DISTRICT COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF FLORIDA

FOURTH DISTRICT

EMMANUEL O. DECIUS,

Appellant,

v.

DENISE S. DECIUS,

Appellee.

No. 4D22-3254

[April 12, 2023]

Appeal from the Circuit Court for the Fifteenth Judicial Circuit, Palm 

Beach County; Ashley C. Zuckerman, Judge; L.T. Case No. 

502021DR004195XXXMB.

Jessica L. Underwood, Robin Bresky, and Jonathan Mann, of Schwartz 

Sladkus Reich Greenberg Atlas LLP, Boca Raton, for appellant.

Carlton Pierce of Carlton Pierce, P.A., Boynton Beach, for appellee.

EN BANC

SUA SPONTE REDESIGNATION OF APPEAL 

TO A PETITION FOR WRIT OF CERTIORARI

FORST, J.

Appellant Emmanuel Decius appeals the trial court’s pre-judgment 

order finding him in willful contempt for failing to provide property records 

pursuant to the trial court’s previous order granting Appellee Denise 

Decius’s motion for civil contempt, enforcement, and sanctions. We 

consider this case en banc to recede from our prior line of cases treating 

pre-judgment contempt orders as appealable nonfinal orders. We now 

hold that pre-judgment contempt orders are appealable nonfinal orders 

only if the ordered sanction falls within the subsections of Florida Rule of 

Appellate Procedure 9.130(a)(3). Since Appellant seeks review of an order 

solely finding him in contempt, and contempt alone is not an enumerated 

category of Rule 9.130(a)(3), we sua sponte treat Appellant’s notice of 

appeal as a petition for writ of certiorari, and order Appellant to file a 

petition and appendix, as set forth below.
2

Background

This appeal arises from Appellant’s petition for dissolution of marriage

and relates to Appellant’s formerly or currently owned real property located 

in Haiti. During the proceedings—which have not yet culminated in a final 

judgment—the trial court found Appellant ignored multiple discovery 

orders related to the Haiti property, by either failing to timely provide the 

discovery or by failing to provide certain documents. 

Due to these failures, the trial court granted Appellee’s motion for civil 

contempt, enforcement, and sanctions, requiring Appellant to provide “3 

years of Real Property Records.” Several months later, Appellee filed a 

motion for civil contempt based on Appellant’s noncompliance with the 

aforementioned trial court order.

At the hearing on Appellee’s civil contempt motion, the trial court found 

that Appellant gave vague responses and was seemingly confused as to 

what records were required by the trial court’s order. The trial court 

permitted Appellee to file an amended contempt motion, placing Appellant 

on notice that he had failed to comply with the request for real property 

records. After this amended motion was filed, the trial court asked 

Appellant whether he had provided the records. Appellant confirmed he 

had not.

The trial court found that Appellant willfully had failed to comply with 

the Court order requiring him to provide real property records. The court 

had not seen any indication Appellant “ever complied, nor attempted to 

comply with” its order in the eight months that had transpired since the 

order was issued. Additionally, the court found that Appellant “gave 

vague, misleading, and obfuscatory responses when questioned about 

property he owns, leases, and/or controls.” The court noted that Appellant 

“had the ability to previously comply and that he has the current ability to 

comply and that he simply continues to ignore” the court’s order requiring 

him to provide the real property records.

Consequentially, the trial court adjudicated Appellant to be in contempt 

and remanded him to the Palm Beach County jail for a period of thirty 

days. Per the order, Appellant could purge himself of this contempt by 

filing the three years of real property records within thirty days, or by 

providing a sworn and notarized affidavit listing all properties he has 

owned within the last four years and any income he received from the 

properties during that time frame. Additionally, the court directed that 

“[l]aw enforcement shall take no action at this time pursuant to the ability 

to purge.”

Appellant now appeals this pre-judgment contempt order.
3

Analysis

We write to address the extent to which Florida Rule of Appellate 

Procedure 9.130 authorizes review of pre-judgment contempt orders.

The method of reviewing a civil contempt order differs depending on 

whether it is a post or pre-judgment contempt order. Post-judgment 

contempt orders are reviewed as final appeals. See, e.g., Kozel v. Kozel, 

260 So. 3d 337 (Fla. 2d DCA 2018) (reviewing a contempt order on postjudgment issues as a final order pursuant to Rule 9.030). Here, however, 

the trial court has yet to issue a final judgment, so the court’s contempt 

order cannot be reviewed as a final order.

