. Phillips, C., Gettings, K.B., King, J.L., Ballard, D., Bodner, M., Borsuk, L., Parson, W. (2018) "The devil's in 

the detail": Release of an expanded, enhanced and dynamically revised forensic STR sequence guide. 

Forensic ScienceInternational: Genetics 34: 162-169.

17. Alonso, A., Barrio, P.A., Müller, P., Köcher, S., Berger, B., Martin, P., Bodner, M., Willuweit, S.,

Parson, W.,Roewer, L., Budowle, B. (2018) Current state-of-art of STR sequencing in forensic genetics. 

Electrophoresis 39(21): 2655-2668.

18. Bruijns, B., Tiggelaar, R., Gardeniers, H. (2018) Massively parallel sequencing techniques for forensics: a

review.

Electrophoresis 39(21): 2642-2654.

19. Morrison, J., Watts, G., Hobbs, G., Dawnay, N. (2018) Field-based detection of biological samples for 

forensic analysis: Established techniques, novel tools, and future innovations. Forensic Science International

285: 147-160.
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20. Liu, Y.-Y. and Harbison, S. (2018) A review of bioinformatic methods for forensic DNA analyses. Forensic 

ScienceInternational: Genetics 33: 117-128.

21. Buscaino, J., Barican, A., Farrales, L., Goldman, B., Klevenberg, J., Kuhn, M., Lin, F., Nguyen, P., Salceda, 

S., Schueren, R., Smith, C., Troup, C., Tsou, D., Vangbo, M., King, D. (2018) Evaluation of a rapid DNA 

process withthe RapidHIT®ID system using a specialized cartridge for extracted and quantified human DNA.

Forensic Science International: Genetics 34: 116-127.

22. Shackleton, D., Pagram, J., Ives, L., Vanhinsbergh, D. (2018) Development and validation of the

RapidHITTM 200utilising NGMSElectTM Express for the processing of buccal swabs. Forensic Science

International 289: 244-252.

23. Shackleton, D., Gray, N., Ives, L., Malsom, S., Vanhinsbergh, D. (2019) Development of RapidHIT® ID 

using NGM SElectTM Express chemistry for the processing of reference samples within the UK criminal

justice system.Forensic Science International 295: 179-188.

24. Shackleton, D., Pagram, J., Andrews, N., Malsom, S., Ives, L., Vanhinsbergh, D. (2019) Development of

enhancedsensitivity protocols on the RapidHITTM 200 with a view to processing casework material. Science 

& Justice 59: 411-417.

25. Sharma, V., Chow, H.Y., Siegel, D., Wurmbach, E. (2017) Qualitative and quantitative assessment of

Illumina'sforensic STR and SNP kits on MiSeq FGx. PLoS ONE 12(11): e0187932.

26. Wu, J., Li, J.L., Wang, M.L., Li, J.P., Zhao, Z.C., Wang, Q., Yang, S.D., Xiong, X., Yang, J.L., Deng, Y.J. 

(2019) Evaluation of the MiSeq FGx system for use in forensic casework. International Journal of Legal 

Medicine 133(3):689-697.

27. de Knijff, P. (2019) From next generation sequencing to now generation sequencing in forensics. Forensic 

ScienceInternational: Genetics 38: 175-180.

28. Morgan, R., Illidge, S., Wilson-Wilde, L. (2019) Assessment of the potential investigative value of a

decentralizedrapid DNA workflow for reference DNA samples. Forensic Science International 294: 140-

149.

29. Mapes, A.A., Stoel, R.D., de Poot, C.J., Vergeer, P., Huyck, M. (2019) Decision support for using mobile 

RapidDNA analysis at the crime scene. Science & Justice 59: 29-45.

30. Carney, C., Whitney, S., Vaidyanathan, J., Persick, R., Noel, F., Vallone, P.M., Romsos, E.L., Tan, E., 

Grover, R., Turingan, R.S., French, J.L., Selden, R.F. (2019) Developmental validation of the ANDETM rapid

DNA system withFlexPlexTM assay for arrestee and reference buccal swab processing and database searching. 

Forensic Science International: Genetics 40: 120-130.

