2012 Decisions

Opinions of the United

States Court of Appeals

for the Third Circuit

7-13-2012

Samuel Perez v. Gerald Rozum

Precedential or Non-Precedential: Non-Precedential

Docket No. 11-1682

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 NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

_____________

No. 11-1682

_____________

SAMUEL SANTIAGO PEREZ,

 Appellant

v.

GERALD ROZUM, Superintendent SCI Somerset;

ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA;

DISTRICT ATTORNEY OF LANCASTER COUNTY

_____________

On Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Western District of Pennsylvania

(D.C. Crim. No. 3:07-cv-00305)

District Judge: Honorable Kim R. Gibson

______________

Argued January 24, 2012

Before: McKEE, Chief Judge, FISHER and GREENAWAY, JR., Circuit Judges

(Opinion Filed: July 13, 2012)

Robert E. Mielnicki, Esq. (Argued)

Seewald, Mielnicki & Petro

429 Forbes Avenue

700 Allegheny Building

Pittsburgh, PA 15219

Attorney for Appellant

Andrew J. Gonzalez, Esq. (Argued)

Lancaster County Office of District Attorney

50 North Duke Street

Lancaster, PA 17608

Attorney for Appellees
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___________

OPINION

___________

McKEE, Chief Judge.

Pennsylvania state prisoner Samuel Santiago Perez appeals the District Court‟s 

denial of his habeas corpus petition filed pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. For the reasons 

that follow, we will affirm.

I.

In 2000, Perez was charged with criminal homicide and criminal conspiracy in 

connection with the shooting death of Leslie Samaniego, an innocent bystander killed 

during a shootout between rival groups in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. The 

Commonwealth‟s theory of the case at trial was that Perez, a member of one of the

groups, had fired gunshots at the rival group, that a bullet fired by one of those rivals had 

killed Samaniego, and that Perez could be held criminally responsible for her death 

pursuant to Pennsylvania‟s doctrine of transferred intent. Under that doctrine,

if an individual shoots at others and that provokes a return of 

fire by the intended targets resulting in the striking of a 

bystander, the individual who initiates the gunfire may be 

held criminally responsible for the injuries sustained by the 

victim; that is, the intent to kill may be established as to one 

person and transferred to a victim caught and killed in the 

same incident.

(J.A. at 304 (citing Commonwealth v. Devine, 750 A.2d 899 (Pa. Super. 2000).) 

The trial court instructed the jury that “the key difference” between first-degree 
3

murder and third-degree murder “is that first-degree murder requires something called a 

specific intent to kill.” (J.A. at 793.) As part of its instructions on specific intent, the 

court stated that “[t]he use of a deadly weapon on a vital part of the victim‟s body may be 

considered as an item of circumstantial evidence from which you may, if you choose, 

infer that the defendant had the specific intent to kill.” (Id.)

During its deliberations, the jury asked the court to explain again the difference 

between first-degree murder and third-degree murder. The court responded by reiterating

its previous instructions, including the deadly weapon instruction. Thereafter, the jury 

resumed its deliberations and found Perez guilty of first-degree murder and criminal 

conspiracy. The trial court sentenced him to life imprisonment for the murder conviction, 

and imposed a concurrent 10- to 20-year prison term for the conspiracy conviction.

On direct appeal, Perez argued, inter alia, that his trial counsel had been 

ineffective for failing to object to the deadly weapon instruction, for the Commonwealth 

had conceded that neither Perez nor his alleged co-conspirator had shot Samaniego. The 

Pennsylvania Superior Court rejected all of Perez‟s claims and affirmed the judgment of 

sentence. Despite noting that his allegation of ineffectiveness had “arguable merit,” the 

Superior Court concluded that this claim nonetheless failed because he had not shown 

that he was prejudiced by counsel‟s failure to object to the instruction.

Perez subsequently petitioned the Pennsylvania Supreme Court to review the 

Superior Court‟s decision. In a per curiam order, the Pennsylvania Supreme Court, citing 

its decision in Commonwealth v. Grant, 813 A.2d 726, 738 (Pa. 2002) (holding that, “as a 
4

general rule, a petitioner should wait to raise claims of ineffective assistance of trial 

counsel until collateral review”), granted the petition as to Perez‟s deadly weapon 

instruction claim, vacated the Superior Court‟s disposition of that claim, and dismissed 

the appeal without prejudice to consideration of that claim on collateral review. 

Thereafter, Perez filed a petition pursuant to Pennsylvania‟s Post Conviction 

Relief Act (“PCRA”), reiterating his deadly weapon instruction claim and presenting two 

new ineffectiveness claims. After holding an evidentiary hearing, the trial court denied 

the petition. The Superior Court affirmed that judgment, concluding, as it had before, 

that Perez had not shown that he was prejudiced by trial counsel‟s failure to object to the 

deadly weapon instruction. 

