Handbook 44 – 2020 Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement

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Table of Contents

Appendix C. General Tables of Units of Measurement ........................................................ C-3

1. Tables of Metric Units of Measurement..................................................................................................... C-3

Units of Length...............................................................................................................................................C-3

Units of Area ..................................................................................................................................................C-3

Units of Liquid Volume..................................................................................................................................C-4

Units of Volume .............................................................................................................................................C-4

Units of Mass..................................................................................................................................................C-4

2. Tables of U.S. Customary Units of Measurement..................................................................................... C-4

Units of Length...............................................................................................................................................C-4

Units of Area ..................................................................................................................................................C-5

Units of Volume3 ............................................................................................................................................C-5

Gunter’s or Surveyors Chain Units of Measurement......................................................................................C-5

Units of Liquid Volume..................................................................................................................................C-5

Apothecaries Units of Liquid Volume ............................................................................................................C-5

Units of Dry Volume ......................................................................................................................................C-6

Avoirdupois Units of Mass.............................................................................................................................C-6

Troy Units of Mass.........................................................................................................................................C-6

Apothecaries Units of Mass............................................................................................................................C-7

3. Notes on British Units of Measurement ..................................................................................................... C-7

4. Tables of Units of Measurement................................................................................................................. C-8

Units of Length - International Measure.........................................................................................................C-8

Units of Length - Thickness Measurement.....................................................................................................C-9

Units of Length - Survey Measure9 ................................................................................................................C-9

Units of Area - International Measure ..........................................................................................................C-10

Units of Area - Survey Measure, ..................................................................................................................C-11

Units of Volume ...........................................................................................................................................C-12

Units of Capacity or Volume - Dry Volume Measure ..................................................................................C-13

Units of Capacity or Volume - Liquid Volume Measure..............................................................................C-14

Units of Mass Not Less Than Avoirdupois Ounces......................................................................................C-15

Units of Mass Not Greater Than Pounds and Kilograms..............................................................................C-16

Units of Pressure...........................................................................................................................................C-18

Conversion Equations for Units of Temperature ..........................................................................................C-19

5. Tables of Equivalents................................................................................................................................. C-19

Units of Length.............................................................................................................................................C-19

Units of Area ................................................................................................................................................C-21

Units of Capacity or Volume ........................................................................................................................C-21

Units of Mass................................................................................................................................................C-23
Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Handbook 44 – 2020

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Handbook 44 – 2020 Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement

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Appendix C. General Tables of Units of Measurement

These tables have been prepared for the benefit of those requiring tables of units for occasional ready reference. In 

Section 4 of this Appendix, the tables are carried out to a large number of decimal places and exact values are indicated 

by underlining. In most of the other tables, only a limited number of decimal places are given, therefore, making the 

tables better adapted to the average user.

1. Tables of Metric Units of Measurement

In the metric system of measurement, designations of multiples and subdivisions of any unit may be arrived at by 

combining with the name of the unit the prefixes deka, hecto, and kilo meaning, respectively, 10, 100, and 1000, and 

deci, centi, and milli, meaning, respectively, one-tenth, one-hundredth, and one-thousandth. In some of the following 

metric tables, some such multiples and subdivisions have not been included for the reason that these have little, if any 

currency in actual usage.

In certain cases, particularly in scientific usage, it becomes convenient to provide for multiples larger than 1000 and 

for subdivisions smaller than one-thousandth. Accordingly, the following prefixes have been introduced and these 

are now generally recognized:

yotta, (Y) meaning 1024 deci, (d), meaning 10-1

zetta, (Z), meaning 1021 centi, (c), meaning 10-2

exa, (E), meaning 1018 milli, (m), meaning 10-3

peta, (P), meaning 1015 micro, (μ), meaning 10-6

tera, (T), meaning 1012 nano, (n), meaning 10-9

giga, (G), meaning 109 pico, (p), meaning 10-12

mega, (M), meaning 106 femto, (f), meaning 10-15

kilo, (k), meaning 103 atto, (a), meaning 10-18

hecto, (h), meaning 102 zepto, (z), meaning 10-21

deka, (da), meaning 101 yocto, (y), meaning 10-24

Thus, a kilometer is 1000 meters and a millimeter is 0.001 meter.

Units of Length

10 millimeters (mm) = 1 centimeter (cm)

10 centimeters = 1 decimeter (dm) = 100 millimeters

10 decimeters = 1 meter (m) = 1000 millimeters

10 meters = 1 dekameter (dam)

10 dekameters = 1 hectometer (hm) = 100 meters

10 hectometers = 1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters

Units of Area

100 square millimeters (mm2) = 1 square centimeter (cm2)

100 square centimeters = 1 square decimeter (dm2)

100 square decimeters = 1 square meter (m2)

100 square meters = 1 square dekameter (dam2) = 1 are

100 square dekameters = 1 square hectometer (hm2) = 1 hectare (ha)

100 square hectometers = 1 square kilometer (km2)
Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Handbook 44 – 2020

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Units of Liquid Volume

10 milliliters (mL) = 1 centiliter (cL)

10 centiliters = 1 deciliter (dL) = 100 milliliters

10 deciliters = 1 liter1 = 1000 milliliters

10 liters = 1 dekaliter (daL)

10 dekaliters = 1 hectoliter (hL) = 100 liters

10 hectoliters = 1 kiloliter (kL) = 1000 liters

Units of Volume

1000 cubic millimeters (mm3) = 1 cubic centimeter (cm3)

1000 cubic centimeters = 1 cubic decimeter (dm3)

= 1 000 000 cubic millimeters

1000 cubic decimeters = 1 cubic meter (m3)

= 1 000 000 cubic centimeters

= 1 000 000 000 cubic millimeters

Units of Mass

10 milligrams (mg) = 1 centigram (cg)

10 centigrams = 1 decigram (dg) = 100 milligrams

10 decigrams = 1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams

10 grams = 1 dekagram (dag)

10 dekagrams = 1 hectogram (hg) = 100 grams

10 hectograms = 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams

1000 kilograms = 1 megagram (Mg) or 1 metric ton (t)

2. Tables of U.S. Customary Units of Measurement2

In these tables where foot or mile is underlined, it is survey foot or U.S. statute mile rather than international foot or 

mile that is meant.

