In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

No. 06-15-00200-CR

ROBERT WAYNE FRY, Appellant

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee

On Appeal from the 115th District Court

Upshur County, Texas

Trial Court No. 16,969

Before Morriss, C.J., Moseley and Burgess, JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Moseley
2

MEMORANDUM OPINION

A chair is still a chair, even when there’s no one sittin’ there

But a chair is not a house and a house is not a home

When there’s no one there to hold you tight

And no one there you can kiss goodnight.

[1]

Robert Wayne Fry was convicted of burglary of a habitation. On his appeal of that 

conviction, he argues not that the house he entered is not a habitation but, rather, that the evidence 

shows that he committed only the burglary of a building and not a habitation. By way of 

explanation of Fry’s complaint, the burglary of a habitation is a second degree felony, but burglary 

of a simple building is a state jail felony.2 Since the difference in the penalties for the two different 

offenses is quite radical, Fry much prefers the structure that he entered unlawfully to be deemed a 

simple building and not a habitation. Finding the evidence at trial to be sufficient to prove 

commission of burglary of a habitation, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

Fry does not contest that he entered a building without the effective consent of the owner, 

Jamie Dippold, or his motive for that entry; he only contests whether that building fits the 

definition of a habitation. Dippold testified that about two years before the January 2, 2015,

incident at issue, she and her husband bought the farmhouse in question, which is situated on 

property adjacent to land already owned by Dippold. An elderly woman had been living in the 

farmhouse until she passed away. After the demise of the woman, a caretaker lived in the house 

until Dippold’s purchase of it. Dippold continued to live in another residence in a different part 

 

1LUTHER VANDROSS, A House is Not a Home, on ALWAYS & FOREVER: THE CLASSICS (Epic 1981).

2See TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.02(c) (West 2011).
3

of Gladewater. On January 2, 2015, a neighbor called to say she had seen someone entering 

Dippold’s farmhouse. This caused Dippold and her son-in-law, Christopher Shelton, to go to the 

farmhouse; Shelton caught Fry running out of the house. Shelton, armed with a forty-caliber pistol, 

detained Fry until deputies arrived. 

An Upshur County jury convicted Fry of second degree felony burglary of a habitation. 

On appeal, Fry’s only complaint is that he maintains that the evidence at most supports a conviction 

for burglary of a building, a state jail felony.3

Burglary of What?

The Texas Penal Code defines habitation as “a structure or vehicle that is adapted for the 

overnight accommodation of persons . . . .” TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 28.01(1) (West 2011). The 

Texas Court of Criminal Appeals analyzed what would constitute a habitation in Blankenship v. 

State, 780 S.W.2d 198 (Tex. Crim. App. 1988) (op. on reh’g). 

What makes a structure “suitable” or “not suitable” for overnight accommodation 

is a complex, subjective factual question fit for a jury’s determination. Their 

inquiry could be guided by reference to whether someone was using the structure 

or vehicle as a residence at the time of the offense; whether the structure or vehicle 

contained bedding, furniture, utilities, or other belongings common to a residential 

structure; and whether the structure is of such a character that it was probably 

intended to accommodate persons overnight (e.g. house, apartment, condominium, 

sleeping car, mobile home, house trailer). All of these factors are relevant; none 

are essential or necessarily dispositive.

 

3Fry’s brief describes his complaint as a fatal variance between the indictment’s allegation and the proof actually 

rendered at trial. This is effectively an attack upon the sufficiency of the evidence. Legal sufficiency of the evidence 

is measured by the elements of the offense as defined by a hypothetically correct jury charge. Malik v. State, 953 

S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997). The “hypothetically correct” jury charge is “one that accurately sets out 

the law, is authorized by the indictment, does not unnecessarily increase the State’s burden of proof or unnecessarily 

restrict the State’s theories of liability, and adequately describes the particular offense for which the defendant was 

tried.” Id. The evidence is sufficient where, the cumulative evidence viewed in the light most favorable to the jury’s 

verdict, could have allowed any rational jury to find the elements of the charged offense beyond a reasonable doubt. 

See Brooks v. State, 323 S.W.3d 893, 902 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319 

(1979)). 
4

Id. at 209. The residence in Blankenship was a rent house which had not been “lived in or leased 

for about two years at the time of the burglary.” Although the house was wired for electricity, at 

the time the burglary occurred there was no meter on site and the electrical power was neither 

connected nor turned on. Similarly, although it was capable of being supplied with water service, 

the water service to the house was “turned off at the back yard.” Id. at 206. The court also took 

into consideration that the residence had, at one time, been lived in by the owner-complainant, that 

it had two window air conditioners fully installed, that it was only about 300 yards from the 

complainant’s current residence, that it was located along the only driveway providing access to 

the complainant’s residence, and that it was then being used to store some of the complainant’s 

household items. Id. at 210. Finally, the owner himself “testified that the structure was adapted 

for the overnight accommodation of persons.” Id. These facts would allow a reasonable factfinder to make a finding that the building in question was a habitation; in other words, the structure 

was “adapted for the overnight accommodation of persons.”4

Fry points to testimony that at the time of the burglary, neither gas, nor electricity, nor 

water services were actually connected to the house, and there was no furniture in the house. 

However, the State provided the evidence that the prior owner of the house had lived in it until her 

death and, according to Dippold, the house “had been occupied in the past for a long period of 

time.” Subsequent to the death of the prior owner, the house was occupied (sans any utility service, 

using the existing fireplace as a source of heat) in pretty much the same condition as the house 

 

4TEX. PENAL CODE ANN. § 30.01 (West 2011). 
5

existed when Fry entered it. The farmhouse entered by Fry bears much in common with the house 

at issue in Blankenship. Both the house in Fry’s case and the house in Blankenship had been vacant 

about two years. Neither the house entered by Fry nor the house in Blankenship was being supplied 

with any utility service at the time of entry, even though both were equipped to be connected to 

utility providers. The house that Fry entered had been regularly occupied as a residence until it 

was purchased by Dippold (an event occurring about two years before the burglary). 

The instruction provided to the jury gave the following pertinent definition:

“HABITATION” MEANS A STRUCTURE OR VEHICLE THAT IS ADAPTED 

FOR THE OVERNIGHT ACCOMMODATION OF PERSONS, AND 

INCLUDES EACH SEPARATELY SECURED OR OCCUPIED PORTION OF 

THE STRUCTURE OR VEHICLE AND EACH STRUCTURE APPURTENANT 

TO OR CONNECTED WITH THE STRUCTURE OR VEHICLE.

There was sufficient evidence presented upon which a rational jury could well have found that the 

house entered by Fry “was probably intended to accommodate persons overnight.” Id. at 209.

We affirm the judgment.

Bailey C. Moseley

Justice

Date Submitted: June 7, 2016

Date Decided: June 24, 2016

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