NO. 12-12-00119-CV

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT

TYLER, TEXAS

IN THE INTEREST OF § APPEAL FROM THE 173RD

S.S., K.S., AND R.W., JR., § JUDICIAL DISTRICT COURT

CHILDREN § HENDERSON COUNTY, TEXAS

OPINION

S.S. and S.S.1,1 K.S., and R.W., Jr. (the children) appeal the termination of S.S.‘s parental 

rights. On appeal, S.S. presents three issues, and the children present four issues. We affirm.

BACKGROUND

S.S. is the mother of three children, S.S.1, born October 10, 2006, K.S., born January 1, 

2008, and R.W., Jr., born February 7, 2009. L.W. is the father of S.S.1, M.C.M. is the father of 

K.S., and R.L.W. is the father of R.W., Jr.2 None of the fathers are a party to this appeal. On 

June 18, 2009, the Department of Family and Protective Services (the Department) filed an 

original petition for protection of the children, for conservatorship, and for termination of S.S.‘s 

parental rights. The Department was appointed the children‘s temporary managing conservator, 

and S.S. was appointed their temporary possessory conservator. 

After a jury trial, the jury found, by clear and convincing evidence, that S.S. had engaged 

in one or more of the acts or omissions necessary to support termination of her parental rights, 

 

1 The initials of the mother and her oldest child are the same. Therefore, we will refer to the mother as S.S. 

and to her oldest child as S.S.1.

2 According to testimony at trial, the parent-child relationships between S.S.1 and L.W. and between K.S. 

and M.C.M. were terminated before trial. On January 13, 2012, the jury found, by clear and convincing evidence, 

that R.L.W. had engaged in one or more of the acts or omissions necessary to support termination of his parental 

rights, and that termination of the parent-child relationship was in the best interest of the child. Accordingly, on 

March 8, 2012, the trial court ordered the termination of R.L.W.‘s parent-child relationship with R.W., Jr.
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and that termination of the parent-child relationship between S.S. and the children was in the 

children‘s best interest. Further, the jury found that the Department should be appointed 

managing conservator of the children. Based on these findings, the trial court ordered that the 

parent-child relationship between S.S. and the children be terminated. Moreover, the trial court 

ordered that the Department be appointed permanent managing conservator of the children. S.S. 

filed a motion for new trial, which was denied. This appeal followed.

ADMISSION OF EVIDENCE

In the children‘s first and second issues, they argue that the trial court erred by 

improperly admitting hearsay evidence, business records affidavits, and scientific, technical, and 

specialized knowledge without expert testimony concerning drug test results in violation of the 

Texas Rules of Evidence. Further, the children contend that the resulting harm from improperly 

admitting this testimony and evidence was substantial and probably caused the rendition of an 

improper judgment.

Standard of Review

We review a trial court's evidentiary rulings for abuse of discretion. Owens–Corning 

Fiberglas Corp. v. Malone, 972 S.W.2d 35, 43 (Tex. 1998). A trial court abuses its discretion if 

it acts without reference to any guiding rules or principles or if its actions are arbitrary and 

unreasonable. Downer v. Aquamarine Operators, Inc., 701 S.W.2d 238, 241-42 (Tex. 1985).

We must uphold the trial court‘s evidentiary ruling if there is any legitimate basis for the ruling. 

Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corp., 972 S.W.2d at 43.

Applicable Law

―Hearsay‖ is a statement, other than one made by the declarant while testifying at the trial 

or hearing, offered in evidence to prove the truth of the matter asserted. TEX. R. EVID. 801(d). 

The proponent of hearsay has the burden of showing that the testimony fits within an exception 

to the general rule prohibiting the admission of hearsay evidence. Volkswagen of Am., Inc. v. 

Ramirez, 159 S.W.3d 897, 908 n.5 (Tex. 2004). However, the following exception applies for 

business records:

A . . . record . . . made at or near the time by, or from information transmitted by, a person with 

knowledge, if kept in the course of a regularly conducted business activity, and if it was the 

regular practice of that business activity to make the memorandum, report, record, or data 

compilation, all as shown by the testimony of the custodian or other qualified witness, or by 
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affidavit that complies with Rule 902(10), unless the source of information or the method or 

circumstances of preparation indicate lack of trustworthiness.

TEX. R. EVID. 803(6); Simien v. Unifund CCR Partners, 321 S.W.3d 235, 240 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2010, no pet.). The predicate for admission of the business records may be 

established ―by [an] affidavit that complies with Rule 902(10).‖ TEX. R. EVID. 803(6).

Rule 902(10) provides that business records ―shall be admissible in evidence in any court 

in this state upon the affidavit of the person who would otherwise provide the prerequisites of 

Rule 803(6).‖ TEX. R. EVID. 902(10)(a). The predicate witness does not have to be the record‘s 

creator or have personal knowledge of the contents of the record. Brooks v. State, 901 S.W.2d 

742, 746 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 1995, pet. ref‘d). The witness need only have personal 

knowledge of the manner in which the records were prepared. Id. Rule 902(10) also provides a 

form for the affidavit and states that the affidavit ―shall be sufficient if it follows this form 

though this form shall not be exclusive, and an affidavit which substantially complies with the 

provisions of this rule shall suffice . . . .‖ TEX. R. EVID. 902(10)(b). 

Objections and Testimony

On the first day of trial, but before voir dire, the children‘s counsel objected to the 

admission of the results of hair follicle drug testing through the introduction of business records, 

asserting that the Department had not designated any experts who could satisfy the standards set 

forth in Texas Rule of Evidence 702. Further, counsel objected that the Department intended to 

rely upon these business records to show, by clear and convincing evidence, that S.S. and R.L.W. 

engaged in one or more of the acts or omissions necessary to support termination of their 

parental rights, more specifically, the conduct described in subsections 161.001(1)(D) and (E) of 

the Texas Family Code.3 S.S.‘s counsel joined in the children‘s objections. The trial court 

overruled the objections ―to the extent of the results themselves of drug tests contained in 

business records.‖ Before trial, and before the testimony began, counsel for the children and for 

S.S. renewed their objections. They also requested a running objection regarding both business 

 

3 A court may order termination of the parent-child relationship if the court finds by clear and convincing 

evidence that the parent has knowingly placed or knowingly allowed the child to remain in conditions or 

surroundings which endanger the physical or emotional well being of the child or engaged in conduct or knowingly 

placed the child with persons who engaged in conduct which endangers the physical or emotional well being of the 

child. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(D), (E) (West Supp. 2012).
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records affidavits. The trial court denied their objections, but granted them a running objection 

to the affidavits. 

At trial, Angie Hope, a collector with Drug Test Services of East Texas, testified that she 

collects urine, hair, and nail specimens for drug testing. She stated that she collected hair 

samples from the children on three separate occasions, from S.S. on approximately ten 

occasions, and from R.L.W. on two occasions. Hope testified that when she collects a hair 

sample for drug testing, she collects approximately 120 strands of hair from an individual, folds 

the hair in an envelope, seals the envelope, completes a ―chain-of-custody‖ form, and ships the 

sample by FedEx to a laboratory in Ohio. However, she stated that she did not have any personal 

knowledge about what happens to a hair sample after she ships it to Ohio. 

On the third day of trial, counsel for the children and for S.S. objected again, citing In re 

K.C.P.4for the proposition that the business records regarding the drug test results should not be 

admitted. The trial court overruled their objections. Paige Jones, a caseworker with the 

Department, testified that she was a conservatorship caseworker in 2009 when she was assigned 

to the children. During her testimony, the Department offered into evidence Exhibits 8 and 9, 

i.e., two affidavits of business records from the Texas Alcohol and Drug Testing Service. 

Counsel for the children and for S.S. renewed their previous objections, and stated that Jones was 

not the proper witness to authenticate or lay the foundation for these exhibits. The trial court 

noted their previous objections, overruled them, and admitted the exhibits. On cross 

examination, Jones testified that she received the drug test results from the Texas Alcohol and 

Drug Testing Service, that she did not have any familiarity with the methodology for testing, that 

she could not state that the testing is reliable, and that she had no personal knowledge that testing 

was done in accordance with industry standards.

