Court of Appeals of Indiana | Opinion 62A01-1612-DR-2910 | January 25, 2018 Page 1 of 23

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

Crystal G. Rowe

Alyssa C.B. Cochran

Kightlinger & Gray, LLP

New Albany, Indiana

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLEE

Jenny R. Buchheit

Derek R. Molter

Sean T. Dewey

Ice Miller, LLP

Indianapolis, Indiana

I N T H E

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

Michael Hays and Caryn Hays,

Appellants-Intervenors,

v.

Amanda Hockett,

Appellee-Petitioner.

January 25, 2018

Court of Appeals Case No.

62A01-1612-DR-2910

Appeal from the Perry Circuit

Court

The Honorable Mark R. 

McConnell, Special Judge

Trial Court Cause No.

62C01-1512-DR-522

Mathias, Judge.

[1] Michael and Caryn Hays (the “Hayses”) appeal the trial court’s order granting 

custody of B.H. to his mother, Amanda Fisher (f/k/a Amanda Hockett). The 

Hayses also appeal the trial court’s award of $1,365.00 in attorney fees as being 

inadequate.

[2] We affirm.
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Facts and Procedural History1

[3] Amanda Fisher (“Mother”) and Brandon Hockett (“Father”) were married on 

May 4, 2011, in Tell City, Indiana. A little over one year later, Mother gave 

birth to their son B.H. Approximately three to four months after B.H. was born, 

the family moved to Oklahoma where they moved in with Father’s mother and 

step-father, the Hayses. In December 2012, Mother and Father moved out of 

the Hayses’ home into a nearby apartment. After Mother and Father moved, 

the Hayses continued to regularly watch and take care of B.H. 

[4] In February 2015, Mother and Father moved back to Indiana. Mrs. Hays 

picked up B.H. in May 2015 from Indiana and took him back to Oklahoma so 

that Mother and Father could work on their marriage. B.H. returned to Indiana 

to stay with Mother and Father towards the end of June 2015. And on August 

24, 2015, Mrs. Hays again picked up B.H. and took him back to Oklahoma. 

This was only supposed to be a short visit; however, it was prolonged so that 

Mother and Father could continue to work on their marriage.

[5] Mother left the home she shared with Father on October 10, 2015, and moved 

in with a friend. The Hayses were scheduled to return B.H. to Indiana in late 

November, but they postponed the trip due to weather. On December 12, 

 

1 The “Statement of Facts” section of the Hayses’ brief presents the facts in a manner that emphasizes specific 

testimony and portions of the record favorable to their case. We direct the Hayses’ counsel to Indiana 

Appellate Rule 46(A)(6)(b), which states in pertinent part that “[t]he facts shall be stated in accordance with 

the standard of review appropriate to the judgment,” and encourage them to comply with this rule in future 

appeals.
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Father left Indiana and returned to live with the Hayses in Oklahoma. Two 

days later, Mother filed for divorce from Father along with a notice of a 

provisional hearing in Perry County, Indiana. On December 21, Father filed for 

divorce in the District Court, First Judicial District of Texas County in 

Oklahoma (the “Oklahoma court”). Ten days later, Father filed an objection to 

conducting the provisional hearing and a motion to dismiss for lack of 

jurisdiction in Perry County, Indiana. 

[6] The Oklahoma court held a hearing on Father’s divorce petition on January 14, 

2016, in which Father was represented by counsel and both he and Mrs. Hays 

testified. The next day, the Oklahoma court found that neither Oklahoma nor 

Indiana met the requirements to qualify as B.H.’s home state for jurisdictional 

purposes. The court also found that B.H. had significant connections in both 

Indiana and Oklahoma. Therefore, the Oklahoma court abstained from 

exercising jurisdiction in the case until it heard from Special Judge McConnell 

whether Perry County would exercise jurisdiction under the “first in time rule,” 

because Mother filed for divorce first.

2 A January 20 CCS entry indicates that 

 

2 The Oklahoma court also remarked:

[B]ased on [Father’s] testimony there is a serious question as to whether [Father] had 

been a resident of the State of Oklahoma for six (6) months and a resident of the county 

for thirty (30) days prior to the filing of the Petition on December 21, 2015. Residency in 

the State of Oklahoma for six months prior to the filing of the Petition is a prerequisite to 

invoking the jurisdiction of this court.

Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 28.
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the Perry County court received communication from Oklahoma, and that it 

would exercise jurisdiction over the case. 

