SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 1

RDT&E IWG Paint and Other Coatings Questions

1. What is the literature on the transfer and retention of paints and coatings evidence? 

Buzzini, P., Massonnet, G., Birrer, S., Egli, N.M., Mazzella, W., Fortini, A. (2005). 

Survey of crowbar and household paints in burglary cases-population studies, 

transfer and interpretation. Forensic Science International, 152(2-3), 221-234. 

Individual, successive, and cross-transfer simulations, totaling 198 such scenarios, were 

carried out between crowbars and painted wood substrates in order to study the 

phenomenon of transfer as well as evaluate the amount of paint transferred. Chemical 

composition and age of the paint influenced the amount of observed transfer with 

bidirectional cross-transfer between the wood and tool regularly observed. Secondary 

paint transfers from the substrate were also regularly observed.

Lau, L., Beveridge, A.D., Callowhill, B.C., Conners, N., Foster, K., Groves, R.J., et. 

al. (1997). The frequency of occurrence of paint and glass on the clothing of high 

school students. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 30(4), 233-240. 

 A frequency of occurrence study of paint chips observed on the outer clothing and 

footwear of 213 high school students from different areas of the Vancouver, British 

Columbia, Canada was conducted, in which paint was found on approximately 14% of 

the outer clothing items, and on approximately 24% of footwear. The authors noted that 

the percentages were significantly lower than figures reported in similar studies in the 

previous 25 years. 

 McDermott, S.D., Willis, S.M. (1997) A survey of the evidential value of paint 

transfer evidence. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42(6), 1012-1018.

 A questionnaire regarding the evidential value of paint transfer in 8 traffic accident cases 

was distributed to 235 paint examiners working in crime laboratories. 124 replies were 

received with conclusions ranging from “slight support” to “conclusive” allowed. 

 Pearson, E.F., May, R.W., Dabbs, M.D.G. (1971) Glass and paint fragments found in 

men’s outer clothing – a report of a survey. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 16(3), 283-

302.

 Over the course of three months, 100 pairs of men’s jackets and trousers were chosen at 

random from a dry cleaning business and examined for the presence of glass and paint 

transfer. When fragments of identical color and layer structure were grouped together, 

1077 paint samples were counted.

 Marsh, L. (2009) What’s on the Highway? Frequency of Occurrence of

Paint Chips Amongst Debris Collected from Road Surfaces 

http://projects.nfstc.org/trace/2009/presentations/7-marsh-highway.pdf
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 2

 This study posed several questions: 

How common is the presence of random automotive paint chips on a person’s clothing?

 100 garments were shaken with surface debris collected and examined at ~25X 

magnification. When all paint chips were counted, 95/100 garments contained paint for a 

total number of 1,253 paint chips divided into 1,008 different populations. Of these, 9% 

contained 2 layers and 1% contained 3+ layers; none of the recovered paint chips were 

automotive.

How common are random automotive paint chips on the road?

 Results indicated paint chips ranging in size from 100-2200 microns were found in 20/27 

(74%) of samples, for a total of 191 paint chips in 113 different populations. Further, 41 

paint chips contained more than 2 paint layers (21%); only 3 were automotive paint chips, 

which were observed in two samples. Therefore, the ‘chance’ of finding car paint chips in 

this sample population was 2/27 (e.g., 7%).

 If car paint chips are found on the victim’s clothing, how significant is this finding?

From a high chance (+74%) that paint chips are present on the road, only 7% were car 

paint chips.

Therefore, the finding of car paint chips on a person’s clothing at random is very unlikely 

since it was rare to find random automotive paint chips from the road transferred to 

clothing in this investigation (0/ 1,253 paint chips were car paint)

2. What literature describes the quantitative and qualitative optical, morphologic/structural, 

physical or chemical properties and features, useful for layered component and whole 

sample paints and coatings examinations? 

 The list is extensive; examples of some of the more relevant articles follow.

Adamsons, K. (2002). Chemical Depth Profiling of Multi-Layer Automotive Coating 

Systems. Progress in Organic Coatings 45:2/3, 69-81.

ASTM E1610-02 (2008), Standard Guide for Forensic Paint Analysis and 

Comparison. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA.

Audette, R.J. and Percy, R.F.E. (1979). A Rapid, Systematic, and Comprehensive 

Classification System for the Identification and Comparison of Motor Vehicle Paint 

Samples I: The Nature and Scope of the Classification System. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, 24(4), 790-807. 

Audette, R.J. and Percy, R.F.E. (1980) Automotive Repaints: Just a New Look? 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 25(1), 189-239. 
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 3

Beattie, B., Dudley, R.J. Smalldon, K.W. (1979). The Use of Morin Staining for the 

Microscopic Characterization of Multilayered White Paint Flakes. Forensic Science 

International, 13 (1), 41-49. 

Boudreau, A.J. Cortner, G.V. (1979). Application of Differential Interference 

Contrast Microscopy to the Examination of Paints. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24 

(1), 148-153. 

Brandau, A. (1990). Introduction to Coatings Technology. Federation Series on 

Coatings Technology, Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Blue Bell, PA.

Cartwright, N.S., Cartwright, L.J., Norman, E.W.W., Cameron, R., MacDougall, 

D.A., Clark, W.H. (1982). A Computerized System for the Identification of Suspect 

Vehicles Involved in Hit and Run Accidents. Canadian Society of Forensic Science 

Journal, 15(3-4), 105-115. 

Cartwright, L.J., Cartwright, N.S., Norman, E.W.W., Cameron, R., MacDougall, 

D.A. (1984). The Classification of Automotive Paint Primers Using the Munsell Color 

Coordinate System - A Collaborative Study. Canadian Society of Forensic Science 

Journal, 17(1), 14-18. 

