[Cite as Elkins v. Denczak, 2023-Ohio-1545.]

COURT OF APPEALS

TUSCARAWAS COUNTY, OHIO

FIFTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

NICOLE ELKINS : JUDGES:

: Hon. Patricia A. Delaney, P.J.

 Petitioner-Appellee : Hon. Craig R. Baldwin, J.

: Hon. Andrew J. King, J.

-vs- :

:

NICHOLAS DENCZAK : Case No. 2022-AP-10-0040

:

 Respondent-Appellant : O P I N I O N

CHARACTER OF PROCEEDING: Appeal from the Court of Common 

Pleas, Case No. 2022-VI-09-0352

JUDGMENT: Affirmed

DATE OF JUDGMENT: May 8, 2023

APPEARANCES:

For Petitioner-Appellee For Respondent-Appellant

CAITLYN C. BENZO DAN GUINN

6111 Oak Tree Boulevard 232 West 3rd Street

Suite 140 Suite 312

Independence, OH 44131 Dover, OH 44622
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022-AP-10-0040 2

King, J.

{¶ 1} Respondent-Appellant, Nicholas Denczak, appeals the October 11, 2022

order of the Court of Common Pleas of Tuscarawas County, Ohio, granting a domestic 

violence civil protection order to Petitioner-Appellee, Nicole Elkins.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

{¶ 2} The parties were in a relationship and resided together for seven years and 

have one child together. Elkins left the shared residence on August 6, 2022.

{¶ 3} On September 13, 2022, Elkins filed a petition for a domestic violence civil 

protection order against Denczak. In her petition, Elkins alleged stalking behaviors, inperson and phone harassment, physical abuse, sexual abuse, animal abuse, property 

damage, and alcohol and substance abuse. Elkins also alleged Denczak had access to 

weapons. The trial court granted an ex parte order on same date.

{¶ 4} A hearing was held on October 5, 2022. By order filed October 11, 2022, 

the trial court issued a domestic violence civil protection order to Elkins as against 

Denczak for three years, to expire on October 5, 2025.

{¶ 5} Denczak filed an appeal with the following assignments of error:

I

{¶ 6} "THE COURT ERRED IN ISSUING A CIVIL PROTECTION ORDER 

AGAINST THE APPELLANT."

II

{¶ 7} "THE COURT ERRED IN HAVING AN EX PARTE COMMUNICATION 

WITH THE APPELLEE AFTER THE CONCLUSION OF THE HEARING."
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022-AP-10-0040 3

I

{¶ 8} In his first assignment of error, Denczak claims the trial court erred in 

granting Elkins a civil protection order. We disagree.

{¶ 9} A petition for a domestic violence civil protection order is governed by R.C. 

3113.31. Subsection (A) states the following in relevant part:

(A) As used in this section:

(1) "Domestic violence" means any of the following:

(a) The occurrence of one or more of the following acts against a 

family or household member:

(i) Attempting to cause or recklessly causing bodily injury;

(ii) Placing another person by the threat of force in fear of imminent 

serious physical harm or committing a violation of section 2903.211 

[menacing by stalking] or 2911.211 [aggravated trespass] of the Revised 

Code[.]

{¶ 10} "When granting a protection order, the trial court must find that petitioner 

has shown by a preponderance of the evidence that petitioner or petitioner's family or 

household members are in danger of domestic violence. R.C. 3113.31(D)." Felton v. 

Felton, 79 Ohio St.3d 34, 1997-Ohio-302, paragraph two of the syllabus. "Preponderance 

of the evidence" is "evidence which is of greater weight or more convincing than the 

evidence which is offered in opposition to it; that is, evidence which as a whole shows
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022-AP-10-0040 4

that the fact sought to be proved is more probable than not." Black's Law Dictionary 1182 

(6th Ed.1990).