Units of Length

12 inches (in) = 1 foot (ft)

3 feet = 1 yard (yd)

161⁄2 feet = 1 rod (rd), pole, or perch

40 rods = 1 furlong (fur) = 660 feet

8 furlongs = 1 U.S. statute mile (mi) = 5280 feet

1852 meters (m) = 6076.115 49 feet (approximately)

= 1 international nautical mile

 1 By action of the 12th General Conference on Weights and Measures (1964), the liter is a special name for the cubic decimeter.

2 This section lists units of measurement that have traditionally been used in the United States. In keeping with the Omnibus Trade 

and Competitiveness Act of 1988, the ultimate objective is to make the International System of Units the primary measurement 

system used in the United States.
Handbook 44 – 2020 Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement

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Units of Area3

144 square inches (in2) = 1 square foot (ft2)

9 square feet = 1 square yard (yd2)

= 1296 square inches

2721⁄4 square feet = 1 square rod (rd2)

160 square rods = 1 acre = 43 560 square feet

640 acres = 1 square mile (mi2)

1 mile square = 1 section of land

6 miles square = 1 township

= 36 sections = 36 square miles

Units of Volume3

1728 cubic inches (in3) = 1 cubic foot (ft3)

27 cubic feet = 1 cubic yard (yd3)

Gunter’s or Surveyors Chain Units of Measurement

0.66 foot (ft) = 1 link (li)

100 links = 1 chain (ch)

= 4 rods = 66 feet

80 chains = 1 U.S. statute mile (mi)

= 320 rods = 5280 feet

Units of Liquid Volume4

4 gills (gi) = 1 pint (pt) = 28.875 cubic inches (in3)

2 pints = 1 quart (qt) = 57.75 cubic inches

4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal) = 231 cubic inches

= 8 pints = 32 gills

Apothecaries Units of Liquid Volume

60 minims = 1 fluid dram (fl dr or ƒ Ӡ)

= 0.225 6 cubic inch (in3)

8 fluid drams = 1 fluid ounce (fl oz or ƒ ℥)

= 1.804 7 cubic inches

16 fluid ounces = 1 pint (pt)

= 28.875 cubic inches

= 128 fluid drams

2 pints = 1 quart (qt) = 57.75 cubic inches

= 32 fluid ounces = 256 fluid drams

4 quarts = 1 gallon (gal) = 231 cubic inches

= 128 fluid ounces = 1024 fluid drams

 3 Squares and cubes of customary but not of metric units are sometimes expressed by the use of abbreviations rather than symbols. 

For example, sq ft means square foot, and cu ft means cubic foot.

4 When necessary to distinguish the liquid pint or quart from the dry pint or quart, the word “liquid” or the abbreviation “liq” should 

be used in combination with the name or abbreviation of the liquid unit. 
Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Handbook 44 – 2020

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Units of Dry Volume5

2 pints (pt) = 1 quart (qt) = 67.200 6 cubic inches (in3)

8 quarts = 1 peck (pk) = 537.605 cubic inches

= 16 pints

4 pecks = 1 bushel (bu) = 2150.42 cubic inches

= 32 quarts

Avoirdupois Units of Mass6

[The “grain” is the same in avoirdupois, troy, and apothecaries units of mass.]

In “gross” or “long” measure, the following values are recognized:

112 pounds (lb) = 1 gross (or long) hundredweight (cwt)7

20 gross (or long) hundredweights = 1 gross (or long) ton

= 2240 pounds7

Troy Units of Mass

[The “grain” is the same in avoirdupois, troy, and apothecaries units of mass.]

24 grains (gr) = 1 pennyweight (dwt)

20 pennyweights = 1 ounce troy (oz t) = 480 grains

12 ounces troy = 1 pound troy (lb t)

= 240 pennyweights = 5760 grains

 5 When necessary to distinguish dry pint or quart from the liquid pint or quart, the word “dry” should be used in combination with 

the name or abbreviation of the dry unit.

6 When necessary to distinguish the avoirdupois dram from the apothecaries dram, or to distinguish the avoirdupois dram or ounce 

from the fluid dram or ounce, or to distinguish the avoirdupois ounce or pound from the troy or apothecaries ounce or pound, the 

word “avoirdupois” or the abbreviation “avdp” should be used in combination with the name or abbreviation of the avoirdupois

unit.

7 When the terms “hundredweight” and “ton” are used unmodified, they are commonly understood to mean the 100-pound 

hundredweight and the 2000-pound ton, respectively; these units may be designated “net” or “short” when necessary to distinguish 

them from the corresponding units in gross or long measure.

8As of January 1, 2014, “tn” is the required abbreviation for “short ton.” Devices manufactured between January 1, 2008, and 

December 31, 2013, may use an abbreviation other than “tn” to specify “short ton.”

1 μlb = 0.000 001 pound (lb)

2711/32 grains (gr) = 1 dram (dr)

16 drams = 1 ounce (oz)

= 4371⁄2 grains

16 ounces = 1 pound (lb)

= 256 drams

= 7000 grains

100 pounds = 1 hundredweight (cwt)7

20 hundredweights = 1 ton (tn)8

= 2000 pounds7
Handbook 44 – 2020 Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement

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Apothecaries Units of Mass

[The “grain” is the same in avoirdupois, troy, and apothecaries units of mass.]

