IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF THE STATE OF WASHINGTON

CLEAREAR LLC d/b/a ACQUAMD, a 

Washington Limited Liability Company, 

and ILICH VAHIMI and KAILA VAHIMI, 

Husband and Wife, and the Marital 

Community Which They Comprise, 

Appellant,

v.

DELUE LAW, PLLC, a Washington 

Professional Limited Liability Company, 

and; DANA DANIEL DELUE a/k/a DAN 

DELUE, Individually and on Behalf of 

the Marital Community Comprised of 

DANA DANIEL “DAN” DELUE and 

JANE DOE DELUE.

Respondent.

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No. 80773-1-I

DIVISION ONE

UNPUBLISHED OPINION

HAZELRIGG, J. — Ilich Vahimi and a company he formed, ClearEar LLC,

brought a legal malpractice claim against an attorney Vahimi hired to review and 

revise a contract between ClearEar and a manufacturer in China. The plaintiffs 

alleged that the attorney was negligent because revisions he suggested provided 

a basis for the manufacturer to appropriate ClearEar’s intellectual property. The 

trial court granted the attorney’s motion for summary judgment and dismissed the 

complaint for lack of causation. Finding no error, we affirm.
No. 80773-1-I/2

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FACTS

Ilich Vahimi invented a medical/homecare device called “AcquaMD,” to 

remove water from the ear canal using ultrasound technology. In 2015, Vahimi

identified a potential manufacturer for the device in China, Guangdong Shunde 

Luhua Photoelectric New Material Industrial Co., Ltd. (“Luhua”). In April 2015, 

Vahimi formed a corporation, ClearEar, LLC, for the purpose of producing and 

marketing the product.

In June of 2015, Vahimi was preparing to travel to China in order to 

finalize a manufacturing contract with Luhua. After interviewing several 

attorneys, Vahimi hired Seattle attorney Dan DeLue to advise him and ClearEar 

in connection with the contract. Vahimi gave DeLue a copy of the contract Luhua 

had proposed and DeLue agreed to review it and propose changes. Vahimi told 

DeLue that his goal was to retain his intellectual property rights to the AcquaMD 

device. DeLue produced a “redline” version of the contract with proposed 

revisions.

1 After DeLue’s review of the contract was complete, Vahimi asked him 

to close his file and DeLue refunded $600 of the $1,500 Vahimi had paid him. 

About two weeks later, on June 13, 2016, Vahimi and the principal of Luhua 

signed the “Production Development Agreement.”

More than a year later, in August 2017, the relationship between ClearEar 

and Luhua became strained following disagreements that arose during the 

manufacturing process. Vahimi learned that Luhau had made copies of the 

 

1 The contract is written in both Chinese and English. DeLue proposed changes only to 

the English provisions.
No. 80773-1-I/3

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industrial molds and was “selling the AcquaMD device worldwide through four 

distributors.” When Vahimi later informed DeLue of this development, DeLue 

referred him and ClearEar to another attorney.

On May 6, 2019, ClearEar and Vahimi, (collectively “ClearEar”) brought a 

lawsuit against DeLue and his law firm, DeLue Law, P.L.L.C., alleging legal 

malpractice.2 ClearEar focused on DeLue’s revisions to a provision of the 

contract in the section governing “Ownership of Technological Achievements.”

Before DeLue’s edits, paragraph 3 of that section read:

(3) After completion of the sampling work, [Luhua] is entitled to use 

the results of follow-up research and development improvements. 

Any substantial or creative characteristics of the new technological 

advances and technological achievements will be all owned by 

[Luhua]

DeLue’s redlined version, incorporated into the final contract, provided as follows:

(3) After completion of the sampling work, [Luhau] is entitled to use 

the results of follow-up research and development improvements 

that are derivative to the purpose of this contract. Those derivative 

develops3 and technological achievements shall belong to [Luhua].

