Interim Decision *1674 

Kerns OF CARRUBBA 

In Visa Petition Proceedings 

A-7423207 

Decided by Board December 10, 1980 

In the absence of clear and convincing evidence to establish a 1982 common-law 

-marriage of petitioner in the State or Ohio, where such marriages are valid, 

petitioner's marriage to beneficiary in 1984 is valid for immigration purposes. 

The case comes forward on appeal from the order of the District 

Director, Cleveland District, dated, August 4, 1966 for the reason that 

the petitioner's marriage to the beneficiary, Alfredo Carrubba, on 

August 15, 1964 is not valid because she was not then free to marry 

as she was the legal spouse of George Henry Huff with whom she 

entered into a common-law marriage on or about November 1962 

and continued this relationship for approximately one year; common-law marriages are -valid in the State of Ohio; the petitioner 

has failed to submit evidence that her marriage to Huff has been 

terminated. 

The petitioner, a native born citizen of the United States, 32 years 

old, female, seeks immediate relative status on behalf of the beneficiary as her husband. The beneficiary is a. native and citizen of Italy 

42 years old. The parties were married at Cleveland, Ohio on August 

15,1961. The visa petition indicates no prior marriages for the 

petitioner. The beneficiary had two prior marriages which were 

terminated by divorce on April 25, 1955 and August 8, 1964 in Cleveland, Ohio. 

The visa petition was previously denied by the District Director 

on February 8, 1966 on the same grounds. However, on June 8, 1966 

the District Director realizing that the decision had been entered 

without the petitioner being advised in 'writing that the evidence 

was available for her review and without being afforded an opportunity to rebut it as provided in 8 OFIt 108.2(b) (2), withdrew his 

denial order of February 8, 1966 and reopened the proceedings to 

permit review of the evidence and record of proceedings by the pad914 
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tioner 1171C1 to afford her an opportunity to rebut such evidence and 

submit any new evidence pertinent to the application. 

The Service case for denial of the visa petition rests upon a s finding that the petitioner entered into a common-law marriage in Ohio 

with one George Henry Huff on or about November 1962 and continued this relationship for approximately one year and inasmuch as 

this marriage was not legally terminated, her subsequent marriage 

to the beneficiary is invalid: The record contains a report of investigation dated January 14, 1965.. A sworn statement was taken from 

the petitioner on November 18, 1964. The petitioner testified that she 

had met Huff at Parma Hospital whore they were both employed. 

The petitioner had had a daughter born out of 'wedlock Huff told 

her he would make a home for her and her daughter and they moved 

into an apartment with Huff. The petitioner denied any sexual relationship with Huff, claimed he always was drunk and would sleep 

in bars or on the ground, and after about six months she could not 

stand it any longer and became hospitalized. Her mother had been 

taking oars of the child until he was placed in a foster home and 

she wee rushed into the hospital and lost contact with Huff. According to the petitioner's testimony, the situation with Huff began. in 

March 1963 and terminated in November 1963. She testified that 

Huff actually rented the place but that she paid the rent and they 

had no joint charge accounts, bank accounts or checking accounts. 

She testified she introduced Huff to her parents as her boyfriend. 

Although the petitioner testified that she did not introduce Huff as 

her husband to her landlady, Mary Tytko, investigation disclosed 

that the eviction notice was served against George and Doris Huff. 

However, if the petitioner introduced Huff as George, it would be 

natural for the landlady to assume they were married. 

A review of Catholic Charities' files on December 28; 1964 indicated that the petitioner and George Huff told the agency they were 

married in Angola, Indiana, November 22, 1962, but at a later date, 

after the perties,had separated, she told Catholic Charities that the 

statement about the marriage was a lie. Marriage records for Angola, Indiana were checked on December 29, 1961 and no record of a 

marriage between the petitioner and Huff was located. Other evidence contained in the investigation discloses that the petitioner and 

Huff were listed. on some records, such as Catholic Charities' records 

and payroll records from Parma Hospital, as married. 

A sworn statement was taken from George Huff on January 11, 

1965. He stated that he and the petitioner had been working 

together at Parma Hospital, they dated and he had a sex act with 

her and that he asked her to move in with him at his apartment, 

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- which she didin November 1962. Huff claimed they had a joint 

charge account at Sears Roebuck, a claim which. could -not be substantiated by Service investigation. Huff stated that the petitioner 

represented herself to people as his wife and that oho fully understciod they were living together as man and wife, that he told people 

she was his wife and they lived together this way about one year. 

He further testified that he bought the petitioner an engagement ring 

and a wedding ring to make the situation look, right. Huff testified 

to four marriages, the first in 1937 and the last in 1951, all of these 

marriages being terminated by divorce' decrees which are part of 

the record. 

