Appendix C: NGP Publications 

Nearly all of the papers listed below are included on the CD that accompanies this volume. They are also 

available from the NGP web site: www.bfrl.nist.gov/866/NGP. 

NGP researchers have presented much of their work at the annual Halon Options Technical Working 

Conferences (HOTWCs). Copies of these papers can be obtained in two ways: 

• From NIST: Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 

1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 

984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

• From the HOTWC web site: www.bfrl.nist.gov/866/HOTWC. Click on “Proceedings,” then 

ON-LINE,” and then do a subject search on “NGP” (or any other subject, author, or year of 

interest). 

C.1 GENERAL 

Gann, R. G., FY2004 Annual Report – Next Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program (NGP), 

NIST Technical Note 1466, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2005). 

Gann, R. G., “Next Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program: FY2004 Progress,” 2005, in Gann, 

R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options 

Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards 

and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Gann, R. G., FY2003 Annual Report -- Next Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program (NGP), 

NIST Technical Note 1457, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2004). 

Gann, R.G., “Next Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program: FY2002 Progress,” 2003, in Gann, 

R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options 

Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards 

and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Gann, R. G., FY2002 Annual Report -- Next Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program (NGP), 

NIST Technical Note 1451, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD. (2003). 

Gann, R.G., FY2001 Annual Report -- Next Generation Fire Suppression FY2002 Annual Report -- Next 

Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program (NGP), NIST Technical Note 1445, National Institute 

of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2002). 

Gann, R.G., Next Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program: FY2000 Annual Report, NIST 

Technical Note 1437, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2001). 

Gann, R.G., Next Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program: FY1999 Annual Report, NISTIR 

6479, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2000). 

Gann, R.G., “Next Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program - Technical Highlights,” 1999, in 

Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon 

Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of 

Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 
1156 Appendix C 

Gann, R.G., “Next Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program (NGP),” Fire Technology 34, 363-

371 (1999). Also available as NISTIR 6163, National Institute of Standards and Technology,

Gaithersburg, MD, (1998). 

Finnerty, A.E., Peregino, P.J., Vande Kieft, L.J., Tucker, J.R., Weiland, D.E., Sheinson, R.S., Gann, R.G., 

Bennett, M.V., and Wheeler, J.A., “Fires Experienced and Halon 1310 Fire Suppression Systems in 

Current Weapon Systems,” Report SURVIAC TR-00-007, Air Force Research Laboratory – Survivability 

and Safety Branch, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, (2003). Restricted Distribution. 

Next Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program Strategy (Update), Office of the Deputy 

Undersecretary of Defense (Science and Technology), 2000, available on the NGP web site: 

www.bfrl.nist.gov/866/NGP. 

Next-Generation Fire Suppression Technology: Strategy for a National Program, Office of the Director, 

Defense Research and Engineering, 1996, available on the NGP web site: www.bfrl.nist.gov/866/NGP. 

C.2 NEW FLAME SUPPRESSION CHEMISTRY 

Linteris, G.T., Rumminger, M.D., and Babushok, V.I., “Catalytic Inhibition of Laminar Flames by Metal 

Compounds,” Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, in press, (2007). 

Mather, J.D., and Tapscott, R.E., Environmentally Acceptable Extinguishants, Final Report, NIST GCR 

06-901, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2007. 

Linteris, G.T., “NGP Research in Fire Suppression Chemistry,” 2006, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., 

Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working 

Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST Special Publication 984-4, National Institute of Standards and 

Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2006. 

Mather, J.D., and Tapscott, R.E., “NGP Search for New Chemicals – Environmentally Acceptable Fire 

Suppressants,” 2006, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 

1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST Special 

Publication 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2006. 

Mather, J.D., and Tapscott, R.E., “Environmentally Acceptable Flame Extinguishants,” 2005, in Gann, 

R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options 

Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST Special Publication 984-4, National 

Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2006. 

Linteris, G.T., Katta, V.R., and Takahashi, F., “Experimental and Numerical Evaluation of Metallic 

Compounds for Suppressing Cup-burner Flames,” Combustion and Flame 138, 78-96 (2004). 

Linteris, G., Limits to Effectiveness of Metal-containing Fire Suppressants, Final Report To the Strategic 

Environmental Research and Development Program, NISTIR 7177, National Institute of Standards and 

Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2004. 

Mather, J.D, and Tapscott, R.E., “Environmentally Acceptable Flame Extinguishants,” 2004, in Gann, 

R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options 

Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards 

and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Donnelly, M.K., Harris, R.H., Yang, J.C., CF3I Stability under Storage, NIST TN 1452, National Institute 

of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2004. 
NGP Publications 1157

Fleming, J.W., and Williams, B.A., Mechanisms of Ultra-high Efficiency Chemical Suppressants, Final 

Report to the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Naval Research Laboratory, 

Washington, DC, 2003. 

Williams, B.A., and Fleming, J.W., Influence of Bond Energies on Catalytic Flame Inhibition: 

Implications for the Search for New Fire Suppressants, NRL/MR/6180-03-8728, Naval Research 

Laboratory, Washington DC, 2003. 

Shreeve, J.M., Singh, R.P., Tapscott, R.E., and Mather, J.D., Fluoroalkyl Phosphorus Compounds, Final 

Report To the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Report 2003/1/34501, New 

Mexico Engineering Research Institute, Albuquerque, NM, 2003. 

Mather, J.D., and Tapscott, R.E., Shreeve, J.M., and Singh, R.P., “Fluoroalkyl Phosphorus Compounds,” 

2003, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 

Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute 

of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Mather, J.D., and Tapscott, R.E., “Tropodegradable and other Environmentally Acceptable Flame 

Extinguishants,” 2003, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 

1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, 

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Rumminger, M.D., Babushok, V.I., and Linteris, G.T., “Temperature Regions of Optimal Chemical 

Inhibition of Premixed Flames,” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 29, 329-336 (2002). 

Williams, B.A., and Fleming, J.W., CF3Br and Other Suppressants: Differences in Effects on Flame 

Structure,” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 29, 345-351 (2002). 

Linteris, G.T., Rumminger, M., Babushok, V., Chelliah, H., Lazzarini, T., and Wanigarathne, P., Effective 

Non-Toxic Metallic Fire Suppressants, Final Report To the Strategic Environmental Research and 

Development Program, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, 2002. Also 

available as NISTIR 6875, National Institute of Standards and Technology, (2002). 

Linteris, G.T., "Extinction of Cup-Burner Diffusion Flames by Catalytic and Inert Inhibitors," Second 

NRIFD Symposium - Science, Technology and Standards for Fire Suppression Systems, pp. 269-282, 

National Research Institute of Fire and Disaster, Tokyo, Japan, 2002. 

Rumminger, M.D., Babushok, V.I., and Linteris, G.T., "Temperature Regions of Optimal Chemical 

Inhibition of Premixed Flames," Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 29, 329-336, (2002). 

Linteris, G.T. and Rumminger, M.D., "Particle Formation in Laminar Flames Inhibited by Metals," 

Proceedings of the Western States Section Meeting, Paper 030, The Combustion Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 

2002. 

Linteris, G.T., Knyazev, V.D., and Babushok, V.I., “Inhibition of Premixed Flames by Manganese and 

Tin Compounds,” Combustion and Flame 129, 221, (2002). 

Rumminger, M.D., and Linteris, G.T., “The Role of Particles in the Inhibition of Counterflow Diffusion 

Flames by Iron Pentacarbonyl,” Combustion and Flame 128, 145 (2002). 

