NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

___________ Nos. 09

- 1623, 09

- 4309, 10

- 2742

___________ JING XIU ZHAO; QIAN ZHUO LIN, Petitioners

v. ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE UNITED STATES

________________________ ____________ On Petitions for Review of Orders of the Board of Immigration Appeals (Agency Nos. A 0 77 281 556 and A 0 93 397 476) Immigration Judge: Honorable Henry S. Dogin

____________________________________
Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1 (a)

February 14, 2011 Before: SLOVITER, HARDIMAN and ALDISERT, Circuit Judges

(Opinion filed March 25, 201 1 )

___________
OPINIONSLOVITER, Circuit Judge

.

Jing Zhao and her husband Qian Lin (collectively “petitioners”) , nativ es and citizens of China, Fujian Province , petition for review of the decision of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) dismissing their appeal from the decision of the Immigration Judge (“IJ”) denying their applications for relief from removal. Zhao a nd Lin also petition for review of two BIA decisions denying motions to reopen their immigration proceedings. Their petition s raise the issue that we recently address ed in Chen v. Att’y Gen. , --- F.3d

---- , No. 09

- 3459, 2011 WL 923353 (3d Cir. Mar. 18, 20 11), concerning asylum for the Chinese parents of American

- born child ren whose births exceed that permitted under Ch ina‟s population control policies. As in Chen , we will deny Zhao and Lin‟s petitions for review. Zhao came to the United States in 199 9 fr om Fujian Province, China. Shortly after her arrival, she was issued a notice to appear charging that she was subject to removal for entering the United States without a valid travel document. In 2001, the IJ found Zhao removable and denied her applicati ons for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention Against Torture. The IJ found Zhao‟s claim that she had suffered a forced abortion in China not credible. The BIA affirmed the IJ‟s decision and denied Zhao‟s subsequent motion to re open her proceedings. In 2004, Zhao married Lin, who had come to the United States in 1996, also from Fujian Province. They had two children. In 2006, the BIA granted a second motion to reopen filed by Zhao, in which she claimed that she would be subjec ted to China‟s3

coercive family planning policies if removed to China on account of the births of her two children. The BIA remanded the matter to the IJ. Lin received a notice to appear in 2007, charging that he was subject to removal for entering the Un ited States without inspection. Lin‟s removal proceedings were consolidated wit h Zhao‟s reopened proceedings. The IJ found Lin removable and denied the applications of Lin and Zhao for relief from removal, finding their case substantially similar to In re J

- W

- S

- , 24 I. & N. Dec. 185 (BIA 2007), and stating that there was no evidence that they would face sterilization if removed. 1 In its decision issued February 17, 2009, the BIA agreed with the IJ that Lin and Zhao had not shown an objectively reasonable fear of future persecution. The BIA explained that, even if it assumed that Lin and Zhao would be in violation of Fujian Province‟s family planning policy based on the births of their two children, their evidence, and the documents assessed in the BIA‟s p ublished decisions, did not show “ a reasonable chance of forcible sterilization. ” In re Zhao , Nos. A 77

- 281

- 556, A 93

- 397

- 476 , at 2 (BIA Dec. Feb. 17, 2009). Noting its decisions in In re J

- W

- S

- , 24 I. & N. Dec. 185, and In re S

- Y

- G

- , 24 I. & N. Dec. 247 (BIA 2007), the BIA found that the evidence did not establish a “ uniform policy regarding the implementation of the population

1 The IJ incorrectly stated in his decision that this c ourt had remanded the matter. As noted above, the BIA remanded the matter.4

control law with respect to children born outside of China. ” 2 Id. The BIA further found no credible, individualized evidence sh owing that Lin or Zhao had reason to fear persecution. Lin and Zhao then moved to reopen their proceedings, submitting additional documentation in support of their claim. The BIA denied the motion to reopen on October 27, 2009, noting that it had consider ed many of the same documents in In re S

- Y

G

- and other precedential decisions. In re Zhao , Nos. A77

- 281

- 556, A93

- 397

- 476, at 1

- 3 (BIA Dec. Oct. 27, 2009). The BIA explained that the documents reflect that China regards a child of Chinese nationals who h ave not permanently settled in another country as a Chinese national, but the documents do not indicate that the parents will face forcible sterilization. The BIA noted that a document purporting to be a certificate from the Guanban Village Committee, whi ch stated that Zhao would face sterilization if she returned, had not been authenticated in any manner. The BIA also rejected an argument that the 2007 Department of State Asylum Profile for China, relied upon in In re J

- W

- S

and In re S

- Y

- G

- , was based o n a translation error. Finally, the BIA ruled that Lin and Zhao had not shown that they would be subject to economic harm amounting to persecution if removed to China.

