I t f NIST L b t Impor

tance o

f NIST

L

a

bora

to

Research Programs 

to Support Smart Grid Standa

Visiting Committee on Advanced Technology (VCAT

David Wollman David Wollman

NIST Smart Grid Team 

June 9, 2009
The “smart grid” combines the electrica

“intelligence

” infrastructures ...

Interoperability requires reliable standards and valiperformance

– a clear role 

Fusing electrical and information infrastructure requires interoperability requires interoperability

... performance

–

a clear role 

Grap
The “smart grid” combines the electrica

“intelligence

” infrastructures ...

Interoperability requires reliable standards and valiperformance

– a clear role 

NIST research/measurements support technically accurate standards standards

– a clear, a clear, performance

–

a clear role 

traditional role for NIST

Grap
The “smart grid” combines the electrica

“intelligence

” infrastructures ...

Smart Grid Interoperability Standards and Testing

NIST Smart Grid Research 

Program Plans and Goals Program Plans and Goals

Grap
NIST smart grid vision:

1. NIST accelerates smart grid interoperability standard

- Delivers “Interoperability Framework” including “Rele

- Three phase accelerated NIST plan: Three phase accelerated NIST plan:

- Interim Roadmap, Standards Panel, Conformity 

- NIST drives standards process by organizing Standa

Development Organizations (SDOs) and acceleratinDevelopment Organizations (SDOs) and acceleratin

development in private sector

Speed is absolutely critical for this!

2. NIST builds up smart grid research program 

- Increases measurement capability related to SG/pow- Solves interoperability technical issues Solves interoperability technical issues

- Creates testbeds/measurements to support conform- Anticipates new smart grid technologies and measu

standards; develop y s ke measurements
NIST smart grid research:

• NIST smart grid research spans many Labo

- Electronics and Electrical En

g g ineerin

g: 

- Electric Power Metrology and Power Ele

- Building and Fire Research: Building and Fire Research:

- Building Systems 

- I f ti T h l In

formation 

Tec

hnology:

- Cybersecurity and Networking

- Manufacturing Engineering:

- Industrial Control and Security
NIST Research Maps onto Smart Grid Fun
NIST Research Maps onto Smart Grid Fun

Wide Area Cybersecurity 

(everywhere)

Situational 

Awareness 

(WASA)

(everywhere)

Networks

Intelligent 

sensors

Electric Power Metering

Power Electronics
NIST research supports smart grid standards throu

different mechanisms different mechanisms

• Calibration and testing of smart grid equipment b

on standards 

• Leadership of standards committee by NIST staf• I t di ti d l d hi b d In

teragency coordination an

d lea

dership 

base

d o

technical expertise; roadmapping 

• Information models and standards leadership 

• Specific federal roles and responsibilities • Measurement science and research 
NIST research supports smart grid standards throu

different mechanisms different mechanisms

• Calibration and testing of smart grid equipment b

on standards (p g) hasor measurement unit testing)

• Leadership of standards committee by NIST staf

(electric power metering)

• I t di ti d l d hi b d In

teragency coordination an

d lea

dership 

base

d o

technical expertise; roadmapping (power electro

• Information models and standards leadership 

(building automation control)

• Specific federal roles and responsibilities 

(cybersecurity)

• Measurement science and research 

(network, electromagnetic compatibility, ...)
Wide Area Situational Awareness (WASA) is key pa

smart grid operational vision smart grid operational vision

• Monitors the health of the electric power grid• Will reduce blackouts and interruptions• M k i f h id ffi i M

a

ke operation o

f t

he grid more effi

cient

• Priority in recent FERC policy statement, roadmap wo

• NIST/EEEL testing of Phasor Measurement Units (PMU

• What is a Phasor?

1 PPS (UTC Ref.)

• Phasor Measurement U

• Voltage and curre• Frequency; rate of 

• What is

a Phasor?

Amplitude and Phase Angle

( )

t

φ

2

A

A

Frequency; rate of 

• Timestamps meas• Transmits data im• IEEE C37.118 stan

φ

t
Northeast Blackout 2003 – PMUs would hav

provided advance warning to be able to resprovided advance warning to be able to res

Simulate
NIST SynchroMetrology Laboratory tests PM

• Supported by NIST/EEEL and DOE

• Initiated FY05; FY06/07 received EEEL Dir. Res. seed fun

• NIST only NMI to offer PMU calibration special test service

• Example: testing 8 PMUs from manufacturers around the 

Brazil National System Operators

• NIST has provided assistance to manufacturers and utilitie

NIST has provided assistance to manufacturers and utilitie

design, testing and use of PMUs. Testing PMUs important8 tested meets full IEEE standard C37.118.