20 grains (gr) = 1 scruple (s ap or ℈)

3 scruples = 1 dram apothecaries (dr ap or Ӡ)

= 60 grains

8 drams apothecaries = 1 ounce apothecaries (oz ap or ℥)

= 24 scruples = 480 grains

12 ounces apothecaries = 1 pound apothecaries (lb ap)

= 96 drams apothecaries

= 288 scruples = 5760 grains

3. Notes on British Units of Measurement

In Great Britain, the yard, the avoirdupois pound, the troy pound, and the apothecaries pound are identical with the 

units of the same names used in the United States. The tables of British linear measure, troy mass, and apothecaries

mass are the same as the corresponding United States tables, except for the British spelling “drachm” in the table of 

apothecaries mass. The table of British avoirdupois mass is the same as the United States table up to 1 pound; above 

that point the table reads:

14 pounds = 1 stone

2 stones = 1 quarter = 28 pounds

4 quarters = 1 hundredweight = 112 pounds

20 hundredweight = 1 ton = 2240 pounds

The present British gallon and bushel – known as the “Imperial gallon” and “Imperial bushel” – are, respectively, 

about 20 % and 3 % larger than the United States gallon and bushel. The Imperial gallon is defined as the volume of 

10 avoirdupois pounds of water under specified conditions, and the Imperial bushel is defined as 8 Imperial gallons. 

Also, the subdivision of the Imperial gallon as presented in the table of British apothecaries fluid measure differs in 

two important respects from the corresponding United States subdivision, in that the Imperial gallon is divided into 

160 fluid ounces (whereas the United States gallon is divided into 128 fluid ounces), and a “fluid scruple” is included. 

The full table of British measures of capacity (which are used alike for liquid and for dry commodities) is as follows:

4 gills = 1 pint

2 pints = 1 quart

4 quarts = 1 gallon

2 gallons = 1 peck

8 gallons (4 pecks) = 1 bushel

8 bushels = 1 quarter

The full table of British apothecaries measure is as follows:

20 minims = 1 fluid scruple

3 fluid scruples = 1 fluid drachm

= 60 minims

8 fluid drachms = 1 fluid ounce

20 fluid ounces = 1 pint

8 pints = 1 gallon (160 fluid ounces)
Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Handbook 44 – 2020

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4. Tables of Units of Measurement

Unit conversion is a multi-step process that involves multiplication or division by a numerical factor; selection of the 

correct number of significant digits; and rounding. Accurate unit conversions are obtained by selecting an appropriate 

conversion factor (a ratio which converts one unit of measure into another without changing the quantity), which are 

supplied in these tables. 

Some unit conversions may be exact, without increasing or decreasing the precision of the original quantity. Exact 

unit conversion factors are underlined in these tables. It is good practice to keep all the digits, especially if other 

mathematical operations or conversions will follow. Rounding should be the last step of the conversion process and 

should be performed only once.

To convert a value from one unit of measurement to different unit of measurement follow the steps below.

• Find the table corresponding to the general category of measurement; for example, the table titled “Units of 

Volume” includes conversion factors for volume measurements.

• Locate the “starting unit” of measurement in the far, left column.

• Proceed horizontally to the right on the same row until you reach the column with the heading of the 

“ending unit” of measurement.

• The unit conversion factor is located at the intersection of the row and column.

• Multiply the quantity value of the starting unit of measurement by the conversion factor.

• The result is the equivalent quantity value in the ending unit of measurement.

Units of Length - International Measure9

(all underlined figures are exact)

Starting 

Unit

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit → Inches Feet Yards Miles Centimeters Meters

1 inch = 1 0.083 333 33 0.027 777 78 0.000 015 782 83 2.54 0.025 4

1 foot = 12 1 0.333 333 3 0.000 189 393 9 30.48 0.304 8

1 yard = 36 3 1 0.000 568 181 8 91.44 0.914 4

1 mile = 63 360 5 280 1 760 1 160 934.4 1609.344

1 centimeter = 0.393 700 8 0.032 808 40 0.010 936 13 0.000 006 213 712 1 0.01

1 meter = 39.370 08 3.280 840 1.093 613 0.000 621 371 2 100 1

 9 One international foot = 0.999 998 survey foot (exactly)

One international mile = 0.999 998 survey mile (exactly)

NOTICE: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has announced a decision through the Federal Register to 

“deprecate” the use of the “U.S. survey foot” effective December 31, 2022. This means that, after that date, use of the “U.S. survey 

foot” is to be avoided. The “U.S. survey foot” will be superseded by “foot” (formerly called the “international foot”), which is 

already in use throughout the United States. Additionally, the “U.S. survey mile” will be superseded by the “mile.” After 

December 31, 2022, all data derived or published as a result of surveying, mapping, or any other activity within the U.S. that is 

expressed in terms of feet shall be based on the “foot” equal to 0.304 8 meter (exactly). For more information see Federal Register 

(Vol. 84, No. 201, October 17, 2019, page 55562) at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2019-10-17/pdf/2019-22414.pdf
Handbook 44 – 2020 Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement

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Units of Length - Thickness Measurement

(all underlined figures are exact)

Starting 

Unit 

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit → Inches Millimeters Micrometers

1 mil = 0.001 0.025 4 25.4

NOTE: The unit “mil” is a unit traditionally used by industry for the measurement of 

thickness.

