IN THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

EASTERN DIVISION

JACOB DANESHRAD, JOSEPH )

DANESHRAD, HASSAN )

BLURFRUSHAN, )

)

Plaintiffs, ) Case No. 20 C 3887

)

v. )

) Judge Jorge L. Alonso

TREAN GROUP, LLC, NANCY )

STUBENRAUCH, MARK FRANTZ, )

and DOES 1 to 100, )

)

Defendants. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

In this diversity case, three commodities traders, plaintiffs Joseph Daneshrad, Jacob 

Daneshrad, and Hassan Blurfrushan, assert several claims against their introducing broker, Trean 

Group, LLC, and two Trean employees, Nancy Stubenrauch and Mark Frantz. Plaintiffs’ claims 

arise out of Trean’s termination of its relationship with plaintiffs in December 2018. Defendants 

move for summary judgment on all claims, pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 56. For 

the following reasons, the motion is granted. 

BACKGROUND

The following facts come from the parties’ Local Rule 56.1 statements and responses and 

the associated exhibits. They are either undisputed or presented from the point of view of plaintiffs, 

the non-moving parties.

Plaintiffs Joseph Daneshrad and Jacob Daneshrad are investors with more than fifteen 

years’ experience trading futures options. In 2018, seeking a new brokerage firm, they received 

an inquiry from defendant Mark Frantz, a salesman for defendant Trean Group, LLC (“Trean”). 

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Trean is a full-service brokerage firm that provides independent introducing broker 

services. As an introducing broker, Trean connects investors with futures commissions merchants 

(“FCMs”), who execute trades for the investors on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. Trean 

receives a share of the commission on each trade placed by a customer it introduces, but it is 

responsible to the FCM (which is in turn responsible to the exchange) for any trading losses the 

customer incurs.

Among the commodities traded on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (“CME”) are 

Standard & Poor’s (“S&P”) 500 futures contracts.1 The Daneshrads were interested in trading 

1 In a recent opinion, Judge Seeger explained the mechanics of commodity futures trading as 

follows: 

A commodity futures contract is an agreement to buy or sell a commodity at a specific 

price on a specific date. Each side of the contract basically makes a bet about the future 

price of a commodity. Buyers and sellers place their trades through registered brokers

[including FCMs such as FCStone International, Inc.], who in turn execute the trades with 

a futures clearinghouse [such as CME]. See ADM Investor Services, Inc. v. Collins, 515 

F.3d 753, 756 (7th Cir. 2008). The clearinghouse serves as the middleman: it is the buyer 

to each seller, and the seller to each buyer. Id.

Commodity futures traders must put money down as a deposit with their brokers. Known 

as “margin,” this deposit represents “only ... a fraction of the actual cost on a trade.” Capital

Options Investments, Inc. v. Goldberg Bros. Commodities, 958 F.2d 186, 188 (7th Cir. 

1992). “Margins in the futures markets are not down payments like stock margins, but are 

performance bonds designed to ensure that traders can meet their financial 

obligations.” See Economic Purpose of Futures Markets and How They Work, U.S. 

Commodity Futures Trading Commission, https://www.cftc.gov/ConsumerProtection/

EducationCenter/economicpurpose.html (last visited Jan. 10, 2020). Margin helps protect 

brokers from holding the bag when the traders suffer losses. See In re MF Global Inc., 531 

B.R. 424, 435 (Bankr. S.D.N.Y. 2015) (“Margin is a security deposit to insure that futures 

commission merchants have adequate customer funds to settle open positions and is 

required by brokerage houses and exchanges to assure their own financial integrity and the 

financial integrity of the entire market place.”) (quoting Friedman v. Dean Witter and

Company, Inc. et al., 1981 WL 26050, at *1 Nov. 13, 1981).

Traders can buy positions worth many times more than the margin they have deposited. 

But if the value of the positions declines, the broker can demand more margin from the 

trader to protect itself against the risk of loss. See ADM Investor Services, 515 F.3d at 756. 

Traders must provide enough margin so that “short-term price movement[s]” on the futures 

contracts won’t wipe out their account balances. Id. Margin reduces the risk posed by 

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naked S&P 500 futures options.

