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TRACE EVIDENCE DATA WORKSHOP, July 19-20, 2016

TRACE EVIDENCE DATA WORKSHOP: IMPROVING TECHNOLOGY AND MEASUREMENT IN FORENSIC 

SCIENCE

Date:

July 19-20, 2016 @ 8:30am

Location:

National Institute of Standards and Technology

Building 101, Heritage Room

SPEAKER ABSTRACTS AND BIOS

DAY 1 – July 19, 2016

Plenary Session

The role of reference collections in trace evidence

Christopher S. Palenik, PhD, MicroTrace

Abstract: “The list is the origin of culture.” This statement by author and philosopher Umberto Eco provides an 

indication of the central role that lists play in society. Certainly lists and the physical collections upon which they are 

often based go back to the earliest days of forensic science. Even Sherlock Holmes enumerates “Upon the Distinction 

between the Ashes of the Various Tobaccos” in his fictional monograph. Yet while we live in a world more dedicated 

to organizing, characterizing, and standardizing than ever before, materials collections in trace evidence remain 

underdeveloped. There are certainly reasons for this, such as the difficulty of obtaining samples, organizing samples, 

a likely low frequency of direct casework application, and the expectation that errors will exist even in the most 

carefully curated collections. Yet, beyond the existential pleasure that many of us take in such collections, there is 

an inherent value both to casework and the continued development of the supporting science. Through our decades 

of experience curating various physical collections, applying these collections to cases, and first hand experiences 

related to the limitations, uncertainties, and errors that may be associated with such collections, I hope to share our

enthusiasm for the topic and the value it has brought to our own expertise in trace analysis. 

Biography: From his earliest memories in his Father’s basement microscopy laboratory, to houseguests from 

laboratories at Scotland Yard, the Soviet Forensic Service, and many US crime laboratories, the breath of information 

hidden in scientific clues and the practical value of this information has always fascinated Chris.

Following his formal education at the University of Chicago and University of Michigan, Chris has had the fortunate 

opportunity to continually expand his knowledge of chemistry, geology, materials science, and nuclear engineering 

while applying it to a wide variety of unusual investigations. With projects that have included capital punishment 

cases, military court martials, and civil litigation and clients from pharma, food, environmental and nanotechnology 

industries, he has encountered a range of scientifically fascinating and newsworthy cases. Some of the more unusual 

samples have included a holocaust era lamp shade allegedly made of human skin, baseball bats and balls signed by 

the likes of Joe DiMaggio and “Shoeless Joe” Jackson, materials from unlicensed cosmetic surgeries, and a wide 

assortment of alleged pills, animal parts, and other miscellanea allegedly encountered during the consumption of 

food. 

The application of microscopy to a variety of unusual questions through a rigorous application of the scientific 

method provides an elegant link among this seemingly disparate ranges of clients, materials, and fundamental 

sciences. The outcomes of these investigations have been accepted in courts, published in peer reviewed journals, 
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presented at meetings, and featured in media ranging from the National Geographic channel to NBC’s Today show. 

Chris is a fellow of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, and serves in appointed positions on the North 

Carolina Forensic Science Laboratory Advisory board and the National Institute of Justice Forensic Science Standards 

Organization (OSAC).

What Does the Future Hold for Trace Evidence?

Claude Roux, PhD, Centre for Forensic Science, University of Technology, Sydney, Australia

Abstract: Trace evidence is an area that is seminal to forensic science both for epistemological and historical reasons. 

There is however little doubt that trace evidence currently faces significant challenges worldwide. In the worst case 

scenario some even predict the disappearance of this sub-discipline in the routine practice of forensic science in the 

near future. Current and future challenges along with some possible answers are discussed in this presentation. 

Improving the availability and reliability of contemporary data is undoubtedly part of the solution. However, it is also 

argued that reference data and databases alone should not be seen as the panacea and that more fundamental 

issues should be considered in priority. In particular, such data are of limited value if the right questions are not 

asked, being during the intelligence, investigative or evaluative stage of the process. The same comment applies to 

the construction of any database. In other words, data must be fit for the intended purpose and must be used within 

appropriate intellectual and logical frameworks. The current situation ultimately presents some significant 

opportunities to re-invent not only trace evidence but also forensic science. Ultimately, a distinctive, more robust 

and more reliable science may emerge through rethinking the fragmented forensics paradigm built on specialisms, 

revisiting fundamental forensic science principles and adapting them to the 21st Century.

Bio: Claude Roux is Professor of Forensic Science and the founding Director of the Centre for Forensic Science, 

University of Technology, and Sydney, Australia. He obtained a BSc and a PhD from the University of Lausanne, 

Switzerland. Claude’s research activities cover a broad spectrum of forensic science including trace evidence and 

chemical criminalistics, document, fingerprints and forensic intelligence. His research has been largely driven by his 

vision of forensic science as a distinctive academic and holistic research-based discipline. He published over 140 

refereed papers and 25 book chapters and a large number of conference presentations. Claude is a member of the 

editorial board of six scientific journals and of a number of working and advisory groups. He is the current President 

of the Australian & NZ Forensic Science Society (ANZFSS), the Vice-President of the Australian Academy of Forensic 

Sciences and a Fellow of the Royal Society of New South Wales. He also serves on the Scientific Advisory Board of 

the International Criminal Court, The Hague, The Netherlands.

R&D and Maintenance in the making of Successful Databases of Trace Evidence Materials

Edward G. Bartick, PhD, Department of Forensic Sciences, George Washington University, 

Washington, DC

Abstract: To avoid the situation of the adage “Garbage In - Garbage Out”, sound analytical research, development 

of an accessible robust software platform, and maintenance of the data, software, and continually improved 

analytical methodologies are required. This is necessary to produce successful and sustaining utilization of databases 

whether used for trace evidential materials data or other data. In response to the 2009 National Research Council 

report, the National Science Foundation and the National Institute of Justice, sponsored grant for a “Forensic Science 

Research and Evaluation Workshop: A Discussion on the Fundamentals of Research Design and an Evaluation of 

Available Literature”. The participants reviewed problems associated with research in the forensic sciences and 

conducted presentations, discussions and a published report regarding what is necessary to improve the research 

and subsequently the robustness of the results. The three half day sessions included I. Experimental Design and 

Statistics, II. Interpretation and Assessment, and III. Policy Implications. These topics are important when considering 
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the development of analytical methodology and the use of data for trace evidence databases being funded through 

the government. As principal investigator and manager of the workshop, the presenter will review the workshop, 

provide examples, and explain how it applies to making successful trace evidence databases.