[7] The trial court held the provisional hearings on February 17 and March 30. One 

day prior to the first hearing, the Hayses filed a motion to intervene in order to 

seek custody of B.H. On April 12, the trial court issued its provisional order in 

which it granted the Hayses’ motion to intervene and awarded temporary 

custody of B.H. to the Hayses. In its order, the court stated, “Ideally at some 

point in the future one or both of the parents will establish that they are fit to 

have custody and that such an order would be in the child’s best interest. But, 

that is not currently the case.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 55.

[8] Final hearings were held on September 23 and November 17. On November 21, 

the trial court issued a detailed decree of dissolution in which it dissolved the 

marriage between Mother and Father and awarded legal custody of B.H. to 

Mother. The trial court recognized the Hayses’ impact on B.H., set a gradual 

transfer of custody schedule, and specified that the Hayses should remain a part 

of B.H.’s life. 

[9] On January 10, 2017, the Hayses filed, with this court, a motion to stay the 

child custody order pending appeal, or in the alternative, to order Mother to 

provide the Hayses with an all-purpose consent-to-treat form to enable B.H. to 

receive medical treatment while in their care. On February 3, this court denied 

the motion to stay, but remanded for the trial court to order Mother to provide 

the Hayses with an all-purpose consent-to-treat form. Mother provided a 
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consent form on February 13, which the Hayses argued was a limited-consent 

form, and not an all-purpose consent-to-treat form. As a result, on February 16, 

the Hayses filed a motion with this court to compel Mother to provide the 

proper form. The Hayses also requested attorney fees spent pursuing the motion 

to compel. On February 21, the motions panel of this court issued an order 

granting the Hayses’ request and ordered Mother to provide the all-purpose 

consent-to-treat form. The order also awarded attorney fees and remanded for 

the trial court to determine a reasonable amount. 

[10] On April 21, the trial court held a remand hearing where counsel for the Hayses

produced an attorney-fee invoice for $1,868.50 for pursuing the motion to 

compel. At the hearing, counsel for the Hayses also submitted an affidavit 

indicating an additional $4,495.50 in attorney fees spent on the motion to 

compel remand hearing. In all, the Hayses’ counsel requested $6,364.00 in fees. 

On May 18, the trial court issued an order awarding $1,365.00 in attorney fees 

to be paid by the Mother in weekly installments of $30. 

[11] The Hayses now appeal the custody determination and the amount of attorney

fees. 

I. Jurisdiction Under the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act

[12] The Hayses first argue that the trial court’s custody determination should be 

reversed because Indiana does not have subject matter jurisdiction under the 
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Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Act (“UCCJA”).3 Specifically, the Hayses 

assert that “Oklahoma is the appropriate forum to decide B.H.’s custody.” 

Appellant’s Br. at 41. A decision to retain or relinquish jurisdiction under the 

UCCJA is reviewed for an abuse of discretion. Novatny v. Novatny, 872 N.E.2d 

673, 679 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007). An abuse of discretion occurs when the trial 

court’s decision is clearly against the logic and effect of the circumstances 

before it, or if the court has misinterpreted the law. Tamasy v. Kovacs, 929 

N.E.2d 820, 826 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010). 

[13] We initially note that there is a conflict in the case law regarding whether the 

UCCJA confers subject matter jurisdiction; therefore, we take this opportunity 

to address the issue. In 1990, in Williams v. Williams, 555 N.E.2d 142 (Ind. 

1990), our supreme court was adamant that the UCCJA did not confer subject 

matter jurisdiction.

The source of this competency to decide child custody matters is 

found in Ind. Code § 31–1–11.5–20 and is an incidental grant of 

specific authority within the general grant of subject matter 

jurisdiction to hear actions for dissolution and child support. The 

 

3 Before addressing the UCCJA, the Hayses contend that the trial court committed reversible error for failing 

to provide them with an opportunity to be heard pursuant to the requirement of Indiana Code section 31-21-

4-2. Section 31-21-4-1 states that “[a]n Indiana court may communicate with a court in another state 

concerning a proceeding arising under [the UCCJA].” Section 31-21-4-2 then explains that the court may 

allow the parties to participate in the communication; however, if they are not able to participate, then “the 

parties must be given the opportunity to present facts and legal arguments before a decision on jurisdiction is 

made.” The requirements of section 31-21-4-2 were met here when the Oklahoma court held a hearing in 

which both Father and Mrs. Hays testified, and counsel presented argument. Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 26. 