Any substantial or creative characteristics of the new technological 

advances and technological achievements which are derivative to 

this Agreement will be all owned by [Luhua].

ClearEar alleged that, in proposing the above changes, DeLue’s negligent 

advice resulted in the “transfer significant and valuable intellectual property 

rights” to Luhua. ClearEar claimed that this negligence caused damages, 

resulting from the loss of ClearEar’s intellectual property rights and lost revenue.

 

2 The complaint also asserted a cause of action for negligent misrepresentation. ClearEar 

does not challenge the dismissal of that claim.

3 This is likely a translation or scrivener’s error contained in the dual language contract.
No. 80773-1-I/4

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The defendants (collectively “DeLue”) moved for summary judgment. 

DeLue’s motion focused on causation. He argued that any damages to ClearEar 

were caused solely by Luhua’s piracy, and not by any proposed changes in the 

contract and there was no evidence that different contract language could have 

prevented ClearEar’s alleged damages.

ClearEar opposed the motion, contending that proximate cause is “almost 

always” a question for the trier of fact. ClearEar also claimed that Luhua 

specifically relied on language “approved” by Delue to justify its conduct, and 

therefore, DeLue was “responsible for the effects of [those] changes.”

Following a hearing on the motion, the court granted the motion and 

dismissed the complaint. ClearEar timely appealed.

ANALYSIS

As below, ClearEar argues that causation, as a general matter, is 

reserved for the trier of fact and that here in particular, genuine issues of material 

fact as to causation preclude summary judgment.

This court reviews a summary judgment order de novo. Loeffelholz v. 

Univ. of Wash., 175 Wn.2d 264, 271, 285 P.3d 854 (2012). We review the 

evidence in the light most favorable to the nonmoving party and draw all 

reasonable inferences in that party’s favor. Klinke v. Famous Recipe Fried 

Chicken, Inc., 94 Wn.2d 255, 256, 616 P.2d 644 (1980). Summary judgment is 

appropriate where there are no genuine issues of material fact and the moving 

party is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. Jones v. Allstate Ins. Co., 146 
No. 80773-1-I/5

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Wn.2d 291, 300-01, 45 P.3d 1068 (2002). A material fact is one upon which the 

outcome of the litigation depends, either in whole or in part. VersusLaw, Inc. v. 

Stoel Rives, LLP, 127 Wn. App. 309, 319, 111 P.3d 866 (2005). The court 

should grant summary judgment when reasonable minds could reach only one 

conclusion. Id.

To establish legal malpractice, a plaintiff must show “(1) the existence of 

an attorney-client relationship giving rise to a duty of care to the client, (2) act or 

omission in breach of the duty, (3) damages to the client, and (4) proximate 

causation between the breach and damages.” Smith v. Preston Gates Ellis, LLP, 

135 Wn. App. 859, 863-64, 147 P.3d 600 (2006). DeLue moved for summary 

judgment solely based on lack of proximate causation. For this reason, we 

address only causation.

“General principles of causation are no different in a legal malpractice 

action than in an ordinary negligence case.” Halvorsen v. Ferguson, 46 Wn. 

App. 708, 719, 735 P.2d 675 (1986). The burden is on the legal malpractice 

plaintiff to show that the attorney’s negligence was the proximate cause of the

injury. Hansen v. Wightman, 14 Wn. App. 78, 88, 538 P.2d 1238 (1975)

(abrogated in part by, Bowman v. Two, 104 Wn.2d. 181, 704 P.2d 140 (1985)). 

Proximate cause is the nexus between breach of duty and resulting injury. 