Units of Length - Survey Measure9

(all underlined figures are exact)

Starting 

Unit 

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit → Links Feet Rods Chains Miles Meters

1 link = 1 0.66 0.04 0.01 0.000 125 0.201 168 4

1 foot = 1.515 152 1 0.060 606 06 0.015 151 52 0.000 189 393 9 0.304 800 6

1 rod = 25 16.5 1 0.25 0.003 125 5.029 210

1 chain = 100 66 4 1 0.0125 20.116 84

1 mile = 8 000 5 280 320 80 1 1609.347

1 meter = 4.970 960 3.280 833 0.198 838 4 0.049 709 60 0.000 621 369 9 1
Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Handbook 44 – 2020

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Units of Area - International Measure10

(all underlined figures are exact)

Starting 

Unit 

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit → Square Inches Square Feet Square Yards

1 square inch = 1 0.006 944 444 0.000 771 604 9

1 square foot = 144 1 0.111 111 1

1 square yard = 1 296 9 1

1 square mile = 4 014 489 600 27 878 400 3 097 600

1 square centimeter = 0.155 000 3 0.001 076 391 0.000 119 599 0

1 square meter = 1550.003 10.763 91 1.195 990

Note: 1 survey foot = 1200/3937 meter (exactly)

1 international foot = 12 × 0.0254 meter (exactly)

1 international foot = 0.0254 × 39.37 survey foot (exactly)

Starting 

Unit

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit → Square Miles Square Centimeters Square Meters

1 square inch = 0.000 000 000 249 097 7 6.451 6 0.000 645 16

1 square foot = 0.000 000 035 870 06 929.030 4 0.092 903 04

1 square yard = 0.000 000 322 830 6 8361.273 6 0.836 127 36

1 square mile = 1 25 899 881 103.36 2 589 988.110 336

1 square centimeter = 0.000 000 000 038 610 22 1 0.0001

1 square meter = 0.000 000 386 102 2 10 000 1

 10 One square survey foot = 1.000 004 square international feet

One square survey mile = 1.000 004 square international miles

NOTICE: The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has announced a decision through the Federal Register to 

“deprecate” the use of the “U.S. survey foot” effective December 31, 2022. This means that, after that date, use of the “U.S. survey 

foot” is to be avoided. The “U.S. survey foot” will be superseded by “foot” (formerly called the “international foot”), which is 

already in use throughout the United States. Additionally, the “U.S. survey mile” will be superseded by the “mile.” After 

December 31, 2022, all data derived or published as a result of surveying, mapping, or any other activity within the U.S. that is 

expressed in terms of feet shall be based on the “foot” equal to 0.304 8 meter (exactly). For more information see Federal Register 

(Vol. 84, No. 201, October 17, 2019, page 55562) at https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/FR-2019-10-17/pdf/2019-22414.pdf
Handbook 44 – 2020 Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement

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Units of Area - Survey Measure10, 11

(all underlined figures are exact)

Starting 

Unit

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit → Square Feet Square Rods Square Chains Acres

1 square foot = 1 0.003 673 095 0.000 229 568 4 0.000 022 956 84

1 square rod = 272.25 1 0.062 5 0.006 25

1 square chain = 4 356 16 1 0.1

1 acre = 43 560 160 10 1

1 square mile = 27 878 400 102 400 6 400 640

1 square meter = 10.763 87 0.039 536 70 0.002 471 044 0.000 247 104 4

1 hectare = 107 638.7 395.367 0 24.710 44 2.471 044 Starting Unit 

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit → Square Miles Square Meters Hectares

1 square foot = 0.000 000 035 870 06 0.092 903 41 0.000 009 290 341

1 square rod = 0.000 009 765 625 25.292 95 0.002 529 295

1 square chain = 0.000 156 25 404.687 3 0.040 468 73

1 acre = 0.001 562 5 4 046.873 0.404 687 3

1 square mile = 1 2 589 998 258.999 8

1 square meter = 0.000 000 386 100 6 1 0.000 1

1 hectare = 0.003 861 006 10 000 1

 10 One square survey foot = 1.000 004 square international feet

One square survey mile = 1.000 004 square international miles

11 One international foot = 0.999 998 survey foot (exactly)

One international mile = 0.999 998 survey mile (exactly)
Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Handbook 44 – 2020

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Units of Volume

(all underlined figures are exact)

Starting 

Unit 

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit → Cubic Inches Cubic Feet Cubic Yards

1 cubic inch = 1 0.000 578 703 7 0.000 021 433 47

1 cubic foot = 1 728 1 0.037 037 04

1 cubic yard = 46 656 27 1

1 cubic centimeter = 0.061 023 74 0.000 035 314 67 0.000 001 307 951

1 cubic decimeter = 61.023 74 0.035 314 67 0.001 307 951

1 cubic meter = 61 023.74 35.314 67 1.307 951 Starting Unit 

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit → Milliliters

(Cubic Centimeters)

Liters

(Cubic Decimeters) Cubic Meters

1 cubic inch = 16.387 064 0.016 387 064 0.000 016 387 064

1 cubic foot = 28 316.846 592 28.316 846 592 0.028 316 846 592

1 cubic yard = 764 554.857 984 764.554 857 984 0.764 554 857 984

1 cubic centimeter = 1 0.001 0.000 001

1 cubic decimeter = 1 000 1 0.001

1 cubic meter = 1 000 000 1000 1
Handbook 44 – 2020 Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement

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Units of Capacity or Volume - Dry Volume Measure

(all underlined figures are exact)

Starting 

Unit 

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit → Dry Pints Dry Quarts Pecks Bushels

