2009 D e c i sion s O p inion s of the U nit e d S t at e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit 9-16-2009 

# U SA v . B ri an Mi z wa P r e c e de nt i al or N on-P r e c e de nt i al : N on-P r e c e de nt i al D ocke t N o . 08-4251

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Thi s de c i sion i s br ou ght t o you for f r e e and ope n a c c e s s b y the O p inion s of the U nit e d S t at e s C our t of Appe al s for the Thir d C ir c uit at V i ll anova U nive r sity S choo l of L a

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. F or mor e inform at ion, p le as e c ont a ct Be n j amin . C arl s on@l a

w . vi ll anova . e du . Re c omme nde d C it at ion " U SA v . B ri an Mi zwa" (2009). 2009 D e cisio n s . P ape r 651. http://d i git alc ommon s .l a

w . vi ll anova . e du/thir dc ir c uit_2009/651UN I TED STATES CO UR T OF A PP EALS F O R T H E T H IR D C IR C U IT

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_____________ UNI TE D ST ATE S OF AM ERI CA

v. BR I AN MI Z WA, A ppel l ant

__________ O n A p p ea l from the U n it ed S tat es D istri ct C o u rt f o r th e W e ste rn D istric t o f P e n n sy lv a n ia ( D . C . C r i m i nal N o. 06- cr - 00374- 1) D i s t r i ctJ udge: H onor abl e G aryL . L anca s t er

__________ Subm i t t ed U nderT hi r d C i r cui tL A R 34. 1( a)

on Sept ember8, 2009 B efor e: SC I R I C A , C hi ef J udge, and R E N D E L L and A L D ISE R T , C i rcui tJudg es. ( Fi l ed: Sept embe 16, 2009)

__________ OPI NI ON O F THE COURT

__________ R E N D E L L , C i r cui tJ udge.2

O n M ar ch 9, 2007, B r i an M i zw a pl eade d gui l t yt o one countof C oer ci on and E n tic e m e n t o f

a M in o r t o E n g a g e in S e x u a l A c tiv ity, in v io la tio n o f 1 8 U .S .C . § 2 4 2 2 (b ). T he D i stri ctC ou rtsent enced him t o a st atutorym i nim um t erm of 6 0 m on t hs’ i mp r i s o n me n t , f

o l l o we d b ya f

i v e - y e a rp e r i o d o f

s u p e r v i s e d r e l e a s e . On a p p e a l , M i z wa chal l enges a condi t i on of hi s s upervi s ed r el eas e thatl i m i t s hi s as s oci at i on w i t h m i nor chi l dr en, ar gui ng t hatt he condi t i on i s undul yoner ous and thatthe D i s t r i ctC our tdi d not adequa t el ycons i dert he § 3553 s ent enci ng fac t or s . B eca us e w e conc l ude thatthe D i s tr i ct C our tpr oper l yi m pos ed the condi t i on, pur s uantt o 18 U . S. C . § 3583( a) , w e w i l l aff i r m t he ju d g m e n t o f

th e D istric t C o u rt. M i zw a’ s gui l t ypl ea a r os e outof hi s appr oxi m at el ym ont h- l ong onl i ne i nt er act i on in S e p te m b e r o f

2 0 0 6 w ith a p e rs o n h e th o u g h t w a s a 1 4 -ye a r- o ld g ir l n a m e d “ H a n n a h ,” b u t w h o w a s a c tu a llya n u n d e rc o v e r F B I a g e n t. M izw a ’s in sta n t m e ss a g e s a n d e -m a ils s u g g e s t e d t h a th e a n d “ Ha n n a h ” me e ti n p e r s o n b u tk e e p th e i rr e l a t i o n s h i p a s e c r e t . He s entherpi ctur es of underw earand a bi ki ni thathe had boughtforhert o w earw hen they m et , expr es s ed hi s des i r e forhert o t ake hi s cl othes off a nd per form or al s ex on hi m , and f o r h e r to w e a r a b a b yd iap e r a n d sit o n h is la p . M izw a se t u p a re n d e z v o u s w ith “H annah” ata s hoppi ng cent er ; w hen he w entt o t he s potw her e he ha d arr anged t o m eet h e r , F B I a g e n t s a r r e s t e d h i m . H e a d m i t t e d t o s o l i c i t i n g a m i n o rf o rs e x u a l a c t i v i t y. M i zw a w as r el eas ed on bond af t erhi s arr ai gnm ent , on O ct ober24, 2006, and re s tr ic te d f

