FINAL by: OSAC Program Office; Version 2, January 13, 2020 1 

OSAC RESEARCH NEEDS ASSESSMENT FORM 

Title of research need: Efficient collection of DNA at the scene and from evidence items 

Describe

the need:

There is an existing body of research comparing DNA evidence collection techniques at 

the crime scene and/or in the laboratory, especially for low level samples like touched 

objects/bodies or worn clothing where optimization is critical for successful recovery 

(1). For swabbing methods researchers found differences based on the type of swab, 

the swabbing solution, and the swabbing motion (2). The release of biological sample 

from the collection material is as critical as the ability to collect from the surface (3). 

Depending on the substrate, other methods like scraping, vacuum suction, and tape 

lifting compare favorably to swabbing and may yield better DNA results (4, 5). If in the 

future, evidence is slated for parallel RNA/DNA extraction and testing, it should be 

noted that RNA is more susceptible to hydrolysis and success rates increase after dry 

collection (SA Harbison, personal communication). Evidence collection on touched 

objects also needs to consider the presence of cell free DNA (6). Overall, it is unclear 

how much of the DNA collection optimization research has been adopted in DNA 

laboratories and especially by crime scene collection teams. It would be helpful to have 

a decision matrix of recommended techniques for the different combinations of 

expected biological substances and substrates. DNA recovery must be optimized for 

each collection device. Much of the research could be based on the existing literature 

and supplemented by experimental research as needed. Research outcome should 

include specific collection recommendations and material to be used for 

implementation and training. 

Keyword(s): DNA collection, optimization, recovery 

Submitting subcommittee(s): Human Biology Date Approved: 05/04/2021

(If SAC review identifies additional subcommittees, add them to the box above.)

Background Information:

1. Does this research need address a gap(s) in a current or planned standard? (ex.: Field identification system 

for on scene opioid detection and confirmation)

No 

2. Are you aware of any ongoing research that may address this research need that has not yet been published 

(e.g., research presented in conference proceedings, studies that you or a colleague have participated in but 

have yet to be published)?

No 
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3. Key bibliographic references relating to this research need: 

1) Brownlow RJ, Dagnall KE, Ames CA (2012) A Comparison of DNA Collection and Retrieval from Two 

Swab Types (Cotton and Nylon Flocked Swab) when Processed Using Three QIAGEN Extraction 

Methods. Journal of Forensic Sciences 57:713-717. 

2) Thomasma SM, Foran DR (2013) The Influence of Swabbing Solutions on DNA Recovery from Touch 

Samples. Journal of Forensic Sciences 58:465-469. 

3) Adamowicz, M. S., Stasulli, D. M., Sobestanovich, E. M., & Bille, T. W. (2014). Evaluation of methods 

to improve the extraction and recovery of DNA from cotton swabs for forensic analysis. PLoS ONE, 

9(12), 1–19. 

4) Hansson O, Finnebraaten M, Knutsen Heitmann I, et al (2009) Trace DNA collection—Performance 

of minitape and three different swabs. Forensic Science Int: Genetics Supplement Series, 2:189-190 

5) Verdon TJ, Mitchell RJ, van Oorschot RA (2014) Evaluation of tapelifting as a collection method for 

touch DNA Forensic Science Int: Genetics, 8:179–186 

6) Quinones I, Daniel B (2012) Cell free DNA as a component of forensic evidence recovered from 

touched surfaces. Forensic Science International: Genetics, 6, 26-30.

4. Review the annual operational/research needs published by the National Institute of Justice (NIJ) at 

https://nij.ojp.gov/topics/articles/forensic-science-research-and-development-technology-working-groupoperational#latest? Is your research need identified by NIJ?

Somewhat, in the most recent 2019 release, Improved DNA collection devices or methods for recovery and

release of DNA

5. In what ways would the research results improve current laboratory capabilities? 

Optimized evidence collection will increase DNA yields and thus improve not only DNA typing success 

rates but also the quality of the data obtained for traditionally low template samples. The latter will 

make profile interpretation less cumbersome and more reproducible. 

6. In what ways would the research results improve understanding of the scientific basis for the 

subcommittee(s)? 

The current research on collection techniques has been produced with a variety of methods and 

occasionally results contradict each other. A comprehensive review and additional experimental data 

either confirming conclusions or filling gaps in the current data sets are necessary prior to attempting 

to formulate best practices in this area. 

7. In what ways would the research results improve services to the criminal justice system? 

Higher success rates on probative items of evidence will increase the number of cases where forensic 

DNA testing can inform the fact finder and support either the defense or the prosecution theory of a 

crime. Dissemination of recommendations on DNA evidence collection methods will help standardize 

practices across the US and ensure victims, victims’ families and accused individuals will be served 

equally independent of geographic area. 

 
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8. Status assessment (I, II, III, or IV): II

Major gap in 

current 

knowledge 

Minor gap in 

current 

knowledge 

 

 No or limited

current research is 

being conducted I III 

 Existing current 

research is being 

conducted II IV 

This research need has been identified by one or more subcommittees of OSAC and is being provided as an

informational resource to the community.