Bio: Edward G. (Ed) Bartick is a research professor at The George Washington University Department of Forensic 

Sciences, Washington, DC, who is involved in the development of forensic analytical methods of evidential materials. 

Dr. Bartick completed a Ph.D. at the Institute of Materials Science at U. Connecticut in 1978. He has worked for 

pharmaceutical, instrument, and a materials production companies doing analytical development. In 1986, he joined 

the FBI Laboratory as a research scientist in forensic methods development. In 1991 he started a one-week class 

entitled “Infrared Spectrometry for Trace Analysis” for forensic examiners. Dr. Bartick has acted as research advisor 

for Ph.D. and M.S. graduate students from U. Virginia, Virginia Tech, and George Washington U. on forensic 

vibrational spectroscopy thesis projects at the FBI Academy. In January 2007, He retired from the FBI to direct the 

Forensic Science Program at Suffolk U. in Boston where he expanded the curriculum. He returned to the Washington, 

D.C., area to join GWU 2013. Dr. Bartick has authored 60 technical publications, including 11 book chapters. He was 

awarded the FBI Director's Award in 1994 and 1996. In 1994 he founded the Scientific Working Group for Materials 

Examination (SWGMAT). He chaired the group through 1997 and continued to play an active role as chair of the 

Database Subgroup until spring of 2014 when the Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSACs) at NIST 

assumed the role of SWGs. Dr. Bartick is a Fellow of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, a charter member 

of American Society of Trace Evidence Examiners (ASTEE), a member of the American Chemical Society and the 

Society for Applied Spectroscopy.

Research Needs in Trace Evidence Analysis: How Can Better Data Help?

Gerry LaPorte, MSFS 

Abstract: Forensic science often produces valuable evidence that can be used to successfully prosecute and convict 

criminals, as well as exonerate the innocent. Based on technological innovations and the evolution of the field in 

the past several decades, forensic scientists, as a whole, have continued to improve knowledge and better 

understand methods and practices. Fibers, hair, soil, wood, gunshot residue and pollen are only a few examples of 

trace evidence that may be transferred between people, objects or the environment during a crime – and then 

potentially used to link a suspect and a victim to a mutual location. However, after years of general acceptance 

about theories and fundamental concepts, the criminal justice system is now demanding scientists to demonstrate 

that the methods and practices employed in various forensic disciplines are based on accurate, reliable, and valid 

testing. 

The National Institute of Justice (NIJ) is the federal government’s lead agency for forensic science research and 

development as well as for the administration of programs focused on improving laboratory efficiency and reducing 

backlogs. To increase the value of trace evidence, NIJ funds research to improve and enhance the ability of the 

forensic science community to identify, analyze and interpret evidence. This presentation will highlight the ongoing 

efforts at NIJ in the area of trace evidence, where the main goals of this portfolio are focused on: i) the development 

of new tools and techniques to detect, collect and preserve evidence from crime scenes; ii) instruments that 

decrease the time and labor needed for trace evidence analysis; and iii) new approaches and enhancement of 

current approaches to interpreting trace evidence data.

Bio: Mr. LaPorte serves as the Director in the Office of Investigative and Forensic Sciences at the National Institute 

of Justice (NIJ), where their mission is to improve the quality and practice of forensic science through innovative 

solutions that support research, development, technology, evaluation, and information exchange for the criminal 
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justice community. His primary duties are to oversee the management of over $400 million in grants and to provide 

expert analysis and advice on agency-wide programs or issues of national impact relating to forensic science. 

Mr. LaPorte received his Bachelor of Science and Business Administration degrees from the University of Windsor 

(Canada) and Master of Science in Forensic Science from the University of Alabama at Birmingham. Over the course 

of his 23 year career, he has worked in various capacities as a forensic scientist. Prior to joining NIJ, Mr. LaPorte was 

the Chief Research Forensic Chemist for the United States Secret Service.

Mr. LaPorte has over 20 publications, including chapters in three text books, and has presented over 100 lectures 

and workshops in 13 different countries. He is a member of various organizations including the American Academy 

of Forensic Sciences, Mid-Atlantic Association of Forensic Scientists, American Society of Questioned Document 

Examiners, and the American Bar Association. Mr. LaPorte served as the co-chair for the Standards Practices and 

Protocols Interagency Working Group under the Executive Office of the President of the United States and currently 

serves on the National Commission on Forensic Science.

The FBI’s role in Trace Evidence Reference Collections

Cary T. Oien, Senior Level Scientist, Scientific Analysis Section, Laboratory Division, Federal 

Bureau of Investigation 

Abstract: The FBI Laboratory has a long history of developing, maintaining, and providing access to reference 

collections to law enforcement agencies, beginning at the same time as the creation of the Laboratory Division. This 

talk will discuss a few of the current reference collections in use by the FBI Laboratory and available to state and 

local law enforcement partners. In addition, recent efforts to assist in the population of open-source databases and 

FBI Laboratory efforts to make some databases available on-line.

Bio: In March 2015, Cary Oien was named as Senior Level Scientist of the Scientific Analysis Section, Laboratory 

Division, Federal Bureau of Investigation. The Scientific Analysis Section is comprised of five case working units 

(Chemistry, Cryptanalysis and Racketeering Records, Firearms/Toolmarks, Questioned Documents, and Trace 

Evidence) as well as the Counterterrorism and Forensic Science Research Unit and the Forensic Analysis Support 

Unit. Cary previously served as Chief of the Scientific Analysis Section, Chief of the Firearms/Toolmarks Unit, and 

Chief of the Trace Evidence Unit. Prior to those positions, he served as a forensic examiner in the Trace Evidence 

Unit for eleven years, conducting analyses in disciplines of hair, fiber, fabric, fabric impressions, cordage, wood and 

feathers.