Halvorsen, 46 Wn. App. at 719. Proximate cause has two elements: cause in 

fact and legal causation. City of Seattle v. Blume, 134 Wn.2d 243, 251, 947 P.2d 

223 (1997). “Cause in fact refers to the ‘but for’ consequences of an act, that is, 

the immediate connection between an act and an injury.” Id. at 251-52. The 
No. 80773-1-I/6

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plaintiff must demonstrate that “but for” the attorney’s negligence the plaintiff

would have obtained a better result. Smith, 135 Wn. App. at 864. Legal 

causation is based on policy considerations in determining how far the 

consequences of an act should extend. Blume, 134 Wn .2d at 252. Proximate 

cause is usually the province of the jury. Brust v. Newton, 70 Wn. App. 286, 291-

93, 852 P.2d 1092 (1993). However, the trial court can decide proximate cause 

as a matter of law if “‘reasonable minds could not differ.’” Smith, 135 Wn. App. at 

864 (quoting Hertog v. City of Seattle, 138 Wn.2d 265, 275, 979 P.2d 400 

(1999)).

To avoid summary judgment on proximate cause, ClearEar had to show 

that DeLue’s breach of his professional duties caused the loss of its intellectual 

property and lost revenue. In the context of this negotiated contract, ClearEar 

had to show that but for DeLue’s negligence, he would have secured a “better” 

contract (more favorable to ClearEar) or an improved outcome. See Id. at 864.

With no analysis of the specific language DeLue inserted, ClearEar 

maintains that paragraph 3 “facilitated” Luhua’s piracy. The plain language of 

that provision does not support this assertion. The proposed amendments to 

paragraph 3 clarified that Luhua’s rights to use research and development 

improvements were limited to those that were “derivative to the purpose of the 

contract.”

Viewing this paragraph in the context of the other provisions of the 

contract, which ClearEar fails to address, it is evident that the challenged 

language, and the contract in general did not transfer ClearEar’s intellectual 
No. 80773-1-I/7

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property interests in the AcquaMD product and prohibited Luhua from producing 

and marketing the same product. ClearEar fails to mention that paragraph 1 of

the “Ownership of Technological Achievements” section, as originally proposed 

by Luhua, provided that the intellectual property rights to the AcquaMD device

would be jointly owned by ClearEar and the manufacturer. But the redlined 

version of that provision, which Luhau accepted, provides that ClearEar solely 

retains the intellectual property rights to its product:

(1) In the performance of [the] contract herein, all the technological 

achievements and [r]elated intellectual property rights [are] owned 

by both only [ClearEar] as concerns the product and necessary 

tooling. and [Luhua]. [ClearEar] only at the unit and their 

subordinate units in range, beyond the agreed scope of use, and 

should be resolved through consultation with [Luhua].4

DeLue also proposed amendments to the right to manufacture provision 

that were protective of ClearEar. As redlined by DeLue and memorialized in the 

final contract, the provision states:

(2) In the performance of [the] contract herein, the license to the

right of manufacturing the products developed by [Luhua] belongs 

to [Luhua] for the benefit of [ClearEar] only.

DeLue also added an “INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY OWNERSHIP” 

section to the contract. That section provides, in relevant part, that there would 

be no transfer of “background technology.” Specifically, any technology or 

intellectual property that was created or developed before the effective date of 

the contract would be retained by the party who developed such technology or 

intellectual property. Foreground technology, created in connection with the 

manufacturing contract, would belong to the party who created it. This section

 

4 Terms added by DeLue are indicated by underlining and terms deleted indicated by 

strike through.
No. 80773-1-I/8

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expressly gives ClearEar “full and exclusive” ownership of preexisting or 

“Background” technology and “Foreground” technology, as it relates to the 

“product to be manufactured.” This section also confirms Luhua’s ownership of

preexisting background technology and of “derivative technological 

advancements,” as set forth in paragraph 3 of the “Ownership of Technological 

Achievements” section.

The amendment DeLue proposed which assigned rights to “development 

improvements that are derivative to the purpose of this contract” to Luhua did not 

facilitate or permit the manufacturer to produce and market a product that is 

undisputedly “exactly the same” as the AcquaMD device.