Geiss, K.T., Frazier, J.M., and Dodd, D.E., “Toxicity Screening of Halogenated Aliphatics Using a Novel 

In Vitro Volatile Chemical Exposure System,” 2002, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and 

Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), 

CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Mather, J.D., and Tapscott, R.E., “Tropodegradable Bromocarbon Extinguishants – Compound Selection 

and Testing Issues,” 2002, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers 
1158 Appendix C 

from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, 

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Mather, J.D., and Tapscott, R.E., “Thermodynamics of Metal Agent Fire Extinguishment,” 2002, in 

Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon 

Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of 

Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Tapscott, R.E., Shreeve, J.M., and Mather, J.D., “Fluoroalkyl Phosphorus Fire Extinguishing Agents,” 

2002, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 

Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute 

of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Huie, R.E., Orkin, V.L., Louis, F., Kozlov, S.N., and Kurylo, M.J., “Effect of Bromine Substitution on the 

Lifetimes and Ozone Depletion Potentials of Organic Compounds,” 2002, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., 

Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working 

Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 

Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Nogueira, M.F.M., and Fisher, E.M., “Effects of Dimethyl Methylphosphonate on Premixed Methane 

Flames,” Combustion and Flame 132, 352-363 (2002). 

Nogueira, M.F.M., Effects of Dimethyl Methylphosphonate on Premixed Methane Flames, Ph.D. Thesis, 

Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, (2001). 

Lifke, J., Martinez, A., Tapscott, R.E., and Mather, J.D., Tropodegradable Bromocarbon Extinguishants, 

Final Report To the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Report 99/8/33350, 

New Mexico Engineering Research Institute, Albuquerque NM, 2001. 

Tapscott, R.E., Sheinson, R.S., Babushok, V., Nyden, M.R., Gann, R.G., Alternative Fire Suppressant 

Chemicals: A Research Review with Recommendations, NIST Technical Note 1443, December, 2001. 

Williams, B.A., “Sensitivity of Calculated Extinction Strain Rate to Molecular Transport Formulation in 

Nonpremixed Counterflow Flames,” Combustion and Flame 124, 330-333 (2001). 

MacDonald, M.A., Gouldin, F.C., and Fisher, E.M., “Temperature Dependence of Phosphorus-based 

Flame Inhibition,” Combustion and Flame 125, 668-683 (2001). 

Linteris, G.T., Rumminger, M.D., Babushok, V.I., and Tsang, W., “Flame Inhibition by Ferrocene, and 

by Blends of Inert and Catalytic Agents,” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 28, 2965-2972 (2000). 

Jayaweera, T.M., Fisher, E.M., and Flaming, J.W., “Flame Suppression by Sprays of Aqueous Solutions 

Containing Phosphorus,” Proceedings of the 2nd Joint Meeting of the U.S. Sections of the Combustion 

Institute, Oakland, CA, 2001. 

Rumminger, M.D. and Linteris, G.T., “The Role of Particles in Counterflow Diffusion Flames Inhibited 

by Iron Pentacarbonyl,” Proceedings of the 2nd Joint Meeting of the United States Sections of the 

Combustion Institute, Oakland, CA, March 2001. 

Linteris, G.T., “Suppression of Cup-Burner Diffusion Flames by Super-Effective Chemical Inhibitors and 

Inert Compounds,” 2001, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers 

from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, 

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Linteris, G. T., Knyazev, V., and Babushok, V., “Premixed Flame Inhibition by Manganese and Tin 

Compounds," 2001, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 

1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, 

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 
NGP Publications 1159

Skaggs, R.R., McNesby, K.L., Daniel, R.G., Homan, B., and Miziolek, A.W., “Spectroscopic Studies of 

Low Pressure Opposed Flow Methane/Air Flames Inhibited By Fe(CO)5, CF3Br, or N2,” Combustion 

Science and Technology 162, 1, (2001). 

Williams, B.A. and Fleming, J.W., “Is CF3Br Representative Of Efficient Fire Suppressants?,” 

Proceedings of the 2nd Joint Meeting of the U.S. Sections of the Combustion Institute, Oakland CA, paper 

221, (2001). 

Mather, J. D. and Tapscott, R. E., “Tropodegradable Bromocarbon Extinguishants – II and Fluoroalkyl 

Phosphorus Compounds- Research Update,” 2001, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and 

Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), 

CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Linteris, G.T., Rumminger, M.D., and Babushok, V.I., “Premixed Carbon Monoxide-Nitrous OxideHydrogen Flames: Measured and Calculated Burning Velocities with and without Fe(CO)5,” Combustion 

and Flame 122, 58-75 (2000). 

Rumminger, M.D., and Linteris, G.T., “Inhibition of Premixed Carbon Monoxide-Hydrogen-OxygenNitrogen Flames by Iron Pentacarbonyl,” Combustion and Flame 120, 451-464 (2000). 

Rumminger, M.D. and Linteris, G.T., “The Role of Particles in the Inhibition of Premixed Flames by Iron 

Pentacarbonyl,” Combustion and Flame 123, 82-94 (2000). 

Linteris, G.T. and Rumminger, M.D., “Flame Inhibition by Ferrocene, Alone and with CO2 and CF3H,” 

2000, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 

Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute 

of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Babushok, V., and Tsang, W., “Inhibitor Rankings for Alkane Combustion,” Combustion and Flame 123, 

488-506 (2000). 

Williams, B.A. and Fleming, J.W., “On the Suitability of CF3Br as a Benchmark for Replacement Fire 

Suppressants,” 2001, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 

1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, 

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Brabson, G.D., Garcia, M.M., Heinonen, E.W., Juarez, G., Mather, J.D., and Tapscott, R.E., Main Group 

Compounds as Extinguishants, New Mexico Engineering Research Institute Report No. 98/8/33380, U.S. 

Department of Defense, Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, (2001). 

Pits, W.M., Yang, J.C., Bryant, R.A., Blevins, L.G., and Huber, M., Characteristics and Identification of 

Super-effective Thermal Fire-extinguishing Agents, Final Report to the Strategic Environmental Research 

and Development Program, NIST Technical Note 1440, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 

Gaithersburg, MD, 2001. 

Pitts, W.M.., Bryant, R.A., and Yang, J.C., “Thermal Agent Extinguishment of Two Types of Diffusion 

Flames,” Proceedings of the 2nd Joint Meeting of the United States Sections of The Combustion Institute, 

Oakland, CA, (2001). 

Pitts, W.M., Yang, J.C., and Bryant, R.A., “Fuel Effects on the Extinguishment of Laminar Diffusion 

Flames by Thermal Agents,” 2001, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., 

Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 

984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Pitts, W.M., and Blevins, L.G., “An Investigation of Extinguishment by Thermal Agents Using Detailed 

Chemical Kinetic Modeling of Opposed Jet Diffusion Flames,” Proceedings of the Fifteenth Meeting of 

the U.S.-Japan Panel on Fire Research and Safety, NISTIR 6588, pp. 242-249, National Institute of 

Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD (2000). 
1160 Appendix C 

Yang, J.C., Bryant, R.A., Huber, M.L., and Pitts, W.M., “Experimental Investigation of Extinguishment 

of Laminar Diffusion Flames by Thermal Agents,” 2000, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., 

and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences 

(HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, 

MD, (2006). 

Tapscott, R.E., and Mather, J.D., “Tropodegradable Fluorocarbon Replacements for Ozone Depleting and 

Global Warming Chemicals,” Journal of Fluorine Chemistry 101, 209-213 (2000). 

McNesby, K.L., “Flame and Temperature Measurement Using Vibrational Spectroscopy,” ARL-TR2378, Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen MD (2001). 

Skaggs, R.R., Daniel, R.G., Miziolek, A.W., McNesby, K.L., Babushok, V.I., Tsang, W., and Smooke, 

M.D., “Spectroscopic Studies of Inhibited Opposed Flow Propane/Air Flames,” ARL-TR-2388, Army 

Research Laboratory, Aberdeen MD (2001). 

McNesby, K.L., “Flame and Temperature Measurement Using Vibrational Spectroscopy,” in 

Encyclopedia of Spectroscopy and Spectrometry, Academic Press, London, pp. 548-559 (2000). 

