IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 3-1173 / 13-0668

Filed March 12, 2014

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF RICHARD HERBERS

AND MARY CATHARINE HERBERS

Upon the Petition of

RICHARD HERBERS,

Petitioner-Appellant,

And Concerning

MARY CATHARINE HERBERS,

Respondent-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Dubuque County, Monica L. 

Ackley, Judge. 

A husband appeals the economic provisions of a dissolution decree and 

challenges a contempt adjudication and disposition. AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED 

ON APPEAL; WRIT ANNULLED IN PART, SUSTAINED IN PART, AND 

REMANDED.

Christopher M. Soppe, Dubuque, for appellant.

Jennifer A. Clemens-Conlon of Clemens, Walters, Conlon & Meyer, L.L.P.,

Dubuque, for appellee.

Considered by Danilson, C.J., and Vaitheswaran and Potterfield, JJ.
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DANILSON, C.J.

Richard Herbers appeals economic provisions of the dissolution decree 

and the ruling on the motion to enlarge and amend. Specifically, he appeals the 

award of spousal support to Mary Herbers. He also appeals the equalization 

payment and contends the distribution of assets and liabilities was inequitable. 

He asks that we modify the court’s order disposing of the marital home, requiring 

Mary to sell the property. We agree a time should be fixed to list the property. 

Richard also maintains the district court erred in finding him in contempt and 

ordering him to pay $5325. Mary seeks an award of appellate attorney fees on 

appeal. Upon our de novo review, we affirm the order of the district court as 

modified and award Mary attorney fees in the amount of $2000. Regarding 

Richard’s writ of certiorari, we annul it in part, sustain it in part, and remand to the 

district court for re-imposition of a contempt disposition.

I. Background Facts and Proceedings.

Richard and Mary were married in June 1971. Richard filed a petition for 

dissolution of the marriage on August 22, 2011. During the marriage, the parties 

had four children. Each had reached majority by the time of the dissolution 

hearing, which was held December 4, 2012.

At the time of the hearing, Richard was sixty-two years old. He was selfemployed in the construction field, as he had been for many years. Richard had 

recently suffered a heart attack but was apparently otherwise in good health. 

Recent tax returns showed Richard earned approximately $60,000 a year.
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Mary was sixty-one years old at the time of the hearing. She had been a 

traditional stay-at-home mother during much of the parties’ marriage, and she 

also helped Richard with his construction business. Although she never received 

a salary, Mary stained and varnished woodwork, ran errands for the business, 

and aided with the bookkeeping. Since the parties separated, she had found 

part-time employment with a janitorial company, but she had suffered an injury to 

her wrist before the hearing, which limited her ability to find work. Mary also 

wrote a column for a magazine every other month; she is paid $300 for each 

column.

Following Richard’s petition for dissolution, the district court held a hearing 

regarding temporary spousal support. At that hearing, the court determined 

Richard was not obligated to pay Mary spousal support during the pendency of 

the proceedings but did order him to make all mortgage payments, beginning 

with the November 2011 payment. Mary filed two separate applications for 

contempt, one in February 2012 and one in October 2012, after Richard failed to 

make payments as ordered. The court continued hearings on the contempt 

application until the dissolution hearing.

Mary also filed multiple motions to compel discovery throughout the 

proceedings. Although the court granted the motions, Richard refused to comply 

with the orders. Leading up to trial, the district court established deadlines by 

which Richard was required to provide documents regarding finances and marital 

property of the parties. He again failed to comply. As a result, Richard was 

prohibited from presenting evidence concerning the areas of discovery he 
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violated—specifically expenses related to his business, the values of various 

equipment used for the business, and documentation concerning gifts or 

inheritances. He was also prohibited from calling any witnesses as he had failed 

to file a list of potential witnesses as required.

Following the hearing, the district court issued a dissolution decree. In it, 

the court ordered Richard to pay Mary alimony in the amount of $1000 a month 

until he dies, divided the debts and assets of the parties, and ordered Richard to 

make an equalization payment of $17,224 to Mary. The court also awarded Mary 

the marital residence, stating she “shall be responsible for placing the home on 

the market if she is unable to maintain the mortgage.” Finally, the court found 

Richard in contempt for failure to make the mortgage payments and ordered him 

to pay Mary $5325 as result. Richard appeals. 