{¶ 11} A reviewing court must not substitute its judgment for that of the trial court 

where there exists some competent and credible evidence supporting the judgment 

rendered by the trial court. Eastley v. Volkman, 132 Ohio St.3d 328, 2012-Ohio-2179, 

972 N.E.2d 517. The weight to be given to the evidence and the credibility of the 

witnesses are issues for the trier of fact. State v. Jamison, 49 Ohio St.3d 182, 552 N.E.2d 

180 (1990). The trier of fact "has the best opportunity to view the demeanor, attitude, and 

credibility of each witness, something that does not translate well on the written page." 

Davis v. Flickinger, 77 Ohio St.3d 415, 418, 674 N.E.2d 1159 (1997).

{¶ 12} The decision whether to grant a civil protection order lies within the sound 

discretion of the trial court. L.L. v. R.B., 5th Dist. Guernsey No. 17 CA 02, 2017-Ohio7553; Singhaus v. Zumbar, 5th Dist. Tuscarawas No. 2015AP020007, 2015-Ohio-4755. 

In order to find an abuse of discretion, this court must determine that the trial court's 

decision was unreasonable, arbitrary or unconscionable and not merely an error of law or 

judgment. Blakemore v. Blakemore, 5 Ohio St.3d 217, 450 N.E.2d 1140 (1983).

{¶ 13} As stated by this court in Ferguson v. Ferguson, 5th Dist. Morgan No. 

20AP0004, 2021-Ohio-297, ¶ 35:

In Watts v. Watts, 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 13-CA-63, 2014-Ohio-1901, 

we cited to the Tenth District's analysis necessary to determine whether to 

grant a domestic violence CPO:
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022-AP-10-0040 5

Civil protection orders are intended to prevent violence 

before it happens. Young v. Young, 2d Dist. No.2005-CA-19, 

2006-Ohio-978, ¶ 105. Where a trial court grants a CPO 

based on a petitioner's fear of imminent serious physical 

harm, the critical inquiry under [R.C. 3113.31] is whether a 

reasonable person would be placed in fear of imminent (in the 

sense of unconditional, non-contingent), serious physical 

harm. Fleckner v. Fleckner, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 98AP1213, quoting Strong v. Bauman, (May 21, 1999), 2d Dist. No. 

17256.

Threats of violence constitute domestic violence for the 

purposes of R.C. 3113.31 if they (sic) fear resulting from those 

threats is reasonable. Fleckner at ¶ 21, quoting Lavery v. 

Lavery (Dec. 5, 2001), 9th Dist. No. 20616, appeal not allowed 

(2002), 95 Ohio St.3d 1409 (internal quotation marks omitted). 

The reasonableness of the fear should be determined with 

reference to the history between the petitioner and the 

respondent. Id., quoting Gatt v. Gatt (April 17, 2002), 9th Dist. 

No. 3217-M, citing Eichenberger v. Eichenberger, (1992), 82 

Ohio App.3d 809, 613 N.E.2d 678.

Courts use both a subjective and an objective test in 

determining the reasonableness of the petitioner's fear. The 

subjective test inquires whether the respondent's threat of 
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022-AP-10-0040 6

force actually caused the petitioner to fear imminent serious 

physical harm. Fleckner at ¶ 23 (collecting case). By 

contract, the objective test inquires whether the petitioner's 

fear is reasonable under the circumstances. Id.

Strassel v. Chapman, 10th Dist. Franklin No. 09AP-793, 2010-Ohio-4376, 

paragraphs 7-9.

Accord R.S. v. J.H., 5th Dist. Fairfield No. 2021CA0017, 2022-Ohio-40, ¶ 21.

{¶ 14} A hearing was held on October 5, 2022. The trial court heard from each 

party. Elkins represented herself, accompanied by a victim advocate; Denczak appeared 

with counsel.