Exhibits 8 and 9 are business records affidavits from the Texas Alcohol and Drug Testing 

Service. The affidavits are signed by Vicki S. Phelps, the custodian of records, and are 

substantially the same as the form provided in Texas Rule of Evidence 902(10)(b). Exhibit 8 

included reports of the results of thirteen hair follicle drug tests and Exhibit 9 included a report 

of the result of one hair follicle drug test. Each exhibit included a drug testing custody and 

control form for each report. The following are the results of the drug tests:

 

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142 S.W.3d 574, 579 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.).
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• June 17, 2009—S.S.1 and R.W., Jr. tested positive for cocaine, but S.S. and K.S. tested 

negative.

• June 26, 2009—R.L.W. tested positive for cocaine.

• October 12, 2010—K.S. and R.L.W. tested positive for cocaine and S.S. tested positive for 

marijuana. 

• July 13, 2011—S.S. and K.S. tested positive for marijuana, R.W., Jr. tested positive for 

cocaine, and S.S.1 tested negative. 

• S. S. tested positive for marijuana on two other occasions (December 9, 2009 and April 8, 

2010).

Analysis

The records complained of clearly are business records from the Texas Alcohol and Drug 

Testing Service. The children contend, however, that the critical question is whether the 

statements, i.e., the drug test results, showed sufficient indicia of trustworthiness or reliability to 

bring them within an exception to the hearsay rule. See In re K.C.P., 142 S.W.3d 574, 579 (Tex. 

App.—Texarkana 2004, no pet.); see also TEX. R. EVID. 803(6) (business records not admissible 

under Rule 803(6) if ―the source of information or the method or circumstances of preparation 

indicate lack of trustworthiness‖). As pointed out in In re K.C.P., some civil cases have found 

business records containing laboratory test results admissible by showing where the specimen 

was drawn, that it was sent to a laboratory, and that a medical doctor analyzed it and reported the 

results. See id. (citing March v. Victoria Lloyds Ins. Co., 773 S.W.2d 785, 788 (Tex. App.—

Fort Worth 1989, writ denied)). However, criminal cases require more. See id.

In Philpot v. State, the court held that drug test results were inadmissible even though the 

sponsoring witness provided all the predicate testimony for business records. See Philpot, 897 

S.W.2d 848, 852 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1995, pet. ref‘d). More specifically, the court stated there 

was no evidence that (1) the tests conducted were standard tests for the controlled substance, (2) 

the entries were made by a person who had personal knowledge of the test and the test results, or 

that (3) the test results were records kept in the usual course of business of the laboratory. See 

id.; see also Strickland v. State, 784 S.W.2d 549, 553 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 1990, pet. ref‘d) 

(holding that test results were admissible as business records when witness could testify that tests 

were standard tests for particular substance, made by person who had personal knowledge of test 

and test results, and results were recorded in records kept in the usual course of business of 

laboratory). Because of the more stringent clear and convincing standard for a parental 
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termination case as opposed to other civil cases, the Texarkana court has held that it is 

inappropriate to apply the more relaxed civil standard in determining the admissibility of 

business records. See In re K.C.P., 142 S.W.3d at 580. We agree with the Texarkana court‘s 

reasoning and apply it here.

In this case, there is no evidence to show that the sponsoring witness had personal 

knowledge of how the tests were conducted. See id. There is no evidence regarding the 

qualifications of the persons who tested the samples, the types of tests administered, or whether 

such tests were standard for the particular substance. See id. Also, there is no evidence about 

the types of devices used to conduct the tests or the methods used by the independent laboratory 

that conducted the tests. See id. Further, there is no evidence to show that the devices used to 

conduct the tests were properly supervised, maintained, or operated by a person who was 

competent to do so. See id. And finally, there was no effort at trial to provide this information to 

the court through any other method. See id.

Absent evidence of the qualifications of the person who tested the specimens, the 

equipment used, the method of administering the test, and whether the test was a standard one for 

the particular substance, there is insufficient indicia of trustworthiness or reliability to bring the 

test results in the instant case within the business records exception to the hearsay rule. See id.; 

Philpot, 897 S.W.2d at 852; see also TEX. R. EVID. 803(6). Thus, the trial court abused its 

discretion in admitting Exhibits 8 and 9.

Reversible Error

To obtain reversal of a judgment based on a trial court's error in admitting or excluding 

evidence, the complaining party must show that (1) the trial court committed an error, and (2) the 

error was reasonably calculated to cause, and probably did cause, rendition of an improper 

judgment. State v. Cent. Expressway Sign Assoc., 302 S.W.3d 866, 870 (Tex. 2009); Gee v. 

Liberty Mut. Fire Ins. Co., 765 S.W.2d 394, 396 (Tex. 1989); see also TEX. R. APP. P. 

44.1(a)(1). In making this determination, the court must review the entire record. Cent. 

Expressway Sign Assocs., 302 S.W.3d at 870. The exclusion is likely harmless if the evidence 

was cumulative, or the rest of the evidence was so one-sided that the error likely made no 

difference in the judgment. Id. A successful challenge to a trial court's evidentiary rulings 

requires the complaining party to demonstrate that the judgment turns on the particular evidence 

excluded or admitted. Interstate Northborough P'ship v. State, 66 S.W.3d 213, 220 (Tex.
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2001). Therefore, we must determine whether termination of S.S.‘s parental rights turned on the 

admission of Exhibits 8 and 9. 

First Set of Test Results

The first set of results related to drug tests conducted on June 17 and 26, 2009. The 

Department argues that any error in admitting the June 17 and 26, 2009 drug test results was 

harmless because the same or similar evidence was subsequently introduced without objection. 

Ramirez, 159 S.W.3d at 907. More specifically, the Department points out that at least two 

witnesses testified about drug use. Additionally, the trial court admitted S.S.‘s original Family 

Plan of Service as Exhibit 10, S.S.‘s Evaluated Family Plan of Service as Exhibit 11, and 

R.L.W.‘s original Family Plan of Service as Exhibit 12. Jones was the sponsoring witness for 

these exhibits, which were admitted without any objection from the children. 

Kristina McGee, an investigator with the Department, testified that the children were 

removed from S.S.‘s home on June 17, 2009. She stated that they were removed because of 

inconsistent stories about an injury to K.S.‘s leg in addition to the possibility of drugs being used 

in the home. According to McGee, the drug tests were positive for cocaine, but she did not state 

whose tests were positive. McGee stated that S.S. never tested positive for cocaine, but that if 

drugs were found in the children‘s systems, that would constitute physical harm to the children.

Paige Jones, a caseworker at the Department, was the sponsoring witness for Exhibits 8 

and 9. She testified that the Department initially removed the children because of a handprint on 

K.S.‘s leg, and because two of the children and R.L.W., the father of the youngest child, tested 

positive for drugs. Jones stated that the Department was very concerned about the children being 

exposed to drugs, how they were exposed to drugs, and that R.L.W. was in the home. She stated 

again that drug use was the main concern of the Department. Jones also testified that she was 

concerned about R.L.W. because he tested positive for cocaine. She admitted saying, at one 

point, that she did not mind R.L.W. and S.S. being together, but that drug use was the 

Department‘s ―issue‖ with them. S.S. testified that she did not have any explanation as to why 

her children tested positive for cocaine when they were first removed from her. She stated that 

she has never tested positive for cocaine, and did not know how her children were exposed to it.

In Exhibits 10 and 11, the Department stated that its initial concerns on July 15, 2009, 

were that S.S. ―had been living with a man who tested highly positive for cocaine. [S.S.]‘s 

children, [S.S.1 and R.W., Jr.] also tested positive for cocaine.‖ Exhibit 12 included a statement 
8

that the Department‘s initial concerns about R.L.W. on July 20, 2009, were that he ―tested 

positive for cocaine‖ and that R.W., Jr. ―also tested positive for cocaine.‖ Moreover, according 

to Jones, R.L.W. admitted that his ―drug of choice‖ was cocaine and marijuana. The children did 

not object. Because evidence that S.S.1, R.W., Jr., and R.L.W. tested positive for cocaine was 

admitted without objection, we agree that admission of the first set of positive drug test results 

obtained on June 17 and 26, 2009, was harmless. See id. 