1 dry pint = 1 0.5 0.062 5 0.015 625

1 dry quart = 2 1 0.125 0.031 25

1 peck = 16 8 1 0.25

1 bushel = 64 32 4 1

1 cubic inch = 0.029 761 6 0.014 880 8 0.001 860 10 0.000 465 025

1 cubic foot = 51.428 09 25.714 05 3.214 256 0.803 563 95

1 liter = 1.816 166 0.908 083 0 0.113 510 4 0.028 377 59

1 cubic meter = 1 816.166 908.083 0 113.510 4 28.377 59 Starting Unit 

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit → Cubic Inches Cubic Feet Liters Cubic Meters

1 dry pint = 1.12 0.019 444 63 0.550 610 5 0.000 550 610 5

1 dry quart = 67.200 625 0.038 889 25 1.101 221 0.001 101 221

1 peck = 537.605 0.311 114 8.809 768 0.008 809 768

1 bushel = 2 150.42 1.244 456 35.239 070 166 88 0.035 239 070 166 88

1 cubic inch = 1 0.000 578 703 7 0.016 387 064 0.000 016 387 064

1 cubic foot = 1728 1 28.316 846 592 0.028 316 846 592

1 liter = 61.023 74 0.035 314 67 1 0.001

1 cubic meter = 61 023.74 35.314 67 1000 1
Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Handbook 44 – 2020

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Units of Capacity or Volume - Liquid Volume Measure

(All underlined figures are exact)

Starting 

Unit 

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit → Minims Fluid Drams Fluid Ounces Gills

1 minim = 1 0.016 666 67 0.002 083 333 0.000 520 833 3

1 fluid dram = 60 1 0.125 0.031 25

1 fluid ounce = 480 8 1 0.25

1 gill = 1 920 32 4 1

1 liquid pint = 7 680 128 16 4

1 liquid quart = 15 360 256 32 8

1 gallon = 61 440 1024 128 32

1 cubic inch = 265.974 0 4.432 900 0.554 112 6 0.138 528 1

1 cubic foot = 459 603.1 7660.052 957.506 5 239.376 6

1 milliliter = 16.230 73 0.270 512 2 0.033 814 02 0.008 453 506

1 liter = 16 230.73 270.512 2 33.814 02 8.453 506 Starting Unit 

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit → Liquid Pints Liquid Quarts Gallons Cubic Inches

1 minim = 0.000 130 208 3 0.000 065 104 17 0.000 016 276 04 0.003 759 766

1 fluid dram = 0.007 812 5 0.003 906 25 0.000 976 562 5 0.225 585 94

1 fluid ounce = 0.062 5 0.031 25 0.007 812 5 1.804 687 5

1 gill = 0.25 0.125 0.031 25 7.218 75

1 liquid pint = 1 0.5 0.125 28.875

1 liquid quart = 2 1 0.25 57.75

1 gallon = 8 4 1 231

1 cubic inch = 0.034 632 03 0.017 316 02 0.004 329 004 1

1 cubic foot = 59.844 16 29.922 08 7.480 519 1 728

1 milliliter = 0.002 113 376 0.001 056 688 0.000 264 172 1 0.061 023 74

1 liter = 2.113 376 1.056 688 0.264 172 1 61.023 74
Handbook 44 – 2020 Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement

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Starting 

Unit 

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit → Cubic Feet Milliliters Liters

1 minim = 0.000 002 175 790 0.061 611 52 0.000 061 611 52

1 fluid dram = 0.000 130 547 4 3.696 691 0.003 696 691

1 fluid ounce = 0.001 044 379 29.573 53 0.029 573 53

1 gill = 0.004 177 517 118.294 1 0.118 294 1

1 liquid pint = 0.016 710 07 473.176 5 0.473 176 5

1 liquid quart = 0.033 420 14 946.352 9 0.946 352 9

1 gallon = 0.133 680 6 3785.411 784 3.785 411 784

1 cubic inch = 0.000 578 703 7 16.387 06 0.016 387 06

1 cubic foot = 1 28 316.85 28.316 85

1 milliliter = 0.000 035 314 67 1 0.001

1 liter = 0.035 314 67 1 000 1

Units of Mass Not Less Than Avoirdupois Ounces

(all underlined figures are exact)

Starting 

Unit

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit →

Avoirdupois

Ounces

Avoirdupois

Pounds

Short Hundredweights Short Tons

1 avoirdupois ounce = 1 0.0625 0.000 625 0.000 031 25

1 avoirdupois pound = 16 1 0.01 0.000 5

1 short 

hundredweight = 1 600 100 1 0.05

1 short ton = 32 000 2 000 20 1

1 long ton = 35 840 2 240 22.4 1.12

1 kilogram = 35.273 96 2.204 623 0.022 046 23 0.001 102 311

1 metric ton = 35 273.96 2204.623 22.046 23 1.102 311
Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Handbook 44 – 2020

C-16

Starting 

Unit 

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit → Long Tons Kilograms Metric Tons

1 avoirdupois ounce = 0.000 027 901 79 0.028 349 523 125 0.000 028 349 523 125

1 avoirdupois pound = 0.000 446 428 6 0.453 592 37 0.000 453 592 37

1 short hundredweight = 0.044 642 86 45.359 237 0.045 359 237

1 short ton = 0.892 857 1 907.184 74 0.907 184 74

1 long ton = 1 1016.046 908 8 1.016 046 908 8

1 kilogram = 0.000 984 206 5 1 0.001

1 metric ton = 0.984 206 5 1 000 1

Units of Mass Not Greater Than Pounds and Kilograms

(all underlined figures are exact)

Starting 

Unit 

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit → Grains Apothecaries Scruples Pennyweights Avoirdupois Drams

