Trapped Ions and Laser Cooling Selected publications of the Ion Storage Group of the Time and Frequency Division, NBS, Boulder, Colorado 

Edited by 

David J. Wineland 

Wayne M. ltano 

James C. Bergquist 

John J. Bollinger 

Time and Frequency Division 

Center for Basic Standards 

National Measurement Laboratory 

National Bureau of Standards 

Boulder, Colorado 80303 

Supported in part by 

- US. Office of Naval Research 

800 North Quincy 

Arlington, VA 2221 7 

and 

U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research 

Bolling Air Force Base, DC 20332 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, Malcolm Baldrige, Secretary 

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS, Ernest Ambler, Director 

Issued June 1985 
National Bureau of Standards Technical Note 1086 

Natl. Bur. Stand. (U.S.), Tech Note 1086, 192 pages (July 1985) 

CODEN: NBTNAE 

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASHINGTON: 1985 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 
PREFACE 

This collection of papers represents the work on stored atomic ions 

(initiated in the Fall of 1977) by the Time and Frequency Division of the 

National Bureau of Standards. Although the primary goal of this research 

has been the development of techniques necessary for achieving better time 

and frequency standards, we have also been able to investigate related 

areas of research. 

Papers 15, 20, 21, 24, 25, A5, A8 and A13 were intended to be more 

general reviews of the subject and include discussion of experiments by 

other groups. Papers listed with the prefix A are not included here but 

can be obtained on request. We intend to update this publication periodically to include new work not contained here. We hope this collection of 

papers will be useful to our colleagues in this and related fields. 

We gratefully acknowledge the support of the U.S. Office of Naval 

Research and the U.S. Air Force Office of Scientific Research. 

David J. Wineland 

Wayne M. Itano 

James C. Bergquist 

John J. Bollinger 

Boulder, Colorado 

July 1985 

iii 
CONTENTS 

Page 

1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

a. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

"Radiation-Pressure Cooling of Bound Resonant Absorbers," 

D. J. Wineland, R. E. Drullinger, and F. L. Walls. ............. TN- 1 

"Laser Cooling of Atoms ,I1 

D. J. Wineland and W. M. Itano.............. .................... TN-5 

Laser-to-Microwave Frequency Division Using Synchrotron II 

Radiation, 'I 

D. J. Wineland .................................................. TN-25 

Laser to Microwave Frequency Division Using Synchrotron I1 

Radiation 11," 

J. C. Bergquist and D. J. Wineland .............................. TN-30 

"Frequency and Time Standards Utilizing Laser Cooled Ions," 

W. M. Itano and D. J. Wineland..... ............................. TN-34 

"Laser Induced Magnetron Compression (Expansion) of Ions 

Stored in a Penning Trap," 

D.J. Wineland, R.E. Drullinger, J.C. Bergquist, and W.M. Itano.. ~~-35 

"High-Resolution Optical Spectra of Laser Cooled Ions," 

R. E. Drullinger, D. J. Wineland,and J. C. Bergquist ............ TN-36 

II Double-Resonance and Optical-Pumping Experiments on 

Electromagnetically Confined, Laser Cooled Ions," 

D.J. Wineland, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and R.E. Drullinger.. TN-40 

"Spectroscopy of a Single Mg 

D. J. Wineland and W. M. Itano. ................................. TN-43 

"Proposed Stored 20kg+ Ion Frequency Standards, 'I 

D. J. Wineland, W. M. Itano, J. C. Bergquist, and F. L. Walls. .. TN-47 

+ 

Ion," 

"Precision Measurement of the Ground-State Hyperfine Constant 

of 25Mg+," 

W. M. Itano and D. J. Wineland .................................. TN-57 

"Laser Cooling of Iors Stored in Harmonic and Penning Traps," 

W. M. Itano and D. J. Wineland .................................. TN-67 

"Shift of 2S Hyperfine Splittings Due to Blackbody Radiation," 

W. M. Itanot'i. L. Lewis, and D. J. Wineland.. .................. TN-87 

"Laser Cooled, Stored Ion Experiments at NBS and Possible 

Applications to Microwave and Optical Frequency Standards," 

D. J. Wineland, J. C. Bergquist, R. E. Drullinger, H. Hemmati, 

W. M. Itano, and F. L. Walls .................................... TN-90 

V 
Page 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

"Spectroscopy of Stored Ions ,I1 

D. J. Wineland ................................................. TN-9 7 

"Magnetic Field Dependence of (s,e) Electron Configurations," 

D. J. Wineland and W. M. Itano.. ............................... TN-107 

"Laser Cooling and Double Resonance Spectroscopy of Stored 

Ions, 'I 

W. M. Itano and D. J. Wineland ................................. TN-108 

"Generation of Continuous-Wave 194-nm Radiation by SumFrequency Mixing in an External Ring Cavity," 

H. Hemmati, J. C. Bergquist, and W. M. Itano. .................. TN-117 

Laser Fluorescence Mass Spectroscopy," 11 

D. J. Wineland, J. J. Bollinger, and W. M. Itano. .............. TN-120 

"Time and Frequency Standards Based on Charged Particle 

Trapping, 'I 

W. M. Itano, D. J. Wineland, H. Hemmati, J. C. Bergquist, and 

J. J. Bollinger ................................................. TN-125 

"Frequency Standard Research Using Stored Ions," 

D. J. Wineland, W. M. Itano, J. C. Bergquist, J. J. Bollinger, 

and H. Hemmati..... ............................................. TN-128 

"Precision Measurements of Laser Cooled 9Be+ Ions, It 

J. J. Bollinger, D. J. Wineland, W. M. Itano, and J. S. Wells... TN-132 

"Hyperfine Structure of the 2p P 

J. J. Bollinger, J. S. Wells, D.l$? Wineland, and W. M. Itano. .. 

2 State in 9Be+," 

TN-137 

"Trapped Ions, Laser Cooling, and Better Clocks," 

