1

Filed 7/13/21

CERTIFIED FOR PARTIAL PUBLICATION*

IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE STATE OF CALIFORNIA

THIRD APPELLATE DISTRICT

(Sacramento)

----

THE PEOPLE,

Plaintiff and Respondent,

v.

ROBERT WILLIAM POTTER,

Defendant and Appellant.

C088889

(Super. Ct. No. 17FE023605)

APPEAL from a judgment of the Superior Court of Sacramento County, Ernest W. 

Sawtelle, Judge. Affirmed.

Laurel Thorpe and Jacquelyn Larson, under appointments by the Court of Appeal, 

for Defendant and Appellant.

Xavier Becerra, Attorney General, Michael P. Farrell, Assistant Attorney General, 

Eric L. Christoffersen and Dina Petrushenko, Deputy Attorneys General, for Plaintiff and 

Respondent.

* Pursuant to California Rules of Court, rules 8.1105 and 8.1110, this opinion is 

certified for publication with the exception of parts II, III, and IV of the discussion.
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Defendant Robert William Potter sexually abused his daughter, H., when she was 

five years old. He admitted the abuse during an interrogation at the police station. 

Convicted of one count of oral copulation with a child 10 years of age or younger, 

defendant was sentenced to serve an indeterminate term of 15 years to life in state 

prison.1

On appeal, defendant contends: (1) his confession should have been excluded 

because it was unlawfully obtained during custodial interrogation without Miranda2

warnings; (2) defendant’s trial counsel provided constitutionally deficient assistance by 

failing to object to H.’s testimony on competency grounds; (3) the trial court prejudicially 

abused its discretion and violated defendant’s federal constitutional rights by allowing the 

prosecution to amend the information during trial; and (4) the trial court’s determination 

that defendant possessed the ability to pay a $5,000 restitution fine, as well as court 

security and court operations assessments of $30 and $40, respectively, is not supported 

by substantial evidence and violates his federal constitutional rights.

We affirm. As we shall explain, despite being at the police station when 

questioned by police, the totality of the circumstances reveal defendant was not in 

custody during that interrogation, and therefore Miranda warnings were not required. 

Defendant’s trial counsel did not provide constitutionally deficient assistance by failing 

to object to H.’s testimony because a reasonable attorney could have concluded H. was 

competent to testify and further questioning regarding her competency would have so 

1

In addition to the count of conviction, defendant was charged with three counts of 

oral copulation with a child 10 years of age or younger, one count of sexual penetration 

with a child 10 years of age or younger, and one count of lewd or lascivious conduct with 

a child under the age of 14 years. The jury acquitted him of one of the oral copulation 

counts and was unable to reach a unanimous verdict with respect to the remaining counts. 

The trial court declared a mistrial as to the latter counts.

2 Miranda v. Arizona (1966) 384 U.S. 436 [16 L.Ed.2d 694].
3

established. The information was also properly amended. Finally, we conclude the trial 

court’s ability to pay determination is supported by substantial evidence. 

BACKGROUND

As previously stated, defendant sexually abused his daughter, H., when she was 

five years old. At trial, H. testified to the details of the abuse. The nature of the 

contentions raised in this appeal do not require recitation of those details here. Instead, 

we shall set forth the circumstances surrounding defendant’s confession to having 

sexually abused his daughter. 

Phone Call with Detective Wirtz

In March 2017, H. disclosed the sexual abuse to her mother and provided 

additional details regarding that abuse to a police officer who responded to H.’s 

grandmother’s house to take her statement. About a month later, she revealed further 

details during an interview at the special assault forensic evaluation (SAFE) center.

Thereafter, Detective Jenny Wirtz called defendant to ask him whether he would 

agree to come down to the police station for an interview. Defendant apparently missed 

that phone call and called Wirtz back. Their phone conversation took place on 

December 5, 2017.

After some preliminary questions, Detective Wirtz asked defendant whether he 

had been sexually assaulted in his past. Defendant acknowledged that was true. The 

detective asked him to tell her about it. Defendant revealed that his uncle had molested 

him when he was 12 or 13 years old. After some follow-up questions, Wirtz told 

defendant that she believed “some things have been goin’ on with some other family 

members” that “kinda stems from” defendant’s prior abuse. Defendant admitted 

engaging in inappropriate sexual contact with his brother and sister when he was still a 

child, and “one more on sister” when he was older, but claimed “[t]hat was a one-time 

thing.” The detective then directed the questioning towards defendant’s relationship with 

H. and informed defendant: “There’s been some allegations.” Defendant responded that 
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he had not spoken to H.’s mother since she “took ‘em away,” referring to H. and K., 

another child defendant had with H.’s mother, adding: “So I - I have no information on 

anything.”

We briefly pause our summary of the phone call to note that H.’s mother took H. 

and K. away from defendant in October 2015 for reasons unrelated to the sexual abuse. 

However, this was not the first time H. was taken away from defendant. H.’s mother did 

so when she was three years old after H. told her mother that defendant had played a 

“Popsicle game” with her and described defendant putting his penis in her mouth. H.’s 

mother immediately called child protective services, law enforcement became involved, 

and H. was interviewed at the SAFE center. Because H. was unable to answer any 

questions regarding the alleged abuse, criminal charges were not pursued. After about 

two years of keeping defendant’s children away from him, H.’s mother ran into him at a 

fast food restaurant. Defendant denied abusing his daughter, H.’s mother believed him, 

and defendant reentered their lives.

