+- OFFICE OF THE ATTORNEY GENERAL - STATE OF TEXAS 

JOHN CORNYN 

June 28,2002 

The Honorable David T. Garcia 

Brooks County Attorney 

117 East Miller Street 

FalfInrias, Texas 78355 

Opinion No. JC-0522 

Re: Whether a constable who has not been issued 

a permanent peace officer license under chapter 

1701 of the Occupations Code is a peace officer 

for purposes of article 2.12(2) of the Code of 

Criminal Procedure (RQ-0501 -JC) 

Dear Mr. Garcia: 

You ask whether several constables in your county who have not been issued permanent 

peace officer licenses from the Texas Commission on Law Enforcement Officer Standards and 

Education (“TCLEOSE”) under chapter 1701 of the Occupations Code are peace officers for 

purposes of article 2.12(2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure.’ We conclude that a constable need 

not have a permanent peace officer license in order to be a peace officer under article 2.12(2). 

As background to your request, you explain that three of the four constables in your county . 

failed to obtain peace officer licenses from TCLEOSE within 270 days of being elected to office as 

required by section 86.0021 of the Local Government Code, which provides: 

(a) A person is not eligible to serve as constable unless the 

person: 

(1) has a high school diploma or a high school equivalency 

certificate; and 

(2) is eligible to be licensed under Sections 1701.309 and 

1701.3 12, Occupations Code. 

(b) On or before the 270th day after the date a constable takes 

office, the constable shall provide, to the commissioners court of the 

county in which the constable serves, evidence that the constable has 

been issued a permanent peace officer license under Chapter I 701, 

‘Letter from Honorable David T. Garcia, Brooks County Attorney, to Honorable John Cornyn, Texas Attorney 

General (Jan. 16,2002) (on file with Opinion Committee) [hereinafter Request Letter]. 
The Honorable David T. Garcia - Page 2 (JC-0522) 

Occupations Code. A constable who fails to provide evidence of 

licensure under this subsection or who fails to maintain a permanent 

license while serving in office forfeits the office and is subject to 

removal in a quo warrant0 proceeding under Chapter 66, Civil 

Practice and Remedies Code. 

(c) The license requirement of Subsection (b) supersedes the 

license requirement of Section 1701.302, Occupations Code. 

TEX. Lot. GOV’TCODEANN. 8 86.0021 (Vernon Supp. 2002) (emphasis added); see also TEX. OCC. 

CODE ANN. $5 1701.301-.316 (Vernon 2002) (TCLEOSE license requirements); TEX. CONST. art. 

V, 5 18(g) (“The Legislature by general law may prescribe the qualifications of constables.“); 

Schwenke v. State, 960 S.W.2d 227,232 (Tex. App-Corpus Christi 1997, pet. denied) (because the 

Texas Constitution prescribes no qualifications for the office of constable, the legislature is free to 

prescribe such qualifications). 

Pursuant to subsection (b) of this provision, your office filed a quo warrant0 proceeding in 

district court to remove the constables from office. See Request Letter, supra note 1, at 1. You state 

that the three constables thereafter resigned from office and the commissioners court appointed the 

three constables to fill the vacancies in their former offices. See id. We assume that the constables 

were not removed from office by the district court. As a result of their resignation and appointment 

to office by the commissioners court, each of the three constables now has 270 days from the date of 

appointment to obtain a peace officer’s license. See id.; see also Tex. Att’y Gen. Op. No. DM-322 

(1995) at 4 (concluding that appointed constable who previously resigned from office could take 

advantage of grace period for obtaining license “even if the appointee previously has served as 

constable without obtaining from the commission the required license”). 