For pre-judgment contempt orders, two scenarios exist. In the first 

scenario, if the party found in contempt is taken into custody, then the 

proper method for seeking review is a petition for a writ of habeas corpus. 

See Elliott v. Bradshaw, 59 So. 3d 1182, 1183 n.1 (Fla. 4th DCA 2011). 

Here, the order states that “law enforcement shall take no action,” so a 

petition for a writ of habeas corpus would be improper.

The second scenario, where the party found in contempt has not been 

taken into custody, is before us. Rule 9.130(a)(3) provides an exhaustive 

list of nonfinal orders that can be appealed to the district courts of appeal. 

Contempt orders are not included on this list. Nevertheless, we have 

treated requests for appellate review of civil contempt orders issued prior 

to final judgments as permissible nonfinal appeals under Rule 9.130(a)(3).

In Langbert v. Langbert, 409 So. 2d 1066 (Fla. 4th DCA 1981), the 

appellant sought review of an order “finding him in civil contempt and 

fining him $2,000 per day until compliance for failure to obey prior court 

orders in a dissolution proceeding.” Id. at 1067. The appellant, unsure of 

the proper method for reviewing such order, filed a notice of appeal and a 

petition for writ of certiorari with this court. Id. We accepted jurisdiction 

under Rule 9.130(a)(3) on the basis that subsections (a)(3)(C)(ii) and (iii) 

applied because the appealed order determined the right to immediate 

possession of property or the right to immediate monetary relief in a 

domestic relations matter. Id. at 1067 n.1.1

1 Rule 9.130(a)(3) has changed little since Langbert. See In re Emergency Amends. 

to Rules of Appellate Proc., 381 So. 2d 1370, 1386 (Fla. 1980). Compare Fla. R. 

App. P. 9.130(a)(3)(C)(ii) (2023) (“the right to immediate possession of property, 

including but not limited to orders that grant, modify, dissolve, or refuse to grant, 

modify, or dissolve writs of replevin, garnishment, or attachment”), with Fla. R. 

App. P. 9.130(a)(3)(C)(ii) (1981) (“right to immediate possession of property”); 

compare Fla. R. App. P. 9.130(a)(3)(C)(iii) (2023) (“in family law matters: a. the 
4

Langbert was the basis for our later decisions to find that pre-judgment 

contempt orders were reviewable under Rule 9.130(a)(3)(C). E.g., Parks v. 

Wells Fargo Home Mortg., 185 So. 3d 541, 542 (Fla. 4th DCA 2016); Cont’l 

Cas. Co. v. Morgan, 445 So. 2d 678, 680 (Fla. 4th DCA 1984). Yet, as time 

passed, we began to express doubts as to the jurisdictional basis to review 

these nonfinal orders under Rule 9.130(a)(3)(C). See Calicchio v. Calicchio, 

693 So. 2d 1124, 1124 n.1 (Fla. 4th DCA 1997).

In Alves v. Barnett Mortgage Co., 688 So. 2d 459, 460 n.1 (Fla. 4th DCA 

1997), the majority opinion acknowledged that our sister courts had 

reviewed pre-judgment contempt appeals under certiorari jurisdiction, but 

our opinion reiterated that we had reviewed pre-judgment contempt orders 

under Rule 9.130(a)(3)(C). Judge Farmer’s concurring opinion argued that 

nonfinal jurisdiction did not appear appropriate given that a contempt 

order was not one of the appealable orders listed under Rule 9.130. Judge 

Farmer suggested that Rule 9.130 should be amended to allow for the 

interlocutory appeal of contempt orders. Id. at 461–62 (Farmer, J., 

concurring specially).

More recently, a panel of this Court explained that “[i]f we were writing 

on a clean slate, we would not conclude that we have nonfinal review 

authorized by rule 9.130(a)(3). However, constrained by our prior caselaw, 

we have reviewed the instant contempt order as a nonfinal appeal.” 100 

Emerald Beach Way LC v. Thornton, 341 So. 3d 346, 349 (Fla. 4th DCA 

2022).

To initiate a “clean slate,” we recede from our prior opinions permitting 

nonfinal appeals of all pre-judgment contempt orders. We join our sister 

courts in finding Rule 9.130(a)(3) does not authorize appeals of prejudgment contempt orders unless the sanction in the contempt order falls 

within one of Rule 9.130(a)(3)’s enumerated categories.

By its plain terms, Rule 9.130 restricts which nonfinal orders may be 

reviewed by appeal. Travelers Ins. Co. v. Bruns, 443 So. 2d 959, 961 (Fla. 