2 In In re J

- W

- S

- , 24 I. & N. Dec. at 188, the BIA held that an alien from Fujian Province did not establish a well

- founded fear of future persecution based on the births of his two children in the United States. In In re S

- Y

- G

- , 24 I. & N. Dec. at 247, the BIA denied a motion to reopen in which an alien from Fujian Province claimed she would be persecuted on account of having given birth to a second child in the United States.5

Lin and Zhao then filed a motion to reconsider and another motion to reopen, which t he BIA denied on May 19, 2010. The BIA concluded Lin and Zhao had not shown a change in circumstances or country conditions that would allow them to be exempt from the time and number limitations applicable to motions to reopen, nor had they shown an error i n fact or law warranting reconsideration of the BIA‟s earlier decision. The BIA rejected arguments that it erred in requiring authentication of the letter from the Guanban Village Committee and in gi ving the letter little weight. The BIA noted that Lin a nd Zhao could have authenticated the document but did not do so in
any manner . The BIA also stated that most of the documents submitted in support of the motion had either been previously submitted or were previously available. The BIA further rejected Li n and Zhao‟s contention that reopening was warranted because it had granted relief in another case based on the same documents that they had submitted. The BIA explained that the order petitioners relied upon involved a township that neither Lin nor Zhao were from and that they had not shown that regulations from other municipalities applied to them. Finally, the BIA found no basis to reconsider the claims that the 2007 Asylum Profile was based on a faulty translation or that Zhao and Lin will suffer econ omic harm amounting to persecution if removed. W e have jurisdiction over the petitions for review pursuant to 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a). 3

3 The petition for review of the BIA‟s February 17, 2009, order was docketed at No. 09

- 1623 . The petition for review of the BIA‟s October 27, 2009, order was docketed at No. 09

- 4309. The petition for review of the BIA‟s May 19, 2010, orde r was docketed at No. 10

- 2742. The three petitions were consolidated for our review and decision.6

The Attorney General correctly notes that the evidence Lin and Zhao rely upon in their opening brief was submitted in suppo rt of their first motion to reopen the proceedings. Lin and Zhao do not argue that the BIA‟s February 17, 2009, decision dismissing their appeal from the IJ‟s denial of their applications for relief from removal is not supp orted by substantial evidence. Absent a discussion as to how the BIA erred in its February 17, 2009, order, we will not consider that decision. See United States v. DeMichael , 461 F.3d 414, 417 (3d Cir. 2006) (finding issue not raised in opening brief waived). Thus, the first question before us is whether the BIA abused its discretion in denying Lin and Zhao‟s motion to reopen on October 27, 2009. See Huang v. Att’y Gen. , 620 F.3d 372, 389 (3d Cir. 2010) (noting standard of review). In the preceden tial opinion of this court in Chen , 2 011 WL 923353 , at *2 , we

r eferred to the BIA‟s opinion in In re H

- L

- H

- & Z

- Y

- Z

- , 25 I. & N. Dec. 209 (BIA 2010), which we stated “contains a comprehensive discussion that persuasively addresses many of the issues before us. ” We believe that this BIA opini on is now the starting point for any forthcoming decisions on the issue of children of Chinese nationals born in this country. Lin and Zhao argue in their brief that they demonstrated that they will face sterilization or economic persecution on account of having two children in violation of China‟s family planning policies. They point to evidence supporting the conclusion that children born abroad, whose parents are both Chinese nationals who have not settled in another country, are regarded as Chinese na tionals. The BIA here acknowledged that the7

documents Lin and Zhao su bmitted reflect this conclusion, 4 but that this was not dispositive of whether petitioners would face persecution. We agree. Lin and Zhao rely on documents from the internet in which Fu jian Province family planning committees answered individual inquiries about the family planning policy, telling two individuals that the policy requires sterilization. Although the BIA did not discuss these documents, we find them insufficient to show th at the BIA abused its discretion in denying reopening because the documents do not reflect a policy of forced sterilization

. See In re S

- Y

- G

- , 24 I. & N. Dec. at 257 (noting distinction between documents reflecting a policy of mandatory sterilization and mandatory forcible sterilizations and explaining that refugee status extends only to latter); s ee In re H

- L

- H

- & Z

- Y

- Z

- , 25 I. & N. De c. at 214 (noting discussion in 2007 P rofile o f A sylum Claims and Country Conditions that there have been no cases of forc ed abortion/sterili zation in Fujian Province in ten years). Lin and Zhao also rely on the letter from the Guanban Village Committee stating that Zhao must report for steriliz ation if she returns to China. The BIA did not err in discounting this document, which was not authenticated. See Chen , 2011 WL 923353, at *4 ( co ncluding BIA properly discounted unauthenticated document).

