Some Key Elements for 

Nanomaterial Exposure 

A dM ssessment and Manageme

to Advance Sustainable Manufac

EH&S Panel II Discussion

Workshop on Enabling the Carbon Nanomaterials Rev

Gaithersburg Maryland

M kD H

Gaithersburg, Maryland

March 1, 2011

Please address comments to: 

Mark D. Hoover, PhD, CHP, CIH

304-285-6374

mark.hoover@cdc.hhs.gov

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

M t W t Vi i i Morgantown, West Virginia

The findings and conclusions in this presentation are those of The findings and conclusions in this presentation are those of

the author and do not necessarily represent the views of the 

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 

Mention of company names or products does not constitute 

endorsement by NIOSH. 
Some background about NIO

The National Institute for Occupat

Safet

y and Health is:

the U S Federal agency the

U.S. Federal agency responsi

responsi

conducting research and 

maki d ti king recommen

dation

for the 

prevention of work-relate

illness, injury, disability, and d

www.cdc
We participate in the Nation

Nanotechnology ( 

 Initiative 

(N

www
NIOSH Strategic Plan 

for Nanotechnology Research and Gu

• NIOSH Intermedia

lon

g-term objectiv

• Performance mea• Timeline for nanot

research

• Capabilities and g

Capabilities and gfor nanotechnologmeasurements

www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics

NIOSH Publication 2010-105
NIOSH Approaches and Progr

• Progress in 10 ke

NIOSH P bli ti 2009 125 Contin ing projec

NIOSH Publicatio

www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/n

• Contin

uing projec

• Opportunities for 

NIOSH

P

ublication 2009

-125
Interim Guidance 

for the Medical Screening of Worker

Potentially Exposed to Engineered NanopPotentially Exposed to Engineered Nanop

• Current Intelligence 

B ll ti 60 Bulletin 60:

Interim Guidance for 

Medical Screening and Medical Screening and

Hazard Surveillance for 

Workers Potentially Workers Potentially

Exposed to Engineered Nanoparticles

NIOSH Publication 2009-116

www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/2
Key 

Elements of Hazard Identification Elements of “Is there reason to believe this

Risk 

Management

“Is there reason to believe this

could be harmful?” 

Management

Exposure Assessment

“Will there be exposure in realworld conditions?” Are they hazardous? world conditions?

Risk Characterization

Can they be measured?

Risk Characterization

“Is substance hazardous and will 

there be exposure?” 

Can they be controlled?

Risk Management

“Develop procedures to minimize Develop procedures to minimize

exposures” 
It makes sense to manage nanopar

as a component of a traditiona

R di ti Ch i l H i P R

adi

ation or Chemical Hygiene 

Pro

• Basic Rules and Procedures• Chemical Procurement, Distribution, and • Environmental Monitoring• Housekeeping, Maintenance, and Inspec• Medical Program• Personal Protective Apparel and Equipm

Personal Protective Apparel and Equipm

• Records• Signs and Labels Signs and Labels• Spills and Accidents• Training and Information• Waste Disposal
Th t diti l t d

Hierarchy of 

Control P

Current Challenges

• The 

traditional assessmen

t an

d

management strategy requires an occupational exposure limit (OEL). Elimina

• OELs for radioactive materials are 

based on a unified concept of dose. Substit

• Such a unifying concept is not 

available for nanoparticles.

Modific

Contain

• How can an effective chemical 

hygiene program for nanotechnology be developed and implemented in the Ventila

Contain

absence of comprehensive OELs?

• What control approaches are feasible 

d ff ti ?

Work Pr

an

d effective

?

Personal P
We are partnering to develop 

comprehensive risk management sch

• Anticipate,• Recognize

,

• Evaluate, 

• C tl d on

tro

l, an

d

• Confirm Hoover et al., Synergist, 22(1): 10, 2011

b li i bd 

appropriate control of potential health risks for nanot

Hoover et al., Synergist, 22(1): 10, 2011

by applying a sciencebase

d app

to understanding and managin

th critical elements

e critical elements

over which we have control.
A robust framework and approa

Anticipate

Confirm

Risk Management

Decision-Making

F k ramewor

k Reco

Control

Evaluate

Hoover et al., Synergist, 22(1): 10, 2011 
Anticipate

With a variety 

of delivery 

opportunities

Confirm

Do it right... 