{¶ 15} Elkins testified on September 10, 2022, she was seated in her vehicle when 

Denczak approached her vehicle "screaming at me literally on the square of New Philly, 

juggling my car handle." T. at 3. Elkins testified she "was very fearful that he would get 

in and what he would do, the look in his eyes was not normal. I was very scared but I 

have a, I have a lot of different incidents as well." Id. From the time she left the parties' 

residence on August 6, 2022 until August 31, 2022, she "received tons of harassing and 

threatening text messages from Nick to the point that I ultimately had to change my phone 

number because no matter how many times I told him to cease contact he did not respect 

that, did not listen to that so I changed my phone number." T. at 4-5. On August 25, 

2022, Denczak followed Elkins "in his work van when he saw me leaving a friend's house 
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022-AP-10-0040 7

and then proceeded to text me about it." T. at 5. On September 29, 2002, after the 

emergency order of protection was in place, Denczak contacted Elkins's best friend to try 

"to make plans to have somebody else come and get my stuff that he has been 

withholding from me for months." Id.

{¶ 16} On cross-examination, Elkins testified on the September 10th incident, she 

did call the police, but they did not charge Denczak with anything. T. at 6. She was 

advised to obtain an order of protection. Id. She did not call the police over the harassing

and threatening texts as she took it upon herself to change her phone number. T. at 7. 

Upon questioned by the trial court as to whether she was in imminent fear or harm over 

the texts, Elkins testified: "Yes. I mean I'm deathly afraid of him. I am literally shaking 

seeing him in the courtroom." Id.

{¶ 17} Denczak took the stand and referred to Elkins as his "[c]razy ex." T. at 8. 

He testified during the September 10th incident, he was going to pay his phone bill and 

Elkins was parked at the phone store. T. at 9. Elkins started yelling at him to leave and 

get away. Id. Denczak denied following her or sending her any harassing and/or 

threatening text messages. T. at 9-10. He has asked about seeing their child, but Elkins 

has not allowed visitation. T. at 10.

{¶ 18} On cross-examination, Denczak admitted to approaching Elkins's vehicle 

because the children inside were screaming his name, he wanted "to say hi to them," but 

he did not touch the door handle. T. at 11. When Elkins asked Denczak, "are you 

honestly saying that you have not sent me not one threatening text message," Denczak

stated, "I respond in the way I get a text." Id. When asked by the trial court if he has 

responded to texts Elkins has sent him, Denczak testified: "No." T. at 12. He testified he 
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022-AP-10-0040 8

was not following Elkins on August 25th, he was doing a job in Dennison and he was with 

his boss. Id.

{¶ 19} In its October 11, 2022 order, the trial court did not include any findings of 

fact, but found "by a preponderance of the evidence that 1) Petitioner and Petitioner's 

family or household members are in danger and have been a victim of domestic violence 

as defined in R.C. 3113.31(A) committed by Respondent and 2) the following orders are 

equitable, fair, and necessary to protect the persons named in this Order from domestic 

violence."

{¶ 20} The order is very sparse, and Denczak did not request findings of fact and 

conclusions of law. " '[B]ecause a lack of findings necessarily circumscribes appellate 

review, an appellate court will generally presume the trial court applied the law correctly 

and affirm if there is some basis in the record for doing so.' " York v. York, 4th Dist. Meigs 

No. 21CA5, 2022-Ohio-4733, quoting Law Office of Natalie F. Grubb v. Bolan, 11th Dist. 

Geauga No. 2010-G-2965, 2011-Ohio-4302, ¶ 26, citing Bugg v. Fancher, 4th Dist. 

Highland No. 06CA12, 2007-Ohio-2019, ¶ 10. As stated by this court in its review of a 

child custody case:

We conclude that when separate facts are not requested by counsel 

and/or supplied by the court the challenger is not entitled to be elevated to 

a position superior to that he would have enjoyed had he made his request. 

Thus, if from an examination of the record as a whole in the trial court there 

is some evidence from which the court could have reached the ultimate 
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022-AP-10-0040 9

conclusions of fact which are consistent with his judgment the appellate 

court is bound to affirm on the weight and sufficiency of the evidence.