4 In ar guing that their children will be regarded as Chinese nationals, Lin and Zhao erroneously assert that the BIA decided that they should not register their children in the applicable household registry, which provides access to public services in China.8

Lin and Zhao further assert that the 2008 Congressional

- Executive Commission on China Annual Report (“Report”) reflects that coerc ive measures are used to enforce population planning policies in China. Many of the citations to the report contained in their brief, however, are erroneous. Statements Lin and Zhao contend are reflected in the R eport are in fact found in the 2004 h earin g testimony of John Aird. The BIA concluded in In re J

- W

- S , 24 I. & N. Dec. at 189, 192, that State Department reports were more persuasive than affidavits by Aird, who did not have personal knowledge of conditions in China. See also In re H

- L

- H

- & Z

- Y

- Z

- , 25 I. & N. Dec. at 213 (State Department reports are “usually the best source of information on conditions in foreign nations”). Lin and Zhao are correct that the R eport states that coercive measures are used in the enforcemen t of population planning p olicies , but the R eport also states that implementation te nds to vary across localities. Fujian Province is noted as one of many provinces authorizing officials “to take „remedial measures‟ to deal with „unlawful‟ births,” but further information is not p rovided. App. at 318 . This evidence fails to show that the BIA abused its discretion in denying reopening. Finally, Lin and Zhao argue that they established that they would suffer economic harm amounting to persecution if removed. They contend that fine s for violating family planning policies are calculated in terms of multiples of a couple‟s annual income. In his brief on appeal, however, the Attorney General correctly stated that Lin and Zhao did not show how fines imposed for violations of family pla nning policies would impact them personally. We thus conclude that Lin and Zhao have not shown that the BIA abused its9

discretion in denying their motion to reopen. See Chen , 2011 WL 923353, at *4 (finding substantial evidence supported BIA‟s decision th at petitioners failed to demonstrate economic persecution where petitioners failed to provide evidence of individual circumstances). We also conclude that the BIA‟s order dated May 19, 2010 , denying the motion of Lin and Zhao for reconsider ation and their latest motion to reopen , was not an abuse of discretion. Lin and Zhao argue in their supplemental brief that the BIA erred in dismissing the letter from the Guanban Village Committee because Zhao had submitted an affidavit authenticating the letter. Zhao ‟s affidavit, however, states only that she inquired about the family planning policy and “was shocked to learn from the village committee letter, which [she] received it [sic] on June 5, 2006” that she will be a “sterilization target.” App. at 38. This statement does little to authenticate the letter, which was prepared on June 5, 2006. Zhao does not explain how she received the letter from her village in China on the same day on which it was prepared. To the extent Lin and Zhao further contend that th e BIA erred in failing to afford them an evidentiary hearing, they have not shown that a hearing was warranted. Lin and Zhao also argue that the BIA erred in refusing to reopen their proceedings based on their submission of new evidence regarding family pl anning policies in townships and cities within Fujian Province. As noted above, the BIA acknowledged that it had granted a motion to reopen in another case involving policies in Shou Zhan Township, but found that relief was not warranted here because Lin and Zh ao are not10

from that township. Absent a showing of how the evidence applied to them, we find no abuse of discretion. Lin and Zhao also reassert in their supplemental brief that they will be subjected to economic persecution if removed but, as noted above, they have not made any showing as to how fines imposed for violations of family planni ng policies would impact them. Finally , Lin and Zhao contend that the BIA abused its discretion by not crediting a report criticizing the 2007 Depar tment of State Asylum Profile. We disagree. The BIA found no evidence showing that the Department of State had retracted the conclusions in the 2007 Profile and was not persuaded that the critical report was an expert opinion. See also In re H

- L

- H

- & Z

- Y

- Z

- , 25 I. & N . Dec. at 213

- 216 (disc ussing 2007 P rofile at length). Accordingly, we will deny the petitions for review.