31. Romsos, E.L., French, J.L., Smith, M., Figarelli, V., Harran, F., Vandegrift, G., Moreno, L.I., Callaghan,

T.F., Brocato, J., Vaidyanathan, J., Pedroso, J.C., Amy, A., Stoiloff, S., Morillo, V.H., Czetyrko, K., 

Johnson, E.D., deTagyos, J., Murray, A., Vallone, P.M. (2020) Results of the 2018 Rapid DNA Maturity 

Assessment. Journal of Forensic Sciences 65(3): 953-959.
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from Dr. John M. Butler and the SWGDAM 2020 Training Guidelines) DRAFT 10/20/2020

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W. DNA Transfer and Activity Level Reporting

1. van Oorschot, R.A.H., Szkuta, B., Meakin, G.E., Kookshoorn, B., Goray, M. (2019) DNA transfer in forensic

science: a review. Forensic Science International: Genetics 38: 140-166.

2. van Oorschot, R.A. and Jones, M.K. (1997) DNA fingerprints from fingerprints. Nature 387: 767.

3. Lowe, A., Murray, C., Whitaker, J., Tully, G. and Gill, P. (2002) The propensity of individuals to deposit

DNA andsecondary transfer of low level DNA from individuals to inert surfaces. Forensic Science

International 129: 25-34.

4. Wickenheiser, R.A. (2002) Trace DNA: a review, discussion of theory, and application of the transfer of

tracequantities of DNA through skin contact. Journal of Forensic Sciences 47(3): 442-450.

5. Port, N.J., Bowyer, V.L., Graham, E.A.M., Batuwangala, M.S. and Rutty, G.N. (2006) How Long Does It 

Take a Static Speaking Individual to Contaminate the Immediate Environment? Forensic Science, Medicine, 

and Pathology2(3):157-163.

6. Phipps, M., and Petricevic, S. (2007) The tendency of individuals to transfer DNA to handled items.

ForensicScience International 168(2-3):162–168.

7. Malsom, S., Flanagan, N., McAlister, C., and Dixon, L. (2009) The prevalence of mixed DNA profiles in

fingernailsamples taken from couples who co-habit using autosomal and Y-STRs. Forensic Science 

International: Genetics 3(2):57-62.

8. Goray, M., Mitchell, R.J., and van Oorschot, R.A.H. (2010) Investigation of secondary DNA transfer of skin

cellsunder controlled test conditions. Legal Medicine 12(3): 117–120.

9. Goray, M., Eken, E., Mitchell, R. J., and van Oorschot, R.A.H. (2010) Secondary DNA transfer of

biologicalsubstances under varying test conditions. Forensic Science International: Genetics 4(2):62-

67.

10. Daly, D.J., Murphy, C., and McDermott, S.D. (2012) The transfer of touch DNA from hands to glass, 

fabric andwood. Forensic Science International: Genetics 6(1):41-46.

11. Meakin, G. and Jamieson, A. (2013) DNA transfer: review and implications for casework. Forensic 

ScienceInternational: Genetics 7: 434-443.

12. Ballantyne, K.N., Poy, A.L. and van Oorschot, R.A.H. (2013) Environmental DNA monitoring: beware

of thetransition to more sensitive typing methodologies. Australian Journal of Forensic Sciences 45(3):

323-340.

13. Verdon, T.J., Mitchell, R.J. and van Oorschot, R.A. (2013) The influence of substrate on DNA transfer

andextraction efficiency. Forensic Science International: Genetics 7(1): 167-175.

14. van Oorschot, R.A.H., Glavich, G., and Mitchell, R.J. (2014) Persistence of DNA deposited by the original

user onobjects after subsequent use by a second person. Forensic Science International: Genetics 8(1): 219–

225.

15. Cale, C.M., Earll, M.E., Latham, K.E., and Bush, G.L. (2015) Could Secondary DNA Transfer Falsely
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PlaceSomeone at the Scene of a Crime? Journal of Forensic Sciences 61(1):196-203.

16. Lehmann, V.J.., Mitchell, R.J., Ballantyne, K.N., and van Oorschot, R.A.H. (2015) Following the transfer of

DNA:How does the presence of background DNA affect the transfer and detection of a target source of 

DNA? Forensic Science International: Genetics. 19:68-75.

17. Fonneløp, A.E., Egeland, T., and Gill, P. (2015) Secondary and subsequent DNA transfer during

criminalinvestigation. Forensic Science International: Genetics 17:155-162.

18. Kamphausen, T., Fandel, S.B., Gutmann, J.S., Bajanowski, T., and Poetsch, M. (2015) Everything clean?

Transferof DNA traces between textiles in the washtub. International Journal of Legal Medicine 129(4):709-

714.

19. ENFSI (2015) ENFSI Guideline for Evaluative Reporting in Forensic Science; available at

http://enfsi.eu/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/m1_guideline.pdf.

20. Goray, M. and van Oorschot, RA. (2015) The complexities of DNA transfer during a social setting. Legal

Medicine 17(2): 82-91.

