Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Bibliography Revision 4 Updated April 30, 2021 Page 1 of 87

ORGANIZATION OF SCIENTIFIC AREA COMMITTEES (OSAC) FOR FORENSIC SCIENCE 

BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS SUBCOMMITTEE 

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 

Bibliography 

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Research Task Group 

Revision 4 

Updated April 15, 2021 
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Bibliography Revision 4 Updated April 30, 2021 Page 2 of 87

Contents 

Preface.......................................................................................................................................................... 3

Aging Blood................................................................................................................................................... 4

Biomechanics................................................................................................................................................ 7

Blood Substitute ........................................................................................................................................... 8

Case Studies.................................................................................................................................................. 8

Classification...............................................................................................................................................11

Clothing and Fabrics ...................................................................................................................................12

Environment...............................................................................................................................................15

Expiration Patterns.....................................................................................................................................17

Firearms......................................................................................................................................................18

Fluid Dynamics – Blood...............................................................................................................................21

Fluid Dynamics – other...............................................................................................................................27

Health and Safety .......................................................................................................................................40

High-speed Video........................................................................................................................................41

Impact Patterns ..........................................................................................................................................42

Legal............................................................................................................................................................44

Non-English.................................................................................................................................................47

Other...........................................................................................................................................................48

Other Patterns............................................................................................................................................52

Overview Articles and Books......................................................................................................................54

Pathology....................................................................................................................................................58

Photography and Documentation ..............................................................................................................61

Physics and Math........................................................................................................................................63

Reconstruction............................................................................................................................................66

Reliability ....................................................................................................................................................70

Scientific Theory .........................................................................................................................................73

Searching and Enhancement......................................................................................................................74

Sequencing..................................................................................................................................................82

Software......................................................................................................................................................82

Target Surface.............................................................................................................................................83

Training .......................................................................................................................................................84

Transfer Stains............................................................................................................................................87
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Bibliography Revision 4 Updated April 30, 2021 Page 3 of 87

Preface 

This bibliography historically began as the Bibliography Project generated by the Scientific Working 

Group on Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (SWGSTAIN) Research Subcommittee. This list has been updated 

and will continue to be updated periodically. 

Literature related to bloodstain pattern analysis (BPA) was located in scientific journals, newsletters, 

technical reports, books, web pages, theses, conference papers, law reports and magazines. This is not 

considered a complete list on the topic of BPA. 

The BPA Research Task Group would like to acknowledge initial support for this project from the 

SWGSTAIN membership, the Midwest Forensics Resource Center, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, 

the Institute for Environmental Science and Research, Trent University and the Ontario Provincial Police. 

For edits or to recommend additional references, contact Stephen Michielsen 

(Stephen.michielsen@gmail.com). 

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Research Task Group
Bloodstain Pattern Analysis Bibliography Revision 4 Updated April 30, 2021 Page 4 of 87

Aging Blood 

1. Aikman, R. L. and D. R. Foran (2008). Nucleic Acid Based Methods for Assessing the Age of 

Bloodstains. 60th Anniversary Meeting of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences. 

Washington, D.C. 

2. Alshehhi, S. and P. R. Haddrill (2019). "Estimating time since deposition using quantification of 

RNA degradation in body fluid-specific markers." Forensic Science International 298: 58-63.

3. Alshehhi, S., N. A. McCallum and P. R. Haddrill (2017). "Quantification of RNA degradation of 

blood-specific markers to indicate the age of bloodstains." Forensic Science International:

Genetics Supplement Series 6: e453-e455. 

4. Anderson, S., B. Howard, G. R. Hobbs and C. P. Bishop (2005). "A Method for Determining the 

Age of a Bloodstain." Forensic Science International 148: 37-45. 

5. Anderson, S. E., G. R. Hobbs and C. P. Bishop (2011). "Multivariate analysis for estimating the 

age of a bloodstain." Journal of Forensic Sciences 56(1): 186-193. 

6. Andrasko, J. (1997). "The estimation of age of bloodstains by HPLC analysis." J Forensic Sci

42(4): 601-607. 

7. Ayari, T., et al. (2019). "Comprehensive modeling of bloodstain aging by multivariate Raman 

spectral resolution with kinetics." Communications Chemistry; London 2(1).

8. Bauer, M., S. Polzin and D. Patzelt (2003). "Quantification of RNA degradation by 

semiquantitative duplex and competitive RT-PCR: a possible indicator of the age of 

bloodstains?" Forensic Science International 138(1-3): 94-103. 

9. Bergmann, T., F. Heinke and D. Labudde (2017). "Towards substrate-independent age 

estimation of blood stains based on dimensionality reduction and k-nearest neighbor 

classification of absorbance spectroscopic data." Forensic Science International

278(Supplement C): 1-8. 

10. Bird, T. A. G., et al. (2019). "Time since deposition of biological fluids using RNA degradation." 

Forensic Science International: Genetics Supplement Series 7(1): 401-402.

11. Bremmer, R. H., K. G. de Bruin, M. J. van Gemert, T. G. van Leeuwen and M. C. Aalders (2012). 

"Forensic quest for age determination of bloodstains." Forensic Sci Int 216(1-3): 1-11. 

12. Bremmer, R. H., A. Nadort, T. G. van Leeuwen, M. J. van Gemert and M. C. Aalders (2011). "Age 

estimation of blood stains by hemoglobin derivative determination using reflectance 

spectroscopy." Forensic Sci Int 206(1-3): 166-171. 

13. Cavalcanti, D. and L. Silva (2019). "Application of atomic force microscopy in the analysis of 

time since deposition (TSD) of red blood cells in bloodstains: A forensic analysis." Forensic 

Science International 301: 254-262.