Analyst and Management Survey Results about Trace Evidence

Sandra Koch, Pennsylvania State University

Abstract: The OSAC Materials (Trace) subcommittee’s Outreach and Initiative Task Group has a mission to establish 

promotional opportunities and create educational materials to counteract the undervaluing of Trace Evidence. In 

order to identify the perception, reality, and needs of the Trace Evidence community, surveys were recently 

disseminated to Trace Evidence analysts as well as lab management. Over 100 managers and 300 analysts 

responded. The results of these surveys will be presented along with plans for how this task group plans to proceed 

as a result. 

Bio: Sandra Koch has a Masters in Forensic Science and worked for the FBI Laboratory Trace Evidence Unit from 1997 

until 2013. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, a founding member of the American 

Society of Trace Evidence Examiners and is certified by the American Board of Criminalistics in hairs and fibers. 
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Sandra is a past member of the Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT) and is currently a member 

of the OSAC Materials (trace) subgroup. Currently Sandra is pursuing a PhD in biological anthropology at the 

Pennsylvania State University, using her background in microscopical analysis to integrate forensic and 

anthropological analysis of hair.

Major NIST Efforts To Improve Data Access

NIST Wide Initiatives in Improving Data Access 

Chandler Becker, PhD, Office of Data Informatics, NIST 

Abstract: Efforts to improve access to NIST data will be discussed, particularly focusing on NIST policies in support 

of open data and the development of infrastructure and public-facing resources to facilitate access to public data.

Bio: Chandler Becker is a staff member in the NIST Material Measurement Laboratory’s Office of Data and 

Informatics. Dr. Becker holds a PhD in Materials Science and Engineering from Northwestern University and works 

in areas related to improving access and usability of data and models, particularly as related to materials science as 

part of the Materials Genome Initiative. She was honored in 2011 with a Department of Commerce Bronze medal 

and in 2015 with the NIST Sigma Xi Katharine B. Gebbie Young Investigator Award.

NIST FSRP Data Initiatives: Biometrics Catalog and Reference Data Inventory

Shannan Williams, Forensic Science Research Program, Special Programs Office NIST

Abstract: The purpose of the presentation is inform attendees about two efforts managed by NIST in partnership 

with NIJ including the development of a catalog of publicly available biometrics datasets and an inventory of 

reference collections. Currently the Biometric and Forensic Dataset Catalog contains about 200 existing publicly 

available datasets of various modalities. The catalog contains information about the samples via a detailed taxonomy 

and serves as a pointer for researchers to obtain access to data supplied by host agencies. The catalog will be used 

as a basis for discussion among the biometric community to develop a path forward on expanding existing publicly 

available databases in early 2015.

Bio: Shannan Williams is a Project Manager in the Forensic Science Research Program in the Special Programs Office 

at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. She serves as a co-lead for the newly established research 

focus areas of trace evidence analysis and drugs/toxins analysis. Prior to her federal hire in 2015, she worked with 

NIST for nearly 6 years as a management consultant providing support in numerous projects ranging from biological 

evidence preservation to the collection of biometric datasets to assisting the launch of the Organization of Scientific 

Area Committees (OSAC). She obtained her Master’s in Public Policy from the Harvard University Kennedy School of 

Government with a focus on organizational strategy and public administration. She obtained certification as a 

Change Management Practitioner from Georgetown University in 2011. Prior to joining NIST, Shannan worked on 

several state and local government initiatives focused on integrating science and information technology into 

programs focused on juvenile justice, education, and workforce development within the States of New Jersey and 

Maryland, and the City of Chicago Mayor’s Office. She currently serves as a recently appointed member of the OSAC 

Quality Infrastructure Committee. 

NIST Mass Spectral Database 

William Wallace, Chemical Informatics Research Division, NIST 

Bio: Bill Wallace has worked at NIST for 23 years, initially in the area of polymer surface and thin film characterization 

by laser, x-ray, and neutron methods, then in the creation of polymer molecular mass distribution Standard 
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Reference Materials by mass spectrometry, and most recently in the area of mass spectral libraries for forensic 

applications.

Abstract: Chemical compound identification by mass spectrometry is most often accomplish by comparison of the 

unknown compound spectrum to a library of pure compound spectra. The first NIST mass spectral library was 

created over 70 years ago and contained nine entries of hydrocarbons found in petroleum. Today’s NIST mass 

spectral libraries contain in excess of 250,000 compounds. This talk will describe the NIST libraries and their 

application to forensics.

NIST Ballistics Toolmarks Research Database 

Xiaoyu Alan Zheng, Engineering Physics Division, NIST 

Abstract: The project objective is an open-access research database of bullet and cartridge case reference data, 

consisting of traditional reflectance microscopy images and three-dimensional surface topography. The database 

will foster the development and validation of advanced algorithms, mathematical similarity criteria, and quantitative 

confidence limits for objective ballistics identification.

In 2009, a report by the National Academies called into question, amongst other issues, the objectivity of visual 

toolmark identification by firearms examiners. The National Academies recommended development of a precisely 

specified, and scientifically justified, identification process that leads to results with well-characterized confidence 

limits. Industry, academia, and government laboratories are pursuing two promising approaches towards this goal: 

1) development of mathematical criteria and advanced algorithms for the objective and automated classification of 

potential matches and estimation of associated error rates, and 2) supplementing traditional reflectance microscopy 

images with three-dimensional surface topography measurement data. Development and validation of both these 

approaches to objective toolmark identification are hindered by a lack of access to toolmark data sets that 1) 

represent the large variety of ballistic toolmarks encountered by forensic examiners, and 2) represent challenging 

identification scenarios, such as those posed by consecutively manufactured firearms components. It is not 

economically feasible for individual companies or institutions to generate their own data sets. This makes it difficult 

for these entities to develop and evaluate solutions applicable to a broad range of scenarios, and makes the 

development of a statistical foundation for confidence limits (error rates) difficult. During a symposium held at NIST 

entitled “Measurement Science and Standards in Forensic Firearms Analysis 2012,” one of the priority requests from 

the attendees was the construction of a database where bullet and cartridge case surface data can be shared 

between researchers to facilitate testing, refinement, and comparison of new systems, methods, and algorithms.