Returning to the phone call between Detective Wirtz and defendant, the detective 

asked him to confirm that H.’s mother had taken H. away from him once before, which 

he did, prompting the detective to ask, “what was that about?” Defendant responded, “it 

was supposedly the same thing.” Wirtz asked: “Which is what?” Defendant answered, 

“you called me about the sexual allegations.” He then explained that H. had previously 

told her mother that “some bad man” had done “somethin’ ” to her, and that H.’s mother 

assumed it was defendant because he was “[t]he only man she was around,” but 

defendant did not know any of the details. The detective responded: “And you didn’t 

ask?” Defendant answered: “I don’t care. I - all I cares about is seein’ my daughter. I 

don’t care about you tryin’ to accuse me of somethin’ if I know I didn’t do it, and I’m 

tellin’ you I didn’t do it.” Defendant then explained that what his uncle had done to him 

“messed up” his life, adding: “I’ll be damned if I wanna mess up . . . my own kids at 

that.”
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At this point in the conversation, Detective Wirtz told defendant: “I think that you 

probably -- because of what you went through -- you know, would want your daughter to 

get the help that she needs.” Defendant agreed. The detective then suggested defendant 

start with “telling the truth about what happened,” adding: “You’re essentially calling 

her a liar.” The conversation became more and more contentious from this point forward, 

with defendant repeatedly denying having abused his daughter and the detective insisting 

that H. was telling the truth.

Eventually, Detective Wirtz asked defendant if he would be willing to come down 

to the police station to take a polygraph examination. Defendant agreed, but said he did 

not know when he would be able to do so. After further arguing over when that 

examination would take place, defendant said he would call back the next day to set up a 

time.

Prepolygraph Interview with Detective VonSchoech

Two weeks after the phone conversation with Detective Wirtz, on December 19, 

defendant came down to the police station for the polygraph examination. He was placed 

in an interview room with Detective Konrad VonSchoech for a prepolygraph interview. 

The interview lasted about 30 minutes. At the start of the interview, VonSchoech 

informed defendant that the interview was completely voluntary, adding “you don’t have 

to talk to me if you don’t want.” Defendant responded: “I got you.” The detective 

advised defendant: “You can stop this anytime you want and walk out, there’s the door.” 

He then acknowledged that the door was closed, but explained that was “for privacy, but 

it’s unlocked.” Defendant stated: “Right I know what you mean.” The detective 

continued: “You can walk out anytime you want, right?”

Detective VonSchoech then explained how a polygraph examination is conducted 

and told defendant: “I’m working here for you today, okay? I’m on your side and I want 

you to pass. I’m not here to judge you.” VonSchoech then told defendant the purpose of 

the prepolygraph interview was to “come up with the right questions to ask you so that 
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you can pass.” The detective asked defendant why he was there. Defendant explained he 

was accused of molesting his daughter. After some background questions regarding H., 

VonSchoech asked what she accused defendant of doing. Defendant explained that a 

detective had told him that H. accused him of sexually assaulting or molesting her. After 

further background questions regarding where defendant grew up and various other 

family members, VonSchoech asked about defendant’s relationship with H.’s mother and 

the frequency with which he spent time with H. Defendant acknowledged he had H. 

“every weekend” for an unspecified amount of time when she was five years old.

Detective VonSchoech again asked defendant whether he knew what H. had 

accused him of doing to her. Defendant explained that a detective told him “a little bit 

about it” and also talked to him about his past. VonSchoech responded: “What - what 

about your past?” Defendant answered: “Um, yeah, I was molested.” In response to 

follow-up questioning, defendant provided details about that abuse and acknowledged 

abusing his brother and sister when he was still a child. The detective said “that kind of 

puts things into perspective a little bit” and added: “I think a lot of these, um, incidents, 

um, you know, people do not want to hurt the other person. Um, a lot of it is learned 

behavior. Um, a lot of it is familiarity. Um, it’s comforting to some degree.” 

VonSchoech told defendant “nothing you say is going to shock me” and again stated that 

he wanted defendant to pass the polygraph examination. 

The questioning then turned to the allegations of abuse. We provide much of it 

verbatim:

“[Detective]: You seem like a very nice guy and you seem like you want to do the 

right thing. Um, the only thing I - I don’t understand though is something happened 

between you and [H.] though. Because she is saying these things. So I - I want you to 

feel comfortable talking about it. Um, because when I - when we make up the questions, 

I want to make up the questions in such a way that you’re going to pass. Now, [H.] -

according to the report [H.] said that you put your penis in her mouth.
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“[Defendant]: That’s what the detective said.

“[Detective]: Yeah, um, I don’t think she’s lying.”

Defendant agreed that he did not think H. was lying and suggested it could have 

been someone else who did so. The detective responded: “Okay, well, I mean, she isn’t 

saying that these people - she’s saying that you did it. Um, and I - I - you don’t think 

she’s lying, I don’t think she’s lying. So there’s got to be a reasonable explanation.” The 

detective suggested there might have been “some regression maybe,” or something 

defendant had not “dealt with” stemming from his prior sexual abuse. VonSchoech again 

said he believed defendant was “a nice guy,” adding: “I’m sure you didn’t want to hurt 

your daughter. It’s, you know, never, right? You love her.” Defendant responded: “Of 

course.” The detective asked defendant whether he agreed that his daughter deserved “to 

know that this isn’t going to happen again.” Defendant answered: “Of course, my 

daughter’s my world.” VonSchoech told defendant: “I need you to tell me what 

happened and tell me why. Because that’s the most important part is why.” Defendant 

responded: “First of all, you’re very good with your words.” The detective said “it’s not 

that,” but rather that he could see that defendant had not “dealt with a lot of the stuff that 

happened” when he was a child, adding: “I can feel it.” Defendant agreed: “I have a lot 

of pain from my childhood.”

The following exchange then took place:

“[Detective]: Yeah, I can - I can - I can - I can sense it. And someone who hasn’t 

dealt with that and doesn’t know how to, um, doesn’t know what they went through and 

how to internalize it and then deal with it . . .

“[Defendant]: Mm-hm.

“[Detective]: . . . they’re going to act out. Whether they do it consciously or not. 

Okay. So again, I - I don’t think [H.’s] lying. I think she said what she said. And she 

was very clear with what she said. But the most important thing here is why it happened 

and she deserves this - to know that it’s not going to happen again. That’s, I mean, you -
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you owe it to her, okay. Um, I - I don’t know if your uncle ever stepped up and looked at 

you in the face and said, I’m sorry for what I did and it’s never going to happen again, 

well, I think [H.] deserves that.