14. Choi, K.; Kim, W.; Ho-Young, K., Crack density in bloodstains Soft Matter 2020, 16 (24), 5571-

5576.

15. Choi, W., et al. (2019). "Highly sensitive and accurate estimation of bloodstain age using 

smartphone." Biosensors Bioelectronics 130: 414-419.

16. Cossette, M.-L.; Stotesbury, T.; Shafer, A. B. A., Quantifying visible absorbance changes and 

DNA degradation in aging bloodstains under extreme temperatures. Forensic Science 

International 2021, 318.

17. Das, T.; Harshey, A.; Nigam, K.; Yadav, V. K.; Srivastava, A., Analytical approaches for 

bloodstain aging by vibrational spectroscopy: Current trends and future perspectives. 

Microchemical Journal 2020, 158, 105278.
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18. De Alcaraz-Fossoul, J. and M. Islam (2019). Novel Technological Applications for Latent and 

Blood-Stained Fingermark Aging Studies. Emerging Technologies for the Analysis of Forensic 

Traces, Springer: 33-66.

19. Edelman, G., V. Manti, S. M. van Ruth, T. van Leeuwen and M. Aalders (2012). "Identification 

and age estimation of blood stains on colored backgrounds by near infrared spectroscopy." 

Forensic Sci Int 220(1-3): 239-244. 

20. Edelman, G., T. G. van Leeuwen and M. C. Aalders (2012). "Hyperspectral imaging for the age 

estimation of blood stains at the crime scene." Forensic Sci Int 223(1-3): 72-77. 

21. Edelman, G. J. and M. C. G. Aalders (2017). Chapter 4: Blood degradation and Bloodstain Age 

Estimations. Taphonomy of Human Remains: Forensic Analysis of the Dead and the 

Depositional Environment. E. M. J. Schotsmans, N. Márquez-Grant and S. L. Forbes. West 

Sussex UK, John Wiley and Sons Ltd. . 

22. Fu, J. and R. W. Allen (2019). "A method to estimate the age of bloodstains using quantitative 

PCR." Forensic Science International: Genetics 39: 103-108.

23. Fujita, Y., K. Tsuchiya, S. Abe, Y. Takiguchi, S. Kubo and H. Sakurai (2005). "Estimation of the Age 

of Human Bloodstains by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy: Long-term 

Controlled Experiment on the Effects of Environmental Factors." Forensic Science International

152: 39-43. 

24. Gomez, N. A. (2019). Detection of metformin in dried blood on cotton cloth using QuEChERS 

procedure and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).

25. Grabmüller, M., C. Schyma, B. Madea, T. Eichhorst and C. Courts (2017). "RNA/DNA co-analysis 

on aged bloodstains from adhesive tapes used for gunshot residue collection from hands." 

Forensic Science, Medicine, and Pathology 13(2): 161-169. 

26. Guo, K., S. Achilefu and M. Y. Berezin (2012). "Dating bloodstains with fluorescence lifetime 

measurements." Chemistry 18(5): 1303-1305. 

27. Hanson, E. K. and J. Ballantyne (2010). "A blue spectral shift of the hemoglobin soret band 

correlates with age (time since deposition) of dried bloodstains." PLoS ONE 5(9): 1-11. 

28. Hesselink, W. F. (1931). "Blood Tracks in the Criminological Practice." Ztschr. angew. Chem.

44(31): 653-655. 

29. Holbrook, K. L. (2019). The instrumental evaluation of blood decomposition volatiles on various 

substrates and their relationship to presumptive test methods.

30. Hortola, P. (1992). "SEM Analysis of Red Blood Cells in aged Human Bloodstains." Forensic

Science International 55: 139-159. 

31. Kind, S. S., D. Patterson and G. W. Owen (1972). "Estimation of the age of dried blood stains by 

a spectrophotometric method." Forensic Science 1(1): 27-54. 

32. Kind, S. S. and M. Watson (1973). "The estimation of blood stain age from the 

spectrophotometric properties of ammoniacal blood stain extracts." Forensic Science 2(0): 

325332. 

33. Kish, P. E. and G. Hall (1999). A 12-Day Study Evaluating the Durability of Bloodspatters on 

Shoes. American Academy of Forensic Sciences. Orlando, Florida. 

34. Kumar, R.; Sharma, K.; Sharma, V., Bloodstain age estimation through infrared spectroscopy 

and Chemometric models. Science and Justice 2020, 60 (6), 538-546.

35. Laan, N., et al. (2019). "The influence of coagulation on the drying dynamics of blood pools." 

Forensic Science International 305: 110008.

36. Laber, T. L. and B. P. Epstein (2001). "Substrate Effects on the Drying Time of Human Blood." 

Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science 34(4): 209-214. 
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37. LAOHABUTR, P. and S. Supalaknari (2019). Estimation of the age of bloodstain on cloth by the 

method of image analysis, Silpakorn University.

38. Lech, K., K. Ackermann, A. Wollstein, V. L. Revell, D. J. Skene and M. Kayser (2014). "Assessing 

the suitability of miRNA-142-5p and miRNA-541 for bloodstain deposition timing." Forensic

Science International: Genetics 12(Complete): 181-184. 

39. Li, B., P. Beveridge, W. T. O'Hare and M. Islam (2011). "The estimation of the age of a blood 

stain using reflectance spectroscopy with a microspectrophotometer, spectral pre-processing 

and linear discriminant analysis." Forensic Sci Int 212(1-3): 198-204. 