DeForest, P.R. (1982). Foundations of Forensic Microscopy. Forensic Science 

Handbook Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 

Eyring, M., Lovelace, M., Sy, D. (2007). A Study of the Discrimination of Some 

Automotive Paint Films having Identical Color Codes. Proceedings of the Trace 

Evidence Symposium, Clearwater Beach, FL. 

Flynn, K., O’Leary, R., Lennard, C., Roux, C., Reedy, B. (2005). Forensic 

Applications of Infrared Chemical Imaging: Multi-layered Paint Chips. Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, 50 (4), 832-841. 

Gothard, J.A. (1976). Evaluation of Automobile Paint Flakes as Evidence. Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, 21 (3), 636-641.

Hamer, P.S. (1982). Pigment Analysis in the Forensic Examination of Paints. III. A 

Guide to Motor Vehicle Paint Examination by Transmitted Light Microscopy," 

Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 22, 187-192.

Hudson, G.D., Andahl, R.O., Butcher, S.J. (1977). The Paint Index - The Colour 

Classification and Use of a Collection of Paint Samples Taken from Scenes of Crime. 

Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 17, 27-32. 

Kilbourn, J.H., Marx, R. B. (1994). Polarized Light Microscopy of Extenders in 

Structural Paints - Forensic Applications. The Microscope, 42(4), 167-175. 
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 4

Kirk, P.L. (1985). Paint. Crime Investigation, Second Edition, J.I. Thornton, ed. 

Malabar, Florida: Robert Krieger Publishing Company, Inc. 

Laing, D.K. (1990). Paint Examination Using Thin Sections. Forensic Science 

International 46, 37-39. 

Learner, T.J.S. (2004). Analysis of Modern Paints, Research in Conservation Series, 

The Getty Conservation Institute, Los Angeles, CA:Getty Publications. 

May, R.W., Porter, J. (1975). An Evaluation of Common Methods of Paint Analysis. 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 15(2), 137-146. 

McCrone, W.C. (1979). Application of Particle Study in Art and Archaeology 

Conservation and Authentication. The Particle Atlas, Vol. V, 2nd Ed., McCrone, 

W.C., Delly, J.G. and Palenik, S.J., Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science Publishers, 

Inc. 

McCrone, W.C. (1979). Particle Analysis in the Crime Laboratory. The Particle 

Atlas, Vol. V, 2nd Ed., McCrone, W.C., Delly, J.G. and Palenik, S.J. (Eds.). Ann 

Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science Publishers. 

McCrone, W.C. (1985). The Microscopical Identification of Artists' Pigments. 

Journal of the International Institute of Conservation-Canadian Group, 7 (1), 11-34. 

Moenssens, A.A., Inbau, F.E., and Starrs, J.E. (1986). Scientific Evidence in Criminal 

Cases. NY: The Foundation Press, Inc.

Morgans, W.M. (1990). Outlines of Paint Technology, 3rd edition. NY: Halsted Press.

New Special Effects Almost “Mystical”. (1996). Industrial Paint and Powder, 22.

Nielsen, H.K.R. (1984). Forensic Analysis of Coatings. Journal of Coatings 

Technology, 56 (718): 21-32. 

Norman, E.W.W., Cameron, R., Cartwright, L.J., Cartwright, N.S., Clark, W.H., 

MacDougall, D.A. (1983). The Classification of Automotive Paint Primers Using 

Infrared Spectroscopy - A Collaborative Study. Canadian Society of Forensic Science 

Journal, 16(4), 163-173. 

Roux, C., Inkster, J., Maynard, P, Ferguson, B. (2007). Intra-sample vs. Inter-sample 

Variability in Architectural Paint. Proceedings of the Trace Evidence Symposium, 

Clearwater Beach, FL. 

Ryland, S.G., Kopec, R.J. (1979). The Evidential Value of Automobile Paint Chips. 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24 (1), 140-147.

Ryland, S., Jergovich, T., Kirkbride, P. (2006). Current Trends in Forensic Paint 

Examination. Forensic Science Review, 18(2), 97-117. 
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 5

Ryland, S. (2010). Discrimination of Retail Black Spray Paints. Journal of the 

American Society of Trace Evidence Examiners, 1(2), 109-126. 

Ryland, S.G. and Suzuki, E.M. (2012). Analysis of Paint Evidence. In Forensic 

Chemistry Handbook, Kobilinsky, L. F., ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, 

NJ., 131-224.

Stoiber, R.E., Morse, S. A. (1981). The Microscopic Identification of Crystals. 

Malabar, FL: Kreegir Publishing Co. 

Stoney, D.A. Zona, C., Cai, X. (1991). Identification of Paint Pigment Sublimates by 

Optical Crystallography. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the 

Forensic Aspects of Trace Evidence, U.S. Government Printing Office, ISBN 0-

932115-12-8.

Thornton, J.I. (1982). Forensic Paint Examination. Forensic Science Handbook, Vol. 

I. , Saferstein, R., ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Thornton, J.I. (2002). Forensic Paint Examination. Forensic Science Handbook, Vol. 

I. second edition, Saferstein, R., ed., Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc. 

Wilkinson, J.M., Rickard, R.A., Locke, J., and Laing, D.K. (1987). The Examination 

of Paint Films and Fibers as Thin Sections The Microscope, 35 (3), 233-248. 

Wright, D.M., Bradley, M.J., Mehltretter, A.H. (2011). Analysis and discrimination of 

architectural paint samples via a population study. Forensic Science International, 

209, 86-95. 

3. What is the literature on the classification of paints and coatings and their component 

pigments, binders, and vehicles? 

The list is extensive; examples of some of the more relevant articles follow.

Additives Guide. Paint and Coatings Industry, published yearly. www.pcimag.com. 

BNP Media, Inc. Skokie. IL.

ASTM D4764-01 (2006), Standard Test Method for Determination by X-Ray 

Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Titanium Dioxide Content in Paint. ASTM

International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D5380-93 (2003), Standard Test Method for Identification of Crystalline 

Pigments and Extenders in Paint by X-Ray Diffraction Analysis. ASTM 

International, West Conshohocken, PA. 
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 6

ASTM D5381-93 (2003). Standard Guide for X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) 

Spectroscopy of Pigments and Extenders. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 

PA.