2 Frantz spoke with the Daneshrads about the possibility of 

connecting them, via Trean, with an FCM, FCStone International, Inc. (“FCStone”). He informed 

them that their accounts would have to be margined according to the CME framework known as 

“SPAN,” which stands for “standard portfolio analysis of risk.” Additionally, Frantz explained 

that FC Stone’s risk department analyzed each day’s trading, and, depending on the price of the 

underlying commodity and the level of volatility in the market, FC Stone sometimes required its 

customers to adjust their positions to reduce the risk they presented to the firm, even if SPAN 

margin requirements were met. Frantz also requested the Daneshrads to provide a statement from 

one of their former FCMs, as a sample of their trading, for him to pass along to FC Stone. 

After FC Stone reviewed the prior trading statement, it approved opening new accounts for 

the Daneshrads and their trading partners, who included plaintiff Hassan Blurfrushan, William 

default, particularly given that a “futures contract is executory; no asset changes hands 

when the contract is formed.” Id. (citation omitted).

The clearinghouse settles the trades between buyers and sellers, and sets the minimum 

margin requirements for all futures contracts. Id. The brokers, in turn, are responsible to 

the clearinghouse for the trades. If a trader suffers losses that it cannot pay, the broker must 

pay the clearinghouse from its own funds. Id. (“The futures commission merchant then is 

on the hook, for it is a condition of participation in these markets that each dealer guarantee 

customers’ trades.”). To protect themselves, brokers enter into contracts with their 

customers that impose margin requirements and entitle the brokers to liquidate the 

customers’ positions when necessary.

Ironbeam, Inc. v. Papadopoulos, 432 F. Supp. 3d 769, 773-74 (N.D. Ill. 2020); see also Roberta Romano, A

Thumbnail Sketch of Derivative Securities and Their Regulation, 55 Md. L. Rev. 1, 10-12 (1996); David J. 

Gilberg, Regulation of New Financial Instruments Under the Federal Securities and Commodities Laws, 

39 Vand. L. Rev. 1599, 1604-05 (1986) (both describing development of financial futures contracts trading 

in commodities markets). 2 “An option is a contract that gives the owner the right to buy or sell an asset at a specified price (termed 

the exercise or strike price) on or before a specified future date.” Romano, 55 Md. L. Rev. at 40; see also 

U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Comm’n v. Garofalo, No. 10-CV-2417, 2011 WL 4954082, at *2 (N.D. 

Ill. May 5, 2011) (concerning S&P 500 futures option contracts). A “naked” option is one in which “the 

writer does not own the commodity or an offsetting futures contract.” Jerry W. Markham and David I. 

Gilberg, Stock and Commodity Options—Two Regulatory Approaches and Their Conflicts, 47 Albany L. 

Rev. 741, 757 (1983); see id. at 757 n. 90 (describing “hazards of dealing in naked options,” as “outlined 

by a House Report at the time of the enactment of the [Commodity Futures Trading Commission Act of 

1974, Pub. L. No. 93-463, 88 Stat. 1389]”).

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Josephson, and Emil Daneshrad. Plaintiffs and their trading partners opened four accounts with 

FC Stone, depositing a combined sum of $1,020,000. Joseph Daneshrad ultimately made all the 

trading decisions for all four accounts. 

On at least five occasions between October 9, 2018, and December 24, 2018, plaintiffs’ 

accounts were on margin calls (i.e., FC Stone had directed plaintiffs to deposit additional funds to 

continue trading) or FC Stone asked Joseph to adjust plaintiffs’ positions to reduce risk. Trean, 

through Frantz or defendant Nancy Stubenrauch, one of Trean’s managing partners, emailed 

Joseph on October 11, 2018, November 12, 2018, November 26, 2018, December 11, 2019, and 

December 20, 2018, about margin or risk issues. Joseph typically handled the margin/risk issues 

not by depositing additional funds but by contacting FC Stone’s risk department to learn how he 

could adjust his positions to stay within FC Stone’s risk parameters. Frantz and Stubenrauch often 

emailed Joseph not only to inform him of margin or risk issues, but also to follow up by asking 

him to inform them as to what he had done to address them. Joseph became frustrated with Trean’s 

insistence on staying “in the loop” because, from his point of view, Trean was merely an 

“intermediary” that was not participating constructively in helping Joseph adjust plaintiffs’ 

positions to satisfy FC Stone’s risk requirements. (See Defs.’ LR 56.1 Stmt. Ex. 5, Joseph 

Daneshrad Dep. at 140:7-20, ECF No. 59-5.) Trean, for its part, became frustrated with Joseph’s 

reluctance to keep Trean informed (see id. Joseph Daneshrad Dep. Ex. 12, Dec. 11, 2018 Email 

from Frantz to Daneshrads, ECF No. 59-5 at 123), despite the fact that, as the introducing broker, 

Trean was liable to FC Stone for any debit plaintiffs’ accounts might run.