21. Lapointe, M., Rogic, A., Bourgoin, S., Jolicoeur, C. and Séguin, D. (2015) Leading-edge forensic DNA

analyses andthe necessity of including crime scene investigators, police officers and technicians in a DNA 

elimination database. Forensic Science International: Genetics 19: 50-55.

22. Taylor, D., Abarno, D., Rowe, E., Rask-Nielsen, L. (2016) Observations of DNA transfer within an

operationalForensic Biology Laboratory. Forensic Science International: Genetics 23: 33-49.

23. Jones, S., Scott, K., Lewis, J., Davidson, G., Allard, J. E., Lowrie, C., McBride, B.M., McKenna, L., 

Teppett, G.,Rogers, C., Clayson, N. and Baird, A. (2016) DNA transfer through nonintimate social contact.

Science & Justice56(2), 90-95.

24. Noël, S., Lagacé, K., Rogic, A., Granger, D., Bourgoin, S., Jolicoeur, C., and Séguin, D. (2016) DNA

transferduring laundering may yield complete genetic profiles. Forensic Science International: Genetics

23:240-247.

25. Breathnach, M., Williams, L., McKenna, L. and Moore, E. (2016) Probability of detection of DNA deposited 

by habitual wearer and/or the second individual who touched the garment. Forensic Science International: 

Genetics 20:53-60.

26. Helmus, J., Bajanowski, T., Poetsch, M. (2016) DNA transfer-a never ending story: a study on scenarios

involving asecond person as carrier. International Journal of Legal Medicine 130(1): 121-125.

27. Oldoni, F., Castella, V., Hall, D. (2016) Shedding light on the relative DNA contribution of two persons 

handlingthe same object. Forensic Science International: Genetics 24: 148-157.

28. Goray, M., Fowler, S., Szkuta, B., van Oorschot, R.A.H. (2016) Shedder status – an analysis of self and nonself DNA in multiple handprints deposited by the same individuals over time. Forensic Science International: 

Genetics23: 190-196.

29. Biedermann, A. and Hicks, T. (2016) The importance of critically examining the level of propositions 

whenevaluating forensic DNA results. Frontiers in Genetics 7: 8.
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from Dr. John M. Butler and the SWGDAM 2020 Training Guidelines) DRAFT 10/20/2020

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30. Biedermann, A., Champod, C., Jackson, G., Gill, P., Taylor, D., Butler, J., Morling, N., Hicks, T., Vuille, J.,

Taroni,

F. (2016) Evaluation of forensic DNA traces when propositions of interest relate to activities: analysis and

discussion of recurrent concerns. Frontiers in Genetics 7: 215.

31. Taylor, D., Biedermann, A., Samie, L., Pun, K.M., Hicks, T. and Champod, C. (2017) Helping to 

distinguish primary from secondary transfer events for trace DNA. Forensic Science International:

Genetics 28: 155-177.

32. Steensma, K., Ansell, R., Clarisse, L., Connolly, E., Kloosterman, A.D., McKenna, L.G., van Oorschot, 

R.A.H., Szkuta, B. and Kokshoorn, B. (2017) An inter-laboratory comparison study on transfer, persistence

and recoveryof DNA from cable ties. Forensic Science International: Genetics 31: 95-104.

33. Meakin, G.E., Butcher, E.V., van Oorschot, R.A.H., Morgan, R.M. (2017) Trace DNA evidence 

dynamics: Aninvestigation into the deposition and persistence of directly- and indirectly-transferred DNA 

on regularly-usedknives. Forensic Science International: Genetics 29: 38-47.

34. Pfeifer, C.M. and Wiegand, P. (2017) Persistence of touch DNA on burglary-related tools. International 

Journal ofLegal Medicine 131(4): 941-953.

35. Kokshoorn, B., Blankers, B. J., de Zoete, J., & Berger, C. E. H. (2017) Activity level DNA evidence

evaluation: Onpropositions addressing the actor or the activity. Forensic Science International 278: 115–124.

36. Stella, C.J., Mitchell, R.J., & van Oorschot, R. A. H. (2017) Hand activities during robberies—Relevance to

consideration of DNA transfer and detection. Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 6:

e3-e5.

37. Szkuta, B., Ballantyne, K.N., and van Oorschot, R.A.H. (2017) Transfer and persistence of DNA on the

hands andthe influence of activities performed. Forensic Science International: Genetics 28:10-20.

38. Kanokwongnuwut, P., Martin, B., Kirkbride, K.P., and Linacre, A. (2018) Shedding light on shedders. 

ForensicScience International: Genetics 36:20-25.