40. Li, B., P. Beveridge, W. T. O'Hare and M. Islam (2013). "The age estimation of blood stains up to 

30days old using visible wavelength hyperspectral image analysis and linear discriminant 

analysis." Science & justice : journal of the Forensic Science Society 53(3): 270-277. 

41. Li, B., P. Beveridge, W. T. O’Hare and M. Islam (2011). "The estimation of the age of a blood 

stain using reflectance spectroscopy with a microspectrophotometer, spectral pre-processing 

and linear discriminant analysis." Forensic Science International 212(1-3): 198-204. 

42. Lin, H., Y. Zhang, Q. Wang, B. Li, S. Fan and Z. Wang (2017). "Species identification of 

bloodstains by ATR-FTIR spectroscopy: the effects of bloodstain age and the deposition 

environment." International journal of legal medicine: 1-8. 

43. Majda, A., Wietecha-Posluszny, R., Mendys, A. et al. (2018). "Hyperspectral imaging and 

multivariate analysis in the dried blood spots investigations." Appl Physics A 124(4). 

44. Masataka, M.; Mitsuru, M.; Megumi, Y.; Takao, H.; Motohiro, K., Immunochromatographic 

detection of human hemoglobin from deteriorated bloodstains due to methamphetamine 

contamination, aging, and heating. Analytical bioanalytical chemistry 2020, 412, 5799-5809.

45. Matsuoka, T., T. Taguchi and J. Okuda (1995). "Estimation of bloodstain age by rapid 

determinations of oxyhemoglobin by use of oxygen electrode and total hemoglobin." Biol 

Pharm Bull 18(8): 1031-1035. 

46. Menżyk, A.; Damin, A.; Martyna, A.; Alladio, E.; Vincenti, M.; Martra, G.; Zadora, G., Toward a 

novel framework for bloodstains dating by Raman spectroscopy: How to avoid sample 

photodamage and subsampling errors. Talanta 2020, 209, 120565.

47. Pandey, G., M. Tharmavaram, D. Rawtani, S. Kumar and Y. Agrawal (2017). "Multifarious 

applications of atomic force microscopy in forensic science investigations." Forensic Science

International. 

48. Peng, F., et al. (2019). "Validation of methylation-based forensic age estimation in time-series 

bloodstains on FTA cards and gauze at room temperature conditions." Forensic Science 

International: Genetics 40: 168-174.

49. Pope, L., Chemical Testing for Presumptive Blood on Items and the Ground Below Them During 

Months of Exposure to Sun, Rain, and Rust. Journal of Forensic Identification 2020, 70 (4), 416.

50. Rajamannar, K. (1977). "Determination of the age of bloodstains using 

immunoelectrophoresis." J Forensic Sci 22(1): 159-164. 

51. Ramsthaler, F., A.-K. Kröll, M. Verhoff, C. G. Birngruber and M. Kettner (2017). "Effect of 

anticoagulation therapy on drying times in bloodstain pattern analysis." International Journal of

Legal Medicine 131(4): 955-961. 

52. Sakurai, H., K. Tsuchiya, Y. Fujita and K. Okada (1989). "Dating of human blood by electron spin 

resonance spectroscopy." Naturwissenschaften 76(1): 24-25. 

53. San Pietro, D. and R. Steelberg (2019). "A preliminary assessment of the correlation of drying 

time and the peripheral rim thickness of perimeter bloodstains." J. Forensic Res 10: 2.
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54. Seok, A. E., et al. (2018). "Estimation of Age of Bloodstains by Mass-Spectrometry: A 

Metabolomic Approach." Anal Chem 90(21): 12431-12441. 

55. Shaine, M. L.; Premasiri, W. R.; Ingraham, H. M.; Andino, R.; Lemler, P.; Brodeur, A. N.; 

Ziegler, L. D., Surface enhanced raman scattering for robust, sensitive detection and 

confirmatory identification of dried bloodstains The Analyst 2020, 145 (18), 6097-6110.

56. Singh, R., "Blood Stain Identification and Its DNA Stability on Different Fabrics. International 

Journal of Forensic Medicine 2020, 2 (1), 21-24.

57. Smith, F.; Nicloux, C.; Brutin, D., A new forensic tool to date human blood pools. Scientific 

Reports 2020, 10 (1), 1-12.

58. Sparer, A.; Serp, B.; Schwarz, L.; Windberger, U., Storability of porcine blood in forensics: How 

far should we go? Forensic science international 2020, 311, 110268.

59. Stotesbury, T.; Cossette, M.; Newell-Bell, T.; al., e., An Exploratory Time Since Deposition 

Analysis of Whole Blood Using Metrics of DNA Degradation and Visible Absorbance 

Spectroscopy. Pure and Applied Geophysics 2020.

60. Sun, H., Y. Dong, P. Zhang, Y. Meng, W. Wen, N. Li and Z. Guo (2017). "Accurate Age Estimation 

of Bloodstains Based on Visible Reflectance Spectroscopy and Chemometrics Methods." IEEE

Photonics Journal 9(1): 1-14. 

61. Takamura, A., et al. (2019). "Comprehensive modeling of bloodstain aging by multivariate 

Raman spectral resolution with kinetics." Communications Chemistry 2(1): 1-10.

62. Valkenburg, T. S. E. (2019). Predicting the Past of Dried Blood Spots: Time Since Deposition and 

Toxicology, University of Leicester.

63. Wellington, E. (2017). Effects of Different Haematocrit Values on Estimation of Time since

Deposition of Human Blood Stains Using Diffuse Reflectance Spectroscopy, Murdoch University. 

64. Weber, A. R.; Lednev, I. K., Crime clock–Analytical studies for approximating time since 

deposition of bloodstains. Forensic Chemistry 2020, 19, 100248.

