Next Generation Live

Technologies: Image Qu

Liveness Detection D

William F. Long, PhD

Business Performance Rese

Associates, Inc.

April 2005
Disclaimer

This presentation is based on nproprietary data: text, graphics remarks. It reflects the views oNo vendor has been asked to ethese remarks, nor is the authoendorsing any vendor.
Fingerprint Standards

Enforcement, Homeland 

and Economics 

• Law Enforcement – The Begin• Authentication – The Other Bio• Homeland Security – The Imm• Economic Impacts – The Costs 

Benefits
Converging Federal, S

Commercial Need

• The First Electronic AFIS• National IAFIS Rollout• IDENT• IDENT/IAFIS Integration Efforts• USA Patriot Act• US VISIT• E-Authentication• Trusted Traveler
Relation of ANSI/NIST an

Standards

• EFTS a Provision of 1-2000: A

and rest of EFTS part of ANSI/incorporation

• ANSI/NIST developed jointly by 

NIST

– Fingerprint images transmitted to 

ANSI/NIST compliant

– Fingerprint scanner characteristi

by ANSI/NIST
Current Capture Techn

Frustrated Total Internal R

(FTIR)

Source: Sandström (2004)
Fingerprint Image Qual

Scope Issues

• Ridge Patterns• Minutiae• Area Covered• Level 3 Detail• 3-D• Subdermal characteristics
Next Generation Finge

Capture Technolog

• Multispectral Imaging (MSI)

– Lumidigm, Inc.– Production planned for 2005– www.lumidigm.com

• Touchless Optical Imaging (TOI)

– TBS North America, Inc.– Production planned for 2005– www.tbsinc.com

• Ultrasound Imaging (USI)

– Ultra-Scan Corporation– In production now– www.ultra-scan.com
Multispectral Techno

from Lumidigm

Source: Rowe (2005)
Touchless Optical Tech

from TBS

Source: TBS (2005)
Ultrasound Technol

from Ultra-Scan

Source: Ultra-Scan (2005) 
FTIR/MSI Flats Compa

Lumidigm (dry finge

Source: Rowe (2005)

FTIR

MSI
FTIR/TOI Flats Compa

TBS (minutiae deta

FTIR TOI

Source: TBS (2005) 
FTIR/USI Flats Compa

Ultra-Scan (dirty fing

Source: Ultra-Scan (2005)

Photo Ultrasound F
Ink/TOI Rolled Compa

TBS (rolled prints

Ink on Paper, 

desktop scan

TOI

Source: TBS (2005) 
Current Practice: Level

Quality Issues

• Ridge identification and pattern• Minutiae• Problems

– Wetness, dryness– Dirt– Abrasion– Distortion caused by pressure

• Metrics for capture quality

– Not preserved, sometimes not ca
Current Practice: Level 

Issues

• Latent print examination, not liv• Sweat Pores – Location, Size• Incipient ridges• Ridge shape• Valley depth• Intervening ridges
3-D Data

• Current livescan captures a 2-D 

impression of the 3-D fingerprin

• Each of the new technologies i

fundamentally 3-D

– MSI/Lumidigm: light scattering in

finger

– TOI/TBS: 5-camera stereoscopic 

photography

– USI/Ultra-Scan: sound waves pe

the finger below the surface
3-D Illustration from 

Source: TBS (2005) 
Subdermal Data

• Ridge detail in the (non-living) • Same ridge detail in the (living) 

under the epidermis

• Finger structure detail under th

capillaries, arterioles, venoles

• Liveness testing possible• Technologies applicable: USI, 
Subdermal Graphic f

Lumidigm

Source: Lumidigm (2005b) 
Liveness Testing D

• Several seconds required• Sweating pores• Filled vs. collapsed capillaries, 

blood, beating hearts

• Identification of characteristics 

materials

• Relevant for Forensic Work?
Liveness Testing Demon

from TBS (sweating p

Source: TBS (2005) 
Liveness Testing Illustrat

Lumidigm (prosthetic fi

Source: Rowe (2005a) 
Impact of NIJ Fast Capt

• ~15 active proposals• New fast capture methods• Supported by DoJ, DoD, DoS, 

explicitly broader than law enfo

• All technologies, current and ne

accepted

• Results of competition expecte

June
Adding Applications from 

DOS, DHS

• Warfighter needs in the field - D• Visas, passports, trusted trave• Border security, US VISIT - DH• One or two finger flats the curre• Unattended as well as attended • Liveness testing clearly relevan
Anticipating Update of Ap

for Certification of Live

Devices

• Three next generation technolo

highlighted here

• Other new technologies not ye• Single and two finger flat captu• Higher quality needs• Liveness testing needs• Fast capture needs
Certification Tools for Ult

Sensors from Ultra-S

Stainless Steel 3-D 

Test Target

Prosthetic 

Test Ta

Source: Schneider (2001), Ultra-Scan (2005) 
Recommendations 

• Explicit standards for one & two fing

impression livescan

• New fields for fingerprint image qua

– Require NFIQ– Allow additional quality measure

adequate documentation

• New fields for liveness testing

– Test conducted– Results
Recommendations 

• New fields for Level 3 detail for live• New fields for 3-D for livescan capt• As in the past, FBI & NIST work sh

coordinated, for data transfer and c

– May need to expand certification 

include DOD, DOS, DHS

– May need to conduct workshop c

this one on certification
References

• To be Supplied
Contact Informati

William F. Long, PhD

President

Business Performance Res

Associates, Inc.

(301) 897-4954

bpra@earthlink.net