Second and Third Sets of Test Results

The jury found that S.S. engaged in three acts or omissions necessary to support 

termination of her parental rights pursuant to subsection 161.001(1) of the Texas Family Code, 

and that termination of her parental rights was in the children‘s best interest. The Department 

argues, in part, that even if the second and third sets of test results were erroneously admitted, the 

termination of S.S.‘s parental rights does not turn on this evidence. See Cent. Expressway Sign 

Assocs., 302 S.W.3d at 870. More specifically, the Department points out that S.S. failed to 

comply with her service plan, and that termination can be affirmed on this ground even without 

consideration of these test results. We agree.

On July 6, 2009, the trial court signed an order establishing that for S.S. to have the 

children returned to her, she must comply with each requirement of the Department‘s original, or 

any amended, service plan. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(O) (West Supp. 2012). As 

we explain later in this opinion, we have examined the evidence properly admitted at trial and 

have concluded that this evidence is both legally and factually sufficient to support a finding that 

S.S. failed to comply with certain requirements of the Department‘s service plan in accordance 

with the trial court‘s July 6, 2009 order. We have also concluded from the same evidence that 

termination is in the best interest of the children. Consequently, we are unable to conclude from 

the record that termination of S.S.‘s parental rights turned on the admission of the second and 

third sets of positive drug test results. See Interstate Northborough P'ship, 66 S.W.3d at 220; 

Cent. Expressway Sign Assoc., 302 S.W.3d at 870. Therefore, we cannot conclude that the error 

in admitting the second and third set of positive drug test results was reasonably calculated to 

cause, and probably did cause, rendition of an improper judgment. See Cent. Expressway Sign 

Assoc., 302 S.W.3d at 870; Gee, 765 S.W.2d at 396. Accordingly, we overrule the children‘s 

first and second issues.
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TERMINATION OF PARENTAL RIGHTS

Involuntary termination of parental rights embodies fundamental constitutional rights. 

Vela v. Marywood, 17 S.W.3d 750, 759 (Tex. App.–Austin 2000), pet. denied per curiam, 53 

S.W.3d 684 (Tex. 2001); In re J.J., 911 S.W.2d 437, 439 (Tex. App.–Texarkana 1995, writ 

denied). Because a termination action permanently sunders the bonds between a parent and 

child, the proceedings must be strictly scrutinized. Wiley v. Spratlan, 543 S.W.2d 349, 352 

(Tex. 1976); In re Shaw, 966 S.W.2d 174, 179 (Tex. App.–El Paso 1998, no pet.).

Section 161.001 of the family code permits a court to order termination of parental rights 

if two elements are established. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001 (West Supp. 2012); In re 

J.M.T., 39 S.W.3d 234, 237 (Tex. App.–Waco 1999, no pet.). First, the parent must have 

engaged in any one of the acts or omissions itemized in the first subsection of the statute. TEX.

FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1) (West Supp. 2012); Green v. Texas Dep’t of Protective & 

Regulatory Servs., 25 S.W.3d 213, 219 (Tex. App.–El Paso 2000, no pet.); In re J.M.T., 39 

S.W.3d at 237. Second, termination must be in the best interest of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE 

ANN. § 161.001(2) (West Supp. 2012); In re J.M.T., 39 S.W.3d at 237. Both elements must be 

established by clear and convincing evidence, and proof of one element does not alleviate the 

petitioner‘s burden of proving the other. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001; Wiley, 543 S.W.2d at 

351; In re J.M.T., 39 S.W.3d at 237. 

The clear and convincing standard for termination of parental rights is both 

constitutionally and statutorily mandated. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001; In re J.J., 911 

S.W.2d at 439. Clear and convincing evidence means the measure or degree of proof that will 

produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the allegations 

sought to be established. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007 (West 2008). The burden of proof is 

upon the person seeking to deprive the parent of their parental rights. In re J.M.T., 39 S.W.3d at 

240.

STANDARD OF REVIEW

When confronted by both a legal and factual sufficiency challenge, an appellate court 

must first review the legal sufficiency of the evidence. Glover v. Tex. Gen. Indem. Co., 619 

S.W.2d 400, 401 (Tex. 1981); In re M.D.S., 1 S.W.3d 190, 197 (Tex. App.–Amarillo 1999, no 

pet.). In conducting a legal sufficiency review, we must look at all the evidence in the light most 
10

favorable to the finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm 

belief or conviction that its findings were true. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d 256, 264 (Tex. 2002). 

We must assume that the fact finder settled disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable 

fact finder could do so and disregard all evidence that a reasonable fact finder could have 

disbelieved or found incredible. Id. 

The appropriate standard for reviewing a factual sufficiency challenge to the termination 

findings is whether the evidence is such that a fact finder could reasonably form a firm belief or 

conviction about the truth of the petitioner‘s allegations. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17, 25 (Tex. 

2002). In determining whether the fact finder has met this standard, an appellate court considers 

all the evidence in the record, both that in support of and contrary to the trial court‘s findings. 

Id. at 27-29. Further, an appellate court should consider whether disputed evidence is such that a 

reasonable fact finder could not have reconciled that disputed evidence in favor of its finding. In 

re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. The trier of fact is the exclusive judge of the credibility of the 

witnesses and the weight to be given their testimony. Nordstrom v. Nordstrom, 965 S.W.2d 

575, 580 (Tex. App.–Houston [1st Dist.] 1997, pet. denied).

TERMINATION UNDER SECTION 161.001(1)(O)

In a portion of her first issue, S.S. argues that the evidence is legally and factually 

insufficient to support the jury‘s finding that she failed to comply with the provisions of a court 

order that specifically established the actions necessary for her to obtain the return of her 

children.

Applicable Law

The court may order termination of the parent-child relationship if it finds by clear and 

convincing evidence that the parent has failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that 

specifically established the actions necessary for the parent to obtain the return of the child who 

has been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship of the Department for not less 

than nine months as a result of the child‘s removal from the parent for the abuse or neglect of the 

child. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. §161.001(1)(O) (West Supp. 2012). Substantial compliance is not 

enough to avoid a termination finding under subsection 161.001(1)(O). In re C.M.C., 273 

S.W.3d 862, 875 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.). In other words, this provision

does not quantify any particular number of provisions of the service plan that a parent must not 
11

achieve in order for parental rights to be terminated or the degree of a parent's conduct that will 

be deemed to be a failure to achieve a particular requirement of the service plan. In re J.S., 291 

S.W.3d 60, 67 (Tex. App.—Eastland 2009, no pet.). Lastly, subsection 161.001(1)(O) does not 

―make a provision for excuses‖ for the parent's failure to comply with the service plan. Id.

(quoting In re T.N.F., 205 S.W.3d 625, 631 (Tex. App.—Waco 2006, pet. denied)).

It is undisputed that at the time of trial, which began on January 9, 2012, the Department 

had been temporary managing conservator of the children since July 6, 2009. According to 

McGee, the children were removed because of inconsistent stories about an injury to K.S.‘s leg 

in addition to the possibility of drugs being used in the home. Jones also believed that the 

children were removed for abuse or neglect, explaining that she believes exposing children to 

drugs is physical abuse. This evidence establishes that the children were removed as a result of 

S.S.'s abuse or neglect.

The Service Plans

There were two service plans entered into evidence at trial, but only one was signed by 

S.S. Each of the two service plans required S.S. to take certain actions. However, S.S. argues 

that the record did not contain a written order requiring her to comply with the service plan that 

specifically established the actions necessary for her to obtain the return of her children. The 

temporary order dated July 6, 2009, and entered into evidence at trial, stated as follows:

The Court finds and hereby notifies the parents that each of the actions required of them below are 

necessary to obtain the return of the children, and failure to fully comply with these orders [ ] may 

result in the restriction or termination of parental rights.

Below this notice was a subsection entitled ―Compliance with Service Plan‖ that ordered S.S. 

―pursuant to § 263.106, Tex. Fam. Code, to comply with each requirement set out in the 

Department‘s original, or any amended, service plan during the pendency of this suit.‖ Thus, the 

temporary order specifically established the actions necessary for S.S. to obtain the return of the

children and required S.S. to comply with the Department‘s original, or any amended, service 

plan during the pendency of the suit. 

Moreover, the permanency hearing orders dated July 13, 2010, and March 3, 2011, 

directed that the children be placed with S.S. in a monitored return. Both orders stated that S.S. 
12

demonstrated adequate and appropriate compliance with the service plan.5 But each order also 

provided that, except as specifically modified, the permanency plans and recommendations for 

the children set out in the service plans and/or permanency progress reports filed with the court 

were incorporated into the order and approved. Further, the court ordered that all previous 

orders not in conflict with the order continue without modification. Thus, the temporary orders 

and the service plans, except as modified, were incorporated into the permanency hearing orders, 

approved, and continued without modification. 