The proposed database will provide the representative variety of toolmark data required. The database will consist 

of indexed surface data acquired at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) using state-of-the-art 

instruments and measurement procedures. 

Bio: Xiaoyu Alan Zheng is a Mechanical Engineer in the Engineering Physics Division of the National Institute of 

Standards and Technology (NIST). He has a B.S. and M.S. in Mechanical Engineering and focuses his research on 

objective measurements and analysis of 2D/3D ballistics toolmarks. He is currently a member of the Subcommittee 

on Firearms & Toolmarks in the NIST OSACs as well as a Technical Advisor for AFTE.

Objective Descriptions and Subjective Meanings: The Role of Databases

Steve Lund, PhD, Statistical Engineering Division, NIST 
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Abstract: Forensic examiners have traditionally relied upon their training and experience to interpret evidence. In 

recent years, there has been increased public demand for objective information to help characterize the meaning of 

evidence. This movement has brought about increased interest in database formation and utilization. In this talk, 

we discuss interactions between training, experience, databases, and the value of forensic trace evidence, as well as 

limitations of data and some potential misconceptions regarding the use of statistics and probability models.

Bio: Steve Lund is a statistician in the Statistical Engineering Division at NIST. He is a member of the OSAC Footwear 

and Tire Subcommittee and, in collaboration with colleague Hari Iyer, is generally interested in statistical 

perspectives of forensic evidence interpretation.

Fiber/Hair Panel

Challenges and Opportunities in Database Design and Inter-laboratory Studies on Trace 

Evidence Fibers 

Steve Morgan, PhD, University of South Carolina 

Abstract: The discovery and identification of a fiber as a particular polymer (e.g., acrylic, cotton, nylon, polyester) 

may not, of itself, provide much support for a forensic investigation. The probative value of fibers found at a crime 

scene depends on their uniqueness relative to the fiber background in the absence of the crime. What is required is 

information that makes trace evidence more specific and discriminating. Developing databases for storing and 

making information on trace evidence fibers is perhaps the best approach, but how many trace evidence laboratories 

have time and resources to participate in such efforts? Databases of such fiber characterization data cannot be 

without difficulties and compromises: where are fibers to be acquired, and do measurements from a single lab 

provide data representative across the reality of numerous labs? 

The transfer of multivariate classification models between laboratories can save time and resources in forensic 

analyses. We have conducted interlaboratory studies to evaluate the application of machine learning tools to 

comparison of forensic fiber examinations based on UV/visible microspectrophotometry/fluorescence. The results 

of this work provide statistical measures of dissimilarity of fiber spectra along with visualization of comparisons to 

support decision-making. A serious limitation to wider use of classification techniques is that the new practitioner 

often faces a steep learning curve in both comprehending and using available software. We have developed some 

application programs that offer a user-friendly interface and intuitive results panels for interactive exploration of 

the utility of pattern recognition and demonstrate their applicability to several data sets.

Bio: Stephen L. Morgan is a Professor in the Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry at the University of South 

Carolina. He received a B.S in Chemistry from Duke University (1971), and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees (1974, 1975) from 

Emory University. His research has involved forensic analytical chemistry (spectroscopy and separations for trace 

evidence such as fibers, dyes and inks, drugs, blood), analytical toxicology, analytical microbiology, chemometrics, 

and polymer analysis. Dr. Morgan has published 131 papers, 15 book chapters, and six books. Dr. Morgan has taught 

numerous short courses on experimental design and statistics for the American Chemical Society and other 

organizations. In 2008, he was named a Sigma Xi Distinguished Lecturer, and his research has been featured on CNN 

and NPR Science Friday. He was recognized as the South Carolina Chemist of the Year by the SC Section of the 

American Chemical Society in 2011. He currently serves on the Chemistry and Instrumental Analysis NIST-OSAC 

committee.

Historical Review of Hair Analysis and Current Research Collections
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Sandy Koch, PSU 

Abstract: This presentation will review the multidisciplinary background of hair analysis and discuss historical 

collections, which many of our current forensic descriptions were developed from. University researchers are 

actively collecting hair samples, including a human hair research repository. These current projects will ultimately 

provide a much wider catalog of variation in human hair morphology based on vouchered specimens. The process 

for requesting samples from the repository and other museum and University collections will be discussed as these 

samples may be of interest to forensic researchers and includes not just the hair samples but data on the donor such 

as their genetic ancestry, mitochondrial haplogroup, age, sex, hair treatment information, etc.

Bio: Sandra Koch has a Master’s in Forensic Science and worked for the FBI Laboratory Trace Evidence Unit from 

1997 until 2013. She is a Fellow of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, a founding member of the American 

Society of Trace Evidence Examiners and is certified by the American Board of Criminalistics in hairs and fibers. 

Sandra is a past member of the Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT) and is currently a member 

of the OSAC Materials (trace) subgroup. Currently Sandra is pursuing a PhD in biological anthropology at the 

Pennsylvania State University, using her background in microscopical analysis to integrate forensic and 

anthropological analysis of hair.

Private Sector Resources Panel

Chemical Analysis and Databases in the Paint Industry

Richard Simon, Valspar 

Abstract: As a leading paint supplier into many different consumer and industrial markets Valspar performs R&D 

into wide variety of technology areas. The Analytical Chemistry laboratories are a key R&D and technical service 

resource by determining mechanisms of action, understanding failure modes, and solving customer related chemical 

problems. This discussion will focus the types of analysis and data which are important to the paint industry, what 

types of databases are used, and what new databases are currently being built in our laboratory to help solve 

problems in the future.

Bio: Rich Simon joined Valspar in 2005 and is currently the head of their Global Analytical Network. In this role he 

manages the Corporate Analytical Laboratory in Minneapolis, MN and coordinates analytical efforts between 

Valspar’s eight other global analytical laboratories. Prior to joining Valspar he worked for The Clorox Company in 

Pleasanton, CA managing their GC and GC/MS laboratories in their analytical lab and leading product development 

projects in their Home Care Division. He earned degrees in Chemistry and Criminal Justice from the University of 

Wisconsin—Platteville in 1995 and a Doctorate in Analytical Chemistry from the University of Arizona in 1999. 