Automotive Paints and Coatings (1995). G. Fettis, ed., NY:VCH Publishers.

Automotive Paints and Coatings (2008). H. Streitberger and K. Dossel, eds., Weinham, 

Germany: Wiley-VCH Publishers.

Becidyan, N. (June 2003). The Chemistry and Physics of Special-Effect Pigments and 

Colorants for Inks and Coatings. Paint and Coatings Industry, www.pcimag.com. 

BNP Media, Inc. Skokie. IL., 66-76.

Brandau, A. (1990). Introduction to Coatings Technology. Federation Series on 

Coatings Technology, Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Blue Bell, PA.

Braun, J. Introduction to Pigments. (1993). Federation Series on Coatings Technology, 

Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Blue Bell, PA.

Challinor, J.M. (2001). Pyrolysis Techniques for the Characterization and 

Discrimination of Paint. Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint: Analysis and 

Interpretation, B. Caddy, ed., NY: Taylor and Francis.

The Chemistry and Physics of Coatings, 2nd edition. (2004). A.R. Marrion, ed. 

Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry.

Gutoff, E.B., and Cohen, E.D. (2006). Coating and Drying Defects: Troubleshooting 

Operating Problems, 2nd edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Curry, C.J., Rendle, D.F., and Rogers, A. (1982). Pigment Analysis in the Forensic 

Examination of Paints. I. Pigment Analysis by X-ray Powder Diffraction. Journal of 

the Forensic Science Society, 22(2), 173-177.

Dabdoub, G., and Severin, P.J. (1989). The Identification of Domestic and Foreign 

Automobile Manufacturers through Body Primer Characterization. Journal of 

Forensic Sciences 34(6), 1395-1404.

Deaken, D. (1975). Automotive Body Primers: Their Application in Vehicle 

Identification. Journal of Forensic Sciences 20(2), 283-287.

Edmondstone, G., Hellman, J., Legate, K., Vardy, G.L., and Lindsay, E. (2004). An 

Assessment of the Evidential Value of Automotive Paint Comparisons. Canadian 

Society of Forensic Science Journal, 37(3), 147-153.

Gilchrist, A. Characterising Special-Effect Colours. (2002) Surface Coatings 

International Part B: Coatings Transactions. 85(B4), 243-332.
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 7

Gothard, J.A. (1976). Evaluation of Automobile Paint Flakes as Evidence. Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, 21(3), 636-641. 

Govaert, F., and Bernard, M. (2004). Discriminating Red Spray Paints by Optical 

Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and X-ray Fluorescence. 

Forensic Science International, 140(1), 61-70. 

Hamer, P.S. (1982). Pigment Analysis in the Forensic Examination of Paints. III. A 

Guide to Motor Vehicle Paint Examination by Transmitted Light Microscopy. 

Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 22, 187-192. 

Hare, C., Beck, R. Extenders. (March 2001). Paint and Coatings Industry, 

www.pcimag.com. BNP Media, Inc. Skokie. IL., 74-84.

Harkins, T.R., Harris, J.T., and Shreve, O.D. (1959). Identification of Pigments in 

Paint Products by Infrared Spectroscopy. Analytical Chemistry, 31 (4), 541-545.

Helstroffer, S., Espanet, B., Milet, S. (2003). Class Identification of Rocket Types by 

Paint Analysis: A New Way. Forensic Science International, 136(1), 353-354.

Home, J.M., Twibell, J.D., and Smalldon, K.W. (1980). The Characterization of 

Motor Vehicle Body Fillers. Medicine, Science and the Law, 20 (3), 163-174.

Hudson, G.D., Andahl, R.O., and Butcher, S.J. (1977). The Paint Index - The Colour 

Classification and Use of a Collection of Paint Samples Taken from Scenes of Crime. 

Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 17, 27-32. 

Iden, R. (April 1995). Teamwork Brings Innovative Effect Pigments to Light. Journal 

of Coatings Technology, 67(843), 57-59.

Jeffs, R.A., and Jones, W. (1999). Additives for Paint. Paint and Surface Coatings, 

Theory and Practice. R. Lambourne, and T.A. Strivens, eds., Burlington, MA: 

William Andrew Publishing.

Kotrly, M. Identification of Particles of Modern Plate-like Colour Variable Pigments. 

Forensic Science International, 136(1), 356-357.

Laing, D.K., et al. (1987). The Examination of Paint Films and Fibers as Thin 

Sections. The Microscope, 35(3), 233-248. 

Lewis, P. (1988). Organic Pigments. Federation Series on Coatings Technology, 

Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Blue Bell, PA.
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 8

Massonnet, G., and Stoecklein, W. (1995). Identification of Organic Pigments in 

Coatings:Applications to Red Automotive Topcoats. Part III: Raman Spectroscopy 

(NIR FT-Raman), Science and Justice, 39(3), 181-187.

McBane, D. (1987). Automotive Coatings. Federation Series on Coatings Technology, 

Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Blue Bell, PA.

McCrone, W.C. (1985). The Microscopical Identification of Artists' Pigments.

Journal of the International Institute of Conservation-Canadian Group, 7 (1), 11-34.

McNorton, S.C., Nutter, G. W., and Siegel, J. A. (2008). The Characterization of 

Automobile Body Fillers. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53(1), 116-124.

Modern Coating and Drying Technology. (1992). E. Cohen, and E. Gutoff, eds., 

Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Norman, E.W.W., Cameron, R., Cartwright, L.J., Cartwright, N.S., Clark, W.H., and 

MacDougall, D.A. (1983). The Classification of Automotive Paint Primers Using 

Infrared Spectroscopy - A Collaborative Study. Canadian Society of Forensic Science 

Journal, 16(4), 163-173. 