D it f Reco

o it safe...

Train for it.

Evaluate

Control it.

Train for it.

Evaluate

Don t ’ cause A RE

Draft for discussion 
NIOS

NIOSpart ocommbasenanoRoadinitia

www.nanotechinform
Nanoinformatics

(a working definition) (a working definition)

• The science and practice of determin

whi h i f ti i l t hi

c

h in

formation is relevan

t t th oe 

nanoscale science and engineering co

• and then developing and implementing 

mechanisms

• for collecting, validating, storing, sharin

analyzing modeling and applying analyzing, modeling, and applying that

information.

www.nanotechinform
What are some useful What are some useful

frameworks and 

paths forward

for advancing

sustainable manufacturing 

for nanomaterials?
Periodic

Mission

Evaluation

Research

d e od c Performance

Testing

Evaluation and

Development

Pr

Maintenance and T

Recalibration

A Lif C l

e-Cycle

Approach

for Instrumentation

Operational

Experience

Functional Pro

C

A Training cceptance Initial Calibration

Checks C

T

p

Testing

Calibration

Hoover and Cox, 2010 
Four Steps for Community A

• E th it Engage the communit

y

• Inform the interested

• R d th i Rewar

d the responsive

• Understand and incentivize the relu

Draft for discussion 
Suggested Informatics Guide

for Preventin

g jy In

jur

y and Dise

1. Emphasize literacy and develop critical thinkin2. D

e e op a d use ea v

elop

a

n

d use real-lif

e da a e a p es; da

t

a

e

x

a

m

ples;

3. Stress conceptual understanding

rather than mere application of procedures;

4. Foster continuous improvement and active dis5. Use technology for developing conceptual und

and for analyzing and sharing information (e.g., modeling and simulation, databases, wi

6. Use assessments to improve and evaluate Use assessments to improve and evaluate

the efficacy and impact of these activities.

*as adapted by Mark Hoover from the American Statistical Associa

“Guidelines for Assessment and Instruction in Statistics Education 

which are available at http://www.amstat.org/education/gais
Communication and Education 

Message and Audience Planning To

for (insert project name) for (insert project name)

ers

d safety

oners

ment

akers

lators

nt and

endors

mers

munity

hers

tors

Worke

Health and

practitio

Managem

Policy ma

and regu

Equipmen

system ve

Consum

Legal comm

Researc

Educat

Literacy and

Critical Thinking

Real Life Examples

Understanding

(not rote application)

Continuous

Improvement

Modeling

and Sharing

Assessment

Draft for discussion (June 29, 2010)Mark.Hoover@cdc.hhs.gov 304-285-6374

The matrix can be used to clarify wha

the stakeholders need and what elem
Purpose of the Assessmen

BASIC AEROSOL CHARACTERIZATION

Understanding relevant physicochemical and biological properties of the aero

WORKER HEALTH ENVIRONMENTAL PROCESS E

QUALITY 

ASSURANCE 

AND CONTROL

WORKER HEALTH

PROTECTION

Ensuring that worker exposures are within

ENVIRONMENTAL

MONITORING

Ensuring that 

environmental

E

PR

R

Ensuring that 

processes and 

process controls 

are operating

exposures are within

allowed limits and As 

Low As Reasonably 

Achievable (ALARA)

environmental

releases of aerosols 

are within allowed 

limits and ALARA for 

environmental and

Prov

app

when 

DEMONSTRATION OF COMPLIANCE

are operating

properly

environmental and

public health concerns

Documenting that administrative and regulatory requirements are 

RESEARCH

Advancing a comprehensive understanding of Advancing

a comprehensive understanding of aerosol behavior measureme

aerosol behavior, measureme

Hoover, 2011 (Adapted from Hoover and Newton, 1993) 

