December 2001

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Donald L. Evans, Secretary

TECHNOLOGY ADMINISTRATION

Phillip J. Bond, Under Secretary for Technology

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS

AND TECHNOLOGY

Arden L. Bement, Jr., Director

U NI T E D S T A T E S OF A ME R I CA

DE P AR T MENT OF COMME R CE

N I S T I R 6 5 6 2

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Technology Administration

Electronics and Electrical

Engineering Laboratory

Electricity Division

National Institute of Standards

and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

N I S T I R 6 7 1 4 - 1

Surge Protection in Low-Voltage

AC Power Circuits - An Anthology

Part 1 - Annotated Bibliography

François D. Martzloff
National Institute of Standards

and Technology

Technology Administration

U.S. Department of Commerce

N I S T I R 6 5 6 2

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE

Technology Administration

Electronics and Electrical

Engineering Laboratory

Electricity Division

National Institute of Standards

and Technology

Gaithersburg, MD 20899

N I S T I R 6 7 1 4 - 1

Surge Protection in Low-Voltage

AC Power Circuits - An Anthology

Part 1 - Annotated Bibliography

François D. Martzloff
- ii -
FOREWORD

This is the first part of a multi-part anthology, offered to promote better understanding of surge protection

techniques through a historical perspective and easy access to relevant papers on the fundamental principles and

application of surge-protective devices. It might also serve as a refresher to avoid reinventing surge-protective

devices or techniques. 

This first part, Annotated Bibliography, provides a list of papers, standards, and textbooks written by many

contributors to the development of surge protection technology. Subsequent parts of this anthology will be

compiled to include reprints of the public-domain papers by the author as cited in this Bibliography. Those

published after 1985 under the umbrella of NIST are in the public domain. Those written before1985 will be

reprinted in by permission of the copyright holders or with declassification of proprietary reports; these releases

are gratefully acknowledged.

This bibliography is provided to give the interested reader a source of reference material with a few lines of

comments on content or comments on the significance of the cited document. The compilation is divided into

eight categories, as listed below. Publications relevant to more then one category are listed in each category of

interest to allow browsing only through a particular category and still find the listing. The listing is arranged by

alphabetical order and chronology of the lead author in each category. The following are the categories for the

listing:

1. Standards relevant to surge protection

2. Development of standards — Reality checks

3. Recorded surge occurrences, surveys and staged tests

4. Propagation and coupling of surges (Experiments and numerical simulations)

5. Monitoring instruments, laboratory measurements, and test methods

6. Textbooks and tutorial reviews

7. Mitigation techniques

8. Coordination of cascaded surge-protective devices

Each of the categories 2 through 8 will be compiled in installments and issued as separate booklets. In addition

to the printed booklets available from the U.S. Superintendent of Documents, this Anthology will also be

available on the Web, thus opening the door for suggestions of additional entries for periodic updates of the

listing. The site URL is: http://www.eeel.nist.gov/811/spd-anthology/

This bibliography was initially compiled by the author as a contribution to the IEEE “Trilogy” of the SurgeProtective Devices Committee (a set of three standards on the surge environment). This initial compilation is

now complemented with additional relevant papers and reports written by the author. Undertaking a listing of

“relevant papers” entails the risk of offending researchers whose papers might have been overlooked in the

compilation. Sincere apologies are offered in such cases, as the omission was not a deliberate act of rejection,

but an unfortunate accident in an imperfect literature search that was initially focused on the Trilogy development

rather than aiming to be a comprehensive and exhaustive project. Nevertheless, the volume of this Bibliography

is testimony to the contributions from all the listed authors to a data base for the Trilogy. Members of the IEEE

working group that developed the Trilogy also contributed suggestions for entries in the listing. All these

contributions are gratefully acknowledged. 

François Martzloff

December 2001

<f.martzloff@ieee.org>

- iii -
- iv -
Contents

1. Published standards related to surges .................................. 1

2 Development of Standards — Reality checks ............................. 5

3 Recorded surge occurrences, surveys and staged tests ...................... 9

4. Propagation and coupling of surges ................................... 15

5 Monitoring instruments, laboratory measurements and test methods ........... 21

6 Textbooks and tutorial reviews ....................................... 25

7 Mitigation techniques ............................................... 29

8 Coordination of cascaded surge-protective devices ........................ 35

Authors index ...................................................... 37

- v -
- vi -
Page 1 

Surge Protection in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits – An Anthology

Part 1 – Annotated Bibliography

1. Published standards related to surges

1.1 The IEEE C62 Series

A bound-book collection of all ANSI and ANSI/IEEE C62 standards that were compiled periodically by the IEEE. The

last such collection was published in 1995 and included all published IEEE standards applicable to Low-Voltage

Surge-Protective Devices at the time of the edition. More recent updates of individual standards are listed after the

following contents of the 1995 edition:

C62.1-1989 ( Reaff 1994) IEEE Standard for Gapped Silicon-Carbide Surge Arresters for AC Power Circuits

C62.2-1987 (Reaff 1994) IEEE Guide for the Application of Gapped Silicon-Carbide Surge Arresters for AC

Systems

C62.11-1993 IEEE Standard for Metal-Oxide Arresters for AC Power Circuits

C62.22-1991 IEEE Guide for the Application of Metal Oxide Surge Arresters for AC Systems

C62.31-1987 (Reaff 1993) IEEE Standard Test Specifications for Gas-Tube Surge-Protective Devices

C62.32-1981 (Reaff 1993) IEEE Standard Test Specifications for Low-Voltage Air-Gap Surge-Protective Devices

C62.33-1982 (Reaff 1994) IEEE Standard Test Specifications for Varistor Surge-Protective Devices

C62.35-1987 (Reaff 1993) IEEE Standard Test Specifications for Avalanche Junction Semiconductor SurgeProtective Devices

C62.36-1994 IEEE Standard Test Methods for Surge Protectors Used in Low-Voltage Data,

Communications, and Signaling Circuits (Now withdrawn)

C62.38-1994 IEEE Guide on Electrostatic Discharge (ESD): ESD Withstand Capability Evaluation

Methods

C62.41-1991 (Reaff 1995) IEEE Recommended Practice for Surge Voltages in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits

C62.42-1992 IEEE Guide for the Application of Gas Tube Arrester Low-Voltage Surge-Protective

Devices

C62.45-1992 IEEE Guide on Surge Testing for Equipment Connected to Low-Voltage AC Power

Circuits

C62.47-1992 (Reaff 1997) IEEE Guide on Electrostatic Discharge (ESD): Characterization of the ESD 

Environment

C62.92.x (A series of IEEE Guides on neutral grounding practices)

1.2 Additional C62 Standards

Additional C62 Standards, or major revisions published since the 1995 collection include:

C62.11-1999 IEEE Standard for Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for Alternating Current Power Circuits (>1kV)

C62.22-1997 IEEE Guide for Application of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters for Alternating-Current Systems

C62.22.1-1996 IEEE Guide for the Connection of Surge Arresters to Protect Insulated, Shielded Electric Power

Cable Systems

C62.34-1996 IEEE Standard for Performance of Low-Voltage Surge Protective Devices (Secondary Arresters)

C62.37-1996 IEEE Standard Test Specifications for Thyristor Diode Surge Protective Devices

C62.37.1-2000 IEEE Guide for the Application of Thyristor Surge Protective Devices

C62.43-1999 IEEE Guide for the Application of Surge Protectors Used in Low-Voltage (Equal to or less than

1000 Vrms or 1200 Vdc) Data, Communications and Signaling Circuits

C62.48-1995 IEEE Guide on Interactions Between Power System Disturbances and Surge-Protective Devices

C62.62-2000 IEEE Standard Test Specifications for Surge Protective Devices for Low Voltage AC Power

Circuits

C62.64-1997 IEEE Standard Specifications for Surge Protectors Used in Low-Voltage Data, Communications,

and Signaling Circuits

1.3 Other Standards

[1] The IEEE SPD “Trilogy” – Pending approval by the IEEE Standards Board expected in early 2002, includes

three documents:

S C62.41.1 Guide on the surge environment in low-voltage ac power circuits

S C62.41.2 Recommended practice on characterization of surges in low-voltage ac power circuits

S C62.45 Recommended practice on surge testing for equipment connected to low-voltage ac power circuits
1. Published standards related to surges – Continued

Page 2 

[2] ANSI C2-1999 National Electrical Safety Code

S Rules for the protection of persons during installation, operation and maintenance of power and

communications lines and equipment for utilities and for systems under the control of qualified persons.

S For building utilization wiring, refer to ANSI/NFPA 70 (National Electrical Code).

S 257 pages, 77 reference documents

[3] ANSI C84.1-1989 American National Standard for Electric Power Systems and Equipment Voltage Ratings

(60 Hz). (Reaffirmed 1995).

S Defines steady-state limits of system voltages for the United States.

S Addresses only steady-state voltages or short-term departures from nominal conditions.

S Provides list of related standards.

[4] ANSI/NFPA-70-1999 National Electrical Code.

S A fundamental document providing minimum requirements for safe installation practices (USA)

S A companion handbook provides explanations for application of the code.

S Specifies minimum requirements for safety, not necessarily optimum surge protection.

S Allows connection of SPDs between any pair of conductors.

S Updated every three years.

[5] IEC Multilingual Dictionary of Electricity. The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, 1983.

S A conversion of parts of the IEC International Electrotechnical Vocabulary (IEV) into a dictionary

[6] IEC 60060-2 (1994) High voltage test techniques — Part 2: Measuring systems

S Defines parameters of impulse waveforms.

[7] IEC 60364-4-442 (1999) Electrical installation of buildings - Part 4: Protection for safety - Chapter 44:

Protection against overvoltages - Section 442: Protection of low-voltage installations against temporary

overvoltages and faults between high-voltage systems and earth.

S Earthing systems and arrangements in transformer substations.

S Earthing arrangements and earthing systems in low-voltage installations.

S Stress voltages in cases of lost neutral (TN and TT), accidental earthing (IT), and line-to neutral short.

[8] IEC 664 (1980) Insulation coordination within low-voltage systems including clearances and creepage

distances for equipment.

S Superseded, but significant historical document. See IEC 60664 below.

S Introduced the staircase concept of surge voltage reduction.

[9] IEC 60664-1 (2002) Insulation coordination within low-voltage systems Part 1: Principles, requirements and tests.

S Major revision and update of IEC 664 (above).

S No longer shows a descending staircase of voltages.

S Does not discuss surge source impedance considerations as it is concerned with insulation withstand.

[10] IEC 61000-2-5 (1995) Electromagnetic Compatibility - Part 2: Environment - Section 5: - Classification of

electro-magnetic environments

S Basic EMC publication (Technical Report)

S Not a test or performance specification, but a guide to what levels of disturbances might be expected. 

S Proposes and arrangement with five classes of locations and corresponding characterized by levels.

[11] IEC 61000-4-4 (1995) Electromagnetic Compatibility - Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques - Section 4:

Electrical fast transient/burst immunity tests. 

S Specifies interference immunity test with bursts of fast-transient pulses applied to EUT in "common mode"

by a coupling clamp or in selective mode by capacitor coupling.

[12] IEC 61000-4-5 (2001) Electromagnetic Compatibility - Part 4: Testing and measurement techniques - Section 5:

Surge immunity test. Consolidated Edition.

S Specifies the Combination Wave (1.2/50 –8/20) only for power circuits (no mention of Ring Wave)

S Line-to-earth test voltage levels are twice the levels specified for line-to-line.

[13] IEC/TS 61312-3 (2000) Protection against LEMP; Part 3: Requirements of Surge Protective Devices.

S Presents the IEC TC81 perception of “requirements” for service-entrance SPDs.

S Approved according to the IEC operating procedures, but with only 68% of the votes.
1. Published standards related to surges – Continued

Page 3 

[14] IEC 61643-1 (2002) Surge protective devices connected to low-voltage power distribution systems - Part 1:

Performance requirements and testing methods

S Defines three classes of tests, I, II, and III with specific energy and charge stress levels. 

S Does not relate the test levels to the location of application.

[15] IEC 62066 (To be published 2002) General basic information regarding surge overvoltages and surge

protection in low-voltage a.c. power circuits.

S A tutorial technical report describing the origins, propagation, and mitigation of surges.

S Bibliography with 58 citations, similar to the present bibliography.

[16] IEEE C37.90.1-1989 IEEE Standard Surge Withstand Capability (SWC) Tests for Protective Relays and

Relays Systems [Note: Revision in progress as PC37.90.1 - 2000]

S A document developed for the environment of high-voltage substation equipment. Its fast transient

requirement, with a rise time of less than 10 ns, is similar to the IEC EFT burst requirement.

S Calls for a 1 MHz to 1.5 MHz ring wave and a 4 kV to 5 kV peak impulse, < 10 ns rise time.

S 14 references

[17] IEEE Std 4-1995 IEEE Standard Techniques for High-Voltage Testing

S Defines impulse parameters.

[18] IEEE Std 446-1995 IEEE Recommended Practice for Emergency and Standard Power Systems for Industrial

and Commercial Applications

S The earliest publication of the “CBEMA Curve” (updated as “ITIC Curve”) occurred in the 1980 edition of

this standard.

[19] IEEE Std 518-1982 (Reaff 1996), IEEE Guide for the Installation of Electrical Equipment to Minimize Noise

Inputs to Controllers from External Sources.

S Discusses the sources of electrical noise; provides an example of the “showering arc” leading to the EFT

concept.

S Provides guidance on noise reduction (not suppression) and installation practices.

[20] IEEE Std 1100-1999, IEEE Recommended Practice for Powering and Grounding Electronic Equipment

S Recommended engineering principles and practices for powering and grounding electronic equipment in

commercial and industrial applications.

S 400 pages, 120 bibliographic citations

[21] IEEE Std 1159-1995 IEEE Recommended Practice for Monitoring Electric Power Quality

S Provides definitions of power systems disturbances.

S Makes recommendations on deployment of surge monitoring instruments.

S Makes recommendations on interpretation of power quality surveys.

[22] UL Std 93-1975, Standard for Safety — Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters.

S First proposal to industry of what became the 100 kHz Ring Wave.

[23] UL Std 1449 Standard for Safety -- Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors, Underwriters Laboratories.

S First Edition: 1985; Second Edition, 1996

S The second edition which became effective in 1998, features a new set of failure mode tests.

S Specifies safety aspects of suppressor design, with some performance implications.

S Requires citation of limiting voltage level, from a tabulation of values starting at 330 V.

-o-o-o-o-o-o-
Page 4 
Page 5 

2 Development of Standards — Reality checks

[24] ANDERSON, L.M. and BOWES, K.B., “The Effects of Power-line Disturbances on Consumer Electronic

Equipment,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-5, No.2, April 1990.

S Experimental study of the immunity of typical electronic equipment to sags and surges.

S Surges applied were not the ANSI C62.41, but a 100 :s or 300 :s pulse, presumably open-circuit voltage.

S Surges of 1000 V (open-circuit voltage of generator) did not cause any failure of PCs.

[25] BACHL, H., MARTZLOFF, F.D. and NASTASI, D., “Using Incandescent Lamp Failure Levels for Assessment

of the Surge Environment,” Proceedings, 12th International Zürich Symposium on Electromagnetic

Compatibility, 1997.

S Shows failure mechanisms and levels, by electrical measurements, with high-speed video recording.

S 120-V lamps can fail in the range of 800 V to 1200 V, depending on waveshape and phase angle.

S Makes the point that surges are unlikely to occur frequently at levels above the failure level of lamps.

S 5 references

[26] BARTKOWIAK, M., COMBER, M.G., and MAHAN, G.D., “Failure Modes and Energy Absorption Capability of

ZnO Varistors,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-14, January 1999.