Norwicki, J., and Patten, R. (1986). Examination of U.S. Automotive Paints: I. Make 

and Model Determination of Hit-and-Run Vehicles by Reflectance MicroSpectrophotometry, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31(2), 464-470.

Novinski, S.J., Noak, P., and Venturini, M. (May 1998) Employing Pearlescent 

Pigments in High-Performance Coatings. Paint and Coatings Industry, 62-68.

Orzechowski, A. (1979). An Optical Microscopy Method to Display Pigment 

Agglomerates in Polymer Particles. The Microscope, 27(1), 5-9.

Rodgers, P.G., et al. (1976). The Classification of Automobile Paint by Diamond Cell 

Window Infrared Spectrophotometry - Part I: Binders and Pigments. Canadian 

Society of Forensic Science Journal, 9(1), 1-14. 

Rodgers, P.G., et al. (1976). The Classification of Automotive Paint by Diamond 

Window Infrared Spectrophotometry - Part II: Automotive Topcoats and 

Undercoats. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 9(2), 49-68.

Rodgers, P.G., et al. (1976).The Classification of Automotive Paint by Diamond 

Window Infrared Spectrophotometry - Part III: Case Histories. Canadian Society of 

Forensic Science Journal, 9 (2), 103-111.

Ryer, D. (January 1998). Alkyd Chemistry and New Technology Trends in Coatings 

Resin Synthesis. Paint and Coatings Industry, 76-83.
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 9

Ryland, S.G. (1995). Infrared Microspectroscopy of Forensic Paint Evidence. In 

Practical Guide to Infrared Microspectroscopy, Humecki, H.J., ed., Marcel Dekker, 

Inc., 163-243.

Ryland, S.G., et al. (2001). Discrimination of 1990s Original Automotive Paint 

Systems: A Collaborative Study Of Black Nonmetallic Base Coat/Clear Coat Finishes 

Using Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46(1), 31-45. 

Ryland, S.G. and Suzuki, E.M. (2012). Analysis of Paint Evidence. In Forensic 

Chemistry Handbook, Kobilinsky, L. F., ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, 

NJ., 131-224.

Ryntz, R.A. (March 1997). Automotive Coatings: Current Trends for Coating Plastic 

– Part 1. Paint and Coatings Industry, 36-43.

Skanden, G., et al. (November 1999). Production of Nanpowders by Chemical Vapor. 

Vacuum and Thin Film, 2(11), 28-33.

Smith, A. (1988). Inorganic Primer Pigments. Federation Series on Coatings 

Technology, Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Blue Bell, PA.

Stachura, S., Desiderio, V.J., and Allison, J. (2007). Identification of Organic 

Pigments in Automotive Coatings Using Laser Desorption Mass Spectrometry. 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 52(3), 595-603. 

Stoecklein, W. (1995). Forensic Science: Paints, Lacquers, and Varnishes. 

Encyclopedia of Analytical Science. Academic Press, LTD.

Stoecklein, W. (May 2001). The Analysis of New Plate-like Pigments in Automotive 

Coatings. Paint and Coatings Industry, 48-65.

Suzuki, E. (1996). Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Topcoats (1974-

1989): I. Differentiation and Identification Based on Acrylonitrile and Ferrocyanide 

C=N Stretching Absorptions. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 41(3), 376-392.

Suzuki, E. (1996). Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Topcoats (1974-1989) 

II. Identification of Some Topcoat Inorganic Pigments Using an Extended Range 

(4000-220 cm-1) Fourier Transform Spectrometer. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

41(3), pp.393-406. 

Suzuki, E., and Marshall, W.P. (1997). Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original 

Topcoats (1974-1989): III. In Situ Identification of Some Organic Pigments Used in 

Yellow, Orange, Red, and Brown Nonmetallic and Brown Metallic Finishes –

Benzimidazolones. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42(4), 619-648. 
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 10

Suzuki, E., and Marshall, W.P. (1998). Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original 

Topcoats (1974-1989): IV. Identification of Some Organic Pigments Used in Red and 

Brown Nonmetallic and Metallic Monocoats – Quinacridones. Journal of Forensic 

Sciences, 43(3), 514-542.

Suzuki, E. (1999). Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Topcoats (1974-

1989): V. Identification of Organic Pigments Used in Red Nonmetallic and Brown 

Nonmetallic and metallic Monocoats – DPP Red BO and Thioindigo Bordeaux. 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44(2), 297-313. 

Suzuki, E. (1999). Infrared Spectra of U.S. Automobile Original Topcoats (1974-

1989): VI. Identification and Analysis of Yellow Organic Automotive Paint Pigments 

– Isoindolinone Yellow 3R, Isoindoline Yellow, Anthrapyrimidine Yellow, and 

Miscellaneous Yellows. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44(6), 1151-1175.

Suzuki, E. M., and Carrabba, M. (2001). In Situ Identification and Analysis of 

Automotive Paint Pigments using Line Segment Excitation Raman Spectroscopy: I. 

Inorganic Topcoat Pigments. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46(5), 1053-1069. 

Thornton, J.I., Krause, S., Lerner, B., and Kathane, D. (1983). Solubility 

Characterization of Automotive Paints. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 28(4), 1004-

1007. 

Wanlass, M. (August 1997). Holographic Pigments - Add New Dimension to Paint. 

Paint and Coatings Industry, 48-49.

Wicks, Z.W., Jr., Jones, F.N., Pappas, P., and Wicks, D.A. (2007). Organic Coatings: 

Science and Technology, 3rd edition, Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Wilkinson, J.M., Locke, J., and Laing, D.K. (1988). The Examination of Paints as 

Thin Sections using Visible Microspectrophotometry and Fourier Transform 

Infrared Microscopy. Forensic Science International, 38, 43-52.

Wright, D.M. (2010). A Make-Model-Year Case Involving Unusual Primer Chemistry 

and Good Resources. Journal of the American Society of Trace Evidence Examiners

1(2), 137-148. 