39. Szkuta, B., Ballantyne, K.N., Kokshoorn, B., and van Oorschot, R.A.H. (2018) Transfer and persistence of 

non-selfDNA on hands over time: Using empirical data to evaluate DNA evidence given activity level 

propositions. Forensic Science International: Genetics 33:84-97.

40. Taylor, D., Kokshoorn, B. and Biedermann, A. (2018) Evaluation of forensic genetics findings given activity

levelpropositions: A review. Forensic Science International: Genetics 36: 34-49.

41. Taylor, D., Biedermann, A., Hicks, T. and Champod, C. (2018) A template for constructing Bayesian

networks in forensic biology cases when considering activity level propositions. Forensic Science 

International: Genetics 33:136-146.

42. Kokshoorn, B., Aarts, L.H.J., Ansell, R., Connolly, E., Drotz, W., Kloosterman, A.D., McKenna, L.G.,

Szkuta, B.,van Oorschot, R.A.H. (2018) Sharing data on DNA transfer, persistence, prevalence and recovery: 

Arguments for harmonization and standardization. Forensic Science International: Genetics 37: 260-269.

43. Voskoboinik, L., Amiel, M., Reshef, A., Gafny, R., Barash, M. (2018) Laundry in a washing machine as a 
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from Dr. John M. Butler and the SWGDAM 2020 Training Guidelines) DRAFT 10/20/2020

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mediatorof secondary and tertiary DNA transfer. International Journal of Legal Medicine 132(2): 373-378.

44. Burrill, J., Daniel, B., Frascione, N. (2019) A review of trace “touch DNA” deposits: Variability factors

and anexploration of cellular composition. Forensic Science International: Genetics 39:8–18.

45. Gosch, A. and Courts, C. (2019) On DNA transfer: the lack and difficulty of systematic research and how to

do itbetter. Forensic Science International: Genetics 40: 24-36.

46. Rolo, M., Sampaio, L., Balsa, F., Bento, A.M., Gouveia, N., Serra, A., Brito, P., Lopes, V., Sao-Bento, M., 

Bogas, V., Cunha, P., Porto, M. J., Carneiro de Sousa, M.J. (2019) Assessment of individual shedder status and

backgroundDNA on objects: Direct or indirect transfer? Forensic Science International Genetics Supplement 

Series 7(1): 622- 623.

47. Romero-García, C., Rosell-Herrera, R., Revilla, C.J., Baeza-Richer, C., Gomes, C., Palomo-Díez, S., ArroyoPardo,E., López-Parra, A.M. (2019) Effect of the activity in secondary transfer of DNA profiles. Forensic 

Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 7(1): 578–579.

48. Szkuta, B., Ansell, R., Boiso, L., Connolly, E., Kloosterman, A.D., Kokshoorn, B., McKenna, L.G., 

Steensma, K. and van Oorschot, R.A.H. (2019) Assessment of the transfer, persistence, prevalence and 

recovery of DNA traces from clothing: An inter-laboratory study on worn upper garments. Forensic Science 

International: Genetics 42: 56-68.

49. Taylor, D., Samie, L., Champod, C. (2019) Using Bayesian networks to track DNA movement through

complextransfer scenarios. Forensic Science International: Genetics 42: 69-80.

50. Burrill, J., Daniel, B. & Frascione, N. (2020) Illuminating touch deposits through cellular characterization of 

handrinses and body fluids with nucleic acid fluorescence. Forensic Science International: Genetics

46:102269.

51. Gosch, A., Euteneuer, J., Preuss-Wossner, J., Courts, C. (2020) DNA transfer to firearms in alternative

realistichandling scenarios. Forensic Science International: Genetics 48: 102355.

52. Gill, P., Hicks, T., Butler, J.M., Connolly, E., Gusmão, L., Kokshoorn, B., Morling, N., van Oorschot, 

R.A.H., Parson, W., Prinz, M., Schneider, P.M., Sijen, T. and Taylor, D. (2020) DNA Commission of the 

International Society for Forensic Genetics: Assessing the value of forensic biological evidence - guidelines 

highlighting the importance of propositions. Part II: Evaluation of biological traces considering activity level 

propositions. ForensicScience International: Genetics 44: 102186.

53. Samie, L., Taroni, F., Champod, C. (2020) Estimating the quantity of transferred DNA in primary and

secondarytransfers. Science & Justice 60(2): 128-135.