S Simulation of varistor behavior under current pulses of various magnitudes and duration.

S Comparison with experimental results.

S Demonstrates that energy-handling capability is not a constant, but depends on intensity and duration.

S 14 references, 1 discussion

[27] FENIMORE, C. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Incompatibility Between the 100/1300 Surge Test and Varistor

Failure Rates.” Proceedings, 9th International Zürich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1991

S Numerical computations of the energy deposition associated with a proposed IEC standard indicate that

massive failure of ubiquitous metal-oxide varistors should occur – but they do not.

S The proposed test was eventually removed from the menu of IEC EMC test methods.

S 10 references

[28] FENIMORE, C. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Validating Surge Test Standards by Field Experience: High-Energy

Tests and Varistor Performance,” IEEE Transactions IA-28 No.6, December 1992. (First publication in

Conference Record, IEEE/IAS Annual Meeting, Oct. 1990).

S Computer modeling of the resulting current and energy deposition into typical varistors subjected to the

proposed 10/1300 :s waveform.

S Yields a prediction of failure for the small varistors and survival for the larger varistors.

S Because small varistors do not fail in the field at the rate that is predicted by the model, the conclusion is

that stresses associated with this proposed waveform make it unrealistic.

S 15 references

[29] GOEDDE, G.L., KOJOVIC, Lj.A., and WOODWORTH, J.J., “Surge Arrester Characteristics that Provide

Reliable Overvoltage Protection in Distribution and Low-Voltage Systems,” Proceedings, IEEE-PSE Summer

Meeting, Seattle WA, July 2000.

S Describes field experience of arresters designed in accordance with IEEE Std C62.11-1999.

S Concludes that tests with a 10/350 :s waveform are not necessary.

S 11 references

[30] KEY, T.S., MARTZLOFF, F.D., WITT, R., MAY, J., and BLACK, S., “Developing a Consumer-Oriented Guide

on Surge Protection,” Proceedings, PQA’97 North America, 1997.

S Progress report on the development of a tutorial on surge protection.

S Presents the need for “intersystem bonding” at the entrance of power and communications utilities.

S Brief discussion of the need for surge reference equalizers.

S 6 references

[31] MACIELA, F., “Energetic Design and EDF Distribution Network Experience of MV Metal Oxide Surge

Arresters,” CIGRE SC33.95 (1995 Colloquium).

S Field experience of EDF on 700 000 arresters.

S Failure rate lower (1/4) than calculated in [44] Rousseau, 1989 (CIRED).
2. Development of standards – Reality checks – Continued

Page 6 

[32] MANSOOR, A., MARTZLOFF, F.D., and NASTASI, D., “Applying Reality Checks to Standards on the Surge

Environment,” Proceedings, 23rd International Conference on Lightning Protection, Florence, 1996.

S Shrinking surge recordings vs. proliferation of SPDs.

S Applying equipment failure rates to assess the surge environment.

S Limits to pushing surges into branch circuits.

S 19 references

[33] MANSOOR, A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Driving High Surge Currents into Long Cables: More Begets Less,” 

IEEE Transactions PWRD-12, No.3, July 1997.

S Measurements and modeling, validating each other, show the physical impossibility for large surge

currents to propagate very far into the branch circuits of a building, because flashover will occur at the

service entrance.

S Demonstrates the importance of considering the maximum rate of rise (early in the surge) rather than the

peak value and overall rise time.

S 13 references

[34] MANSOOR, A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., “The Effect of Neutral Earthing Practices on Lightning Current

Dispersion in a Low-Voltage Installation,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-13, July 1998.

S Compares the TN and TT for dispersion of lightning current in several scenarios.

S Shows the need for careful review of grounding practices in effect at service entrances.

S Questions the applicability of high amplitude, long duration requirement for service entrance SPDs.

S 20 references

[35] MANSOOR, A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., "The Dilemma of Surge Protection vs. Overvoltage Scenarios:

Implications for Low-Voltage Surge-Protective Devices," Proceedings, 8th International Conference on

Harmonics and Power Quality, Oct 14-16, 1998, Athens, Greece.

S Three examples of temporary overvoltage conditions that can produce failure of SPDs.

S The significance of available fault current and the need for more explicit standards.

S 17 references

[36] MANSOOR, A., MARTZLOFF, F.D., and PHIPPS, K., “The Fallacy of Monitoring Surge Voltages: SPDs and

PCs Galore!” Proceedings, EPRI PQA’99 Conference, May 1999

S Experimental measurements of effective mitigation by multiple SPDs.

S Numerical simulation of the effect of proliferating SPDs and PCs.

S Calls for an industry-wide reassessment of surge monitoring parameters.

S 20 references

[37] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and FISHER, F.A., “Transient Control Level Philosophy and Implementation,” Part 1: The

Reasoning Behind the Philosophy,” Proceedings, 2nd Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Montreux,

1977.

S Presents the concept of testing low-voltage equipment patterned on the high-voltage BIL concept.

S Techniques and equipment for making TCL tests.

S 10 references

[38] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Varistor Versus Environment: Winning the Rematch,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-1,

No. 2, April 1986.

S Staged test of capacitor switching on remote MV side produces ring waves on low-voltage load.

S Coordination between 3 kV and 480 V varistor-based SPDs.

S 5 references, 1 discussion

[39] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Testing Varistors Against the VDE 0160 Standard,” Proceedings, Open Forum on Surge

Protection Application, NISTIR-4654, August 1991.

S Reports tests performed with a prototype 100/1300 surge generator, resulting in failure of the ubiquitous

20-mm diameter varistors, hence demonstrating that the proposed standard is unrealistic.

S 9 references

[40] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and PELLEGRINI, G., “Real, Realistic Ring Waves for Surge Testing,” Proceedings, 9th

International Zürich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1991.

S Reports measurements on the propagation of oscillatory waves in typical low-voltage circuits, as opposed

to the unidirectional waves initially defines for high-voltage power systems.

S Shows how impinging unidirectional surges can produce oscillatory waves responses.

S 17 references
2. Development of standards – Reality checks – Continued

Page 7 

[41] MARTZLOFF, F. D.. “On the Dispersion of Lightning Current after a Direct Flash to a Building,” Proceedings,

25th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Rhodes, 2000.

S Computer modeling of the current dispersion among available paths to ground.

S Comparison between proposed SPD ratings based on computer modeling and field experience.

S 9 references

[42] MEISSEN, W., “Überspannungen in Niederspannungsnetzen” [Overvoltages in low-voltage networks], ETZ

Bd. 104, 1983.

S The seminal paper proposing a long waveform with extremely high energy-deposition capability, leading to

the development of German Standard DIN 0160.

[43] RICHMAN, P., “New Fast-Transient Test Standards Inadvertently Permit Overstressing by as much as 600

Percent,” EMC Test and Design, Vol.2, No.5, Sept/Oct 1991.

S Points out ambiguities in the test procedures.

[44] ROUSSEAU, A., “Requirements for Rating of MV Zinc Oxide Surge Arresters on EDF Distribution Networks,”

CIRED 1989.

S Design of ZnO MV arresters based on statistics of lightning current magnitude and tail.

S Sharing of current between many arresters as well as number of lightning strike per year and per km of

overhead line are used in calculations.

S Design based on an energy requirement converted in lab into a 4/10 standard waveshape.

S 13 references

[45] SMITH, S.B. and STANDLER, R.B., “The Effects of Surges on Electronic Appliances,” IEEE Transactions

PWRD-7, No.3, July 1992.

S Clocks, TV receivers, and switching power supplies were subjected to surges from 0.5 kV to 6 kV.

S The switching power supplies and television receivers were damaged with surges from 4 kV to 6 kV.

S Three of five models of digital clocks were upset with surges from 1.6 kV to 6 kV.

S The conventional wisdom that electronic appliances are easily damaged by surges with a peak voltage of a

few kilovolts greatly exaggerates the effect of surges on modern consumer appliances.

S 15 references

[46] STANDLER, R.B., “Development of a Performance Standard for Surge Arresters and Suppressors,”

Proceedings, IEEE 1991 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility.

S Some critical issues in the development of a performance standard for surge arresters and suppressors for

use on low-voltage mains are discussed.

S A series of electrical tests to determine the safety and adequacy of surge protective devices is described.

S 4 references

[47] STANDLER, R.B., “Calculation of Energy in Transient Overvoltages,” Proceedings, IEEE EMC Symposium,

1989.

S Shows that using the integral of V

2

/50S . dt to compute energy in a surge is invalid.

S A quantitative error analysis is presented that uses an artificial AC line network to simulate a long branch

circuit and to give the impedance of the AC line as a function of frequency.

S A method for measuring energy dissipated in a varistor is advocated for use in future experiments.

S 18 references

[48] STANDLER, R.B., “Standards for Surge-protective Devices for Connection to the Low-voltage Ac Supply

Mains in the USA,” Proceedings, Lightning Protection 92 - Buildings, Structures and Electronic Equipment

Conference and Exhibition, 1992.

S A review major standards in the USA for low-voltage AC power surge-protective devices prepared for

presentation at a European based forum.

S Since it is clear that international standards are greatly preferable for both manufacturers and users, the

US position [in 1992] on the IEC SC37A drafts is also briefly reviewed.

S 9 references

[49] VANCE, E.F., NANEVICZ, J.E., and GRAF, W., “Unification of Electromagnetic Specifications and

Standards,” Defense Nuclear Agency Report DNA 5433F-1, Washington DC, 1980.

S Describes the need for dual capability of a test generator to adapt inherently to the impedance of the EUT,

even during the surge event.

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3 Recorded surge occurrences, surveys, and staged tests

[50] ACKERMANN, G., HUDASCH, M., SCHWETZ, S., and STIMPER, K., “Überspannungen in Niederspannungsanlagen” [Overvoltages in low-voltage installations], ETZ Bd. 114 (1993).

S Reports surge monitoring performed in Germany.

[51] ACKERMANN, G., SCHEIBE, K., and STIMPER, K., “Isolationgefährdende Überspannungen im

Niederspannungsbereich,” [Overvoltages hazardous to insulation in low-voltage systems], ETZ, Bd 118

(1997).

S Reports surge measurements in Germany that include “energy content” in Ws (watts x seconds).

S 10 references

[52] AIEE Committee Report “Switching Surges - I - Phase to Ground Switching Voltages,” AIEE Transactions

PAS-80, June 1961.

S Comprehensive report, 1961 vintage, of the subject.

S 84 references, 10 discussions

[53] ALLEN, G.W. and SEGALL, D., “Monitoring of Computer Installation for Line Disturbances,” presented at the

IEEE Power Engineering Society Winter Meeting, New York, NY, Jan. 1974, Paper C74 (Conference preprint

only.)

S Reports occurrence rates at computer sites, recorded with CRT memory scopes.

S Possible artifact of insufficient writing speed discussed but not appended to conference preprint. See IEEE

Std C62.41.1-2002 data base for that discussion.

S 7 references

[54] ANDERSON, R.B. and ERIKSSON, A.J., “Lightning Parameters for Engineering Application,” ELECTRA

No.69, 1980.

S Probability of occurrence of lightning flashes.

S Peak current amplitude and waveshape parameters.

S 55 references.

[55] ASPNES, J.D., EVANS, B.W., and MERRITT, R.P., “Rural Alaska Electric Power Quality,” IEEE Transactions

PAS-104, No.3, March 1985.

S Survey with digital-output disturbance monitors.

S Did not consider the effect of SPDs integrated in the instrument power supply that limited observed surges.

S 28 references, 2 discussions

[56] BACHMAN, L., GULLBERG, M., STRICKLER, F., and SACHS, H., “An Assessment of Shipboard Power Line

Transients.”Proceedings, International IEEE EMC Symposium, Aug. 1981.

S Surge recordings with storage oscilloscope and disturbance analyzers.

[57] BARKER, P.P., MANCAO, R.T., KVALTINE, D.J., and PARRISH, D.E., “Characteristics of Lightning Surges

Measured at Metal-Oxide Distribution Arresters,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-8, January 1993.

S Recording of 1309 lightning surges at four sites of distribution systems.

S Uses a modified MOV arrester as transducer to bring signals down to low-voltage input of recorder.

S 23 references

[58] BEJLERI, M., RAKOV, V.A., UMAN, M.A., RAMBO, K.J., MATA, C.T., and FERNANDEZ, M.I., “Triggered

Lightning Testing of an Airport Runway Lighting System,” Proceedings, 25th International Conference on

Lightning Protection, Rhodes, September 2000.

S Injection of triggered lightning current into a runway lighting system at Camp Blanding.

S Measurements of the dispersion of lightning current among ground rods and counterpoise.

S 3 references

[59] BELHOMME, R., PLAMONDON, M., NAKRA, H., DESROSIERS, D., and GAGNON, C., “Case Study on the

Integration of a Non-Utility Induction Generator to the Hydro-Québec Distribution Network,” IEEE Transactions

PWRD-10, No.3, July 1995.

S Investigates the influence of load, capacitive compensation, machine parameters on resulting

overvoltages.

S Presents results of simulation of a distribution network.

S 11 references
3. Recorded occurrences, surveys, and staged tests – Continued

Page 10

[60] BERGER, K., ANDERSON, R.B., and KRÖNINGER, H., “Parameters of Lightning Flashes,” ELECTRA

No.41, 1975.

S The seminal paper on lightning parameters.

S Statistical distribution of 10 parameters, including peak current, charge, and waveshape.

S 8 references

[61] BODLE, D.W., GHAZI, A.J., SYED, M., and WOODSIDE, R.L., Characterization of the Electrical Environment,

University of Toronto Press, 1976.

S Book initially written from the communications point of view but applicable to AC power circuits.

S 124 references, 320 pages

[62] BOEHNE, E.W. and LOW, S.S., “Shunt Capacitor Energization with Vacuum Interrupters — A Possible

Source of Overvoltage,” IEEE Transactions, PAS-88, No. 9, Sept. 1969.

S Field tests and computer analysis for overvoltages on transformers and arresters, with corrective

measures.

S 15 references, 11 discussions

[63] BULL, J.H. and NETHERCOT, M.A., “The Frequency of Occurrence and Magnitude of Short Duration

Transients in Low-Voltage Supply Mains,” Radio Electronic Engineer, September 1964.

S Peak-reading recordings at substations, bus-bars, and point-of use.

S 5 references

[64] CANNOVA, S.F., “Short-Time Voltage Transients in Shipboard Electrical Systems,”IEEE Transactions IA-9,

No.5, Sept/Oct 1973.

S Oscilloscope recordings and histograms.

S 18 references

[65] CHOWDHURI, P., “Estimation of Flashover Rates of Overhead Power Distribution Lines by Lightning Strokes

to Nearby Ground,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-4, No.3, July 1989.

S Computation of flashover rates as a function of BIL.

S 18 references, 1 discussion

[66] CIANOS, N. and PIERCE, E.T., “A Ground-Lightning Environment for Engineering Usage,” Stanford

Research Institute, Menlo Park, CA 94205, Aug 1972.

S Comprehensive statistics on the characteristics of lightning.

S 108 references, 136 pages

[67] CUMMINS, K.L., MURPHY, M.J., BARDO, E.A., HISCOX, W.L., PYLE, R.B., and PIFER, A.E., “A Combined

TOA/MDF Technology Upgrade of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network,” Journal of Geophysical

Research, Vol 103 No D8, April 1998.

S Summarizes the development and upgrade of the U.S. National Lightning Detection Network.

S Provides examples of the cumulative distribution of peak current.

S 36 references

[68] DARVENIZA, M. and UMAN, M.A., “Research Into Lightning Protection of Distribution Systems - Part II,

Results from Florida Field Work 1978 and 1979,” IEEE Transactions PAS-103, No. 4, 1984.