Zeichner, A. et al. (1992). A Study of Paint Coat Characteristics Produced by Spray 

Paints form Shaken and Nonshaken Spray Cans. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 37(2),

542-555.

4. What is the literature on the variation of paints and coatings? 

The list is extensive; examples of some of the more relevant articles follow.
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 11

Bentley, J. (2001). Composition, Manufacture, and Use of Paint. Forensic 

Examination of Glass and Paint: Analysis and Interpretation. B. Caddy, ed. London: 

Taylor and Francis.

Bleile, H.R., and Rodgers, S. (1989). Marine Coatings. Federation Series on Coatings 

Technology, Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Blue Bell, PA.

Brandau, A. (1990) Introduction to Coatings Technology. Federation Series on 

Coatings Technology, Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Blue Bell, PA.

Cartwright, L.J., et al. (1984). The Classification of Automotive Paint Primers Using 

the Munsell Color Coordinate System - A Collaborative Study. Canadian Society of 

Forensic Science Journal, 17(1), 14-18. 

Chattopadhyay, A.D., and Zentner, M.R. (1990). Aerospace and Aircraft Coatings. 

Federation Series on Coatings Technology, Federation of Societies for Coatings 

Technology, Blue Bell, PA.

Coatings Encyclopedic Dictionary, (1995). S. LeSota, ed. Federation of Societies for 

Coatings Technology, Blue Bell, PA.

Crown, D.A. (1968). The Forensic Examination of Paints and Pigments. Springfield, 

IL: Charles C. Thomas.

Dabdoub, G., and Severin, P.J. (1989). The Identification of Domestic and Foreign 

Automobile Manufacturers through Body Primer Characterization. Journal of 

Forensic Sciences 34(6): 1395-1404.

DeForest, P.R. (1982). Foundations of Forensic Microscopy. Forensic Science 

Handbook, Saferstein, R., ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc.

Helstroffer, S., Espanet, B., Milet, S. (2003). Class Identification of Rocket Types by 

Paint Analysis: A New Way. Forensic Science International, 136(1), 353-354.

Jeffs, R.A., and Jones, W. (1999). Additives for Paint. Paint and Surface Coatings, 

Theory and Practice. R. Lambourne, and T.A. Strivens, eds., Burlington, MA: 

William Andrew Publishing.

Koleske, J.V., Springate, R, and Brezinski, D. (May 2007). Additives Guide. Paint 

and Coatings Industry, 42-121.

Laing, D.K., et al (1982). The Discrimination of Small Fragments of Household Gloss 

Paint by Microspectrophometry. Forensic Science International, 20, 191- 200.

Norwicki, J., and Patten, R. (1986). Examination of U.S. Automotive Paints: I. Make 

and Model Determination of Hit-and-Run Vehicles by Reflectance MicroSpectrophotometry, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31(2), 464-470.
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 12

Triplett, T. (April 1996). Lab Tests: Where the Finish Starts. Industrial Paint and 

Powder, 34-37.

Zeichner, A. et al. (1992). A Study of Paint Coat Characteristics Produced by Spray 

Paints from Shaken and Non-shaken Spray Cans. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 37(2),

542-555.

5. What is the literature on the persistence of paints and coatings evidence, including the 

effects of weathering (e.g. sunlight, humidity, temperature, etc.), aging (e.g. oxidation, 

etc.), post washing and waxing effects, and how it affects the conclusions of paints and 

coatings analysis? 

The list is extensive; examples of some of the more relevant articles follow.

Bleile, H.R., and Rodgers, S. (1989). Marine Coatings. Federation Series on Coatings 

Technology, Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Blue Bell, PA.

Cousins, D.R., Platoni, C.R. and Russell, L.W. (1984). The Variation in the Colour of 

Paint on Individual Vehicles. Forensic Science International, 24, 197-208. 

Farkas, F.K. (1999). The Industrial Paint-Making Process. Paint and Surface 

Coatings, Theory and Practice. R. Lambourne, and T.A. Strivens, eds., Burlington, 

MA: William Andrew Publishing.

Gaiski, S.N. (2009). Making it Right: Why Your Car Payments are Lasting Longer 

than Your Factory Paint Job. TES Editorial Services, ed., Novi, MI: Zestar Corp.

The book explains paint processing and potential causes for defects in laymens terms.

Parks, D.W., and Jacobs, D.H., Jr. (2003). How to Paint Your Car. Motorbooks 

Workshop. Minneapolis, MN: MBI Publishing Company.

Describes in laymen’s terms OEM finishes, layer systems, and do-it-yourself (DIY) 

concepts for refinishing. 

Philadelphia Society for Coatings Technology Pictoral Standards of Coating Defects. 

(1979). Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Blue Bell, PA.

Pierce, P.E., and Schoff, C.K. (1988). Coating Film Defects. Federation Series on 

Coatings Technology, Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Blue Bell, PA.

Schoff, C.K. (January 1999). Surface Defects: Diagnosis and Cure. Journal of

Coatings Technology 71, 57-73.
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 13

Spence, J.W., Lemmons, T.J. (USEPA), Hon, Y., Schadt, R.J., Fornes, R.E., and 

Gilbert, R.D. (August 1993). Effects of Acidic Deposition on Paint: A Chamber 

Study. Journal of Coatings Technology 65(823), 47-55.

Wickes, Z. (1987). Corrosion Protection by Coatings. Federation Series on Coatings 

Technology, Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Blue Bell, PA.

Wickes, Z.W., Jr. (1986). Film Formation. Federation Series on Coatings Technology, 

Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, Blue Bell, PA.

Zeichner, A. et al. (1992). A Study of Paint Coat Characteristics Produced by Spray 

Paints from Shaken and Nonshaken Spray Cans. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 37(2),

542-555.

6. What published databases of paints, pigments, and manufacturers are available for paints 

and coatings analysis and comparison? 