“[Defendant]: I never got that.

“[Detective]: Okay, because she will have to live with this for the rest of her life, 

until she has some sort of closure. We can all learn from these experiences and we can 

all try to overcome them. It’ll take time, okay, but she’s little . . .

“[Defendant]: (Unintelligible).

“[Detective]: . . . and you’re her dad. And you - and that’s your job and your 

responsibility. Okay? When you look at that face, okay, you did some things to her that 

she deserves an explanation as to why they were done. And if it[’]s because it was done 

to you or because you weren’t thinking or whatever - whatever it was, I don’t deserve 

that explanation, she does. Okay. So I want you to tell me so I can try to understand.” 

(Original ellipses.) 

Defendant began his explanation with “it never really got fixed” and added: “I’ve 

never gotten an apology.” He then explained that he apologized to his brother and sister 

for what he did to them. The detective offered: “And it’s like [a] 100-pound weight 

taken off your back, right?” Defendant answered: “Yeah.” The exchange between 

defendant and the detective continued:

“[Detective]: So when the time comes I hope that you have a talk with [H.] as 

well.

“[Defendant]: Yeah, yeah.

“[Detective]: Okay? So, um, she said that, you know, she was three the first time 

you did something to her.

“[Defendant]: And that’s - I - I will sit on that chair. I didn’t touch her. I didn’t 

even have her when I . . .
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“[Detective]: When was the first time you did something to her? How old was 

she? No, I - I want to know so I can figure out how to - how to move forward with this.

“[Defendant]: Um, first time was - she was older. It was the second time I’d got 

her so she was already older, years after I stopped seeing her the first time.” (Original 

ellipses.)

The detective asked defendant “what happened,” to which defendant answered: 

“Um, honestly, I don’t know what the hell I was thinking . . . .” After some back-andforth regarding defendant wanting to kill himself, his love for his daughter, and his 

inability to understand why he abused her, the exchange continued with:

“[Detective]: I can tell you love her so much.

“[Defendant]: That is my pride.

“[Detective]: Right?

“[Defendant]: That’s my only daughter.

“[Detective]: I can - I can - I can feel that.

“[Defendant]: That is my pride and joy. . . .

“[Detective]: I can feel that. Okay? So we need to - we need to use this as a 

starting point.

“[Defendant]: I agree.

“[Detective]: For you to heal.

“[Defendant]: Oh, man.

“[Detective]: And for [H.] to love her dad unconditionally, okay? But before you 

get to that point, Robert, you’ve got to do the hardest thing and that is get it off your 

chest. There’s some heavy stuff in there.

“[Defendant]: Yeah.

“[Detective]: Okay. And I believe you when you say you don’t - you don’t know 

why it happened, okay.

“[Defendant]: I don’t.
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“[Detective]: But she gave us some details, okay. She said that one time - well 

actually she said it happened a few times, but that, um, that you would - you would just 

have her get on - on her knees and you would put your penis in her mouth. Does that 

sound like what happened? Yeah? ‘Cause this is - was that happening to you as well?

“[Defendant]: Yeah.”

The detective then asked defendant whether he knew what H. meant by saying that 

he “peed in her mouth.” Defendant answered: “The detective said that and my - my 

guess is ejaculated.” In response to further questioning regarding whether defendant 

ejaculated, defendant stated: “I may have accidentally but not on purpose . . . .” When 

the detective responded, “it just happened,” defendant agreed. He again said he did not 

know why he abused his daughter and added: “I’ve regretted my life ever since. Like I 

really have.” The detective responded: “No, I - I believe you.” 

Finally, after defendant denied engaging in a different sexual act with H., the 

details of which we need not recount, Detective VonSchoech told defendant he should 

“just tell the detective this,” adding: “I feel like you need to deal with it. Okay? I don’t 

think you’re a bad person. I think you’re someone who needs a lot of help.” Defendant 

agreed.

Subsequent Interviews with Detective Wirtz

After speaking with Detective VonSchoech, defendant was moved to a second 

interview room to speak with Detective Wirtz. At the conclusion of this interview, which 

lasted about one hour, the detective realized the video equipment in this interview room 

was not recording the interview. She then asked defendant if he would be willing to 

speak with her in a third interview room. Defendant agreed. We also note that at some 

point during the unrecorded interview, defendant agreed to give his cell phone to the 

detective for analysis. That analysis was apparently being done by someone behind the 

scenes while Wirtz spoke with defendant.
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Defendant does not dispute that Detective Wirtz advised him at the start of the 

unrecorded interview that the door to the room was unlocked and defendant was free to 

leave. During this interview, defendant admitted one incident of oral copulation at a 

certain address where he lived “for a good part of 2015” with H.’s mother, H., and K. 

Defendant also admitted “about five” other incidents of oral copulation at a different 

address after he and H.’s mother broke up. Defendant was given an opportunity to write 

H. a letter of apology and did so. The letter read: “First off let me apologize to you for 

the pain that I have caused you. I never wanted to hurt you. The day you were born was 

the best day of my life. . . . Your dad was in a dark place and some things happened to me 

when I was a child that never got fixed. No one took the time to check on me and ask 

how I was feeling and because no one . . . taking an interest in me I did the same. So I’m 

here to say that I am sorry from everything in my body. You are a smart, beautiful girl 

and you will be great one day. I hope over time you forgive me but either way just know 

that I will . . . live my life knowing I hurt my daughter. And I have to live with that 

regardless of you choosing to forgive me or not. I haven’t dealt with it in a good way but 

I’m ready to start healing. I’m ready to start healing. Love you always. Dad.”