The Department characterizes the monitored return plan admitted into evidence as an 

amended service plan. The plan included requirements to be followed by S.S. in order to prevent 

further legal action or removal of her children. The plan was signed by S.S., but was not filed 

with the court. Moreover, there is no language within the permanency hearing order that 

specifically required S.S. to comply with the monitored return plan. Instead, the permanency 

hearing orders directed the Department to monitor the placement of the children and to remove 

the children from S.S.‘s home if circumstances indicated that the home was no longer a safe 

environment. Because the permanency hearing orders did not require S.S. to comply with the 

provisions of the monitored return plan and the plan was not filed with the court, the monitored 

return plan is not an order contemplated by subsection 161.001(1)(O) of the Texas Family Code. 

The Evidence

The first service plan, signed by S.S. on August 7, 2009, states that ―S.S. understands the 

Department will not be able to recommend reunification of her children in her home as long as 

she is residing with R.L.W. should he continue to test positive during this case.‖ The second 

service plan required S.S. to be ―honest with the Department regarding her relationship with 

R.L.W.‖ Further, both service plans prohibited S.S. from ―associat[ing] with known criminals or 

persons using illegal drugs.‖

The evidence shows that Jones explained to S.S. that her children would not be returned 

to her if she was residing with R.L.W. and he continued to test positive for drugs. Although S.S. 

indicated that she would do whatever it took to get her children back, Jones was concerned. She 

expressed her concern to S.S. about her being around persons who used illegal substances, i.e., 

R.L.W., approximately ―twenty-eight‖ times.

 

5

Paige Jones, a caseworker with the Department, testified that the Department did not agree with the 

court‘s decision to place the children with S.S. in the first monitored return in 2010. 
13

Jones testified that in September 2009, S.S. had a ―revelation‖ and admitted that her 

children might have tested positive through R.L.W. She testified that in September 2009, S.S. 

told her that she ―would get rid of‖ R.L.W. in order to get her children back. At that time, S.S. 

informed Jones that she and R.L.W. had broken up approximately two weeks before. When 

Jones attempted an unannounced home visit on September 28, 2009, she saw R.L.W. walking 

into the home. Jones did not stop. She went back to S.S.‘s home the next morning and saw 

R.L.W. leaving. Again, Jones did not stop. She talked to S.S. that afternoon when she went back 

to S.S.‘s home. According to Jones, S.S. stated that R.L.W. and a friend came over to bring her a 

new mattress, but did not explain how that took two days. 

Jones stated that in November 2009, she discovered S.S. had moved to another 

apartment. When Jones attempted to locate S.S., she mistakenly knocked on the wrong door. 

However, she noticed R.L.W. walking into a different apartment, although she admitted not 

recognizing him at that time. She testified that when she found S.S.‘s apartment, it was the same 

apartment that she had seen R.L.W. enter. Jones stated that S.S. answered the door and told 

Jones that R.L.W. was in the bedroom. She testified that during this visit, R.L.W. stated his 

drugs of choice were cocaine and marijuana. R.L.W. also told Jones that he would be positive 

for marijuana if he was tested, but had not used cocaine ―in a while.‖ To Jones‘s knowledge, 

R.L.W. came to see the children four or five times while they were in S.S.‘s care during her first 

monitored return. 

Jones noted that at a hearing in January 2011, S.S. stated she had not seen R.L.W. since 

October 2010. Kiffany Gatson, a caseworker with the Department, testified that at a hearing in 

May 2011, S.S. was asked if she was pregnant. According to Gatson, S.S. stated that she was not 

and appeared ―offended‖ at the question. Gatson testified that in July 2011, S.S. admitted that 

she was approximately five months pregnant, that R.L.W. was the father, and that she had last 

seen him on December 31, 2010. At one point, Gatson took the children and S.S. home and 

recalled that upon entering the home, R.W., Jr. ran to the back of the house yelling, ―Daddy.‖ 

Moreover, Gatson testified that the children told her R.L.W. was in the house. 

S.S. stated that she knew she needed to stay away from R.L.W. However, she admitted 

that she had just had his child, occasionally left her three month old baby with him, and thus, had 

not stayed away from him. At times during both monitored returns, she admitted that R.L.W. 
14

would ―show up.‖ She stated that when she walked the children to day care, R.L.W. would walk 

with her. 

S.S. was also required to maintain weekly contact with her caseworker. She was required 

to notify the caseworker immediately of any changes in her living situation and employment, and 

within seventy-two hours of any change in her address and telephone number. Jones stated that 

she spoke to S.S. approximately twice a week or eight to ten times a month as required by the 

service plan. However, S.S. did not inform Jones when she moved from Athens to Malakoff. 

Gatson stated that S.S. did not inform her for two months that she had moved during her second 

monitored return.

Other requirements related to S.S.‘s ability to provide for and care for her children. One 

requirement was that she maintain housing for at least six months that was free of health and 

safety hazards, and equipped with all working utilities. Another was that she obtain and 

maintain legal employment for a period of six months. The evidence shows that for the majority 

of the time, S.S. had her own home. Jones testified that in May 2010, S.S. said that her electricity 

had been turned off because of trouble with her deposit. This incident occurred after the first 

monitored return of S.S.‘s children. Jones allowed S.S. and the children to live with S.S.‘s 

grandmother until the electricity was turned on again. She testified that she was concerned about 

the stairs at S.S.‘s apartment complex, describing them as very steep and constructed of concrete 

and metal. She stated that the stairs were dangerous and ordered a baby gate to prevent the 

children from running down the steps. 

According to Jones, S.S. had seasonal employment once for a few months. There was no 

evidence that S.S. maintained employment for a period of six months. S.S. was able to provide 

for her children primarily through assistance from disability benefits, food stamps, government 

housing, and child support from K.S.‘s father.

And finally, some of the requirements pertained to psychological counseling for S.S. She 

was required to participate in a psychological evaluation through Dr. Robert Sperry and follow 

his recommendations. One recommendation was that S.S. establish a safe, nonviolent, drug free, 

and permanent home for her children. S.S. was also required to attend counseling with Julianne 

Davis until she obtained a written release from therapy. Jones agreed that S.S. completed the 

psychological evaluation. However, the evidence shows that S.S. did not maintain and establish 

a nonviolent, drug free home for her children. As previously noted, Jones discovered in 
15

November 2009 that R.L.W. was in S.S.‘s home, that he admitted that his drugs of choice were 

cocaine and marijuana, and that he would be positive for marijuana if he were tested. Jones also 

testified that at a hearing in October 2010, S.S. stated that she had been abused by R.L.W. off

and on for three years. According to Jones, S.S. admitted that after one of the hearings, R.L.W. 

beat her up and ―busted‖ her teeth.

Further, Gatson stated that in July 2011, S.S. admitted that she was approximately five 

months pregnant, that R.L.W. was the father, and that she had last seen him on December 31, 

2011. S.S. testified that she did not allow R.L.W. to live in her home, but that he was still 

around her. She stated that she had been abused by R.L.W., and that it started about a year after 

she and R.L.W. were together, or approximately two years ago. S.S. testified that even though 

R.L.W. is abusive, he has never abused the children and they have never witnessed his abuse. 

Jones testified that S.S. attended counseling in ―spurts.‖ Julianne Davis, a licensed 

professional counselor, testified that she counseled S.S from September 2009 through August 

2010. However, she stated that S.S.‘s attendance was inconsistent, with numerous late 

cancellations and ―no shows.‖ Over a period of a year, Davis saw S.S. for only nine counseling 

sessions and believed that she did not have enough time to enable S.S. to make lifelong changes. 

Conclusion

Viewing the above evidence in the light most favorable to the finding, a reasonable fact 

finder could have concluded that S.S. failed to comply with the Department's service plan. From 

this evidence, a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or conviction that S.S. 

failed to comply with the provisions of a court order that specifically established the actions 

necessary for her to obtain the return of the children. 