Can foster s

and multiuse 
Graded Approach

to Exposure Assessment

Level 1 Level 2 L

Initial Comprehensive R

Screening 

and Detection

Comprehensive

Characterization 

and Assessment

R

Mo

and 

•Process knowledge Process knowledge

•Composition

•A nece

•Gross mass or activity 

counting

•Optical particle

Composition

- Elemental and chemical

•Particle size

- Physical

A nece

sufficieof Levemethod

•Optical particle

counting

•Condensation particle 

counting

- Aerodynamic

- Thermodynamic- Electrical mobility

•Ex

posure Concentrations 

materiaof inter

counting

•Microscopy

p

- Peaks, averages, variability

•Biophysical properties

- Shape, surface area, solubility

•Oth f t l t Other 

fac

tors relevan

t

to the assessment 

Adapted from Hoover, 2011 Essential for cost an
Beta sponsors

www.goodnano
Collabor

with NIO• Share know• Use ex

pertis

• Build experi• Partner

www.cdc.gov/niosh/docs/
Questions 

Mark D. Hoover, PhD, CHP, CIHDivision of Respiratory Disease Studi

and NIOSH Nanotechnology Resea

National Institute for Occupational SaCenters for Disease Control and PrevCenters for Disease Control and Prev1095 Willowdale RoadMorgantown, West Virginia 26505-28Phone: 304-285-6374Email: mark.hoover@cdc
Acknowledgments

to many colleagues for useful discussion and input over ma

• Fred Blosser• Bob Castellan• Gar

y Casuccio

• Braxton Lewis• Max Lum• Mark Maiello

• Aleks S• Cindy S

y • Abbas 

• Chris Coffey• Morgan Cox• Elaine Cullen• Greg Day

• Ken Martinez• Stephanie Mathews• Bill McArthur• Ken McKneely

• Martha • Robert • Ainsley 

Greg Day • David W

• Doug Evans• Don Ewert• Ilise Feitshans• Sharon Gaheen

Ken McKneely

• Mark Methner• Paul Middendorf• Art Miller• Rick Niemeier

David W

• Ralph Z

• Sharon Gaheen• Chuck Geraci• Amanda Harney• Stacey Harper

D H id l

• Rick Niemeier• Jim Neton• Vladimir Murashov• George Newton

• Donna 

H

eid

el T iP

• Laura Hodson• John Howard• Michelle Johnson

• Terri Pearce

• Mike Postek• Rebecca Reznik-Zellen• Paul Schulte

• Ron Knief• T.J. Lentz

• James Slawski
Additional slides 

rel t d t th di 

l

a

t

e

d

to the group discuss

of “quadrant approaches”

to understanding and advanc

basic and applied research
Pasteur’s Quadrant: 

Basic Science and Technological Inn

Bohr’s 

Quadrant

Pasteur’s

Quadrant

wledge

Pure 

basic research

Quadrant

Use-inspired

basic research

nce

of know basic research basic research

Edison’s

RQ delevan

ement o

Qua

drant

Pure applied 

research

R

advance

Relevance for immediate application

for a

Adapted from Pasteurs Quadrant: Basic Science and Technologiby Donald E. Stokes, Brookings Institution Press, 1997. 
+10?

A Quadrant Approach

to Alignment of Perception and Reality

The 

ROPRIATE

+10?

The 

“seat belt” 

quadrant

ON  APPR “snake oil” quadrantRCEPTIO-10? +10? The TheATE     PER“childhood immunization” quadrant “smoking is bad” quadrantINAPPROPRIA -10?

INAPPROPRIATE

 REALITY

 APPROPRIATE

Draft for discussion (Hoover, Mathews, and other contributors, 2010) 
+10?

Draft Issue Evaluation Matrix

for

(insert variable

) in

(insert situation

)

Appropriate 

Oo tcomes arePRIATE

+10?

Inappro

priate 

o

utcomes are

likely

N  APPROpp p outcomes are likelyRCEPTION -10? +10? Beneficial I iTE     PERBeneficial opportunities may be missed

Inappropriate 

outcomes can 

be avoided

NAPPROPRIAT -10?

INAPPROPRIATE

 REALITY

 APPROPRIATE

IN

Draft for discussion (Hoover, Mathews, and other contributors, 2010)