S Statistics on the occurrence of lightning.

S 14 references

[69] DORR, D.S., “Point of Utilization Power Quality Study Results,” IEEE Transactions IA-31 No.4, July/August

1995.

S Presents results of four years of monitoring at 112 North American locations.

S Cites relatively low rate of occurrence of surges above 500 volts, suggesting that the proliferation of SPDs

can be the cause of this low incidence.

S Other Power Quality statistics include sags, swells, and outages.

S 17 references

[70] FERNANDEZ, M.I., RAMBO, K.J., STAPLETON, M.V., RAKOV, V.A., and UMAN, M.A., “Review of Triggered

Lightning Experiments Performed on a Power Distribution System at Camp Blanding, Florida, During 1996

and 1997,” Proceedings, 24th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Birmingham, UK, 1998.

S Injection of triggered lightning current into several configurations at Camp Blanding.

S Review of tests reported in earlier papers and preview of forthcoming test reports.

S 3 references
3. Recorded occurrences, surveys, and staged tests – Continued

Page 11

[71] FERNANDEZ, M.I., RAKOV, V.A., and UMAN, M.A., “Transient Currents and Voltages in a Power Distribution

System Due to Natural Lightning,” Proceedings, 24th International Conference on Lightning Protection,

Birmingham, UK, 1998.

S Opportunistic natural flash events at the triggered lightning facility of Camp Blanding.

S One flash struck earth away from the line: electromagnetic coupling and injection via ground connections.

S One flash event struck the directly the overhead distribution line, equipped with MOV arresters at the time.

S 4 references

[72] GAIBROIS, G.L., MASHIKIAN, M.S., and JOHNSON, K., “Study of Lightning Current Magnitude Through

Distribution Arresters,” EPRI Report No. EL-1140, Sept. 1979.

S Citation of long duration current in arresters.

S 8 references

[73] GOEDBLOED, J.J., “Transients in Low-Voltage Supply Networks,” IEEE Transactions EMC-29, No. 2, May

1987

S Shows rates of rise up to 30 kV/:s, peaks exceeding 3 kV.

S Contains extensive analysis of data.

S Avoids the use of ‘energy in the surge’ but defines ‘energy measure’ based on integral of v2dt.

S 13 references

[74] GOEDDE, G.L., DUGAN, R.C., ROWE, LD., HARTANA, R., SKLIUTAS, J., and WALLING, R., “Full Scale

Lightning Surge Tests of Distribution Transformers and Secondary Systems,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-7,

No.3, July 1992.

S Low-side surges are known to cause failures of low voltage distribution transformers.

S Tests on low-side surges were found to consist of two basic components:

S The natural frequency of the system, responsible for corona discharge spots at secondary bushings.

S The inductive response of the system to the stroke current, responsible for transformer failures.

S 11 references

[75] GOLDSTEIN, M. and SPERANZA, P.D., “The Quality of U.S. Commercial AC Power,” Intelec Conference

Proceedings, 1982.

S Monitoring with Dranetz 606-3 at Bell Telephone sites.

S Statistical discussion of relative percentages of disturbances based on arbitrary thresholds.

[76] GREBE, T.E., “Application of Distribution System Capacitor Banks and Their Impact on Power Quality,” IEEE

Transactions IA-32, No.3, May/June 1996.

S Discussion of capacitor switching transients and magnification effects.

S Provides several examples of recordings with the “PQNode” instrument.

S Points out the need to evaluate energy considerations if MOVs are applied for mitigation.

S 6 references

[77] HAHN, G.J. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Surge Voltages in Residential Power Circuits,” IEEE Conference Paper,

Summer Power Meeting, Portland OR July 1967.

S First publication of the GE surge monitoring project, later upgraded as IEEE Transactions PAS-89, No.6,

July/Aug 1970 – See listing under [86] Martzloff & Hahn.

[78] HAIRABEDIAN, B. “A Survey of Power Line Disturbances at Typical Ibm Computer Installations in the U.S. for

the Period 1988-1992.” Document Number TR 21.1507, IBM Corporation, Kingston NY, June 1992.

S The survey logged 22 201 monitor-days at 25 IBM computer sites.

S Frequency-distribution tables, Weibull profiles, histories of monthly events, and chronologies of vents.

S The composite results of the survey are compared with those of the 1972 and 1982 IBM surveys.

S 93 pages, 5 references

[79] HARUKI, H., SUNAGA, M., KIMATA, R., and KATOH, J., “Development of a Lightning Current Waveform

Measuring System for 500 kV Overhead Transmission Lines,” IEEE Transactions, PWRD-4, No. 3, July 1989.

S Reports submicrosecond rise times of lightning current and differences in winter and summer lightning in

Japan.

S 7 references

[80] HASLER, R. and LAGADEC, R, “Digital Measurement of Fast Transients on Power Supply Lines,”

Proceedings, 3rd Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Rotterdam, 1979.

S Monitoring with a digital system show ring waves and nanosecond rise times near switching devices.

S 1 reference (in German)
3. Recorded occurrences, surveys, and staged tests – Continued

Page 12

[81] HUGHES, M.B. and CHAN, J.S., “Canadian National Power Quality Survey Results,” Proceedings, EPRIPQA’95 Conference 1995.

S Reports results of monitoring surge occurrences (only as part of a power quality survey).

S Three-year period at 550 sites classified as industrial, commercial, and residential, each for one month.

S 8 references

[82] KEY, T.S. “Diagnosing Power Quality-Related Computer Problems,” IEEE Transactions, IA-15, No. 4,

July/Aug. 1979.

S Records of disturbances and general discussion.

S Early version of the computer susceptibility curve that became “The CBEMA Curve.”

S 10 references

[83] LENZ, J.E., “Basic Impulse Insulation Levels of Mercury Lamp Ballasts for Outdoor Applications,” Illuminating

Engineering, Feb. 1964.

S Reports (in the discussion) oscilloscope recordings at pole-mounted transformers with 5.6 kV peaks, the

maximum surge recording in 120 V circuits found in the literature.

[84] MacGORMAN, D.R., MAIER, E.W. and RUST, W.D., “Lightning Strike Density for the Contiguous United

States From Thunderstorm Duration Records,” Report NUREG/CR-3759, U.S. Nuclear Regulatory

Commission, 1984.

S Lightning strike density computed from aviation stations observations, presented as maps and tables.

S 16 references

[85] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Surge Suppression in a Typical Home Wiring System,” Declassified GE TIS Report

63GL97, 1963.

S Injection of surges and their propagation in a residential power system.

S Examples of suppression achieved by selenium cells before the advent of metal-oxide varistors.

S 2 references

[86] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and HAHN, G.J., “Surge Voltages in Residential and Industrial Power Circuits,” IEEE

Transactions PAS-89, No. 6, July/August 1970.

S Oscilloscope recordings show ring waves; peak detector recordings yield statistics.

S Documents the anecdotal story of clock motor failure rates.

S 9 references

[87] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Transient Overvoltages in Secondary Systems,” Unclassified GE TIS Report 81CRD121,

1981.

S Capsule summary of data collected in the survey over the period of 1963-1970.

S Large-size, first generation reproductions of original oscillograms contributed to IEEE Std C62.41.

S 6 references

[88] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Varistor Versus Environment: Winning the Rematch,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-1,

No. 2, April 1986.

S Staged test of capacitor switching on remote MV side produces ring waves on low-voltage load.

S Coordination between 3 kV and 480 V varistor-based SPDs.

S 5 references, 1 discussion

[89] McEACHERN, A., Handbook of Power Signatures. Foster City, CA: Basic Measuring Instruments Pub., 1989.

S Reports generic types of disturbances.

S Procedures on conducting a site survey.

[90] MEISSEN, W., “Überspannungen in Niederspannungsnetzen” [Overvoltages in low-voltage networks], ETZ

Bd. 104, 1983.

S The seminal paper proposing long waveform with extremely high energy-deposition capability (leading to

the development of German Standard DIN 0160, but no longer acknowledged by the IEC TC77).

S Documents the effects of fuse blowing in industrial environments.

[91] MELLIT, B., “Transient Voltages Generated by Inductive Switching in Control Circuits,” Proceedings IEE, vol.

121, No. 7, July 1974.

S Shows field and laboratory recordings of bursts such as those involved in the IEC EFT specifications.

S 11 references
3. Recorded occurrences, surveys, and staged tests – Continued

Page 13

[92] MINEGISHI, S., ECHIGO, H., and SATO, R., “Frequency Spectra of the Arc Current Due to Opening Electric

Contacts in Air,” IEEE Transactions, EMC-31, No. 4, Nov. 1989.

S Reports measurement in megahertz range of contact opening sequences.

S 11 references

[93] ODENBERG, R. and BRASKICH, B.J., “Measurements of Voltages and Current Surges on the AC Power Line

in Computer and Industrial Environments,” IEEE Transactions, PAS-104, No. 10, Oct. 1985.

S Reports mostly long-duration surges (1000 :s). 

S 5 references, 2 discussions

[94] ORVILLE, R.E., HENDERSON, R.W., and PYLE, R.B., “Lightning Flash Characteristics: 1987, Interim

Report,” EL-6413, Electric Power Research Institute, August 1989.

S Statistics and maps of lightning ground flashes for Eastern United States.

S 13 references

[95] PELLETIN, J. and LEROY, J., “Experimentation races tameness - Résultats de la campagne d'investigations

1973. Enregistrement de surtensions atmosphériques affectant les postes MT/BT et les dérivations d'abonnés

d'artères de distribution rurales - Analyse statistique des enregistrements. [Experiments on sample networks -

Results from the 1973 investigation. -EDF - DER - M15-375 - May 1974. (In French)

S Recordings of atmospheric overvoltages on MV/LV stations and rural distribution lines.

S Statistical analysis of the recordings.

[96] PFEIFFER, W, and SCHEUERER, F., “Überspannungen in Niederspannungsnetzen” [Overvoltages in lowvoltage networks], ETZ Bd.113 (1992). (In German)

S Reports measurements conducted in Germany in the late eighties.

[97] POPOLANSKY, F., PROCHAKZKA, F., and SCHLAMP, M., “Frequency Distribution of Peak Values of

Lightning Overvoltages in a Rural Low-voltage Network,” Proceedings, 21th International Conference on

Lightning Protection, Berlin, 1992.

S Statistics of the recording of lightning-induced surges in an overhead line.

[98] RAKOV, V.A. and UMAN, M.A., “On the Duration of Time Intervals Between Lightning Return Stokes,”

Proceedings, 22nd International Conference on Lightning Protection, Budapest, 1994.

S Electric field measurements and TV records of multiple strokes.

S Time intervals between two stroke can be less than one millisecond.

S 25 references

[99] RAKOV, V.A., UMAN, M.A., FERNANDEZ, M.I., THOTTAPPILLIL, R., EYBERT-BERARD, A., BERLANDIS,

J.P., RACHIDI, F., RUBINSTEIN, M., GUERRIERI, S., and NUCCI, C.A., “Observed Electromagnetic

Environment Close to the Lightning Channel,” Proceedings, 23th International Conference on Lightning

Protection, Florence, Italy, 1996.

S Measurements at Camp Blanding of electric and magnetic fields at distances of tens to hundreds of meters

from point of strike.

S Comparisons with data from Kennedy Space Center and Fort McClelland.

S 9 references

[100] RHOADES, W.T., “Characteristics of Unusual Power Mains Transients,” Proceedings, 6th Symposium on

 Electromagnetic Compatibility, Zürich, 1985.

S Transients associated with UPS operation and CRT flashover.

S 5 references

[101] SABIN, D.D., “An Assessment of Distribution System Power Quality,” EPRI Report TR-106294-V2, 1996.

S Comprehensive statistical data base of power quality measurements collected during the EPRI Distribution

Power Quality (DPQ) Project.

S 15 references

[102] SPERANZA, P.D., “A Look at the Quality of AC Power Serving the Bell System,” Bell Lab Record,

 July/August 1982.

S Generic report of recordings and statistical discussion.
3. Recorded occurrences, surveys, and staged tests – Continued

Page 14

[103] STANDLER, R.B., “Transients on the Mains in a Residential Environment,” IEEE Transactions EMC-31,

 No.2, May1989.

 S Measurement by digital oscilloscope of transients on the single-phase 120 V mains of a residential

environment.

 S Waveforms are shown for transient overvoltages on the mains caused by three nearby lightning strikes

and one unknown source. Statistical summaries are presented for all naturally occurring transients.

 S Waveforms are presented for the transient caused by switching on various loads, resulting in rates of

rise ranging from 6 kV/:s to 17 kV/:s.

 S 6 references

[104] TRUEBLOOD, H.M. and SUNDE, E.D., “Lightning Observations in Buried Cables,” Bell System Technical

 Journal, XVIII, April 1949.

 S Presents the concept of “stroke factor”.

[105] WERNSTRÖM, H., BROMS, M., and BOBERG, S., “Transient Overvoltages on AC Power Supply Systems

 in Swedish Industry,” Report FOA E 30002-E2, Foorsvarets Forskningsanstaldt, Huvudavdelning , Sweden,

 1984.

 S Shows rise times in the range of 60 ns to 600 ns.

 S Contains a graph of number of occurrences versus peaks.

 S 12 references

-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-
Page 15

4. Propagation and coupling of surges 

(Experiments and numerical simulations)

[106] ALTMAIER, H., PELZ, D., and SCHEIBE, K., “Computer Simulation of Surge Voltage Protection in Lowvoltage Systems,” Proceedings, 21th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Berlin 1992

S Presents simulations of direct lightning strikes to the building for TN, TT, and IT power distribution

systems.

S Makes the statement “Coordination must be done on a basis of lightning currents with the 10/350

waveform.”

S 31 references

[107] BIRKL, J., HASSE, P., and ZAHLMANN, P., “Investigation of the Interaction of Lightning Currents with Lowvoltage Installations and Their Related Threat Parameters,” Proceedings, 23rd International Conference on

Lightning Protection, Firenze, 1996. 

S Considers first stroke, subsequent stroke, and continuing current.

S Impact on surge arresters.

S 5 references

[108] CIGRE Study Committee 33, WG 33.01 “Guide to Procedures for Estimating the Lightning Performance of

Transmission Lines,” Electra Brochure, 1992.

[109] CROUCH, K.E. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Lightning Protection of Residential AC Wiring,” Declassified GE

Memo Report MOR-78-095, 1978.

S Effect of large currents flowing in the neutral/grounding conductor of the service drop to a building.

S A unidirectional 8/20 :s current flowing only in the grounding conductors induces oscillatory transients in

the differential mode. (Test results contributed to the data base of IEEE Std C62.41.)

S 5 references

[110] DUGAN, R.B. and SMITH, S.D., “Low-voltage-side Current Surge Phenomena in Single-phase Distribution

Transformer Systems,” Proceedings, IEEE T&D Conference, 1986.

S Describes the scenario of a lightning strike to the service drop and resulting surges in the transformer.

S Simulations show the effects of placing surge arresters at the transformer secondary terminals.

S 7 references

[111] DUGAN, R.B., “Conduction of Lightning Stroke Currents from the Utility System to Load Devices,”

Proceedings, First International Power Quality Conference, October 1989.

S Coupling of surges between grounding conductors, etc., and the line conductors during lightning

currents.

S Describes solutions.

S 4 references

[112] DUGAN, R.B., KERSHAW, S.S., and SMITH, S.D., “Protecting Distribution Transformers from Low-Side

Current Surges,” Proceedings, IEEE T&D Conference, 1989.

S Discusses effects of the type of windings of the transformer on the resulting surges at the service

entrance.

S Recommends installation of SPDs at both transformer secondary and service entrance.