Although there is disputed evidence about whether S.S. and R.L.W. lived together and 

whether the children witnessed R.L.W.‘s abuse of S.S. or his drug use, this evidence is not so 

significant that a reasonable trier of fact could not have reconciled this evidence in favor of its 

finding and formed a firm belief or conviction that S.S. failed to comply with the provisions of a 

court order that specifically established the actions necessary for her to obtain the return of the 

children.
16

We hold that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support termination of 

S.S.‘s parental rights under Section 161.001(1)(O). Accordingly, that portion of S.S.‘s first issue 

regarding subsection 161.001(1)(O) is overruled.6

BEST INTEREST OF THE CHILD

S.S. also argues in her first issue that the evidence is legally and factually insufficient to 

support the jury‘s finding that termination of the parent-child relationship was in the children‘s 

best interest. 

In determining the best interest of the child, a number of factors have been considered, 

including (1) the desires of the child; (2) the emotional and physical needs of the child now and 

in the future; (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now and in the future; (4) the 

parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody; (5) the programs available to assist these 

individuals; (6) the plans for the child by these individuals; (7) the stability of the home; (8) the 

acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate the existing parent-child relationship is not a 

proper one; and (9) any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. Holley v. Adams, 544 

S.W.2d 367, 371-72 (Tex. 1976).

This list is not exhaustive, but simply indicates considerations that have been or could be 

pertinent. Id. However, the best interest of the child does not require proof of any unique set of 

factors nor limit proof to any specific factors. In re D.M., 58 S.W.3d 801, 814 (Tex. App.—Fort 

Worth2001, no pet.). The Holley test focuses on the best interest of the child, not the parent‘s 

best interest. Dupree v. Texas Dep’t of Protective & Regulatory Servs., 907 S.W.2d 81, 86 

(Tex. App.—Dallas 1995, no writ). We apply the Holley factors below, but do not consider the

second and third sets of drug test results.

The desires of the children

Jones admitted that the children are very attached to S.S. and when they are removed 

from her care, it is very hard on them. Further, she stated that the children ask for their mother 

―a lot.‖ Gatson stated that there is ―no question‖ that the children want to be with their family 

 

6 Under Section 161.001, the Department was required to prove only one ground of termination under 

subsection (1). Because we have concluded that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support 

termination of S.S.‘s parental rights under subsection (1)(O), we need not determine if the trial court‘s findings

under subsections (1)(D) and (1)(E) are also supported by legally and factually sufficient evidence. Therefore, we 

do not address S.S.‘s first issue regarding these grounds for termination.
17

and are bonded with their mother. Marita Giles, a court appointed special advocate volunteer, 

stated that the children are attached to S.S. and ―devastated‖ when they are removed. S.S. 

testified that her children want to come home to be with her.

The emotional and physical needs of the children now and in the future

Jones admitted that the children had not done well in foster care. She stated that in 

November 2009, K.S. suffered a significant head injury in foster care, and the children were 

removed and placed in another foster home. She testified that at another foster home, K.S. got a 

bead or marble stuck in her ear. K.S.‘s ear became infected requiring surgery. Jones also 

testified that K.S. suffered a candle burn on her hand while in foster care. She admitted that the 

children have been in eight foster care placements during the pendency of the case. Brandi 

Harris, a conservatorship supervisor for the Department, stated that the two older children are in 

one foster home and the younger child is in a different foster home. However, she stated that the 

foster homes are close and the children have regular contact with each other. She also stated that 

the children have been removed from three foster homes for abuse or neglect.

The emotional and physical danger to the children now and in the future

The first set of drug test results shows that two of the children and R.L.W. tested positive 

for cocaine. S.S. admitted using marijuana, and R.L.W. admitted that his drugs of choice were 

cocaine and marijuana. Jones stated that S.S. admitted that her children might have tested 

positive through R.L.W. S.S. also admitted that R.L.W. abused her, although she denied that the 

children were abused by him or witnessed his abuse of her. However, she also admitted that she 

had just had his child, occasionally left her three month old baby with him, and thus, had not 

stayed away from him. Jones stated that to her knowledge, R.L.W. came to see the children four 

or five times while they were in S.S.‘s care during her first monitored return. Gatson testified 

that the children told her that R.L.W. was in the house.

The parental abilities of the parent seeking custody

The evidence showed that S.S. was unable to provide a safe, drug free, nonviolent, and 

permanent home for the children. S.S. admitted using marijuana, and the first set of drug test 

results shows that two of her children and R.L.W. tested positive for cocaine. S.S. also failed to 

stay away from R.L.W., an admitted and proven drug user. S.S. also stated that R.L.W. abused 

her, although she denied that the children witnessed his abuse. Kristina McGee, an investigator 

with the Department, testified that the children were removed because of inconsistent stories 
18

about an injury to K.S.‘s leg, in addition to the possibility of drugs being used in the home. 

Jones stated that S.S. was tearful, frequently frustrated, and could not understand why her 

children were removed. 

Robert Sperry, Ph.D., a psychologist, examined and evaluated S.S. in April 2009. He 

testified that S.S.‘s personality assessment inventory revealed marked elevations for a history of 

intense and volatile interpersonal relationships, preoccupation with fears of abandonment or 

rejection, elevated and variable moods, and inflated self-esteem, expansiveness, and grandiosity. 

Sperry stated that S.S.‘s assessment also showed that she had experienced traumatic stress, had 

an elevated history of antisocial behaviors, and appeared to be hypervigilant and mistrustful. He 

also testified that S.S. was below levels expected for her age on a test of functions for working 

memory, i.e., being able to organize, delay frustration, concentrate, and plan.

Julianne Davis, a licensed professional counselor, testified that she counseled S.S. 

beginning September 2009. She believed that S.S.‘s emotional stress overrode her ability to 

make good decisions for herself and her family. Davis stated that S.S. is a ―cryer,‖ and becomes 

very tearful, anxious, worried, and scared. She stated that S.S.‘s insight was fairly poor and her 

problem solving abilities were on the low end. Davis also testified that she was concerned when 

S.S. shared her drug use because she believed it was S.S.‘s attempt to self-medicate in order to 

deal with her anxiety and stress.

Brandi Harris testified that each factor that the Department uses to assess whether or not 

children are at risk of dying in the home is present in this case: children under the age of three, 

domestic violence between the parents, Department history, criminal history, parental 

immaturity, lack of concern for the children, chaotic home environment, and drug use by 

caregivers or others in the home.

The programs available to assist the parent

Jones stated that Davis referred S.S. to the Andrews Center for counseling. However, 

Jones did not believe S.S. was going to the Andrews Center. According to Jones, the Andrews 

Center informed her that they referred S.S. to counseling through the Department. S.S. stated 

that she is receiving counseling through the HEART Group, a support group for battered women. 

Susana Thompson, an employee of the East Texas Crisis Center, stated that S.S. completed the 

HEART Group and was involved in peer counseling. She believed S.S. had made ―a lot‖ of 

progress. 
19

The plans for the children by the parent

S.S. admitted that if the children are returned to her, she does not want R.L.W. to have an 

influence on them, and that she would have to work on her own issues. Jones and Gatson stated 

that the Department‘s goal is unrelated adoption. 

The stability of the home

The evidence shows that S.S. moved frequently, was unemployed, admitted using 

marijuana, and depended upon disability benefits, government housing, food stamps, and child 

support from K.S.‘s father in order to provide for her children. She also admitted that R.L.W., a 

proven drug user, was still around her and the children, and that she had a three month old child 

with him. S.S. testified that R.L.W. abused her, although she stated that the children never 

witnessed the abuse.

The acts or omissions of the parent that may indicate the existing parent-child relationship is not 

a proper one

Kristina McGee stated that the children were removed from the home in July 2009 

because of inconsistent stories about an injury to K.S.‘s leg in addition to the possibility of drugs 

being used in the home. According to McGee, the injury appeared to be an adult handprint. 

McGee also testified that while at S.S.‘s home investigating the K.S.‘s injury, she smelled drugs, 

specifically crack cocaine. Further, she saw R.L.W. leave through the back door of the home. 

The first set of hair follicle drug test results revealed that R.L.W., S.S.1, and R.W., Jr. tested 

positive for cocaine. 

Jones discovered R.L.W. in S.S.‘s home in September and November 2009. She also 

stated that to her knowledge, R.L.W. came to see the children four or five times while they were 

in S.S.‘s care during her first monitored return. Jones stated that the children‘s day care informed 

her in October 2010 that R.L.W. was dropping the children off at day care. Jones also had 

complaints about S.S. These complaints included a lack of supervision during one visit, S.S.‘s 

electricity being cut off, S.S.‘s frequent moves without informing the Department, and the 

Department‘s need to provide assistance to S.S. including day care, diapers, toilet paper, cleaning 

supplies, and gift cards for clothing.