• Future:

• Dynamic state 

measurements 

• Support calibration of Support calibration of

PMU testers 

• Support DoE and utilities 

for upgrades to meet 

new testing needs 

• Other intelligent sensors
North American Synchrophasor Initiative (NA

• Project sponso

DOE and the 

Eastern 

Interconnection

Western 

Interconnection

(Quebec 

Interconnection)

DOE and the 

American ElecReliability Cor

(NERC)

• Promoting “be

measurement

information to information to 

system perfor

• NIST/EEEL im

contributor, leacontributor, lea

performance rteam (Jerry St

• NASPI provide

Eastern Interconnection Western Interconnection NASPI provide

standards pro

Interconnection Texas/TRE/ERCOT 

Interconnection

NERC Reliability Regions
Electric Power Metering

• All electric energy (kilowatt-hours) sold in the U.S. (ove

Billion/year) is traceable to NIST Electric Power Labora

• ANSI C12 standards for electricity metering, typically m

ANSI C12 standards for electricity metering, typically m

the U.S. by state Public Utility Commissions (PUCs)

• NIST/EEEL chair of ANSI C12 main committee (N

• P j t l d f P &E h/ lib ti 

Projec

t lea

der o

f

Power&Energy research/calibration 

• Quantum watt: successfully tied electric 

power to quantum standards (major develo

pment effort: DSP-based waveform 

generator, world’s best voltage amplifier, AC Programmable Josephson Voltage Standard)

- uncertainties decreased from 15 to 2 ppm 

• Future: three phase power, distorted power
Power Conditioning Systems (PCS)

PCS PCS PCS

Alternate/Clean Energy Plug-in Vehicle to Grid HVDC/F

Communication

Power Smart Grid

Alternate/Clean Energy Plug-in Vehicle Vehicle to Grid HVDC/F

• PCS required to adapt unsynchronized AC and unregu

power of Alternate/Clean energy systems to/from 60 Hz 

and enable Smart Grid with enhanced features: 

• Connectivity of solar, wind, fuel cell, plug-in vehicle, s• A power network with controlled flows (cf. free-flow to• Dispatchable real and reactive power high efficienc• Controllable harmonic cancellation, phase balancing, • Accommodate faults faster with controllable trip poin• P it tilit t ll d i l di Permits utility con

troll

e

d islanding

• High megawatt PCS required for enhanced grid capaci

• HVDC, FACTS, Microgrids, SS Circuit Breaker, SS Transform
EEEL Power Electronics and PCS Leadersh

• PCS advancement enabled by new power electronics co

• NIST is leading expert on preferred high power modul• NIST plans and leads multi-agency power electronics 

• NIST/DOE initiated “High Megawatt PCS Industry R&D R

process to guide development of technologies needed foprocess to guide development of technologies needed fo

alternate/clean energy and the Smart Grid

• Interagency Advanced Power Group (IAPG)

• 1958 statute created federal membership organization 

coordination of federal programs in power technologi

• NIST chairs IAPG Electrical Systems Working Group t

coordinate federal PCS programs for future energy an

• IEEE 1547 is a key standard defining grid connectivity re

• Evolving rapidly with new energy systems and grid ar

Evolving rapidly with new energy systems and grid ar

• Clear need for NIST metrology to validate PCS confor
Building Automation Control Research

Addressing the role of the building in the 

smart grid:

• 72% f ll l t i it i d 72% o

f all elec

t

ricity is consume

d

by building system loads.

• BFRL smart 

grid research is 

focused on improved energy management in complex facilities. 

• BFRL research leads to information BFRL research leads to information

models that enable communication standards for the Smart Grid 

• Includes extensions to BACnet for 

energy management, and demand 

response protocols response protocols

NIST BFRL Vir

Building T
BFRL research and standards impact for SG

• ANSI/ASHRAE 135 BACnet (ISO 16484-5) is the domi

international standard for commercial building automcontrol including energy management.