65. Zadora, G., Menzyk, Alicja (2018). "In pursuit of the holy grail of forensic science - Spectroscopic 

studies on the estimation of time since deposition of bloodstains." Trends in Analytical

Chemistry 105: 29. 

66. Zhang, Y., Q. Wang, B. Li, Z. Wang, C. Li, Y. Yao, P. Huang and Z. Wang (2017). "Changes in 

Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared Spectra as Blood Dries Out1." Journal of

Forensic Sciences 62(3): 761-767. 

67. Zheng, J., et al. (2019). "Development of Integrated Device of Trace Bloodstains Imaging and 

Age Analysis." Fa yi xue za zhi 35(2): 230-233.

Biomechanics 

1. Chadwick, E. K. J., A. C. Nicol, J. V. Lane and T. G. F. Gray (1999). "Biomechanics of Knife Stab 

Attacks." Forensic Science International 105: 35-44. 

2. Miller, S. A. and M. S. Jones (1996). "Kinematics of Four Methods of Stabbing: a Preliminary 

Study." Forensic Science International 82: 183-190. 

3. O'Callaghan, P. T., M. D. Jones, C. A. Holt, S. Leadbeatter, C. Dent and L. D. M. Nokes (2001). "A 

Novel Approach to Forensic Investigation: Three-Dimensional Kinematic and Kinetic Motion 

Analysis." Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 8: 49-53. 
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Blood Substitute 

1. Christman, D. V. (1996). "A Study to Compare and Contrast Animal Blood to Human Blood 

Product." International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News 12(2): 10-25. 

2. Gualdieri, R. (2019). "The optimization of bovine blood for research use in forensic bloodstain 

pattern analysis." Peterborough: Trent University.

3. Hong, S., C. Kim, S. Jeon and E. Lee (2017). "Preparation of Artificial Blood from the Extract of 

Legume Root Nodules, and the Creation of Artificial Latent Fingermarks in Blood Using Artificial 

Blood." Journal of Forensic Sciences. 

4. Laurent, A., J. J. Durussel, J. Dufaux, L. Penhouet, A. L. Bailly, M. Bonneau and J. J. Merland

(1999). "Effect of Contrast Media on Blood Rheology: Comparison in Human, Pigs and Sheep." 

Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology 22: 62-66. 

5. Lee, S.-Y.; Seo, Y.-I.; Moon, B.-S.; Kim, J.-P.; Goh, J.-M.; Park, N.-K.; Shin, S.-H., Study on 

development of forensic blood substitute: Focusing on bloodstain pattern analysis. Forensic 

Science International 2020, 316, 110461.

6. Millington, J. (2002). Development of a Synthetic Blood Substitute for use in Forensic Science 

Teaching, London Metropolitan University: 1-20. 

7. Neves, F. B., et al. (2018). "Establishing state of motion through two-dimensional foot and shoe 

print analysis: A pilot study." Forensic Sci Int 284: 176-183. 

8. Raymond, M., E. Smith and J. Liesegang (1996). "The Physical Properties of Blood - Forensic 

Considerations." Science & Justice 36(3): 153-160. 

9. Seliger, L. (1978). Forensic Considerations of the Physical Properties of Human Blood. New York, 

Elmira College. 

10. Stotesbury, T., M. Illes, P. Wilson and A. Vreugdenhil (2015). "A Commentary on Synthetic 

Blood Substitute Research and Development." Journal of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis 31(2): 3-6. 

11. Stotesbury, T., M. Illes, P. Wilson and A. J. Vreugdenhil (2017). "The application of silicon sol–

gel technology to forensic blood substitute development: Investigation of the spreading 

dynamics onto a paper surface." Forensic Science International 275(Complete): 308-313. 

12. Wickham, J., R. Bauersachs, R. Wenby, S. Sowernino-Coker, H. Meiselman and R. Elsner (1990). 

"Red Cell Aggregation and Viscoelasticity of Blood from Seal, Swine and Man." Biorheology 27: 

191-204. 

Case Studies 

1. The case of Sion Jenkins 

2. (1994). The Forensic Aspects of the Velevska Murders Detective Inspector Scott Whyte. 

3. Baharuddin, A. S. and M. H. Ahmad (2019). Forensic Science Application towards Rahmatan Lil 

Alamin: An Appraisal within the Context of Justice, USIM Press.

4. Barnes, D. (1998). "Intermittant Projected Bloodstains." International Association of Bloodstain

Pattern Analysts News 14(2): 6-8. 

5. Bettilyon, A. D. (1996). Homicide vs. Suicide: A Bloodstain Study. International Association of

Identification Meeting. Greensboro, North Carolina. 

6. Bettilyon, A. D. (1997). Case Presentation: "Reconstruction of a Domestic Homicide". 

International Association of Identification Meeting. 
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7. Bettilyon, A. D. (2006). Bloodstain Pattern Analysis in Homicide Cold Case Investigations. Cold

Case Homicides: Practical Investigative Techniques. R. H. Walton. Boca Raton, Florida, CRC 

Press/Taylor & Francis Group: 463-476. 

8. Black, J. P. (2002). Contradiction of Suspect's Statements Using Bloodstain Analysis. 

International Association for Identification. Las Vegas, Nevada. 

9. Block, M. and M. Gaynor (1997). Case Presentation: "Bloodstains Tell a Different Tale". 

International Association of Identification Meeting. 

10. Borrini, M. and L. Garlaschelli (2018). "A BPA Approach to the Shroud of Turin." J Forensic Sci.

11. Burnett, B. (2017). The Homicide of United States Marine Corps Colonel, James E. Sabow: A 

Forensic Analysis Submitted to the United States Congress. J Forensic Res. 

