UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT 

_________________________________ 

PEDRO REYES; TERESITA REYES, 

 Plaintiffs - Appellants, 

v. 

JEFF JENSEN; GARY GERRARD; 

LARIMER COUNTY COMMUNITY 

PLANNING DEPARTMENT, 

 Defendants - Appellees. 

No. 20-1247 

(D.C. No. 1:18-CV-03115-STV) 

(D. Colo.) 

_________________________________ 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

_________________________________ 

Before MATHESON, BRISCOE, and CARSON, Circuit Judges. 

_________________________________ 

Husband and wife Pedro Reyes and Teresita Reyes, appearing pro se, appeal 

the district court’s grant of summary judgment1

 in favor of defendants Jeff Jensen, 

Gary Gerrard, and the Larimer County Community Planning Department (“Planning 

* After examining the briefs and appellate record, this panel has determined 

unanimously to honor the parties’ request for a decision on the briefs without oral 

argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(f); 10th Cir. R. 34.1(G). The case is therefore 

submitted without oral argument. This order and judgment is not binding precedent, 

except under the doctrines of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It 

may be cited, however, for its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 

and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

1

 The parties consented to the jurisdiction of the magistrate judge pursuant to 

28 U.S.C. § 636(c) thereby permitting the magistrate judge to adjudicate the case on 

behalf of the district court, including entry of final judgment. 

 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

May 24, 2021

Christopher M. Wolpert 

Clerk of Court
2 

Commission”)2

 on their claims under Title II of the Americans with Disabilities Act 

(“ADA”) and due process under 42 U.S.C. § 1983. Exercising jurisdiction under 

28 U.S.C. § 1291, we affirm for the reasons set forth in the district court’s thorough 

and well-reasoned order dated June 19, 2020. 

I. BACKGROUND 

This case arose out of events at a public hearing before the Planning 

Commission on August 15, 2018. Loveland Ready-Mix Concrete, Inc. (“Ready 

Mix”) applied to the Larimer County Community Development Department for a 

special-review permit to operate a gravel mine near Laporte, Colorado. As part of 

the permitting process, Ready Mix was required to present its application to the 

Planning Commission at a public hearing, after which the Commission would make a 

recommendation to the Larimer Board of County Commissioners (“Board of 

Commissioners”) to approve the application (with or without conditions) or deny it. 

The first public hearing took place on August 15. The hearing was advertised 

in advance, video recorded, and televised to the local government channel. At the 

time of the hearing, Mr. Jensen was the Chair of the Planning Commission and 

Mr. Gerrard was the Vice-Chair. Mr. Reyes and Ms. Reyes attended the August 15 

hearing, and each signed up to speak regarding Ready Mix’s application. At the 

outset, Mr. Jensen explained the procedures that would apply at the hearing, 

2

 Although the caption of the operative complaint refers to the “Larimer 

County Community Planning Department,” R., Vol. I at 95 (capitalization 

normalized), the allegations in the body of the complaint concern the Planning 

Commission, see id. at 95-130. 
3 

including that each person who signed up to speak would be allowed two minutes to 

testify and if the hearing was not concluded by 10:00 p.m., it would continue the 

following week on August 22. 

Ready Mix made its presentation and Mr. Jensen then called on the individuals 

who had signed up to speak. When Ms. Reyes’s name was called, she got up and 

began speaking; but when her comments exceeded the two-minute limit, Mr. Jensen 

reminded her three times that her time had expired. Mr. Jensen then called the next 

speaker—Mr. Reyes—who asked twice, “Can I give my time to her?” referring to his 

wife. R., Vol. 2 at 44 (alteration and internal quotation marks omitted). When 

Mr. Gerrard explained to Mr. Jensen that Mr. Reyes was asking to give his time to his 

wife, Mr. Jensen told Mr. Reyes, “No, sir. You cannot do that. You’re welcome to 

come and speak if you’d like.” Id. at 45-46 (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Mr. Reyes responded, “No. Thank you.” Id. at 46 (internal quotation marks omitted). 