S 7 references

[113] DUGAN, R.B., GOEDDE, G., and HENRY, D.C., “Conduction of Lightning Stroke Currents From the Utility

System to Load Devices,” Proceedings, 2nd National Conference on Power Quality for End-Use Applications,

1990.

S Describes how lightning surges can enter load circuits through utility system neutral paths.

S Offers comments on protection schemes within the building.

S 4 references

[114] DUGAN, R.B., GOEDDE, G.L., and ROWE, L.D., “Full Scale Lightning Surge Tests of Distribution

Transformers and Secondary Systems,” Proceedings IEEE PES Transmission and Distribution Conference,

Sept., 1991.

S Discusses low side surges and effects on distribution transformers.

S Discusses effect of secondary arresters on distribution transformer failures.

S 11 references
4. Propagation and coupling of surges – Continued

Page 16

[115] DUGAN, R.C., “Low-Side Surges –Answers to Common Questions,” Cooper Power Systems Bulletin

SE9001, 1992.

S Tutorial presentation of the subject of low-side surges

S Laboratory test results from injection of 4/10 strokes at the transformer primary and at the service

entrance.

S 9 references

[116] EHRLER, J. and KÜTTNER, H., “Ausbreitung und Begrenzung von Blitzüberspannungen in Niederspannungs Anlage” [Propagation and Limitation of lightning overvoltages in low-voltage systems],

VDE/ABB Blitzschutztagung, 1997. (In German)

[117] EPRI Electromagnetic Transient Program (EMTP), Version 2.0, Vol. 1, Main Program; Vol. 2, Auxiliary

Routines, EPRI Report EL-6421-L, July 1989.

S Description of the public domain version of the original EMTP program, adapted for PC use.

[118] ERIKSSON, A.J., STRINGFELLOW, M.F., and MEAL, D.V., “Lightning-induced Overvoltages on Overhead

Distribution Lines,” IEEE Transactions PAS-101, No.4, 1982.

S Measurement of voltages induced into an 11-kV line, 10-km long, by nearby and far lightning strikes.

S Model for computing induced voltages.

S 24 references, 2 discussions

[119] FERNANDEZ, M.I., MATA, C.T., RAKOV, V.A., UMAN, M.A., RAMBO, K.J., STAPLETON, M.V., and

BEJLERI, M. “Testing of Lightning Arresters and Improved Lightning Protection, Final Results,” Technical

Report, EPRI 109670, 1998.

S Camp Blanding, Florida facility for rocket-triggered lightning.

S Direct lightning strikes to overhead line and to a simulated house ground.

S 25 references

[120] GREBE, J.E., “Application of Distribution System Capacitor Banks and Their Impact on Power Quality,”

IEEE Transactions IA-32, No.3, May/June 1996.

S Summary of power quality related concerns associated with the application of utility distribution systems

capacitor banks.

S 7 references

[121] HENSLEY, G., SINGH, T., SAMOTYJ, M., McGRANAGHAN, M., and GREBE, T.E, “Impact of Utility

Switched Capacitors on Customer Systems Part II -- Adjustable Speed Drive Concerns,” IEEE

Transactions PWRD-6, No.2, October 1991.

S Computer analysis of nuisance tripping of adjustable speed drives caused by capacitor switching.

S 8 references

[122] HENSLEY, G., SINGH, T., SAMOTYJ, M., McGRANAGHAN, M., and ZAVADIL,R., “Impact of Utility

Switched Capacitors on Customer Systems -- Magnification at Low-Voltage Capacitors,” IEEE Transactions

PWRD- 7, No.2, April 1992.

S Computer and parametric analysis of secondary transient overvoltages caused by utility capacitor

switching.

S 5 references

[123] JOHNSON, I.B., SILVA, R.F., and WILSON, D.D., “Switching Surges Due to Energization or Reclosing,”

Proceedings, American Power Conference, vol. XXIII, 1961.

S Transient Network Analyzer study.

S 4 references

[124] KEY, T.S. and MARTZLOFF, F.D. “Surging the Upside-Down House: Looking into upsetting reference

voltages,” Proceedings, EPRI-PQA’94 Conference, Amsterdam, October 1994.

S Describes a test bed for the propagation and mitigation of surges.

S Illustrates the differences of voltage references developed across multiple ports of appliances.

S 8 references

[125] KIMBARK, E.W. and LEGATE, A.C., “Fault Surge Versus Switching Surge — A Study of Transient

Overvoltages Caused by Line-to-Ground Faults,” IEEE Transactions, PAS-87, No. 9, Sept. 1968.

S Theoretical treatment of the subject.

S 5 references
4. Propagation and coupling of surges – Continued

Page 17

[126] LAT, M.V., “Determining Temporary Overvoltage Levels for Application of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters on

Multigrounded Systems,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-5, April 1990.

S Presents several calculation methods for temporary overvoltages and an evaluation of these methods.

S Defines limits of applicability of the methods.

S 8 references

[127] LIN, Y.T., UMAN, M.A., and STANDLER, R.B., “Lightning Return Stroke Models,” Journal of Geophysical

Research vol.85, No. C3, March 1980.

S Tests the two most commonly used lightning return stroke models, Bruce-Golde and transmission line,

against subsequent stroke electric and magnetic field measured simultaneously at near and distant

stations and shows that these models are inadequate to describe the experimental data.

S A new return stroke model is proposed that is physically plausible and that yields good approximations

to the measured two-station fields. 

S 38 references 

[128] MANSOOR, A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Driving High Surge Currents into Long Cables: More Begets Less,” 

IEEE Transactions PWRD-12, No.3, July 1997.

S Measurements and modeling show the physical impossibility for large surge currents to propagate very

far into the branch circuits of a building, because flashover will occur at the service entrance.

S Demonstrates the importance of considering the maximum rate of rise (early in the surge) rather than

the peak value and overall rise time.

S 13 references

[129] MANSOOR, A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., “The Effect of Neutral Earthing Practices on Lightning Current

Dispersion in a Low-Voltage Installation,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-13, July 1998.

S Compares the TN and TT for dispersion of lightning current in several scenarios.

S Shows the need for careful review of grounding practices in effect at service entrances.

S Questions the applicability of high amplitude, long duration requirement for service entrance SPDs.

S 20 references

[130] MARTZLOFF, F.D., Surge Suppression in a Typical Home Wiring System,” Declassified GE TIS Report

63GL97, 1963.

S Injection of voltage surges and their propagation in a residential power system.

S 2 references

[131] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and CROUCH, K. E., “Coordination of Overvoltage Protection in Low-voltage

Residential Circuits,” – English translation by the author of the original French paper “Coordination de la

protection contre les surtensions dans les réseaux basse tension résidentiels,” published in Proceedings,

1978 IEEE Canadian Conference on Communications and Power, 78CH1373-0, 1978.

S Reports laboratory injection of lightning current in house wiring.

S Illustrates conversion of unidirectional surges into oscillatory surges.

S 4 references

[132] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Coordination of Surge Protectors in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits,” IEEE

Transactions, PAS-99, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1980.

S Coordination between gap-type (“voltage switching”) and clamp-type (“voltage limiting”) protectors.

S Coupling between grounding conductor and phase wires.

S 7 references

[133] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “The Propagation and Attenuation of Surge Voltages and Surge Currents in 

Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits,” IEEE Transactions PAS-102, No. 5, May 1983.

S Propagation and attenuation of 1.2/50 :s and 100 kHz Ring Wave.

S Coupling of differential mode through isolation transformers.

S 9 references, 1 discussion

[134] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and GAUPER, H.A.,“Surge and High-Frequency Propagation in Industrial Power Lines,”

IEEE Transactions IA-22, No.4, July/August 1986.

S Propagation of 100 kHz Ring Wave in steel conduit lines.

S Options for coupling one, two, or three surge diverters at line end; resulting mode conversion.

S 8 references
4. Propagation and coupling of surges – Continued

Page 18

[135] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Varistor vs environment: Winning the Rematch,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-1, April

1986.

S Propagation of low-frequency, capacitor switching ring waves from distant substation to low-voltage load.

S Coordination between 3 kV and 480 V varistor-based SPDs.

S 5 references, 1 discussion

[136] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and WILSON, P.F., “Fast Transient Tests - Trivial or Terminal Pursuit ?,” Proceedings,

7

th International Zürich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1987.

S Measurement and modeling of attenuation of pulses with nanosecond rise time in steel conduit lines.

S 8 references

[137] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and LEEDY, T.F., “Electrical Fast Transients: Application and Limitations,” IEEE

Transactions IA-26, No. 1, Jan./Feb. 1990.

S Measurement and modeling of attenuation of the EFT 5/50 ns pulse in conduit and nonmetallic jacket lines.

S Shows the decrease in pulse front steepness occurring for a relatively short length of line.

S Suggests that the EFT test should be required only when exposure to this type of environment is likely.

S 9 references

[138] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Coupling, Propagation, and Side Effects of Surges in an Industrial Building Wiring

System,” IEEE Transactions IA-26, No. 2, March/April 1990.

S Propagation and attenuation in multi-branch systems.

S Surges in power lines can cause failures of data port components when ground loops exist between

pieces of equipment powered by separate branch circuits and connected by a data link.

S Findings promoted the concept of a surge reference equalizer.

S 11 references

[139] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “On the Propagation of Old and New Surges,” Proceedings, Open Forum on Surge

Protection Application, NISTIR-4654, August 1991.

S Measurements on the propagation of the Ring Wave, the Combination Wave, and the 10/1000 :s Wave.

S The lack of effect of wire diameter is documented by a simple experiment.

S 14 references

[140] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Diverting Surges to Ground: Expectations vs. Reality,” Proceedings, Open Forum on

Surge Protection Application, NISTIR-4654, August 1991.

S Comparison of the performance of filter-type vs. voltage-limiting type surge-protective devices.

S Experimental demonstration of voltages induced in branch circuit conductors by the flow of surge

currents diverted by the action of the two types of SPDs.

S 9 references

[141] MARTZLOFF, F.D., MANSOOR, A., PHIPPS, K.O., and GRADY, W.W., “Surging the Upside-Down House:

Measurement and Modeling Techniques,” Proceedings, PQA’95 Conference, New York, NY, 1995.

S Describes a test bed for studying the propagation of surges in low-voltage installations.

S Test and computer modeling on appliances connected to different systems show reference voltage shifts.

S 4 references

[142] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “On the Dispersion of Lightning Current for a Direct Flash to a Building,” Proceedings,

25th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Rhodes, 2000.

S A review of simulation examples and anecdotal case history.

S 9 references

[143] MASTER, M.J., UMAN, M.A., LIN, Y.T., and STANDLER, R.B., “Calculations of Lightning Return Stroke

Electric and Magnetic Fields above Ground,” Journal of Geophysical Research vol.86, No.C12, Dec. 1981.

S Detailed calculations of lightning return stroke electric and magnetic fields above ground are presented.

S 16 references

[144] MATA, C.T., FERNANDEZ, M.I., RAKOV, V.A., UMAN, M.A., BEJLERI, M., RAMBO, K.J., and

STAPLETON, M.V., “Overvoltages in Underground Systems, Phase 2 Results,” Technical Report, 

EPRI TR-109669-R1, 1998.

S A 200-page report on the results of triggered lightning experiments.

S 43 references
4. Propagation and coupling of surges – Continued

Page 19

[145] MATA, C.T., FERNANDEZ, M.I., RAKOV, V.A., and UMAN, M.A., “EMTP Modeling of a Triggered-Lightning

Strike to the Phase Conductor of an Overhead Distribution Line,” IEEE Transactions PWRD – ( Scheduled

for Spring 2002).

S Modeling of the Camp Blanding overhead distribution line subjected to injection of lightning current.

S Model elements include transmission line, MOV arresters, grounding leads, and ground rods.

S 9 references

[146] MIKHAIL, S. and McGRANAGHAN, M, “Evaluation of Switching Concerns Associated with 345 kV Shunt

Capacitor Applications,” IEEE Transactions PAS-106, No.4, April 1986.

S Results of Transient Network Analyzer study evaluating switched capacitor banks.

S Includes normal energizing, voltage magnification, phase-to-phase transients, inrush, outrush, andrestrikes.

S 14 references, 2 discussions

[147] NIGGLI, M.R., YTURRALDE, W.E., NIEBUHR, W.D., ROCAMORA, R.G., and MADZAREVIC, V., “Fault

Clearing Overvoltages on Long Transformer Terminated Lines,” IEEE Transactions, PAS-98, No. 2, March

1979

S Transient Network Analyzer study.

S 9 references, 4 discussions

[148] PAUL, C.R. and HARDIN, K.B., “Diagnosis and Reduction of Conducted Noise Emissions,” IEEE

Transactions, EMC, Nov. 1988.

S Method for determination of relative value of common-mode and normal-mode noise, with modeling of

candidate mitigation methods.

S 5 references

[149] PFEIFFER, W. and GRÄF, T., “Ausbreitung und Dämpfung von Überspannungen in NiederspannungsInstallationen” [Propagation and Damping of Overvoltages in Low-voltage Installations], Elektrie Bd. 48, 1994.

S A review of the propagation of surge voltages (in German).

[150] RAKOTOMALALA, A., ROUSSEAU, A., and AURIOL, P., “Lightning Distribution Through Earthing

Systems," Proceedings, IEEE International Symposium on EMC, 1994.

S Model of electrical installation including power and telecom lines, water pipe, lightning rod and SPDs.

S Sharing of current between various paths including SPDs showing that neutral is more stressed in case

of strike on lightning rod. Opposite in case of strike on power lines.

S In general 30 % of lightning current is shared among all power conductors.

S 8 references

[151] RAKOV, V.A., UMAN, M.A., FERNANDEZ, M.I., MATA, C.T., RAMBO, K.J., STAPLETON, M.V., and

SUTIL, R.R., “Direct Lightning Strikes to the Lightning Protection System of a Residential Building:

Triggered-lightning Experiments,” IEEE Transactions PE-032PRD(11-2001).

S Injection of triggered lightning into a house replica at Camp Blanding.

S Measured data on dispersion of the lightning current among available paths to ground.

S Examples of current waveforms.

S 9 references

[152] ROCHEREAU, H., XEMARD, A., MICHAUD, J., ZEDDAM, A., and BOUTET, F., “ANASTASIA : Un outil de

simulation de l'effet de la foudre sur les réseaux aériens de distribution à basse tension” [ANASTASIA: A

Simulation Tool for Lightning Effects on Overhead Low-voltage Distribution Lines], Proceedings, CIGRE

Conference "Power system electromagnetic compatibility" - Foz do Iguaçu - May 1995.

S Reports an investigation conducted by the French utility (in French).

[153] ROUSSEAU, A., ROY, D., and WARSMANN, P., “What is a Lightning Earth ?” ERA Earthing 2000

S Mathematical model of high frequency lightning earth/ground.

S High frequency is just useful for overvoltages not for energy sharing between various paths.

S Equipment exist for measuring high frequency ground impedance and examples of good "lightning"

ground are given based on real measurements.

S 5 references

[154] SCUKA, V., “EMI Control in Low-Voltage Power Installations.” Proceedings, 7th International Zürich

Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1987.

S Laboratory measurements of propagation parameters on typical wiring practices

S Comparisons between gap-type and varistor SPDs.

S Recommendations on grounding practices and building construction.

S 8 references
4. Propagation and coupling of surges – Continued

Page 20

[155] STANDLER, R.B., “Equations for Some Transient Overvoltage Test Waveforms,” IEEE Transactions EMC30, Feb. 1988.

S Provides mathematical equations for the 100 kHz Ring Wave and the Combination Wave.

[156] STANDLER, R.B., “Calculation of Lightning Surge Currents Inside Buildings,” Proceedings, IEEE EMC

Symposium, August 1992.

S Makes computations with SPICE for a 10/350 :s, 20 kA impinging current.