Following the December 20, 2018 margin call, the tension between Joseph and Trean began 

to boil over. The S&P 500 lost about 13% of its value between December 3 and December 22. On 

December 22, 2018, Frantz emailed Joseph about the margin call, frustrated that it was still 

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outstanding two days later: “[Y]ou said you would take care of this through Ray [in FC Stone’s 

risk department] but you do nothing [and] now you’re on a 2 day call which is a CFTC violation.

. . . Two things[.] First, you will respond to US, not Ray[,] because Trean is on the hook for your

business. Second: we are meeting Monday to discuss whether or not to keep your business.” (Id.

Ex. 1, Stubenrauch Decl. Ex. G, ECF No. 59-1 at 240.) Joseph responded by disputing the validity 

of the margin call, contending that it was based on an incorrect calculation, and stating that he had 

made some adjustments the previous day and would make more on the following business day. He 

concluded, “[W]e are not pleased with the way we are being treated by Trean. So, don’t bother 

having a meeting Monday. We are going to move our accounts.” (Id.)

The following week, on December 28, 2018, Frantz sent an email to Joseph and Jacob 

apologizing for the fact that they “have been unhappy with [their] treatment,” but explaining that 

“Trean is [financially] responsible for [plaintiffs’] accounts,” as with “all accounts [Trean] 

introduce[s].” (Pls.’ LR 56.1 Stmt. of Add’l Facts Ex. 100, Joseph Daneshrad Aff. Ex. E, ECF No. 

66 at 33-34.) He explained, based on his conversations with compliance and risk personnel at FC 

Stone, how and why FC Stone was making the margin calls and asking for the risk adjustments 

that had frustrated Joseph, and he provided certain options plaintiffs could take if they remained 

unhappy. He recognized that plaintiffs could move their accounts, but cautioned them to speak 

with compliance personnel at other FCMs first and suggested that they might find that “the margin 

and risk treatment is the same.” (Id. at 34). Later that same afternoon, Frantz and Joseph had a 

long phone conversation, and Joseph recalls that he agreed to stay with Trean.

However, on December 31, 2018, Frantz sent an email to Kevin Brennan at FC Stone 

informing him that Trean was planning to ask Joseph Daneshrad to move plaintiffs’ accounts to 

another brokerage, although Trean had no problem with FC Stone “dealing directly with Joseph” 

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if it was “comfortable” keeping his business. (Stubenrauch Decl. Ex. I, ECF No. 59-1 at 248.) 

Brennan responded that he would raise the matter with his colleagues, but he was personally 

inclined to “let [plaintiffs] go.” (Id.) Later that afternoon, Frantz sent an email to Joseph and Jacob 

informing them of Trean’s decision: “I had a call with the partners today and we have decided it’s 

in everyone’s best interests for you to find a new home for all four accounts. I have notified FC 

Stone that Trean is ending this relationship and that Trean would be okay with the possibility of 

you continuing to clear FC Stone, removing Trean as the introducing Broker.” (Id. Ex. J, ECF No. 

59-1 at 255.)

Although Trean had expressed no opposition to FC Stone working directly with Joseph, 

FC Stone ultimately decided not to keep plaintiffs’ business. Joseph claims that an FC Stone 

representative explained to him in a phone conversation that FC Stone feared that it would damage 

Trean’s trust in FC Stone if FC Stone continued to work with investors who had been brought in 

by Trean. On January 2, 2019, Brennan informed Joseph and Jacob via email that FC Stone had 

put plaintiffs’ accounts on “liquidation only” status. Jacob responded that it would take some time 

to transfer the accounts, and he asked if FC Stone would consider enabling plaintiffs to trade so 

they could “buy protections” until they were able to complete the transfers. (Id., ECF No. 59-1 at 

252.) FC Stone agreed to “turn off the liquidation only setting and set the margin on the trading 

platforms to 150% to allow a little maneuverability within the accounts.” (Id., ECF No. 59-1 at 

251.) However, Ray Ryan, the FC Stone risk manager Joseph had been dealing with, warned Jacob 

that “this should not be used to establish new risk within the accounts.” (Id.) 