The hearing was held before the Oklahoma court decided to abstain from exercising jurisdiction until it heard 

from Special Judge McConnell, who then proceeded to accept jurisdiction over the case. Cf. Harris v. Harris, 

922 N.E.2d 626, 640 (Ind. Ct. App. 2010) (finding reversible error where father never had an opportunity to 

present facts or legal arguments before a decision on jurisdiction was made).
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jurisdictional limitations imposed by the UCCJA are not 

equivalent to declarations of subject matter jurisdiction, but 

rather are refinements of the ancillary capacity of a trial court to 

exercise authority over a particular case. This exercise of 

authority is waivable.

Id. at 145 (citation omitted).4

[14] In 2000, our supreme court held that “[j]urisdiction is comprised of three 

elements: (1) jurisdiction of the subject matter; (2) jurisdiction of the person; 

and (3) jurisdiction of the particular case. The question of subject matter 

jurisdiction entails a determination of whether a court has jurisdiction over the 

general class of actions to which a particular case belongs.” Troxel v. Troxel, 737 

N.E.2d 745, 749 (Ind. 2000) (citations omitted). In 2006, our supreme court 

refined the Troxel court’s holding and explained that Indiana trial courts possess 

two kinds of jurisdiction, subject matter jurisdiction and personal jurisdiction.

K.S. v. State, 849 N.E.2d 538, 540 (Ind. 2006). And that “phrases recently 

common to Indiana practice, like ‘jurisdiction over a particular case,’ confuse 

actual jurisdiction with legal error, and we will be better off ceasing such 

characterizations.” Id. The K.S. court then explained, “Real jurisdictional 

problems would be, say, a juvenile delinquency adjudication entered in a small 

claims court, or a judgment rendered without any service of process. Thus, 

 

4

Indiana Code section 31-1-11.5-20, cited by the Williams court, was repealed in 1997, and has subsequently 

been replaced with the substantially similar UCCJA which is now codified in Indiana Code section 31-21.
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characterizing other sorts of procedural defects as ‘jurisdictional’

misapprehends the concepts.” Id. at 542 (emphasis in original). 

[15] In light of our supreme court’s decisions in Williams, Troxel, and K.S., from 

1990 to 2008, this court consistently held that jurisdiction under the UCCJA 

does not equate to subject matter jurisdiction, and is therefore waivable. See In 

re Marriage of B.K. and B.P., 873 N.E.2d 729, 735 (Ind. Ct. App. 2007), trans. 

denied; Lollar v. Hammes, 952 N.E.2d 754, 756 (Ind. Ct. App. 2004); Christensen 

v. Christensen, 752 N.E.2d 179, 184 (Ind. Ct. App. 2001).

[16] Then in 2008 our supreme court decided Stewart v. Vulliet, 888 N.E.2d 761 (Ind. 

2008). In Stewart, mother and father were married in Washington and lived

there until 2003 when they relocated to Indiana. While in Indiana, mother who 

was pregnant at the time, filed for divorce from father. After filing for divorce, 

mother moved back to Washington where the child was born. In subsequent 

custody proceedings, the question became whether Indiana or Washington had 

jurisdiction. 

[17] In Stewart, our supreme court consistently described this as a question of subject 

matter jurisdiction stating, “Some states have held that the subject matter 

jurisdictional requirement is not met if the child is born in another state.” Id. at 

765 (emphasis added). And “[t]he UCCJL confers subject matter jurisdiction to a 

state if the state is the home state of the child at the time of commencement of 
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the proceeding.” Id. (emphasis added) (statutory citation omitted).5 The court 

also explained, “Upon the birth of [child], Washington became her home 

state. Thereafter, Washington had concurrent subject matter jurisdiction to 

determine [child’s] custody.” Id. at 765–66 (emphasis added) (citations 

omitted). The Stewart court did not cite to Williams, Troxel, or K.S.

[18] A year after Stewart was decided, a panel of this court noted in In re 

Guardianship of S.M.,

The parties agree that, as the courts of two states are involved in 

the matter, a critical determination is whether the trial court had 

jurisdiction under the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Law 

(“UCCJL”)—Indiana Code Article 31–21. Indiana has codified 

the UCCJL regarding interstate child custody disputes. “[I]ts 

primary aim is to reduce court conflicts among states.” Stewart v. 