II. Standard of Review.

We review equity proceedings de novo. In re Marriage of Olson, 705 

N.W.2d 312, 313 (Iowa 2005). We give weight to the district court’s findings, 

especially regarding the credibility of witnesses, but are not bound by them. Iowa 

R. App. P. 6.904(3)(g). “Precedent is of little value as our determination must 

depend on the facts of the particular case.” In re Marriage of White, 537 N.W.2d 

744, 746 (Iowa 1995).

When a finding of contempt is challenged on appeal, we review the 

evidence to ensure that proper proof—substantial evidence—supports the 

judgment of contempt. Ervin v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 495 N.W.2d 742, 744 (Iowa 1993). 
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“Because of the quasi-criminal natural of the proceeding, the finding of contempt 

must be established by proof beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. 

III. Discussion.

A. Spousal Support.

The district court ordered Richard to pay Mary alimony in the amount of 

$1000 a month until he dies. Using a state mortality table and figuring Mary’s life 

expectancy at 23.27 additional years, the court determined that Richard’s total 

obligation is $279,240. Because Mary may outlive the projected period, Richard 

was also ordered to maintain life insurance in excess of $100,000 with Mary as 

the named beneficiary. Richard argues the court abused its discretion because it 

failed to consider his ability to pay the monthly spousal support. He asks that we 

modify the decree, reducing the amount of the monthly spousal support 

obligation and ordering the benefit to cease when Mary reaches retirement age.

Spousal support is not an absolute right. In re Marriage of Fleener, 247 

N.W.2d 219, 220 (Iowa 1976). Whether spousal support is proper depends on 

the facts and circumstances of each case. Id. Iowa Code section 598.21A 

(2011) provides the relevant factors in considering whether spousal support is 

appropriate, which include (1) length of marriage; (2) age and emotional and 

physical health of the parties; (3) property distribution; (4) educational level of the 

parties at the time of marriage and when the dissolution action is commenced;

(5) earning capacity of the party seeking alimony, including educational 

background, training, employment skills, work experience, and length of absence 

from the job market; and (6) feasibility of the alimony-seeking party to become 
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self-supporting with a reasonably comparable standard of living to that enjoyed 

during the marriage. See also In re Marriage of Hansen, 733 N.W.2d 683, 704 

(Iowa 2007).

Richard and Mary were married for over forty years. During much of that 

time, Mary was responsible for raising the parties’ four children while Richard 

worked outside of the home in his own construction company providing for the 

economical needs of the family. Mary also helped with the business by doing the 

bookwork and some manual labor. She was never given a salary for the work 

she did. Mary only held a few other part-time positions outside of the home 

during the marriage. At the time of the dissolution proceedings, she was sixtyone years old, had few job skills, and had recently suffered work injuries that

limited the positions she was capable of accepting. Mary was earning $300 

every other month as a part-time writer at the time of the hearing, but was 

otherwise unemployed. Because of her limited time working outside of the home, 

Mary’s anticipated monthly social security benefit would be $280 at age sixty-two, 

or $411 at age sixty-six.

Richard argues he is unable to meet the $1000 monthly obligation. Part of 

his argument is that the district court failed to determine his annual salary. The 

district court estimated Richard had an annual salary of $60,000. Any failure to 

be more specific regarding Richard’s income was a direct result of Richard’s 

refusal to comply with discovery requests and a trial scheduling order. 

Traditional spousal support is meant to support a spouse who is incapable of 

self-support and “is payable for life or for as long as the spouse is incapable of 
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support.” In re Marriage of Francis, 442 N.W.2d 59, 64 (Iowa 1989). “Traditional 

alimony analysis may be used in long-term marriages were life patterns have 

largely been set and the earning potential of both spouses can be predicted with 

some reliability.” In re Marriage of Kurtt, 561 N.W.2d 385, 388 (Iowa Ct. App.

1997). Here, Mary is permanently incapable of self support after years of toil for 

the family and reliance upon Richard’s income. We do not believe her status will 

change when Mary reaches retirement age. We affirm the alimony award fixed 

by the district court.

B. Equalization Payment.

Richard argues the district court’s distribution of marital assets and debts 

was inequitable. He argues the court failed to consider his medical debts, 

equaling $40,446.25, as marital debt when dividing the parties’ assets and 

liabilities. He argues that if the court had properly considered the debt as marital, 

he would not be required to make an equalization payment of $17,224 to Mary. 

He also argues that the court awarded him the 2007 Hyundai with a value of 

$6300 but failed to take into consideration the loan of $11,859 for the vehicle. He 

maintains the court erroneously considered fault of the spouses in making the 

award.