Ash, M. and Ash, I. (1978) Formulary of Paints and Other Coatings, Vol. I, Chemical 

Publishing Co.,New York, NY.

Castro, K., Perez-Alonso, M., Rodriguez-Laso, M.D., Fernandez, L.A., and 

Madariaga, J.M. (2005). On-line FT-Raman and Dispersive Raman Spectra Database 

of Artists’ Materials (e-VISART database). Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 

382(2), 248-258.

Cartwright, N.S. and Rodgers, P.G. (1976). A Proposed Data Base for the 

Identification of Automotive Paint. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 

9(4), 145-154. 

Cartwright, N.S., et. al. (1982). A Computerized System for the Identification of 

Suspect Vehicles Involved in Hit and Run Accidents. Canadian Society of Forensic 

Science Journal, 15(3/4), 105-115.

Reference Collection of Automotive Paints (1991), Collaborative Testing Services, 

McLean, VA.

DuPont World Market Color Books, DuPont, Wilmington, DE 

(http://pc.dupont.com).

PPG Color Information Book, PPG Industries, Strongsville, OH 

(www.ppg.com/coatings/refinish).

Paint Red Book (2008/2009). Modern Paint and Coatings, Chemical Week 

Publication, New York, NY.
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 14

Trade journals periodic updates on trends, formulations, and specific changes to 

binders, pigments, and manufacturing processes as they affect layer systems and 

colors. Examples: Automotive News, Coatings World, Paint and Coatings Industry.

Paint and Coating Raw Materials Electronic Handbook, 2nd ed. , Compiled by M. Ash 

and I. Ash, Synapse Information Resources, Inc., Endicott, NY (2003).

Paint and Ink Formulation Database, William Andrew Publishing, Norwich, NY 

(2005).

7. What published instrumental spectral databases are available for paints and coatings 

analysis and comparison? 

Bishea, G., Buckle, J., Ryland, S. (1999). International Forensic Automotive Paint 

Database. Proceedings of SPIE Conference, Investigation and Forensic Science 

Technologies, International Society for Optical Engineering, 3576, 73-76. 

Burgio, L. Clark, RJH. (2001). Library of FT-Raman spectra of Pigments, Minerals, 

Pigment Media and Varnishes, and Supplement to Existing Library of Raman 

Spectra of Pigments with Visible Excitation. Spectrochimica Acta Part A – Molecular 

and Biomolecular Spectroscopy 57(7), 1491-1521.

Buckle, J.L., MacDougall, D.A., Grant, R.R. (1997). PDQ – Paint Data Queries: The 

History and Technology behind the Development of the Royal Canadian Mounted 

Police Forensic Laboratory Services Automotive Paint Database. Canadian Society of 

Forensic Science Journal, 30(4), 199-212. 

Govaert, F. (2003). Establishing a Database of Spray Paint Characteristics. Forensic 

Science International, 136(1), 354. 

Infrared Spectroscopy Atlas Working Committee (1991). An Infrared Spectroscopy 

Atlas for the Coatings Industry. 4th edition, Federation of Societies for Coatings 

Technology, Blue Bell, PA. (A digital version is available through various infrared 

spectrometer vendors.)

IR Users Group (IRUG – http://www.irug.org/)

Sadtler libraries for FTIR spectra of paints.

Palenik C.S., Palenik S., Herb, J., Groves, E. (2011). Fundamentals of Forensic 

Pigment Identification by Raman Microspectroscopy: A Practical Identification 

Guide and Spectral Library for Forensic Science Laboratories. 

https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/237050.pdf
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 15

8. What is the literature on the consistency of paints and coatings, and the non-homogeneity 

of paints and spatial distributions of coatings? 

Scherzer T, Mirschel G, Heymann K. (2008). In-line monitoring of coating processes

by near infrared reflection spectroscopy. Spectroscopy Europe, 20, 6-8.

Zhang W, Smith R, Lowe C. (2009). Confocal Raman microscopy study of the 

melamine distribution in polyester-melamine coil coating. Journal of Coatings 

Technology and Research, 6(3), 315-328.

Zhang W, Lowe C, Smith R. (2009). Depth profiling of clear coil coating by confocal 

Raman microscopy. Progress in Organic Coatings, 66(2), 141-148.

Zhang W, Lowe C, Smith R. (2009). Depth profiling of coil coating using step-scan 

photoacoustic FTIR. Progress in Organic Coatings, 65(4), 469-476.

Any of the texts previously cited for questions 2-4 would also contain sections on these 

topics. 

9. What literature describes the frequency statistics of the use of various paints and coatings? 

The list is extensive; examples of some of the more relevant articles follow.

Buckle, J., Fung, T., Ohashi, K. (1987). Automotive Topcoat Colour Occurrence 

Frequencies in Canada. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 20 (2), 45-56. 

Edmondstone, G., Hellman, J., Legate, K., Vardy, G.L., Lindsay, E. (2004). An 

Assessment of the Evidential Value of Automotive Paint Comparisons Canadian 

Society of Forensic Science Journal, 37(3), 147-153. 

Parent, S., Howard, J. (2009). The Significance of Class Associations in Automotive 

Paint Evidence. Proceedings of the Trace Evidence Symposium, Clearwater Beach, 

FL. 

Ryland, S.G., Kopec, R.J., Sommerville, P.N. (1981) The Evidential Value of 

Automobile Paint. Part II: Frequency of Occurrence of Topcoat Colors. Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, 26 (1), 64-74. 

Stoecklein, W. (1995). Forensic Analysis of Automotive Paints at the 

Bundeskriminalamt: The Evidential Value of Automotive Paints. Crime Laboratory 

Digest, 22(3), 98.

Stone, H.S., et. al. (1991). Vehicle Topcoat Colour and Manufacturer: Frequency, 

Distribution and Evidential Significance. Part II. Canadian Society of Forensic 

Science Journal, 24, 175-185. 
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 16

Volpe, G.G., et. al., (1988).Vehicle Topcoat Colour and Manufacturer: Frequency 

Distribution and Evidential Significance,” Canadian Society of Forensic Science 

Journal, 21, 11- 18. 