Plaintiffs claim that they could not immediately transfer their positions to another broker, 

due to the red tape associated with opening new accounts. Further, given their reduced ability to 

“freely maneuver and adjust their positions” combined with the recent downward trend in the S&P 

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500, they feared that they would lose even more money if they did not take swift action. (Defs.’ 

LR 56.1 Resp. ¶ 23, ECF No. 70.) As a result, plaintiffs decided to liquidate their positions right 

away, rather than buy protection. This left them with approximately $572,000 of the $1,020,000 

they started with, a loss of approximately $548,000.

The market began to rebound, and by the end of January 2019, the value of the S&P 500 

was down only 5% since December 3, 2018. By the end of February, it had returned approximately 

to its December 3, 2018 level. Plaintiffs claim that, if they had been allowed to continue trading 

without restrictions, they would have been able to “ride out the storm by adjusting their positions 

and gain all of their losses back,” although they do not explain precisely how they would have 

altered their positions as they stood at the time. (Id. ¶ 25; see Daneshrad Dep. at 158:15-161:10.)

This suit followed.

LEGAL STANDARD

“The Court shall grant summary judgment if the movant shows that there is no genuine 

dispute as to any material fact and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law.” Fed. R. 

Civ. P. 56(a); Wackett v. City of Beaver Dam, 642 F.3d 578, 581 (7th Cir. 2011). A genuine dispute 

of material fact exists if “the evidence is such that a reasonable jury could return a verdict for the 

nonmoving party.” Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 248 (1986). 

“Summary judgment is the proverbial put up or shut up moment in a lawsuit, when a party 

must show what evidence it has that would convince a trier of fact to accept its version of events.”

Beardsall v. CVS Pharmacy, Inc., 953 F.3d 969, 973 (7th Cir. 2020) (internal quotation marks 

omitted). “To defeat a motion for summary judgment, the party opposing it must make a ‘showing

sufficient to establish the existence of [any challenged] element essential to the party’s case, and

on which that party will bear the burden of proof at trial.’” Johnson v. Advoc. Health & Hosps.

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Corp., 892 F.3d 887, 893-94 (7th Cir. 2018) (quoting Celotex v. Catrett, 477 U.S. 317, 322 (1986)).

The court may not weigh conflicting evidence or make credibility determinations, but the party 

opposing summary judgment must point to competent evidence that would be admissible at trial 

to demonstrate a genuine dispute of material fact. Omnicare, Inc. v. UnitedHealth Grp., Inc., 629 

F.3d 697, 705 (7th Cir. 2011); Gunville v. Walker, 583 F.3d 979, 985 (7th Cir. 2009). The court 

will enter summary judgment against a party who does not “come forward with evidence that 

would reasonably permit the finder of fact to find in [its] favor on a material question.” Modrowski 

v. Pigatto, 712 F.3d 1166, 1167 (7th Cir. 2013).

In assessing the evidence at summary judgment, the court must consider the facts in the 

light most favorable to the non-moving party, giving that party “the benefit of all conflicts in the 

evidence and reasonable inferences that may be drawn from the evidence,” regardless of whether 

it can “vouch for the objective accuracy of all” the evidence the non-moving party puts forward.

Fish v. GreatBanc Tr. Co., 749 F.3d 671, 674 (7th Cir. 2014). Even though district courts must 

view the non-moving party’s evidence in this generous light, it does not follow that they are 

“required to draw every requested inference; they must only draw reasonable ones that are 

supported by the record.” Omnicare, 629 F.3d at 704. “Inferences supported only by speculation 

or conjecture will not suffice.” Johnson, 892 F.3d at 894.