Linteris, G.T., Rumminger, M.D., and Babushok, V.I., “Premixed Carbon monoxide-Nitrous OxideHydrogen Flames: Measured and Calculated Burning velocities with and without Fe(CO)5” Combustion 

and Flame 122, 58, (2000). 

Williams, B.A., L’esperance, D.M., and Fleming, J.W., “Intermediate Species profiles in Low-pressure 

Methane/oxygen Flames Inhibited by 2-Heptafluoropropane: Comparison of Experimental Data with 

Kinetic modeling,” Combustion and Flame 120, 160, (2000). 

Zegers, E.J.P., Williams, B.A., Fisher, E.M., Fleming, J.W., and Sheinson, R.S., “Suppression of 

Nonpremixed Flames by Fluorinated Ethanes and Propanes,” Combustion and Flame 121(3), 471-487 

(2000). 

Skaggs, R.R., Daniel, R.G., Miziolek, A.W., McNesby, K.L., Babushok, V.I., Tsang, W., and Smooke, 

M.D., “Spectroscopic Studies Of Inhibited Opposed Flow Propane/Air Flames,” 1999, in Gann, R.G., 

Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical 

Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and 

Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Skaggs, R.R., Daniel, R.G., Miziolek, A.W., McNesby, K.L., “Spectroscopic Studies Of Inhibited 

Opposed Flow Propane/Air Flames,” Proceedings of the 1st Joint Meeting of the United States Sections of 

the Combustion Institute, pp. 575-578, (1999). 

Rumminger, M.D., Reinelt, D., Babushok, V., and Linteris, G.T., “Numerical Study of the Inhibition of 

Premixed and Diffusion Flames by Iron Pentacarbonyl,” Combustion and Flame 116, 207-219 (1999). 

Rumminger, M.D., and Linteris, G.T., “The Role of Particles in Flame Inhibition by Iron Pentacarbonyl,”

1999, 2005, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 

Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute 

of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Rumminger, M.D., and Linteris, G.T., “Measurements of Particle Formation in Flames Inhibited by Iron 

Pentacarbonyl,” Proceedings of the 1st Joint Meeting of the United States Sections of the Combustion 

Institute, Washington, DC, (March, 1999). 

Linteris, G.T., and Rumminger, M.D., “Flame Inhibition by Ferrocene, Carbon Dioxide, and 

Trifluoromethane Blends: Synergistic and Antagonistic Effects,” Proceedings of the 1999 Fall Technical 

Meeting, Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute, (1999). 
NGP Publications 1161

Rumminger, M.D., and Linteris, G.T., “Numerical Modeling of Counterflow Diffusion Flames Inhibited 

by Iron Pentacarbonyl,” Proceedings of the Sixth International Symposium on Fire Safety Science,

Poitiers, France, pp. 289-300 (1999). 

Davis, M.P., Fleming, J.W., Williams, B.A., and Ladouceur, H.D., “Flow Field Considerations for 

Counter Flow Burners,” Proceedings of the Fall Technical Meeting of the Eastern States Section of the 

Combustion Institute, Raleigh NC, pp. 200-203, (1999). 

Fleming, J.W., “Chemical Fire Suppressants: How Can We Replace Halon?” Proceedings of the Fall 

Technical Meeting of the Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute, Raleigh NC, pp. 16-23 

(1999). 

Pitts, W.M. and Blevins, L.G., “An Investigation of Extinguishment by Thermal Agents Using Detailed 

Chemical Modeling of Opposed-Flow Diffusion Flames,” 1999, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, 

K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences 

(HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, 

MD, (2006). 

Pitts, W.M., Yang, J.C., Huber, M.L., and Blevins, L.G., Characterization and Identification of SuperEffective Thermal Fire Extinguishing Agents - First Annual Report, NISTIR 6414, National Institute of 

Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (1999). 

Tapscott, R.E., and Mather, J.D., “Tropodegradable Fluorocarbon Replacements for Ozone Depleting and 

Global Warming Chemicals,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Fluorine Chemistry '99,

Tokyo, (1999). 

Tapscott, R.E., and Mather, J.D., “Research on Main Group Element Compounds and Tropodegradable 

Halocarbons as Halon Substitutes,” Proceedings, Fire Suppression and Detection Research Application 

Symposium, Orlando, Fire Protection Research Foundation, Quincy, MA, (1999). 

MacDonald, M.A., Jayaweera, T.M., Fisher, E.M., and Gouldin, F.C., “Inhibition of Non-Premixed 

Flames by Phosphorus-containing Compounds,” Combustion and Flame 116, 166-176 (1999). 

MacDonald, M.A., Jayaweera, T.M., Fisher, E.M., and Gouldin, F.C., “Variation of Chemically Active 

and Inert Flame-Suppression Effectiveness with Stoichiometric Mixture Fraction,” Proceedings of the 

Combustion Institute 27, 2749-2756 (1998). 

Babushok, V.I. and Tsang, W., “Influence of Phosphorus-containing Additives on Methane Flames,”

Proceedings of the 1st Joint Meeting of the United States Sections of the Combustion Institute,

Washington, DC, pp. 587-590, (1999). 

Mather, J.D. and Tapscott, R.E., “Tropodegradable Halocarbons and Main Group Element Compounds,”

1999, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 

Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute 

of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Fisher, E.M., Gillette, J.W., Gouldin, F.C., Jayaweera, T.M., and MacDonald, M.A., Chemical Flame 

Inhibition by Phosphorus-containing Compounds, Final Report To the Strategic Environmental Research 

and Development Program, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, 1999. 

L’esperance, D., Williams, B.A., and Fleming, J.W, “Intermediate Species Profiles in Low Pressure 

Premixed Flames Inhibited by Fluoromethanes,” Combustion and Flame 117, 709, (1999). 

Fisher, E.M., Gouldin, F.C., Jayaweera, T.M., and MacDonald, M.A., Flame Inhibition by Phosphoruscontaining Compounds, Final Report To the Strategic Environmental Research and Development 

Program, Cornell University, Ithaca NY, 1998. 
1162 Appendix C 

Babushok, V.I., Tsang, W., Linteris, G.T., and Reinelt, D., “Chemical Limits to Flame Inhibition,”

Combustion and Flame 115, 551-560 (1998). 

Rumminger, M.D., Reinelt, D., Babushok, V., and Linteris, G.T., “Inhibition of Flames by Iron 

Pentacarbonyl,” 1998, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 

1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, 

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Noto, T., Babushok, V.I., Hamins, A., and Tsang, W., “Inhibition Effectiveness of Halogenated 

Compounds,” Combustion and Flame 112, 147-160 (1998). 

Skaggs, R.R., Daniel, R.G., Miziolek, A.W., McNesby, K.L., “Spectroscopic Studies of Inhibited 

Opposed Flow Propane/Air Flames,” Proceedings of the 1998 JANNAF Combustion Meeting, (1998). 

Daniel, R.G., Skaggs, R.R., Homan, B.E., Miziolek, A.W., and McNesby, K.L., “Laser Induced 

Fluorescence in Inhibited Counterflow Diffusion Flames,” Laser Applications to Chemical and 

Environmental Analysis, (1998). 

Skaggs, R.R., McNesby, K.L., Daniel, R.G., Homan, B., Lancaster, E., and Miziolek, A.W., 

“Mechanisms of Fire Suppression by Superagents,” Paper No. 1053, The Pittsburgh Conference, (1998). 

Linteris, G.T., Burgess, D.R., Babushok, V., Zachariah, M., Tsang, W., and Westmoreland, P., “Inhibition 

of premixed Methane-air Flames by Fluoroethanes and Fluoropropanes,” Combustion and Flame 113, 

164, (1998). 

Tapscott, R.E., Heinonen, E.W., and Mather, J.D., Identification and Proof Testing of New Total 

Flooding Agents: Toxicity and Global Environmental Assessment, Final Report To the Strategic 

Environmental Research and Development Program, New Mexico Engineering Research Institute Report 

97/29/33010, (1998). 