S.S. was not honest regarding her relationship with R.L.W., contradicting her testimony 

that she had not seen him since October 2010 by admitting in July 2011 that she was 
20

approximately five months pregnant with his child. Gatson stated that in July 2011, she received 

an allegation that R.L.W. was living in the home with S.S. and the children, that S.S. was 

pregnant, that S.S. and R.L.W. were smoking marijuana around the children, that R.L.W. was 

selling marijuana, and that R.L.W. beat S.S. and knocked out her teeth. At one point, Gatson 

took the children and S.S. home and recalled that upon entering the home, R.W., Jr. ran to the 

back of the house yelling, ―Daddy.‖ She also testified that the children told her that R.L.W. was 

in the house.

Any excuse for the acts of omissions of the parent

S.S. testified regarding K.S.‘s injury. She stated that the night before, she heard K.S. 

crying and S.S.1 told her that he hit K.S. She stated that S.S.1 hit K.S. with a double hand 

clapper, which was a little smaller than her own hand. She denied that she or R.L.W. slapped 

K.S. or made the mark on K.S.‘s leg. S.S. testified that when R.L.W.‘s first set of drug test 

results were positive, she could not believe it. She explained that she has never used cocaine or 

allowed it around her children, and did not know how the children were exposed to drugs. 

However, she denied that her children were ever in danger while in her care.

S.S. stated that she has relocated to another city, is working with her caseworker at the 

crisis center, is attending church, and is trying to go back to the Andrews Center. She has 

completed the twelve steps of the HEART Group program, and noted that counseling through the 

HEART Group and the crisis center has helped. She stated at trial that she did not allow R.L.W. 

to live in her home, but admitted that he was still around and that she occasionally left her three 

month old child with him. Giles stated that she had a ―seed of hope‖ that S.S. can make the 

changes needed in order for her children to be returned to her. 

Conclusion

Viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding, a reasonable fact finder 

could have concluded that two of S.S.‘s children and R.L.W. tested positive for cocaine, that she 

and R.L.W. were admitted drug users, that R.L.W. abused her, that she was unable to stay away 

from R.L.W., a proven drug user, that she had another child with R.L.W., that she occasionally 

left her three month old child with R.L.W., that her home was unstable, that she lacked the 

resources to provide for her children, and that her parenting abilities and decisions were poor.

Considering all the evidence in relation to the best interest factors in the light most favorable to 
21

the court's finding, we conclude a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or 

conviction that termination was in the best interest of the children.

There is disputed testimony about whether the children were abused by R.L.W. or 

witnessed his abuse of her. However, the jury reasonably could have found that S.S. failed to 

prevent two of her children from testing positive for drugs, failed to demonstrate that she could 

protect the children from drug abuse, failed to end her relationship with R.L.W., an admitted 

drug user, failed to prevent her children from living in a household with physical abuse, and 

failed to practice skills learned in parenting classes and counseling. The disputed evidence is not 

so significant that a reasonable trier of fact could not have reconciled this evidence in favor of its 

finding and formed a firm belief or conviction that terminating S.S.‘s parental rights was in the 

best interest of the children.

We hold that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the jury‘s finding 

that termination of S.S.‘s parental rights is in the best interest of the children. Accordingly, the 

portion of S.S.‘s first issue regarding the best interest of the children is overruled.

PERMANENT MANAGING CONSERVATOR

In her second issue, S.S. argues that there is factually insufficient evidence that 

appointment of the Department as permanent managing conservator of the children was in their 

best interest. She contends that the evidence supports appointing her or, more specifically, her 

grandmother, C.S., as permanent managing conservator. A point in a motion for new trial is a 

prerequisite to a complaint of factual insufficiency of the evidence to support a jury finding. 

TEX. R. CIV. P. 324(b)(2). In her motion for new trial, S.S. did not complain that the evidence 

was factually insufficient to support the jury‘s finding that the Department should be named as 

managing conservator of the children. Consequently, she has not preserved this complaint for our 

review. See Corrales v. Dep’t of Family and Protective Svcs., 155 S.W.3d 478, 489 (Tex. 

App.—El Paso 2004, no pet.); In re Marriage of Robinson, 16 S.W.3d 451, 453 (Tex. App.—

Waco 2000, no pet.). Accordingly, S.S.‘s second issue is overruled.

MOTION FOR NEW TRIAL

In her third issue, S.S. contends that her motion for new trial should have been granted. 

She argues that the combination of errors by the trial court constituted a violation of her right to 
22

due process and amounted to such a denial of her rights as was reasonably calculated to cause, 

and probably did cause, rendition of an improper judgment.

Standard of Review

We review the trial court's denial of a motion for new trial for an abuse of discretion. See

Strackbein v. Prewitt, 671 S.W.2d 37, 38 (Tex. 1984); Martinez v. Martinez, 157 S.W.3d 467, 

469 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2004, no pet.). A trial court abuses its discretion when its 

decision is arbitrary, unreasonable, or without reference to any guiding rules or legal principles. 

K-Mart Corp. v. Honeycutt, 24 S.W.3d 357, 360 (Tex. 2000). The mere fact that a trial judge 

may decide a matter within his discretionary authority in a different manner than an appellate 

judge in a similar circumstance does not demonstrate that an abuse of discretion has occurred. 

Downer, 701 S.W.2d at 242.

Analysis

In her brief, S.S. states that she is incorporating her motion for new trial, that the 

complaints in her motion previously argued in her brief will not be repeated, and that the brief 

contains a summary of the twelve complaints in her motion for new trial. 

Complaint Nos. 3, 4, 5, 6, 10, and 11

In complaints three, four, five, six, ten, and eleven, S.S. points out specific rulings by the 

trial court that she contends were erroneous. These complaints are set out below as they appear 

in S.S.‘s brief:

(3) Allowing expert testimony from witnesses not timely designated.

(4) Allowing Kristina McGee to testify as an expert.

(5) Allowing Angie Hope to testify as an expert.

(6) Failing to grant a mistrial after the attorney for the State told the jury in opening that 

[S.S.] had been to TYC. This should be corrected. The information was not disclosed in 

opening, but through the Department‘s witness on direct. A Motion in Limine was 

granted as to [S.S.]‘s juvenile record. The Department agreed (RR vol. 6, p. 57). 

However, the Department failed to instruct their witness not to mention it, and it was told 

to the jury. The judge denied the motion for mistrial. (RR vol. 8, p. 122-124).

(10) Not allowing the CASA caseworker, Marita Giles, to give a formal recommendation to 

the jury, and instead allowing her supervisor Kim Johnson to give one. Kim Johnson, the 

CASA supervisor, wanted to give a formal recommendation for CASA. She did not agree 

with Marita Giles, the CASA caseworker. Giles said they tried to get her to see 

differently (RR vol. 10, p. 159-160). Johnson had no personal knowledge in this case (RR 

vol. 10, p. 118-119).Giles testified as the Ad Litem‘s witness. Johnson stood before the 
23

jury and gave her testimony and recommendation. She was not subject to cross 

examination (RR vol. 10, p. 171).

(11) Allowing information concerning the criminal records of [C.S.]‘s adult children. 

Testimony was allowed concerning the criminal history of [C.S.]‘s adult children. 

Kiffany Gatson was then allowed to testify that [C.S.]‘s children have been in and out of 

jail and that her grandchildren have followed that same bad lifestyle (RR. vol. 10, p. 17), 

thus holding [C.S.] responsible for her children‘s criminal history (RR vol. 10, p. 19-20).

Rule 38.1 of the Texas Rules of Appellate Procedure sets forth what must be included in 

an appellant's brief. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1. Rule 38.1(i) requires that an appellant's brief 

―contain a clear and concise argument for the contentions made, with appropriate citations to 

authorities and to the record.‖ TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). The appellate court has no duty to brief 

issues for an appellant. Huey v. Huey, 200 S.W.3d 851, 854 (Tex. App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.). 