- The issue, therefore, is whether the evidence regarding the relationship between the petitioner and George Henry Huff amounts to ' 

a common-law marriage. Common-law marriages are recognized in 

the State of Ohio, which is the law applicable to the situation. The 

petitioner has denied that a common-law marriage was ever intended . 

or entered into, has denied consummation although admitting living 

together with Huff. Huff has testified that they lived together as 

man and wife and were so known. At the reopened hearings the 

petitioner submitted an affidavit of Sophie Klingbeil executed July 

14, 1966, her own affidavit executed Ally 20, 1966 as well as statements of two other persons. The affidavit of Sophie Klingbeil is to 

the effect that she met the petitioner in the winter. of 1962; that the 

petitioner was brought thereby George Huff; that they told them 

they had gone away to'get married; that a month or two later, the 

petitioner told the affiant and her husband that she was not really 

married to George and said that they were living together and pretended to be married so they could. get her baby back from the 

Catholic Charities; that about the same time George Huff told them 

he had felt sorry for her because of her home life and because she 

wanted her baby back,-which is why he pretended to be married to 

her. George was drinking a lot and fell asleep at the bar. He 

claimed that the petitioner had no reason to object to his drinking 

because they were not married and every time he got drunk he said 

they were pretending to be married because he felt sorry for her. 

George Huff, who appears to have gotten drunk quite frequently, 

stated that another reason he was staying with the petitioner was 

because she was paying for the rent and he was able to take money 

from her purse to pay for his drinking. 

A signed statement by Rosalind Basista is to. the effect that she 

met the petitioner in the fall of 1962 at a dinner and the latter was . 

introduced to her as George Huff's girl friend; that she had heard 

that the petitioner and George Fluff were only pretending to be mar916 
Interim Decision #1674 

ried so she could get her daughter back from Catholic Charities and 

that the petitioner stated that she did not wish to marry George 

because he drank too much. The hearsay nature of some of the• in 

 'contained in the statement of Rosalind tesista is recognized. 

The record contains a statement signed by Mary Tytko, the landlady at the premises rented by the petitioner and George Huff, to 

the effect that she did not know they were married but just knew 

that they were living in the apartment. She knew Doris wanted to 

keep her baby and Catholic Charities kept checking on her. The 

petitioner eroented st. sworn statement on :rub? 20, 1966 to the effect 

that the sole purpose in living with George Huff was so that she 

could regain custody of her daughter, that she could dd this only by 

representing she was married and that she gave her name as Doris 

Huff solely for this purpose, and that at no thus did she ever intend 

to be presently married to George Huff. 

Common-law marriages are valid in Ohio.' As a matter of public 

policy, such marriages are not favored. In re Speeler, 6 0.0.. 529. 

The case of Alter Van Aseh,en, 11 0.0. 2d 195, gives a good summary 

of law relating to common-law marriages in Ohio. The essential 

requirements for a common-law marriage in Ohio are stated to be: 

"An agreement of marriage in praesenti when made by parties competent to contract, accompanied and folloived by .cohabitation as 

husband and wife, they being so treated and reputed, in. the community and circle in which they move, establishes a valid marriage 

at common law." , So-called common-law marriages contravene 

public policy and shOuld not be accorded any favor; indeed, they 

are quite generally 'condemned. It is well settled in Ohio that to 

establish a common law marriage, all the essential elements of such 

a relationship must be shown by clear and convincing evidence.' 

In the case of Brastein v. Sedimy, 78 Ohio Law Abstract, 481, it 

was held in order to establish a common-law marriage, all essential 

elements to such a relationship must be shown by clear and convincing evidence. Clear and convincing proof has been defined as that 

degree of proof though not necessarily conclusive, which will produce in the mind of the court a firm belief or conviction, or, as that 

degree of proof which is more than a preponderance but less than 

beyond a reasonable doubt. Preponderance in turn, is not determined by the number of witnesses, but by the weight of the evidence 

Holmes v. Pere Marquette Ry. Co., 28 Ohio App. 297, 162 N.D. 675. 

Umbenhotoer v. Labus, 85 Ohio St. 238, 97 N.E. 832. 

'In re Estate of Redman, 135 Ohio St. 554; Howard v. Central .Nat'l Bank 

21 Ohio App. 74, 152 N.!: 784; Eagles v. McKee, 38 N.E. 2d 417. 

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which is determined by the witnesses' opportunity for knowledge, 

the information actually possessed and related, and the manner in 

which the testimony is given. . 

In the instant ease, the evidence as to a common-law marriage 

falls far short of the standard set forth by the .Ohio courts to establish such a marriage—Le., dear and convincing evidence. At 

most, the evidence establishes that the petitioner and Huff lived together for about one year and that certain records .show them to he 

man and wife. The record is wholly devoid of any proof that the 

parties agreed in verba praesenti to become man and wife. The -wife 

has denied cohabitation, or that they were treated and reputed to be 

husband and wife in. the community and the circle in which they 

moved. Her testimony has been corroborated. Upon a full consideration of the record, it is concluded that the standard of clear 

and convincing proof of a common law marriage of Huff has not 

. been met in this case. Accordingly, the petitioner's present marriage to the beneficiary is regarded as valid. The appeal will be 

sustained. 

ORDER: It is ordered that the appeal be sustained. and that the 

visa petition be approved for immediate relative status. 

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