Tapscott, R.E., Mather, J.D., Heinonen, E.W., Lifke, J.L., and Moore, T.A., Identification and Proof 

Testing of New Total Flooding Agents: Combustion Suppression Chemistry and Cup-burner Testing, 

Final Report To the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, New Mexico 

Engineering Research Institute Report 97/6/33010, (1998). 

Skaggs, R.R., Daniel, R.G., Miziolek, A.W., and McNesby, K.L., “Spectroscopic Studies Of Inhibited 

Opposed Flow Propane/Air Flames,” Proceedings of the 1998 JANNAF Combustion Meeting, (1998). 

Fisher, E.M., Williams, B.A., and Fleming, J.W., “Determination of the Strain in Counterflow Diffusion 

Flames From Flow Conditions,” Proceedings of the Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute,

pp. 191-194, (1997). 

MacDonald, M.A., Jayaweera, T.M., Fisher, E.M., and Gouldin, F.C., “Inhibition of Non-Premixed 

Flames by Dimethyl Methylphosphonate,” Proceedings of the Central States Section of the Combustion 

Institute, (1997). 

Jayaweera, T.M., MacDonald, M.A., Fisher, E.M., and Gouldin, F.C., “A Novel Method for Evaluating 

the Effectiveness of Low Volatility Flame Inhibitors with an Opposed-Jet Burner,” Proceedings of the

Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute, (1997). 

MacDonald, M.A., Jayaweera, T.M., Fisher, E.M., and Gouldin, F.C., “Inhibited Counterflow NonPremixed Flames with Variable Stoichiometric Mixture Fractions,” Proceedings of the Eastern States 

Section of the Combustion Institute, (1997). 

Daniel, R.G., McNesby, K.L., Skaggs, R.R., Sagear, P., and Miziolek, A.W., “Spectroscopy of Inhibited 

Counterflow Diffusion Flames,” Proceedings of the 1997 JANNAF Combustion Meeting, (1997). 
NGP Publications 1163

C.3 SUPPRESSANT SCREENING TESTS 

Li, Y., Patten, G., Youn, D., and Wuebbles, D.J., “Potential Impacts of CF3I on Ozone as a Replacement 

for CF3Br in Aircraft Applications,” Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 6, 4559-4568, (2006). 

Wuebbles, D.J., and Li, Y., “Potential Impacts of CF3I on Ozone as a Replacement for CF3Br in Aircraft 

Applications,” 2005, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 

1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, 

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Kozlov, S.N., Orkin, V.I., Huie, R.E., and Kurylo, M.J., “OH Reactivity and UV Spectra of Propane, nPropyl Bromide, and isopropyl Bromide,” Journal of Physical Chemistry A 107, 1333-1338, (2003). 

Orkin, V.I., Louis, F., Huie, R.E., and Kurylo, M.J., “Photochemistry of Bromine-Containing Fluorinated 

Alkenes: Reactivity toward OH and UV Spectra,” Journal of Physical Chemistry A 106, 10195-10199, 

(2002). 

Huie, R.E., Orkin, V.L., Louis, F., Kozlov, S.N., and Kurylo, M.J., “Effect of Bromine Substitution on the 

Lifetimes and Ozone Depletion Potentials of Organic Compounds,” 2002, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., 

Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working 

Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 

Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Vinegar, A., “PBPK Modeling of Canine Inhalation Exposures to Halogenated Hydrocarbons,” 

Toxicological Sciences 60, 20-27 (2001). 

Vinegar, A., “Modeling Cardiac Sensitization Potential of Humans Exposed to Halon 1301 or Halon 1211 

aboard Aircraft,” Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine 72, 928-936 (2001). 

Yang, J.C., Donnelly, M.K., Prive, N.C., and Grosshandler, W.L., “An Apparatus for Screening Fire 

Suppression Efficiency of Dispersed Liquid Agents,” Fire Safety Journal 36, 55-72 (2001). 

Grosshandler, W., Hamins, A., Yang, J., McGrattan, K., and Presser, C., “Transient Application, 

Recirculating Pool Fire, Agent Effectiveness Screen: Final Report,” 2001, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., 

Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working 

Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 

Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Jomaas, G., Roberts, B.T., DuBois, J., and Torero, J.L., A Study of the Mechanisms Leading to Reignition in a 'Worst Case' Fire Scenario, Final Report, Cooperative Agreement No. 70NANB8H0043, 

Department of Fire Protection Engineering, University of Maryland College Park, MD20742-3031 

(2000); also NIST GCR 01-806, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 

(2001). 

Grosshandler, W., Hamins, A., McGrattan, K., and Presser, C., Transient Application, Recirculating Pool 

Fire, Agent Effectiveness Screen: Final Report to the Strategic Environmental Research and Development 

Program, NISTIR 6733, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2001). 

Grosshandler, W.L., Hamins, A., McGrattan, K.B., Charagundla, R., and Presser, C., “Suppression of a 

Non-Premixed Flame Behind a Step,” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 28, 2957-2964 (2001). 

Louis, F., Gonzalez, C., Huie, R. E., and Kurylo, M. J., “An ab Initio Study of the Kinetics of the 

Reactions of Halomethanes with the Hydroxyl Radical. Part 3. Reactivity Trends and Kinetics Parameter 

Predictions for the Potential Halon Replacements CH2FBr, CHFBr2, CHFClBr, CHCl2Br, and CHClBr2,” 

Journal of Physical Chemistry A 105, 1599-1604 (2001). 
1164 Appendix C 

Yang, J.C., Donnelly, M.K., Privé, N., and Grosshandler, W.L., Dispersed Liquid Agent Fire Suppression 

Screen, Final Report To the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, National 

Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD, 2000. 

Louis, F., Gonzalez, C., Huie, R. E., and Kurylo, M. J., “An ab Initio Study of the Kinetics of the 

Reactions of Halomethanes with the Hydroxyl Radical. Part 2: A Comparison between Theoretical and 

Experimental Values of the Kinetic Parameters for 12 Partially Halogenated Substituted Methanes,” 

Journal of Physical Chemistry A 104, 8773-8778 (2000). 

Louis, F., Gonzalez, C., Huie, R. E., and Kurylo, M. J., “An ab initio Study of the Reaction of 

Halomethanes with the Hydroxyl Radical. Part 1: CH2Br2, Journal of Physical Chemistry A 104, 2931-

2938 (2000). 

Huie, R.E., Louis, F., Gonzalez, C.A., and Kurylo, M.J., “An Ab initio-Based Screening Tool for the 

Atmospheric Lifetimes of Halon Replacements,” 2000, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and 

Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), 

CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Grosshandler, W.L., Hamins, A., Charagundla, R., and Presser, C., “Suppression Effectiveness Screening 

for Impulsively Discharged Agents,” 2000, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, 

P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, 

NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Vinegar, A., Jepson, G.W., Cisneros, M., Rubenstein, R., and Brock, W.J., “Setting Safe Acute Exposure 

Limits for Halon Replacement Chemicals Using Physiologically Based Pharmacokinetic Modeling,” 

Inhalation Toxicology 12, 751-763 (2000). 

Vinegar, A., and Jepson, G., “Toxicological Assessment of Human Health Consequences Associated with 

Inhalation of Halon Replacement Chemicals; Section I: Physiologically-based Modeling of Halon 

Replacements for Human Safety Evaluations, Final Report to the Strategic Environmental Research and 

Development Program, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, OH, (2000). 

Dodd, D.E., Jepson, G.W., and Macko, Jr., J.A., “Toxicological Assessment of Human Health 

Consequences Associated with Inhalation of Halon Replacement Chemicals; Section II: Human Health 

Safety Evaluation of Halon Replacement Candidates, Final Report to the Strategic Environmental 

Research and Development Program, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright Patterson Air Force Base, 

OH, (2000). 