Vulliet, 888 N.E.2d 761, 768 (Ind. 2008), reh’g denied. Most of the 

UCCJL’s provisions address whether a trial court has subject 

matter jurisdiction. See id. at 765.In Stewart, the Indiana Supreme 

Court referred repeatedly to a determination under the UCCJL as 

one of subject matter jurisdiction. Id. at 765–67.

918 N.E.2d 746, 748–49 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009) (emphases added).

[19] After Stewart and In re S.M. were decided, our court issued several opinions that 

continue to rely on Williams for the proposition that the UCCJA does not confer 

subject matter jurisdiction. In In re B.J.N., 19 N.E.3d 765, 768–69 (Ind. Ct. App. 

 

5

Indiana Code Section 31-17-3-3-(a)(4) fell under the Uniform Child Custody Jurisdiction Law which the 

Indiana General Assembly supplanted with the UCCJA. Stewart v. Vulliet, 888 N.E.2d 761, 764 n.1 (Ind. 

2008).
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2014), we relied on Williams and held that “jurisdiction for purposes of the 

UCCJA means jurisdiction over the particular case. Because judgments 

rendered by courts lacking this type of jurisdiction are only voidable, [the 

father] waived his challenge when he consented to the [court’s] jurisdiction.” 

(citations omitted).

[20] In Barwick v. Ceruti, 31 N.E.3d 1008, 1013 (Ind. Ct. App. 2015), a panel of this 

court again relied on Williams and found that mother waived appellate review 

of a jurisdictional challenge because she conceded that the court had 

jurisdiction and participated in court proceedings. And in Brown v. Lunsford, 63 

N.E.3d 1057, 1060 (Ind. Ct. App. 2016), we reaffirmed the holding in Williams

that the jurisdictional limits imposed by the UCCJA are not that of subject 

matter jurisdiction. The Brown court then held that because mother raised her 

jurisdiction challenge for the first time in a motion to correct error, her 

challenge was waived. Id. at 1061.

[21] Since the decisions in Stewart and In re S.M., no Indiana case has cited either

case for the proposition that the UCCJA confers subject matter jurisdiction. If 

the Stewart court wanted to overturn Williams or K.S., it would have done so 

explicitly, and therefore we believe Stewart is an outlier. Additionally, we 

decline to disrupt the precedent that our court has set in declining to refer to 

UCCJA jurisdiction as a question of subject matter jurisdiction. Circuit courts 

are courts of general jurisdiction and are thus empowered to hear all types of 

cases, including marriage dissolution proceedings and custody actions. In re 

B.J.N., 19 N.E.3d at 768. Thus, we conclude that the Perry Circuit Court had 
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subject matter jurisdiction over the custody action. The Hayses here did not 

lodge their claims of procedural error, incorrectly framed as jurisdiction issues, 

in a timely manner.6Instead, the Hayses have brought the issue for the first time 

on appeal; it is therefore waived. 

[22] Waiver notwithstanding however, we find no error. Indiana Code section 31-

21-5-1 states:

Except as otherwise provided in section 4 of this chapter, an 

Indiana court has jurisdiction to make an initial child custody 

determination only if one (1) of the following applies:

(1) Indiana is the home state of the child on the date of 

the commencement of the proceeding or was the 

home state of the child within six (6) months before 

the commencement of the proceeding, and the child 

is absent from Indiana but a parent or person acting 

as a parent continues to live in Indiana.

(2) A court of another state does not have jurisdiction 

under subdivision (1) or a court of the home state of 

the child has declined to exercise jurisdiction on the 

 

6 Additionally, Mrs. Hays acquiesced to the court’s jurisdiction over this particular case:

[Counsel]: And with respect to [Father’s] request, if he requests custody, 

alternatively placed with you temporarily, you understand custody is 

up to The Court right now, you would be agreeable to that?

[Mrs. Hays]: Yes.

[Counsel]: And you would agree to submit to The Court’s jurisdiction and 

authority?

[Mrs. Hays]: Yes.

Tr. Vol. I, p. 154. See In re B.J.N., 19 N.E.3d 765, 769 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014) (holding that 

jurisdiction for purposes of the UCCJA refers to the authority of a court to hear a particular case,

and father waived a challenge when he consented to the trial court’s jurisdiction). 
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ground that Indiana is the more appropriate forum 

under section 8 or 9 of this chapter, and:

(A) the child and the child’s parents, or the 

child and at least one (1) parent or 

person acting as a parent, have a 

significant connection with Indiana 

other than mere physical presence; and

(B) substantial evidence is available in 

Indiana concerning the child’s care, 

protection, training, and personal 

relationships.