S MOV arrester at the service entrance and varistors at the end of branch circuits of various lengths.

S Neglects inductance and considers only resistance, justified by the long tail of the surge.

S 11 references

[157] STANDLER, R.B., “Transmission Line Models for Coordination of Surge-protective Devices,” Proceedings,

IEEE International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility Symposium, 1993.

S The distribution of surge currents between an arrester and suppressor separated by a transmission line

is described for six different models of transmission lines.

S Two different surge waveforms are used in the simulation: the 1.2/50 :s wave, and the 10/350 :s wave.

S Conclusions on the relative accuracy of the various models of transmission lines.

S 14 references

[158] STANDLER, R.B., “Neutral-Earth Surge Voltages on Low-voltage AC Mains,” Proceedings, 10th

International Zürich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1993

S Computer simulations of surge suppressor circuits and propagation of surges on transmission lines

show surge voltage waveshapes between the neutral and protective earth conductors inside buildings.

S Theoretical discussion is about the common error of approximating a transmission line as a single

inductor. 

S 13 references

[159] STRINGFELLOW, M.F. and STONELY, B.T., “Coordination of Surge Suppressors in Low-Voltage AC

Power Circuits,” Proceedings, Forum on Surge Protection Application, NISTIR-4657, August 1991.

S Experiments showing the effect of line length and surge waveform on sharing energy between service

entrance arrester and surge suppressor inside building.

S Metal-oxide varistors were applied at service entrance, distribution panel and load.

S Removal of protection at either load or distribution panel resulted in unacceptably large oscillatory

voltages. Best load protection achieved with MOVs in all three locations.

S 4 references

[160] VINES, R.M., TRUSSELL, H.G., GALE, L.J., and OAENEAL, B., “Noise on Residential Power Distribution

Circuits,” IEEE Transactions, EMC, Nov. 1984.

S Reports conducted noise measurements from typical residential loads.

S 14 references

[161] WIITANEN, D.O., MORGAN, J.D., and GAIBROIS, G.L., “Station Capacitor Switching Transients – 

Analytical and Experimental Results,” IEEE Transactions, PAS-90, No. 4, April 1971.

S Switching transients at the 41 kV level.

S 10 references, 2 discussions

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Page 21

5 Monitoring instruments, laboratory measurements and test methods

[162] ALLEN, G.W., “Design of Power-Line Monitoring Equipment,” IEEE Transactions, PAS-90, May 1971.

S Description of the instrumentation used by Allen and Segall in [53].

S 5 references

[163] BULL, J.H., “Impedance of the Supply Mains at Radio Frequencies,” Proceedings, 2nd Symposium on

Electromagnetic Compatibility, Montreux, 1975.

S Reports measurements and 50 S/50 :H equivalent circuit.

S 6 references

[164] BUSCHKE, H.A., “A Practical Approach to Testing Electronic Equipment for Susceptibility to AC Line

Transients,” IEEE Transactions on Reliability, vol. 37, No. 4, Oct. 1988.

S Describes test methods and test circuits developed independently from standard approaches.

S 3 references

[165] CUMMINS, K.L., KRIDER, E.P., and MALONE, M.D., “The U.S. National Lightning Detection Network TM

and Applications of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Data by Electric Power Utilities,” IEEE Transactions EM-40

No.4, November 1998.

S Discusses the principle of lightning detection.

S Provides guidelines on the uncertainties of lightning parameters that are acceptable in the industry.

S 75 references

[166] FISHER, F.A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Transient Control Level Philosophy and Implementation, Part II:

Techniques and Equipment for Making TCL Tests,” Proceedings, 2nd Symposium on Electromagnetic

Compatibility, Montreux, 1977.

S Second part of a paper proposing a test protocol based on concepts derived from high-voltage BIL

testing.

S General discussion of circuits for surge generators.

[167] HASSE, P. and BIRKL, J., “EMV-Testverfahren zur Ableiterkoordination” [EMC Test Procedures for

Coordination of Surge Protective Devices], EMC Kompendium 1998, pp 112-115.

S Proposes to define a “steepness factor” to characterize the initial rate of rise of current.

[168] KEY, T.S. and MARTZLOFF, F.D. “Surging the Upside-Down House: Looking into Upsetting Reference

Voltages,” Proceedings, EPRI-PQA’94 Conference, Amsterdam, October 1994.

S Describes a test bed for the propagation and mitigation of surges.

S Illustrates the differences of voltage references developed across multiple ports of appliances.

S 8 references

[169] KEY, T.S., MANSOOR, A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., “No Joules for Surges: Relevant and Realistic

Assessment of Surge Stress Threats,” Proceedings, IEEE International Conference on Harmonics and

Power Quality, Las Vegas NV, Oct. 1996.

S Challenges the erroneous concept of characterizing “energy in the surge” from a simple voltage

measurement.

S Lists surge parameters leading to failure of specific equipment.

S 15 references

[170] KREISS, D.G., The Dranetz Field Handbook for Power Quality Analysis, Dranetz Technologies, Inc., Edison

NJ.

S One chapter on planning and performing a power quality survey includes the topic of ‘impulses’.

S One chapter on waveforms shows examples of recorded surges.

[171] LINDES, G., MANSOOR, A., MARTZLOFF, F.D., and VANNOY, D., “Surge Recordings That Make Sense:

Joules Deposition: Yes! - ‘Joule Content’: Never!,” Proceedings, PQA’97 USA, 1997

S Challenges the erroneous concept of “energy in the surge” based on a simple voltage measurement.

S Lists surge parameters leading to failure of specific equipment.

S Proposes the approach for using existing power quality monitors to record available surge currents.

S 24 references
Page 22

5. Monitoring instruments, laboratory measurements, test methods – Continued

[172] MANSOOR, A., MARTZLOFF, F.D., and PHIPPS, K. “The Fallacy of Monitoring Surge Voltages: SPDs and

PCs Galore!,” Proceedings, EPRI PQA’99 Conference, May 1999.

S Experimental measurements of effective mitigation by multiple SPDs.

S Numerical simulation of the effect of proliferating SPDs and PCs.

S Calls for an industry-wide reassessment of surge monitoring parameters.

S 18 references

[173] MARKEL, L.C., MELHORN, C.J., WILLIAMS, S.R., and MEHTA, H., “Design of a Measurement Program to

Characterize Distribution System Power Quality,” CIRED 12th International Conference on Electricity

Distribution, 1993.

S Simplification of a system-wide survey through stratified random sampling.

[174] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Surge Suppression in a Typical Home Wiring System,” Declassified GE TIS Report

63GL97, 1963.

S Injection of surges and their mitigation in a residential power system.

S Examples of suppression achieved by selenium cells before the advent of metal-oxide varistors.

S 2 references

[175] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Surge Withstand Capability of Various Devices,” Declassified GE TIS Report 63GL133,

1963.

S Early internal GE report addressing the emerging problem of semiconductor failures caused by surges.

S Speculation on the cause of bulb failure – See [25] Bachl et al. (1997) for progress in understanding.

[176] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Effect of Rate of Voltage Rise on Reverse Breakdown of Silicon Diodes.” Declassified

GE TIS Report 63GL132, 1963.

S Steep front surges tend to increase the level at which 1960's diodes failed under surge conditions.

S Higher peak inverse voltage (PIV) do not result in higher levels for the surges that cause failure.

[177] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Low Cost Surge Counter,” Declassified GE TIS Report 64GL166, 1964.

S Design of the surge counters used for the surge monitoring reported in [86] Martzloff & Hahn, 1970.

[178] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Semiconductor Performance under Reverse Transient Over-voltages,” Declassified GE

TIS Report 67C-066, 1966.

S For semiconductors of the late sixties vintage, there is no correlation between their peak inverse voltage

rating (PIV) and the surge level at which failure occurs – most likely by edge flashover.

S Ageing by storage at elevated temperature changed the PIV but not the surge failure level.

S 8 references

[179] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Transient Control Level Test Generators.” Unclassified GE TIS Report 77CRD241,

1977.

S Development of a home-made Ring Wave generator used in the seventies and eighties.

S Two examples of circuits with identical open-circuit voltage waveforms, but different short-circuit current

waveforms.

S 8 references

[180] MARTZLOFF, F.D., Discussion of IEEE paper by Aspnes, J.D., Evans, B.W., and Merritt, R.P., "Rural

Alaska Power Quality,” IEEE Transactions PAS-104, No. 4, March 1985.

S Signals the fallacy of surge recordings from a monitoring instrument that included an internal SPD to

protect its own power supply, inadvertently mitigating surges on the receptacle also used as power

source to be monitored.

[181] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Surge Testing: Don’t Kid Yourself, Don’t Kill Yourself !” EMC Technology and

Interference Control News, August 1988.

S Overview of the just-then-published IEEE Guide on Surge Testing, C62.45-1987.

[182] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and PELLEGRINI, G., “Real, Realistic Ring Waves for Surge Testing,” Proceedings, 9th

International Zürich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1991.

S Reports measurements on the propagation of oscillatory waves in typical low-voltage circuits, as

opposed to the unidirectional waves initially defines for high-voltage power systems.

S Shows how impinging unidirectional surges can produce oscillatory waves responses.

S 17 references
Page 23

5. Monitoring instruments, laboratory measurements, test methods – Continued

[183] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Keeping up with the Reality of Today’s Surge Environment,” Proceedings, Power

Quality ‘95 Conference, 1995.

S Explains that monitoring voltage surges no longer makes sense because of the proliferation of SPDs.

S Rebuts the misconception of characterizing surges by their “energy content.”

S Proposes an IEEE-sponsored sharing of field failure data as an assessment of the surge environment.

S 15 references

[184] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Surge Recordings That Make Sense: Shifting Focus from Voltage to Current

Measurements,” Proceedings, EMC ROMA 96 Symposium, 1996.

S Makes the case that the proliferation of SPDs makes monitoring surge voltages debatable.

S Proposes an approach for using existing power quality monitors to record available surge currents.

S 18 references

[185] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and FISHER, F.A., “Transient Control Level Philosophy and Implementation, Part 1: The

Reasoning Behind the Philosophy,” Proceedings, 2nd Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,

Montreux, 1977.

S Techniques and equipment for making TCL tests.

S 10 references

[186] McEACHERN, A., Handbook of Power Signatures, Basic Measuring Instruments, Foster City CA, 1989.

S Reports generic types of disturbances with non-standard terminology.

S Calls a surge as defined by IEEE an ‘impulse’. Calls a swell as defined by IEEE a ‘surge’.

S Describes procedures on conducting a site survey.

S 267 pages

[187] MILLANTA, L.M. and FORTI, M.M., “A Notch-Filter Network for Wide-Band Measurements of Transient

Voltages on the Power Line,” IEEE Transactions on EMC, Aug. 1988.

S Describes the design and characteristics of a probe that filters out the power-frequency component.

S 20 references

[188] MILLANTA, L.M., FORTI, M.M., and MACI, S.S., “A Broad-Band Network for Power-Line Disturbance

Voltage Measurements,” IEEE Transactions EMC-30, No.3, Aug. 1988.

S Filter network removing the power-frequency voltage from the record.

S 5 references

[189] MILLANTA, L.M. and FORTI, M.M., “A Classification of the Power-Line Voltage Disturbances for an

Exhaustive Description and Measurement,” Proceedings, IEEE EMC Symposium, 1989.

S Proposal for systematic classification of disturbances.

S 17 references

[190] NAVE, M.J., “A Novel Differential Mode Rejection Network for Conducted Emissions Diagnostics,” 

Proceedings, IEEE EMC Symposium, 1989.

S Discussion of common mode and differential mode from the point of view of frequency domain

measurements.

S 5 references

[191] RICHMAN, P., “Precision Coil Impulse Testing with 0.3 A, Micro-Breakdown Sensitivity,” Power Conversion

International, vol. 8, No. 5, May 1982.

S General review of surge generator technology.

S Detection of breakdown by monitoring both voltage and current waveforms in EUT.

S 11 references

[192] RICHMAN, P., “Single-Output, Voltage and Current Generation for Testing Electronic Systems,” 

Proceedings, IEEE 1983 EMC Symposium, 1983.

S Presents the case for the Combination Wave rather than separate 1.2/50 :s and 8/20 :s impulses.

S 4 references

[193] RICHMAN, P., “Changes to Classic Surge-Test Waves Required by Back-Filters Used for Testing Powered

Equipment,” Proceedings, 6th Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility Zürich, 1985.

S Undershoot effects on unidirectional waves, the case for oscillatory waves.

S 5 references
Page 24

5. Monitoring instruments, laboratory measurements, test methods – Continued

[194] SENKO, G., “Probes and Techniques for Measuring Surge Voltage Waves with Fronts from 10 ns to 1.2 :s and

Peaks to 10 kV,” Proceedings, 7th International Zürich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1987.

S Describes a differential probe with 10 kS input impedance, 2 ns rise time, 10 kV rating.

S 5 references

[195] SHAKARJIAN, D.R .and STANDLER, R.B., “AC Power Disturbance Detector Circuit,” IEEE Transactions

PWRD-6, No.2, April 1991.

S Design, construction, and performance of a circuit that detects transients on low-voltage AC mains.

S The disturbance detector circuit can be used to trigger a digital waveform recorder or to operate a

counter circuit to simply record the occurrence of a disturbance.

S 7 references

[196] STANDLER, R.B., “An Experiment to Monitor Disturbances on the Mains,” Proceedings, IEEE IAS Annual

Meeting, Oct. 1987.

S Experiment to collect waveforms of mains disturbances and determine energy deposited in MOVs. 

S 16 references

[197] STANDLER, R.B., “An Experiment to Monitor Disturbances on the Mains,” Conference Record of the 1987

IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 1987.

S Describes the design of an experiment to characterize disturbances on the mains, including the trigger

criteria for waveform recorders.

S Definitions of some disturbances are provided.

S 16 references

[198] STANDLER, R.B., “Equations for Some Transient Overvoltage Test Waveforms,” IEEE Transactions EMC30, No.1, February 1988.

S Simple equations are provided that satisfy the definitions of five of the most common transient

overvoltage test waveforms: the Ring Wave specified in ANSI C62.41-1980, the fast transient specified

in IEC 801, and the 8/20-:s 1.2/50-:s, and 10/1000-:s waveforms.

S 7 references

[199] STANDLER, R.B., “Standard Waveforms for Surge Testing: Experimental Evaluation and Proposed New

Criteria for Tolerances,” Proceedings, 8th International Zürich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,

1989.

S Evaluates several commercial surge generators and proposes using equations to define nominal

waveforms and tolerances of unipolar waves.

S 11 references

[200] STANDLER, R.B., “Calculation of Energy in Transient Overvoltages,” Proceedings, IEEE EMC Symposium,

1989.

S Shows that using the integral of V

2

/50S.dt to compute energy in a surge is invalid.

S An artificial AC line network simulates a long branch circuit to give line impedance vs. frequency. 

S 18 references

[201] STANDLER, R.B., “American Surge Test Methods for Equipment Connected to the Low-voltage AC Supply

Mains,” Proceedings, Lightning Protection 92 - Buildings, Structures and Electronic Equipment Conference

1992. 

S Describes how electronic equipment and surge protective devices are surge tested in the USA, with

emphasis on differences between the American and European practices.

S 11 references

[202] UMAN, M.A., RAKOV, V.A., RAMBO, K.J., VAUGHT, T.W., FERNANDEZ, M.I., BERNSTEIN, R., and

GOLDEN, C., “Triggered-lightning Facility for Studying Lightning Effects on Power Systems,” Proceedings,

23th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Florence, Italy, 1996.

S Description of rocket-triggered lightning at Camp Blanding, with examples of recordings.