12. Burnett, B. R., J. M. Orentes and M. L. Pierson (1997). "An Unusual Bloodstain Case." Journal of

Forensic Sciences 42(3): 519-523. 

13. Byard, R. W., D. Veldhoen and J. D. Gilbert (2006). Blood spatter interpretation in cases of fatal 

hemorrhage from ruptured varicose veins Adelaide, Australia Forensic Science Centre. 

14. Choromanski, K., Suicide Scenario. In Bloodstain Pattern Analysis in Crime Scenarios, Springer: 

2020; pp 41-59.

15. Choromanski, K., Homicide Scenario. In Bloodstain Pattern Analysis in Crime Scenarios, 

Springer: 2020; pp 17-39.

16. Cortner, G. V. (1986). "Crime Scene Reconstruction: A Case of Blood Stain Interpretation Five 

Years After the Crime Occurred." Tieline 11(1): 50-55. 

17. Det. Lt. Paonessa, N. (2008). "Bloodstains of Gettysburg: The Use of Chemiluminescent Blood 

Reagents to Visualize Bloodstains of Historical Significance." International Association of

Bloodstain Pattern Analysis News(March). 

18. Di Lascio, A., et al. (2018). "Investigating the color of the blood stains on archaeological cloths: 

the case of the Shroud of Turin." Appl Opt 57(23): 6626-6631. 

19. Englert, R. (1996). "Pulverised Bright Green Threads and High Velocity Blood Spatter unravel 

the Mystery of a Crime: a Homicide case study with no Body." International Association of

Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News 12(1): 15. 

20. Fraser, G. N. (2001). "A Murder in Moncton." Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic 

Science 34(4): 205-208. 

21. Gardner, B. O., et al. (2019). "Do evidence submission forms expose latent print examiners to 

task-irrelevant information?" Forensic Science International 297: 236-242.

22. Gardner, B. O., et al. (2019). "What do forensic analysts consider relevant to their decision 

making?" Science and Justice 59(5): 516-523.

23. Geldenhuys, K. (2019). "Crime series-triple axe murder in the Cape Winelands part 3 (final)." 

Servamus Community-based Safety Security Magazine 112(1): 38-47.

24. Gudmannsson, P., J. Berge, H. Druid, G. Ericsson and A. Eriksson (2017). "A unique fatal moose 

attack mimicking homicide." Journal of forensic sciences. 

25. Gutierrez, S. Bloodstain pattern analysis and the Kennedy assassination. 

26. Hesselink, W. F. (1931). "Blood Tracks in the Criminological Practice." Ztschr. angew. Chem.

44(31): 653-655. 

27. Illes, M.; Wilson, P., Forensic epistemology: exploring case-specific research in forensic science. 

Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal 2020, 53 (1), 26-40.

28. Karger, B., S. Rand, T. Fracasso and H. Pfeiffer (2008). "Bloodstain pattern analysis--casework 

experience." Forensic Sci Int 181(1-3): 15-20. 
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29. Kesić, T., et al. BLOODSTAIN PATTERN ANALYSIS: A STRONG EVIDENCE OR THE CAUSE OF THE 

MISCARRIAGE OF JUSTICE44. International Scientific Conference “Towards a Better Future: 

Democracy, EU Integration and Criminal Justice”.

30. Kish, P. E. and H. L. MacDonell (1995). "Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation in Serial Murder 

Cases." Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science 28(4): 244. 

31. Kohne, J. S. (?). "The Effects of Air Current on High Velocity Impact Spatter."?

32. Kunz, S. (2017). "An unusual exit wound as a result of a shotgun suicide to the head." Forensic

science international 275: e1-e5. 

33. Little, C. (2002). Three homicides prosecuted sucessfully with the help of a fluoresceine blood 

detecting process, Santa Cruz Sheriff's Office. 

34. Lucio, J. V. P. (2019). Postmortem criminal mutilation in Panama. Dismemberments, Elsevier: 

63-68.

35. Maberry, J. M. Documentation of Bloodstain Pattern Evidence is Critical in Obtaining Relevant 

Reconstruction of a Crime Scene. Dallas, Texas, Drug Enforcement Administration, South 

Central Laboratory. 

36. MacDonell, H. L. (1977). "Reconstruction of a Homicide." Law & Order 25: 26-31. 

37. MacDonell, H. L. (1990). "Beverley Isn't Here, We See Her Face No More, Neville Knew it Wasn't 

H2O, He Used....." Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science 23(4): 133. 

38. MacDonell, H. L. (1991). Report on the beating of Mrs. Pamela McLeod-Lindsay. Corning, New 

York. 

39. MacDonell, H. L. (2004). "Another Confusing Bloodstain Pattern." International Association of

Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News 20(3): 11-15. 

40. MacLean, B., K. Powley and D. Dahlstrom (2001). "A Case Study Illustrating another Logical 

Explanation for High Velocity Impact Spatter." Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic

Science 34(4): 191-195. 

41. Miller, M. T. (2008). "Eyewitnesses, Physical Evidence, and Forensic Science: A Case Study 

ofState of North Carolina v. James Alan Gell." Victims & Offenders 3(2-3): 142-149. 

42. Murphy, G. K. (1991). ""Beaten to Death" An Autospy Series of Homicidal Blunt Force Injuries." 

The American Journal of Forensic Medicine and Pathology 12(2): 98-101. 

43. Noedel, M. (2004). Non-replenishing Blood Drip Trails. IABPA Annual Conference. Tucson, 

Arizona. 