As mentioned, it was after defendant wrote this letter of apology that Detective 

Wirtz realized the interview had not been recorded and asked defendant whether he 

would be willing to talk to her again in a different room while he waited for his cell 

phone to be returned. Defendant agreed to do so. In the third interview room, the 

detective began by stating: “Um, so again thank you for coming in voluntarily. You’re 

not under arrest. The door’s unlocked. You[’re] free to go, um, at any time.” Defendant 

then confirmed his prior admissions to having engaged in acts of oral copulation with his 

daughter on six occasions at two different addresses. He also read his letter of apology 

aloud. This interview lasted about 15 minutes.
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The total time defendant was interviewed by the detectives was “under two hours 

of questioning total.” Defendant was allowed to leave the police station after these 

interviews were completed. He was arrested three days later.

DISCUSSION

I

Admission of Defendant’s Confession

Defendant moved to exclude his statements made at the police station under 

Miranda. Relying primarily on People v. Saldana (2018) 19 Cal.App.5th 432 (Saldana) 

and People v. Torres (2018) 25 Cal.App.5th 162 (Torres), defendant argued he was 

interrogated by Detectives VonSchoech and Wirtz while “in custody” at the police 

station, and therefore, Miranda warnings were required. The prosecution opposed the 

motion, arguing the facts of Saldana and Torres “are quite different than [defendant’s] 

case.” The trial court denied the motion. After hearing argument from the parties, the 

trial court concluded the totality of the circumstances surrounding the interviews revealed 

defendant was not in custody within the meaning of Miranda. Defendant contends this 

was error. He is mistaken. 

“An interrogation is custodial, for purposes of requiring advisements under

Miranda, when ‘a person has been taken into custody or otherwise deprived of his [or 

her] freedom of action in any significant way.’ [Citation.] Custody consists of a formal 

arrest or a restraint on freedom of movement of the degree associated with a formal 

arrest. [Citations.] When there has been no formal arrest, the question is how a 

reasonable person in the defendant’s position would have understood his [or her] 

situation. [Citation.] All the circumstances of the interrogation are relevant to this 

inquiry, including the location, length and form of the interrogation, the degree to which 

the investigation was focused on the defendant, and whether any indicia of arrest were 

present. [Citation.]” (People v. Moore (2011) 51 Cal.4th 386, 394-395 (Moore).) 
13

A more comprehensive, although not exhaustive, list of relevant circumstances 

includes “whether contact with law enforcement was initiated by the police or the person 

interrogated, and if by the police, whether the person voluntarily agreed to an interview; 

whether the express purpose of the interview was to question the person as a witness or a 

suspect; where the interview took place; whether police informed the person that he or 

she was under arrest or in custody; whether they informed the person that he or she was 

free to terminate the interview and leave at any time and/or whether the person’s conduct 

indicated an awareness of such freedom; whether there were restrictions on the person’s 

freedom of movement during the interview; how long the interrogation lasted; how many 

police officers participated; whether they dominated and controlled the course of the 

interrogation; whether they manifested a belief that the person was culpable and they had 

evidence to prove it; whether the police were aggressive, confrontational, and/or 

accusatory; whether the police used interrogation techniques to pressure the suspect; and 

whether the person was arrested at the end of the interrogation.” (People v. Aguilera

(1996) 51 Cal.App.4th 1151, 1162.) 

“ ‘Whether a defendant was in custody for Miranda purposes is a mixed question 

of law and fact. [Citation.] When reviewing a trial court’s determination that a 

defendant did not undergo custodial interrogation, an appellate court must “apply a 

deferential substantial evidence standard” [citation] to the trial court’s factual findings 

regarding the circumstances surrounding the interrogation, and it must independently 

decide whether, given those circumstances, “a reasonable person in [the] defendant’s 

position would have felt free to end the questioning and leave” [citation].’ [Citation.]” 

(Moore, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 395.) 

The fact that an interrogation occurred at the police station does not, by itself, 

render the interrogation custodial; nor does the fact that the defendant was questioned as 

a suspect. (See, e.g., California v. Beheler (1983) 463 U.S. 1121 [77 L.Ed.2d 1275]; 
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Oregon v. Mathiason (1977) 429 U.S. 492 [50 L.Ed.2d 714]; Moore, supra, 51 Cal.4th 

386.) 

For example, in Moore, the defendant was questioned in connection with the 

murder of a young girl who lived next door to him, a murder that was committed during a 

burglary of the girl’s house while she was home alone. The defendant first agreed to 

answer questions in a patrol car outside his trailer and then agreed to go to the sheriff’s 

station to give a more formal statement. (Moore, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 391.) At the 

station, he was taken to an interview room and interviewed by an investigator, Hanson, 

who was later joined by a second investigator. He was not handcuffed or otherwise 

restrained. Although the interview room door locked when closed, the keys were either 

left in the door or the door was propped open during the interview. The defendant was 

also told at the start of the interview that he was not under arrest and was free to leave at 

any time. (Id. at p. 398.) At some point during the interview, Hanson began asking 

questions indicating the defendant was a suspect. He pointedly asked the defendant 

whether he committed the burglary, urged him to tell the truth, suggested he might have 

burglarized the house because he needed money to buy heroin, asked him about a knife 

he was seen wearing earlier in the afternoon, and further asked whether he killed the child 

victim with that knife because she surprised him during the burglary. (Id. at p. 399.) 

Eventually, the defendant asked to be taken home. (Id. at p. 400.) 

Our Supreme Court held the interrogation, at least up to the point the defendant 

asked to be taken home, was not custodial within the meaning of Miranda. (Moore, 

supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 403.) The following circumstances supported this conclusion: 

“Hanson expressly told defendant he was not under arrest and was free to leave. 

Defendant said he understood. Defendant was not handcuffed or otherwise restrained, 

and there was no evidence the interview room door was locked against his leaving. The 

interview was fairly long—one hour 45 minutes—but not, as a whole, particularly intense 

or confrontational.” (Id. at p. 402.) Acknowledging that the questioning eventually 
15

became “more accusatory,” the court explained: “Miranda warnings are not required 

‘simply because the questioning takes place in the station house, or because the

questioned person is one whom the police suspect.’ [Citation.] While the nature of the 

police questioning is relevant to the custody question, police expressions of suspicion, 

with no other evidence of a restraint on the person’s freedom of movement, are not 

necessarily sufficient to convert voluntary presence at an interview into custody. 