Paint Materials and Processes from an Automotive OEM Perspective

Mark Nichols, Ford

Abstract: Automotive coatings possess several characteristics that make them useful for forensic analysis. The 

colors, layering scenario, composition, and state of degradation can all be used to deduce facts about the vehicle 

from which they came. The manufacturing process plays a significant role in the layering scenario, and several 

exceptions to the manufacturing process are important to understand. As the chemical composition of a coatings 

changes over time, infrared and UV spectroscopy can be used to deduce the age of a coating. Finally, color and 

pigmentation are critical elements of an automotive paint system and the uniqueness of those colors depends on 

the model year, assembly plant, and vehicle model.
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Bio: Dr. Nichols received his B.S. from the University of Michigan in 1987, his M.S. from the University of Illinois in 

1989, and his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in 1992. All his degrees are in Materials Science and Engineering. 

Dr. Nichols is currently the Technical Leader of the Paint and Corrosion Research group in Ford's Research and 

Advanced Engineering organization.

Thermo Scientific [Nicolet] FT-IR and Raman Databases (Libraries) for Forensic 

Applications

Mike Pannella, Senior Sales Representative, Molecular Spectroscopy, ThermoFisher

Abstract: There are a wide variety of FT-IR and Raman spectral library (databases) collections available for solids, 

liquids and gases. Thermo Scientific develops sells and services its own library collections and offers its libraries to 

customers using all IR and Raman instruments available. The wide variety of unique, high quality spectral library 

collections compromise a wide selection of material characterization of interest to forensic scientists including –

Polymers & Coatings, Industrial Materials, Household Products, Biochemical’s, Fibers and Adhesives, 

Pharmaceuticals – Excipients, Designer and Controlled Substances, Explosives and Weapons. Presentation will cover 

parameters for library development and creation of Qualitative and Quantitative Databases. Identification Tools 

that are widely utilized for library searches via interpretation algorithms and library knowledge-base of spectra will 

be discussed in identifying materials.

Bio: As a Biology and Chemistry major at Towson University, Mike’s first job out of school was working for the US 

Army, Medical Research for Chemical Defense in their Analytical Chemistry Department as a Chemist. He was hired 

to evaluate and implement FT-IR Spectrometer technology for the US Army. Mike has authored/coauthored Journal 

Papers in “Applied Spectroscopy”, Analytical Chemistry”, Journal of Chromatography, etc. on FT-IR and 

Chromatography techniques and developments. Mike moved on as the Research Chemist for The University of 

Maryland School of Pharmacy in Baltimore utilizing FT-IR, Raman, HPLC and GC instrumentation. Mike finally went 

into Sales and has been supporting customers on FT-IR, Raman, IR/Raman Microscopy/Imaging and NMR for some 

24 years in the mid-Atlantic area. Mike lives in Maryland with his wife and two children. He works out of the Thermo 

Scientific Customer Support Laboratories in Lanham, Maryland.
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DAY 2 – July 20, 2016

Glass/Paint/Tape

The State of Data in Glass Analysis

Jose Almirall, PhD, Florida International University (FIU) 

Abstract: Refractive index and elemental concentration data from glass analysis can be used as evidence of 

association between glass samples in the forensic context. Elemental analysis using sensitive analytical techniques 

such as uXRF and LA-ICP-MS provides very good means of comparing glass samples when using the ASTM methods 

(E2926-13 and E2927-13, respectively) for producing the measurements and comparing the data. Interrogation of 

databases to determine the relative frequency of “matching” RI and elemental concentration profiles can provide 

additional information to the court regarding the significance of the positive comparison between a crime sample 

and a known source. Databases can assist the forensic scientist to better express significance so that the value of 

the evidence is not overstated or understated. 

Bio: Dr. José R. Almirall is a Professor in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Director of the 

International Forensic Research Institute (IFRI) at Florida International University. He was a practicing forensic 

scientist at the Miami-Dade Police Department Crime Laboratory for 12 years, where he testified in over 100 criminal 

cases in state and federal courts prior to his academic appointment at FIU in 1998. Professor Almirall has authored 

one book and ~ 120 peer-reviewed scientific publications in the field of analytical and forensic chemistry. The 

interests of Prof. Almirall’s research group include fundamental analytical chemistry and the development of 

analytical chemistry tools for use in forensic chemistry including materials analysis, trace detection and analysis of 

drugs and explosives. Prof. Almirall is a Fellow of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences (AAFS) since 2004 and 

a member since 1995. He was the founding chairman of the Forensic Science Education Programs Accreditation 

Commission (FEPAC) of the AAFS, past Chair of the FBI-sponsored Scientific Working Group on Materials (SWGMAT) 

Glass subgroup, serves as co-editor-in Chief of Forensic Chemistry and on the editorial boards of two other forensic 

science journals. Dr. Almirall has served as a consultant to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) 

and to the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) on forensic science matters. He was appointed to serve on the 

Forensic Science Standards Board (FSSB) of the Organization of Scientific Area Committees (OSAC) in 2015. He has 

trained 8 post-doctoral fellows, 25 PhD students, 20 MS students and more than 30 undergraduate students in 

forensic chemistry research. 

EU Tape, Paint, Glass Data Sets

Stefan Becker, PhD, Bundeskriminalamt (BKA) Wiesbaden/Germany

Abstract: The presentation will outline the current activities of the European Union with respect to forensic 

databases. In this context the development of the R&D activities of the European Network of Forensic Science 

Institutes (ENFSI) on forensic databases will be described. The presentation will outline the activities of the ENFSI 

Expert Working Group Paint & Glass (EPG) in the field of automotive paint. The European Collection of Automotive 

Paint (EUCAP) will be described. Furthermore, the international cooperation between EUCAP and the North 

American counterpart PDQ will be described. Activities of data collection in other fields such as tape and glass will 

be reported.