ClearEar places great emphasis on the fact that when it confronted Luhua 

by email about whether it had appropriated ClearEar’s intellectual property, 

Luhua pointed to language DeLue proposed in paragraph 3 as justification for its 

actions. However, there are critical flaws in its argument.

First, in the email ClearEar relies on, Luhua quoted the language of the 

initial proposed contract, not the final contract. Luhua asserted that according to 

paragraph 1 in the “Ownership of Technological Achievements” section, all 

“technological achievements” and “intellectual property rights” in connection with 

the product are owned jointly by ClearEar and the manufacturer. But, as 

explained, DeLue proposed material changes to that language which Luhua

accepted and the final contract provides for ClearEar’s exclusive intellectual 

property rights. Luhua also cited the former language of paragraph 3, omitting

the language added by DeLue, which clarified that Luhua’s right to use “follow-up 
No. 80773-1-I/9

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research and development improvements” was limited to “derivative develops”5

that were “derivative to the purpose of [the] contract.”

Second, even if it were clear that Luhua relied on language proposed by 

DeLue in the final contract to justify its actions, ClearEar makes no attempt to 

explain why it would be reasonable for Luhua construe those terms as conferring 

intellectual property rights on the manufacturer as to the AcquaMD device. 

Luhua was asserting a right to produce and market “exactly the same” product, 

not a product based on derivative technological developments. The contract, as 

amended based on DeLue’s revisions, only gave Luhua rights to derivative 

technology and improvements, and protected ClearEar’s intellectual property 

rights to the AcquaMD product itself.

ClearEar claims the trier of fact could draw reasonable inferences from the 

facts to conclude that, but for DeLue’s professional negligence, the manufacturer 

would have either proceeded with the original contract or would have accepted 

other unspecified amendments that fully protected its intellectual property rights. 

ClearEar cites the following “facts”: (1) Luhua proposed an initial contract that 

was “more favorable” to ClearEar, (2) Luhua accepted all changes proposed by 

Delue, (3) and Luhua expressly relied on language inserted by DeLue to justify 

its “piracy.” These conclusory assertions are not supported by the evidence in 

the record. ClearEar fails to identify any contract provision that, before revision 

by DeLue, was more favorable or more protective of its intellectual property 

rights. And a review of the redlined contract reveals the opposite. As Delue 

 

5 This is likely a translation or scrivener’s error contained in the dual language contract.
No. 80773-1-I/10

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pointed out in his declaration, the contract Luhua originally proposed could be 

characterized as “fairly one-sided” and “arguably gave Luhua rights to the 

technology ClearEar had already developed.”

And while Luhua accepted the majority of amendments DeLue proposed, 

it did not accept all of them. Luhua rejected DeLue’s proposals regarding

jurisdiction and choice of law. The record does not establish that the 

manufacturer would have accepted any and all terms ClearEar proposed. And 

more importantly, ClearEar does not describe what terms DeLue should have 

suggested that would have effectively prevented the manufacturer’s actions. 

Finally, as noted, Luhua’s claim that it was acting within its contractual rights was 

based on the language of the preliminary contract, not language proposed by 

DeLue.

In sum, ClearEar does not point to any facts supporting the inference that 

it would have “‘achieved a better result had the attorney not been negligent.’” Id.

at 870 (quoting VersusLaw, 127 Wn. App. at 328). And as here, where the 

causal connection is “‘so speculative and indirect’” that reasonable minds could 

not differ, causation is a question of law for the court. Behla v. R.J. Jung, LLC, 

11 Wn. App. 2d 329, 347, 453 P.3d 729 (2019) (quoting Mehlert v. Baseball of 

Seattle, Inc., 1 Wn. App. 2d 115, 119, 404 P.3d 97 (2017)).

ClearEar failed to establish a prima facie case of causation and its legal 

malpractice case cannot withstand a motion for summary judgment without such 

a showing. We affirm the trial court’s order granting summary judgment.
No. 80773-1-I/11

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Affirmed.

WE CONCUR: