2020 IL App (1st) 180510-U

No. 1-18-0510 

December 31, 2020

Modified Upon Denial of Rehearing May 24, 2021 

FIRST DIVISION

NOTICE: This order was filed under Supreme Court Rule 23 and may not be cited as precedent by 

any party except in the limited circumstances allowed under Rule 23(e)(1).

IN THE

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS

FIRST DISTRICT

THE PEOPLE OF THE STATE OF ILLINOIS, ) 

 ) 

 Plaintiff-Appellee, ) 

 ) 

 v. ) 

 ) 

DOMINIQUE PARKMAN, ) 

 ) 

 Defendant-Appellant. ) 

Appeal from the Circuit Court

Of Cook County.

No. 15 CR 5773 

The Honorable

Charles P. Burns

Judge Presiding.

PRESIDING JUSTICE WALKER delivered the judgment of the court. 

Justices Pierce and Coghlan concurred in the judgment.

 ORDER

Held: The State proved beyond a reasonable doubt that Parkman was not justified in his use 

of deadly force in self-defense. The trial court did not violate Parkman’s constitutional right to 

present a defense when it barred Parkman from testifying about a prior incident with the victim 

after Parkman failed to disclose the details of the incident prior to trial.

¶ 1 Defendant, Dominique Parkman, was charged by indictment with the first-degree murder 

of Jujuan Lewis. Following a jury trial, Parkman was found guilty of second-degree murder

and sentenced to 14 years’ imprisonment. At trial, Parkman asserted that he acted in justified 
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self-defense when he shot Lewis. The trial court barred Parkman from testifying about a prior 

incident where Lewis allegedly possessed a gun and threatened Parkman. Parkman appeals 

arguing that the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he was not justified in his 

use of deadly force and that the trial court violated his constitutional right to present a defense.

For the following reasons, we affirm. 

¶ 2 BACKGROUND

¶ 3 On May 28, 2013, Lewis drove around the Morgan Park and Beverly neighborhoods of 

Chicago with John Williams, Jeremy Watkins, and Lewis’s son, Jordan. Lewis pulled out a 

.45-caliber handgun from under a front seat to show the others. He later asked Williams to take 

over driving. Williams drove south on Vincennes Avenue, past Parkman, Dontae Frazier, and 

Anthony Leftridge, who stood on the sidewalk. Williams made a U-turn and parked across the 

street. Lewis and his friends exited the car to confront Parkman and his friends. An altercation 

ensued where Parkman shot and killed Lewis, Watkins fired the .45 multiple times, and 

everyone fled the scene. The State charged Parkman with first-degree murder.

¶ 4 Prior to trial, the State filed a motion for discovery requesting notice of any affirmative 

defenses, a list of defense witnesses with their written, recorded, or summarized statements, 

and notice of any subsequently discovered evidence subject to disclosure. The defense stated 

Parkman would claim self-defense and defense of others. The defense noted that Parkman

might testify and, citing People v. Lynch, 104 Ill. 2d 194 (1984), listed possible other witnesses 

associated with prior incidents in which Lewis acted violently. Defense counsel attached

relevant reports and documents for each witness. However, defense made no mention of Lewis 
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threatening Parkman with a firearm on a prior occasion. The defense filed a supplemental 

answer and again did not mention Lewis threatening Parkman on a prior occasion. 

¶ 5 In the State’s written discovery answer, it asserted that it “may or may not” rely on 

Parkman’s prior actions in another case, People v. Cinque Lee, for proof of knowledge, intent, 

motive, scheme, or design. At multiple pre-trial court dates, the parties referred to related cases 

possibly relevant to Parkman’s alleged motive and discussed how much of that evidence might 

be allowable at Parkman’s trial. Defense counsel filed a motion in limine, which the State 

joined, to bar hearsay testimony about both the Cinque Lee case and any prior conflict between 

Lewis and Parkman. 

¶ 6 The State filed a motion in limine to restrict Parkman’s use of Lynch evidence. At the 

hearing on the motion, Parkman outlined the factual basis for Parkman’s self-defense claim. 

However, Parkman did not mention Lewis threatening him on a prior occasion. The State

responded that some ostensible Lynch material about Lewis’s prior bad acts should be barred, 

and that at trial, Parkman should only introduce allowed Lynch evidence after adequately 

raising self-defense. Counsel for Parkman agreed she would not bring up Lynch material during 

opening statement or cross-examination of the State’s witnesses. The trial court allowed most 

of the Lynch evidence about Lewis’s prior violent acts witnessed by others and said it did not 

know “if there is going to be any testimony with regard to [what Parkman] knew” about 

Lewis’s propensity for violence. 

¶ 7 Before picking the jury, the trial court sought confirmation that Parkman was raising selfdefense and asked the defense, “Which prong of Lynch or did I grant both prongs.” The defense 
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responded, “Both,” and noted that Parkman did not have personal knowledge about several of 

the prior Lynch incidents. 

¶ 8 The case proceeded to a jury trial. Williams testified that around 2:00 p.m. on May 28, 

2013, Lewis and Watkins picked him up from his aunt’s house in a white Dodge Avenger he 

had seen Lewis drive before. Lewis drove, Watkins sat in the front passenger seat, and 

Williams sat in the back with Lewis’s three-year-old son, Jordan. They drove around the 

Morgan Park, Beverly, and Blue Island neighborhoods on the south side of Chicago, eventually 

stopping to buy a snack for Jordan. While stopped, Lewis pulled a .45-caliber handgun out 

from under one of the front seats to show the others, and then put it back. Thereafter, Lewis 

and Williams switched seats because Lewis did not have a valid driver’s license. Lewis sat in 

the front passenger seat, and Watkins sat in the back with Jordan. 

¶ 9 Williams began to drive towards Vincennes Avenue, but there was no discussion about 

where they were going. While driving south on Vincennes, Williams drove past Parkman, 

Frazier, and Leftridge on the sidewalk. Williams had known each of them for several years and

had “no problems” with any of them. Williams described his relationship with the three men 

as “cool.” No one on the sidewalk threatened or yelled at anyone in the car. However, Williams

initially testified that he saw one of the men on the sidewalk “reach like they had a firearm.” 

He later testified that he did not remember if he saw someone “reach like they had a firearm” 

or if Lewis or Watkins said they did. Williams drove past without incident, but at the end of 

the block, the group decided to make a U-turn so they could “get out and talk to them.”

¶ 10 Williams parked on the east side of the street, across from the others. Williams and Lewis 

exited the car without the handgun. Leftridge stood on the sidewalk a couple houses south of 
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Frazier and Parkman. Williams wanted to find out who reached for a gun but did not feel in 

danger. They walked towards Leftridge and talked to him. Leftridge lifted his shirt, but 

Williams did not see anything. Lewis questioned Leftridge, Frazier, and Parkman. On direct 

examination, Williams testified that Lewis’s voice was loud, but he was not being aggressive.

He further asserted that the encounter did not get heated or physical, and no one displayed a 

weapon as Lewis was posing questions to the group. Likewise, nobody made any physical 

contact with one another. 

¶ 11 Williams testified that after less than a minute, he turned to walk back to the vehicle. As 

Williams turned, he saw Lewis turn also. He did not see Watkins, and he did not see Lewis 

approach Parkman or fight with him. As he turned, Williams believed he saw a firearm in 

Parkman’s front waistband. He heard gunshots but did not see who was shooting or from where 

the shots were coming. Williams then ran to the vehicle. He pulled Jordan out of the backseat 

and fled into a nearby backyard. After he fled with Jordan, he could not see what was 

happening. When the shots stopped, Williams walked back to Vincennes Avenue. 

¶ 12 Williams also testified that he saw Lewis lying on his stomach in the street, bleeding out 

of his mouth. Williams attempted to speak to Lewis, but Lewis did not respond. Williams and 

Jordan went to a nearby house, where they waited until police arrived. After speaking to the 

police, Williams identified Parkman, Leftridge, and Frazier in three separate photo arrays. 

¶ 13 Frazier testified that at the time of trial he was on parole for a drug conviction, and a gun 

possession conviction. On May 28, 2013, he stood outside on Vincennes Avenue between 

115th and 116th Streets, conversing with Leftridge and Parkman. Shortly after 3:00 p.m., 

Frazier observed Lewis and Williams in a white Dodge Avenger that came “flying up” 
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Vincennes Avenue. Williams was driving, Lewis sat in the front seat, and someone Frazier did 

not know sat in the backseat. The vehicle drove past Parkman, Leftridge, and Frazier. The 

vehicle drove to a stop sign at 117th Street and made a U-turn. Frazier and the others crossed 

from the east side to the west side of the street as Williams drove back towards them and 

parked. 

¶ 14 Frazier also testified that Lewis, Williams, and the third man (Watkins) got out of the car, 

crossed the street, and approached Leftridge, who stood a house or two away from Frazier and 

Parkman. Frazier did not see Watkins directly threaten anyone with the gun, but he stood 

behind Lewis “enforcing whatever he was saying.” Lewis and the others were aggressive and 

argued with Leftridge. Frazier heard Leftridge say, “I ain’t never pull a gun out on you.” Lewis 

and Williams did not have a gun, but Watkins had a chrome handgun at his side. At this point, 

Frazier did not see any party get physical with one another. Frazier approached and told them 

to leave. Williams and Watkins got back in the car. Lewis was still talking but started walking 

back to the car.

¶ 15 As Lewis began to walk back to the car, Parkman said something to Frazier. Lewis stopped 

and started walking back toward Parkman. Lewis and Parkman stood on the sidewalk 

exchanging words with one another. After they had words, Lewis and Parkman began grabbing 

each other. Frazier testified that Lewis started the altercation by swinging at, but missing, 

Parkman. Parkman then pulled out a gun and shot Lewis. Lewis grabbed his stomach, moved 

towards the car, and fell in the street as Parkman continued firing. Frazier testified that he heard 

shots from multiple guns but did not know where they came from. After the shooting stopped, 

Frazier and Leftridge ran south on Vincennes Avenue to Frazier’s grandmother’s house. 
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¶ 16 Frazier stated that he testified before the grand jury in March 2015 that after Lewis walked

up to Parkman, Frazier thought they were about to shake hands, but they started grabbing each 

other, and Parkman pushed Lewis before shooting him in the stomach. 

¶ 17 Chicago Police Department (CPD) detective Arthur Davis testified that he was assigned to 

investigate the matter and interviewed multiple individuals, including Frazier. The State played

a video of that interview for the jury, during which Frazier referred to his conversation with 

Parkman the morning after the incident. Parkman stated he was lying low and that the police 

lacked evidence against him. Davis testified that Watkins was arrested for aggravated 

discharge of a firearm, and interrogated, but subsequently released without charges. 

¶ 18 CPD forensic investigator Zbigniew Niewdach testified about his investigation of the crime 

scene located at 11648 S. Vincennes Avenue. Officer Niewdach’s investigation revealed that 

two different guns were fired during the incident. Specifically, six 9-millimeter casings were 

recovered on the west side of the street, and eight .45-caliber casings were recovered from 

inside and outside the Dodge Avenger. He also recovered what appeared to be a fired 9-

millimeter bullet on Lewis’s pant leg. 

¶ 19 Illinois State Police forensic scientist Marc Pomerance testified as a toolmark expert and 

explained that the 9-millimeter casings were all fired from Parkman’s gun. Furthermore, he 

opined that seven of the .45-caliber casings were fired from the same gun, and the eighth could 

not be excluded as a match.

¶ 20 Gunshot residue evidence indicated that Williams might not have discharged a firearm with 

either hand. This evidence also showed that Lewis either personally discharged a firearm, 
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contacted a residue-related item, or had his right hand “in the environment of a discharged 

firearm.” Gunshot residue could be deposited up to six feet from a fired gun. 

¶ 21 Dr. Ponni Arunkumar testified that an autopsy was conducted on Lewis’s body. Evidence 

from Lewis’s autopsy showed that he had multiple skin abrasions on his arms and knee, which 

were consistent with a person falling. Lewis suffered gunshot wounds to his left chest, left 

knee, right shoulder, back, and left buttock, and graze wounds on his left elbow and right thigh. 

The gunshot wounds were consistent with Lewis standing up, falling, or lying down, and the

shots appeared to have been fired from more than two feet away. The cause of death was 

determined to be multiple gunshot wounds, and the manner of death was homicide.

¶ 22 Parkman testified in his defense and proceeded on a theory of self-defense. Parkman

testified that he had lived his entire life in the Beverly and Morgan Park neighborhoods of 

Chicago and was convicted of burglary in 2010. On May 28, 2013, at approximately 3:00 p.m., 

Parkman was hanging out near 116th and Vincennes with Frazier and Leftridge. Parkman was 

carrying a 9-millimeter handgun on his waist for protection. Parkman saw Lewis’s white 

Dodge Avenger approach, with Williams and Lewis inside. Parkman had known Lewis for 

several years and “had been” friends with Lewis and Williams but had not seen Lewis for 

around a year. 

¶ 23 When Parkman saw the vehicle, he was scared because he “felt like it was tension already.” 

He was relieved when the vehicle drove past. However, the vehicle made a U-turn and drove 

back to Parkman and parked across from them on the east side of the street. Parkman testified 

that he never waved down the car or called out to its occupants and said he “just knew it was 

going to be trouble when it came around.” 
No. 1-18-0510 

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¶ 24 Lewis, Williams, and Watkins exited the car, came across the street, and walked towards 

Parkman. Lewis looked mad, and Watkins carried a gun with his finger on the trigger. Leftridge 

spoke up and walked towards them. Parkman stayed put, scared and nervous. Watkins raised 

the gun at Leftridge. Watkins then walked back to the far side of the car, still holding the gun. 

Williams and Lewis remained, and Lewis paced back and forth. 

¶ 25 Lewis looked at Parkman and walked towards him. Parkman testified that as soon as Lewis 

got close enough, he swung at Parkman. Parkman stumbled back, pulled out his gun, and shot 

Lewis. Lewis moved towards Parkman and tried to grab him, and Parkman fired again. As 

Parkman shot, he heard other gunshots coming from in front of him. 

¶ 26 Parkman stated that he was not sure if Lewis had a gun. Parkman ran from the shooting. 

He was confused and scared, and he did not call the police. He got rid of the gun, which police 

later recovered nearby. A couple of weeks later, Parkman observed that his house had been hit 

with multiple gunshots. Subsequently, Parkman left for Miami, where he resided with family. 

Parkman was arrested in February 2015. 

¶ 27 During direct examination of Parkman, defense counsel sought to question Parkman about 

a July 26, 2012, incident wherein Lewis threatened him with a firearm. The State objected to 

introducing this evidence and, at a sidebar, stated it was “completely taken by surprise by this 

allegation.” The State argued that Parkman’s testimony should be barred because the defense 

did not bring it up before trial, and it “becomes far too prejudicial.” The trial court questioned 

if this was a Lynch incident, to which defense counsel replied, “No.” The defense asserted that 

information about the incident came from the State’s own discovery; the State had not moved 

to bar evidence about the incident despite knowing about it; and the State listed Juanita Pittman, 
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a witness to the incident, as a potential witness. The defense further argued that it had properly 

raised self-defense in its discovery answer and was not required to disclose Parkman’s 

testimony. The State responded that it possessed no specific information about Lewis 

possessing a gun during the prior incident, but that Cinque Lee tried to pass Lewis a gun, who 

refused to take it. 

¶ 28 The trial court noted that self-defense is an affirmative defense, the specifics of which must 

be pled for the State to have an opportunity to address the defense. The trial court 

acknowledged that the testimony was relevant to Parkman’s state of mind at the time of the 

shooting but viewed bringing it up for the first time at trial as an “ambush,” “fundamentally 

unfair,” and a “discovery violation.” The trial court held that the evidence had not been 

disclosed, and it was fundamentally unfair for the defense to lay “in the weeds” and try to assert 

a self-defense claim with no specifics. The trial court barred the testimony, only allowing the 

defense to ask Parkman one yes-or-no question of whether, before May 2013, had he “ever 

seen [Lewis] with a gun.” Parkman testified that he had previously seen Lewis with a gun. 

¶ 29 Additionally, Parkman presented seven Lynch witnesses, who testified about other prior 

acts of violence by Lewis—including acts of domestic violence and an incident in which Lewis 

attacked and injured another man on a college campus by punching and kicking him.

¶ 30 During closing argument, the State argued Parkman was not justified in his use of deadly 

force. The defense argued that Parkman reasonably believed that his use of self-defense was 

necessary. Alternatively, Parkman claimed he believed that his force was necessary, even if 

that belief was unreasonable. The jury found Parkman guilty of second-degree murder. 
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¶ 31 After trial, defense counsel filed a motion to reconsider. In the motion, Parkman argued, 

inter alia, that the trial court erred by barring Parkman’s testimony about the July 2012 incident

between Lewis and Parkman. Defense counsel argued that she did not violate discovery rules 

by not disclosing the content of Parkman’s testimony before trial because the State knew about 

the incident and had evidence it could have used in cross-examination or rebuttal. The State 

argued that the trial court properly barred the testimony, and since Parkman was found guilty 

of only second-degree murder, there was no harm or a need for a new trial. The trial court 

denied Parkman’s motion and noted:

Again, self-defense is an affirmative defense that has to be plead. If there are specific 

instances and the Defense are raising them, they should be tendered. The first thing this 

Court knew about the victim in this matter supposedly having a gun was the date of 

trial. We are to flush this stuff out before trial. The trial is not a trial by ambush. There 

has to be full disclosure because the Court has to rule what is relevant and what is not 

relevant. I believe my ruling was correct at that point in time since it was brought up at 

the date of trial. Again, I would agree with [the State]. The defendant was found guilty 

of second-degree murder. Motion for new trial based on that reason is going to be 

denied. 

¶ 32 The trial court subsequently sentenced Parkman to 14 years’ imprisonment. 

¶ 33 This timely appeal followed. 

¶ 34 ANALYSIS
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¶ 35 On appeal, Parkman argues the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he did 

not act in justified self-defense when he shot Lewis, and the trial court violated his 

constitutional right to present a defense when it barred Parkman from testifying about a prior 

incident in which Lewis allegedly possessed a gun and threatened Parkman. 

¶ 36 “The due process clause of the fourteenth amendment to the United States Constitution 

safeguards an accused from conviction in state court except upon proof beyond a reasonable 

doubt of every fact necessary to constitute the crime charged.” People v. Brown, 2013 IL 

114196, ¶ 48. When considering a challenge to a criminal conviction based upon the 

sufficiency of the evidence, it is not the function of the reviewing court to retry the defendant. 

People v. Hall, 194 Ill. 2d 305, 329-330 (2000). The relevant question is whether, “after 

viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution, any rational trier of fact 

could have found the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt.” Id. at 330. 

A conviction will be reversed only if the evidence is so unreasonable or improbable as to create 

reasonable doubt of Parkman’s guilt. People v. Cunningham, 212 Ill. 2d 274, 280 (2004).

¶ 37 Section 9-1 of the Criminal Code of 1961 (Code) defines the offense of first-degree murder, 

in pertinent part:

“(a) A person who kills an individual without lawful justification commits first degree 

murder if, in performing the acts which cause the death:

(1) he either intends to kill or do great bodily harm to that individual or another, or 

knows that such acts will cause death to that individual or another; or

(2) he knows that such acts create a strong probability of death or great bodily harm 

to that individual or another[.]” 720 ILCS 5/9-1 (West 2012).
No. 1-18-0510 

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¶ 38 A person commits the offense of second degree murder when he or she commits the offense 

of first degree murder and either (1) at the time of the killing he or she was acting under a 

sudden and intense passion resulting from serious provocation by the individual killed or 

another whom the offender endeavored to kill, but he or she negligently or accidentally caused 

the death of the individual killed; or (2) at the time of the killing he or she believed the 

circumstances to be such that, if they existed, would justify or exonerate the killing, but his or 

her belief was unreasonable. 720 ILCS 5/9-2 (West 2012). 

¶ 39 After the State has established the elements of first-degree murder, the trier of fact next 

addresses the issue of lawful justification. People v. Washington, 2012 IL 110283, ¶ 34. To

raise self-defense, a defendant must establish some evidence of each of the following factors: 

“(1) force is threatened against a person, (2) the person is not the aggressor, (3) the danger of 

harm was imminent, (4) the threatened force was unlawful, (5) the person actually and 

subjectively believed a danger existed that required the use of the force applied, and (6) the 

person's beliefs were objectively reasonable.” Id. ¶ 35. “A person is justified in the use of force 

against another when and to the extent that he reasonably believes that such conduct is 

necessary to defend himself or another against such other’s imminent use of unlawful force.” 

720 ILCS 5/7-1(a) (West 2012). However, when the use of force is intended or likely to cause 

death or great bodily harm, a person is justified only if the person reasonably believes that such 

force is necessary to prevent imminent death or great bodily harm to himself or another, or the 

commission of a forcible felony. Id. 

¶ 40 When a defendant raises self-defense, the State has the burden of proving all the elements 

of the charged offense, and of disproving at least one self-defense element, beyond a reasonable 
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doubt. People v. Jeffries, 164 Ill. 2d 104, 127-28 (1995). A defendant's belief is not necessarily 

an element that the State is required to disprove in defeating a claim of self-defense. Id. at 128. 

Rather, it is only one of six factors of self-defense that the State may choose to rebut, and if 

the State negates any one of the factors, the defendant's self-defense claim fails. Id. When a 

defendant is found guilty of second-degree murder, the trier of fact has, in essence, concluded 

that the evidence the defendant has offered was insufficient to support his claim of self-defense. 

Id. at 129. However, the defendant has proven by a preponderance of the evidence the existence 

of a mitigating factor sufficient to reduce the offense of first-degree murder to second-degree 

murder. Id.

¶ 41 In this case, the State was required to prove all the elements of first-degree murder and

negate at least one element of self-defense. Parkman argues that the evidence established each 

element of self-defense, and the State has failed to disprove any of them. We disagree. 

¶ 42 Parkman did not establish that he actually and subjectively believed a danger existed that

required the use of deadly force. Lewis did not possess or display a gun during his altercation 

with Parkman. The evidence revealed that Watkins possessed the gun. Parkman claims that 

Watkins’s presence with a gun would cause a reasonable person to act with deadly force. 

Parkman testified that when he shot Lewis, Lewis was the only person near him. Based upon 

Parkman’s testimony, Watkins had already walked back to the vehicle prior to Parkman

shooting Lewis. 

¶ 43 The State disproved beyond a reasonable doubt that Parkman reasonably believed he 

needed to defend himself with deadly force. The use of deadly force is justified only if the 

person reasonably believes that such force is necessary to prevent imminent death or great 
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bodily harm to himself or another, or the commission of a forcible felony. 720 ILCS 5/7-1(a) 

(West 2012). Parkman argues that his force was necessary to prevent imminent death or great 

bodily harm. He testified that Lewis after swung at him and missed, Parkman stumbled and

shot Lewis. After being shot, Lewis tried to grab Parkman and Parkman shot him again. 

However, using deadly force for a missed punch from an unarmed person is not reasonable in 

this case. 

¶ 44 Relying on People v. White, 87 Ill. App. 3d 321 (1980), Parkman argues that he made a 

split-second decision that did not have to be unquestionably perfect. However, White is

distinguishable. In White, the defendant shot the victim after the victim went to the defendant's 

apartment and argued with him. The evidence revealed a history of animosity between them 

and an argument earlier that evening. The victim went to the defendant's apartment brandishing 

a knife and making threats. The defendant warned the victim to leave, but the victim continued 

to approach. Defendant fired one shot, killing the victim. The defendant was later convicted of 

manslaughter. On appeal, the defendant argued that the State did not prove beyond a reasonable 

doubt that he was not acting in self-defense. The court noted that the defendant testified that

the victim had brandished a knife and threatened the defendant’s life on the night of the murder. 

Id. at 323. Moreover, there was uncontroverted evidence that the victim had cut the defendant 

with a knife several months prior. Accordingly, the defendant’s conviction was reversed. Id. 

at 324.

¶ 45 Unlike in White, Lewis had no weapon and did not threaten Parkman at the time of the 

shooting. There was also no uncontroverted evidence that Lewis ever physically harmed 

Parkman. Parkman did not need to be perfect in his decision making. He needed only to be 
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reasonable, which he was not. Lewis’s attempted punch was likely the difference between a 

first-degree and second-degree murder conviction. However, it was not enough to escape 

conviction altogether. Therefore, in the light most favorable to the prosecution, the State 

negated at least one of the self-defense factors and Parkman’s conviction for second degree 

murder was proper. 

¶ 46 Next, Parkman argues that the trial court violated his constitutional right to present a 

defense when it barred him from testifying about a prior incident in which Lewis possessed a 

gun and threatened Parkman. Parkman argues that his claim was relative to his state of mind 

and the reasonableness of his actions, and it was admissible as propensity-for-violence 

evidence under Lynch. The State counters arguing that the trial court properly barred 

Parkman’s testimony since he did not disclose evidence regarding Lewis allegedly threatening 

him with a firearm until after the State presented its case-in-chief. The State argues that this 

failure to disclose amounted to a discovery violation, and that the trial court’s imposition of a 

sanction was proper.

¶ 47 “The Illinois Supreme Court Rules require a defendant to disclose to the State any defenses 

that he intends to present at trial.” People v. Guja, 2016 IL App (1st) 140046, ¶ 59. Rule

413(d)(i) requires that a defendant furnish the State with the names and last known addresses 

of persons he intends to call as witnesses. Ill. S. Ct. Rule 413(d)(i). “Upon a showing of 

materiality, and if the request is reasonable, the court in its discretion may require disclosure 

to the State of relevant material and information not covered by this rule.” Ill. S. Ct. Rule 

413(e). Rule 415(g) “authorizes a trial court to impose sanctions for violations of a discovery 
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rule or order in felony cases.” People v. Sutton, 349 Ill. App. 3d 608, 618 (2004). The rule 

provides in relevant part:

“If at any time during the course of the proceedings it is brought to the attention of the 

court that a party has failed to comply with an applicable discovery rule or an order 

issued pursuant thereto, the court may order such party to permit the discovery of 

material and information not previously disclosed, grant a continuance, exclude such 

evidence, or enter such other order as it deems just under the circumstances.” 134 Ill.2d 

R. 415(g)(i) (eff. Oct. 1, 1971).

¶ 48 “A criminal defendant is constitutionally guaranteed a meaningful opportunity to present a 

complete defense.” People v. Ramirez, 2012 IL App (1st) 093504, ¶ 43. Parkman argues that 

determining whether an individual is denied this constitutional right is reviewed de novo. 

People v. Burgess, 2015 IL 130657, ¶ 133. “However, when a party claims he was denied his 

constitutional right to present a complete defense due to improper evidentiary rulings, the 

standard of review is abuse of discretion.” Id. In addition, the imposition of sanctions is 

reviewed under an abuse of discretion standard. People v. Scott, 339 Ill. App. 3d 565, 572 

(2003). Abuse of discretion occurs when the trial court’s decision “is fanciful, arbitrary, or 

unreasonable to the degree that no reasonable person would agree with it.” People v. Kladis, 

2011 IL 110920, ¶ 23. (quoting People v. Ortega, 209 Ill. 2d 354, 359 (2004)). The trial court’s 

ruling “will not be overturned unless the abuse of that discretion led to manifest prejudice 

against defendant.” Burgess, 2015 IL 130657, ¶ 134.

¶ 49 In Lynch, our supreme court held that when a claim of self-defense is raised, evidence of 

the victim's violent and aggressive character is admissible for two distinct purposes. 104 Ill. 
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2d at 199-200. First, it may be offered to show that the defendant's knowledge of the victim's 

violent tendencies affected his perceptions of and reactions to the victim's behavior. Id. at 200. 

Second, it may be offered to support the defendant's version of the facts when there are 

conflicting accounts as to the identity of the aggressor. Id. If the testimony is offered to show 

the defendant's state of mind, the defendant must have known the information about the victim 

when the alleged self-defense occurred; if the testimony is offered as evidence of the victim's 

violent character to establish that the victim was the aggressor, the defendant is not required to 

possess knowledge of the victim's reputation. People v. Guyton, 2014 IL App (1st) 110450, ¶ 

49. 

¶ 50 In this case, it is undisputed that Parkman informed the State of his intent to assert the 

affirmative defense of self-defense. However, at the hearing on the State’s motion to bar Lynch 

material, the trial court was unclear on the specifics of Parkman’s self-defense claim and 

requested that defense counsel elaborate. Counsel explained that the claim was based on Lewis 

physically attacking Parkman and Parkman doing what was “absolutely necessary to defend 

himself.” Counsel sought to introduce Lynch material to show that Lewis was the first 

aggressor but did not mention the July 2012 incident where Lewis allegedly threatened 

Parkman with a gun. The trial court then asked whether the two men knew each other, which 

counsel confirmed they did. Again, there was no mention of the July 2012 incident. As a result, 

the State believed that Parkman’s self-defense claims only concerned the alleged attack on the 

day of the shooting. When Parkman attempted to testify about the July 2012 incident at trial, 

the State argued that it was taken by surprise, and the trial court found the proposed testimony 

“fundamentally unfair” to the State. 
No. 1-18-0510 

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¶ 51 Parkman argues that because the July 2012 incident concerned his state of mind, he was 

not required to disclose it. The purpose of discovery is not to provide a preview of a defendant’s 

testimony, but to “prevent surprise or unfair advantage and to aid in the search for the truth.” 

Sutton, 349 Ill. App. 3d at 618-19. The issue with Parkman’s proposed testimony was that it 

offered a new basis for his self-defense claim; one of which the State was not made aware. 

¶ 52 Parkman cites People v. Hamilton, 2019 IL (1st) 170019, which is distinguishable. In 

Hamilton, the defendant was charged with first-degree murder after he shot and killed the 

victim following a physical altercation. 2019 IL (1st) 170019, ¶¶ 3-6. At trial, the defendant’s 

wife was not allowed to testify about whether she ever saw the victim with a gun. Id. ¶ 10. The 

trial court found her proposed testimony to be irrelevant conjecture. Id. Likewise, the defendant 

was not allowed to testify about his awareness of the victim’s habit of carrying a gun. Id. ¶ 18. 

The appellate court found that Lynch was irrelevant to the defendant’s testimony because his 

testimony was not that the victim had a propensity for violence, but that he knew that the victim 

carried a gun. Id. ¶ 34. Further, the appellate court found his testimony relevant for the “limited 

and nuanced purpose of representing the defendant’s state of mind” at the time he shot the 

victim. Id. ¶ 35. 

¶ 53 In this case, Parkman’s account that Lewis previously threatened him with a gun was more 

than just an awareness that Lewis carried a gun; it detailed a specific violent incident and how 

that incident affected Parkman’s reactions to the victim's behavior. Unlike in Hamilton, the 

trial court allowed Parkman to testify about his knowledge that Lewis had previously carried 

a gun. Thus, Parkman was able to testify about his state of mind at the time of the shooting. 

The trial court did not allow Parkman to testify about being threatened with a gun in July 2012 
No. 1-18-0510 

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because that proposed testimony went toward Lewis’s violent tendency and should have been 

disclosed. Although the State may have been aware of the July 2012 incident, the State was 

not informed that the incident would be raised. See People v. Gracey, 104 Ill.App.3d 133, 135 

(1982). Moreover, the State had a substantially different version of this incident. Parkman 

attempting to testify about his version for the first time at trial was a surprise to the State. The 

trial court noted, Parkman cannot “just lay in the weed” and bring up whatever he wants with 

no opportunity for the State to rebut.

¶ 54 “A trial court may properly fashion a sanction for a discovery violation when it is 

proportionate to the magnitude of the violation.” People v. Cunningham, 2018 IL App (1st) 

153367, ¶ 57. The correct sanction to be applied for a discovery violation is a decision 

appropriately left to the discretion of the trial court. People v. Morgan, 112 Ill.2d 111, 135 

(1986). Here, the record establishes that the sanction imposed by the trial court did not preclude 

Parkman’s testimony that Parkman previously witnessed Lewis possessing a gun. The trial 

court exercised its discretion in choosing from the spectrum of available options and narrowly 

tailoring its sanction to bar Parkman from introducing testimony that was not previously 

disclosed. Accordingly, the trial court did not abuse its discretion when it barred Parkman’s 

testimony about the July 2012 incident. 

¶ 55 Parkman also argues that defense counsel was ineffective for not disclosing Parkman’s 

testimony or seeking its allowance sooner. A criminal defendant has a right to effective 

assistance of counsel. U.S. Const. amends. VI, XIV; Ill. Const. Art. I, Sec. 8. A claim alleging 

ineffective assistance is governed by the standard set forth in Strickland v. Washington, 466 

U.S. 668 (1984). People v. Veach, 2017 IL 120649, ¶ 29. Under Strickland, a defendant must
No. 1-18-0510 

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prove both (1) deficient performance by counsel and (2) prejudice to defendant. People v. 

Colon, 225 Ill.2d 125, 135 (2007). To satisfy the first prong, a defendant must demonstrate 

counsel's performance was objectively unreasonable under prevailing norms. People v. 

Domagala, 2013 IL 113688, ¶ 36. “To establish deficient performance, the defendant must 

overcome the strong presumption that counsel's action or inaction was the result of sound trial 

strategy.” People v. Perry, 224 Ill.2d 312, 341–42 (2007). To satisfy the second prong, 

prejudice is demonstrated if there is a “reasonable probability that, but for counsel's deficient 

performance, the outcome of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. 

at 694. “A reasonable probability that the result would have been different is a probability 

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome of the proceeding.” People v. Colon, 225 

Ill. 2d. 125, 135 (2007). The failure to satisfy either the deficiency prong or the prejudice prong 

of the Strickland test precludes a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel. Strickland, 466 

U.S. at 697. If it is easier to dispose of an ineffectiveness claim on the ground of lack of 

sufficient prejudice, that course should be followed. People v. Albanese, 104 Ill.2d 504, 527 

(1984). 

¶ 56 Parkman argues that counsel had no strategic reason for failing to disclose Parkman’s 

excluded testimony to the State prior to trial, which led to a violation of discovery rules. 

Further, Parkman maintains that there is a reasonable probability that the jury would have 

acquitted him outright rather than find him guilty of second-degree murder if counsel had 

disclosed the evidence sooner. We disagree.

¶ 57 If trial counsel were deficient in her representation by failing to disclose specific details of 

Parkman’s self-defense argument, Parkman suffered no prejudice because the trial court 
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allowed Parkman to testify that he had seen Lewis with a firearm previously. Additionally, the 

jury heard testimony from multiple witnesses about Lewis’s propensity for violence. 

Parkman’s additional testimony regarding Lewis threatening him with a gun a year prior, 

would not have made his belief that deadly force was required objectively reasonable. As such, 

there is no reasonable probability that the outcome of Parkman’s proceeding would have been 

different. Therefore, Parkman failed to satisfy the prejudice prong of the Strickland test, which 

precludes a finding of ineffective assistance of counsel.

¶ 58 CONCLUSION

¶ 59 For the foregoing reasons, the judgment of the trial court is affirmed. 

¶ 60 Affirmed.