44. O’Connor, A.-M. Blood Pattern Analysis in Blossom Hill Cottage. Custard, Culverts and Cake: 

371383. 

45. Ogbuihi, S. and T. Fink "The organized subdural blood clot in forensic case work — a case 

report." Forensic Science International 113(1-3): 271-276. 

46. Pelletti, G., S. Visentin, C. Rago, G. Cecchetto and M. Montisci (2017). "Alteration of the Death 

Scene After Self-stabbing: A Case of Sharp Force Suicide Disguised by the Victim as a 

Homicide?" Journal of Forensic Sciences 62(5): 1395-1398. 

47. Pelletti, G., S. Visentin, C. Rago, G. Cecchetto and M. Montisci (2017). "Alteration of the Death 

Scene After Self-stabbing: A Case of Sharp Force Suicide Disguised by the Victim as a 

Homicide?" Journal of Forensic Sciences 62(5): 1395-1398. 

48. Petricevic, S. and D. Elliot (2005). "Bloodstain Pattern Reconstruction - a Hammer Attack." 

Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science 38(1). 

49. Rashad, A., Bloodstain Pattern: An open source of Evidence A Case Study. International Journal 

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51. Osborne, N. K. P. and M. C. Taylor (2018). "Contextual information management: An example of 

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Justice 58(3): 226-231. 

52. Park, S.-M., S.-Y. Park, J.-H. Kim, T.-W. Kang, J.-L. Park, K.-M. Woo, J.-S. Kim, H.-C. Lee, S.-Y. Kim 

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forensic body fluid identification." Forensic science international. Genetics 7(1): 143-150. 

53. Patil, N. D. and R. Bhardwaj (2019). "Recent developments on colloidal deposits obtained by 

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54. Prawestiningtyas, E. (2019). "Takayama Test as a Blood Spot Test Tool in Blood Samples 

Exposed to Freshwater Decomposition Media." Indonesian Journal of Legal Forensic Sciences

9(2): 108-113.

55. Ribeiro, G., et al. (2019). "Beliefs about error rates and human judgment in forensic science." 

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56. Ristenbatt III, R. R. (2019). "Commentary on: Rivers DB et al. Immunoassay detection of fly 

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57. Rivers, D. B., et al. (2019). "Detection of fly artifacts from four species of necrophagous flies on 

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58. Rivers, D. B., et al. (2019). "Response to “Commentary on: Rivers DB et al. Immunoassay 

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59. Rivers, D. B., et al. (2019). "Immunoassay detection of fly artifacts produced by several species 

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60. Sakurada, K., T. Akutsu, K. Watanabe and M. Yoshino (2012). "Identification of nasal blood by 

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61. San Pietro, D., et al. (2019). "Is forensic science in danger of extinction?" Science Justice 59(2): 

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62. San Pietro, D. and R. Steelberg (2019). "A preliminary assessment of the correlation of drying 

time and the peripheral rim thickness of perimeter bloodstains." J. Forensic Res 10: 2.

63. Sanchez Hermosilla, A., et al. (2019). "Commentary on: Borrini M, Garlaschelli L. A BPA 

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sciences 64(1): 325-326.

64. Schalike, R. and M. Illes (2019). "A Review of Spectroscopic Methods Applied to Bloodstain 

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65. Schyma, C., et al. (2019). "The deceleration of bullets in gelatine—A study based on high-speed 

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66. Sikirzhytskaya, A., V. Sikirzhytski and I. K. Lednev (2012). "Raman spectroscopic signature of 

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67. Sikirzhytski, V., A. Sikirzhytskaya and I. K. Lednev (2012). "Advanced statistical analysis of 

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68. Skopp, J. (?). "Blood spot analysis." 

69. Suwa, N., H. Ikegaya, T. Takasaka, K. Nishigaki and K. Sakurada (2012). "Human blood 

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71. Swadayanti, S. S. (2019). BLOOD STAIN IDENTIFICATION ON DIFFERENT BLOOD DILUTION OF 

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72. Sweety, S.; Rito, C.; Singh, R., Forensic discrimination of menstrual blood and peripheral blood 

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73. SWGSTAIN (2012). "Guidelines for Report Writing in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis." 

74. Tak, Y. K., W. Y. Kim, M. J. Kim, E. Han, M. S. Han, J. J. Kim, W. Kim, J. E. Lee and J. M. Song 

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75. Taylor, M. C. and N. K. P. Osborne (2018). "Letter to the Editor-A Contribution to Contextual 

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76. Viero, A., et al. (2019). "Crime scene and body alterations caused by arthropods: implications in 

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77. Wang, Z., H. Luo, X. Pan, M. Liao and Y. Hou (2012). "A model for data analysis of microRNA 

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78. Wornes, D. J., et al. (2018). "The evaluation and validation of Phadebas((R)) paper as a 

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79. Yeh, K.; Burr, W. S.; Stock, N. L.; Stotesbury, T., Preliminary analysis of latent fingerprints 

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Other Patterns 

1. Adair, T. W. (2006). "Experimental Detection of Blood under Painted Surfaces." International

Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News 22(1): 12-19. 

2. Akin, L. L. (2005). "Blood Spatter Interpretation at Crime and Accident Scenes." FBI Law

Enforcement Bulletin 74(2): 21-24. 

3. Akin, L. L. (2005). "Blood Spatter Interpretation at Crime Scenes." The Forensic Examiner: 6-10. 

4. Ampanozi, G., U. Preiss, G. M. Hatch, W. D. Zech, T. Ketterer, S. Bolliger, M. J. Thali and T. D. 

Ruder (2011). "Fatal lower extremity varicose vein rupture." Leg Med (Tokyo) 13(2): 87-90. 