You ask whether a constable who has not yet obtained a permanent peace officer license as 

required by section 86.002 1 of the Local Government Code is a peace officer under article 2.12(2) 

of the Code of Criminal Procedure, which lists the various kinds of law enforcement personnel who 

qualify as peace officers. See TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 2.12 (Vernon Supp. 2002). This 

is important because, under both the Code of Criminal Procedure and the Penal Code, special law 

enforcement authority, such as the power to make certain arrests or to carry a weapon, is vested in 

“peace officers” as that term is defined in article 2.12. See, e.g., id. arts. 14.01(b) (Vernon 1977); 

14.03(a)-(d) (V emon Supp. 2002) (authority of peace officers to make warrantless arrests); 15.06 

(Vernon Supp. 2002) (authority to serve arrest warrants); TEX. PEN. CODE ANN. $5 1.07(36) (Vernon 

1994) (For purposes of the Penal Code, “‘ [pleace officer’ means a person elected, employed, or 

appointed as a peace officer under Article 2.12, Code of Criminal Procedure, Section 5 1.2 12 or 

5 1.2 14, Education Code, or other law.“); 46.15(a) (Vernon Supp. 2002) (“Sections 46.02 and 46.03 

[weapons offenses] do not apply to: (1) peace officers and neither section prohibits a peace officer 

from carrying a weapon in this state, regardless of whether the officer is engaged in the actual 

discharge of the officer’s duties while carrying the weapon.“) (emphasis added). We conclude that 
The Honorable David T. Garcia - Page 3 (JC-0522) 

a constable who has not obtained a permanent peace officer license under chapter 1701 of the 

Occupations Code is a peace officer for purposes of article 2.12(2). 

A constable who has not obtained a permanent peace officer license under chapter 1701 of 

the Occupations Code is a peace officer for purposes of article 2.12 because the language in article 

2.12(2) regarding licensing under chapter 1701 applies only to reserve deputy constables. The 

license requirement does not apply to constables and deputy constables. Article 2.12 provides in 

pertinent part: 

The following are peace officers: 

(2) constables, deputy constables, and those reserve deputy 

constables who hold a permanent peace officer license issued under 

Chapter I701, Occupations Code. 

TEX. CODE CFUM. PROC. ANN. art. 2.12(2) (V emon Supp. 2002) (emphasis added). The Code 

Construction Act requires us to construe the “words and phrases” of article 2.12 “in context and . 

. . according to the rules of grammar and common usage.” TEX. GOV’TCODEANN. 5 311.011(a) 

(Vernon 1998). In article 2.12, the limiting word “those” applies only to reserve deputy constables, 

thus limiting the application of the qualifying phrase “who hold a permanent peace officer license 

issued under Chapter 1701, Occupations Code” to reserve deputy constables and precluding 

application of the phrase to constables and deputy constables. 

This construction of article 2.12(2) is also supported by its legislative history. See id. 

5 3 11.023(l)-(3), (5) ( in construing statute, court may consider object sought to be attained, 

circumstances under which statute was enacted, legislative history, and consequences of a particular 

construction). Prior to the 1999 legislative session, article 2.12(2) listed only constables and deputy 

constables and included nothing about licensing as a peace officer, see Act of May 22, 1997,75th 

Leg., R.S., ch. 1423’8 4.01,1999 Tex. Gen. Laws 5329’5334 (effective Sept. 1,1997), even though 

the law already required that a constable obtain a peace officer license, see Act of May 28,1993,73d 

Leg., R.S., ch. 985, 5 2, 1993 Tex. Gen. Laws 4261 (amending Government Code, section 415.053 

to provide that: “An officer, including a sheriff, elected under the Texas Constitution or a statute 

or appointed to fill a vacancy in an elective office must be licensed by the commission not later than 

two years after the date that the officer takes office. . . . It is incompetency and a ground for removal 

from office under Title 100, Revised Statutes, or any other removal statute if an officer to whom this 

section applies does not obtain the license by the required date or does not remain licensed.“). 

In 1999, the legislature enacted House Bill 957, which was intended to include “reserve 

police officers, reserve deputies and reserve deputy constables as peace officers,” to enable them “to 
The Honorable David T. Garcia - Page 4 (JC-0522) 

assist on-duty officers in arrests” and “to carry their weapons while off-duty without being subject 

to prosecution for unlawfully carrying a weapon.” SENATERESEARCHCTR.,BILLANALYSIS, Tex. 

