NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

DANIEL GARZA, an individual, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

CITY OF LOS ANGELES, 

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 19-55952 

D.C. No. 

2:16-cv-03579-SVW-AFM 

MEMORANDUM*

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Central District of California

Stephen V. Wilson, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted November 19, 2020

Pasadena, California

Before: LINN,** RAWLINSON, and FORREST***, Circuit Judges.

Dissent by Judge RAWLINSON

Off-duty Los Angeles Police Officer Mario Cardona assaulted Plaintiff-

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The Honorable Richard Linn, United States Circuit Judge for the U.S. 

Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, sitting by designation.

*** Formerly known as Danielle J. Hunsaker.

FILED

JUL 26 2021

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

Appellant Daniel Garza, who was dating Cardona’s stepdaughter. After a jury 

returned a $210,000 verdict against Cardona, Garza went to trial against DefendantAppellee City of Los Angeles under a ratification theory of Monell liability.

1 He 

argued that the City ratified Cardona’s unconstitutional actions by promoting him 

shortly after the jury verdict against Cardona in the first trial. The jury in the second 

trial found the City not liable, and Garza appeals. We have jurisdiction under 28 

U.S.C. § 1291 and affirm. 

Evidentiary rulings. Garza argues it was error to exclude an Internal Affairs’ 

investigation report (IA report) exonerating Cardona issued before the first trial, a 

letter sent to Garza summarizing the IA report, and portions of Police Chief Charlie

Beck’s deposition testimony. We find no abuse of discretion because the district 

court’s decision was not “beyond the pale of reasonable justification under the 

circumstances.” Est. of Diaz v. City of Anaheim, 840 F.3d 592, 601 (9th Cir. 2016). 

As stated, Garza’s sole ratification theory in his second trial and this appeal is that 

the City ratified Cardona’s illegal conduct by promoting him after the jury’s

unfavorable verdict in the first trial, not by exonerating Cardona following an 

internal affairs investigation. Garza sought to introduce the IA report and 

summarizing letter as evidence of what Chief Beck knew when Cardona was 

promoted. After Chief Beck testified that he did not review the IA report, introducing 

1See Monell v. Dep’t of Social Servs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978)
3 

its contents and the summarizing letter into evidence would not have helped the jury 

assess whether Chief Beck reviewed those documents before signing off on 

Cardona’s promotion—the only probative purpose consistent with Garza’s 

ratification theory. The district court allowed Chief Beck to be questioned about the 

IA report so the jury could assess his credibility regarding his knowledge of it. Under 

these circumstances, far from being “quintessential ratification evidence,” as the 

dissent argues, these documents were not themselves probative of the issue presented

by Garza.

2 For this reason, exclusion of the IA report and summarizing letter also

was not prejudicial. Wagner v. Cnty. of Maricopa, 747 F.3d 1048, 1052 (9th Cir. 

2013) (explaining evidentiary rulings are reversed only when “the exercise of 

discretion is both erroneous and prejudicial”).

Nor did the district court abuse its discretion in excluding Chief Beck’s 

deposition testimony. Chief Beck’s testimony at trial and at his deposition were not 

contradictory. Rather, his trial testimony expanded upon his deposition testimony. It 

was not an abuse of discretion to exclude deposition testimony that offered little, if

2To the extent the dissent argues that Monell ratification occurs anytime a 

letter summarizing an internal affairs report exonerating an officer is mailed on 

official letterhead—even if the Monell policymaker never reviewed said letter or 

the underlying report—and the investigated officer is later found guilty of the 

previously-exonerated conduct, such a proposition contradicts well-established 

caselaw. See, e.g., Gillette v. Delmore, 979 F.2d 1342, 1347–49 (9th Cir. 1992) 

(per curiam) (explaining Monell ratification requires the policymaker to make a 

“conscious, deliberate choice”). Still, this is beside the point, given Garza’s sole 

ratification-by-promotion theory.
4 

any, impeachment value. See United States v. Parker, 991 F.2d 1493, 1497 (9th Cir. 

1993) (“When the trial court excludes evidence tending to impeach a witness, it has 

not abused its discretion as long as the jury has in its possession sufficient 

information to appraise the biases and motivations of the witness.” (citation 

omitted)).