(3) All courts having jurisdiction under subdivision (1) 

or (2) have declined to exercise jurisdiction on the 

ground that an Indiana court is the more 

appropriate forum to determine the custody of the 

child under section 8 or 9 of this chapter.

(4) No court of any other state would have jurisdiction 

under the criteria specified in subdivision (1), (2), or 

(3).

[23] One week after Mother filed for divorce in Indiana, Father filed his own 

petition for divorce in Oklahoma in which he incorrectly stated that no other 

action involving custody had been filed in any other state, and he argued that 

Indiana lacked jurisdiction under the UCCJA. The Oklahoma court held a 

hearing in which it found: (1) neither Oklahoma nor Indiana had home-state 

jurisdiction; (2) neither Indiana nor Oklahoma had exclusive continuing 

jurisdiction; (3) both States could claim significant connection jurisdiction; and 

(4) because an action was filed in Indiana first, the Oklahoma court would 

abstain from exercising jurisdiction until Judge McConnell decided whether 

Indiana should exercise its concurrent jurisdiction. See Appellant’s App. Vol. II, 

p. 27. Six days later, Judge McConnell decided to exercise jurisdiction. The 
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Hayses argue that this was an error because Oklahoma was B.H.’s home state,

or in the alternative, that B.H. had no significant connection to Indiana. We 

disagree. 

[24] Neither Indiana nor Oklahoma qualify as a home state for B.H. under the 

UCCJA. The “home state” is the state in which a child lived with a parent, or a 

person acting as parent, for at least six consecutive months before the 

commencement of a child custody proceeding. Ind. Code § 31-21-2-8; see also 43 

Okla. Stat. tit. 43, § 551-102(7) (utilizing same definition). Additionally, a 

period of temporary absence of either the parent or the person acting as parent 

is part of the period. Id. Mother filed for divorce on December 14, 2015,7 and 

thus the applicable six-month time period was from June 14 to December 14. 

[25] During that time period, B.H. spent significant time in both Oklahoma and 

Indiana. B.H. was with the Hayses in Oklahoma from June 14 until Mrs. Hays 

brought B.H. back to Indiana at “the end of June, first of July, somewhere 

around in there.” Tr. Vol. I, p. 126. B.H. then stayed in Indiana until August 

24. B.H. was supposed to return to Indiana in November; however, the Hayses 

cancelled the trip because of snow and ice in Oklahoma. Id. at 163. Thus, B.H. 

remained in Oklahoma from August 24 until December 14. 

 

7 A child custody proceeding commences on the same date a parent files a petition for divorce. Indiana Code 

§ 31-17-2-3(1). 
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[26] B.H. did not live in either Indiana or Oklahoma for six consecutive months 

prior to Mother’s decision to file for divorce, and the time B.H. spent in Indiana 

does not qualify as a temporary absence. B.H. was not absent from Oklahoma 

for a few days, or even a week; but rather, he was with his Mother and Father

in Indiana for nearly two months. When the home-state test does not apply, the 

significant connections test found in Indiana Code section 31-21-5-1(2) is used. 

[27] The Oklahoma court found that “[b]oth states can claim significant connection 

jurisdiction but that jurisdiction would be concurrent and not exclusive.” 

Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 27. The Perry Circuit Court agreed, as indicated by 

a docket entry which states, “This Court being duly advised in the premises 

determines that it will exercise jurisdiction in the dissolution action filed ‘first in 

time’ . . . .” Id. at 6. At the time Mother filed for divorce, she was living in 

Indiana and Father had moved from Indiana only two days prior. Additionally, 

B.H. was born in Indiana and he has close family in Indiana including his 

maternal grandparents, his maternal uncle, and his cousins. Moreover, when

Mother and Father returned to Indiana in February 2015, the family established 

a primary residence. While living in Indiana, B.H. was at his maternal 

grandparents’ house frequently for family gatherings. Tr. Vol. III, p. 73. Based 

on these facts and circumstances, we cannot say that the trial court abused its 

discretion when it assumed jurisdiction under Indiana Code section 31-21-5-

1(2) and the “first in time rule” in conformance with the Oklahoma court’s 

abstention. 
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II. Custody Determination

[28] The Hayses next contend that the trial court erred when it granted Mother

primary physical custody of B.H. Specifically, the Hayses argue that they have 

rebutted the presumption that favors awarding custody of children to the 

natural parent, and that custody with the Hayses would be in the best interests 

of B.H. Again, we disagree.