S 6 references

[203] WIESINGER, J., “Hybrid-Generator für die Isolationskoordination,” (Hybrid Generators for the Coordination

of Insulation) ETZ-104, No. 21, 1983.

S Endorses the concept of the Combination Wave in the European context.

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Page 25

6 Textbooks and tutorial reviews

[204] BODLE, D.W., GHAZI, A.J., SYED, M., and WOODSIDE, R.L. Characterization of the Electrical

Environment. Toronto and Buffalo, NY: University of Toronto Press, 1976.

S Book initially written from the communications point of view but applicable to AC power circuits.

S 124 references, 320 pages

[205] CIGRE Working Group 33.10, “Temporary Overvoltages: Causes, Effects and Evaluation,” Paper 33-210,

CIGRE Conference 1990, Paris.

S Overview on causes of temporary overvoltages on HV networks and impact on surge arresters.

S Equipment withstand capability and methods of temporary overvoltages control.

S 23 references

[206] DAVIES, D.W. and STANDLER, R.B., “Ball Lightning,” Nature vol.240, No.5377, November 1972.

S A well published photograph purportedly of ball lightning has been critically examined.

S Evidence is stronger for interpreting the photograph as a street lamp rather than lightning ball.

S 7 references

[207] DE LA ROSA, F., NUCCI, C.A., and RAKOV. V.A., “Lightning and Its Impact on Power Systems,” CIGRE

Paper P.34, International Conference on Insulation Coordination for Electricity Development in Central

European Countries, Zagreb, Croatia, 1998.

S Comprehensive (44 pages) review of the subject.

S 102 references

[208] DUGAN, R.C., “Low-Side Surges –Answers to Common Questions,” Cooper Power Systems Bulletin

SE9001, 1992.

S Tutorial presentation of the subject of low-side surges

S Laboratory test results from injection of 4/10 strokes at the transformer primary and at the service

entrance.

S 9 references

[209] FERNANDEZ, M.I., RAMBO, K.J., RAKOV, V.A., and UMAN, M.A., “Performance of MOV Arresters During

Very Close, Direct Lightning Strikes to a Power Distribution System,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-14, No.2,

1999.

S Injection of triggered lightning current into an overhead distribution line with MOV arresters at Camp

Blanding.

S Measurements of the response of the arresters to the lightning current.

S 8 references, one discussion

[210] FISHER, F.A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Transient Control Levels: A Proposal for Insulation Coordination in

Low-Voltage Systems,” IEEE Transactions PAS-95, No. 1, Jan/Feb 1976.

S Proposes parallel with the BIL concept for high-voltage system.

S First published version of a test circuit for 100 kHz Ring Wave.

S 12 references, 3 discussions

[211] FISHER, F.A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Transient Control Level Philosophy and Implementation, Part II:

Techniques and equipment for making TCL tests,” Proceedings, 2nd Symposium on Electromagnetic

Compatibility, Montreux, 1977.

S Second part of a paper proposing a test protocol based on concepts derived from high-voltage BIL

testing.

S General discussion of circuits for surge generators.

[212] GOLDE, R.H., Ed. Lightning, New York: Academic Press, 1977.

S Vol 1: Physics of lightning

S Vol 2: Lightning protection

S Several hundred references

[213] GREENWOOD, A., Electrical Transients in Power Systems Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1971.

S Comprehensive textbook.

S Cites 2.1 per-unit overvoltage during ground fault clearing.

S 210 references, 540 pages
6. Textbooks and tutorial reviews – Continued

Page 26

[214] GRUZS, T.M., “Power Disturbances and Computer Systems: A Comparison of the Allen-Segall and the

Goldstein-Speranza Power Line Monitoring Studies,” Proceedings, 1986 Electrical Overstress Exposition, 

Nelson Pub. 1986.

S The effect of arbitrary threshold selection on statistics.

S 2 references

[215] HASSE, P., Overvoltage Protection of Low-Voltage Systems. IEE Power Series, Peter Peregrinus Ltd.

London, 1992. (Original German edition in 1987) Available in the U.S. from IEEE – Second Edition, 2000.

S Examples of causes of overvoltages and damage to electrical systems with electronic devices.

S The operation and application of proven overvoltage protection devices are considered.

S Discusses coordination with a “quenching gap” as the upstream SPD.

S 355 pages, 83 references (many in German)

[216] IEEE Committee Report. “Bibliography on Surge Voltages in AC Power Circuits Rated 600 Volts or Less,”

IEEE Transactions, PAS-89, No. 6, July/Aug. 1970.

S Bibliography compiled by the original IEEE working group 3.6.4.

S 73 references

[217] KEY, T.S., “Diagnosing Power Quality-Related Computer Problems,” IEEE Transactions IA-15, No. 4, July

1979.

S Records of disturbances and general discussion.

S The seminal proposal of the computer susceptibility curve now known as “The CBEMA Curve”.

S 10 references

[218] KEY, T.S. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., “A Consensus on Powering and Grounding Sensitive Electronic

Equipment,” Conference Record, IEEE-IAS Annual Meeting, October 1986.

S General tutorial discussion of the subject.

S Proposed computer susceptibility curve.

S 19 references

[219] KEY, T.S., NASTASI, D., PHIPPS, K.O., MARTZLOFF, F.D., MAY, J., “Update on a Consumer-Oriented

Guide for Surge Protection,” Proceedings, PQA’90 Conference, Charlotte NC, May 1999.

S Summary of a comprehensive report developed by a team of experts, sponsored by EPRI.

S Presents three reports of case studies on lightning damage and post-mortem tests.

S 9 references

[220] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and FISHER, F.A., “Transient Control Level Philosophy and Implementation, Part I: The

reasoning behind the philosophy,” Proceedings, 2nd Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility,

Montreux, 1977.

S First part of a paper proposing a test protocol based on concepts derived from high-voltage BIL testing.

S Equipment should be designed and rated to withstand a limited set of surge tests rather than attempting

to emulate “real world” but ill-defined surge events.

S 10 references

[221] MARTZLOFF, F.D., Discussion of IEEE paper by Aspnes, J.D., Evans, B.W., and Merritt, R.P., "Rural

Alaska power quality,” IEEE Transactions PAS-104, No. 4, March 1985.

S Signals the fallacy of surge recordings from a monitoring instrument that included an internal SPD to

protect its power supply, inadvertently mitigating surges on the dual receptacle used for monitoring.

[222] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Tigers or Pussycats: Does Distance Make the Difference ?” BICSI Newsletter, October

1988.

S Discussion of the background leading to testing for the propagation if the IEC “Electrical Fast Transient”.

[223] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Tiger Tempering Tampers Transmissions,” BICSI Newsletter, December 1988.

S A summary of tests on the propagation of surges in a building and the side effects of installing SPDs.

[224] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and GRUZS, T.M., “Power Quality Site Surveys: Facts, Fiction, and Fallacies,” IEEE

Transactions IA-24, No. 6, Nov/Dec 1988.

S Review of instrumentation development, definition deficiencies, and past survey results.

S First proposal of the term “swell”.

S 33 references

[225] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Power Quality Measurements: Bringing Order Out of Chaos,” Proceedings, 1988

Energy Technology Conference, Feb. 1988.

S Condensation of Martzloff/Gruzs paper for power-quality context.

S 16 references
6. Textbooks and tutorial reviews – Continued

Page 27

[226] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and GRUZS, T.M., “Monitoring Power Quality,” Powertechnics Magazine, February

1990. “Systems and Instruments in Site Surveys,” Powertechnics Magazine, March 1990.

S Trade magazine version, in two successive articles, of the 1988 Martzloff/Gruzs IEEE paper.

S 14 references

[227] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and LEEDY, T.F., “A Glimpse at Long-term Effects of Momentary Overvoltages on Zincoxide Varistors,” Transactions Ceramics Society, Vol 3, October 1989.

S Overview on the issue of ageing metal-oxide varistors subjected to repetitive momentary overvoltages

(“swells”).

S Computations of temperature rise in the varistor body during a swell.

S Preliminary experiments on ageing (see later experiments under [259] Lagergren et al., 1992).

S 5 references

[228] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Protecting Computer Systems Against Power Transients,” IEEE Spectrum, April 1990.

S Brief review of the origin of transients.

S Explanation of and remedy for interaction between power port and communications port.

[229] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “A Standard for the 90s: IEEE C62.41 Surges Ahead,” Compliance Engineering, Fall

1991.

S Trade magazine review of the revised and expanded C62.41 in its 1991 issue.

S 5 references

[230] MARTZLOFF, F.D., "What Are the Lights on Your Surge Protector Telling You," Power Quality Assurance,

Intertech Intl., Inc.(Jul/Aug 1998). 

S Cites the ambiguity in the status indications of surge-protective devices.

S Describes two failure modes and conflicting indications.

[231] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Surges Happen ! – How to protect the appliances in your home,” Special Publication

960-6, National Institute of Standards and Technology, May 2001.

S Consumer-oriented tutorial on the origins of surges and ways to mitigate them.

S Questions and answers, installation hints.

S 20 pages

[232] PODGORSKI, A.S., “A Case for a Unified Lightning Threat,” Proceedings, International Aerospace and

Ground Conference on Lightning and Static Electricity, Oklahoma City, 1988.

S Measurements of lightning currents on tall towers and aircraft.

S Reports current rise times in the 50 ns to 100 ns range.

S 14 references

[233] RAKOV, V.A., “Lightning Electromagnetic Fields: Modeling and Measurements,” Proceedings, 12th

International Zürich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1997.

S Review of various models proposed to simulate lightning stroke events.

S Comparison of model predictions and measurements of electromagnetic fields.

S 34 references

[234] RAKOV., V.A., “Lightning Electric and Magnetic Fields,” Proceedings, 13th International Zürich Symposium

on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1999.

S Review of measured characteristics of the electric and magnetic fields.

S Examples of different types of field waveforms are given.

S 12 references

[235] RHOADES, W.T., “Designing Commercial Equipment for Conducted Susceptibility,” Proceedings, IEEE

EMC Symposium, 1979.

S Discusses unprotected product input impedances, transient propagation modes and models, measured

transient occurrences, and typical susceptibility.

S 9 references

[236] RHOADES, W.T., “Development of Power Main Transient Protection for Commercial Equipment,” 

Proceedings, IEEE EMC Symposium, 1980.

S Class distinction of the various wide-range transients from arc to motor turn-on.

S Low product immunity to common-mode transients is shown to be caused by high energy-density

spectrum.

S 18 references
6. Textbooks and tutorial reviews – Continued

Page 28

[237] RHOADES, W.T., “The Ratiocination of a Commercial Power Main Conducted Susceptibility Standard,” 

Proceedings, IEEE EMC Symposium, 1981.

S Review of transient types, standards, definitions, and cost considerations.

S 18 references

[238] RHOADES, W.T., “Critical Analysis of Commercial Power Main Transient Designs,” Proceedings, IEEE

EMC Symposium, 1987.

S Review of environment, statistics, measurements, and standards.

S 38 references

[239] RHOADES, W.T., “Congruence of Low Voltage Main Transient Designs,” Proceedings, IEEE EMC

Symposium, 1989.

S Survey of the literature on surge occurrence, equipment design, and surge standards.

S 4 references

[240] ROUSSEAU, A. and GUMLEY, R. “Surge Protection” Wiley Encyclopedia of Electrical and Electronics

Engineering, 1999.

S Complete review of SPD specifications and characteristics for both telecom and power SPDs including

important parameters for selection and comparison.

S Installation rules for SPDs including special case of TNC-S systems .

S 23 references

[241] STANDLER, R.B., Protection of Electronic Circuits from Overvoltages, Wiley-Interscience, New York,

1989.

S Comprehensive review of the origin and propagation of surges, surge-protective devices and

applications in circuits, and high-voltage laboratory testing techniques.

S 260 references, 434 pages

[242] UMAN, M.A., RAKOV, V.A., RAMBO, K.J., VAUGHT, T.W., FERNANDEZ, M.I., BERNSTEIN, R., and

GOLDEN, C., “Triggered-lightning Facility for Studying Lightning Effects on Power Systems,” Proceedings,

23th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Florence, Italy, 1996.

S Description of rocket-triggered lightning at Camp Blanding.

S Examples of recordings.

S 6 references

[243] WIESINGER, J. and HASSE, P., Handbuch für Blitzschutz und Erdung [Handbook for Lightning Protection

and Grounding]. Pflaum-Verlag, München; VDE-Verlag, Berlin; 1. Auflage, 1977.

S Handbook addressing types of lightning and their parameters, electric and magnetic fields.

S Protected volume by intercepting devices, overvoltage protection, earthing systems.

S 154 pages, 83 references (German and English)

-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-o-
Page 29

7 Mitigation techniques

[244] BENDA, S., Interference-Free Electronics. Chartwell Bratt Ltd. Bromley BR1 2NE, U.K.

S The design and use of interference-free systems and printed circuit boards.

S The emphasis of the book is on equipment design.

[245] BIRD, A.O., “The Effects of Installation Practice on the Performance of Transient Voltage Surge

Suppressors,” Proceedings, Open Forum on Surge Protection Application, NISTIR 4657, 1991.

S Review of issues such as length of connecting leads and provision of SPD disconnectors (fuses).

S Cascade coordination.

S 11 references

[246] BIRRELL, D. and STANDLER, R.B., “Failure of Surge Arresters on Low-Voltage Mains,” IEEE Transactions

PWRD-8, No.1, April 1991.

S Use of a secondary arrester on LV AC supply mains to prevent damage to electronic equipment is

addressed.

S Some failure mechanisms of secondary arrester are described, and ways to minimize risks from

possible failure of the arrester are suggested.

S 36 references

[247] CORBETT, M.P. and WOLFF, B.I., “Performance of MOV Suppressors in Low-Voltage AC power Circuits,”

Proceedings, Open Forum on Surge Protection Application, NISTIR 4657, 1991.

S Gives examples of connection configurations of MOVs and their coordination

S 8 references

[248] DARVENIZA, M., “Multipulse Lightning Currents and Metal-Oxide Arresters,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-12,

July 1997.

S Reports differences noted between tests with single standard pulses and multiple closely-spaced pulses.

S Suggests that mechanisms other than mere total energy deposition might be involved.

S Proposes such a multiple test sequence in assessing SPD performance.

S 9 references

[249] DAVIDSON, R., “Suppression Voltage Ratings on UL Listed Transient Voltage Suppressors,” Proceedings,

Forum on Surge Protection Application, NISTIR-4657, August 1991.

S Some advertizing statements claim that the minimum 330 volt suppression rating in UL Standard for

Transient Voltage Surge Suppressors, UL 1449, is “the best UL rating” or that 330 volts affords “the

most protection possible” or that “the lower the suppression rating the better the TVSS product.

S The ability of a TVSS to protect connected equipment from both upset and damage may depend on a

number of factors including knowledge of both the susceptibility and vulnerability of the particular

equipment. When these factors are not known, claims that one TVSS provides better protection than

another, solely on the basis of the UL 1449 suppression voltage rating, may be misleading.

[250] DUGAN, R.C., KERSHAW, S.S., and SMITH, S.D., “Protecting Distribution Transformers from Low-side

Current Surges,” Proceedings, IEEE T&D Conference, 1989.

S Discusses effects of the type of windings of the transformer on the resulting surges at the service

entrance.

S Recommends installation of SPDs at both transformer secondary and service entrance.

S 7 references

[251] DUGAN, R.B., GOEDDE, G. and HENRY, C., “Conduction of Lightning Stroke Currents From the Utility

System to Load Devices,” Proceedings, 2

nd National Conference on Power Quality for End-Use Applications,

1990.

S Describes how lightning surges can enter load circuits through utility system neutral paths.

S Offers comments on protection schemes within the building.