Judicial estoppel. Garza argues that the City took contradictory positions in 

the first trial against Cardona and the second trial against the City. See Kobold v. 

Good Samaritan Reg’l Med. Ctr., 832 F.3d 1024, 1044–45 (9th Cir. 2016) (citation 

omitted) (“Judicial estoppel is an equitable doctrine that precludes a party from 

gaining an advantage by asserting one position, and then later seeking an advantage 

by taking a clearly inconsistent position.”). Again, we find no error. The City’s 

position in the first trial—that Cardona acted with actual malice—is not inconsistent 

with the City’s position in the second trial—that Cardona’s promotion was dictated 

by the City’s civil-service rules and was not a “conscious, deliberate” ratification of 

his actions by the City. Gillette, 979 F.2d at 1347. Thus, while it does appear that 

the police department played “fast and loose” with the facts in its IA report, the City 

did not take contradictory litigation positions before the district court. See Rissetto 

v. Plumbers & Steamfitters Loc. 343, 94 F.3d 597, 601 (9th Cir. 1996) (citation 

omitted). 

Imputed knowledge. Garza argues the district court abused its discretion in 
5 

refusing to formulate a jury instruction that addressed “principles of agency and 

constructive/imputed knowledge,” yet he concedes the jury instructions accurately 

presented his theory of the case. See United States v. Knapp, 120 F.3d 928, 930 (9th 

Cir. 1997). Because ratification under Monell requires a “conscious, affirmative 

choice” by a policymaker, Gillette, 979 F.2d at 1347, the district court did not abuse 

its discretion in declining to give Garza’s requested instruction. 

Judgment as a matter of law. Finally, Garza’s conclusory argument for 

setting aside the jury’s verdict fails because there is “evidence adequate to support 

the jury’s conclusion, even if it is also possible to draw a contrary conclusion.”

Harper v. City of Los Angeles, 533 F.3d 1010, 1021 (9th Cir. 2008) (citation 

omitted). Namely, Chief Beck’s testimony that he understood California law to 

prohibit him from reopening the investigation into Cardona following the jury’s 

verdict in the first trial and, accordingly, to stall Cardona’s promotion, directly 

contradicts Garza’s ratification theory and is consistent with the jury’s verdict.

The dissent focuses heavily on whether in fact California’s “Public Safety 

Officers’ Bill of Rights Act [“the Act”] negated Chief Beck’s ability as the final 

policymaker to deny Cardona’s promotion.” Dissent at 4. Whether Chief Beck 

lacked the authority to prevent Cardona’s promotion was discussed at length in Chief 

Beck’s trial testimony and in the parties’ arguments to the jury. Specifically, the City 

argued that Chief Beck could not withhold Cardona’s promotion under governing 
6 

law, including applicable civil service regulations, and thus promoting him was not 

a ratification of his conduct. Garza disputed this claim, arguing that Chief Beck could 

have stopped Cardona’s promotion because the Act’s tolling provision would have 

allowed Chief Beck to reopen the earlier internal affairs investigation. Contrary to 

the dissent’s assertion, it was not error for the district court to allow the City to 

present its interpretation of the Act—as evidence that Chief Beck did not ratify

Cardona’s actions by promoting him––just as it was not error for the district court to 

allow Garza to present his tolling interpretation of the Act—as evidence that Chief 

Beck did ratify Cardona’s actions by promoting him.3 See Dissent at 5. The jury was

presented with both parties’ positions concerning whether Chief Beck made a 

“conscious, affirmative choice” to ratify Cardona’s actions—as Monell requires. 

Gillette, 979 F.3d at 1347. This was not error. 