We agree with Richard that his medical expenses should have been 

considered marital debt. Although the medical expenses were incurred during 

the parties’ separation, they remained married, and the debt is a marital 

obligation. We also agree it is error to include the value of an asset but not its 

associated debt when determining a property distribution. However, we disagree 
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that the district court considered fault when making the property award. Rather, 

the court considered the economic conditions both parties face and what is fair 

and reasonable to both parties. In particular, we note that the district court 

attempted to divide the property equally between the two parties. 

The question becomes whether the equalization payment is fair in light of 

the district court’s failure to consider Richard’s medical expenses as marital debt 

and the associated debt of the 2007 Hyundai. Our supreme court has stated:

Even though a debt may have been incurred by a party for family 

expenses, it is not inequitable to order that party to be responsible 

for the entire amount of the debt as long as the overall property 

distribution is equitable. Debts of the parties normally become 

debts of the marriage, for which either party may be required to 

assume the responsibility to pay.

In re Marriage of Sullins, 715 N.W.2d 242, 251 (Iowa 2006) (internal citation 

omitted). Moreover, although the trial date is ordinarily the date for fixing the 

value of assets and debts, where the parties have been separated we have 

“recognized the need for flexibility in making equitable distributions based upon 

unique circumstances of each case.” In re Marriage of Campbell, 623 N.W.2d 

585, 588 (Iowa Ct. App. 2001). Moreover, one fact not acknowledged in the 

district court’s decree is that during the marriage Mary inherited $30,000 from an 

aunt. These monies were used for family expenses. Although Mary has not 

sought to have this sum set-off to her, it remains a consideration to do equity. 

No matter how we analyze the facts, the bottom line requires the property 

division to be equitable between the parties based upon our statutory factors. 

See Iowa Code § 598.21(5). Under these facts, we remain convinced that the 

equalization payment is equitable for both parties. 
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Because of Richard’s failure to comply with a pretrial discovery order, 

Richard was prohibited from presenting evidence and witnesses at trial. Perhaps 

he could have established the inequality of the distribution if he had presented 

evidence. However, based on the record before us, the distribution of assets and 

subsequent equalization payment is fair and reasonable to both parties.

C. Marital Residence.

The district court awarded Mary the marital residence, stating:

The marital residence is awarded to [Mary]. [Richard] shall 

execute a quit claim deed for the residence within 15 days of the 

date of this order. 

. . . .

[Mary] shall be responsible for placing the home on the 

market if she is unable to maintain the mortgage. She shall be 

responsible for the utilities, maintenance fees, real estate taxes and 

insurance associated with ownership of the properties until it is 

sold. [Mary] may make any necessary repairs and/or cosmetic 

enhancement as recommended by the realtor to ensure the sale of 

the home. The costs for any repairs, etc. shall be reimbursed to 

[Mary].

. . . .

[List of mutual liabilities to be paid from the sale proceeds]

Upon the closing of the sale of the residence, the proceeds 

shall be divided equally between the parties after paying all 

appropriate fees including real estate taxes, transfer tax, 

commissions, abstracting expense, attorney’s fees and other fees 

incident to the closing. 

On appeal, Richard asks that we modify the decree to order Mary to sell the 

marital residence and to set a timeframe in which it must occur. 

At first blush, the decree appears to award the property to Mary, but 

because of the reference to its sale and the division of the sale proceeds, the 

decree is more akin to an award of the right of possession until the property is 

sold. We agree with Richard that the district court’s decree makes it appear the 
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decision to sell the property is within Mary’s discretion. Although Mary expressed 

at trial her intent to sell the property, we modify the decree to require her to

initiate the listing of the property to eliminate the possibility that she may keep 

Richard in limbo for months or even years. Accordingly, Mary shall list the 

marital residence with a licensed realtor within three months of the issuance of 

procedendo. 

D. Contempt.

Richard maintains the district court erred when finding him in contempt for 

failure to stay current on the mortgage payments for the marital residence and 

erred in ordering him to pay attorney fees of $5325 as punishment for contempt. 

Although a writ of certiorari challenging the legality of the district court’s action is 

the proper remedy, we proceed to treat the case as if Richard had filed the 

proper petition as he has requested. See Iowa R. App. P. 6.108 (“If any case is 

initiated by a notice of appeal, an application for interlocutory appeal, an 

application for discretionary review, or a petition for writ of certiorari and the 

appellate court determines another form of review was the proper one, the case 

shall not be dismissed, but shall proceed as though the proper form of review 

had been requested.”); see also In re Marriage of Welsher, 274 N.W.2d 369, 371 

(Iowa 1979).