Bio: Stefan Becker studied chemistry and joined the Forensic Science Institute of German Federal Criminal Police 

Office (Bundeskriminalamt) in 1997. After serving as a forensic trace evidence expert for six years he hold a position 

as international liaison officer of the Forensic Science Institute. He then became head of the “Inorganic material 
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analysis unit” for eight years and was promoted to the head of the “Documents and Media Technology” section in 

2013. Since 2015 he is the head of the “Material analysis & trace evidence” section and one the deputy directors of 

the Forensic Science Institute. Starting from 2001 Dr. Becker has been member of the steering committee of the 

ENFSI Expert Working Group Paint & Glass (EPG) and was chairing the EPG from 2011-2013. For over a decade he 

has been a member of SWGMAT (Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis). 

Paint Data Query - International Forensic Automotive Paint Database

Tamara Hodgins, Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP)

Abstract: Paint Data Query (PDQ) is an international automotive paint database developed and maintained by the 

Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP). It is used by the RCMP and over 100 forensic laboratories worldwide as an 

investigative aid to identify the possible manufacturing plant and year range of a suspect vehicle from paint 

recovered at the scene of hit-and-run incidents. In this presentation we will look at PDQ, the structure, maintenance 

and distribution of the program, the partnership model that allows PDQ to obtain over 2500 samples per year from 

various regions and countries, strategies to sort and store the samples as well as strategies for populating the 

database to ensure diversity and success. 

Bio: A graduate from the Chemical Engineering Program at Cambrian College in Sudbury, Canada, Tamara Hodgins 

has been a Civilian Member of the Royal Canadian Mounted Police working in the National Forensic Laboratory 

Service (NFLS) Trace Evidence section since 2002. Tamara began her career at the Ottawa laboratory with the Paint 

Data Query (PDQ) Maintenance Team, a team dedicated to the building, maintenance and support of the 

international automotive paint database and was transferred to the NFLS Edmonton along with the PDQ program in 

2003. Tamara has been the PDQ Maintenance Team Supervisor since 2009 and has spent her career specializing in 

automotive paint, assisting scientists locally and internationally with casework involving hit and runs for over 14 

years. 

Application of Spectrochemical Profiles for the Forensic Characterization of Electrical Tapes 

Tatiana Trejos, PhD, FIU 

Abstract: A Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) method was developed and 

validated for the chemical characterization of electrical tape backings. The utility of LA-ICP-MS was compared to 

SEM-EDS, FTIR and Py-GC-MS in terms of error rates, selectivity, discrimination, characterization and informing 

power. The elemental profiles of 94 electrical tape backings were used to populate the database and to test the 

performance of automated and searchable comparison algorithms. The results show that LA-ICP-MS complements 

current protocols for the characterization and comparison of electrical tapes and provides a good alternative for 

quick screening and for supporting leading and intelligence investigations.

Bio: Dr. Tatiana Trejos is Associate Professor at the Department of Forensic and Investigative Science at West Virginia 

University. Dr. Trejos has over 17 years of experience as forensic scientist. Tatiana has served in different scientific 

working groups, including the NIJ funded Elemental Analysis Working Group (EAGW) and the OSAC Trace Materials 

subcommittee. Dr. Trejos main research interest includes the analysis and data interpretation of chemical signatures 

of forensic evidence such as glass, paint, tape, inks, paper and other materials. Tatiana Trejos has authored 28 peer 

reviewed scientific publications and 3 book chapters in the field of forensic chemistry and has presented over 75 

oral presentations and posters at scientific meetings in North America, Central America, South America and Europe. 
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A Local Forensic Laboratory’s Perspective on Trace Evidence Databases

Chip Pollock, Sacramento District Attorney’s Office 

Abstract: This presentation will focus on the perspective a local forensic has with trace evidence databases. The 

presentation will provide a brief overview on glass, automotive paint, and tape databases, and an overview of how 

a local forensic laboratory is developing a glass database and how they may use the database in forensic casework.

Bio: Edward “Chip” Pollock has over 25 years of experience in forensic science, and currently works as a supervising 

criminalist for the Sacramento County District Attorney’s Office Laboratory of Forensic Services. His areas of 

expertise include the analyses of trace evidence, forensic microscopy, crime scene processing and reconstruction. 

Mr. Pollock serves as a member of the Chemistry / Instrumental Analysis Scientific Area Committee (SAC) – Materials 

(Trace) Subcommittee within the Organization of Scientific Area Committee (OSAC). Mr. Pollock is certified as a 

Fellow in general criminalistics from the American Board of Criminalistics.

Explosives/Ignitable Liquids

The State of Data in Explosives and Ignitable Liquids

Michael Sigman, PhD, National Center for Forensic Science and Department of Chemistry

University of Central Florida

Abstract: The National Center for Forensic Science (NCFS) at the University of Central Florida has developed and 

maintains databases on smokeless powders, ignitable liquids and pyrolysis products. These databases have been 

developed in collaboration with the forensic community through the Scientific Working Group for Fire and Explosion 

(SWGFEX). The databases are open and freely accessed online at http://ncfs.ucf.edu. This talk will primarily address 

the content of the Smokeless Powders Database, the Ignitable Liquids Reference Collection and Database (ILRC), the 

International Database of Ignitable Liquids and the Substrates Database. In addition, I will discuss the need for 

expansion of these databases and the use of the databases in addressing the needs of the forensic community. 

Bio: Dr. Sigman earned a B.S. in Chemistry at Southwest Missouri State University in 1982, and a Ph.D. in Chemistry 

at Florida State University in 1986. He was awarded an NIH Postdoctoral Fellowship to study at the University of 

Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, and the University of Chicago. He worked at Dow Chemical Co. and Oak Ridge National 

Laboratory before moving to University of Central Florida in 2002 as an associate professor. In 2013 he was 

promoted to the rank of professor and appointed as Director of the National Center for Forensic Science. His research 

is primarily in the forensic science areas of explosives and fire debris analysis. In 2015, Dr. Sigman serves on the OSAC 

Analysis of Explosives and Fire Debris Subcommittee. 