* * *

Although Garza’s legal arguments fail, we share his frustration with the City 

and its police department’s opportunistic flip-flopping from exonerating Cardona 

3To be clear, neither party’s interpretation of the civil service promotion 

statute, or the effect of its tolling provision, was deemed correct by the district 

court. Instead, the jury heard the parties’ debate regarding whether Chief Beck 

could have stopped Cardona’s promotion, and each side argued that the statute 

supported its conclusion. At the end of the day, for purposes of resolving the issues 

presented on appeal, it matters not which interpretation was correct—the 

contrasting interpretations were relevant only as evidence of whether Chief Beck

deliberately and consciously ratified Cardona’s unconstitutional acts in approving 

his promotion.
7 

internally in its IA report to denouncing him publicly in a trial seeking monetary 

accountability. A group of citizens duly empaneled to serve as jurors, however,

heard the evidence on this issue, assessed the City’s conduct, and declined to hold it 

liable. Whereas Garza failed to show error by the district court, we will not disturb 

the jury’s judgment.

AFFIRMED.4

4The parties’ motions to take judicial notice (Dkt. Nos. 30, 53) are denied as 

moot. 
Garza v. City of Los Angeles, No. 19-55952

Rawlinson, Circuit Judge, dissenting:

The majority expresses its disapproval of the police department’s

“opportunistic flipping from exonerating [Police Officer] Cardona in its [Internal

Affairs] report to denouncing him publicly in a trial seeking monetary

accountability.” The majority nevertheless upholds the judgment in favor of the

Los Angeles Police Department because a jury “assessed the City’s conduct and

declined to hold it liable.” But because the district court excluded crucial relevant

evidence revealing the City’s duplicity, the jury’s assessment was not fully

informed. I respectfully dissent.

It is undisputed that the Internal Affairs Division of the City’s Police

Department exonerated Cardona of any wrongdoing. Importantly, Plaintiff Daniel

Garza (Garza) was informed in a letter that an investigation was conducted

“through several levels of review” at the Los Angeles Police Department, including

Captain McManus, the Acting Commanding Officer of the Metropolitan Division

“and the command staff of Internal Affairs.” Following this review, the Los

Angeles Police Department stated in the letter to Garza that Cardona’s actions were

“justified, lawful and proper.” This statement alone was sufficient to establish

ratification by the City of Los Angeles for the purpose of liability under Monell v.

FILED

JUL 26 2021

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

1
Dept. of Soc. Svcs., 436 U.S. 658 (1978). The letter contained the seal of the Los

Angeles Police Department and was written on Police Department letterhead with

Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti and Police Chief Charlie Beck listed as the

senders of the letter. Finally, the letter contained Chief Beck’s signature block. 

This collective imprimatur from the City adequately established that the City

ratified the actions taken by Cardona. See Christie v. Iopa, 176 F.3d 1231, 1239

(9th Cir. 1999) (explaining that ratification occurs when “authorized policymakers

approve a subordinate’s decision and the basis for it”) (citations omitted).1

But the story doesn’t end there. In Garza’s civil action against Cardona, the

City did a complete about face, arguing that Cardona’s use of excessive force

against Garza was malicious, rather than “justified, lawful, and proper,” as

determined by the Police Department’s Internal Affairs Division. This tactic was

successful for the City, resulting in a jury verdict against Cardona, but no Monell

liability for the City. Shortly after the trial and adverse verdict against Cardona,

the City promoted Cardona to the rank of sergeant. This promotion prompted

Garza to request a new trial on the City’s Monell liability, and the district court

granted the request.

1The district court should have granted judgment in favor of Garza at this

point.

2
At the new trial of the City’s Monell liability, the district court inexplicably

excluded from evidence the Internal Affairs Report exonerating Cardona. As

previously discussed, this report was quintessential ratification evidence. See id.2

The district court abused its discretion in excluding this critically relevant

evidence. See Obrey v. Johnson, 400 F.3d 691, 701-02 (9th Cir. 2005) (concluding

that the district court’s exclusion of directly probative evidence required reversal). 

But even without the evidence of the Internal Affairs exoneration, Chief Beck’s

promotion of Cardona in the face of his knowledge that Cardona had been found

liable for the use of excessive force also constituted ratification of Cardona’s

actions by the City.