Tippett, C.F., Emerson, V.J., Fereday, M.J., Lawton, F., Richardson, A., Jones, L.T., 

and Lampert, S.M. (1968). The Evidential Value of the Comparison of Paint Flakes 

from Sources other than Vehicles. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 8 (2- 3),

61-65.

Wright, D.M., Bradley, M.J., Mehltretter, A.H. (2011). Analysis and discrimination of 

architectural paint samples via a population study. Forensic Science International, 

209, 86-95. 

10. What literature describes the quality review measures used in paints and coatings analysis? 

May, R.W. and Porter, J. (1975). An Evaluation of Common Methods of Paint 

Analysis. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 15(2), 137-146.

Perez-Pueyo R, Soneira M, Ruiz-Moreno S. (2010). Morphology-based automated 

baseline removal for Raman spectra of artistic pigments. Applied Spectroscopy 64(6),

595-600.

Standard Guide for Using Infrared Spectroscopy in Forensic Paint Examinations 

(2009). Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), (accessible on 

line at: http://www.swgmat.org/SWGMAT%20infrared%20spectroscopy.pdf)

Standard Guide for Using Scanning Electron Microscopy/X-ray Spectrometry in 

Forensic Paint Examination (2002). Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis 

(SWGMAT), Forensic Science Communications, 4(4). (accessible on line at: 

http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/lab/forensic-sciencecommunications/fsc/oct2002/bottrell.htm/)

Standard Guide for Microspectrophotometry and Color Measurement in Forensic 

Paint Analysis (2007). Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), 

Forensic Science Communications, 9(4). (accessible on line at: 

http://www.swgmat.org/Standard%20Guide%20for%20Microspectrophotometry%2

0and%20Color%20Measurement%20in%20Forensic%20Paint%20Analysis.pdf

11. What literature describes the uncertainty or confidence of paints and coatings analysis 

measurements? 

Edmondstone, G., Hellman, J., Legate, K., Vardy, G.L., Lindsay, E. (2004). An 

Assessment of the Evidential Value of Automotive Paint Comparisons Canadian 

Society of Forensic Science Journal, 37(3), 147-153. 
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 17

Farmer N, Meier-Augenstein W, Lucy D. (2009). Stable isotope analysis of white 

paints and likelihood ratios. Science & Justice, 49, 114-119.

Gothard, J.A. (1976). Evaluation of automobile paint flakes as evidence. Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, 21 (3), 636-641.

Gothard, J. and Maynard, P. (1996). Evidential value of automotive paint. 

Proceedings of the 13th International Symposium of the ANZFSS (Australian and 

New Zealand Forensic Science Society), September 8-13, Sydney, Australia.

Gruchow F, Machill S, Thiele S, Herm C, Salzer R. (2009). Imaging FTIR 

spectroscopic investigations of wood: paint interface of aged polychrome art objects. 

Preservation Science, 6, 145-150.

Joseph E, Prati S, Sciutto G, Iocle M, Santopadre P, Mazzeo R. (2010). 

Performance evaluation of mapping and linear imaging FTIR microspectroscopy for 

the characterisation of paint cross sections. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 

396(2), 899-910.

McDermott, S.D. and Willis, S.M. (1997). A Survey of the Evidential Value of Paint 

Transfer Evidence. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42(6), 1012-1018. 

McDermott, S.D. and Willis, S.M, McCullough, J.P. (1999). The Evidential Value of 

Paint. Part II: A Bayesian Approach. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44(2), 263-269. 

Navas N, Romero-Pastor J, Manzano E, Cardell C. (2008). Benefits of applying 

combined diffuse reflectance FTIR spectroscopy and principal component analysis 

for the study of blue tempera historical painting. Analytica Chimica Acta, 630(2), 141-

149.

Peris-Vicente J, Lerma-Garcia M, Simo-Alfonso E, Gimeno-Adelantado J, 

Domenech-Carbo M. (2007). Use of linear discriminant analysis applied to 

vibrational spectroscopy data to characterize commercial varnishes employed for art 

purposes. Analytica Chimica Acta, 589(2), 208-215.

Ryland, S.G. and Kopec, R.J. (1979). The Evidential Value of Automobile Paint Chips. 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24 (1), 140-147.

Ryland, S. (2010). Discrimination of Retail Black Spray Paints. Journal of the 

American Society of Trace Evidence Examiners, 1(2), 109-126. 

Schaning A, Varmuza K, Schreiner M. (2009). Classification of synthetic organic 

pigments by multivariate data analysis of FTIR spectra. Preservation Science, 6, 75-

80.
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 18

Sjastad, K. Jacobsen, N.O., Wibetoe, G. (2003). The Use of Scanning Electron 

Microscope as a Quantitative Tool in Paint Analysis. Forensic Science International 

136(Supplement 1), 356.

Tippett, C.F., et al. (1968). The evidential value of the comparison of paint flakes from 

sources other than vehicles. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 8 (2,3), 61-65.

Willis S., McCullough, J., McDermott S. (2001). The Interpretation of Paint 

Evidence. Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint: Analysis and Interpretation, B. 

Caddy, ed., NY: Taylor and Francis, 243-273.

Wright, D.M., Bradley, M.J., Mehltretter, A.H. (2011). Analysis and discrimination of 

architectural paint samples via a population study. Forensic Science International, 

209, 86-95. 

Zadora G, Trzcinska B. (2008). The evidential value of transfer evidences-a hit-andrun accident. Problems of Forensic Sciences 2008, LXXIII, 70-81.

Zadora G, Neocleous T, Aitken C. (2010). A two-level model for evidence evaluation 

in the presence of zeros. Journal of Forensic Sciences 55(2), 371-384.

12. What is the literature on the potential and actual cognitive bias in paints and coatings 

examinations? 