1 grain = 1 0.05 0.041 666 67 0.036 571 43

1 apoth. scruple = 20 1 0.833 333 3 0.731 428 6

1 pennyweight = 24 1.2 1 0.877 714 3

1 avdp. dram = 27.343 75 1.367 187 5 1.139 323 1

1 apoth. dram = 60 3 2.5 2.194 286

1 avdp. ounce = 437.5 21.875 18.229 17 16

1 apoth. or troy oz. = 480 24 20 17.554 29

1 apoth. or troy pound = 5 760 288 240 210.651 4

1 avdp. pound = 7 000 350 291.666 7 256

1 milligram = 0.015 432 36 0.000 771 617 9 0.000 643 014 9 0.000 564 383 4

1 gram = 15.432 36 0.771 617 9 0.643 014 9 0.564 383 4

1 kilogram = 15432.36 771.617 9 643.014 9 564.383 4
Handbook 44 – 2020 Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement

C-17

Starting 

Unit

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit →

Apothecaries 

Drams

Avoirdupois 

Ounces

Apothecaries or 

Troy Ounces

Apothecaries or 

Troy Pounds

1 grain = 0.016 666 67 0.002 285 714 0.002 083 333 0.000 173 611 1

1 apoth. scruple = 0.333 333 3 0.045 714 29 0.041 666 67 0.003 472 222

1 pennyweight = 0.4 0.054 857 14 0.05 0.004 166 667

1 avdp. dram = 0.455 729 2 0.062 5 0.56 966 15 0.004 747 179

1 apoth. dram = 1 0.137 142 9 0.125 0.010 416 67

1 avdp. ounce = 7.291 667 1 0.911 458 3 0.075 954 86

1 apoth. or troy ounce = 8 1.097 143 1 0.083 333 333

1 apoth. or troy pound = 96 13.165 71 12 1

1 avdp. pound = 116.666 7 16 14.583 33 1.215 278

1 milligram = 0.000 257 206 0 0.000 035 273 96 0.000 032 150 75 0.000 002 679 229

1 gram = 0.257 206 0 0.035 273 96 0.032 150 75 0.002 679 229

1 kilogram = 257.206 0 35.273 96 32.150 75 2.679 229
Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Handbook 44 – 2020

C-18

Starting 

Unit

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit →

Avoirdupois 

Pounds Milligrams Grams Kilograms

1 grain = 0.000 142 857 1 64.798 91 0.064 798 91 0.000 064 798 91

1 apoth. scruple = 0.002 857 143 1 295.978 2 1.295 978 2 0.001 295 978 2

1 pennyweight = 0.003 428 571 1 555.173 84 1.555 173 84 0.001 555 173 84

1 avdp. dram = 0.003 906 25 1 771.845 195 312 5 1.771 845 195 312 5 0.001 771 845 195 312 5

1 apoth. dram = 0.008 571 429 3 887.934 6 3.887 934 6 0.003 887 934 6

1 avdp. ounce = 0.062 5 28 349.523 125 28.349 523 125 0.028 349 523 125

1 apoth. or troy 

ounce = 0.068 571 43 31 103.476 8 31.103 476 8 0.031 103 476 8

1 apoth. or troy 

pound = 0.822 857 1 373 241.721 6 373.241 721 6 0.373 241 721 6

1 avdp. pound = 1 453 592.37 453.592 37 0.453 592 37

1 milligram = 0.000 002 204 623 1 0.001 0.000 001

1 gram = 0.002 204 623 1 000 1 0.001

1 kilogram = 2.204 623 1 000 000 1 000 1

Units of Pressure 

(all underlined figures are exact)

Starting 

Unit 

←

Multiply by the Conversion Factor Below the Ending Unit:

Ending 

Unit →

Pascal 

(Pa)

kilopascal 

(kPa)

megapascal 

(MPa)

pound-force 

per square 

inch (psi)

(lbf/in2)

millimeter of 

mercury

(mm Hg (0 °C))

Inch of water 

(in H2O (4 °C))

1 Pa = 1 0.001 0.000 001 0.000 145 037 74 0.007 5006 15 0.004 014 742 13

1 kPa = 1000.0 1 0.001 0.145 037 744 7.500 615 05 4.014 742 133

1 MPa = 1 000 000 1 000 1 145.037 744 7 500.615 05 4 014.742 13

1 psi (lbf/in2) = 6 894.757 6.894 757 0.006 894 757 1 51.714 918 1 27.680 671 4

1 mmHg (0 °C) = 133.322 4 0.133 322 4 0.000 133 322 4 0.019 336 78 1 0.535 255 057

1 inH2O (4 °C) = 249.082 0.249 082 0.000 249 082 0.036 126 291 1.868 268 198 1
Handbook 44 – 2020 Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement

C-19

Conversion Equations for Units of Temperature

(exact)

Units To Fahrenheit (°FF) To Celsius (°CC) To Kelvin (KK)

Fahrenheit (°FF) °FF (°FF − 32)

1.8

(°FF − 32)

1.8 + 273.15

Celsius (°CC) (°CC × 1.8) + 32 °CC (°CC) + 273.15

Kelvin (KK) (KK − 273.15) ∗ 1.8 + 32 KK − 273.15 KK

Instructions for the Conversion Equations for Temperature:

Start at the left column of the table until you reach the row labeled with the starting unit. Then proceed horizontally 

to the right along that row until you reach the column of the desired unit. The unit conversion factor is located at the 

intersection of the row and column.

5. Tables of Equivalents

In these tables, it is necessary to differentiate between the “international foot” and the “survey foot.” Therefore, the 

survey foot is underlined.

When the name of a unit is enclosed in brackets (thus, [1 hand] . . . ), this indicates (1) that the unit is not in general 

current use in the United States, or (2) that the unit is believed to be based on “custom and usage” rather than on 

formal authoritative definition.

Equivalents involving decimals are, in most instances, rounded off to the third decimal place except where they are 

exact, in which cases these exact equivalents are so designated. The equivalents of the imprecise units “tablespoon” 

and “teaspoon” are rounded to the nearest milliliter.