After the Pennsylvania Supreme Court denied Perez‟s petition to review the

Superior Court‟s latest decision, he timely filed a habeas petition in the District Court 

pursuant to § 2254, raising his three PCRA claims and a sufficiency of the evidence claim 

that he had exhausted on direct appeal. The District Court referred the case to a 

Magistrate Judge, who recommended that the court deny Perez‟s habeas petition on the 

merits. Despite characterizing the Superior Court‟s analysis of the deadly weapon 

instruction claim as “a bit of hand waving,” (J.A. at 24), the Magistrate Judge determined 

that “fairminded jurists could easily agree with the Superior Court‟s analysis (and find 

that a reasonable juror would have simply ignored the challenged instruction as irrelevant 

because there was no evidence Perez shot Samaniego).” (Id. at 25.) As a result, the

Magistrate Judge concluded that the Superior Court‟s analysis was not an unreasonable 
5

application of Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984), and thus did not warrant 

habeas relief.

On March 4, 2011, the District Court denied Perez‟s habeas petition, but also 

granted a certificate of appealability (“COA”) as to Perez‟s deadly weapon instruction 

claim. This appeal followed.

1

 

II.

The District Court had jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254, and we have 

appellate jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. §§ 1291 and 2253. We review a district court‟s 

denial of habeas relief de novo. Vega v. United States, 493 F.3d 310, 314 (3d Cir. 2007). 

Where, as here, the state court has denied the petitioner‟s claim on the merits, we may 

grant habeas relief only if that state court decision (1) “was contrary to, or involved an 

unreasonable application of, clearly established Federal law, as determined by the 

Supreme Court of the United States,” or (2) “was based on an unreasonable determination 

of the facts in light of the evidence presented in the State court proceeding.”2 28 U.S.C. 

 

1

Perez moved to expand the COA, but we denied that motion; therefore, his deadly 

weapon instruction claim is the only claim before us.

2 We find no merit to Perez‟s argument that § 2254(d)‟s deferential standard does not 

apply here because the Superior Court “never analyzed [his] claim under clearly 

established federal law.” (Pet‟r‟s Br. 45.) The United States Supreme Court “ha[s] made 

clear that as long as the reasoning of the state court does not contradict relevant Supreme 

Court precedent, [§ 2254(d)‟s] general rule of deference applies.” Priester v. Vaughn, 

382 F.3d 394, 397-98 (3d Cir. 2004) (citing Early v. Packer, 537 U.S. 3 (2002), and 

Woodford v. Visciotti, 537 U.S. 19 (2002)). Although the Superior Court did not cite the 

clearly established federal law at issue here — the Supreme Court‟s decision in 

Strickland — it did apply Pennsylvania‟s three-part test for evaluating ineffectiveness 

claims. (See J.A. at 197 (reciting Pennsylvania‟s three-part test and citing 
6

§ 2254(d). “This is a difficult to meet and highly deferential standard for evaluating 

state-court rulings, which demands that state-court decisions be given the benefit of the 

doubt.”3 Cullen v. Pinholster, 131 S. Ct. 1388, 1398 (2011) (internal quotation marks 

and citations omitted).

In determining whether a state court has unreasonably applied clearly established 

federal law,4“a habeas court must determine what arguments or theories supported or . . . 

could have supported[] the state court‟s decision; and then it must ask whether it is 

possible fairminded jurists could disagree that those arguments or theories are 

inconsistent with the holding in a prior decision of [the Supreme Court].” Harrington v. 

Richter, 131 S. Ct. 770, 786 (2011). “The question is not whether the state court‟s 

holding was wrong, but whether it was reasonable. Indeed, „even a strong case for relief 

does not mean the state court‟s contrary conclusion was unreasonable.‟” Brown v. 

 

Commonwealth v. Hawkins, 894 A.2d 716, 721 (Pa. 2006)).) Because “th[is] state 

standard is „the same‟ as Strickland‟s,” Rompilla v. Horn, 355 F.3d 233, 248 (3d Cir. 

2004), rev’d on other grounds sub nom. Rompilla v. Beard, 545 U.S. 374 (2005) (quoting 

Commonwealth v. Pierce, 527 A.2d 973, 976-77 (Pa. 1987)), we agree with the District 

Court that § 2254(d) applies here. See also Boyd v. Warden, 579 F.3d 330, 334 n.2 (3d 

Cir. 2009) (en banc) (Scirica, C.J., concurring) (“[A] Pennsylvania court has adjudicated 

a Strickland claim on the merits where it has applied the state-law standard to that 

claim.”). 