As a preliminary matter, the district court committed no error in finding that

2The majority makes much of the fact that Chief Beck denied reading the

Internal Affairs Report. However, Chief Beck could not deny that the City of Los

Angeles sent a letter to Garza over the signature line of both the mayor and Chief

Beck endorsing the exoneration of Cardone by the Los Angeles Police Department

Internal Affairs Division. See Harper v. City of Los Angeles, 533 F.3d 1010, 1025

(9th Cir. 2008) (reiterating that ratifying a constitutional deprivation “suffice[d] for

official liability”). The summarizing letter and Internal Affairs Report were direct

evidence of Monell liability and were improperly excluded. See Obrey v. Johnson,

400 F.3d 691, 701-02 (9th Cir. 2005) (reversing exclusion of directly probative

evidence). And Chief Beck never denied reading the letter. Under the majority’s

view, a policymaker may avoid Monell exposure by simply denying knowledge of

the contents of a document prepared pursuant to his policies. That is simply not

the law. See Christie v. Iopa, 176 F.3d 1231, 1239 (9th Cir. 1999) (explaining that

ratification occurs when “policymakers approve a subordinate’s decision”).

3
Chief Beck was a policymaker. See Barone v. City of Springfield, Oregon, 902

F.3d 1091, 1108 (9th Cir. 2018) (concluding de novo that the City Manager was

the policymaker). To determine whether a public official is a policymaker, we

consult state law. See Lytle v. Carl, 382 F.3d 978, 982 (9th Cir. 2004). The

California Supreme Court has declared that the Police Chief for the City of Los

Angeles Police Department is “[t]he appointing authority for the [Police]

Department.” Riveros v. City of Los Angeles, 41 Cal. App. 4th 1342, 1350, as

modified on denial of rehearing (1996), thereby making him the policymaker for

the Department. See Lytle, 382 F.3d at 983 (defining a policymaker as someone

“in a position of authority such that a final decision by that person may

appropriately be attributable” to the government agency). It is indisputable that a

final decision by the Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department “may

appropriately be attributable” to that Police Department. Id.; see also Harper v.

City of Los Angeles, 533 F.3d 1010, 1025 (9th Cir. 2008) (confirming that a

decision by the Chief of the Los Angeles Police Department to ratify a

constitutional deprivation “suffice[d] for official liability”).

The City argued that a provision of the Public Safety Officers’ Bill of Rights

Act negated Chief Beck’s ability as the policymaker to deny Cardona’s promotion. 

The City specifically relied on California Government Code § 3304(d)(1), which

4
provides that no promotion may be denied unless an investigation of the incident

used as the basis for denial of the promotion is completed “within one year of the

public agency’s discovery” of the incident. However, as the City conceded, the

statute expressly tolls the one-year period of investigation “while [a] civil action is

pending” in a case “where the public safety officer is named as a party defendant.”

California Government Code § 3304(2)(F).

The district court ignored § 3304(2)(F), and erred in allowing the City to

present this argument to the jury based on its self-serving and misleading

interpretation of California Government Code § 3304 to avoid Monell liability. 

Indeed, at oral argument before us, counsel for the City was unable to satisfactorily

answer the question of what would have happened if Chief Beck had not signed the

promotion order. In my view, the inability to address that question strongly

supports an inference that Chief Beck actually had the authority to deny the

promotion as the appointing authority.

3

 The parties then could have possibly

litigated whether or not the denial violated the Public Safety Officers’ Bill of

Rights. But it was error for the district court to allow the City to introduce its

interpretation of the statute as negating Chief Beck’s ratification of Cardona’s use

3

In his deposition, Chief Beck acknowledged that he could have reopened

the investigation into Cardona’s misconduct. But the district court excluded this

testimony together with the letter to Garza and the Internal Affairs Report.

5
of excessive force without permitting Garza to introduce evidence that would

establish Chief Beck’s ratification. See Harper, 533 F.3d at 1026 (upholding

Monell liability when the Los Angeles Chief of Police “approved of the Task

Force’s [unconstitutional] tactics”).

Because the district court committed several critical evidentiary errors in this

case,

4

 I would reverse the judgment in favor of the City and direct entry of

judgment in favor of Garza on his Monell claim.

4The majority states that the jury heard the evidence and ruled against Garza. 

But because of the district court’s erroneous evidentiary rulings, the jury did not

hear ALL the evidence.

6