NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________

No. 23-1023

__________

JUSTIN MOHN,

Appellant

v.

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA

____________________________________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Civil Action No. 2:22-cv-03535)

District Judge: Honorable Mark A. Kearney

____________________________________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit L.A.R. 34.1(a)

June 26, 2023

Before: JORDAN, CHUNG, and NYGAARD, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed: July 3, 2023)

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OPINION*

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PER CURIAM

* This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 does not 

constitute binding precedent.
2

Justin Mohn, proceeding pro se, appeals from an order of the District Court 

dismissing his complaint brought pursuant to the Federal Tort Claims Act (“FTCA”). For 

the following reasons, we will affirm the District Court’s judgment with a modification. 

Mohn attended the Pennsylvania State University between 2010 and 2014. To 

finance his education, he borrowed direct student loans through the U.S. Department of 

Education. Six months after graduating with a bachelor’s degree in agribusiness 

management in 2014, Mohn began making payments at a rate of $165 per month; 

pursuant to an income-based repayment plan, this was later reduced to $80.45 per month. 

But, Mohn says, he has been unable to secure a job commensurate with his education or 

sufficient to enable him to maintain his student loan payments. He attributes his situation 

to employers’ “perc[eption of] him as an overeducated, white male[,] which led to 

affirmative action against him whilst providing no benefits,” and caused him to move 

home to live with his parents. Compl. ¶ 12, ECF No. 1 at 154. 

In April 2022, Mohn filed a complaint in the United States District Court for the 

Eastern District of Pennsylvania against the Department of Education and its Secretary, 

alleging that they negligently and fraudulently induced him to borrow money to pay for 

his education without sufficiently warning him of the possibility that he would face a 

difficult job market and could be unable to pay back his loan.1 With Mohn’s consent, the 

District Court granted a motion to substitute the United States as the lone defendant; 

1 Mohn filed a similar complaint in March 2022; after Mohn amended that complaint 

once, the District Court dismissed it without prejudice to refiling. See Mohn v. Cardona, 

No. 2:22-cv-00773, 2022 WL 1121414 (E.D. Pa. April 14, 2022).
3

simultaneously, the District Court dismissed the complaint with prejudice, concluding 

that the claims were barred by sovereign immunity and untimely. Mohn appeals.2

“Absent a waiver, sovereign immunity shields the Federal Government and its 

agencies from suit.” FDIC v. Meyer, 510 U.S. 471, 475 (1994). Once the United States 

substitutes itself for a defendant,3 district courts only have subject-matter jurisdiction over 

a plaintiff’s claims “if the United States has explicitly waived its sovereign immunity.” 

Vanderklok v. United States, 868 F.3d 189, 201 (3d Cir. 2017). The United States waives 

sovereign immunity under the FTCA for “injury or loss of property, or personal injury or 

death caused by the negligent or wrongful act or omission of any employee of the 

Government while acting within the scope of his office or employment, under the 

circumstances where the United States, if a private person, would be liable.” 28 U.S.C. 

§ 1346(b)(1). 

However, the FTCA’s broad waiver of immunity is limited by a number of 

exceptions, including one at issue here that preserves the Government’s immunity for 

“[a]ny claim arising out of assault, battery, false imprisonment, false arrest, malicious 

prosecution, abuse of process, libel, slander, misrepresentation, deceit, or interference 

with contract rights.” 28 U.S.C. § 2680(h) (emphasis added). “[T]he essence of an action 

2 We have jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1291 and review de novo the District Court’s 

dismissal for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. See Metro. Life Ins. Co. v. Price, 501 

F.3d 271, 275 (3d Cir. 2007). We construe Mohn’s pro se filings liberally. See Erickson 

v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007) (per curiam). 

3 As noted above, Mohn consented to the substitution in the District Court, see ECF 

No. 10 at 7, 15; see also ECF No. 13 at ¶ 1, and he has not challenged the substitution on 

appeal. 
4

for misrepresentation, whether negligent or intentional, is the communication of 

misinformation on which the recipient relies.” Block v. Neal, 460 U.S. 289, 296 (1983). 

“It is the substance of the claim and not the language used in stating it which controls. A 

plaintiff cannot, therefore, circumvent the misrepresentation exception simply through 

artful pleading of its claims.” Omnipol, A.S. v. Multinational Def. Servs., LLC, 32 F.4th 

1298, 1306 (11th Cir. 2022) (cleaned up).

For substantially the same reasons given by the District Court in its thorough 

opinion, we conclude that Mohn’s claims all stem from the alleged misrepresentation or 

deceit of the Department of Education and its employees; therefore, they fall within the 

exception in § 2680(h) to the FTCA’s waiver of immunity. See generally Mem. 4–9, ECF 

No. 12. Mohn’s complaint alleged that, at the time he took out his student loans, the 

Department of Education had “ample knowledge and data” to support a prediction that he 

would be unable to pay back his loan but failed—through misstatements and omissions—

to communicate that risk to him. See Compl. 155–56 & 158, ¶¶ 13, 15 & 21. He now 

points to the infrequency with which his complaint uses the words “misrepresentation” 

and “fraud” to demonstrate that his claims were for something else. See generally

Appellant Br. 22–24, CA3 ECF No. 6. He asserts that his claims are not solely based on 

the communications made at the time he borrowed, but also for the act of supplying him 

with the loan itself “under omissions.” Id. at 25. Like the District Court, we see this as a 

distinction without a difference. See Mem. 9 (“[Mohn] has no independent negligence 

claim; his entire action is based on communication of misinformation or omission of 
5

information by the United States.”).4 The basis of his claim is that through some 

combination of fraud, misrepresentation, or deceit, he was not made aware at the time he 

borrowed of a risk that his student loan could become financially burdensome. The 

United States is immune from that claim.5

However, when a district court dismisses claims for lack of subject matter 

jurisdiction, the dismissal should be without prejudice. See N.J. Physicians, Inc. v. 

President of U.S., 653 F.3d 234, 241 n.8 (3d Cir. 2011) (explaining that dismissals for 

lack of subject matter jurisdiction are “by definition without prejudice”). Accordingly, we 

modify the District Court’s judgment to dismiss the complaint without prejudice. Cf.

Curry v. Yachera, 835 F.3d 373, 379–80 (3d Cir. 2016) (modifying order of dismissal).

We will affirm the District Court’s judgment as modified.

4 Mohn continues to assume that his negligence claim can be premised on the United 

States’ having breached a fiduciary duty owed to him “as a lender to a borrower,” citing 

cases based on Texas law. See, e.g., Appellant Br. 31 (citations omitted); see also Compl. 

157, ¶ 15(c) (asserting, without citation, that “[t]here are precedents when a lender is 

obligated to a fiduciary duty with the borrower”). Although we question the viability of 

that theory even in the context of the cases that he cites, it is sufficient to note that, 

contrary to Mohn’s assumption, creditor/debtor relationships generally do not give rise to 

fiduciary duty. See, e.g., Paradise Hotel Corp. v. Bank of Nova Scotia, 842 F.2d 47, 53 

(3d Cir. 1988).

5 Because this issue is dispositive, we need not resolve the question of whether Mohn 

filed his complaint or exhausted his administrative remedies in a timely fashion.