[Citation.] At least until defendant first asked to be taken home and his request was not 

granted, a reasonable person in defendant’s circumstances would have believed, despite 

indications of police skepticism, that he was not under arrest and was free to terminate 

the interview and leave if he chose to do so.” (Id. at pp. 402-403.) 

Moore controls the outcome here. As in that case, defendant went to the police 

station voluntarily. He did so to take a polygraph examination, apparently in the hope of 

passing the examination and thereby convincing law enforcement that he did not molest 

his daughter. For purposes of the Miranda analysis, we perceive no material difference 

between arriving at the station voluntarily to give a statement and doing so to take a 

polygraph examination. Taking a polygraph examination involves answering a series of 

background and potentially incriminating questions while connected to the polygraph 

machine. Moreover, unlike Moore, where the defendant was driven to the station in a 

patrol car after undergoing an initial interview at the scene, here, defendant came to the 

station on his own, two weeks after speaking with Detective Wirtz on the phone. While 

the phone conversation with Wirtz was more contentious than the in-car interview in 

Moore, and clearly indicated to defendant that he was suspected of having molested his 

daughter, defendant had two weeks to contemplate the decision to come to the police 

station to speak to police and undergo a polygraph examination. He voluntarily chose to 

do so. 

Also like Moore, once inside the interview room with Detective VonSchoech, 

defendant was expressly told “you don’t have to talk to me if you don’t want” and “[y]ou 
16

can stop this anytime you want and walk out, there’s the door.” While the door was 

closed, the detective told defendant that was “for privacy, but it’s unlocked.” Defendant 

said he understood. Defendant was not handcuffed or otherwise restrained. Moreover, 

this interview was only about 30 minutes long, much shorter than the interview in Moore. 

And as in that case, the interview with VonSchoech was not “particularly intense or 

confrontational.” (Moore, supra, 51 Cal.4th at p. 402.) Indeed, the trial court described 

this interview as more like a “therapy session” than a typical interrogation. We agree 

with this assessment. While VonSchoech’s professed understanding and sympathy were 

undoubtedly an interrogation tactic designed elicit a confession, and while the detective 

did indicate that he believed H.’s allegations and implored defendant to tell him the truth 

about molesting his daughter, “police expressions of suspicion, with no other evidence of 

a restraint on the person’s freedom of movement, are not necessarily sufficient to convert 

voluntary presence at an interview into custody.” (Ibid.) 

After defendant confessed to having engaged in a sexual act with his daughter on 

multiple occasions, Detective VonSchoech asked defendant whether he would talk to 

Detective Wirtz about it. Defendant agreed. What would have been one additional 

interview turned into two when the detective realized the video recording equipment was 

not operating, but Wirtz informed defendant that he was speaking to her voluntarily and 

was free to leave at the start of each interview. During the first of these interviews, 

defendant provided additional details about the incidents of abuse and wrote H. a letter of 

apology. During the second, he confirmed these details and read the apology letter aloud. 

There obviously is no record of Wirtz’s first interview with defendant. However, there is 

nothing confrontational about her second interview with defendant. Nor is there any 

reason to believe Wirtz’s first interview was contentious enough to convert an otherwise 

voluntary interview into a custodial interrogation. Defendant had already confessed. 

Wirtz was simply getting the details of when and where the abuse occurred. 
17

Finally, the total time defendant was interviewed by both detectives was “under 

two hours of questioning total,” similar to the duration of the interview in Moore. While 

the length of the questioning is a relevant consideration, defendant was informed three 

separate times that he was free to leave, once at the start of each of the three interviews, 

there were no physical restraints placed on defendant’s freedom during these interviews, 

and the tone and tenor of the questioning would not have caused a reasonable person in 

defendant’s position to have believed he was not free to terminate the interviews and 

leave the police station. Indeed, even after confessing to six acts of oral copulation with 

his daughter, defendant was not arrested at the end of the interviews and was instead 

allowed to leave the station. 

Nevertheless, defendant argues his interrogation was more “similar to the 

interrogations in [Saldana, supra, 19 Cal.App.5th 432], and [Torres, supra, 25 

Cal.App.5th 162], which were determined to be custodial interrogations.” We are not 

persuaded. 

The interrogation in Saldana began much like the interview in this case, with the 

defendant voluntarily agreeing to speak to a detective regarding allegations of sexual 

abuse, arriving at the station on his own for the purpose of doing so, and being advised at 

the start of the interview that he was not under arrest and was free to leave. (Saldana, 

supra, 19 Cal.App.5th at pp. 455-456.) The Court of Appeal explained the latter 

advisement “indicates the beginning of the interrogation was not custodial” and “a 

reasonable person would have felt free to walk right out the door.” (Id. at p. 457.) 

However, shortly thereafter, “the detective asked an unrelenting number of accusatory 

questions,” the defendant repeatedly denied the accusations, and the detective refused to

“take no for an answer.” (Ibid.) In the court’s view, this “persistent, confrontational, and 

accusatory” (id. at p. 459) manner of questioning transformed the voluntary interview 

into a custodial interrogation, explaining: “Where, as here, police indicate to the 

defendant their resolute belief he committed the crime, the custody inquiry becomes 
18

whether a reasonable person in the defendant’s situation—i.e., having been told by the 

police that they know he committed the crime—would think he was free to break off the 

interview and leave. As Professor Wayne LaFave has pointed out in his treatise,

Criminal Procedure, when a suspect has been told by the police that he is not under arrest 

and can leave at any time, but the contemporaneous conduct of the police nullifies that 

advice, the advice ‘will not carry the day.’ [Citation.] Courts have concluded that, under 

the circumstances of the particular case, advising the suspect that he was not under arrest 

and was free to leave was insufficient to support a conclusion that he was not in custody 

for purposes of Miranda. [Citations.]” (Id. at p. 458.) 