Yang, J.C., Donnelly, M.K., Prive, N.C., and Grosshandler, W.L., Dispersed Liquid Agent Fire 

Suppression Screen Apparatus, NISTIR 6319, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 

Gaithersburg, MD, (1999). 

Orkin, V.L., Villenave, E., Huie, R.E., and Kurylo, M.J., ‘Atmospheric Lifetimes and Global Warming 

Potentials of Hydrofluoroethers: Reactivity Toward OH, UV Spectra, and IR Absorption Cross Sections,’

Journal of Physical Chemistry A 103, 9770-9779 (1999). 

Yang, J.C., Donnelly, M.K., Prive, N.C., and Grosshandler, W.L., “Fire Suppression Efficiency Screening 

Using a Counterflow Cylindrical Burner,” Proceedings of the 5th ASME/JSME Joint Thermal Engineering 

Conference, San Diego, CA, (1999). 

Nyden, M.R. and Skaggs, S.R, Screening Methods for Agent Compatibility with People, Materials and 

the Environment, NISTIR 6323, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg MD 

(1999). 

Yang, J.C., Donnelly, M.K., Prive, N.C., and Grosshandler, W.L., “On the Design of an Apparatus for 

Screening Liquid Fire Suppressants,” Proceedings of the 8th International Fire Science and Engineering 

Conference, Edinburgh, Scotland, (1999). 
NGP Publications 1165

Grosshandler, W.L., Charagundla, R., and Presser, C., “Suppressant Performance Evaluation in a BaffleStabilized Pool Fire,” 1999, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers 

from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, 

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Yang, J.C., Prive, N.C., Donnelly, M.K., and Grosshandler, W.L., “Recent Results from the Dispersed 

Liquid Agent Fire Suppression Screen,” 1999, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, 

P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, 

NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Yang, J.C., Donnelly, M.K., Prive, N.C., and Grosshandler, W.L., “An Apparatus for Evaluating Liquid 

Fire Suppressants,” 1998, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers 

from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, 

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Reed, M.D., Fleming, J.W., Williams, B.A., and Sheinson, R.S., “Laboratory Evaluation of Bicarbonate 

Powders as Fire Suppressants,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Ozone Protection 

Technologies, (1997). 

Reed, M.D., Williams, B.A., Sheinson, R.S. and Fleming, J.W., “Behavior of Bicarbonate Powders in 

Counterflow Diffusion Flames,” Proceedings of the Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute,

(1997). 

Grosshandler, W.L., Yang, J.C., and Cleary, T.G., “Screening Methods for New Fire Suppression 

Technologies,” Proceedings of the 1996 International Conference on Ozone Protection Technologies,

643-650, (1996). 

C.4 NEW AND IMPROVED AEROSOL SUPPRESSANTS 

Chelliah, H.K., “Flame Inhibition/suppression by Water Mist: droplet Size/surface Area. Flame Structure, 

and Flow Residence Time Effects,” Proceedings of the Combustion Institute 31, 2711-2719, (2007). 

Fleming, J.W., and Sheinson, R.S., “A Next Generation Fire Suppression Technology Program Summary 

on the Properties of Aerosols,” 2006, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., 

eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, 

NIST Special Publication 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 

2006. 

Sheinson, R.S., and Fleming, J.W., Aerosols, Final Report To the Strategic Environmental Research and 

Development Program, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, 2003. 

Chelliah, H.K., Lazzarini, A.K., Wanigarathne, P.C., and Linteris, G.T., “Inhibition of Premixed and 

Non-premixed Flames with Fine Droplets of Water and Solutions,” Proceedings of the Combustion 

Institute 29, 369-376, (2002). 

Fleming, J.W., Williams, B.A., and Sheinson, R.S., “Suppression Effectiveness of Aerosols: The Effect of 

Size and Flame Type,” 2002, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., 

Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 

984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Chelliah, H.K., Lazzarini, A.K., Wanigarathne, P.C., and Linteris, G.T., “Comparison of the Fire 

Suppression Effectiveness of Sodium Bicarbonate Particles and Fine-water Droplets in Non-premixed and 

Premixed Flames,” 2001, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers 

from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, 

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 
1166 Appendix C 

Lazzarini, A.M., Krauss, R.H., Chelliah, H.K., and Linteris, G.T., “Extinction Conditions of Nonpremixed Flames with Fine Droplets of Water and Water-NaOH Solutions,” Proceedings of the 

Combustion Institute 28, 2939-2945 (2001). 

Linteris, G.T., and Chelliah, H.K., Powder-Matrix Systems for Safer Handling and Storage of 

Suppression Agents (4A/1 Final Report), NISTIR 6766, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 

Gaithersburg, MD (2001). 

Zegers, E.J.P., Fuss, P., Fleming, J.W., Williams, B.A., Maranghides, A., and Sheinson, R.S., “Better Use 

of Water for Fire Suppression,” 2001 NRL Review, pp. 102-104 (2001). 

Sivathanu, Y., Oke, H.P., Fu, C., Wang, T., Sojka, P.E., Droplet Interaction with Hot Surfaces, Final 

Report to the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, En'Urga, Inc, West Lafayette 

IN, (2000). 

Yang, J.C., Technical Support for the Study of Droplet Interactions with Hot Surfaces, Final Report to the 

Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, National Institute of Standards and 

Technology, Gaithersburg MD, (2000). 

Lyon, R., Development of a Self-Atomizing Form of Water, Final Report to the Strategic Environmental 

Research and Development Program, EER, Inc., NJ, (1998). 

Fuss, S.P., Dye, D.J., Williams, B.A., and Fleming, J.W., “Inhibition of Premixed Methane-Air Flames by 

Submicron Water Mists,” 2000, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., 

Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 

984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Zegers, E.J.P., Williams, B.A., Sheinson, R.S., and Fleming, J.W., “Water Mist Suppression of 

Methane/Air and Propane/Air Counterflow Flames,” 2000, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., 

and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences 

(HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, 

MD, (2006). 

Zegers, E.J.P., Williams, B.A., Sheinson, R.S., and Fleming, J.W., “Dynamics and Suppression 

Effectiveness of Monodisperse Water Droplets in Non-Premixed Counterflow Flames,” Proceedings of 

the Combustion Institute 28, 2931-2938 (2000). 

Lazzarini, A. K., Krauss, R. H., Chelliah, H. K., and Linteris, G. T., “Extinction of Counterflow Diffusion 

Flames with Fine-Water Droplets,” 2000, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., 

eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, 

NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Wanigarathne, P.A., Krauss, R. H., Chelliah, H. K., and Davis, R.J., “Fire Suppression by Particulates 

Containing Metallic Compounds,” 2000, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., 

eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, 

NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Fuss, S.P., Dye, D.J., Williams, B.A., and Fleming, J.W., “Inhibition of Premixed Methane-Air Flames by 

Water Mist,” Proceedings of the Fall Technical Meeting of the Eastern States Section of the Combustion 

Institute, Raleigh NC, pp. 105-108, (1999). 

Zegers, E.J.P., Williams, B.A., Sheinson, R.S., and Fleming, J.W., “Water Mist Suppression of NonPremixed Counterflow Flames,” Proceedings of the Fall Technical Meeting of the Eastern States Section 

of the Combustion Institute, Raleigh NC, pp. 109-112, (1999). 

Fu, C., Sojka, P.E., and Sivathanu, Y.R., “Water Mist Impingement onto a Heated Surface,” Paper No: 

AJTE99-6367. Proceedings of the 5th Joint ASME/JSME Joint Thermal Engineering Conference, (1999). 
NGP Publications 1167

Fu, C., Sojka, P.E., and Sivathanu, Y.R., “On the Interaction between Evaporating Sprays and Heated 

Surfaces,” Proceedings of the 12th Annual Conference on Liquid Atomization and Spray Systems,

Indianapolis, pp. 271-276 (1999). 