ANALYSIS

Plaintiffs’ first amended complaint asserts the following claims: (1) defendants breached 

their fiduciary duty to plaintiffs by terminating their relationship at a time when plaintiffs were 

vulnerable based on the low value of their positions, (2) defendants intentionally interfered with 

plaintiffs’ prospective economic advantage by terminating their relationship with plaintiffs, which 

prevented plaintiffs from being able to trade futures options via FC Stone as expected; (3) 

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defendants were negligent in terminating their relationship with plaintiffs based on a faulty risk 

assessment that did not meet the standard of care; (4) defendants defrauded plaintiffs by promising 

they would not increase margin and risk requirements and would give plaintiffs adequate time to 

address margin and risk issues; (5) defendants defrauded plaintiffs by concealing that they had 

terminated relationships with other naked futures options sellers whose trading they deemed too 

risky and that they might do the same to plaintiffs; and (6) defendants fraudulently and (7) 

negligently misrepresented, after reviewing a sample of plaintiffs’ past trading activity, that they 

were comfortable with plaintiffs’ trading habits. The parties appear to agree that Illinois law 

applies. Defendants seek summary judgment on all claims.

Defendants argue that plaintiffs cannot prove all of the elements of any of these claims, 

and, in their briefs, they persuasively describe various elements as to which plaintiffs have not 

come forward with sufficient evidence. (See Defs.’ Mem. at 15-20, ECF No. 58; Defs.’ Reply at 

8-15, ECF No. 69.) The Court agrees that there are multiple elements of each claim that plaintiffs 

cannot prove, but the Court need not trace each missing element individually because all of 

plaintiffs’ claims share one common element that is lacking. Under Illinois law, “[a]n 

essential element of a plaintiff’s cause of action for any tort is the existence of a proximate causal 

relationship between the act or omission of the defendant and the damages that the plaintiff has 

suffered.” Garland v. Sybaris Clubs Int’l, Inc., 141 N.E.3d 730, 760 (Ill. App. Ct. 2019). Thus, 

plaintiffs’ breach of fiduciary duty, negligence, and various fraud and misrepresentation claims all 

require plaintiffs to demonstrate that defendants’ actions or omissions proximately caused 

plaintiffs’ losses. Plaintiffs, however, cannot demonstrate that defendants’ alleged misconduct—

namely, the termination of Trean’s relationship with plaintiffs and the misrepresentations and

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misleading omissions defendants are alleged to have made—proximately caused the financial 

losses that plaintiffs suffered when they decided to liquidate their accounts. 

To briefly reiterate the relevant facts, the events that led to the liquidation of plaintiffs’ 

accounts were as follows: Joseph Daneshrad told Frantz and Stubenrauch via email that he 

intended to transfer plaintiffs’ accounts elsewhere; even after Joseph told Frantz that he had 

changed his mind, Trean discussed the matter internally and, based on the volatility in the market, 

the way Joseph had handled the margin calls and requests for risk adjustments, and the “whole 

scenario with the lack of communication,” Trean concluded that “it just wasn’t a good 

relationship” (Defs.’ LR 56.1 Stmt. Ex. 11, Stubenrauch Dep., ECF No. 59-11 at 79:3-4, 42:9-10); 

Trean informed Joseph and Jacob that it was ending its relationship with them, although it had no 

objection to plaintiffs continuing to work with FC Stone; FC Stone decided not to retain plaintiffs’ 

business, and it put plaintiffs’ accounts on “liquidation only”; Jacob asked FC Stone to enable 

trading so plaintiffs could manage their existing positions by “buy[ing] protections”; and FC Stone 

agreed to “turn off the liquidation only setting and set the margin on the trading platforms to 150% 

to allow a little maneuverability within the accounts,” but not to allow plaintiffs to “establish new 

risk within the accounts” (Stubenrauch Decl. Ex. J, ECF No. 59-1 at 251-52). At that point, 

plaintiffs—not Trean or FC Stone—decided to liquidate their accounts rather than manage their 

existing positions, transfer their accounts to a new broker, or just let their positions expire. It is 

undisputed that the market rebounded by the end of February 2019, and plaintiffs’ largest losing 

positions did not expire till March and May 2019. (Pls.’ LR 56.1 Resp. ¶ 57, ECF No. 68) (citing 

Stubenrauch Decl., Ex. C, Pls.’ Jan. 2019 FC Stone Account Statement, ECF No. 59-1 at 202-

213).) Thus, it appears that plaintiffs could have avoided their losses simply by waiting for their 

positions to expire, rather than rushing to liquidate. 