A contempt proceeding is essentially criminal in nature, and each element 

must have been established beyond a reasonable doubt. In re Marriage of 

Ruden, 509 N.W.2d 494, 496 (Iowa Ct. App. 1993). Only willful disobedience of 

a court order will justify a conviction for contempt. Id. In order to show willful 
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disobedience there must be evidence of conduct which is intentional and 

deliberate with a bad or evil purpose, or wanton and in disregard of the rights of 

others, or contrary to a known duty, or unauthorized, coupled with an unconcern 

whether the contemner had the right or not. Bell v. Iowa Dist. Ct., 494 N.W.2d

729, 730 (Iowa Ct. App.1992).

We find substantial evidence supports the district court’s finding of 

contempt. Richard was ordered to pay the mortgage payment on the marital 

residence each month, commencing November 2011. There were two separate 

instances of Richard missing multiple mortgage payments. Mary filed the first 

contempt application on February 8, 2012. At that time, Richard had not yet 

made either the December 2011 or January 2012 mortgage payment. Mary filed 

a second contempt application on October 2, 2012, after Richard failed to make 

either the August or September payment. The district court continued the 

contempt hearings until the time of the dissolution hearing. Richard’s failure to 

make timely payments was willful. Although he claimed he missed payments 

due to inability to pay, Richard chose to help his new paramour and her daughter 

financially instead of making the mortgage payments, including helping purchase 

a new car for the daughter. As a result of the multiple late payments, Mary’s 

credit rating has suffered.

Although we affirm the district court’s finding of contempt, the court erred 

in ordering Richard to pay attorney fees as his punishment. Iowa Code section 

665.4(2) provides the punishment for contempt as follows: “Before district judges, 

district associate judges, and associate juvenile judges by a fine not exceeding 
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five hundred dollars or imprisonment in a county jail not exceeding six months or 

by both such fine and imprisonment.” Iowa Code section 598.24 permits the 

imposition of attorney fees and costs for contempt where the grounds for the 

contempt relate to a violation of the decree, but here, the decree had not yet 

been entered. Iowa Code section 598.23 recites various alternatives to a jail 

sentence not to exceed thirty days, but none of the alternatives are applicable to 

these facts.1The ninety days afforded Richard to pay the attorney fees might be 

construed as a purge order, but the disposition provides that if unpaid after six 

months it shall be paid from the proceeds of the house sale. Thus, we annul the 

writ in part, sustain it in part, and remand to the district court for re-imposition of 

punishment for contempt.

E. Attorney Fees.

Mary asks this court to award her appellate attorney fees. Appellate 

attorney fees are not a matter of right, but rather rest in this court’s discretion. In 

re Marriage of Oakland, 699 N.W.2d 260, 270 (Iowa 2005). Factors to be 

 

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Iowa Code section 598.23 provides:

1. If a person against whom a temporary order or final decree has 

been entered willfully disobeys the order or decree, the person may be 

cited and punished by the court for contempt and be committed to the 

county jail for a period of time not to exceed thirty days for each offense.

2. The court may, as an alternative to punishment for contempt, 

make an order which, according to the subject matter of the order or 

decree involved, does the following:

a. Withholds income under the terms and conditions of chapter 

252D.

b. Modifies visitation to compensate for lost visitation time or 

establishes joint custody for the child or transfers custody.

c. Directs the parties to provide contact with the child through a 

neutral party or neutral site or center.

d. Imposes sanctions or specific requirements or orders the 

parties to participate in mediation to enforce the joint custody provisions 

of the decree.
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considered in determining whether to award attorney fees include: “the needs of 

the party seeking the award, the ability of the other party to pay, and the relative 

merits of the appeal.” In re Marriage of Geil, 509 N.W.2d 738, 743 (Iowa 1993). 

Because Richard’s income is greater than Mary’s and she was obligated to 

defend the district court’s decision, we award her $2000 in appellate attorney 

fees.

IV. Conclusion.

We affirm the district court’s determinations regarding spousal support and 

the equalization payment. We affirm as modified the provision regarding the 

parties’ marital residence. Richard’s writ for certiorari is annulled in part, 

sustained in part, and remanded for imposition of a proper contempt disposition. 

Finally, we award Mary appellate attorney fees in the amount of $2000. Costs on 

appeal are assessed to Richard. 

AFFIRMED AS MODIFIED ON APPEAL; WRIT ANNULLED IN PART, 

SUSTAINED IN PART, AND REMANDED.