ro m h a v in g c o n ta c t w ith m in o rs w ith o u t a u th o ri z a tio n f ro m P re tr ia l S e rv ic e s .W e have j ur i s di ct i on under28 U . S. C . § 1291. 1 3 O n N o v e m b e r 2 9 , 2 0 0 6 , loc a l p o lice to ld th e P ro b a tio n O f f ice th a t M izw a w a s liv in g w ith a w om an w ho had y oung chi l dr en. H e w as arr es t ed and hi s bond r evoked. A ft erhe pl eade d gui l t y , on M ar ch 9, 2007, M i zw a w as r el eas ed on bond w i t h t he s ame condi t i on thathe nothave c ont actw i t h m i nor s w i t houtauthor i zat i on. O n A ugus t24, 2007, Pr etr i al Ser vi ces fi l ed anotherpet i t i on t o have hi s bond r evoked be caus e of a l l egat i ons that M i zw a had onc e aga i n vi s i t ed the home of t he w om an w i t h y oung chi l dr en. H e w as not d e ta in e d . O n O ctob er 1 1 , 2 0 0 7 , the D istri ct C o u rtsen tenc ed M izw a to th e statuto ry m i ni m um t erm of 60 m ont hs , fol l ow ed bya fi ve- y eart erm of s upervi s ed r el eas e. T he co u rtim p o sed a n u m b er o f sp ec ial co n d it ion s, o n e o f w h ich is relev an t t o M izw a’s appea l . I tdi r ect s t hatM i zw a: s hal l notas s oci at e w i t h chi l dr en underthe age of 18, exce pti n t he pr es ence of a r es pons i bl e adul tw ho i s aw ar e of the natur e of the def endant ’ s backgr ound and cu rren t of

fe n se a n d w h o h as b ee n ap p rov ed b ythe p rob ati o n o ff icer. (A p p . 5 .) M i zw a’ s couns el obj ect ed t o t he condi t i on ats ent enci ng. T her efor e, w e r evi ew the D is tr ic t C o u rt ’s im p o s itio n o f th e c o n d itio n o f

s u p e rv is e d re le a s e f

o r a b u s e o f

d is c re tio n . See, e. g. , U

ni t ed Stat es v. V

oelker , 4 8 9 F .3 d 1 3 9 , 1 4 3 n .1 (3 d C ir. 2 0 0 7 ); U ni t ed Stat es v. Sm ith , 4 4 5 F . 3 d 7 1 3 , 7 1 6 (3d C ir . 2 0 0 6 ). 14

A di s t r i ctcourthas w i de di s cr et i on i n i m pos i ng s ent ence s . 18 U . S. C . § 3583 enumer at es a numberof m andat or yand di s cr et i onarycondi t i ons of s upervi s ed r el eas e, a n d p ro v id e s th a t “ [ t] h e c o u rt m a yo rd e r, a s a f u rt h e r c o n d itio n o f

s u p e rv is e d re le a s e . . . anyothercondi t i on i tcons i der s t o be appr opr i at e. ” 18 U . S. C . § 3583( d) . T he condi t i on m us tbe r eas onabl yr el at ed t o t he s ent enci ng fac t or s s etfor t h i n § 3553( a) , the natur e and ci r cumst ance s of the off ens e and the hi s t oryand cha r act er i s t i cs of the def endant , and m u st i n v o lve n o g rea ter de p ri v ati o n o f li b ertythan is r ea so n ab lyn ec essa ryto af fo rd adequa t e det err ence , t o pr ot ectt he publ i c fr om futur e cr i m es , and t o r ehabi l i t at e the d e f e n d a n t. 18 U .S .C . § 3 5 5 3 (a ); 1 8 U .S .C . § 3 5 8 3 (d ); see al so V oelker , 489 F. 3d at144; U ni t ed Stat es v. P r uden , 3 9 8 F .3 d 2 4 1 , 2 4 8 -4 9 (3 d C ir . 2 0 0 5 ). M i zw a ar gues t hatt he condi t i on r es t r i ct i ng hi s cont actw i t h m i nor s i s not r eas onabl yr el at ed t o t he § 3553( a) fac t or s . H e cont ends thathi s offe ns e w as r el at ed p rim a rilyto h is e m o tio n a l im m a tu ritya n d d if f icu lti e s w ith in tim a te r e latio n sh ip s, n o t a s e x u a l in te re s t in y o u n g g ir ls , a n d th e re f o re th e c o n d itio n is u n d u ly o n e ro u s . W e di s agr ee. T he s peci al condi t i on i s cl os el yr el at ed t o t he natur e and c i r cumst ance s of M i zw a’ s offe ns e: he t ar get ed a pe r s on he thoughtw as a y oung t eena ged gi r l and s ol i ci t ed herfors exual act i vi t y , and ca ut i oned hert o keep thei rr el at i ons hi p s ecr etbeca us e of he r a g e . A c o n d iti o n o f

su p e rv ise d re lea se th a t re stric ts M izw a ’s c o n tac t w ith m in o rs c o u ld har dl ybe m ore r el at ed t o t he natur e and c i r cumst ance s of hi s offe ns e. T hatM i zw a does5

n o t h a v e a h isto ryo f

v io len t cr im e d o e s n o t les se n th e se rio u sn e ss o f h is o f f e n se o r h is in ten d e d v ictim iza tio n o f a y o u n g g irl. N o rd o e s t h e c o n d i t i o n i n v o l v e a g r e a t e rd e p r i v a t i o n o f l i b e r t y th a n n e c e s s a r y, p a rticu lar lysin c e M izw a v io late d th e c o n d iti o n s o f h is re lea se o n b o n d a f