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There is no evidence that anyone at Trean or FC Stone directed plaintiffs to liquidate their 

accounts within any specific time frame, rather than wait until their existing positions expired, nor 

were plaintiffs prohibited from making risk-reducing trades. In fact, the evidence is to the contrary. 

(See Stubenrauch Dep. at 43:25-48:12). According to Stubenrauch, Trean was waiting for 

instructions from plaintiffs with respect to transferring or otherwise managing plaintiffs’ accounts 

(id. at 49:14-17), according to its usual practice of working “hand-in-hand” with investors “to 

allow them to manage their positions” while transfer or liquidation is pending (id. at 48:7-12). 

Plaintiffs cite no contrary evidence. Further, Joseph Daneshrad appeared to admit at his deposition 

that plaintiffs had the option of waiting till their positions expired, and plaintiffs simply decided 

against it because they wanted to be able to trade freely, rather than have to “sit and wait.” (Joseph 

Daneshrad Dep. at 161:22-162:2.) He also appeared to admit that plaintiffs “would [have been] 

okay” if they could have “waited one week later,” when the market began to “stabilize or come 

back . . . just a week later.” (Id. at 160:8-12.) Plaintiffs have not shown why they could not, indeed, 

have simply waited a week before taking the drastic action of liquidating their positions.

The closest plaintiffs come in this regard is to assert that the increased 150% margin 

requirement required them immediately to wire in an amount in excess of $40,000, which they did 

not have immediately available. But there is no evidence that anyone at Trean or FC Stone directed 

plaintiffs to wire in more money or otherwise indicated that the 150% margin requirement applied 

to plaintiffs’ existing positions. The only evidence at all on this point is Joseph Daneshrad’s 

affidavit, and he does not state that anyone at FC Stone or Trean told him that plaintiffs were 

required to deposit additional funds; it appears that this is merely his own subjective belief, which, 

if so, amounts to mere speculation. See In re Cohen, 507 F.3d 610, 614 (7th Cir. 2007)

(“speculation is not evidence”); Springer v. Durflinger, 518 F.3d 479, 484 (7th Cir. 2008) (a 

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“hunch” is not sufficient to survive summary judgment). Even if he is correct that he had to deposit 

additional funds immediately (and again, there is no direct evidence of it), his representation that 

he lacked access to the necessary funds is contradicted by the account applications submitted to

FC Stone. In his application, Joseph represented that he had between $500,000 and $1,000,000 in 

current liquid assets, and the application materials showed that Jacob had between $100,000 and

$250,000 in current liquid assets, Emil had between $1,000,000 and $5,000,000 in current liquid 

assets, Blurfrushan had between $500,000 and $1,000,000 in current liquid assets, and Josephson 

had between $500,000 and $1,000,000 in current liquid assets. (Stubenrauch Decl. Ex. B, ECF No. 

59-1 at 22, 26, 71, 113, 162.) In addition, the same documents showed that the net worth of each 

investor was between $1,000,000 and $5,000,000, apart from Jacob, whose net worth was between 

$500,000 and $1,000,000. Plaintiffs cannot be heard to claim now, based only on Joseph’s bare 

affidavit, that they could not have come up with a little more than $40,000 if they had needed it in 

order to protect a further $548,000. And on top of all that, even if by some chance it is true that 

plaintiffs could not have come up with the money, they do not address the possibility that they 

could have reduced the required margin, in dollar terms, by executing risk-reducing trades, as 

Joseph had already done numerous times.

To conclude that Trean is liable for the losses that followed from the liquidation of 

plaintiffs’ account, plaintiffs must prove that Trean’s actions or omissions were both the “causein-fact” and the “legal cause” of the liquidation and resulting losses. Turcios v. DeBruler Co., 32 

N.E.3d 1117, 1124 (Ill. 2015). To assess legal cause, courts ask whether the injury is foreseeable, 

i.e., whether it is “the type of injury that a reasonable person would see as a likely result of his or

her conduct, or whether the injury isso highly extraordinary that imposing liability is not justified.”