Oke, H.P., An Experimental Study of Flame Spread Over PMMA Subject to a Water Mist, M.S. Thesis, 

School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, (November, 1999). 

Williams, B.A. and Fleming, J.W., “Suppression Mechanisms of Alkali Metal Compounds,” 1999, in 

Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon 

Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of 

Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Tan, N.C.B., DeSchepper, D.C., and Balogh, L., Dendritic Polymers as Fire Suppressants, ARL-TR2071, Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD, (1999). 

Rumminger, M.D., and Linteris, G.T., “Particle Measurements in Fe(CO)5-Inhibited Flames,” NIST 

Annual Conference on Fire Research, Rockville MD, (1998). 

Lentati, A.M. and Chelliah, H.K., “Dynamics of Water Droplets in a Counterflow Field and Their Effect 

on Flame Extinction,” Combustion and Flame 115, 158-179 (1998). 

Lyon, R.K., Development of a Self Atomizing Form of Water, Final Report to the Strategic Environmental 

Research and Development Program, (1998). 

Berman, C.H., Andersen, Jr., O.P., and Hoenig, S.A., Electrically Charged Water Mists for Extinguishing 

Fires, Final Report to the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, (1998). 

Fleming, J.W., Reed, M.D., Zegers, E.J.P., Williams, B.A., and Sheinson, R.S., “Extinction Studies of 

Propane/Air Counterflow Diffusion Flames: The Effectiveness of Aerosols,” 1998, in Gann, R.G., 

Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical 

Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and 

Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Sivathanu, Y., Oke, H.P., Fu, C., and Sojka, P.E., Droplet Interaction with Hot Surfaces, Annual Report 

to the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, (1998). 

Yang, J.C., Chien, W., King, M., and Grosshandler, W.L., “A Simple Piezoelectric Droplet Generator,” 

Experiments in Fluids 23, 445, (1997). 

Reed, M.D., Fleming, J.W., Williams, B.A., and Sheinson, R.S., “Laboratory Evaluation of Bicarbonate 

Powders as Fire Suppressants,” Proceedings of the International Conference on Ozone Protection 

Technologies, pp. 333-334, Baltimore MD, (1997). 

Reed, M.D., Williams, B.A., Sheinson, R.S. and Fleming, J.W., “Behavior of Bicarbonate Powders in 

Counterflow Diffusion Flames,” Proceedings of the Eastern States Section of the Combustion Institute,

Hartford CT, pp. 83-86 (1997). 

C.5 IMPROVED SUPPRESSANT DELIVERY 

Hewson, J.C., and Keyser, D.R., Suppression of Pool Fires with HFC-125 in a Simulated Engine Nacelle, 

Technical Report SAND2007-3442, Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque NM, 2007. 

Yang, J.C., and Keyser, D.R., “Fluid Dispensing and Dispersion,” 2006, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., 

Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working 

Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST Special Publication 984-4, National Institute of Standards and 

Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2006. 
1168 Appendix C 

Bein, D., “A Review of the History of Fire Suppression on U.S. DoD Aircraft,” 2006, in Gann, R.G., 

Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical 

Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST Special Publication 984-4, National Institute of 

Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2006. 

Grosshandler, W.L., Cyphers, D., and Holland, G., “NGP Advances in Powder Panel and Propellant 

Technologies,” 2006, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 

1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST Special 

Publication 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2006. 

Presser, C., and Avedisian, C.T., "Transport of High Boiling-Point Fire Suppressants in a Droplet-Laden 

Homogeneous Turbulent Flow Past a Heated Cylinder," Atomization and Sprays, 16 (6), 627-656, (2006). 

Presser, C., Papadopoulos, G., and Widmann, J.F., “PIV Measurements of Water Mist Transport in a 

Homogeneous Turbulent Flow past an Obstacle,” Fire Safety Journal 41, 580-604, (2006). 

Yoon, S.S., DesJardin, P.E., Presser, C., Hewson, J.C., and Avedisian, C.T., “Numerical Modeling and 

Experimental Measurements of Water Spray Impact and Transport over a Cylinder,” International 

Journal of Multiphase Flow 32, 132-157, (2006). 

Disimile, P.J., Tucker, J.R., Croswell, B., and Davis, J.M., “The Transport of Water Sprays Past Generic 

Clutter Elements Found Within Engine Nacelles,” Fire Safety Journal 40, 65-78 (2005). 

Swanson, L.A., Davis, J.M., and Disimile, P.J., “Vortex Entrainment and Separation using Flow 

Superposition,” Journal of Visualization 9(1), (2006). 

Keyser, D.R., and Hewson, J.C., “Assessment of Fire Suppression Simulations Using Full-scale Engine 

Nacelle Tests,” 2005, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 

1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, 

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Hewson, J.C., and Keyser, D.R., “Predicting Fire Suppression in an Engine Nacelle,” 2004, in Gann, 

R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options 

Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards 

and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Keyser, D.R., and Hewson, J.C., “Fire Suppressant Distribution in an Engine Nacelle,” 2004, in Gann, 

R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options 

Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards 

and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Bein, D., “In-flight Suppressant Deployment Temperatures,” 2004, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., 

Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working 

Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 

Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Fleming, J.W., and Yang, J.C., “Modeling Study of the Behavior of Liquid Fire Suppression Agents in a 

Simulated Engine Nacelle,” 2004, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., 

Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 

984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Disimile, P.J., Tucker, J.R., Stern, J., Mehl, L., and Croswell, B.J., “Velocity and Drop Size Distributions 

Downstream Generic Clutter Elements Found Within Engine Nacelles,” 2004, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, 

S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working 

Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 

Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 
NGP Publications 1169

Yang, J.C., Manzello, S.L., Nyden, M.R., and Connaghan, M.D., “Cold Discharge of CF3I in a Simulated 

Aircraft Engine Nacelle,” Proceedings of the Seventh International Symposium on Fire Safety Science,

International Association for Fire Safety Science, pp. 715-726, (2003). 

Hamins, A., McGrattan, K., and Forney, G., Unwanted Accelerated Burning After Suppressant Delivery, 

NIST Special Publication 1004, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 

(2003) 

Presser, C., Parametric Investigation of Droplet Atomization and Dispersion of Liquid Fire Suppressants, 

Final Report to the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, National Institute of 

Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD (2003). 

Hewson, J.C., Tieszen, S.R., Sundberg, W.D., and DesJardin, P.E., “CFD Modeling of Fire Suppression 

and Its Role in Optimizing Suppressant Distribution,” 2003, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., 

and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences 

(HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, 

MD, (2006). 

Fallis, S., Reed, R., Weirenga, P., and Holland, G.F., “Advanced Propellant/Additive Development for 

Fire Suppressing Systems,” 2003, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., 

Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 

984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Cyphers, D.C., Enhanced Powder Panels, Final Report to the Strategic Environmental Research and 

Development Program, Skyward, Ltd., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, OH, 2003. 

Yang, J.C., Manzello, S.L., Nyden, M.R., and Connaghan, M.D., “Discharge Of CF3I in a Cold Simulated 

Aircraft Engine Nacelle,” 2002, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., 

Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 

984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Cyphers, D.C., Frederick, S.A., and Haas, J.P., “Enhanced Powder Panels,” 2002, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, 

S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working 

Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 

Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Presser, C., Widmann, J., and Papadopoulos, G., “Liquid Agent Transport Around Solid Obstacles,” 

2002, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 

Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute 

of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

DesJardin, P.E., Presser, C., Disimile, P.J., and Tucker, J.R., “A Droplet Impact Model for Agent 

Transport in Engine Nacelles,” 2002, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., 

eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, 

NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Hamins, A., “Mechanisms of Unwanted Accelerated Burning,” 2002, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., 

Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working 

Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 

Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Bennett, M.V., “Intumescent “Instant Firewalls” for Low-Cost Fire Protection,” 2002, in Gann, R.G., 

Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical 

Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and 

Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 
1170 Appendix C 

Fallis, S., Reed, R., McCormick, J.L., and Holland, G.F., “Advanced Propellant/Additive Development 

for Fire Suppressing Gas Generators: Development + Test,” 2002, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, 

K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences 

(HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, 

MD, (2006). 