The failure to provide appropriate record citations or a substantive analysis waives an appellate 

issue. WorldPeace v. Comm’n for Lawyer Discipline, 183 S.W.3d 451, 460 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, pet. denied) (holding that failure to offer argument, citations to 

record, or citations to authority waives issue on appeal); Med. Specialist Group, P.A. v. 

Radiology Assocs ., L.L.P., 171 S.W.3d 727, 732 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 2005, pet. denied)

(same); see also Fredonia State Bank v. Gen. Am. Life Ins. Co., 881 S.W.2d 279, 284–85 (Tex. 

1994) (holding appellate court has discretion to deem points of error waived due to inadequate 

briefing). Appellate courts must construe briefing requirements reasonably and liberally, but a 

party asserting error on appeal still must put forth some specific argument and analysis showing 

that the record and the law support her contention. San Saba Energy, L.P. v. Crawford, 171 

S.W.3d 323, 338 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2005, no pet.). 

Although S.S. includes some citations to the record, she does not provide any argument 

or cite any authority in support of these complaints. Further, in complaints three, four, and five,

she does not provide any citations to the record. In the absence of any legal analysis or citation 

to appropriate authorities, S.S. presents nothing for our review regarding complaints three, four, 

five, six, ten, and eleven. See WorldPeace, 183 S.W.3d at 460; Med. Specialist Group, 171 

S.W.3d at 732. Accordingly, we overrule these complaints.

Complaint No. 1

In her first complaint, S.S. argues that ―[n]ewly discovered evidence [showed] that the 

Henderson County District Attorney‘s office had a conflict of interest based on prior 

representation‖ of her. She complains that the district attorney should have been ―disqualified‖ 
24

because he represented her on a misdemeanor assault in September 2007. In her motion for new 

trial, she stated that she believed information from the former representation affected the actions 

of the Department‘s attorney, who worked for the district attorney. 

We first note that a party seeking a new trial on grounds of newly discovered evidence 

must demonstrate to the trial court that (1) the evidence has come to its knowledge since the trial, 

(2) its failure to discover the evidence sooner was not due to lack of diligence, (3) the evidence is 

not cumulative, and (4) the evidence is so material it would probably produce a different result if 

a new trial were granted. Waffle House, Inc. v. Williams, 313 S.W.3d 796, 813 (Tex. 2010). 

Further, admissible evidence must be introduced at a hearing on the motion for new trial 

establishing such essential facts as no prior knowledge on the part of the movant, and the nature 

of the newly discovered evidence. Strong v. Strong, 350 S.W.3d 759, 772 (Tex. App.—Dallas 

2011, pet. denied). 

In S.S.‘s affidavit, which was attached to the motion for new trial, she states that she did 

not know the Department‘s attorney worked for the district attorney until the last day of trial. At 

that point, she states, she informed her attorney that the district attorney had previously 

represented her, and that she did not ―like that he was on [the Department‘s] side.‖ These 

statements establish that S.S. acquired knowledge of the evidence during trial, and not afterward, 

as required for obtaining a trial based on newly discovered evidence. See Waffle House, Inc., 

313 S.W.3d at 813. Further, S.S. did not present any evidence to show that her failure to 

discover the evidence sooner was not due to a lack of diligence. See id.; Strong, 350 S.W.3d at 

772. Also, satisfaction of the fourth requirement requires a showing that the evidence would 

probably produce a different result if a new trial were granted. S.S. did not make such a showing. 

When an alleged conflict of interest is at issue, a district attorney or his staff may not be 

disqualified unless an actual conflict of interest exists and that conflict rises to the level of a due 

process violation. See Landers v. State, 256 S.W.3d 295, 304 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). If a 

prosecuting attorney has formerly represented the defendant in the ―same‖ criminal matter as that 

currently being prosecuted, he is statutorily disqualified. TEX. CODE CRIM. PROC. ANN. art. 2.01

(West 2005); Landers, 256 S.W.3d at 304. But in the context of a conflict of interest claim that 

does not involve prior representation in the same criminal matter, the rule is somewhat different.

Landers, 256 S.W.3d at 304. A district attorney is not automatically disqualified from 

prosecuting a person whom he had previously represented, even when it is for the same type of 
25

offense. Id. In that context, a due process violation occurs only when the defendant can 

establish ―actual prejudice,‖ not just the threat of possible prejudice to her rights by virtue of the 

district attorney's prior representation. Id. at 304-05. Actual prejudice would occur, for example, 

if

1. The prosecuting attorney has previously personally represented the defendant in ―a 

substantially related matter;‖ and

2. The prosecuting attorney obtained ―confidential‖ information by virtue of that prior 

representation which was used to the defendant's disadvantage.

Id. at 305 (quoting TEX. DISCIPLINARY R. PROF'L CONDUCT 1.05, 1.09(a)(3), reprinted in TEX.

GOV'T CODE, tit. 2, subtitle G app. A (West 2005 & Supp. 2012)). A prosecutor cannot be 

disqualified from prosecuting a former client if the criminal trials are not closely or substantially 

related. Id. at 306-07. In determining whether matters are substantially related, the question is 

whether the same or inextricably related facts, circumstances, or legal questions are at issue in 

both proceedings, not whether both charges are for the same criminal offense, or both offenses 

involve guns, drugs, or other specific facts. Id. at 307. ―Confidential communications‖ include 

both privileged and unprivileged client information that the prosecutor learned by virtue of the 

former attorney-client relationship, but it excludes information that is generally known. Id. at 

307-08. 

Regarding the first prong, S.S. stated in her affidavit that the district attorney represented 

her in a misdemeanor case in 2007. This was two years before the Department‘s petition was 

filed in this case. S.S. did not show that the 2007 misdemeanor case and the instant termination 

case were ―substantially related,‖ or that the same or inextricably related facts, circumstances, or 

legal questions were at issue in both proceedings. Id. at 306-07. Regarding the second prong, 

S.S. did not point to any information that the district attorney learned or might have learned 

during his 2007 representation that was not already in the public domain and testified to at trial. 

Id. at 310. Consequently, S.S. failed to show that actual prejudice resulted from the district 

attorney‘s prior representation of her. Therefore, she did not satisfy the fourth requirement for 

obtaining a new trial based on newly discovered evidence.

Because S.S. failed to satisfy the first, second, and fourth requirements for obtaining a 

new trial based on newly discovered evidence, we overrule S.S.‘s first complaint.
26

Complaint No. 2

In her second complaint, S.S. argues that there is ―[n]o evidence or legally and factually 

insufficient evidence to support the verdict.‖ In her motion for new trial, she complained that 

there was no evidence or insufficient evidence to support the jury‘s finding, or the trial court‘s 

judgment, that S.S. had engaged in one or more of the acts or omissions necessary to support 

termination of her parental rights, and that termination of the parent-child relationship between 

S.S. and the children was in the children‘s best interest. We have already determined that the 

evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support termination of S.S.‘s parental rights under 

subsection 161.001(1)(O), and that termination of S.S.‘s parental rights is in the best interest of 

the children. Therefore, we overrule S.S.‘s second complaint.

Complaint No. 7

In her seventh complaint, S.S. contends that the trial court erred by ―failing to grant 

Movant‘s request for mistrial based on Brandi Harris[‘s] telling the jury she had just received 

information that one of the foster parents now wanted to adopt the children.‖ After Harris 

testified at trial, the trial court granted the children‘s attorney‘s request to make an offer of proof 

by allowing Marita Giles to testify outside the presence of the jury. Giles, a court appointed 

special advocate volunteer, stated that she contacted R.W., Jr.‘s foster mother who indicated that 

she was interested in adopting R.W., Jr. only, and not all three children. S.S. admitted that after 

Giles‘s testimony, and with the agreement of the children‘s attorney and the Department, the trial 

court instructed the jury to disregard Harris‘s testimony concerning prospective adoption by one 

of the children‘s current foster parents, and not to consider it for any purpose. Here, even though 

S.S. includes some citations to the record, she does not provide any argument or cite any 

authority in support of the reasons why the trial court‘s instruction to the jury was not sufficient

to cure any error. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). In the absence of any legal analysis or citation to 

appropriate authorities, S.S. presents nothing for our review regarding her seventh complaint.

See WorldPeace, 183 S.W.3d at 460; Med. Specialist Group, 171 S.W.3d at 732. 