Units of Length

angstrom (∆)12

0.1 nanometer (exactly)

0.000 1 micrometer (exactly)

0.000 000 1 millimeter (exactly)

0.000 000 004 inch

1 cable’s length 120 fathoms (exactly)

720 feet (exactly)

219 meters

1 centimeter (cm) 0.393 7 inch

1 chain (ch)

(Gunter’s or surveyors)

66 feet (exactly)

20.116 8 meters

1 decimeter (dm) 3.937 inches

1 dekameter (dam) 32.808 feet

1 fathom 6 feet (exactly)

1.828 8 meters

 12 The angstrom is basically defined as 10−10 meter. 
Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Handbook 44 – 2020

C-20

Units of Length

1 foot (ft) 0.304 8 meter (exactly)

1 furlong (fur)

10 chains (surveyors) (exactly)

660 feet (exactly) 1

/8 U.S. statute mile (exactly)

201.168 meters

[1 hand] 4 inches

1 inch (in) 2.54 centimeters (exactly)

1 kilometer (km) 0.621 mile

1 league (land) 3 U.S. statute miles (exactly)

4.828 kilometers

1 link (li) (Gunter’s or surveyors) 0.66 foot (exactly)

0.201 168 meter

1 meter (m) 39.37 inches

1.094 yards

1 micrometer 0.001 millimeter (exactly)

0.000 039 37 inch

1 mil

0.001 inch (exactly)

0.025 4 millimeter (exactly)

25.4 micrometer (exactly)

1 mile (mi) (U.S. statute)13 5280 feet survey (exactly)

1.609 kilometers

1 mile (mi) (international) 5280 feet international (exactly)

1 mile (mi) (international nautical)14 1.852 kilometers (exactly)

1.151 survey miles

1 millimeter (mm) 0.039 37 inch

0.001 meter (exactly)

1 nanometer (nm) 0.000 000 039 37 inch

1 point (typography)

0.013 837 inch (exactly) 1

/72 inch (approximately)

0.351 millimeter

1 rod (rd), pole, or perch 161⁄2 feet (exactly)

5.029 2 meters

1 yard (yd) 0.914 4 meter (exactly)

 13 The term “statute mile” originated with Queen Elizabeth I who changed the definition of the mile from the Roman mile of 

5000 feet to the statute mile of 5280 feet. The international mile and the U.S. statute mile differ by about 3 millimeters although 

both are defined as being equal to 5280 feet. The international mile is based on the international foot (0.3048 meter) whereas the 

U.S. statute mile is based on the survey foot (1200/3937 meter).

14 The international nautical mile of 1852 meters (6076.115 49 feet) was adopted effective July 1, 1954, for use in the United States. 

The value formerly used in the United States was 6080.20 feet = 1 nautical (geographical or sea) mile.
Handbook 44 – 2020 Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement

C-21

Units of Area

1 acre15 43 560 square feet (exactly)

0.405 hectare

1 are 119.599 square yards

0.025 acre

1 hectare 2.471 acres

[1 square (building)] 100 square feet

1 square centimeter (cm2) 0.155 square inch

1 square decimeter (dm2) 15.500 square inches

1 square foot (ft2) 929.030 square centimeters

1 square inch (in2) 6.451 6 square centimeters (exactly)

1 square kilometer (km2) 247.104 acres

0.386 square mile

1 square meter (m2) 1.196 square yards

10.764 square feet

1 square mile (mi2) 258.999 hectares

1 square millimeter (mm2) 0.002 square inch

1 square rod (rd2), sq pole, or sq perch 25.293 square meters

1 square yard (yd2) 0.836 square meter

Units of Capacity or Volume

1 barrel (bbl), liquid 31 to 42 gallons16

1 barrel (bbl), standard for fruits,

 vegetables, and other dry

 commodities, except cranberries

7056 cubic inches

105 dry quarts

3.281 bushels, struck measure

1 barrel (bbl), standard, cranberry

5826 cubic inches

8645/64 dry quarts

2.709 bushels, struck measure

1 bushel (bu) (U.S.) struck measure 2150.42 cubic inches (exactly)

35.238 liters

[1 bushel, heaped (U.S.)] 2747.715 cubic inches

1.278 bushels, struck measure17

 15 The question is often asked as to the length of a side of an acre of ground. An acre is a unit of area containing 43 560 square 

feet. It is not necessarily square, or even rectangular. But, if it is square, then the length of a side is equal to 43560 ft 208.710 ft 2 =

(not exact).

16 There are a variety of “barrels” established by law or usage. For example, federal taxes on fermented liquors are based on a

barrel of 31 gallons; many state laws fix the “barrel for liquids” as 311⁄2 gallons; one state fixes a 36-gallon barrel for cistern 

measurement; federal law recognizes a 40-gallon barrel for “proof spirits;” by custom, 42 gallons comprise a barrel of crude oil or 

petroleum products for statistical purposes, and this equivalent is recognized “for liquids” by four states.

17 Frequently recognized as 11⁄4 bushels, struck measure.
Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Handbook 44 – 2020

C-22

Units of Capacity or Volume

[1 bushel (bu) (British Imperial)

(struck measure)]

1.032 U.S. bushels, struck measure

2219.36 cubic inches

1 cord (cd) (firewood) 128 cubic feet (exactly)

1 cubic centimeter (cm3) 0.061 cubic inch

1 cubic decimeter (dm3) 61.024 cubic inches

1 cubic foot (ft3) 7.481 gallons

28.316 cubic decimeters

1 cubic inch (in3)

0.554 fluid ounce

4.433 fluid drams

16.387 cubic centimeters

1 cubic meter (m3) 1.308 cubic yards

1 cubic yard (yd3) 0.765 cubic meter

1 cup, measuring

8 fluid ounces (exactly)

237 milliliters

1⁄2 liquid pint (exactly)

1 dekaliter (daL) 2.642 gallons

1.135 pecks

1 dram, fluid (or liquid) (fl dr)

 (or ƒ Ӡ) (U.S.)