University of Rhode Island Explosives Databases

Jimmie Oxley, PhD, University of Rhode Island 

Bio: Dr. Jimmie Carol Oxley is Professor of Chemistry at the University of Rhode Island (URI), co- Director of the 

Forensic Science Partnership of URI and former co-director of the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) Center 

of Excellence (CoE) in Explosive Detection, Mitigation, and Response. Dr. Oxley earned a Ph.D. from the University 

of British Columbia (Chemistry) and joined the faculty of New Mexico Institute of Mining & Technology (NMT) where 

she founded a Ph.D. program in explosives and created a Thermal Hazards Research group. Oxley’s lab specializes in 

the study of energetic materials—explosives, propellants, pyrotechnics. 

Trace Drugs, Minerals, Biologicals, and other Misc. Particles

The State of Data - Beyond Hair, Fibers, Paint, and Glass

Skip Palenik, Microtrace LLC
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TRACE EVIDENCE DATA WORKSHOP, July 19-20, 2016

Abstract: “DNA analyzes one molecule, trace evidence handles the rest.” This unofficial slogan of the forensic trace 

evidence community is a bold statement, but if one stops to consider it, at any given time, we are each surrounded 

by hundreds of materials and thousands of chemical compounds. Each of these, whether highly engineered to 

achieve specific properties or naturally occurring, has a story to tell. From a single mineral grain on a sandy beach 

to a pigmented chip of mulch, virtually any material has the potential to play a significant role in a criminal trial. Yet 

the ability to exploit this information requires the foresight to recognize potential evidence, the technical skills to 

analyze it, and the scientific creativity to exploit the significance of this information. In addition to the potential of 

direct applications to casework, reference collections are a requisite to developing such skills. Given that this 

session, “Minerals, Biologicals, and Other Materials,” represents the vast majority of materials in the world, there is 

a great number of materials to exploit. Yet to do so requires a fundamental understanding of such materials and a 

thoughtful approach, which the development and curation of such databases can enable. This talk will provide 

examples and details of our own databases that span the vast world of materials that fall outside of the typical subdisciplines of trace evidence and the way they may be utilized.

Biography: Skip Palenik has had a lifelong fascination with the microscope that started when he received his first 

instrument at the age of eight. Since then he has devoted himself to increasing his knowledge of analytical 

microscopy and microchemistry and applying it to the solution of real world problems, especially those of forensic 

interest. He was fortunate in having worked closely with his mentor, Dr. Walter McCrone, for over thirty years and 

to have studied forensic microscopy with Dr. Max Frei-Sulzer of Zurich, a disciple of Dr. Edmond Locard of Lyon. Skip 

has been teaching analytical microscopy to forensic scientists for more than thirty years and has published numerous 

scientific articles and book chapters on the applications of chemical and forensic microscopy. His most recent 

contribution is a chapter on the use of heavy minerals in forensic science published by Elsevier. He has also played 

a significant role in numerous criminal investigations including the Atlanta Child Murders, the Air India Bombing, Jon 

Benet Ramsey case, Narita Airport bombing (Tokyo), Hillside Strangler (Los Angeles) cases, Oklahoma City bombing, 

Ivan the Terrible (Jerusalem), Assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King (reinvestigation by U.S. House Select 

Committee on Assassinations), the Unabomber, the disappearance of Helen Brach, The “Kiki” Camarena Murder 

Case and the Green River Serial Murders. He established Microtrace in 1992 to provide a resource for organizations 

and individuals in need of scientific services involving the analysis of microscopic trace evidence. His special research 

interests are the identification of single small particles, small amounts of complete unknowns and tracing dust and 

soil back to their origins. He is the 2009 recipient of the Paul L. Kirk Award, the highest award given by the 

criminalistics section of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences, the 2013 Ernst Abbe Award for outstanding 

contributions to microscopy, the 2013 Edmund Locard Award presented by the American Society of Trace Evidence 

Examiners, and the Chamot Medal in chemical microscopy in 2010.

Non-Forensic Databases for Interpretation of Forensic Soils 

Libby Stern, PhD, FBI 

Abstract: Forensic examinations natural materials like soils, unlike other types of trace evidence, benefit from data 

created for non-forensic purposes. This presentation focuses on databases useful for the examination and 

interpretation of the mineralogical components of soils. The biological and anthropogenic components of soils are 

also important parts of forensic examinations but are not addressed here. There is no need to generate new 

databases to identify minerals because the physical, chemical and spectral properties of minerals are well known. 

Among the better mineralogical databases are: RRUFF, ICDD, MSA, and the Clay Source Project. Further, several 

databases characterize distribution of minerals and soil properties across the U.S. (This talk does not address the 

similar databases outside of the U.S.) Forensic soil examinations can benefit by comparison to surficial and bedrock 

geology maps, their legends and descriptions. The National Geologic Map Database (NGMDB) allows access to most 

geologic maps as scanned images or GIS data. The NGMDB excludes maps from certain states, but the Association 
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of American State Geologists is a portal to some of these. A geochemical and mineralogical survey of soils in the 

contiguous US was completed 3 years ago by a team from the USGS (DS 801/OFR 2014–1082) providing a resource 

for comparison with forensic soils. Although this dataset contains over 4800 locations, this may be inadequate for 

many forensic cases. The clay mineral distributions may be most informative as clays tend to be controlled largely 

by landscape age and climate, factors that vary little across large portions of the landscape. The USDA has 

characterized US soils for agricultural and civil engineering applications, but some of these data are useful for 

comparison to forensic soil samples, including soils characterized at specific locations (NCSS) and soil surveys, in 

which properties of all of the soils in a region are interpolated. The soil survey data is complex, and largely irrelevant 

to forensic application, but certain fields are useful, provided the user recognizes that these data are inferences, and 

not verified at all locations. Among the forensically useful properties in the database versions of soil surveys 

(SSURGO/STATSGO) are: texture, pH, carbonate, gypsum, and parent material. Some soils surveys contain 

additional mineralogical information. Unfortunately, soil color, an important property for forensic examinations, is 

not a direct field in the database version of soil surveys, but may be linked via the Official Soil Series Descriptions. 