5. Basu, N. and S. K. Bandyopadhyay (2016). "2D Source area prediction based on physical 

characteristics of a regular, passive blood drip stain." Forensic Science International 266: 39-53. 

6. Benecke, M. B., L (2003). "Distinction of Bloodstain Patterns from Fly Artifacts." Forensic 

Science International 137: 152-159. 

7. Bettilyon, A. D. (1997). Fly Spots. Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: With and Introduction to Crime

Scene Reconstruction. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press: 166-167. 

8. Boos, K., et al. (2019). "Characterizing drip patterns in bloodstain pattern analysis: An 

investigation of the influence of droplet impact velocity and number of droplets on static 

pattern features." Forensic Science International 301: 55-66.

9. Brodbeck, S. M. C. (2007). "Reflections Upon Arteries and Veins - A Plea for "Spurt Patterns"." 

International Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News 23(2): 4-14. 

10. Brown, R. E., R. I. Hawkes, M. Anderson Parker and J. A. Byrd (2001). Entomological Alteration 

of Bloodstain Evidence. Entomological Evidence: The Utility of Arthropods in Legal 

Investigations. Boca Raton, FL., CRC Press. 

11. Burnett, B. R., J. M. Orentes and M. L. Pierson (1997). "An Unusual Bloodstain Case." Journal of

Forensic Sciences 42(3): 519-523. 

12. Byard, R. W., D. Veldhoen, C. Manock and J. D. Gilbert (2007). "Blood stain pattern 

interpretation in cases of fatal haemorrhage from ruptured varicose veins." J Forensic Leg Med

14(3): 155-158. 

13. Casper, J. L. (1856). Vierteljahrsschrift fur gerichtliche und offentliche Medicin. Berlin. 
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14. Chisum, J. W. (1998). "Pitfalls in Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation." The CAC News(4th 

Quarter): 14-17. 

15. Dillon, S. (2019). Investigating the Quantitative Characteristics of Drip Bloodstain Patterns & 

Construction of a Novel Brachial Artery Device, University of Auckland.

16. Doberentz, E., L. Hagemeier, C. Veit and B. Madea (2011). "Unattended fatal haemorrhage due 

to spontaneous peripheral varicose vein rupture--two case reports." Forensic Sci Int 206(1-3): 

e12-16. 

17. Dubey, M. K., et al. (2019). "A comparative study on variations in bloodstain patterns due to 

change in surface angles-using blood from four common animal species." International Journal 

of Clinical and Diagnostic Pathology 2: 167-174.

18. Durdle, A., et al. (2018). "Location of Artifacts Deposited by the Blow Fly Lucilia cuprina After 

Feeding on Human Blood at Simulated Indoor Crime Scenes." J Forensic Sci 63(4): 1261-1268. 

19. Durdle, A., R. J. Mitchell and R. A. H. Oorschot (2015). "The Use of Forensic Tests to Distinguish 

Blowfly Artifacts from Human Blood, Semen, and Saliva." Journal of Forensic Sciences 60(2): 

468-470. 

20. Durdle, A., R. A. H. van Oorschot and R. John Mitchell (2013). "The Morphology of Fecal and 

Regurgitation Artifacts Deposited by the Blow Fly Lucilia cuprina Fed a Diet of Human Blood." 

Journal of Forensic Sciences 58(4): 897-903. 

21. Gardner, R. M. (2002). "Directionality in Swipe Patterns." Journal of Forensic Identification

52(5): 579-593. 

22. Howell, R. E. (1973). Some Aspects of Bloodsplash Patterns Third Australian National 

Symposium on the Forensic Sciences. Sydney: 1-10. 

23. Kröll, A.-K., M. Kettner, P. Schmidt and F. Ramsthaler (2017). "A novel experimental approach 

for classifying blood trails in relation to three different speeds of movementNeuer 

experimenteller Ansatz zur Klassifizierung von Blutspuren in Bezug auf drei 

Bewegungsgeschwindigkeiten." Rechtsmedizin 27(6): 528-535. 

24. Laber, T. (1985). "Bloodspatter Classification." International Association of Bloodstain Pattern

Analysts News 2(4): 44-55. 

25. Liscio, E.; Bozek, P.; Guryn, H.; Le, Q., Observations and 3D analysis of controlled cast-off stains. 

Journal of forensic sciences 2020, 65 (4), 1128-1140.

26. Liu, Y.; Attinger, D.; De Brabanter, K., Automatic classification of bloodstain patterns caused by 

gunshot and blunt impact at various distances. Journal of forensic sciences 2020, 65 (3), 729-

743.

27. Mavin, T. J. (2002). "A Laser Angle Gauge for use in Stringing Blood Patterns." International

Association of Bloodstain Pattern Analysts News 18(3): 9-11. 

28. Pelletti, G., et al. (2019). "Scanning electron microscopy in the identification of fly artifacts." 

International Journal of Legal Medicine 133(5): 1575-1580.

29. Pex, J. O. (2009). "The Identification and Significance of Hemospheres in Crime Scene 

Investigation." I.A.B.P.A Newsletter(March). 

30. Pizzola, P. A., L. Kodet-Sherwin, J. C. Perkins and P. R. De Forest (1987). "Bloodstain Pattern 

Interpretation - Secondary Spatter (Abstract)." Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic

Science 20(3): 77. 

31. Praska, N. and G. Langenburg (2013). "Reactions of latent prints exposed to blood." Forensic Sci

Int 224(1-3): 51-58. 
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32. Prawestiningtyas, E. (2019). "Takayama Test as a Blood Spot Test Tool in Blood Samples 

Exposed to Freshwater Decomposition Media." Indonesian Journal of Legal Forensic Sciences

9(2): 108-113.