Neither Mr. Reyes nor Ms. Reyes informed the Planning Commission, either 

prior to or during the hearing, that Mr. Reyes was disabled and required an 

accommodation to deliver his comments. Moreover, there was nothing obvious about 

Mr. Reyes’s speech or appearance that would cause either Mr. Jensen or Mr. Gerrard 

to believe that he was disabled. 

When the second hearing reconvened on August 22, Mr. Jensen invited any 

members of the public who had not yet spoken on the application to make their 

comments. Apparently, Mr. Reyes was not in attendance, or if he was, he did not 

make his presence known to the Planning Commission. At no time after the August 
4 

15 hearing, did either Mr. Reyes or Ms. Reyes contact staff to inform them that 

Mr. Reyes was disabled and that they should take steps to determine how he might 

provide his testimony on August 22. Instead, they filed suit in the United States 

District Court for the District of Colorado. 

In a March 21, 2019 order, the district court dismissed several of Mr. Reyes’s 

claims as legally frivolous. It also found that the complaint stated no facts to support 

a claim by Ms. Reyes under either Title II or § 1983 and dismissed Ms. Reyes from 

the case entirely. As a result, at the time of summary judgment, Mr. Reyes’s 

remaining claims were against (1) the Planning Commission, and Mr. Jensen and 

Mr. Gerrard, in their official capacities, under Title II, and (2) Mr. Jensen, in his 

individual capacity, under § 1983. The district court granted defendants’ motion for 

summary judgment. This appeal followed. 

II. THE MARCH 21 ORDER 

Before we address the merits, we note that Ms. Reyes has included herself as a 

party to the appeal, which suggests she disagrees with the district court’s March 21 

order that dismissed her from the case. But Ms. Reyes does not mention the order or 

the grounds on which she was dismissed. Rather, her appeal rests on the bald 

statement that Mr. Reyes’s claims belong to her because they function as a single 

economic unit. See Aplt. Opening Br. at 16 (“Pedro’s loss of the right to protest a 

perceived threat to his health, safety and property interest is also Teresita’s loss, 

being that, as Pedro’s spouse, Teresita shared [an] interchangeable economic interest, 
5 

in the conjugal property, that the Defendants had denied . . . Pedro . . . the 

opportunity to protect.”). 

Ms. Reyes’s failure to support this statement with any legal authority means 

she has waived an appellate challenge to the order. “Although a pro se litigant’s 

pleadings are to be construed liberally and held to a less stringent standard than 

formal pleadings drafted by lawyers, this court has repeatedly insisted that pro se 

parties follow the same rules of procedure that govern other litigants.” Garrett v. 

Selby Connor Maddux & Janer, 425 F.3d 836, 840 (10th Cir. 2005) (brackets, 

citation, and internal quotation marks omitted). Those rules include Federal Rule of 

Appellate Procedure 28(a)(8)(A), which requires an appellant to include in her brief 

“appellant’s contentions and the reasons for them, with citations to the authorities 

and parts of the record on which the appellant relies.” 

Therefore, when an issue is not adequately briefed, it will be deemed waived. 

See Garrett, 425 F.3d at 841 (“When a pro se litigant fails to comply with [Rule 

28(a)(8)(A)], we cannot fill the void by crafting arguments and performing the 

necessary legal research.” (brackets and internal quotation marks omitted)). See also 

Holmes v. Colo. Coal. for the Homeless Long Term Disability Plan, 762 F.3d 1195, 

1199 (10th Cir. 2014) (declining to consider arguments on appeal that were 

inadequately briefed); Murrell v. Shalala, 43 F.3d 1388, 1389 n.2 (10th Cir. 1994) 

(declining to consider “a few scattered statements” and “perfunctory” arguments that 

failed to develop an issue). 
6 

And because Mr. Reyes also fails to address the grounds on which the district 

court dismissed several of his claims as legally frivolous, he has likewise waived an 

appellate challenge to the March 21 order. 

III. DISCUSSION 

A. Standard of Review 

“We review a grant of summary judgment de novo.” J.V. v. Albuquerque Pub. 