Despite the wealth of data available for forensic soil interpretation, the sample size and methods used sometimes 

make application of the available data challenging. Three cases in which soil databases enhance forensic reports are 

described.

Bio: Libby Stern is currently a research chemist at the FBI Laboratory. Her current research efforts focus on forensic 

applications of isotope ratio analyses and integration of spatial data into of forensic soil examination reports, both 

to provide context to enhance geographic attribution for lead development. Libby’s educational background is in 

earth science and geochemistry (BA, MS, PhD). Some of her prior research focused on soils, paleosols, and earth 

surface processes.

Particulate and Biological Databases from a Geolocation Perspective 

Andy Bowen, US Postal Service 

Abstract: This presentation will discuss a number of databases and other resources that proved useful during seven 

years of research into geographic sourcing of items based on adhering trace evidence. The resources described were 

of value for the identification of a wide range of particles encountered in soil and dust samples, and/or for the 

interpretation of their significance from a geographic origin perspective. While the primary goal of the project was 

geographic sourcing, these same databases and resources have potential value in more traditional trace evidence 

examination as well. In addition to their utility for identification of particulate samples that fall outside of the 

traditional trace evidence sub-disciplines, some of these resources could be used by trace evidence examiners to 

help interpret the significance of associations involving a variety of particle types.

Bio: Andrew Bowen is currently a senior forensic chemist for the U.S. Postal Inspection Service. Prior to this position 

he spent seven years as a forensic scientist for Stoney Forensic, Inc., a private forensic science consulting company. 

He started his career as a microscopist and instructor for the McCrone Research Institute, a not-for-profit teaching 

organization, where he was employed for three years. He is a member and Past President of the American Society 

of Trace Evidence Examiners, a Member of the American Association of Forensic Sciences, and is a Fellow of the 

American Board of Criminalistics in the area of Comprehensive Criminalistics. His education includes a B.S. in 

chemistry from the University of Virginia and a M.S. in forensic science from the University of Illinois at Chicago. 

Database Development and Product Variability in Lubricant Materials 

Jeffrey Dake, Defense Forensic Science Center

Abstract: Attendees will be exposed to the foundational basis for the analysis of lubricant materials and the 

discrimination of lubricant products. An overview of database initiatives at DFSC for the chemical composition of 
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TRACE EVIDENCE DATA WORKSHOP, July 19-20, 2016

lubricant products will be detailed. Analytical techniques for improved discrimination will be discussed. The 

challenges associated with interpretation will be covered. Finally, future initiatives will be detailed.

Bio: Jeffrey Dake is a Chemistry Technical Leader employed by the Defense Forensic Science Center, working in the 

Office of Quality, Initiatives, and Training. He performs casework in the areas of: lubricants, explosives, ethanol 

quant, and miscellaneous chemical identification. 

A Modern Compendium of Microcrystal Tests for Illicit Drugs and Diverted

Pharmaceuticals

Sebastian Sparenga, McCrone Research Institute 

Abstract: “A Modern Compendium of Microcrystal Tests for Illicit Drugs and Diverted Pharmaceuticals” contains 19 

drugs for which microcrystal tests using various reagents have been previously developed. It describes in detail the 

microcrystals formed from each test and includes photomicrographs, morphology illustrations, optical properties, 

notes and infrared spectra of the microcrystals. Information about known microcrystal tests and reference material 

from numerous sources spanning past decades were located and evaluated, including textbooks, journal articles, 

and standard operating procedures. Many of these are out of print and not easily accessible. Such references often 

contain few photomicrographs of microcrystals, and their reagent formulations and procedures may be difficult to 

interpret. There is also a lack of information regarding potential interferences from other drugs that may be present 

in combination with pharmaceuticals or from adulterants in street drug samples. The following topics are included 

for each drug: reagents and formulation; test methods; sensitivity of the test and limit of detection; time required 

for crystal formation; evaluation of the tests in the presence of common excipients, diluents and adulterants; and 

evaluation of the tests for drugs from selected pharmaceutical delivery devices, e.g. tablets, capsules, gels, 

transdermal patches and oral solutions. This project was funded through a cooperative agreement with the National 

Institute of Justice (2011-DN-BX-K528) and the compendium is available free for download on McCrone Research 

Institute’s website http://www.mcri.org as a PDF.

Bio: Sebastian Sparenga is a senior research microscopist and instructor at the McCrone Research Institute in 

Chicago, where he has been employed since 2004. The microscopy courses he teaches include Applied Polarized 

Light Microscopy, Microscopical Identification of Asbestos, Particle Manipulation and Sample Preparation for 

Microanalytical Techniques, Digital Imaging, Microscope Cleaning, and specialized training for the National Guard 

Bureau. Sparenga also performs microanalytical research on a variety of topics, including microcrystal tests for illicit 

drugs, which he will be discussing in his presentation.

Comprehensive Analytical Tools for the Identification of Emerging Drugs of Abuse

Luis Arroyo, FIU 

Abstract: Analysis and identification of emerging drugs of abuse involves the development of databases where the 

final user can retrieve intelligent and useful data to avoid the necessity of purchasing an arsenal of analytical 

standards, and also for facilitating the creation of analytical methods in the working laboratory. This presentation 

describes our experience in the development of forensic science databases specifically targeting designer drugs. We 

will also discuss the use of several mass spectrometric platforms, including LC-QQQ-MS and LC-QTOF, and how these 

databases could be commercialized as a final product. 

Bio: 

• Assistant Professor Forensic and Investigative Sciences at West Virginia University. 

• Former Researcher and associate director of the Forensic and Analytical Toxicology Facility (FATF) at the 

International Forensic Research Institute (IFRI), Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida 

International University.
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• More than 12 years of experience as researcher and instructor for analytical chemists and forensic 

practitioners.

• 16 years of experience in mass spectrometry instrumentation including: Gas Chromatography-Mass 

Spectrometry (GC/MS) and Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS), Matrix Assisted Laser 

Desorption Ionization (MALDI), ICP-MS and LA-ICP-MS.

• Degree in chemistry from University of Costa Rica.

• Master in Science in Forensic Science (MSFS) from Florida International University.

• Ph.D. in Chemistry with forensic Science track from Florida International University.