33. Ramsthaler, F., J. Schlote, C. Wagner, J. Fiscina and M. Kettner (2016). "The ring phenomenon 

of diluted blood droplets." International Journal of Legal Medicine 130(3): 731-736. 

34. Rand, S., B. Madea and B. Brinkmann (1986). "On the Classification of Bloodstain Patterns in 

Case of Splashes Caused by Impact " Beitr Gerichtl Med 44: 75-80. 

35. Randall, B. (2009). "Blood and Tissue Spatter Associated with Chainsaw Dismemberment." 

Journal of Forensic Sciences 54(6): 1310-1314. 

36. Rindom, K. J. (2019). Measurement Determination of Blood Spatter on a Horizontal Surface, 

Emporia State University.

37. Ristenbatt, R. R., P. A. Pizzola, R. C. Shalerb and L. N. Sorkinc (2005). "Commentary on: Mark 

Benecke and Larry Barksdale, Distinction of Bloodstain Patterns from Fly Artifacts. Forensic 

Science International. 137(2003) 152–159." Forensic Science International 149: 293-294. 

38. Rivers, D. B., et al. (2018). "Distinction of Fly Artifacts from Human Blood using 

Immunodetection." J Forensic Sci 63(6): 1704-1711. 

39. Ross, E. S. (2006). The Study of Bloodstain Patterns resulting from the release of Blood Drops

from a Weapon. Master of Science in Forensic Science, The University of Auckland. 

40. Saviano, J., A. Allgood and Z. Malone (2010). "Using multiple void patterns at crime scenes to 

estimate the area of origin in bloodstain cases." Journal of the Association for Crime Scene

Reconstruction 16(3): 19-26. 

41. Serra, R., et al. (2018). "Haemorrhage from varicose veins and varicose ulceration: A systematic 

review." Int Wound J 15(5): 829-833. 

42. Stone, I. C. (1992). "Characteristics of Firearms and Gunshot Wounds as Markers of Suicide." 

American Journal of Forensic Medicine & Pathology 13: 275-280. 

43. Williams, E. M. P., et al. (2019). "The Dynamics of Blood Drop Release from Swinging Objects in 

the Creation of Cast-off Bloodstain Patterns." J Forensic Sci 64(2) 413-421. 

44. Wonder, A. Y. (1987). "Arterial Damage Bloodstain Patterns: Recognition and Differentiation 

(Abstract)." Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science 20(3): 77. 

45. Yuen, S. K. Y., M. C. Taylor, G. Owens and D. A. Elliot (2017). "The Reliability of Swipe/Wipe 

Classification and Directionality Determination Methods in Bloodstain Pattern Analysis." Journal

of Forensic Sciences 62(4): 1037-1042. 

Overview Articles and Books 

1. (2000). "A Guide to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (Part 1)." Identification Canada 23(1). 

2. (2000). "A Guide to Bloodstain Pattern Analysis (Part 2)." Identification Canada 23(2). 

3. Akin, L. L. (2004). "Blood Spatter Interpretation at Crime and Accident Scenes: A Step by Step 

Guide for Medicolegal Investigators." from http://www.onsceneforensics.com.

4. Akin, L. L. (2005). "Blood Spatter Interpretation at Crime and Accident Scenes." FBI Law

Enforcement Bulletin 74(2): 21-24. 

5. Akin, L. L. (2005). "Interpretation of Blood Spatter for Defense Attorneys and Investigators: Part 

I." The Champion 26(may). 

6. Basso, W. (2005). "Review of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis: Theory and Practice by S.James, P. 

Kish, and P. Sutton." Journal of the Canadian Society of Forensic Science 38(3): 179-180. 
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7. Bayle, E. (1931). "The Scientific Detective." American Journal of Police Science 2(2): 166-167. 

8. Beck, T. R. B., John B. (1863). Elements of Medical Jurisprudence. Philadelphia, Lippincott. 

9. Bell, S. (2019). Forensic Science: An Introduction to Scientific and Investigative Techniques, CRC 

Press.

10. Bischoff, M. (1938). LA Police Scientifique. Payot, Paris. 

11. Brady, M., J. P. M. a. D. Hogge and S. H. a. E. C. F. James (1997). Gruesome science on the case 

Radiographic Identification of Unknown Human Remains and Interpreter Experience Level 

Bloodstain Pattern Interpretation", Introduction to Forensic Sciences Second edition. The

Financial Post Magazine, March 1997: 8-10.

12. Bratton, R. M. (2002). "Book review: bloodstain pattern analysis with an introduction to crime 

scene reconstruction second edition." Journal of Forensic Identification 52(4): 477-479. 

13. Chitty, J. (1834). A Practical Treatise on Medical Jurisprudence London, Rothworth and Sons. 

14. Choromanski, K., Current Problems of Bloodstain Pattern Analysis. In Bloodstain Pattern 

Analysis in Crime Scenarios, Springer: 2020; pp 61-65.

15. Choromanski, K., Bloodstain Pattern Analysis in Crime Scenarios. Springer: 2020.

16. Coyle, H. M. (2012). "The importance of scientific evaluation of biological evidence--data from 

eight years of case review." Sci Justice 52(4): 268-270. 

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14. Osborne, N. K. P., M. C. Taylor, M. Healey and R. Zajac (2016). "Bloodstain pattern classification: 

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15. Osborne, N. K. P., M. C. Taylor and R. Zajac (2016). "Exploring the role of contextual information 

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