Schs., 813 F.3d 1289, 1294 (10th Cir. 2016). “The court shall grant summary 

judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine dispute as to any material fact 

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). 

B. Title II 

1. Proper Defendant 

We first address whether the Planning Commission is a proper defendant. It is 

not. “[T]he proper defendant under a Title II claim is the public entity or an official 

acting in his official capacity.” Everson v. Leis, 556 F.3d 484, 501 n.7 (6th Cir. 

2009). Under Colorado law, if the public entity is a branch of the county, the 

plaintiff is required to bring an action against a county in the name of the board of 

county commissioners. See Gonzales v. Martinez, 403 F.3d 1179, 1182 n.7 (10th Cir. 

2005) (citing Colo. Rev. Stat. § 30-11-105). As a result, the district court properly 

dismissed the Planning Commission. 

But we also agree with the district court that Mr. Reyes’s failure to name the 

Board of Commissioners as a defendant was not fatal because he accomplished the 

same objective when he named as defendants, Mr. Jensen and Mr. Gerrard, in their 
7 

official capacities. See, e.g., Monell v. Dep’t of Soc. Servs., 436 U.S. 658, 690 n.55 

(1978) (“[O]fficial capacity suits . . . represent only another way of pleading an 

action against an entity of which an officer is an agent.”). We now turn to the merits. 

2. Discrimination 

“To state a claim under Title II [of the ADA], the plaintiff must allege that 

(1) he is a qualified individual with a disability, (2) who was excluded from 

participation in or denied the benefits of a public entity’s services, programs, or 

activities, and (3) such exclusion, denial of benefits, or discrimination was by reason 

of a disability.” Robertson v. Las Animas Cnty. Sheriff’s Dep’t, 500 F.3d 1185, 1193 

(10th Cir. 2007) (citing 42 U.S.C. § 12132). There are two types of claims under 

§ 12132: “(1) exclusion from or denial of benefits and (2) discrimination.” J.V., 

813 F.3d at 1295. Under either theory, a plaintiff is required to prove “the foregoing 

three elements, including . . . that any denial of benefits or discrimination was by 

reason of the plaintiff’s disability.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis 

added). In turn, “[c]ourts have recognized three ways to establish a discrimination 

claim: (1) intentional discrimination (disparate treatment); (2) disparate impact; and 

(3) failure to make a reasonable accommodation.” Id. 

 For his Title II claim, Mr. Reyes sued for intentional discrimination when 

Mr. Jensen and Mr. Gerrard prevented him from speaking at the August 15 hearing, 

and failure to accommodate when Mr. Jensen refused to allow him to give his 

speaking time to Ms. Reyes. 
8 

a. Disability 

To meet the first prong under § 12132, a plaintiff must show that he (1) has a 

physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life 

activities; (2) has a record of such an impairment; or (3) is regarded as having such 

an impairment. See 42 U.S.C. § 12102(1)(A)-(C). According to Mr. Reyes, he was 

disabled and unable to speak at the hearing because he suffers from impaired hearing, 

poor vision, and has a limited understanding of the English language. 

The district court found that the inability to speak English is not a disability 

under the ADA. See R., Vol. II at 295 (citing § 12102). And although the court 

noted the “lack of [any] evidence as to the nature and extent of [Mr. Reyes’s] hearing 

impairment and poor vision,” it “assume[d] for purposes of [summary judgment] that 

[Mr. Reyes] has a qualified disability.” Id. We do the same. 

b. Intentional Discrimination 

The district court found the following facts, which we agree entitled 

Mr. Jensen and Mr. Gerrard to summary judgment for intentional discrimination. 