54. Samie, L., Champod, C., Taylor, D., Taroni, F. (2020) The use of Bayesian Networks and simulation 

methods to identify the variables impacting the value of evidence assessed under activity level propositions

in stabbing cases.Forensic Science International: Genetics 48: 102334.

X. Non-Human DNA Testing

1. Linacre, A., Gusmão, L., Hecht, W., Hellmann, A.P., Mayr, W.R., Parson, W., Prinz, M., Schneider, P.M.,

Morling, N. (2011) ISFG: recommendations regarding the use of non-human (animal) DNA in forensic

genetic investigations. Forensic Science International: Genetics 5(5): 501-505.
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from Dr. John M. Butler and the SWGDAM 2020 Training Guidelines) DRAFT 10/20/2020

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2. Budowle, B., Schutzer, S.E., Einseln, A., Kelley, L.C., Walsh, A.C., Smith, J.A., Marrone, B.L.,

Robertson, J.,Campos, J. (2003) Building microbial forensics as a response to bioterrorism. Science 301:

1852-1853.

3. Budowle, B., Garofano, P., Hellman, A., Ketchum, M., Kanthaswamy, S., Parson, W., van Haeringen, W.,

Fain, S.,Broad, T. (2005) Recommendations for animal DNA forensic and identity testing. International 

Journal of Legal Medicine 119(5): 295-302.

4. Budowle, B., Murch, R., Chakraborty, R. (2005) Microbial forensics: the next forensic challenge. 

InternationalJournal of Legal Medicine 119(6): 317-330.

5. Menotti-Raymond, M.A., David, V.A., Wachter, L.A., Butler, J.M., O’Brien, S.J. (2005) An STR forensic

typingsystem for genetic individualization of domestic cat (Felis catus) samples. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences 50(5): 1061-1070.

6. Ogden, R. (2010) Forensic science, genetics and wildlife biology: getting the right mix for a wildlife DNA 

forensicslab. Forensic Science Medicine and Pathology 6(3): 172-179.

7. Alacs, E.A., Georges, A., FitzSimmons, N.N., Robertson, J. (2010) DNA detective: a review of

molecularapproaches to wildlife forensics. Forensic Science Medicine and Pathology 6(3): 180-194.

8. Linacre, A. and Tobe, S.S. (2011) An overview to the investigative approach to species testing in wildlife

forensicscience. Investigative Genetics 2(1): 2. doi: 10.1186/2041-2223-2-2.

9. Iyengar, A. (2014) Forensic DNA analysis for animal protection and biodiversity conservation: A review. 

Journalfor Nature Conservation. 22(3): 195-205.

10. Iyengar, A. and Hadi, S. (2014) Use of non-human DNA analysis in forensic science: a mini review. 

Medicine,Science, and the Law 54(1): 41-50.

11. Ogden, R. and Linacre, A. (2015) Wildlife forensic science: A review of genetic geographic origin assignment.

Forensic Science International: Genetics 18: 152-159.

12. Arenas, M., Pereira, F., Oliveira, M., Pinto, N., Lopes, A.M., Gomes, V., Carracedo, A., Amorim, A. 

(2017)Forensic genetics and genomics: Much more than just a human affair. PLoS Genetics 13(9):

e1006960.

13. Oliveira, M. and Amorim, A. (2018) Microbial forensics: new breakthroughs and future prospects. 

AppliedMicrobiology and Biotechnology 102(24): 10377-10391.

14. Metcalf, J.L. (2019) Estimating the postmortem interval using microbes: Knowledge gaps and a path to

technologyadoption. Forensic Science International: Genetics 38: 211-218.

15. Berger, B., Heinrich, J., Niederstätter, H., Hecht, W., Morf, N., Hellmann, A., Rohleder, U., Schleenbecker, 

U., Berger, C., Parson, W (The CaDNAP Group) (2019) Forensic characterization and statistical

considerations of theCaDNAP 13-STR panel in 1,184 domestic dogs from Germany, Austria, and 

Switzerland. Forensic Science International: Genetics 42: 90-98.
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from Dr. John M. Butler and the SWGDAM 2020 Training Guidelines) DRAFT 10/20/2020

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Y. Method Validation, Quality Control, and Human Factors

1. Kloosterman, A., Sjerps, M., & Quak, A. (2014) Error rates in forensic DNA analysis: Definition, numbers,

impact and communication. Forensic Science International: Genetics 12: 77-85.

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September 2016with an addendum in January 2017. Available at

https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/PCAST/pcast_forensic_science_rep

ort_final.pdf and

https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/microsites/ostp/PCAST/pcast_forensics_addendum_

finalv2.pdf.

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