Black, A.R., Suo-Anttila, J.M., Disimile, P.J., and Tucker, J.R., Numerical Predictions and Experimental 

Results of Air Flow in a Smooth Quarter-scale Nacelle, 40th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, paper 

2002-0856, (2002). 

Black, A.R., Suo-Anttila, J.M., Gritzo, L.A., Disimile, P.J., and Tucker, J.R., Numerical Predictions and 

Experimental Results of Air Flow in a Smooth Quarter-scale Nacelle, Report SAND2002-1319, Sandia 

National Laboratories, Albuquerque, NM (2002). 

DesJardin, P.E., Nelsen, J.M., Gritzo, L.A., and Ghee, T.A., On the Development of a Subgrid Scale 

Clutter Model, 40th AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, paper 2002-0984, (2002). 

Presser, C., Widmann, J.F., DesJardin, P.E., and Gritzo, L.A., Measurement and Numerical Prediction of 

Homogeneous Turbulent Flow over a Cylinder: A Baseline for Droplet-laden Flow Studies, 40th AIAA 

Aerospace Sciences Meeting, paper 2002-0905, (2002). 

Takahashi, F., Schmoll, W.J., Strader, E.A., and Belovich, V.M., “Suppression Behavior of ObstructionStabilized Pool Flames,” Combustion Science and Technology 163, 107-130, (2001). 

Bennett, M.V., A Method for Extinguishing Engine Nacelle Fires by Use of Intumescent Coatings, Final 

Report To the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Booz-Allen & Hamilton, 

Inc., Dayton, OH, 2001. 

Yang, J.C., Nyden, M.R., and Manzello, S.L., “Cold Discharge of CF3I in a Simulated Aircraft

Engine Nacelle,” 2001, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers

 from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4,

National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

DesJardin, P.E., Nelsen, J.M., Gritzo, L.A., Lopez, A.R., Suo-Anttila, J.M., Keyser, D.R., Ghee, T.A, and

Disimile, P.A, “Towards Subgrid Scale Modeling of Suppressant Flow in Engine Nacelle Clutter,” 2001, 

in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon 

Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of 

Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Presser, C., Widmann, J.F., DesJardin, P.E., and Gritzo, L.A., “Measurements and Numerical Predictions 

of Liquid Agent Dispersal Around Solid Obstacles,” 2001, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., 

and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences 

(HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, 

MD, (2006). 

Bennett, M.V., A Method for Extinguishing Engine Nacelle Fires By Use of Intumescent Coatings, Final 

Report to the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Booz-Allen & Hamilton, 

Dayton, OH, (2001). 

Tuzla, K., Palmer, T., Chen, J., Sundaram, R., Yeung, W., Development of Computer Program for Fire 

Suppressant Fluid Flow Final Technical Report Volume I -- Main Report (6B1 Suppressant Flow 

Through Piping Final Report Vol. 1), Final Report to the Strategic Environmental Research and 

Development Program, September, Lehigh university, Bethlehem, PA, (2000) 

Tuzla, K., Palmer, T., Chen, J., Sundaram, R., Yeung, W., Development of Computer Program for Fire 

Suppressant Fluid Flow Final Technical Report Volume II -- Input Manual for the Program Experimental 

Data Assessment of the Program (6B1 Suppressant Flow Through Piping Final Report Vol. 2), Final 
NGP Publications 1171

Report to the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Lehigh university, 

Bethlehem, PA, (2000). 

Fallis, S.; Reed, R.; McCormick, J. L.; Wilson, K. A.; Holland, G F., “Advanced Propellant/Additive 

Development for Fire Suppressing Gas Generators: Hybrid Systems,” 2001, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., 

Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working 

Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 

Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Fallis, S.; Reed, R.; Lu, Y.C.; Wierenga, P.H.; Holland, G F., “Advanced Propellant/Additive 

Development for Fire Suppressing Gas Generators,” 2000, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., 

and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences 

(HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, 

MD, (2006). 

Takahashi, F., Schmoll, W.J., Strader, E., and Belovich, V.M., “Suppression of a Non-premixed Flame 

Stabilized by a Backward-Facing Step,” Combustion and Flame 122, 105-116 (2000). 

Takahashi, F., Schmoll, W. J., and Belovich, V. M., “Suppression of Bluff-Body Stabilized Pool Flames,”

AIAA 37th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Paper No. 99-0327, (1999). 

Takahashi, F., Schmoll, W. J., and Belovich, V. M., “Stabilization and Suppression of a Diffusion Flame 

Behind a Step,” Proceedings of the 1st Joint U.S. Sections Meeting of the Combustion Institute,

Washington DC, (1999). 

Takahashi, F., Schmoll, W. J., E. A. Strader, and Belovich, V. M., “Effects of Obstruction on Fire 

Suppression Efficiency,” 1999, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., 

Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 

984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Tieszen, S.R. and Lopez, A.R., “Issues in Numerical Simulation of Fire Suppression,” 1999, in Gann, 

R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options 

Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards 

and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Takahashi, F., Schmoll, W.J., and Belovich, V.M., “Suppression of Bluff-body Stabilized Flames,” Paper 

AIAA 98-3529, AIAA/ASME/ASEE Joint Propulsion Conference, (1998). 

Takahashi, F., Schmoll, W. J., and Belovich, V. M., :Extinction of Bluff-Body Stabilized Diffusion 

Flames,” Proceedings of the Spring Technical Meeting of the Central States Section of the Combustion 

Institute, Paper no. 37, (1998). 

Bennett, M.V., “Examining the Feasibility of Extinguishing Engine Nacelle Fires by the Strategic 

Placement of Intumescent Materials,” 2001, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, 

P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, 

NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Bennett, M.V., “A Method for Extinguishing Engine Nacelle Fires By Use of Intumescent Coatings,” 

2000, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 

Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute 

of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

C.6 VIABILITY OF NEW SUPPRESSION TECHNOLOGIES 

Bennett, J.M., “NGP Life-cycle Cost Analysis of Aircraft Fire Suppression Systems,” 2006, in Gann, 

R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options 
1172 Appendix C 

Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST Special Publication 984-4, National 

Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2006. 

McNesby, K.L., and Johnsson, E.L., Instrumentation for Bench- and Large-scale Test Fixtures,” 2006, in 

Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon 

Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST Special Publication 984-4, National 

Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2006. 

Bennett, J.M., “Verification of NGP Fire Suppression principles,” 2006, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., 

Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working 

Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST Special Publication 984-4, National Institute of Standards and 

Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 2006. 

Johnsson, E.L., Mulholland, G.W., Fraser, G.T., Leonov, I.I., and Golubiatnikov, G.Y., Development of a 

Fast-response Fire Suppressant Concentration Meter, NIST Technical Note 1464, National Institute of 

Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2004). 

Johnsson, E.L., Mulholland, G.W., Fraser, G.T., Leonov, I.I., and Golubiatnikov, G.Y., Description and 

Usage of a Fast-response Fire Suppressant Concentration Meter, NIST Technical Note 1463, National 

Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2004). 

Davis, J.M., and Disimile, P.J., “Effect of Optical Configuration Selection on Phase Doppler Anemometer 

Fire Suppressant Nozzle Characterizations,” 2004, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and 

Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), 

CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Kolleck, M.L., Bennett, M.V., and Mercer, K.L., Cost Analysis of Aircraft Dry Bay Fire Suppression 

Systems, SURVIAC Report, Booz Allen Hamilton, Dayton, OH, (2003). Restricted Distribution. 

Kolleck, M.L., Bennett, M.V., and Mercer, K.L., Cost Analysis of Fire Suppression Systems For Fighter 

Aircraft, SURVIAC Report TR-01-005, Booz Allen Hamilton, Dayton, OH, (2002). Restricted 

Distribution. 