S 4 references

[252] GOEDDE, G.L., KNABE, E.S., and KOJOVIC, L.A., “Overvoltage Protection of Distribution and Low-Voltage

Equipment Experiencing Sustained Overvoltages,” IEEE Winter Meeting, 1999.

S Describes the overvoltages involved in commingling incidents of MV lines dropping on LV lines.

S Reports laboratory tests on distribution arresters.

S 4 references
7. Mitigation techniques – Continued

Page 30

[253] GREBE, T.E. and DEAM, D.R., “Evaluation of Distribution Capacitor Switching Concerns, Final Report,” 

EPRI TR-107332, October 1997.

S Provides the results of a joint EPRI/NRECA effort to evaluate the state-of-the-art in distribution system

capacitor switching transient overvoltage mitigation.

S 28 references

[254] GREBE, J.E., “Technologies for Transient Voltage Control During Switching of Transmission and

Distribution Capacitor Banks,” Proceedings, 1995 International Conference on Power Systems Transients,

Lisbon, 1995.

S Presents a summary of transient overvoltage mitigation techniques for transmission and distribution

banks.

S 7 references

[255] HARNDEN, J.D., GOLDEN, F.B., MARTZLOFF, F.D., and MORRIS, W.G., “GE-MOV Varistor – The Super

Alpha Varistor,” Unclassified GE TIS Report 72CRD260, 1972.

S Technical version of the market announcement of the new device technology.

S Brief description of structure, principle of operation, and planned applications.

S 6 references and 26 bibliographic citations

[256] HASSE, P., Overvoltage Protection of Low-Voltage Systems. IEE Power Series, Peter Peregrinus Ltd.

London, 1992. (Original German edition in 1987) Available in the U.S. from IEEE.

S Examples of causes of overvoltages and damage to electrical systems with electronic devices.

S The operation and application of proven overvoltage protection devices are considered.

S Discusses coordination with a “quenching gap” as the upstream SPD.

S 244 pages, 83 references (mostly in German)

[257] HILL, R.C., KEY, T.S. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Characterization of Transient Voltage Suppressors from a

System Compatibility Perspective,” Proceedings, PQA’92 Conference, Atlanta GA, 1992.

S Background information on the family of System Compatibility test protocols.

S Reports the performance of generic surge-protective devices, not brand names.

S 21 references

[258] KEY, T.S., MARTZLOFF, F.D., NASTASI, D., and PHIPPS, K.O., “Some Enlightening Case Histories on

Lightning Damage,” Proceedings, 25th International Conference on Lightning Protection, Rhodes, 2000.

S Case history on system interaction.

S Case history on damage to communications port, not power port.

S Case history on improper grounding practices.

S 6 references

[259] LAGERGREN, E.S., MARTZLOFF, F.D., PARKER, M.E., and SCHILLER, S.B., “The Effect of Repetitive

Swells on Metal-Oxide Varistors,” Proceedings, ‘92 Conference, September 1992.

S Effects of amplitude, duration, and number of swells, using change in varistor nominal voltage as

criterion.

S A relatively small (less than 3%) change in varistor nominal voltage for limited cumulative stresses.

S Failure caused by gradual aging (the 10% limit quoted by industry) was not reached in this experiment.

S Failure by overheating occurs for stresses of long-duration (seconds) temporary overvoltages.

S 8 references

[260] LAT, M.V., “Determining Temporary Overvoltage Levels for Application of Metal-Oxide Surge Arresters on

Multigrounded Systems,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-5, April 1990.

S Presents several calculation methods for temporary overvoltages and an evaluation of these methods.

S Defines limits of applicability of the methods.

S 8 references

[261] MANSOOR, A. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., "The Dilemma of Surge Protection vs. Overvoltage Scenarios:

Implications for Low-Voltage Surge-Protective Devices," Proceedings, 8th International Conference on

Harmonics and Power Quality, Oct 14-16, 1998, Athens, Greece.

S Three examples of temporary overvoltage conditions that can produce failure of SPDs.

S The significance of available fault current and the need for more explicit standards.

S 17 references

[262] MANSOOR, A., MARTZLOFF, F.D., and PHIPPS, K., “Gapped Arresters Revisited: A solution to Cascade

Coordination,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-13, No.4, December 1998.

S Demonstrates the principle of a coordination scheme compatible with downstream SPDs having lower

limiting voltage than the SPD at the service entrance.

S 23 references
7. Mitigation techniques – Continued

Page 31

[263] MARTZLOFF, F.D., Surge Suppression in a Typical Home Wiring System,” Declassified GE TIS Report

63GL97, 1963.

S Injection of surges and their mitigation in a residential power system.

S Examples of suppression achieved by selenium cells before the advent of metal-oxide varistors.

S 2 references

[264] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Evaluation of Commercial Surge Suppressors,” Declassified GE TIS Report 67C-067,

March 1967.

S Performance of nine commercial SPDs available before the advent of metal-oxide varistors.

S Tests include voltage-switching devices and voltage-limiting devices.

[265] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Surge Voltage Suppression in Residential Power Circuits,” Unclassified GE TIS Report

76CRD092, 1976.

S Performance of mid-seventies vintage of service entrance SPD and simple MOV plug-in SPD.

S Introduction of the concept of cascade coordination achieved by the inductance of wiring.

S 4 references

[266] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Transient Overvoltage Protection: The Implications of New Techniques,” Proceedings,

4

th Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, Zürich, 1981.

S A glimpse at typical protective devices available in North America and Europe in the early 80's.

S Degradation of performance resulting from improper installation techniques.

S 10 references

[267] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Matching Surge Protective Devices to their Environment,” IEEE Transactions IA-21,

No.1, January/February 1985.

S Durability assessment of metal-oxide varistors based on manufacturer’s published “Pulsed lifetime

ratings” and the IEEE 587 Guide on surge voltages.

S Performance and degradation of fuses subjected to repetitive surge currents.

S 10 references

[268] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “The Protection of Computer and Electronic Systems Against Power Supply and Data

Line Disturbances,” Unclassified GE TIS Report 85CRD084, July 1985.

S Summary of personal observations and experience on the subject circa 1985.

S Last Martzloff publication under the GE Logo.

S 39 references

[269] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Varistor Versus Environment: Winning the Rematch,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-1, No.

2, April 1986.

S Staged tests of capacitor switching on remote MV side produces ring waves on low-voltage load.

S Coordination between 3 kV and 480 V varistor-based SPDs.

S 5 references, 1 discussion

[270] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and LEVINSON, L.M., “Surge Protective Devices,” Chapter 5 in book Electronic

Ceramics, Marcel Dekker, 1988.

S Occurrence, characteristics, and mitigation of surges.

S Varistor microstructure, conduction, and applications.

S 30 references

[271] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and LEEDY, T.F., “Selecting Varistor Clamping Voltage: Lower is Not Better !” 

Proceedings, 8th International Zürich Symposium, on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1989.

S Experimental and computed evaluation of heating effects from repetitive swells applied to MOVs.

S Four mechanisms are describe that can lead to premature failure.

S 11 references

[272] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and LEEDY, T.F., “A Glimpse at Long-term Effects of Momentary Overvoltages on ZincOxide Varistors,” Transactions Ceramics Society, Vol 3, October 1989.

S Overview on the issue of ageing metal-oxide varistors subjected to repetitive momentary overvoltages

(“swells”).

S Computations of temperature rise in the varistor body during a swell.

S Preliminary experiments on ageing (see later experiments under [259] Lagergren et al., 1992).

S 5 references

[273] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Protecting Computer Systems Against Power Transients,” IEEE Spectrum, April 1990.

S Brief review of the origin of transients.

S Explanation of and remedy for interaction between power port and communications port.
7. Mitigation techniques – Continued

Page 32

[274] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Diverting Surges to Ground: Expectations vs. Reality,” Proceedings, Open Forum on

Surge Protection Application, NISTIR-4654, August 1991.

S Comparison of the performance of filter-type vs. voltage-limiting type surge-protective devices.

S Experimental demonstration of voltages induced in branch circuit conductors by the flow of surge

currents diverted by the action of the two types of SPDs.

S 9 references

[275] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and SAMOTYJ, M., “An Important Link in Whole-house Protection: Surge Reference

Equalizers,” Proceedings, 10th International Zürich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1993.

S Explains the problem of interactions between power and communications systems during surge events.

S Describes the concept of a surge reference equalizer as possible remedy.

S 5 references

[276] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Surges Happen ! – How to protect the appliances in your home,” Special Publication

960-6, National Institute of Standards and Technology, May 2001.

S Consumer-oriented tutorial on the origins of surges and ways to mitigate them.

S Questions and answers, installation hints.

S 20 pages

[277] McGRANAGHAN, M., REID, W.E., LAW, S., and GRESHAM, D., “Overvoltage Protection of Shunt

Capacitor Banks Using MOV Arresters,” IEEE Transactions PAS-104, No.8, August 1984.

S Evaluation of MOV surge arresters for the overvoltage protection of shunt capacitor banks, including

impact of lightning and switching transients.

S 10 references, 4 discussions

[278] McGRANAGHAN, M.F., ZAVADIL, R.M., HENSLEY, G., SINGH, T., and SAMOTYJ, M., “Impact of Utility

Switched Capacitors on Customer Systems - Magnification at LV Capacitors,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-7,

No.2, April 1992.

S Parametric analysis of the effects of capacitor switching.

S Shows high stresses on SPDs.

S Mitigation at the switched capacitor.

S 5 references

[279] MIKHAIL, S. and McGRANAGHAN, M., “Evaluation of Switching Concerns Associated with 345 kV Shunt

Capacitor Applications,” IEEE Transactions PAS-106, No.4, 1986.

S Results of a Transient Network Analyzer study of switching 2500 MVAR 345 kV capacitor banks.

S Normal energizing, voltage magnification, phase-to-phase transients, inrush, outrush, and restrike

events.

S 14 references, 2 discussions

[280] SCUKA, V., “EMI Control in Low-Voltage Power Installations.” Proceedings, 7th International Zürich

Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1987.

S Laboratory measurements of propagation parameters on typical wiring practices

S Comparisons between gap-type and varistor SPDs.

S Recommendation on grounding practices and building construction.

S 8 references

[281] SMITH, S.B. and STANDLER, R.B., “The Effects of Surges on Electronic Appliances,” IEEE Transactions

PWRD-7, No.3, July 1992.

S A total of 16 different clocks, television receivers, microwave ovens, and dc power supplies were

subjected to three different surge waveforms with amplitudes between 0.5 kV and 6 kV.

S Switching power supplies and television receivers were damaged with surges between 4 kV and 6 kV.

S Three of five models of digital locks were upset (temporary malfunction) with surges between 1.5 kV and

6 kV.

S 19 references

[282] STANDLER, R.B., “Protection of Small Computers from Disturbances on the Mains,” Conference Record of

the 1988 Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting. 

S Simple rules for the protection of small computer system from disturbances on the mains.

S If a system operation is critical, the combination of varistors, line conditioner, and a standby UPS is

recommended.

S Provides historical data on author’s computer protection experience.

S 12 references
7. Mitigation techniques – Continued

Page 33

[283] STANDLER, R.B., “Use of Low-Pass Filters to Protect Equipment from Transient Overvoltages on the

Mains,” Conference Record. Industrial and Commercial Power Systems Technical Conference 1988.

S Review of the design of commercial low-pass filter modules for equipment connected to the LV supply

mains.

S Discusses problems of using these filters to protect electronic equipment from damage or upset by

high-voltage transients on the mains.

S 12 references

[284] STANDLER, R.B., “Use of a Metal-Oxide Varistor with a Series Spark Gap Across the Mains,” Proceedings,

1990 International Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility Symposium, 1990.

S Discusses the use of a series spark gap with a metal oxide varistor to achieve both a small clamping

voltage and a long life time for the surge-protective circuit.

S Extinguishing follow current in the gap and attenuating the remnant that propagates downstream prior to

the conduction of the spark gap are discussed in detail.

S 5 references

[285] STANDLER, R.B., “Design and Performance of Surge Suppressors,” Proceedings, IEEE International

Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1993.

S Tests on more than two dozen different models of commercially available surge suppressors during

1987-1990 showed that some types of suppressors perform much better than others.

S The manufacturer's specifications and UL clamping voltage rating are often not consistent with

laboratory measurements.

S 25 references

[286] STRINGFELLOW, M.F., “Fire Hazard of Surge Suppressors,” Proceedings, Power Quality Conference,

Anaheim CA, September 1992.

S Suppressors removed from service throughout the U.S. and Canada, contrary to popular myth, field data

shows that surge suppressors containing metal oxide varistors do not degrade in service.

S All suppressors are, however, exposed to rare incidents of severe power-frequency overvoltage caused

by power-line accidents, such as broken neutral conductors, which can cause suppressors to overheat

internally.

S Products equipped with overcurrent fuses or magnetic circuit breakers might catch fire in rare cases.

This is true for those having both plastic and metal housings and components rated for both 130 V and

150 V.

S A fire hazard test is proposed to be added to safety agency tests for surge suppressors and similar

products.

S 3 references

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Page 34
Page 35

8 Coordination of cascaded SPDs

[287] GOEDDE, G.L., MARZ, M.B., and HENRY, D.C., “Coordinating Lightning Stroke Protection From the Utility

System to Load Devices,” Proceedings, Second International Power Quality/ESD Conference, October

1990.

S Describes secondary surge phenomena and the importance of transformer secondary circuit protection

coordination to both utilities and end users.

S An effective MOV protection coordination scheme is described and recommended.

S Multiple grounds at different potentials, especially under lightning surge conditions, prevent distribution

transformer primary arresters from protecting secondary circuits.

S 13 references

[288] HASSE, P., ZAHLMANN, P., WIESINGER, J., and ZISCHANK, W., “Principle for an Advanced Coordination

of Surge-protective Devices in Low-voltage Systems,” Proceedings, 22nd International Conference on

Lightning Protection, Budapest, 1994.

S Proposes a scheme where the performance of SPDs for any waveform is converted to an equivalent

configuration referred to the performance under the Combination Wave.

S 7 references

[289] HOSTFET, O.T., HERVLAND, T., NANSEN, B., and HUSE, J., “Coordination of Surge Protective Devices in

Power Supply Systems: Needs for Secondary Protection,” Proceedings, 21th International Conference on

Lightning Protection, Berlin, September 1992.

S On the basis of observed failures on secondary surge protection devices, theoretical and experimental

investigations are performed in order to clarify the need for such protection including the sharing of

energy stresses in relation to the primary surge protection system.

S The higher energy stresses will generally occur on the device with the lowest limiting voltage. Therefore,

the protection level for the secondary protection should be selected higher than for the primary

protection.

S 5 references

[290] LAI, J.S., “Performance Criteria for Cascading Surge-Protective Devices,” Proceedings, Open Forum on

Surge Protection Application, NISTIR-4654, August 1991.

S Voltage limiting level of cascaded devices, their separation distance, and surge waveform are used as

parameters to compute the energy deposited in the devices.

S Experimental verification shows reasonable agreement between simulation and experiment.

S Contains details of the data base used for the Lai & Martzloff IEEE Transactions IA-24 1993 paper [291].

S 10 references

[291] LAI, J.S. and MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Coordinating Cascaded Surge-Protection Devices: High-Low versus LowHigh,” IEEE Transactions IA-24, No.4, July/August 1993. (First publication, Conference Record, IEEE IAS

Annual Meeting, September 1991.)

S Computations and experiments showing the effect of line length and impinging surge waveform on

sharing energy between service entrance arrester and SPD inside building.

S While the 8/20 :s waveform can still result in a contribution from both devices to sharing the energy, the

10/1000 :s waveform does not produce any inductive separation of the devices past the rise time, so

that energy is equally shared between devices of equal rating.