H.B. 957 (Apr. 15, 1999). With respect to reserve deputy constables, House Bill 957 amended 

article 2.12(2) as follows: “constables, [and] deputy constables, and those reserve deputy constables 

who hold a permanent peace officer license issued under Chapter 415, Government Code [now 

Chapter 170 1, Occupations Code] .” Act of May 5, 1999, 76th Leg., R.S., ch. 90, 8 1, 1999 Tex. 

Gen. Laws 473 (enacting House Bill 957). The bill also added the following language to section 

86.012(b) of the Local Government Code, which provides for the appointment of reserve deputy 

constables: 

The constable may authorize a reserve deputy constable who is a 

peace officer as described by Article 2.12, Code of Criminal 

Procedure, to carry a weapon or act as a peace officer at all times, 

regardless of whether the reserve deputy constable is engaged in the 

actual discharge of official duties, or may limit the authority of the 

reserve deputy constable to carry a weapon or act as a peace officer 

to only those times during which the reserve deputy constable is 

engaged in the actual discharge of official duties. A reserve deputy 

constable who is not a peace officer as described by Article 2.12, 

Code of Criminal Procedure, may act as a peace officer only during 

the actual discharge of official duties. A reserve deputy constable, 

regardless of whether the reserve deputy constable is a peace officer 

as described by Article 2.12, Code of Criminal Procedure, is not: 

(1) eligible for participation in any program provided by the 

county that is normally considered a financial benefit of full-time 

employment or for any pension fund created by statute for the benefit 

of full-time paid peace officers; or 

(2) exempt from Chapter 1702, Occupations Code. 

Id. 5 3’1999 Tex. Gen. Laws at 475 (codified at TEX. Lot. GOV'T CODE ANN. 8 86.012(b) (Vernon 

1999)). Clearly, House Bill 957 was intended to address the status of reserve law enforcement 

officers, such as reserve deputy constables, and was not intended to affect the status of constables. 

The bill was not intended to require a constable to obtain a peace officer license in order to be a 

peace officer for purposes of article 2.12(2). 

In sum, a constable who has not yet obtained a permanent peace officer license as required 

by section 86.0021 of the Local Government Code is a peace officer for purposes of article 2.12(2) 

of the Code of Criminal Procedure. Given this conclusion, we do not reach your remaining 

questions, which are premised on the conclusion that a constable who has not obtained a permanent 

peace officer license is not a peace officer under article 2.12(2).. We do note, however, that we have 

located two statutes that apply only to a peace officer who has obtained a peace officer license. 
The Honorable David T. Garcia - Page 5 (JC-0522) 

Article 14.03(g) of the Code of Criminal Procedure authorizes only certain types of peace officers, 

including constables, “who [are] licensed under Chapter 415, Government Code” (now Occupations 

Code, chapter 1701)’ to make warrantless arrests outside their jurisdictions. See TEX. CODE GRIM. 

PROC. ANN. art. 14.03(g) (Vernon Supp. 2002). The authority provided by article 14.03(g) applies 

only to a licensed peace officer and would not apply to an unlicensed constable. Similarly, the 

concealed-handgun law establishes special application requirements for concealed-handgun licenses 

for active peace officers: “A person who is licensed as a peace officer under Chapter 415 [now 

Occupations Code, chapter 17011 and is employed full-time as a peace officer by a law enforcement 

agency may apply for a license under this subchapter.” TEX. GOV’T CODE ANN. 8 411.1991(a) 

(Vernon Supp. 2002) (emphasis added). A constable who is not licensed under chapter 1701 of the 

Occupations Code would not be eligible to apply for a concealed-handgun license under that 

provision. 
The Honorable David T. Garcia - Page 6 (JC-0522) 

SUMMARY 

A constable who has not yet obtained a permanent peace 

officer license as required by section 86.0021 of the Local 

Government Code is a peace officer for purposes of article 2.12(2) of 

the Code of Criminal Procedure. 

Attorney General of Texas 

HOWARD G. BALDWIN, JR. 

First Assistant Attorney General 

NANCY FULLER 

Deputy Attorney General - General Counsel 

SUSAN DENMON GUSKY 

Chair, Opinion Committee 

Mary R. Crouter 

Assistant Attorney General, Opinion Committee