[29] We afford a trial court’s custody determination considerable deference on 

appeal as it is the trial court that views the parties, observes their conduct, and 

hears their testimony. Quinn v. Quinn, 62 N.E.3d 1212, 1220 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2016). Accordingly, we do not reweigh the evidence on appeal or assess the 

credibility of witnesses. Id. We will not substitute our judgment for that of the 

trial court, and we will affirm the trial court’s determination unless the decision 

is clearly against the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it or 

the reasonable inferences drawn therefrom. Id.

[30] Where, as here, the trial court supports its custody determination with specific 

findings of fact and conclusions of law pursuant to Indiana Trial Rule 52, we 

will not set aside the findings or judgment unless they are clearly erroneous.

Hughes v. Rogusta, 830 N.E.2d 898, 902 (Ind. Ct. App. 2005). We will disturb 

the trial court’s judgment only where there is no evidence supporting the 

findings, or where the findings fail to support the judgment. Id. Moreover, we 

consider only the evidence most favorable to the judgment, with all reasonable 

inferences drawn in favor of the judgment. Id.
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[31] The custody dispute here is between B.H.’s Mother and his paternal 

grandparents. Our supreme court has set forth the standard of review where the 

dispute is between a natural parent and a third party: 

[B]efore placing a child in the custody of a person other than the 

natural parent, a trial court must be satisfied by clear and 

convincing evidence that the best interests of the child require 

such a placement. The trial court must be convinced that 

placement with a person other than the natural parent represents 

a substantial and significant advantage to the child. The 

presumption will not be overcome merely because a third party 

could provide the better things in life for the child. In a 

proceeding to determine whether to place a child with a person 

other than the natural parent, evidence establishing the natural 

parent’s unfitness or acquiescence, or demonstrating that a strong 

emotional bond has formed between the child and the third 

person, would of course be important, but the trial court is not 

limited to these criteria. The issue is not merely the “fault” of the 

natural parent. Rather, it is whether the important and strong 

presumption that a child’s interests are best served by placement 

with the natural parent is clearly and convincingly overcome by 

evidence proving that the child’s best interests are substantially 

and significantly served by placement with another person. This 

determination falls within the sound discretion of our trial courts, 

and their judgments must be afforded deferential review.

In re Guardianship of B.H., 770 N.E.2d 283, 287 (Ind. 2002) (citation and 

quotation omitted). Our supreme court further explained that that there is an 

“important and strong presumption that the child’s best interests are ordinarily 

served by placement in the custody of a natural parent.” Id. This presumption 

“embodies innumerable social, psychological, cultural, and biological 

considerations that significantly benefit the child and serve the child’s best 
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interests.” Id. A nonparent must rebut this presumption by clear and convincing 

evidence, and only then will the court move on to an analysis of the child’s best 

interests and a consideration of the nonparent’s status as de facto custodians, if 

applicable. T.H. v. R.J., 23 N.E.3d 776, 786 (Ind. Ct. App. 2014), trans. denied.

[32] The Hayses acknowledge the presumption in favor of Mother; however, they 

argue that the presumption has been overcome because “the evidence 

establishes that [Mother’s] long acquiescence and voluntary relinquishment of 

B.H. to the Hayses has rendered them his de facto custodians and has allowed 

the three to bond to the point where their lives and affections are completely 

interwoven.” Appellant’s Br. at 49. The Hayses then support this statement in 

their brief by citing to several portions of the record. 

[33] The Hayses’ approach is problematic for two reasons. First, they only list two 

factors as evidence that the presumption has been overcome—long 

acquiescence and voluntary relinquishment resulting in an interwoven bond—

when our supreme court has explained that a trial court may rely on many 

factors in making custody determinations. In re B.H., 770 N.E.2d at 288; see also 

T.H., 23 N.E.3d at 786. And second, the Hayses’ citations to the record amount 

to a request for us to reweigh evidence, a role not appropriate on appeal. Simply 

put, the Hayses point us to portions of the record that it wishes the trial court 

had paid more attention to or given more weight. 

[34] We acknowledge that there was evidence before the trial court which might 

have supported the Hayses’ contentions; however, it is not enough that the 
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evidence may support some other conclusion. A.J.L. v. D.A.L., 912 N.E.2d 866, 

873 (Ind. Ct. App. 2009). Rather, the evidence before us must “positively 

require the conclusion contended for by the [Hayses] before there will be a 

reversal.” Id. The evidence and reasonable inferences supporting the judgment 

of the trial court here do not positively require us to reach a different 

conclusion. 