1

/8 fluid ounce (exactly)

0.226 cubic inch

3.697 milliliters

1.041 British fluid drachms

[1 drachm, fluid (fl dr) (British)]

0.961 U.S. fluid dram

0.217 cubic inch

3.552 milliliters

1 gallon (gal) (U.S.)

231 cubic inches (exactly)

3.785 liters

0.833 British gallon

128 U.S. fluid ounces (exactly)

[1 gallon (gal) (British Imperial)]

277.42 cubic inches

1.201 U.S. gallons

4.546 liters

160 British fluid ounces (exactly)

1 gill (gi)

7.219 cubic inches

4 fluid ounces (exactly)

0.118 liter

1 hectoliter (hL) 26.418 gallons

2.838 bushels

1 liter (1 cubic decimeter exactly)

1.057 liquid quarts

0.908 dry quart

61.024 cubic inches

1 milliliter (mL)

0.271 fluid dram

16.231 minims

0.061 cubic inch

1 ounce, fluid (or liquid) (fl oz)

 (or ƒ ℥ ) (U.S.)

1.805 cubic inches

29.573 milliliters

1.041 British fluid ounces
Handbook 44 – 2020 Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement

C-23

Units of Capacity or Volume

[1 ounce, fluid (fl oz) (British)]

0.961 U.S. fluid ounce

1.734 cubic inches

28.412 milliliters

1 peck (pk) 8.810 liters

1 pint (pt), dry 33.600 cubic inches

0.551 liter 

1 pint (pt), liquid 28.875 cubic inches exactly

0.473 liter

1 quart (qt), dry (U.S.)

67.201 cubic inches

1.101 liters

0.969 British quart

1 quart (qt), liquid (U.S.)

57.75 cubic inches (exactly)

0.946 liter

0.833 British quart

[1 quart (qt) (British)]

69.354 cubic inches

1.032 U.S. dry quarts

1.201 U.S. liquid quarts

1 tablespoon, measuring

3 teaspoons (exactly)

15 milliliters

4 fluid drams

1⁄2 fluid ounce (exactly)

1 teaspoon, measuring

1⁄3 tablespoon (exactly)

5 milliliters

11⁄3 fluid drams18

1 water ton (English) 270.91 U.S. gallons

224 British Imperial gallons (exactly)

Units of Mass

1 assay ton (AT)19 29.167 grams

1 carat (c) 200 milligrams (exactly)

3.086 grains

1 dram apothecaries (dr ap or 3) 60 grains (exactly)

3.888 grams

1 dram avoirdupois (dr avdp) 2711/32 (= 27.344) grains

1.772 grams

1 gamma (γ) 1 microgram (exactly)

1 grain 64.798 91 milligrams (exactly)

 18 The equivalent “1 teaspoon = 11⁄3 fluid drams” has been found by the Bureau to correspond more closely with the actual capacities 

of “measuring” and silver teaspoons than the equivalent “1 teaspoon = 1 fluid dram,” which is given by a number of dictionaries.

19 Used in assaying. The assay ton bears the same relation to the milligram that a ton of 2000 pounds avoirdupois bears to the 

ounce troy; hence the mass in milligrams of precious metal obtained from one assay ton of ore gives directly the number of troy 

ounces to the net ton.
Appendix C – General Tables of Units of Measurement Handbook 44 – 2020

C-24

Units of Mass

1 gram (g) 15.432 grains

0.035 ounce, avoirdupois

1 hundredweight, gross or long20

 (gross cwt)

112 pounds (exactly)

50.802 kilograms

1 hundredweight, gross or short

 (cwt or net cwt)

100 pounds (exactly)

45.359 kilograms

1 kilogram (kg) 2.205 pounds

1 milligram (mg) 0.015 grain

1 ounce, avoirdupois (oz avdp)

437.5 grains (exactly)

0.911 troy or apothecaries ounce

28.350 grams

1 ounce, troy or apothecaries

 (oz t or oz ap or ℥)

480 grains (exactly)

1.097 avoirdupois ounces

31.103 grams

1 pennyweight (dwt) 1.555 grams

1 point 0.01 carat

2 milligrams

1 pound, avoirdupois (lb avdp)

7000 grains (exactly)

1.215 troy or apothecaries pounds

453.592 37 grams (exactly)

1 micropound (μlb) [the Greek letter mu

 in combination with the letters lb] 0.000 001 pound (exactly)

1 pound, troy or apothecaries

 (lb t or lb ap)

5760 grains (exactly)

0.823 avoirdupois pound

373.242 grams

1 scruple (s ap or ℈) 20 grains (exactly)

1.296 grams

1 ton, gross or long21

2240 pounds (exactly)

1.12 net tons (exactly)

1.016 metric tons

1 ton, metric (t)

2204.623 pounds

0.984 gross ton

1.102 net tons

1 ton, net or short (tn)21

2000 pounds (exactly)

0.893 gross ton

0.907 metric ton

 20 The gross or long ton and hundredweight are used commercially in the United States to only a very limited extent, usually in 

restricted industrial fields. The units are the same as the British “ton” and the “hundredweights.”

21 As of January 1, 2014, “tn” is the required abbreviation for “short ton.” Devices manufactured between January 1, 2008, and 

December 31, 2013, may use an abbreviation other than “tn” to specify “short ton.”