Citing People v. Aguilera, supra, 51 Cal.App.4th 1151, a case in which one of the 

interrogating officers told the defendant the interview would not end until “he told them 

the truth,” leading that court to conclude a reasonable person in the defendant’s position 

would have understood that to mean he could not leave until he confessed (id. at p. 1163), 

the Saldana court similarly concluded, “in light of the detective’s repeated rejection of 

[the defendant’s] denials, a reasonable person in [his] position eventually would have 

realized that telling the ‘truth’ meant admitting the detective’s information was correct—

and that until this ‘truth’ came out, the person could not leave.” (Saldana, supra, 19 

Cal.App.5th at p. 458.) 

Similarly, in Torres, supra, 25 Cal.App.5th 162, the defendant voluntarily agreed 

to be interviewed regarding an accusation of sexual abuse. The interview took place in 

an unmarked police car in front of where the defendant lived. Before the interview, he 

was advised that he was not under arrest and was free to leave. (Id. at p. 167.) As in 

Saldana, the Court of Appeal explained the defendant’s voluntary agreement to be 

interviewed and the officer’s advisement that he was free to leave weighed against a 

finding of custody. Also weighing against such a finding was the short duration of the 

interview, about 45 minutes, the “ ‘matter of fact’ conversational tone” used during the 

interview, and the fact that the defendant was not arrested until two weeks after the 
19

interview. (Torres, at pp. 173-174.) Nevertheless, the court concluded the defendant was 

in custody, explaining the following circumstances had preponderate weight: the 

defendant was interviewed as a suspect, the interview took place in “a location controlled 

by the detectives,” and “the detectives dominated and controlled the course of the 

interrogation and used interrogation techniques to pressure [the defendant], including 

telling [him] about false evidence, asking confrontational and accusatory leading 

questions, giving [him] choices and encouraging him to pick one of those choices, . . . 

minimizing the accusations against him,” and “express[ing] their belief that [he] was 

culpable and they had evidence to prove it.” (Id. at p. 176.) After providing a detailed 

description of these interrogation techniques, the court explained, “the detectives went 

further than the detective in Saldana, essentially telling [the defendant] they would not 

leave, and [he] could not return home, until [he] stopped lying and confessed to what the 

detectives could prove scientifically.” (Id. at p. 179.) 

By contrast, here, neither Detective VonSchoech nor Detective Wirtz used 

interrogation techniques remotely similar to those employed in Saldana and Torres. 

Defendant disagrees, describing their strategy as that of “good cop/bad cop” and noting 

that Wirtz was “aggressive, confrontational and accusatory” during her phone 

conversation with defendant. While we agree with the latter point, defendant does not 

argue that he was in custody during that phone call. Instead, he argues that phone call 

“set the stage” for the subsequent interviews at the police station. We do not doubt that is 

true. The phone call informed defendant quite clearly that he was a suspect and would be 

questioned about H.’s accusation that he sexually abused her. However, two weeks 

transpired before he came down to the station. We conclude he did so voluntarily and 

fully aware of the nature of the questioning he would likely face once he got there. Thus, 

while the nature of the phone conversation is relevant to the analysis as it forms part of 

the totality of circumstances surrounding the interrogations, in Saldana and Torres, it was 

aggressive and confrontational questioning during the interrogations, while those 
20

defendants were face-to-face with officers in an environment they controlled, that 

combined to transform otherwise voluntary interviews into custodial interrogations. That 

is not the case here. 

Because defendant was not in custody when he was interrogated at the police 

station, Miranda advisements were not required. The trial court did not err in denying 

defendant’s motion to exclude his statements under Miranda. 

II

Ineffective Assistance of Counsel

At the start of defense counsel’s cross-examination of H., counsel asked whether 

she knew “the difference between the truth and a lie.” H. answered: “No.” After a few 

questions about “play[ing] pretend,” counsel asked whether she knew “the difference 

between pretending you are a princess and real life.” H. again answered: “No.” 

Defendant argues these answers demonstrate H. was incompetent to testify and counsel 

should have objected to her testimony or requested voir dire on the subject of her 

competency. Counsel’s failure in this regard, according to defendant, amounted to 

constitutionally deficient assistance. We disagree. 

A criminal defendant has the right to the assistance of counsel under both the Sixth 

Amendment to the United States Constitution and article I, section 15, of the California 

Constitution. (People v. Ledesma (1987) 43 Cal.3d 171, 215.) This right “entitles the 

defendant not to some bare assistance but rather to effective assistance. [Citations.] 

Specifically, it entitles him to ‘the reasonably competent assistance of an attorney acting 

as his diligent conscientious advocate.’ [Citations.]” (Ibid.) The burden of proving a 

claim of ineffective assistance of counsel is squarely upon the defendant. (People v. 

Camden (1976) 16 Cal.3d 808, 816.) “ ‘In order to demonstrate ineffective assistance of 

counsel, a defendant must first show counsel’s performance was “deficient” because his 

“representation fell below an objective standard of reasonableness . . . under prevailing 

professional norms.” [Citations.] Second, he must also show prejudice flowing from 
21

counsel’s performance or lack thereof. [Citation.] Prejudice is shown when there is a 

“reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the 

proceeding would have been different. A reasonable probability is a probability 

sufficient to undermine confidence in the outcome.” ’ ” (In re Harris (1993) 5 Cal.4th 

813, 832-833; Strickland v. Washington (1984) 466 U.S. 668, 687 [80 L.Ed.2d 674, 

693].) 

With respect to the element of reasonable performance, our Supreme Court has 

explained: “Reviewing courts defer to counsel’s reasonable tactical decisions in 

examining a claim of ineffective assistance of counsel [citation], and there is a ‘strong 

presumption that counsel’s conduct falls within the wide range of reasonable professional 

assistance.’ [Citation.] Defendant’s burden is difficult to carry on direct appeal, as we 

have observed: ‘ “Reviewing courts will reverse convictions [on direct appeal] on the 

ground of inadequate counsel only if the record on appeal affirmatively discloses that 

counsel had no rational tactical purpose for [his or her] act or omission.” ’ [Citation.]” 

