Affirmed and Memorandum Opinion filed July 13, 2021.

In The

Fourteenth Court of Appeals

NO. 14-19-00516-CV

ANTONIO RUIZ, MARTHA RUIZ, AND ALL OCCUPANTS OF 11207 

BAYOU PLACE, HOUSTON, TEXAS, 77099, Appellants

V.

INVUM THREE, LLC, Appellee

On Appeal from the County Civil Court at Law No. 2

Harris County, Texas

Trial Court Cause No. 1134013

MEMORANDUM OPINION

In this forcible-detainer action, appellants Antonio Ruiz, Martha Ruiz, and all 

occupants at 11207 Bayou Place Lane, Houston, Texas, 77099 appeal a judgment in 

favor of appellee Invum Three, LLC (“Invum”). In three issues that we address as 

one, appellants argue the trial court lacked jurisdiction over the suit.

1 We affirm.

1 While appellants list three issues in their brief, all the issues argue that the trial court 

lacked jurisdiction. Specifically, appellants’ issues are: (1) whether the trial court erred in denying 

appellants’ plea to the jurisdiction; (2) whether Invum met its burden of proof of establishing the 

existence of a landlord-tenant relationship with appellants; and (3) whether, as a result of a flawed 
2

I. BACKGROUND

On March 28, 2019, Invum filed a forcible detainer petition, i.e., an eviction

suit, in Justice of the Peace Court Precinct 5, Place 2 of Harris County seeking to 

remove Antonio Ruiz (“Antonio”), Martha Ruiz (“Martha”), and all other occupants 

residing at 11207 Bayou Place Lane, in Houston, Texas. Tex. Prop. Code Ann. 

§ 24.004. Invum’s petition stated that Invum purchased the premises at a foreclosure 

sale on February 5, 2019, and that Invum provided appellants with notice to vacate 

on March 21, 2019.

On April 16, 2019, appellants filed an original answer and a plea to the 

jurisdiction. In their plea to the jurisdiction, appellants alleged that “they never 

received notice of the foreclosure and that there were irregularities in the sale as it 

related to the outstanding mortgage principal balance due.” As such, according to 

appellants, “the claim of [Invum] in this case is necessarily dependent upon the 

determination of the wrongful nonjudicial foreclosure action of [Invum]” and is 

therefore within the “exclusive jurisdiction [of] the State District Courts . . . .” The 

justice court signed a judgment in favor of Invum.

2 See Tex. Prop. Code Ann. 

§ 24.004. Appellants appealed to the county court. Tex. R. Civ. P. 509.8.

foreclosure proceeding in which Invum purchased appellants’ property, disputed title and 

ownership issues remain directly intertwined with the right to possession thereby depriving the 

trial court of jurisdiction. Furthermore, appellants present their first two issues together, and in 

essence argue that the trial court erred when it denied their plea to the jurisdiction because Invum 

failed to prove the existence of a landlord-tenant relationship. We will address all the issues 

together as one issue.

2

In the justice court, Invum sued “Antonio R Ruiz” and “Martha Ruiz, and all occupants.” 

“JEANNETTE ALEJANDRA RUIZ Defendants’ et.al.” answered. The justice court rendered 

judgment for plaintiff Invum Three, LLC for “Possession Only” against defendants “Antonio R 

Ruiz; Martha Ruiz.” The justice court’s court judgment further stated, “The court denies all other 

relief not granted above.” “Antonio Ruiz et.al.” filed a notice of appeal to the county court and 

posted an appeal bond. The appeal bond was posted by “Antonio Ruiz, Martha Ruiz, et.al” and the 

“Defendant Information” line listed “Antonio Ruiz/Martha Ruiz.” The county court at law 

rendered judgment against “ANTONIO R RUIZ, MARTHA RUIZ, and/or ALL OCCUPANTS 

OF 11207 BAYOU PLACE LN, HOUSTON, TX 77099.”
3

At trial de novo before the county court, Invum introduced three exhibits into 

evidence: (1) a copy of a substitute trustee’s deed, providing that Invum purchased 

the property at foreclosure after Antonio and Martha defaulted on their note; (2) a 

copy of the deed of trust executed by Antonio and Martha in favor of their mortgage

lender; and (3) a copy of the notice to vacate Invum sent to appellants. Appellants 

did not object to the admission of the exhibits. The deed of trust executed by Antonio 

and Martha provided, in relevant part: 

18. Foreclosure Procedure. Lender shall give notice to Borrower prior 

to acceleration following Borrower’s breach of any covenant or 

agreement in this Security Instrument . . . . If Lender invokes the power 

of sale, Lender or Trustee shall give notice of the time, place[,] and 

terms of sale . . . . Borrower authorizes Trustee to sell the property to 

the highest bidder . . . . If the Property is sold pursuant to this paragraph 

18, Borrower or any person holding possession of the Property through 

Borrower shall immediately surrender possession of the Property to the 

purchaser at that sale. If possession is not surrendered, Borrower or 

such person shall be a tenant at sufferance and may be renewed by writ 

or possession.