Moreover, as a predicate to presenting a complaint on appeal that evidence was admitted 

in error, the complaining party must have preserved the error at trial by a proper request, 

objection, or motion stating the grounds for the ruling that the party sought from the trial court 

with sufficient specificity to make the trial court aware of the complaint, and securing a ruling on 

the request, objection, or motion. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A), (2); Ethington v. State, 819 
27

S.W.2d 854, 858 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991). S.S. did not complain to the trial court about Harris‘s 

testimony regarding adoption or request a mistrial. Therefore, she has waived this issue on that 

basis as well. See TEX. R. APP. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A), (2). We overrule S.S.‘s seventh complaint.

Complaint No. 8

In her eighth complaint, S.S. states that the Department made ―an improper and 

prejudicial jury argument not capable of being corrected by instruction.‖ She contends that the 

Department‘s attorney pointed to a picture of K.S. and asked ―[i]s she going to be the next [S.S.], 

like she was the . . . [S.S.] was the next [S.S.2].‖7 Then, according to S.S., the attorney asked if 

the boys were going to be like their uncle, their fathers, or K.S.‘s father. S.S. also complains that 

the Department‘s attorney argued that ―I imagine R.L.W. lived in that house.‖ However, S.S. did 

not include a citation to the record for this statement, and we were unable to locate it in the 

Department‘s jury argument. 

During the Department‘s jury argument, S.S. did not object or request a limiting 

instruction pertaining to the first two statements. Generally, an objection must be made 

immediately after the contested statement, or the error is waived. Miller v. Bock Laundry 

Mach. Co., 568 S.W.2d 648, 653 (Tex. 1977). However, a complaint of incurable jury argument 

may be asserted and preserved in a motion for new trial, even without a complaint and ruling 

during the trial. See TEX. R. CIV. P. 324(b)(5); Phillips v. Bramlett, 288 S.W.3d 876, 883 (Tex.

2009). The test for improper jury argument is whether, based on the record as a whole, the 

offensive argument was so extreme that a juror of ordinary intelligence could have been 

persuaded by that argument to agree to a verdict contrary to that to which he would have agreed 

but for such argument. See Phillips, 288 S.W.3d at 883. Reversal is required only when the 

entire record shows that the argument was improper, uninvited and unprovoked, preserved, and 

incurable by instruction, withdrawal, or trial court reprimand. See Standard Fire Ins. Co. v. 

Reese, 584 S.W.2d 835, 839 (Tex. 1979). The complaining party on appeal must explain why 

opposing counsel's argument was incurable based on an evaluation of the entire case, from voir 

dire to closing argument. Arthur J. Gallagher & Co. v. Dieterich, 270 S.W.3d 695, 708 (Tex. 

App.—Dallas 2008, no pet.) (op. on reh'g).

In this case, S.S. failed to object to the complained of argument or request a limiting 

instruction, but complained in her motion for new trial that these two statements were incurable.

 

7 The initials of S.S. and her mother are the same. Therefore, this reference is to S.S.‘s mother, S.S.2.
28

Thus, she was required to explain why the Department‘s argument was incurable based on an 

evaluation of the entire case. See Dieterich, 270 S.W.3d at 708. However, S.S. failed to do so, 

providing no argument in support of her contention. See TEX. R. APP. P. 38.1(i). In the absence 

of any legal analysis, S.S. presents nothing for our review. Therefore, S.S.‘s eighth complaint is 

overruled.

Complaint No. 9

In her ninth complaint, S.S. contends that the trial court erred by denying ―Movant‘s 

objection to the charge that instructed the jury to find all grounds and terminate [R.L.W.]‘s 

rights.‖ At trial, the children‘s attorney requested a directed verdict against R.L.W. as to each 

ground set forth by the Department. The Department concurred, and S.S. joined in the motion. 

In the jury charge, the trial court instructed the jury to answer ―yes‖ to all the questions in the 

charge supporting termination of R.L.W‘s parental rights to R.W., Jr. Following its instructions, 

the jury answered ―yes‖ to the questions in the charge relating to termination of R.L.W.‘s 

parental right. 

A litigant is precluded from requesting a ruling from a court and then complaining that 

the court committed error in giving it to her. Tittizer v. Union Gas Corp., 171 S.W.3d 857, 861 

(Tex. 2005); Neasbitt v. Warren, 22 S.W.3d 107,112 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2000, no pet.). 

This doctrine is commonly referred to as the ―invited error‖ doctrine. See Tittizer, 171 S.W.3d at 

862. Because S.S. joined in the motion requesting a directed verdict against R.L.W., she cannot 

now successfully challenge the trial court‘s ruling on this basis. Consequently, she is estopped 

from complaining that the trial court ―instructed the jury to find all grounds and terminate 

[R.L.W.]‘s rights.‖ Therefore, S.S.‘s ninth complaint is overruled.

Complaint No. 12

In her twelfth complaint, S.S. argues that the trial court erred by not ―requiring the 

Department to provide information and pictures of the multiple injuries to the children while in 

foster care.‖ S.S. refers us to Thomas v. State, 841 S.W.2d 399 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992) for the 

proposition that due process is violated when a prosecutor fails to disclose evidence that is 

favorable to the accused and creates a probability sufficient to undermine the confidence in the 

outcome of the proceeding. Id. at 404. ―Evidence withheld by a prosecutor is  ̳material‘ if there 

is  ̳a reasonable probability that, had the evidence been disclosed to the defense, the outcome of 

the proceeding would have been different.‘‖ Wyatt v. State, 23 S.W.3d 18, 27 (Tex. Crim. App.
29

2000) (quoting United States v. Bagley, 473 U.S. 667, 682, 105 S. Ct. 3375, 3383, 87 L. Ed. 2d 

481 (1985)).

S.S. does not provide any authority that this rule relates to civil termination cases. She 

cites M.L.B. v. S.L.J., 519 U.S. 102, 124, 117 S. Ct. 555, 568, 136 L. Ed. 2d 473 (1996) for the 

proposition that termination cases are ―quasi-criminal‖ cases in which the state may not ―bolt the 

door to equal justice.‖ See id. This case, however, does not relate to S.S.‘s complaint. Instead, 

M.L.B. involves access to the judicial process in quasi-criminal cases, i.e., parental rights cases, 

turning on the ability to pay for a record. See id. Even if the rule stated in Thomas and Wyatt

related to termination cases, S.S. does not show that the information or pictures of the children‘s 

injuries exist or that the Department was required to turn over this evidence. See Wyatt, 23 

S.W.3d at 27. Nor does her brief contain any argument or analysis showing that the outcome of 

the proceedings would have been different if the information or pictures had been provided to 

her. See id. In the absence of any legal analysis or authority relating to the complaint she 

asserts, S.S. presents nothing for our review regarding her twelfth complaint. See TEX. R. APP. P.

38.1(i); WorldPeace, 183 S.W.3d at 460; Med. Specialist Group, 171 S.W.3d at 732. Therefore, 

S.S.‘s twelfth complaint is overruled.

Conclusion

We have held that S.S. waived her third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, tenth, 

eleventh, and twelfth complaints, and have overruled her first, second, and ninth complaints. 

Therefore, we also hold that the trial court did not err in denying S.S.‘s motion for new trial. 

Consequently, we disagree with S.S.‘s conclusion that the trial court committed errors amounting 

to such a denial of her rights ―as was reasonably calculated to cause and probably did cause 

rendition of an improper judgment.‖ S.S.‘s third issue is overruled.

DISPOSITION

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed.

JAMES T. WORTHEN

 Justice

Opinion delivered November 30, 2012.

Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.

(PUBLISH)
30

COURT OF APPEALS

TWELFTH COURT OF APPEALS DISTRICT OF TEXAS

JUDGMENT

NOVEMBER 30, 2012

NO. 12-12-00119-CV

IN THE MATTER OF S.S., K.S., AND R.W., JR., CHILDREN

 Appeal from the 173rd Judicial District Court

 of Henderson County, Texas. (Tr.Ct.No. 2009-A-635)

THIS CAUSE came to be heard on the appellate record and briefs filed 

herein, and the same being considered, it is the opinion of this court that there was no error in the 

judgment.

It is therefore ORDERED, ADJUDGED and DECREED that the judgment 

of the court below be in all things affirmed, for which execution may issue, and that this 

decision be certified to the court below for observance.

James T. Worthen, Chief Justice.

Panel consisted of Worthen, C.J., Griffith, J., and Hoyle, J.