[35] The trial court stated in its order, “if a parent is able to provide an appropriate 

level of care they should be given the opportunity to do so. [Mother] should be 

given this opportunity.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 19. Here, the trial court 

recognized the parental presumption, and it indirectly determined that the 

Hayses had not rebutted it. The court also reminded the parties that in its 

provisional order, it had remarked that it was hopeful that one or both parents 

would be able to establish that they were fit to have custody of B.H.

[36] In its final order, the trial court found that Mother had met this standard, and in 

support the court noted that: (1) Mother had been gainfully employed and 

earning a good living since the provisional order; (2) both Mother and B.H. 

would soon qualify for insurance benefits because of her job; (3) Mother is 

subject to random drug screens through her employer, and she passed a hair 

follicle drug screen that was required as part of the parties’ mediated settlement 

agreement; (4) Mother provided records showing that she underwent a courtordered psychological evaluation which concluded that she did not have a 

mental illness or psychiatric diagnosis; (5) Mother made proper arrangements 

for childcare for B.H. as needed; (6) Mother currently lives with her parents in a 
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suitable home for B.H. where he has his own room; (7) B.H.’s maternal 

grandparents are supportive; and (8) B.H. and Mother have a good and loving 

relationship, and she cares for him adequately when he is with her. Id. at 18–19. 

These detailed findings provide ample support for the trial court’s judgment 

awarding custody of B.H. to Mother. 

[37] Further, the court commended the Hayses for their care of B.H. and stated, 

“Because [the Hayses] have had such a close and enduring relationship with 

[B.H.] the transition to the Mother’s custody should be gradual and . . . . Even 

after the transition [the Hayses] should be a part of his life.” Id. at 19. And 

when asked about the role the Hayses would have in B.H.’s life going forward,

Mother testified, “they’re part of his life. To take them completely out of his life 

would be traumatic as well, yes. So, I mean, I think we all need to be part of his 

life, but I think that it’s in his best interest for [B.H.’s] mother to raise him.” Tr. 

Vol. IV, p. 139.

[38] For us to conclude that the trial court erred in awarding custody of B.H. to 

Mother, we would need to reweigh evidence, view disputed facts in a light 

unfavorable to the judgment, and place ourselves in the position of the trier of 

fact, roles that are inappropriate on appeal. See In re B.H., 770 N.E.2d at 287–
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88. Accordingly, we decline to find the trial court’s findings clearly erroneous or 

its judgment against the logic and effect of the evidence before it.8

III. Attorney Fees

[39] Finally, the Hayses contend that the trial court erred when it awarded $1,365.00 

in attorney fees, instead of the requested $6,364.00. On appeal, we review the 

trial court’s decision in determining a reasonable amount of attorney fees for an 

abuse of discretion. Kitchell v. Franklin, 26 N.E.3d 1050, 1056 (Ind. Ct. App. 

2015), trans. denied. A trial court abuses its discretion if its decision clearly 

contravenes the logic and effect of the facts and circumstances before it or if the 

trial court has misinterpreted the law. Id.

[40] On February 21, 2017, the motions panel of this court granted the Hayses’

request for attorney fees, " for the filing of [the Hayses’] Amended Verified and 

Combined Motion to Compel [Mother] to Provide the Hayses with ‘An AllPurpose Consent-to-Treat Form,’ and Request for Expedited Consideration.” 

Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 67. The matter was remanded to the trial court to 

determine the proper amount. On remand, the Hayses submitted an affidavit 

from counsel stating that counsel had spent 10.1 hours “working on [the] 

 

8 Because we find that the trial court did not err when it concluded the Hayses failed to rebut the natural 

parent presumption, we decline to address the Hayses’ “best interests” argument in detail. See Appellant’s Br. 

at 52–59. However, we note that the Hayses once again are asking us to reweigh evidence and view facts in a 

light unfavorable to the judgment. Moreover, the trial court found that “[i]n the long run [custody with 

Mother] is in [B.H.’s] best interest.” Appellant’s App. Vol. II, p. 19. According the trial court proper 

deference as we must, we decline to find this finding clearly erroneous.
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Motion to Compel (and issues surrounding same)” which amounted to 

“$1865.50 in appellate attorney fees.” Id. at 106. 