Id. (internal quotation marks omitted); see also City of Chicago v. Beretta U.S.A. Corp., 821

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N.E.2d 1099, 1127 (Ill. 2004) (defendant’s conduct is a legal cause only if it is “so closely tied to

the plaintiff’s injury that he should be held legally responsible for it”) (internal quotation marks

omitted). Plaintiffs do not explain, and the Court fails to see, how or why a reasonable jury could 

conclude that defendants should have foreseen that the likely result of Trean’s actions or omissions 

would be that plaintiffs, who were experienced futures options traders, would decide immediately 

to liquidate their accounts at a significant loss, rather than wait—taking protective measures to 

reduce risk if necessary—till they could transfer their positions to another broker or until their 

pending positions expired. See First Springfield Bank & Tr. v. Galman, 720 N.E.2d 1068, 1071 

(Ill. 1999) (“The question is whether it was reasonably foreseeable that violating a “no parking” 

sign at mid-block [and thereby blocking a pedestrian’s view of the roadway] would likely result in 

[the] pedestrian’s ignoring a marked crosswalk at the corner, walking to mid-block, and attempting 

to cross a designated truck route blindly and in clear violation of the law. Clearly, it would not.

[Plaintiff’s] decision to jaywalk, while undeniably tragic and regrettable, was entirely of her 

own making. [Defendants] neither caused [her] to make that decision, nor reasonably could have 

anticipated that decision as a likely consequence of their conduct.”) (emphasis added); see also

Wilson v. Michel, 586 N.E.2d 333, 337 (Ill. App. Ct. 1991) (plaintiff’s “voluntary” act “was a 

subsequent intervening act not proximately caused by” the defendant’s actions). Plaintiffs have 

not provided any coherent explanation for why the circumstances surrounding Trean’s termination 

of its relationship with plaintiffs forced them to liquidate their accounts right away, or why Trean 

should have foreseen that they would.

Finally, even if the Court were to accept that it was foreseeable under the circumstances 

that plaintiffs would abruptly liquidate their accounts, they make no serious effort to explain or 

adduce evidence showing, in a concrete, non-hypothetical way, what they would have done 

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differently if they had been able to trade without restrictions, or how it would have permitted them 

to avoid the losses they suffered. Plaintiffs suggest that, given the conditions prevailing in the 

market in late 2018 and early 2019, they would have traded freely if they had been able to do so, 

rather than “sit and wait” till their positions expired. (Id. at 161:22-162:2; see also id. at 158:15-

161:10.) But they do not explain in any concrete detail what positions they would have taken 

instead, so the Court has no way of ascertaining whether they would have ended up better off. 

They are required to show that they would not have “suffered the same losses” even absent 

defendants’ offending conduct, see Martin v. Heinold Commodities, Inc., 643 N.E.2d 734, 748 (Ill. 

1994), but in this regard what they offer is, at best, a “speculative theory” of causation. Page v.

Speedway Superamerica LLC, No. 306-CV-039, 2007 WL 1138884, at *3 (N.D. Ind. Apr. 16, 

2007). They must “present evidence creating a reasonable inference, not merely a possibility,” as 

to all essential elements of their claims, id., but they offer no more than a “hopeful hypothesis”

that the trades they would have placed would have paid off, which cannot serve as a “substitute 

for proof,” Beaumont v. J.P. Morgan Chase Bank, N.A., 782 F. Supp. 2d 656, 663 (N.D. Ill. 2011)

(internal quotation marks omitted). 

Because summary judgment is “the put up or shut up moment in a lawsuit,” Springer, 518 

F.3d at 484, the non-moving party must “flesh out [its] theory with evidence; speculation will not 

do.” Avery v. Mapco Gas Prod., Inc., 18 F.3d 448, 453-54 (7th Cir. 1994). Plaintiffs have not 

fleshed out their theory with evidence, and, at the summary judgment stage, they were required to 

do more. Because plaintiffs do not show how Trean’s actions or omissions proximately caused 

their losses, which appear instead to stem from a decision that was “regrettable” but “entirely of 

[plaintiffs’] own making,” Galman, 720 N.E.2d at 1071, defendants are entitled to summary 

judgment. 