“[T]he undisputed facts demonstrate that [Mr. Reyes] was not excluded from the 

[August 15] hearing.” Id. “After [Mr. Reyes] was told that he could not give his 

speaking time to [his wife], Mr. Jensen [invited Mr. Reyes to speak] . . . [and he] 

responded, “No. Thank you.” Id. (citation omitted). “Moreover, the undisputed facts 

demonstrate that Mr. Jensen and Mr. Gerrard did not act, and could not have acted, 

by reason of [Mr. Reyes’s] purported disability, because they had no knowledge of 

his disability.” Id. (internal quotation marks omitted) (emphasis added). “Instead, 
9 

Mr. Jensen and Mr. Gerrard were enforcing the Planning Commission’s rule, 

applicable to all participants, that speakers could not defer their speaking time to 

others.” Id. at 296. 

c. Failure to Accommodate 

Applicable ADA regulations require public entities to “make reasonable 

modifications in policies, practices, or procedures when the modifications are 

necessary to avoid discrimination on the basis of disability.” 28 C.F.R. 

§ 35.130(b)(7)(i). “As a result, we require public entities to provide reasonable 

accommodations to disabled persons.” J.V., 813 F.3d at 1299. 

“A public entity must provide a reasonable accommodation under the ADA 

when it knows that the individual is disabled and requires an accommodation of some 

kind to participate in or receive the benefits of its services.” Id. (internal quotation 

marks omitted). “A public entity is on notice that an individual needs an 

accommodation when it knows that an individual requires one, either because that 

need is obvious or because the individual requests an accommodation.” Id. (brackets 

and internal quotation marks omitted). 

The district court found “it is undisputed that [Mr. Reyes] did not request an 

accommodation, nor does [Mr. Reyes] set forth any evidence that his need for an 

accommodation was obvious, or refute any of the evidence presented by [Mr. Jensen 

and Mr. Gerrard] that they were unaware that [Mr. Reyes] was disabled.” R., Vol. II 

at 297 (internal quotation marks omitted). As a result, summary judgment for failure 

to accommodate was proper. 
10 

C. Due Process 

The district court found that Mr. Jensen was entitled to summary judgment on 

the due process claim on the grounds of qualified immunity. We agree. 

1. Qualified Immunity 

“Under the qualified immunity doctrine, government officials performing 

discretionary functions, generally are shielded from liability for civil damages insofar 

as their conduct does not violate clearly established federal statutory or constitutional 

rights of which a reasonable person would have known.” Riggins v. Goodman, 

572 F.3d 1101, 1107 (10th Cir. 2009) (brackets and internal quotation marks 

omitted). “When a defendant asserts qualified immunity at summary judgment, the 

burden shifts to the plaintiff, who must clear two hurdles in order to defeat the 

defendant’s motion.” Id. First, “[t]he plaintiff must demonstrate on the facts alleged 

. . . that the defendant violated his constitutional or statutory rights,” and second, 

“that the right was clearly established at the time of the alleged unlawful activity.” 

Id. 

 “A right is clearly established when, at the time of the alleged violation, the 

contours of the right were sufficiently clear that a reasonable official would 

understand that what he is doing violates that right.” Id. at 1111 (brackets and 

internal quotation marks omitted). “A plaintiff can demonstrate that a constitutional 

right is clearly established by references to cases from the Supreme Court, the Tenth 

Circuit, or the weight of authority from other circuits.” Id. 
11 

 a. Constitutional Violation 

 “To assess whether an individual was denied procedural due process, courts 

must engage in a two-step inquiry: (1) did the individual possess a protected interest 

such that the due process protections were applicable; and, if so, then (2) was the 

individual afforded an appropriate level of process.” Id. at 1008 (internal quotation 

marks omitted). Here, Mr. Reyes asserted two protected interests that he claims he 

was deprived of without appropriate due process: (1) the right to be present and to be 

heard at the August 15 hearing, and (2) an interest in the Ready Mix gravel-mine 

project.3

 

 With regard to the right to be present and heard, the district court found that 

Mr. Reyes “attended the [August 15] hearing, was included on a list of individuals 

who wished to speak at the hearing and was given the opportunity to speak.” R., Vol. 

II at 300. The court further found that Mr. Reyes lacked a protected property interest 

in the Planning Commission’s hearing regarding the gravel-mine project because the 

final decision-maker whether to approve Ready Mix’s application was the Board of 

Commissioners. 