(People v. Lucas (1995) 12 Cal.4th 415, 436-437.) 

Defendant has not carried his burden of demonstrating unreasonable assistance. 

Notwithstanding H.’s answers to the two questions highlighted above, defendant’s trial 

counsel could have reasonably concluded she in fact understood the duty to testify 

truthfully, and any objection to her testimony on competency grounds would have 

resulted in voir dire on the subject, during which H. would have demonstrated she 

understood the duty to testify truthfully. 

Evidence Code section 700 generally provides that “every person, irrespective of 

age, is qualified to be a witness.” (See, e.g., People v. Lopez (2018) 5 Cal.5th 339, 351 

[two child witnesses, one six and a half and the other almost five years old, properly 

determined to be competent to testify]; People v. Giron-Chamul (2016) 245 Cal.App.4th 

932, 958-961 [five-year-old victim witness properly determined to be competent to 

testify].) H. was nine years old when she testified in this matter. However, also 
22

irrespective of age, a person is disqualified to be a witness if he or she is “[i]ncapable of 

understanding the duty of a witness to tell the truth.” (Evid. Code, § 701, subd. (a)(2).) 

Viewed in isolation, H.’s answers to the questions noted above suggest she did not 

understand this duty. But counsel’s decision to forego objecting to her testimony on this 

ground may well have been based on other indicators of her competency. 

First, H.’s direct examination does not remotely indicate she was incompetent to 

testify. And aside from the two answers defendant highlights from the start of the crossexamination, the testimony that followed also indicates she was a competent witness. 

Second, prior to H.’s testimony, the trial court determined that both her statement to the 

police officer who questioned her after she initially disclosed the abuse and her 

subsequent SAFE interview were admissible under Evidence Code section 1360.3 As 

part of that determination, the trial court pointed out that the officer spent “some time 

talking about the difference between truth and lies and what happens if you tell a lie . . . 

to determine whether or not the child was competent.” Based on H.’s answers, “both in 

the SAFE interview and with the officer,” the trial court found her “to be a competent 

witness” and added: “She seems to understand the difference between truths and lies.” 

H. was seven years old at the time of these prior statements. In light of the fact that the 

trial court had already concluded H. was competent when she provided these statements 

3 This section provides in relevant part: “In a criminal prosecution where the victim 

is a minor, a statement made by the victim when under the age of 12 describing any act of 

child abuse or neglect performed with or on the child by another, or describing any 

attempted act of child abuse or neglect with or on the child by another, is not made 

inadmissible by the hearsay rule if all of the following apply: [¶] (1) The statement is 

not otherwise admissible by statute or court rule. [¶] (2) The court finds, in a hearing 

conducted outside the presence of the jury, that the time, content, and circumstances of 

the statement provide sufficient indicia of reliability. [¶] (3) The child either: [¶] (A) 

Testifies at the proceedings. [¶] (B) Is unavailable as a witness, in which case the 

statement may be admitted only if there is evidence of the child abuse or neglect that 

corroborates the statement made by the child.” (Evid. Code, § 1360, subd. (a).) 
23

because she was able to demonstrate she understood the duty to tell the truth, defendant’s 

trial counsel may well have concluded she would have been able to do so again. From a 

tactical perspective, counsel could rationally have concluded defendant was better served 

by allowing H.’s answers suggesting she did not understand the difference between the 

truth and a lie to stand rather than object to her testimony or request voir dire on the 

subject of her competency, during which H. likely would have erased all doubt. 

Because the record does not affirmatively demonstrate defendant’s trial counsel 

lacked a rational tactical purpose for declining to object to H.’s testimony on competency 

grounds, we cannot reverse his conviction for ineffective assistance of counsel. 

III

Amendment of the Information

Defendant further asserts the trial court prejudicially abused its discretion and 

violated his federal constitutional rights by allowing the prosecution to amend the 

information during trial. Not so. 

A.

Additional Background

Detective Wirtz was the only witness at the preliminary examination. She testified 

to having witnessed H.’s SAFE interview, during which H. described several incidents of 

oral copulation at various locations, including defendant’s house, his mother’s house, and 

his sister’s house. Wirtz also testified to having interviewed defendant, during which he 

admitted several incidents of oral copulation at “[a] couple different locations around 

Sacramento,” as the detective put it, “just kind of wherever it presented itself.” At the 

conclusion of the preliminary examination, the trial court held defendant to answer on all 

charges and deemed the complaint to be the information. Defendant’s count of 

conviction, count two, charged defendant with violating Penal Code section 288.7, 
24

subdivision (b),4 by committing an act of oral copulation with a child 10 years of age or 

younger, “to wit, penis to mouth at sister’s house.” (Italics added.)

The evidence at trial did not support there having been an act of oral copulation at 

defendant’s sister’s house. H. testified that defendant put his penis in her mouth on more 

than 10 occasions. She described the details of three such occasions, one at defendant’s 

mother’s house, one at defendant’s house, and one at a house where one of her brothers, 

R., lived. When the prosecutor asked whether she had ever been to defendant’s sister’s 

house, H. answered: “I think I have.” She then testified that she thought the same 

conduct happened there on one occasion, but she did not remember the details. When 

asked why she thought it happened there, H. answered: “Because I have been to like 

another house, and he’s only did it once there. I think it was at his brother’s house.” H. 

then confirmed she was certain defendant put his penis in her mouth at his house, his 

mother’s house, and R.’s house, but was unsure about the fourth house where the abuse 

occurred. After H.’s testimony, her mother testified that neither of defendant’s sisters 

lived in the Sacramento area.