ter h is arr ai gnm entbutbefor e hi s gui l t ypl ea. T he as s oci at i on r es t r i ct i on i s des i gned t o pr ot ect the publ i c, t o pr om ot e M i zw a’ s r ehabi l i t at i on, and t o det erhi m fr om futur e cr i m es by keepi ng hi m aw ayfr om chi l dr en and t eena ger s ; hi s ow n ps y chol ogi s tconcl uded that M iz w a c o n tin u e s to s h o w s e x u a l in te re s t in a d o le s c e n t f e m a le s . M izw a a lso a rg u e s th a t th e D istric t C o u rt d id n o t su f f icie n tlye x p lain w h yit i m pos ed the as s oci at i on r es t r i ct i on. A gai n, w e di s agr ee. T he courtnot ed dur i ng s ent enci ng t hati tw as i m pos i ng a “l engthyper i od of s upervi s i on w i t h ext ens i ve c o n d iti o n s to m o n ito r [ M izw a ’s] c o n d u c t u p o n re lea se ” a n d th a t th e se n ten c e w o u ld “addr es s t he s ent enci ng goal s of puni s hm ent , r ehabi l i t at i on and det err ence . ” ( A pp. 4 7 -48 . ) M izw a a lso c lai m s tha t th e D istri ct C o u rtref u sed to g ive h is psy ch o log ist ’s rep o rt due w ei ght , butt he courtr efe r r ed t o t he r epor tdur i ng s ent enci ng, not i ng that“[t ] he ps y chol ogi s tconcl uded thatdefe ndanti s both emot i onal l yand s oci al l yi m m atur e and re la tiv e ly in e x p e ri e n c e d w ith re g a rd to a d u lt r e la tio n s h ip s .” (A p p . 4 0 .) O urcourthas addr es s ed s i m i l arcondi t i ons of s upervi s ed r el eas e a numberof t i m es , and the condi t i on i m pos ed on M i zw a bythe D i s t r i ctC our ti s w el l w i t hi n t he6

bounds thatw e have es t abl i s hed. I n U ni t ed Stat es v. V

oelker , 4 8 9 F . 3 d 1 3 9 (3d C ir . 2 0 0 7 ), w e v a c a ted a c o n d iti o n w h e re th e d e f e n d a n t w a s p ro h ib ited f ro m a ss o c iatin g w ith m i nor s w i thoutpr i orappr oval of hi s pr obat i on offi cer , and anycont actthatdi d occurw as t o be i n the pr es ence of an a dul tfami l i arw i t h t he def endant ’ s cr i m e. A l t hough the l anguage of the condi t i on i n V oelkeri s s i m i l art o t hatof the condi t i on ati s s ue her e, the condi t i on i n V

oelkerw as i m pos ed forthe def endant ’ s ent i r e l i fe. M i zw a’ s condi t i on appl i es foronl yfi ve y ear s . O ne of ourconce r ns i n V oelkerw as thatthe di s t r i ctcour thad n o tma d e c l e a rwh e t h e ri ti n t e n d e d th e l i f e t i me b a n t o e x t e n d t o th e d e f e n d a n t ’ s o wn c h ild re n . See 489 F. 3d at144. V oel kerhad expos ed hi s y oung daught er ’ s bar e but t ocks t o a we b c a me r a , a n d we d e c l i n e d t o a p p l yth e p r e s u mp t i o n f r o m U ni t ed Stat es v. Loy , 2 3 7 F . 3 d 2 5 1 , 2 7 0 (3d C ir . 2 0 0 1 ) (“ L o y II ”) , thatabs enta cl ears i gn fr om the D i s t r i ct C o u rt, a c o n d iti o n th a t re stric ts a d e f e n d a n t’s c o n tac t w ith m in o rs is c o n stru e d to a p p ly onl yt o ot herpeopl e’ s chi l dr en, notthe def endant ’ s ow n. H er e, M i zw a does nothave chi l dr en of hi s ow n, and w e s ee no r eas on w hythe L o y II p re su m p tio n w o u ld n o t ap p lyto anychi l dr en he mi ghthave i n t he futur e. M i zw a’ s s i tuat i on i s di s t i ngui s habl e fr om that i n V oelker . Fur t her , w e not e thatM i zw a’ s cont actw i t h chi l dr en i s notpr ohi bi t ed o u trig h t; rath e r, itis s u b jec t to o v e rsig h t b ya n o th e r re sp o n sib le a d u lt w h o k n o w s h is h isto rya n d w h o h a s b e e n a p p ro v e d b yh is p ro b a tio n o f f ice r. M izw a ’s lib e rtyin ter e st in as s oci at i ng fr eel yw i t h m i nor s i s notundul ybur dened bythi s condi t i on.7

W e conc l ude thatt he D i s t r i ctC our tdi d notabus e i t s di s cr et i on w hen i ti m pos ed a c o n d itio n o f

s u p e rv is e d re le a s e th a t r e s tr ic te d M iz w a ’s a s s o c ia tio n w ith m in o rs . F o r th e re a so n s s e t f

o rth a b o v e , w e w ill A F F IR M th e O rd e r o f th e D istric t C o u rt.