• BFRL has lead in the development of BACnet to mee

interoperability challenges of Smart Grid at the gatew

consumer facility. consumer facility.

• The BACnet Utility Interaction WG has developed a L

Control Object and is now addressing control of dist

energy resources (generation and storage) energy resources (generation and storage)

• BFRL has actively served in addressing standards fo

response and has helped initiate, through the NIST S

Program collaboration activities, a new Energy InteroTC under a standards organization to continue to advnational standard for demand response communicat

• On-going research will serve to strengthen these sta

efforts and test the protocols. 
NIST cybersecurity important for smart grid

• High visibility of potential security and privacy issues• Specific federal roles and responsibilities for NIST: 

• Federal Inf S (

formation 

Security Management Act 

(F

• Cyber Security Research and Development Act• Homeland Security Presidential Directive (HSPD

• For smart grid effort, NIST’s Computer Security Division 

established a Cyber Security Coordination Task Group (C

• C i t f i di id l f th i t t 

Consis

ts o

f indi

viduals 

from the priva

te sec

tor, aca

federal agencies, and regulatory bodies

• Implementing a cyber security strategy for the Sm

• Using a risk management approach to define threats, 

vulnerabilities and impacts

• Developing a set of cyber security requirements for the S

Developing

a set of cyber security requirements for the S

• Identifying gaps and making recommendations
Advanced Networking Technologies – Standard Activit

 NIST research in networkin

gp p 

 ex

pedites develo

pment of standards t

trust in networked IT systems – modeling, simulation, analysis to acompleteness, performance, and emergent behavior of proposed s

 NIST worked with industry and standards organizations such as:

 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF),  IEEE 802 LAN/MAN Committee,  Telecommunications Industr

y () Association (TIA) on telecommunica

networking standards. 

 Many of these standards are applicable to the Smart Grid informati

infrastructure. 

InEC

Seamless, Secure network infrastructure

Secure

Mobility

Emerging 

Wireless 

Technologies

Edge Networks Mes

Core Network Infrastructure
Impact of NIST Work on Networking Stand

For protocols that could be used for Smart Grid information infrastru Internet Protocol Version 6: IPv6 will be needed in order to address a larg

smart meters NIST smart meters. NIST s’ IPv6 profile selects features from the IPv6 protocol 

IPv6 profile selects features from the IPv6 protocol 

U.S. Government networks, but is also applicable to Smart Grid; NIST’s and certification procedures will simplify procurement of IPv6 complaint e

 Domain Name Service: Domain Name Service: DNS is a phonebook look up service that maps In

DNS is

a phonebook look up service that maps In

names (e.g. www.nist.gov) to IP addresses. It is well known that an attaceasily hijack the mapping and redirect traffic to hijacker’s site. NIST’s woDNSSEC standards and its world wide de

py j lo

yment will close this major r

 IEEE 802 Protocols:

 NIST provided the Specification and Description Language (SDL) descrip

ZigBee protocol in the IEEE 802 15 4 specification ensuring the proper dZigBee protocol in the IEEE 802.15.4 specification, ensuring the proper d

protocol.

 NIST developed a simulation tool for 802.11 (WiFi) and 802.16 (WiMAX) 

develo

p pp g g ers to test applications usin

g these network technolo

gies.
Future area: electromagnetic interference in 

Electromagnetic interference (such as wireless communications 

with metering) is identified as a potential issue for smart grid 

• Electroma

g py netic com

patibilit

y allows electronics to f

near one another (i.e. non-interference)

• FCC regulates the emission and immunity levels bas

radiated and conducted measurements

• Both intentional and unintentional RF radiators

EEEL Electromagnetics Division has measurement expertise anEEEL Electromagnetics Division has measurement expertise an

leadership of relevant standards efforts

• ASC C63 provides EMC standards for electronic equ• NIST/EEEL chair of ASC C63 techni

ques committee; 

secretariat

• These standards cover methods of testing, facilities 

and guides for applications; metrology standards are covered. 
Summary

• NIST ramping up smart grid interoperability standard

efforts,p g g roviding strong federal coordination role 

• NIST research supports smart grid standards and te

through different mechanisms

• M l l l d bidi ti l i t ti b t More closely coupled bidirectional interactions betwe

NIST research and standards/testing is possible in th