1984). Rule 9.130(a)(3) states that appeals to the district courts of appeal 

of nonfinal orders are “limited” (emphasis added) to those listed in 

subsections (A) to (G). By setting forth an exhaustive list, any category of 

case not listed in (A) to (G) must be excluded. See Young v. Progressive Se. 

Ins. Co., 753 So. 2d 80, 85 (Fla. 2000) (“[T]he mention of one thing implies 

right to immediate monetary relief; b. the rights or obligations of a party regarding 

child custody or time-sharing under a parenting plan; or c. that a marital 

agreement is invalid in its entirety”), with Fla. R. App. P. 9.130(a)(3)(C)(iii) (1981) 

(“right to immediate monetary relief or child custody in domestic relations 

matters”).
5

the exclusion of another.” (quoting Moonlit Waters Apartments, Inc. v. 

Cauley, 666 So. 2d 898, 900 (Fla. 1996))). In contrast, Rule 9.030(b)(2)(A)

allows for certiorari jurisdiction as to nonfinal orders “other than as 

prescribed by rule 9.130.” Thus, Rule 9.030(b)(2)(A) serves as a catch-all 

for those nonfinal orders which do not fall under the provisions of Rule 

9.130(a)(3).

As described above, our caselaw following Langbert adopted an 

expansive view of Rule 9.130(a)(3) that we now find is in conflict with the 

Rule’s plain language. By using the word “limited” to describe the breadth 

of our jurisdiction, Rule 9.130(a)(3) must be read restrictively. But it is 

not the text alone that compels this conclusion. We also find that a

restrictive reading of Rule 9.130(a)(3) promotes judicial economy because 

“appellate review of nonfinal judgments serves to waste court resources 

and needlessly delays final judgment.” Bruns, 443 So. 2d at 961 (Fla. 

1984); see also Alves, 688 So. 2d at 462 (Farmer, J., concurring specially) 

(“One could argue that common law certiorari would make some sense as 

a form of review, because it is an extraordinary remedy and more speedy 

than other forms of review.”).

Finally, as noted earlier, our sister courts have determined that the 

proper avenue for pre-judgment contempt order review is through a writ 

of certiorari. E.g., Thompson v. Melange, 311 So. 3d 898, 902 (Fla. 1st 

DCA 2020); Menke v. Wendell, 188 So. 3d 869, 871 (Fla. 2d DCA 2015); 

Carmenates v. Hernandez, 127 So. 3d 631, 633 (Fla. 3d DCA 2013); 

Juravin v. DCS Real Est. Invs., LLC, 313 So. 3d 924, 924–25 (Fla. 5th DCA 

2021).2 A number of these courts’ opinions have explicitly noted that no 

language in Rule 9.130 authorizes pre-judgment review of contempt 

orders. See, e.g., Sears v. Sears, 617 So. 2d 807, 808 n.1 (Fla. 1st DCA 

1993); Stewart v. Mussoline, 487 So. 2d 96, 97 (Fla. 3d DCA 1986).

Here, the trial court found Appellant in contempt for failing to comply 

with a discovery order. That was all. There is no subsection of Rule 

9.130(a)(3) that allows appeals of nonfinal orders finding contempt alone.

We therefore sua sponte treat this “appeal” as a petition for writ of 

certiorari. See Fla. R. App. P. 9.040(c) (“If a party seeks an improper 

remedy, the cause shall be treated as if the proper remedy had been 

sought; provided that it shall not be the responsibility of the court to seek 

the proper remedy.”). We recede from our caselaw inconsistent with this 

holding.

2 The new Sixth District Court of Appeal has not had an opportunity to address 

this issue.
6

Conclusion

Appellant was found in contempt for not complying with a discovery 

violation. A finding of pre-judgment contempt, without more, is not one of 

the enumerated bases for a Rule 9.130(a)(3) nonfinal appeal. We therefore 

order that the Notice of Appeal filed with the clerk of the lower tribunal is 

treated as a Petition for Writ of Certiorari. Petitioner shall file a petition 

and appendix in compliance with Florida Rule of Appellate Procedure 

9.100 within twenty (20) days from the date of this opinion.

Appeal redesignated as a petition for writ of certiorari.

KLINGENSMITH, C.J., WARNER, GROSS, MAY, DAMOORGIAN, CIKLIN, GERBER,

LEVINE, CONNER, KUNTZ and ARTAU, JJ., concur.

* * *

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.