[41] At the hearing on April 21, 2017, counsel for the Hayses submitted a 

supplemental affidavit showing that counsel had spent an additional 21.3 hours 

working on remand proceedings, which equated to $3,940.50. Counsel then 

added $550 for travel time to and attendance at the hearing. This resulted in an 

additional request of $4,495.50 in attorney fees, bringing the total to $6,364.00. 

Three business days after the hearing, the Hayses’ counsel submitted redacted 

attorney-fee invoices to the trial court outlining the basis for the additional 

$4,495.50 request. 

[42] The trial court stated in its May 16, 2017 order:

With regard to the issue of an award of attorney fees pursuant to 

the Order of the Court of Appeals dated February 21, 2017, the 

parties had a full and fair opportunity to present such evidence as 

they wished at the hearing held on April 21, 2017. No evidence 

submitted thereafter shall be considered. Based upon the evidence 

submitted at hearing, the Court finds a reasonable attorney fee to 

be $1,365.00 and orders [Mother] to pay said fees to counsel for

[the Hayses] at the address shown above at the rate of $30.00 per 

week until paid in full, commencing within two weeks from the 

date of this Order.

Id. at 31. The Hayses argue that the reduction in fees constitutes an abuse of the 

trial court’s discretion. We disagree. 

[43] The Hayses contend that trial courts must be guided by the factors found in 

Indiana Professional Conduct Rule 1.5(a) when determining a reasonable fee. 
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However, our supreme court has explained that “our Rules of Professional 

Conduct give us guidance as to factors to be considered in determining the 

reasonableness of attorney fees.” Order for Mandate of Funds Montgomery Cnty. 

Council v. Milligan, 873 N.E.2d 1043, 1049 (Ind. 2007) (emphasis added). There 

is no mandatory requirement that the trial court explicitly consider the Rule 

1.5(a) factors. Cavallo v. Allied Physicians of Michiana, LLC, 42 N.E.3d 995, 1010 

(Ind. Ct. App. 2015). 

[44] The attorney-fee invoices provided to the trial court at the time of the hearing 

show that counsel spent a considerable amount of time: (1) preparing 

correspondence for the Hayses or opposing counsel; (2) exchanging 

correspondence with the Hayses or opposing counsel; (3) reviewing and 

analyzing case law regarding recouping attorney fees; and (4) correcting the 

motion to compel before filing it. Appellant’s App. Vol. II, pp. 110–11. These 

tasks do not fall within our court’s grant of fees “for the filing of [the Hayses’]

Amended Verified and Combined Motion to Compel [Mother] to Provide the 

Hayses with ‘An All-Purpose Consent-to-Treat Form,’ and Request for 

Expedited Consideration.” Id. at 67. Further, nothing in our court’s order 

allows for attorney fees related to the remand hearing or any work done in 

preparation for the hearing.9 Thus, the trial court acted within its discretion 

 

9 Counsel for the Hayses argue that “[Mother] is responsible for such remand fees as her behavior is what 

mandated them.” Reply Br. at 22. However, Mother filed a consent-to-treat form that both she and her trial 

counsel believed complied with our courts order. Tr. Vol. IV, pp. 164–65. We do not know from its order 

how the trial court came to its fee determination; however, to the extent it chose not to award Hayses’ 

counsel remand fees, we do not find this to be an abuse of discretion. 
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when it declined to consider attorney-fee invoices regarding the remand 

proceedings provided by the Hayses’ counsel after the hearing was conducted. 

Cf. Gerstbauer v. Styers, 898 N.E.2d 369, 380 (Ind. Ct. App. 2008) (trial court 

abused its discretion awarding attorney fees when it misinterpreted a feeshifting provision in a lease agreement). 

[45] Because of the wide discretion we provide to trial court’s in determining a 

reasonable amount of attorney fees, we cannot say the court abused its 

discretion here when it awarded $1365.00 to the Hayses’ counsel. See Song v. 

Iatarola, 76 N.E.3d 926, 938 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017) (explaining that the trial court 

is considered an expert on attorney fees and may judicially know what 

constitutes a reasonable fee), adhered to on reh’g, 83 N.E.3d 80, trans. denied.

Conclusion

[46] Based on the facts and circumstances before us, the trial court properly 

exercised jurisdiction over the custody of B.H. under the UCCJA, and did not 

err in awarding custody of B.H. to his Mother. Further, the trial court did not 

abuse its discretion when it awarded $1365.00 in attorney fees to the Hayses’ 

counsel. Accordingly, we affirm. 

Najam, J., and Barnes, J., concur.