The message should be clear: If a party wishes to challenge the 

custodial judgment as being against the manifest weight of the evidence he 

had best secure separate findings of fact and conclusions of law. Otherwise 

his already "uphill" burden of demonstrating error becomes an almost 

insurmountable "mountain."

Pettet v. Pettet, 55 Ohio App.3d 128, 130, 562 N.E.2d 929 (5th Dist.1988).

{¶ 21} In this case, Elkins testified she was in imminent fear or harm over the 

threatening texts Denczak sent to her. She testified she was deathly afraid of him. As 

cited above, threats of violence constitute domestic violence for the purposes of R.C. 

3113.31 if the fear resulting from those threats is reasonable. Subjectively, the 

threatening texts caused Elkins to fear imminent serious physical harm. Objectively, there 

are no texts in the record for us to review. The trial court was able to view the demeanor, 

attitude, and credibility of each party and as the trier of fact, was in the best position to 

assess credibility.

{¶ 22} Upon review, we find sufficient evidence was presented to support the trial 

court's decision under a preponderance of the evidence standard. We find the trial court 

did not abuse its discretion in issuing the domestic violence civil protection order.

{¶ 23} Assignment of Error I is denied.

II
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022-AP-10-0040 10

{¶ 24} In his second assignment of error, Denczak claims the trial court erred in 

having an ex parte communication with Elkins after the hearing.

{¶ 25} Following the hearing, Denczak and defense counsel left the courtroom. 

Elkins stated to the trial court, "[h]e still has all my stuff. I want my stuff." T. at 14. While 

waiting for Denczak and his counsel to return, Elkins stated, "[h]e's had me scared for 

seven years." T. at 16. The trial court noted, "there's no police reports, there's no acts 

of things" and then the following exchanges occurred (T. at 16-17):

MS. ELKINS: On March First he had it where I couldn't even get up 

off the ground, he smashed my computer in a drunken rage.

THE COURT: You know what. Tell the police, doggone it. Look I'll 

try to do this, I'll try to do this --

VICTIM ADVOCATE: Your Honor, please do not blame my client. In 

domestic violence situations it's not uncommon for victims to not go to the 

police.

THE COURT: You know what. If they say there is an order, ma'am 

--

MS. ELKINS: There was a police report.

* * *

MS. ELKINS: Can I give you something?

THE COURT: Let me see if I can get this resolved.

MS. ELKINS: This top one, there is a police report for that.

THE COURT: There is. March First of Twenty Twenty-Two?
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022-AP-10-0040 11

MS. ELKINS: Yes. He was drunk, he held me on the floor where I 

couldn't even get up and then he --

THE COURT: Why didn't they charge him with assault?

MS. ELKINS: Because the maintenance guy there and he gets away 

with everything because he handles the police every time they come there. 

That's why, and so --

THE COURT: Okay, okay.

MS. ELKINS: -- this is seven years.

THE COURT: Okay, okay.

MS. ELKINS: I'm begging you.

{¶ 26} At this point, Denczak and defense counsel returned to the courtroom and 

the trial court attempted to negotiate the return of Elkins's "stuff." T. at 17-18. The trial 

court indicated it "may issue a civil protection order and give her time to" retrieve her 

property if the matter could not be resolved over the weekend. T. at 18.

{¶ 27} While we certainly do not condone ex parte communications, there is 

nothing in the record to indicate the trial court considered the statements or was handed 

anything. There are no exhibits included in the record. The trial court did not include 

findings of fact, and Denczak did not request separate findings of fact and conclusions of 

law.

{¶ 28} Upon review, we find although the trial court should not have entertained 

the ex parte communication, there is nothing in the record to indicate the trial court 

considered anything presented while awaiting the return of Denczak and his counsel.
Tuscarawas County, Case No. 2022-AP-10-0040 12

{¶ 29} Assignment of Error II is denied.

{¶ 30} The judgment of the Court of Common Pleas of Tuscarawas County, Ohio 

is hereby affirmed.

By King, J.

Delaney, P.J. and

Baldwin, J. concur.

AJK/db