D. J. Wineland..................... ............................. TN-141 

"Spectroscopy of Stored Atomic Ions," 

D. J. Wineland, W. M. Itano, J. C. Bergquist, J. J. Bollinger, 

and J. D. Prestage .............................................. TN-147 

"Strongly Coupled Nonneutral Ion Plasma," 

J. J. Bollinger and D. J. Wineland.............................. TN-172 

"Laser- Cooled-Atomic Frequency Standard, 'I 

J. J. Bollinger, J. D. Prestage, W. M. Itano, and 

D. J. Wineland............ ...................................... TN-176 

"Limits for Spatial Anisotropy by Use of Nuclear-SpinPolarized 9Be+ Ions, 'I 

J. D. Prestage, J. J. Bollinger, W. M. Itano, and 

D. J. Wineland......................... ......................... TN-180 

vi 
Additional publications of the Time and Frequency 

Division Ion Storage Group not included in this technical note. 

Al. "New Possibilities for Frequency Standards Using Laser Cooling and 

Detection of Stored Ions," F. L. Walls, D. J. Wineland, and R. E. 

Drullinger. Proc. 32nd Annual Symp. on Frequency Control, June t978, p. 

453-459. (Copies 'available from: Annual Frequency Control Symposium, 

c/o Electronic Industries ASSOC., 2001 Eye St., Washington, DC, 20006). 

A2. "Laser Cooling of Ions Bound to a Penning Trap," R. E. Drullinger and 

D. J. Wineland, in: Laser spectroscopy IV, Eds. H. Walther and K. W. 

Rothe, (Springer, Berlin, 1979) p. 66-72. Same title by D. J. Wineland 

and R. E. Drullinger, Proc. 6th Vavilov Conf. on Non-Linear Optics, 

Novosibirsk, Springer, June 1979. 

A3. "The Isolated Electron," Philip Ekstrom and David Wineland, Sei. 

American - 243, no. 2, p. 105-121, August 1980. 

All. 

Its Influence on Frequency Standards,'' Wayne M. Itano, L. L. Lewis, and D. 

J. Wineland, J. de Physique, Colloque C8, suppl. to no. 12, vol. - 42, Dee. 

"Shift of 2S1/2 Hyperfine Splittings Due to Blackbody Radiation and 

1981, p. C8-283-287. 

A5. "Prospects for Stored Ion Frequency Standards," D. J. Wineland, Proc. 

13th Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Applications and Planning 

Meeting, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, Dee. 1981. NASA Conf. 

Publ. 2220., p. 579-592. 

A6. "Progress Toward a Stored Ion Frequency Standard at NBS," Wayne M. 

Itano, D. J. Wineland, J. C. Bergquist, and F. L. Walls. Proc. Conf. on 

Precision Measurements and Fundamental Constants; Gaithersburg, MD June 

1981; Precision Measurement and Fundamental Constants 11, B.N. Taylor and 

W. D. Phillips, eds. National Bureau of Standards (US) Spec. Publ. 617 

(1984), p. 93-97. 

A7. "High Power Second Harmonic Generation of 257 nm Radiation in an 

External Ring Cavity," J. C. Bergquist, H. Hemmati, and W. M. Itano, Opt. 

Commun. - 43, 437-442 (1982). 

A8. !'High Resolution Spectroscopy of Stored Ions,1f D. J. Wineland, Wayne 

M. Itano and R. S. Van Dyck Jr., in Advances in Atomic and Molecular 

Physics, Vol. 19, ed. by Bederson & Bates, (Academic Press, Aug. 19831, p. 

135-1 86. 

Ag. "Laser Cooled 'Be+ Accurate Clock," J. J. Bollinger, Wsyne M. Itano, 

and D. J. Wineland, Proc. 37th Annual Symp. Freq. Control, 1983, p. 37-41 

(copies available from Systematics General Corp., Brinley Plaza, Rt. 38, 

Wall Township, NJ 07719.) 

A1 0. flSpectroscopy of Stored Ions Using Fluorescence Techniques, D. J. 

Wineland, Wayne M. Itano, J. C. Bergquist, and H. Hemmati, S.P.I.E., Vol. 

426-Laser Based Ultrasensitive Spectroscopy and Detection V, Society of 

Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers, 1983, p. 65-70. 

vii 
All. "Frequency and Time Standards Based on Stored Ions," J. J. 

Bollinger, D. J. Wineland, W. M. Itano, J. C. Bergquist and J. D. 

Prestage, Proc. 16th Ann. Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) 

Applications and Planning Meeting, Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, 

DC., Dec. 1984, to be published. 

*I2* States "MeaB86Hg+,1f in W. M. Itano, J. C. Bergquist, and D. J. Wineland, J. 

Optical SOC. Am., to be published. 

2 ements of the gJ - Factors of the 6s SlI2 and 6p *PlI2 

Al3. llOptical Pumping of Stored Atomic D. J. Wineland, W. M. 

Itano, J. C. Bergquist, J. J. Bollinger, and J. D. Prestage, Proc. Symp. 

Alfred Kastler, Paris, Jan. 1985.) to be published. 

A14. "Angular Momentum of Trapped Atomic ParticlesPf1 D. J. Wineland, J. 

J. Bollinger, W. M. Itano, and J. D. Prestage, J. Opt. SOC. Am. B, Special 

issue on '?The Mechanical Effects .of 'Light", to be published. 

viii