3

 Mr. Reyes raises a new due process argument for the first time on appeal—

that he was not told prior to the August 15 hearing that he could not give his speaking 

time to Ms. Reyes to have her speak on his behalf. It is unclear how this new 

argument would give rise to a due process claim. But in any event, Mr. Reyes 

forfeited the argument by failing to raise it in the district court and has waived the 

argument on appeal by failing to argue that the lower court’s failure to consider the 

new theory was plain error. See Richison v. Ernest Grp., Inc., 634 F.3d 1123, 

1127-31 (10th Cir. 2011). 
12 

In any event, the district court found that even if Mr. Reyes “had demonstrated 

a protectible liberty or property interest, the undisputed facts establish that 

[Mr. Jensen] did not deprive [Mr. Reyes] of proper process.” Id. at 301. “[I]t is 

undisputed that the gravel mine application was presented to the Planning 

Commission at the hearings on August 15 and August 22. The hearings were open to 

the public, advertised in the local newspaper ahead of time, and [Mr. Reyes] attended 

the hearing.” Id. at 302 (citation omitted). Mr. Reyes “was included on the list of 

speakers, and [he] was specifically invited to come forward and speak when [he] 

attempted to give his time to Ms. Reyes. [Mr. Reyes] refused the opportunity to 

speak.” Id. at 302-03 (citations omitted). We agree with the court’s finding that 

these procedures satisfied the fundamental requirement of due process, which “‘is the 

opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner.’” Id. at 

301 (quoting Pater v. City of Casper, 646 F.3d 1290, 1298 (10th Cir. 2011)). 

b. Clearly Established Right 

The district court further found that “even if [Mr. Reyes] had established a due 

process violation, Mr. Jensen is entitled to qualified immunity because [Mr. Reyes] 

has not demonstrated a clearly established right.” Id. at 303. Specifically, the court 

found that Mr. Reyes “has not identified, nor has the Court uncovered, any precedent 

that would have put Mr. Jensen on notice that that informing [Mr. Reyes] that he 

could not give his speaking time to Ms. Reyes, while simultaneously inviting [Mr. 

Reyes] himself to speak, would have violated [Mr. Reyes’s] constitutional rights.” 

Id. Moreover, Mr. Reyes has also failed to direct this court to any relevant precedent 
13 

on appeal. His failure to demonstrate a clearly established right means that 

Mr. Jensen was entitled to summary judgment on the grounds of qualified immunity. 

D. New Claims 

In response to defendants’ motion for summary judgment, Mr. Reyes 

attempted to raise several new claims that were not raised in the operative complaint; 

namely, claims arising under the Equal Protection Clause, the First Amendment, and 

the Ninth Amendment. The district court refused to consider the new claims on the 

grounds that a party is not permitted to raise new claims at the summary judgment 

stage. See Evans v. McDonald’s Corp., 936 F.2d 1087, 1091 (10th Cir. 1991) 

(“[P]laintiffs [cannot] wait until the last minute to ascertain and refine the theories on 

which they intend to build their case.”). 

Not only did Mr. Reyes attempt to raise new claims in response to defendants’ 

motion for summary judgment, he also tacks on several new claims for the first time 

on appeal, which include fraud on the court, violation of HIPAA, and race-based 

discrimination. But Mr. Reyes forfeited all these claims by failing to raise them in 

the district court, and has waived them in this court by failing to argue that the 

magistrate judge’s failure to consider them was plain error. See Richison, 634 F.3d at 

1127-31. 
14 

IV. CONCLUSION 

The judgment of the district court is affirmed. We deny Mr. Reyes’s and 

Ms. Reyes’s motions to proceed on appeal without prepayment of fees—in other 

words in forma pauperis—because they have failed to show “the existence of a 

reasoned, nonfrivolous argument on the law and facts in support of the issues raised 

on appeal.” DeBardeleben v. Quinlan, 937 F.2d 502, 505 (10th Cir. 1991). 

Entered for the Court 

Mary Beck Briscoe 

Circuit Judge