Case: 1:20-cv-03887 Document #: 71 Filed: 02/14/22 Page 14 of 16 PageID #:1733
15

Although the above discussion suffices to resolve the present motion, the Court makes one 

final, parenthetical note, lest this result seem harsh for plaintiffs. Plaintiffs devote the largest part 

of their brief to their breach of fiduciary claim, arguing that Trean had a responsibility as plaintiffs’

broker to enable plaintiffs to keep trading as long as they were responsive to margin calls and risk 

issues, not to cause losses by “abandoning Plaintiffs in midstream.” (Pls.’ Resp. Br. at 4, ECF No. 

64.) Because, as explained above, plaintiffs have not shown that defendants’ actions caused their

losses, it need not address this argument in detail, but it pauses to note that plaintiffs faced an uphill 

battle here. The Illinois Appellate Court has explained that “‘[t]he duty of care owed by a broker

carrying a nondiscretionary account is an exceedingly narrow one, consisting at most of a duty to

properly carry out transactions ordered by the customer.’” First Am. Disc. Corp. v. Jacobs, 756 

N.E.2d 273, 284-85 (Ill. App. Ct. 2001) (quoting Index Futures Group, Inc. v. Ross, 557 N.E.2d 

344, 348 (Ill. App. Ct. 1990)); see also Equity Tr. Co. Custodian f/b/o Jeffrey M. Wagner I.R.A. v.

Windwrap, LLC, 449 F. Supp. 3d 763, 776 (N.D. Ill. 2020); Ironbeam, Inc. v. Evert, 417 F. Supp. 

3d 1031, 1041 (N.D. Ill. 2019). Plaintiffs cite no cases validly supporting their position that 

defendants breached any such duty here,3 and if anything, the law seems to be to the contrary. 

Plaintiffs cite First American Discount Corp. v. Jacobs, which is not directly on point, but,

to the extent it has any bearing on this case, it partially illustrates the policy concerns weighing 

against plaintiffs’ claims here. That decision explained that requiring a broker to refrain from 

liquidating a futures options trader’s account even where, in the event of a market freefall, the 

account exposes the broker to potentially limitless losses “would necessarily be contrary to the 

3 Plaintiffs purport to cite cases supporting their position, but none of them are on point. (See Pls.’ Resp. 

Br. at 5-6, ECF No. 64.) To the extent they are relevant at all, these cases stand for unremarkable 

propositions such as that brokers should operate in good faith, avoid self-dealing, and communicate to their 

customer any material information in their possession that might impact the customer’s trading. Plaintiffs 

have not shown that defendants had ulterior motives for letting plaintiffs go or that they hid any material 

information from them, nor does that seem to be the crux of plaintiffs’ claim, in any case.

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federal regulatory scheme.” 756 N.E.2d at 285. Applicable federal regulations, the court explained, 

are “‘designed to afford merchants and commodities exchanges with maximum protection,’” 

which in turn protects the investing public. Id. at 280 (quoting Moss v. J.C. Bradford & Co., 446 

S.E.2d 799, 808 (N.C. 1994)); see also Capital Options Investments, 958 F.2d at 190 (“Margins 

are accorded a special status in the regulatory scheme of the Commodity Exchange Act so that 

futures commission agents are able to assure their own financial integrity, which, in turn, 

contributes to the financial integrity of the entire marketplace.”); ADM, 515 F.3d at 757 (“[B]alky

customers are not in the zone of interests protected by margin-posting requirements. Margin

protects dealers and counterparties from defaulting customers, who are in no position to complain

when the protection of their trading partners turns out to be incomplete.”). Thus, when a broker 

makes a decision regarding a customer account because the customer is taking on too much risk, 

there are sound policy reasons why any claim that the action exposes the broker to liability should 

be subject to careful scrutiny. 

In any case, as the Court has explained with respect to the element of causation, plaintiffs’

claims do not hold up to scrutiny here. Plaintiffs have not come forward with sufficient evidence 

to permit a reasonable jury to find in their favor on an essential element of their claims, so 

defendants are entitled to summary judgment. 

CONCLUSION

Defendant’s motion for summary judgment [57] is granted. Civil case terminated.

SO ORDERED. ENTERED: February 14, 2022

_________________________________

JORGE L. ALONSO

United States District Judge

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