Kolleck, M.L., Bennett, M.V., and Mercer, K.L., Cost Analysis of Fire Suppression Systems For Cargo 

Aircraft, SURVIAC Report TR-00-006, Booz Allen Hamilton, Dayton, OH, (2002). Restricted 

Distribution. 

Kolleck, M.L., Bennett, M.V., and Mercer, K.L., Cost Analysis of Fire Suppression Systems For RotaryWing Aircraft, SURVIAC Report TR-02-007, Booz Allen Hamilton, Dayton, OH, (2002). Restricted 

Distribution. 

Kolleck, M.L., Bennett, M.V., and Mercer, K.L., Cost Analysis of Fire Suppression Systems Methodology 

Using Altered Fire Suppression Performance, SURVIAC Report TR-01-006, Booz Allen Hamilton, 

Dayton, OH, (2002). Restricted Distribution. 

Bennett, J.M., and Kolleck, M.L., “Cost Analysis of Fire Suppression Systems,” 2002, in Gann, R.G., 

Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical 

Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and 

Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

McNesby, K.L., Miziolek, A.W., and Skaggs, R.R., Laser-Based Instrumentation for Real-Time, In-Situ 

Measurements of Combustible Gases, Combustion By-Products, & Suppression Concentrations, Final 

Report to the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Army Research Laboratory, 

Aberdeen MD, 2002. 

Bennett, J.M. and Kolleck, M.L., “Cost Analysis of Fire Suppression Systems,” 2001, in Gann, R.G., 

Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical 
NGP Publications 1173

Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and 

Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Skaggs, R.R., Daniel, R.G., Miziolek, A.W., McNesby, K.L., Herud, C., Bolt, W.R., and Horton, D., 

Diode Laser Measurements of HF Concentrations from Heptane/Air Pan Fires Extinguished by FE-36 

and FE-36 Plus Ammonium Polyphosphate, ARL-TR-2143, Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD, 

(2000). 

McNesby, K.L., Wainner, R.T., Daniel, R.G., Skaggs, R.R., Morris, J.B., Miziolek, A.W., Jackson, W.M., 

and McLaren, I.A., “Detection and Measurement of Middle Distillate Fuel Vapors Using Tunable Diode 

Lasers,” Applied Optics 40, 840-845 (2001). 

McNesby, K.L., Wainner, R.T., Miziolek, A.W., Jackson, W.M., and McLaren, I.A., “High Sensitivity 

Laser Absorption Measurements of Broad Band Absorbers in the Near Infrared Spectral Region,” Applied 

Optics 39, 5006-5011 (2000). 

McNesby, K.L., Miziolek, A.W., and McLaren, I.A., “Rapid High Sensitivity Laser Absorption 

Measurements of Broad Band Absorbers in the Near Infrared Spectral Region,” Proceedings of 2000 

Laser Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis Topical Meeting Technical Digest, Optical 

Society of America, Washington, DC, pp. 80-83, (2000). 

Lancaster, E.D., McNesby, K.L., Daniel, R.G., and Miziolek, A.W., “Spectroscopic Analysis of Fire 

Suppressants and Refrigerants by Laser-induced Breakdown Spectroscopy,” Applied Optics 38, 1476-

1480 (1999). Also issued as ARL-TR 2300, Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen MD (2000). 

Bennett, M.V., “Relative Benefit Assessment of Fire Protection System Changes,” 1999, in Gann, R.G., 

Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical 

Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and 

Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Skaggs, R.R., Daniel, R.G., Miziolek, A.W., McNesby, K.L., Herud, C., Bolt, W.R. and Horton, D., 

“Diode Laser Measurements of HF Concentrations From Heptane/Air Pan Fires Extinguished by FE-36 

And FE-36 Plus Ammonium Polyphosphate,” Proceedings of the International Society for Optical 

Engineering: Photonics East, 156f (1999). 

McNesby, K.L., Skaggs, R.R., and Miziolek, A.M., Diode Laser-Based Measurements of Hydrogen 

Fluoride Gas during Chemical Suppression of Fires, ARL Technical Report, ARL-TR-1785, Army 

research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD, (1999). 

McNesby, K.L., Skaggs, R.R., Miziolek, A.W., and McLaren, I.A., “Diode Laser-Based Sensor for Fast 

Measurement of Binary Gas Mixtures,” 1999, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, 

P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, 

NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

Skaggs, R.R., Daniel, R.G., Miziolek, A.W., McNesby, K.L., Herud, C., Bolt, W.R., and Horton, D., 

“Diode Laser Measurements of HF Concentrations Produced from Heptane/Air Pan Fires Extinguished 

By FE-36, FM-200, FE-36 Plus APP, or FM-200 Plus APP,” Applied Spectroscopy, 53, 1143-1148 

(1999). 

Bennett, M.V., “Use of the Department of Defense Operational Requirements-Base Casualty Assessment 

(ORCA) Software System to Determine Occupant Response to Fire and the Extinguishment Process,” 

Human Behavior in Fire, Proceedings of the First International Symposium, Belfast, Northern Ireland, 

pp. 769-777 (1998). 

Williamson, C.K, McNesby, K.L., Daniel, R.G., and Miziolek, A.W., “Laser-Induced Breakdown 

Spectroscopy for Real-Time Detection of Halon Alternative Agents,” Analytical Chemistry, 70, 1186-

1191 (1998). 
1174 Appendix C 

McNesby, K.L., Daniel, R.G., Skaggs, R.R., Miziolek, A.W., and Miser, C.S., “Near-Infrared Tunable 

Diode Laser Diagnostics in Laboratory and Real-Scale Inhibited Flames,” Proceedings of Laser 

Applications to Chemical and Environmental Analysis Topical Meeting, p. 203, (1998). 

McNesby, K.L., Skaggs, R.R., and Miziolek, A.M., “Diode Laser-Based Measurements of Hydrogen 

Fluoride Gas During Chemical Suppression of Fires,” Applied Physics B, 67, 443-447 (1998). 

McNesby, K.L., Miser, C.S., Lancaster, E., Skaggs, R.R., and Miziolek, A.W., “Laser-Based 

Measurements of Combustion Species During Firefighting Onboard Military Vessels,” Paper No. 943, 

The Pittsburgh Conference, 46f (1998). 

McNesby, K.L., Skaggs, R.R., Miziolek, A.W., Clay, M., Hoke, S.H., and Miser, C.S., “Diode LaserBased Measurements Of Fuels, Oxidizers, and Combustion Products During Fire Suppressant Testing,”

1998, in Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 

Halon Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute 

of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006). 

McNesby, K.L., Daniel, R.G., Miziolek, A.W., and Modiano, S.H., “Optical Measurement of Toxic Gases 

Produced During Firefighting Using Halons,” Applied Spectroscopy 51, 678-683, (1997). Also available 

as ARL Report ARL-TR-1349, Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen, MD, (1997). 

McNesby, K.L., Daniel, R.G., Miziolek, A.W., and Modiano, S.H., “Laboratory and Field Measurements 

of Hydrogen Fluoride Produced in Inhibited Flames Using Near-Infrared Tunable Diode Laser 

Spectroscopy,” NIST Annual Conference on Fire Research, (1996). 

C.7 IMPROVED FUEL TANK INERTION 

Bennett, M.V., Review of Technologies for Active Suppression for Fuel Tank Explosions, Final Report to 

the Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program, Booz-Allen & Hamilton, Dayton, OH, 

(2000). 

Bennett, M.V., “Review of Technologies for Active Suppression of Fuel Tank Explosions,” 2000, in 

Gann, R.G., Burgess, S.R., Whisner, K.C., and Reneke, P.A., eds., Papers from 1991-2006 Halon 

Options Technical Working Conferences (HOTWC), CD-ROM, NIST SP 984-4, National Institute of 

Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, (2006).