In addition to H.’s testimony, defendant’s statements to Detectives VonSchoech 

and Wirtz were admitted into evidence. As described in detail earlier in this opinion, 

defendant admitted six incidents of oral copulation at two different unspecified locations, 

one occurring before he and H.’s mother broke up and “about five” other incidents 

occurring after their breakup.

Based on this state of the evidence, the prosecution moved to amend count two to 

replace “at sister’s house” with “at his house.” Defense counsel objected, arguing the 

amendment was not supported by the evidence at the preliminary examination. The trial 

court allowed the amendment, explaining there was no requirement that the specific 

4 Undesignated statutory references are to the Penal Code.
25

location of the act of oral copulation be listed in the information at all, and also noting 

that the evidence at the preliminary examination included defendant’s confession to 

having committed about five acts of oral copulation with his daughter. 

B.

Analysis

As relevant here, section 1009 authorizes the trial court to “permit an amendment 

of an . . . information . . . for any defect or insufficiency, at any stage of the proceedings 

. . . unless the substantial rights of the defendant would be prejudiced thereby . . . .” 

However, an information may not be amended “so as to charge an offense not shown by 

the evidence taken at the preliminary examination.” (§ 1009.) This limitation preserves 

the defendant’s due process right to notice of the charges against him or her, to have a 

reasonable opportunity to prepare and present a defense, and to not be taken by surprise 

by the evidence at trial. (People v. Graff (2009) 170 Cal.App.4th 345, 360.) As our 

Supreme Court has explained, “notice of the particular circumstances of an alleged crime 

is provided by the evidence presented to the committing magistrate at the preliminary 

examination, not by a factually detailed information.” (People v. Jennings (1991) 53 

Cal.3d 334, 358.)

Defendant argues the amendment to count two runs afoul of this limitation

because it “added a new charge, not based on information brought forward in the 

preliminary hearing,” and “[n]othing in the preliminary hearing or the information 

suggested that [he] was being charged with (and had to defend himself against) two 

separate acts of oral copulation occurring at [his] house.” We are not persuaded. 

The evidence at the preliminary hearing supported five counts of oral copulation. 

H.’s SAFE interview placed four of these acts at three different locations. Based on that 

interview, defendant was charged with four counts of oral copulation and the prosecution 

attached the three locations to the various counts in the complaint/information. However, 

as the trial court correctly observed, the location of the offenses was not material to 
26

whether the offenses occurred. “When an offense involves the commission of, or an 

attempt to commit a private injury, and is described with sufficient certainty in other 

respects to identify the act, an erroneous allegation as to the person injured, or intended to 

be injured, or of the place where the offense was committed, or of the property involved 

in its commission, is not material.” (§ 956, italics added; People v. Pitts (1990) 223 

Cal.App.3d 606, 906 [absent unusual circumstances, “the place at which an offense is 

committed” is not material and “an immaterial variance will be disregarded”]; People v. 

Thompson (1934) 3 Cal.App.2d 359, 362-363.) As described above, the evidence at trial 

did not support commission of an act of oral copulation at one of the three locations listed 

in the information, i.e., defendant’s sister’s house. The information was accordingly 

amended to allege two acts of oral copulation at each of the two remaining locations. We 

conclude the evidence adduced at the preliminary examination was sufficient to provide 

defendant with notice that he committed one or more acts of oral copulation at his house. 

There was no error, constitutional or otherwise, in permitting the information to be so 

amended. 

IV

Ability to Pay Determination

Finally, we also reject defendant’s claim that the trial court’s ability to pay 

determination, specifically, that he possessed the ability to pay a $5,000 restitution fine, 

as well as court security and court operations assessments of $30 and $40, respectively, is 

not supported by substantial evidence and violated his constitutional rights. In making 

this claim, defendant relies on People v. Dueñas (2019) 30 Cal.App.5th 1157 for the 

premise that such a determination is constitutionally required. However, we are in 

agreement with the line of cases that conclude Dueñas was wrongly decided. (See

People v. Hicks (2019) 40 Cal.App.5th 320, review granted Nov. 26, 2019, S258946 

(Hicks); People v. Kingston (2019) 41 Cal.App.5th 272, 279-281; People v. Aviles (2019) 

39 Cal.App.5th 1055, 1067-1069; People v. Caceres (2019) 39 Cal.App.5th 917, 924-
27

929.) Stated simply, the strands of precedent relied upon by the Dueñas court in 

expanding due process protections to require an ability to pay determination before 

imposing a mandatory fine, fee, or assessment do not support, and indeed run contrary to, 

such an expansion. Imposition of the challenged financial obligations has not deprived 

defendant of access to the courts. Nor has defendant been incarcerated because of his

inability to pay. Rather, he was incarcerated because of his crime. 

Moreover, here, the trial court made an ability to pay determination, concluding 

defendant “could very well be in prison the remainder of his life, he is young. He’s only 

30. And he’ll have plenty of opportunity to work in prison . . . and he’ll be able to payoff 

. . . these fines.” We agree with this assessment. “Should they remain unpaid at the end 

of his [prison term], the trial court will have to decide whether it was due to his indigence 

or to a lack of bona fide effort. At this point in time, however, due process does not deny 

defendant the opportunity to try.” (Hicks, supra, 40 Cal.App.5th at p. 329, rev. granted.) 

Nor has defendant persuaded this court imposition of the fines and fees in this case 

violated his Eighth Amendment right against excessive fines, as that right was recently 

described by the United States Supreme Court in Timbs v. Indiana (2019) ___ U.S. ___

[203 L.Ed.2d 11]. That case is so manifestly inapposite we decline to discuss it at all. 

Instead, we simply note defendant has cited us to no authority, nor have we discovered 

any on our own, supporting the position that the fines and fees imposed in this case are 

excessive in relation to either the gravity of defendant’s offense or his economic 

situation. (Id. at p. ___ [203 L.Ed. 2d at p. 17].) 
28

DISPOSITION

The judgment is affirmed. 

 /s/

HOCH, J.

We concur:

 /s/

HULL, Acting P. J.

 /s/

KRAUSE, J.