Invum’s authorized representative, Jose Portillo, testified that the notice to 

vacate was mailed “through regular and certified mail” to “the home address on 

March 21st of” 2019. Portillo testified that he knew appellants received the notice 

because they contacted him to say “they had an attorney that was representing them.” 

Appellants reiterated their jurisdictional argument based on an alleged wrongful 

foreclosure. The county court signed and entered a judgment in favor of Invum on

June 17, 2019, and this appeal followed.

At this court’s suggestion, appellants amended their notice of appeal to state the name of each 

party filing the notice. In the amended notice of appeal, the appellants are listed as: “(a) Antonio 

Ruiz; (b) Martha Ruiz; and (c) All Occupants of 11207 Bayou Place Lane, Houston, Texas 77099.” 

While the justice court did not render judgment against “all occupants,” any error in the county 

civil court at law’s judgment has not been challenged on appeal. In any case, any such error in the 

county civil court at law’s judgment is not fundamental error. See USAA Tex. Lloyds Co. v. 

Menchaca, 545 S.W.3d 479, 510–14 (Tex. 2018) (op. on reh’g).
4

II. JURISDICTION 

In their sole issue, appellants argue the trial court lacked jurisdiction. 

A. Standard of Review

Subject-matter jurisdiction is essential to the authority of a court to decide a

case. Tex. Ass’n of Bus. v. Tex. Air Control Bd., 852 S.W.2d 400, 446 (Tex. 1993). 

Whether a court has subject-matter jurisdiction is a question of law we review de 

novo. Tex. Dep’t of Parks & Wildlife v. Miranda, 133 S.W.3d 217, 226 (Tex. 2004).

B. Applicable Law 

A forcible detainer action is a procedure to determine which party has the 

superior right to immediate possession of real property. Tellez v. Rodriguez, 612 

S.W.3d 707, 709 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2020, no pet.); see Volum 

Millwork, Inc. v. W. Hous. Airport Corp., 218 S.W.3d 722, 726 (Tex. App.—

Houston [1st Dist.] 2006, pet. denied) (“Forcible-entry-and-detainer actions provide 

a speedy, summary, and inexpensive determination of the right to the immediate 

possession of real property.”). To obtain the right of possession through a forcibledetainer action, the plaintiff is not required to prove title but need only supply 

sufficient evidence of ownership to demonstrate a superior right to immediate 

possession. Tellez, 612 S.W.3d at 709. A plaintiff in a forcible detainer suit must 

show that: (1) it is the owner of the property, (2) the defendant is a tenant at 

sufferance or at will, (3) it made a written demand for possession, (4) the plaintiff 

gave notice to the defendant to vacate the premises, and (5) the defendant refused to 

vacate the premises. See Tex. Prop. Code Ann. §§ 24.002, 24.005; Shields Ltd.

P’ship v. Bradberry, 526 S.W.3d 471, 478 (Tex. 2017). 

A justice court in the precinct where the real property is located has 

jurisdiction over forcible-detainer suits. Tex. Gov’t Code Ann. § 27.031(a)(2); Tex. 

Prop. Code Ann. § 24.004(a); Tellez, 612 S.W.3d at 709. In contrast, a justice court 

lacks jurisdiction to adjudicate title, which is within the jurisdiction of the district 
5

courts. Tellez, 612 S.W.3d at 709; see Doggett v. Nitschke, 498 S.W.2d 339, 339–40 

(Tex. 1973) (op. on reh’g) (per curiam). Thus, a forcible-detainer action in justice 

court determines only the right to actual possession of the property; such a 

proceeding cannot resolve title disputes, which may be addressed in a separate suit 

in a court of proper jurisdiction. Tex. R. Civ. P. 510.3(e); Tellez, 612 S.W.3d at 709.

Furthermore, the mere existence of a title dispute does not necessarily deprive the 

justice court of jurisdiction. Tellez, 612 S.W.3d at 709.

The justice court’s judgment may be appealed to the county court for a trial 

de novo. Tex. R. Civ. P. 509.8, 510.10(c). “In a forcible-detainer appeal, the 

[statutory] county court has no greater jurisdiction than the justice court had.” Tellez, 

612 S.W.3d at 709. 

C. Analysis

Appellants first argue that the justice court lacked jurisdiction because Invum

failed to show that a landlord-tenant relationship existed between appellants and 

Invum. See Tex. Prop. Code Ann. §§ 24.002, 24.005; Bradberry, 526 S.W.3d at 478. 