S 11 references

[292] MANSOOR, A., MARTZLOFF, F.D., and PHIPPS, K., “Gapped Arresters Revisited: A Solution to Cascade

Coordination,” IEEE Transactions PWRD-13, No.4, December 1998.

S Demonstrates the principle of a coordination scheme compatible with downstream SPDs having lower

limiting voltage than the SPD at the service entrance.

S 23 references

[293] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Surge Voltage Suppression in Residential Power Circuits,” Unclassified GE TIS Report

76CRD092, 1976.

S Performance of mid-seventies vintage of service entrance SPD and simple MOV plug-in SPD.

S Introduction of the concept of cascade coordination achieved by the inductance of wiring.

S 4 references
8. Coordination of cascaded SPDs – Continued

Page 36

[294] MARTZLOFF, F.D., “Coordination of SPDs in Low-Voltage AC Power Circuits,” IEEE Transactions PAS-99,

No. 1, Jan/Feb 1980.

S Coordination between voltage-switching and voltage-limiting SPDs.

S Coupling between equipment grounding conductor and phase wires.

S Where an unidirectional current is injected into the ground system only, the response of the system is an

oscillating voltage involving the phase conductors.

S Without substantial connected loads in the system, the open-circuit surges appearing at the service

entrance propagate along the branch circuits with very little attenuation.

S 7 references

[295] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and LAI, J.S., “Cascading Surge-Protective Devices: Coordination versus the IEC 664

Staircase,” Proceedings, PQA ‘91 Conference.

S Coordination of cascaded devices can be achieved under various combinations of parameters, but some

combinations might leave the smaller device subjected to the highest stress.

S Significant parameters in achieving successful coordination involve three factors, over which the

occupant of the premises has no control: the relative limiting voltages of the two devices, their

separation distance, and the prevailing waveforms for impinging surges.

S 13 references

[296] MARTZLOFF, F.D. and LAI, J.S., “Cascading Surge-Protective Devices: Options for Effective

Implementation,” Proceedings, PQA ‘92 Conference, September 1992.

S Implications of the situation resulting from the present uncoordinated application of devices with low

limiting voltage at the end of branch circuits and devices with higher limiting voltage at the service

entrance.

S The reality of having many millions of 130-V rated varistors installed on 120-V systems makes the ideal

scenario of a well-coordinated cascade difficult or perhaps unattainable in the near future.

S As a compromise, a cascade with equal voltage ratings for the arrester and the suppressor can offer

successful coordination, if the impinging surges are presumed to be relatively short.

S Tolerances on device characteristics might make the compromise ineffective.

S Bibliography with 32 citations

[297] MARZ, M.B. and MENDIS, S.R., “Protecting Load Devices from the Effects of Low-Side Surges,” 

Proceedings, IEEE/ICPS Conference, May 1992.

S Utilities are becoming aware of the low-side surge phenomenon and are applying secondary arresters to

protect their distribution transformers. This practice can increase the voltage stress at the customer

service entrance.

S If any ground paths exist on the customer side of the service entrance, these surges can penetrate

further into the customer's system.

S Damage caused by low-side surges can be avoided if properly coordinated arresters are installed at the

transformer secondary, service entrance, and load device.

S 15 references

[298] STANDLER, R.B., “Coordination of Surge Arresters and Suppressors for Use on Low-Voltage Mains,” 

Proceedings, 9th International Zürich Symposium on Electromagnetic Compatibility, 1991.

S Results of both a theoretical analysis and laboratory experiments are reported on sharing of current

between an arrester at the service entrance and a suppressor at receptacles during surges.

S Shows that it is better to design the arrester with a smaller conduction voltage than the suppressor, in

order to obtain better coordination, better electromagnetic compatibility, and lower cost.

S Computations were made with only resistance of wire between cascaded devices, no inductance.

S 9 references

[299] STRINGFELLOW, M.F. and STONELY, B.T., “Coordination of Surge Suppressors in Low-Voltage AC

Power Circuits,” Proceedings, Forum on Surge Protection Application, NISTIR-4657, August 1991.

S Experiments showing the effect of line length and impinging surge waveform on sharing energy between

service entrance arrester and surge suppressor inside building.

S Metal-oxide varistors were applied at three points on the system. These were at the service entrance, at

the distribution panel and at the load.

S Removal of protection at either load or distribution panel resulted in unacceptably large oscillatory

voltages. Best load protection was achieved with MOVs in all three locations.

S 4 references

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Page 37

Authors Index

ACKERMANN, G. ...... 50, 51

AIEE Committee Report ..... 52

ALLEN, G.W. ......... 53, 162

ALTMAIER, H. . . . . . . . . . . . 106

ANDERSON, L.M. ......... 24

ANDERSON, R.B. ...... 54, 60

ASPNES, J.D. ............ 52

AURIOL, P. ............ . 150

BACHL, H. ............ ... 25

BACHMAN, L. ............ 53

BARDO, E.A. ............ . 67

BARKER, P.P. ............ 54

BARTKOWIAK, M. ......... 26

BEJLERI, M. ...... 55, 119, 144

BELHOMME, R. ........... 59

BENDA, S. ............ . . 234

BERGER, K. ............ . 60

BERLANDIS, J.P. ......... 99

BERNSTEIN, R. ...... 202, 242

BIRD, A.O. ............ . 235

BIRKL, J. ........... 107, 167

BIRRELL, D. ............ 236

BLACK, S. ............ ... 30

BOBERG, S. ............ 105

BODLE, D.W. ........ 61, 204

BOEHNE, E.W. ........... 62

BOUTET, F. ............ . 152

BOWES, K.B. ............ 24

BRASKICH, B.J. .......... 93

BROMS, M. ............ . 105

BULL, J.H. ........... 63, 163

BUSCHKE, H.A. ......... 164

CANNOVA, S.F. ........... 64

CHAN, J.S. ............ . . 81

CHOWDHURI, P. ......... 65

CIANOS, N. ............ . . 66

CIGRE ............ . 108, 205

COMBER, M.G. ........... 26

CROUCH, K.E. ...... 109, 131

CUMMINS, K.L. . ...... 67, 165

DARVENIZA, M. ...... 68, 248

DAVIDSON, R. .......... 238

DAVIES, D.W. ........... 197

DE LA ROSA, F. ......... 198

DEAM, D.R. ............ . 240

DESROSIERS, D. ......... 59

DORR, D.S. ............ . . 69

DUGAN, R.C. 74, 110, 111, 112,

113, 114,115, 208, 250, 251

ECHIGO, H. ............ . 92

EHRLER, J. ............ . 109

EPRI ............ ...... 110

ERIKSSON, A.J. ...... 51, 111

EVANS, B.W. ............ 52

EYBERT-BERARD, A. ...... 99

FENIMORE, C. ........ 27, 28

FERNANDEZ, M.I. 58, 70, 71, 99,

119, 144, 145, 151, 202, 209, 242

FISHER, F.A. ...... 37, 166, 185

210, 211, 220

FORTI, M.M. . . . . . .187, 188, 189

GAGNON, C. ............ . 59

GAIBROIS, G.L. ...... 72, 161

GALE, L.J. ............ . . 160

GAUPER, H.A. .......... 134

GHAZI, A.J. . ......... 61, 204

GOEDBLOED, J.J. ........ 73

GOEDDE, G. . . . 29, 74, 113, 114

251, 252, 287

GOLDE, R.H. ............ 202

GOLDEN, C. . ......... 193, 232

GOLDEN, F.B. ........... 242

GOLDSTEIN, M. .......... 75

GRADY, W.W. .......... 141

GRÄF, T. ............ ... 149

GRAF, W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

GREBE, T. 76, 120, 121, 253, 254

GREENWOOD, A. ........ 203

GRESHAM, D. ........... 261

GRUZS, T.M. ..... 204, 214, 216

GUERRIERI, S. ........... 99

GULLBERG, M. ........... 53

GUMLEY, R. ............ 230

HAHN, G.J. ........... 77, 86

HAIRABEDIAN, B. ......... 78

HARDIN, K.B. ........... 148

HARNDEN, J.D. .......... 242

HARTANA, R. ............ 74

HARUKI, H. ............ . . 79

HASLER, R. ............ . 80

HASSE, P. ...... 107, 167, 215,

243,256, 288

HENDERSON R.W. ........ 94

HENRY, D.C. ............ 272

HENSLEY, G. .... 114, 115, 264

HERVLAND, T. .......... 289

HILL, R.C. ............ . . 244

HISCOX, W.L. ............ 67

HOSTFET, O.T. .......... 289

HUDASCH, M. ............ 50

HUGHES, M.B. ........... 81

HUSE, J. ............ ... 289

IEEE Committee Report .... 206

JOHNSON, I.B. .......... 116

JOHNSON, K. ............ 72

KATOH, J. ............ ... 79

KEY, T.S. ..... 30, 82, 124, 168

189, 217, 218, 257, 258

KIMATA, R. ............ . . 79

KIMBARK, E.W. ......... 118

KNABE, E.S. ............ 238

KOJOVIC, Lj.A. ........ 29, 252

KREISS, D.G. ........... 170

KRIDER, E.P. ........... 165

KRÖNINGER, H. .......... 60

KÜTTNER, H. ........... 109

KVALTINE, D.J. ........... 54

LAGADEC, R. ............ 80

LAGERGREN, E.S. ....... 246

LAI, J.S. .... 290, 291, 295, 296

LAW, S. ............ .... 261

LEEDY, T.F. . 137, 227, 271, 272

LEGATE, A.C. ........... 118

LENZ, J.E. ............ ... 83

LEROY, J. ............ ... 95

LEVINSON, L.M. ......... 255

LIN, Y.T. ............ 127, 143

LINDES, G. ............ . 171

LOW, S.S. ............ . . 62

MacGORMAN, D.R. ........ 84

MACI, S.S. ............ . 179

MACIELA, F. ............ . 31

MADZAREVIC, V. ........ 147

MAHAN, G.D. ............ 26

MAIER, M.W. ............ 84

MALONE, M.D. .......... 165

MANCAO, R.T. ........... 54
Page 38

MANSOOR, A. ... 32, 33, 34, 35,

36, 128, 129, 141, 169,

171, 172, 261, 262, 292

MARKEL, L.C. ........... 173

MARTZLOFF, F.D. †

MARZ, M.B. ......... 287, 297

MASHIKIAN, M.S. ......... 72

MASTER, M.J. ........... 143

MATA, C.T. ........ 58, 79, 119

144, 145,151

MAY, J. ............ . 30, 209

McEACHERN, A. ...... 89, 186

McGRANAGHAN, M.F. 121, 122,

 146, 277, 278, 279

MEAL, D.V. ............ . 111

MEHTA, H. ............ . 173

MEISSEN, W. ......... 42, 90

MELHORN, C.J. ......... 173

MELLITT, B. ............ . 91

MENDIS, S.R. ........... 297

MERRITT, R.P. ........... 55

MICHAUD, J. ............ 152

MIKHAIL, S. ......... 146, 279

MILLANTA, L.M. . . . . 187, 188, 189

MINEGISHI, S. ........... 92

MORGAN, J.D. .......... 161

MORRIS, W.G. .......... 242

MURPHY, M.J. ........... 67

NAKRA, H. ............ . . 59

NANEVICZ, J.E. .......... 49

NANSEN, B. ............ 289

NASTASI, D. ... 25, 32, 219, 258

NAVE, M.J. ............ . 190

NETHERCOT, M.A. ........ 63

NIEBUHR, W.D. ......... 147

NIGGLI, M.R. ........... 147

NUCCI, C.A. ......... 99, 207

OAENEAL, B. ........... 160

ODENBERG, R. .......... 93

ORVILLE, R.E. ........... 94

PARKER, M.E. .......... 246

PARRISH, D.E. ........... 57

PAUL, C.R. ............ . 148

PELLEGRINI, G. ...... 40, 182

PELLETIN, J. ............ . 95

________________

† Martzloff citation numbers not

listed in this index

PELZ, D. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .106

PFEIFFER, W. ........ 96, 149

PHIPPS, K.O. .... 36, 141, 172,

219, 258, 262, 292

PIERCE, E.T. ............ 66

PIFER, A.E. ............ . . 67

PLAMONDON, M. ......... 59

PODGORSKI, A.S. ....... 222

POPOLANSKY, F. ......... 97

PROCHAKZKA, F. ......... 97

PYLE, R.B. ........... 67, 94

RACHIDI, F. ............ . 99

RAKOTOMALALA, A. ..... 150

RAKOV, V.A. . 58, 70, 71, 98, 99,

119, 144, 145, 151, 202,

207, 209, 233, 234, 242

RAMBO, K.J. . . 58, 70, 119, 144,

151, 202, 209, 242

REID, W.E. ............ . 261

RHOADES, W.T. . . 100, 235, 236

237 238, 239

RICHMAN, P. . 43, 191, 192, 193

ROCAMORA, R.G. ....... 147

ROCHEREAU, H. ........ 152

ROUSSEAU, A. . 44, 150, 153, 240

ROWE, L.D.. .......... 74, 14

ROY, D. ............ .... 153

RUBINSTEIN, M. .......... 99

RUST, W.D. ............ . 84

SABIN, D.D. ............ 101

SACHS, H. ............ . . 53

SAMOTYJ, M. 114, 115, 261, 264

SATO, R. ............ .... 92

SCHEIBE, K. ......... 51, 106

SCHEUERER, F. .......... 96

SCHILLER, S.B. ......... 246

SCHLAMP, M. ............ 97

SCHWETZ, S. ............ 50

SEGALL, D. ............ . . 53

SENKO, G. ............ . 194

SHAKARJIAN, D.R. ....... 195

SILVA, R.F. ............ . 116

SINGH, T. ....... 114, 115, 264

SKLIUTAS, J. ............ 74

SCUKA, V. . . . . . . . . . . .154, 280

SMITH, S.B. ......... 45, 281

SMITH, S.D. . . . . . 110, 112, 250

SPERANZA, P.D. ...... 75, 102

STANDLER, R.B. . 45, 46, 47, 48,

103, 127, 13, 155, 156, 157,

158, 195, 196, 197, 198, 199,

200, 201, 206, 241, 246, 281,

282, 283, 284, 285, 298

STAPLETON, M. 70, 119, 144, 151

STIMPER, K. .......... 50, 51

STONELY, B.T. ....... 159 299

STRICKLER, F. ........... 53

STRINGFELLOW, M.F. 118, 158, 

286, 299

SUNAGA, M. ............ . 79

SUNDE, E.D. ............ 104

SUTIL, R.R. ............ . 151

SYED, M. ............ 61, 204

THOTTAPPILLIL, R. ....... 99

TRUEBLOOD, H.M. ....... 104

TRUSSELL, H.G. ......... 160

UMAN, M.A. . 58, 68, 70, 71, 98,

99, 119, 127, 143, 144,

145, 151, 202, 209, 242

VANCE, E.F. ............ . 49

VANNOY, D. ............ 171

VAUGHT, T.W. ....... 202, 242

VINES, R.M. ............ 160

WALLING, R. ............ 74

WARSMANN, P. ......... 153

WERNSTRÖM, H. ........ 105

WIESINGER, J. ... 203, 243, 288

WIITANEN, D.O. ......... 161

WILLIAMS, S.R. ......... 173

WILSON, P.F. ........... 136

WILSON, D.D.. ........... 116

WITT, R. ............ .... 30

WOODSIDE, R.L. ...... 61, 204

WOODWORTH, J.J. ....... 29

XEMARD, A. ............ 152

YTURRALDE, W.E. ....... 147

ZAHLMANN, P. ....... 104, 273

ZAVADIL, R.M. ....... 115, 264

ZEDDAM, A. ............ 152

ZISCHANK, W. .......... 288