3 As the Supreme Court recently stated in Coleman v. Johnson, 132 S. Ct. 2060, 2065 

(2012) (per curiam), the state court‟s determination “is entitled to considerable deference 

under [§ 2254(d)].”

4

Perez argues that § 2254(d)‟s “unreasonable determination of the facts” prong is also 

implicated here because the Superior Court erroneously determined that the trial court‟s 

deadly weapon instruction was a correct statement of law. But that conclusion was a 

legal, not a factual, determination. Accordingly, only § 2254(d)‟s “unreasonable 

application” prong applies here.
7

Wenerowicz, 663 F.3d 619, 630 (3d Cir. 2011) (quoting Harrington, 131 S. Ct. at 786).

III.

We analyze Perez‟s deadly weapon instruction claim under Strickland‟s two-prong 

test for evaluating ineffectiveness of counsel claims. Under this test, a petitioner must 

show (1) that his counsel‟s performance was deficient, and (2) that the petitioner was 

prejudiced by this deficient performance. Strickland, 466 U.S. at 687. To satisfy the 

prejudice prong, a petitioner “must show that there is a reasonable probability that, but 

for counsel‟s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been 

different. A reasonable probability is a probability sufficient to undermine confidence in 

the outcome.” Id. at 694. Because § 2254(d)‟s deferential standard applies here, the 

question before us is whether the Superior Court‟s conclusion that Perez had not shown 

prejudice was an unreasonable application of Strickland. In considering this question, we 

must analyze “the challenged instruction in the context of the entire charge and in light of 

the evidence and arguments presented at trial.” Williams v. Beard, 637 F.3d 195, 223 (3d 

Cir. 2011).

It is undisputed that the deadly weapon instruction was inapplicable to Perez‟s 

case, for there was no evidence that he had used a deadly weapon on a vital part of 

Samaniego‟s body. While the Superior Court viewed this instruction as “merely 

superfluous” in light of the trial court‟s remaining instructions on specific intent,5(J.A. at 

 

5

Perez does not dispute that the balance of the trial court‟s instructions on specific intent, 

which immediately preceded the deadly weapon instruction, applied to his case and 
8

199), Perez disagrees. He contends that, because the instruction used the phrase “the use 

of a deadly weapon,” not “the defendant’s use of a deadly weapon,” the jury may have 

believed — incorrectly — that it could infer his specific intent to kill from anyone’s use 

of a deadly weapon on a vital part of Samaniego‟s body. 

Perez‟s argument is not without some merit. But even if the jury did interpret the 

trial court‟s deadly weapon instruction to mean that it could infer his specific intent to kill 

from anyone‟s use of a deadly weapon on a vital part of Samaniego‟s body, it does not 

necessarily follow that the outcome of his trial hinged on that instruction. Rather, that 

 

correctly stated Pennsylvania law. Those instructions were as follows:

A person has the specific intent to kill if he has a fullyformed intent to kill and is conscious of his own intention. 

As my earlier definition of malice indicates, a killing by a 

person who has a specific intent to kill would, of course, be a 

killing with malice.

Stated differently, a killing is with a specific intent to 

kill if it is willful, deliberate, and premeditated. The specific 

intent to kill, including premeditation needed for first-degree 

murder, does not require planning or previous thought for any 

particular length of time. It can occur quickly.

All that is necessary is that there be enough time so 

that the defendant can and does fully form an intent to kill 

and is conscious of that intention.

When deciding whether the defendant had the specific 

intent to kill, you should consider all the evidence regarding 

his words and conduct and the attending circumstances that 

may show his state of mind.

(J.A. at 793.)
9

instruction affected the outcome of his trial only if (1) the jury believed that it could 

construe anyone‟s use of a deadly weapon on a vital part of Samaniego‟s body as 

evidence of Perez‟s specific intent to kill, and (2) the jury determined that, without this

evidence, the Commonwealth could not meet its burden of establishing that Perez had 

possessed a specific intent to kill.

To be sure, it is possible that both of these conditions were present here. But 

Perez must show much more than that to obtain habeas relief; he must establish not only 

that there is a reasonable probability that these conditions were present (i.e., that he was 

prejudiced by trial counsel‟s failure to object to the instruction), but also that the Superior 

Court acted unreasonably in concluding that there was no such prejudice. Having 

reviewed the evidence at trial and considered the jury charge as a whole, we do not 

necessarily disagree with Perez‟s claim of prejudice. Nevertheless, we cannot, on this 

record, conclude that the Superior Court‟s decision to the contrary was unreasonable. 

Accordingly, we agree with the District Court‟s decision to deny Perez habeas relief. 

IV.

In light of the above, we will affirm the District Court‟s March 4, 2011 order.