Specifically, appellants argue that “the FHA Deed of Trust signed by the [a]ppellants 

in March of 1999 . . . does not contain a tenancy-at-sufferance clause that creates a 

landlord-tenant relationship when the property is foreclosed.”

A forcible detainer action is available when “a tenant at will or sufferance” 

“refuses to surrender possession of real property on demand.” Tex. Prop. Code Ann. 

§ 24.002(a)(2). A tenant at sufferance is a tenant who has been in lawful possession 

of property and wrongfully remains as a holdover after the tenant’s interest expired. 

See Pinnacle Premier Props., Inc. v. Breton, 447 S.W.3d 558, 564 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2014, no pet.). In the event of a foreclosure, a tenancy-atsufferance clause in a deed of trust creates a tenancy between the new owner of the 

real property and the foreclosed-on party. Yarbrough v. Household Fin. Corp. III, 

455 S.W.3d 277, 280 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2015, no pet.).
6

Here, Invum admitted into evidence the deed of trust executed by Antonio and 

his wife Martha in favor of their mortgage lender when they obtained a mortgage on 

the property. Under a section titled “Foreclosure Procedure,” the deed of trust 

executed by appellants provides that, “[i]f possession is not surrendered [in the event 

the property is foreclosed on and the trustee sells the property to the highest bidder], 

Borrower or such person shall be a tenant at sufferance and may be renewed by writ 

or possession.” Therefore, contrary to appellants’ assertion, the record shows that 

appellants were tenants at sufferance based on the clause included in the deed of 

trust. See Alanis, 616 S.W.3d at 6.

Appellants next argue that, “as a result of flawed foreclosure proceeding in 

which [Invum] purchased [a]ppellants’ real property, disputed title and ownership 

issues remain directly intertwined with the right to possession in the case at bar, 

thereby depriving the [trial] court [of] jurisdiction.” Specifically, appellants assert 

that “they never received notice of the foreclosure, as mandated in § 51.002 of the 

Texas Property Code”; and that “pursuant to the notice provisions of [§] 51.002 of 

the Texas Property Code, they were not in default and CitiMortgage failed to 

accurately account for all mortgage payments and properly validate the debt before 

it wrongfully conducted the foreclosure sale . . . .” We also reject this argument.

The complaints raised by appellants are essentially that the foreclosure was 

invalid, the basis of which is a dispute as to Invum’s title to the property. As noted 

above, a plaintiff in a forcible-detainer action is not required to prove title to prevail; 

instead, the plaintiff is required to show “sufficient evidence of ownership” to 

demonstrate a superior right to immediate possession. Salaymeh v. Plaza Centro, 

LLC, 264 S.W.3d 431, 435 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, no pet.). Thus, 

a justice court is not deprived of jurisdiction merely because there is a title dispute; 

rather, it is deprived of jurisdiction only if the right to immediate possession 

necessarily requires resolution of the title dispute. Id. 
7

Here, appellants do articulate a title dispute, namely that the foreclosure by 

which Invum claims title was improper, and therefore, cannot support a superior 

claim for possession. However, tenant-at-sufferance clauses, like the one here, 

separate the issue of possession from the issue of title. Breton, 447 S.W.3d at 564

(“When the party to be evicted is subject to a tenant-at-sufferance clause and the 

party seeking possession purchased the property at a foreclosure sale and gave 

proper notice requiring the occupants to vacate the premises, defects in the 

foreclosure process are not relevant to possession.”); see Yarbrough, 455 S.W.3d at 

280–81. Because the deed executed by Antonio and Martha included a tenant-atsufferance clause, the alleged title dispute is not intertwined with the right to 

immediate possession. See Yarbrough, 455 S.W.3d at 280–81; Breton, 447 S.W.3d 

at 564 (“Under these provisions, a foreclosure sale transforms the borrower into a 

tenant at sufferance who must immediately relinquish possession to the foreclosuresale purchaser.”). And as appellants concede in their appellate brief, they are 

pursuing a legal action regarding their claim of wrongful foreclosure in the district 

court—the court capable of granting relief for such a claim. See Breton, 447 S.W.3d 

at 564 (“Of course, the displaced party can still dispute the purchaser’s title, but it 

must bring a separate suit to do so.”).

Appellants’ three issues are overruled. 

III. CONCLUSION

The judgment of the trial court is affirmed. 

/s/ Margaret “Meg” Poissant

Justice

Panel consists of Justices Spain, Hassan, and Poissant.