Budowle, B., Bottrell, M.C., Bunch, S.G., Fram, R., Harrison, D., Meagher, S., et al.

 (2009). A perspective on errors, bias, and interpretation in the forensic sciences and 

direction for continuing advancement. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 54(4), 798-809.

13. What is the literature on contamination in forensic paints and coatings examinations? 

ASTM E1492-05 (2005). Standard Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, and 

Retrieving Evidence in a Forensic Science Laboratory. ASTM International, West 

Conshohocken, PA.

Giang, Y.S., Wang, S.M., Cho, L.L., Yang, C.K., Lu, C.C. (2002). Identification of 

Tiny and Thin Smears of Automotive Paint Following a Traffic Accident. Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, 47(3), 625-629. 

Ryland, S.G. and Suzuki, E.M. (2012). Analysis of Paint Evidence. In Forensic 

Chemistry Handbook, Kobilinsky, L. F., ed., John Wiley and Sons, Inc., Hoboken, 

NJ., 131-224.

Standard Guide for Using Infrared Spectroscopy in Forensic Paint Examinations 

(2009). Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), (accessible on 

line at: http://www.swgmat.org/SWGMAT%20infrared%20spectroscopy.pdf)
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 19

Standard Guide for Using Scanning Electron Microscopy/X-ray Spectrometry in 

Forensic Paint Examination (2002). Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis 

(SWGMAT), Forensic Science Communications, 4(4). (accessible on line at: 

http://www.fbi.gov/about-us/lab/forensic-sciencecommunications/fsc/oct2002/bottrell.htm/)

Standard Guide for Microspectrophotometry and Color Measurement in Forensic 

Paint Analysis (2007). Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), 

Forensic Science Communications, 9(4). (accessible on line at: 

http://www.swgmat.org/Standard%20Guide%20for%20Microspectrophotometry%2

0and%20Color%20Measurement%20in%20Forensic%20Paint%20Analysis.pdf

14. What literature describes guidelines for reporting and interpretation of paints and coatings 

related findings?

McDermott, S.D. and Willis, S.M. (1997). A Survey of the Evidential Value of Paint 

Transfer Evidence. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42(6), 1012-1018. 

McDermott, S.D. and Willis, S.M, McCullough, J.P. (1999). The Evidential Value of 

Paint. Part II: A Bayesian Approach. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44(2), 263-269. 

Willis S., McCullough, J., McDermott S. (2001). The Interpretation of Paint 

Evidence. Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint: Analysis and Interpretation, B. 

Caddy, ed., NY: Taylor and Francis, 243-273.

15. What literature describes empiric evaluations of error rates in paints and coatings 

examinations? 

McDermott, S.D. and Willis, S.M. (1997). A Survey of the Evidential Value of Paint 

Transfer Evidence. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 42(6), 1012-1018. 

McDermott, S.D. and Willis, S.M, McCullough, J.P. (1999). The Evidential Value of 

Paint. Part II: A Bayesian Approach. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 44(2), 263-269. 

Perez-Pueyo R, Soneira M, Castanys M, Ruiz-Moreno S. (2009). Fuzzy approach for 

identifying artistic pigments with Raman spectroscopy. Applied Spectroscopy 63(8), 

947-957.

Peris-Vicente J, Lerma-Garcia M, Simo-Alfonso E, Gimeno-Adelantado J, 

Domenech-Carbo M. (2007). Use of linear discriminant analysis applied to 

vibrational spectroscopy data to characterize commercial varnishes employed for art 

purposes. Analytica Chimica Acta, 589, 208-215.

Schaning A, Varmuza K, Schreiner M. (2009). Classification of synthetic organic 

pigments by multivariate data analysis of FTIR spectra. Preservation Science, 6, 75-

80.
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 20

Szafarska M, Wozniakiewicz M, Pilch, M, Zieba-Palus J, Koscielniak P. (2009). 

Computer analysis of ATR-FTIR spectra of paint samples for forensic purposes. 

Journal of Molecular Structure 924-926, 504-513.

Willis S., McCullough, J., McDermott S. (2001). The Interpretation of Paint 

Evidence. Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint: Analysis and Interpretation, B. 

Caddy, ed., NY: Taylor and Francis, 243-273.

16. What literature exists describing the instrumental analysis of paints and coatings and the 

significance of the information obtained there from? 

The list is extensive; examples of some of the more relevant articles follow.

Allen, T.J. (1991). Modifications of Sample Mounting Procedures and Microtome 

Equipment for Paint Sectioning. Forensic Science International, 52, 93-100.

Altinel, E., Seven, E. (2003). Comparison of Fourier Transform Infrared 

Spectroscopy and Thin Layer Chromatography in Discriminating Various Paints in 

Forensic Cases. Forensic Science International, 136(Supplement 1), 350-351.

Applied Pyrolysis Handbook. (2006). T.P. Wampler, ed., Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

ASTM D4764-01 (2006), Standard Test Method for Determination by X-Ray 

Fluorescence Spectroscopy of Titanium Dioxide Content in Paint. ASTM 

International, West Conshohocken, PA.

ASTM D5390-93 (2003), Standard Test Method for Identification of Crystalline 

Pigments and Extenders in Paint by X-Ray Diffraction Analysis. ASTM 

International, West Conshohocken, PA. 

ASTM D5381-93 (2003). Standard Guide for X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) 

Spectroscopy of Pigments and Extenders. ASTM International, West Conshohocken, 

PA.

Bell, S., Fido, L.A., Speers, S.J., and Armstrong, W.J. (2005). Rapid Forensic Analysis 

and Identification of “Lilac” Architectural Finishes using Raman Spectroscopy

Applied Spectroscopy, 59(1), 100-108. 

Bell, S., Fido, L.A., Speers, S.J., and Armstrong, W.J, Spratt, S. (2005). Forensic 

Analysis of Architectural Finishes Using Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman 

Spectroscopy, Part I: The resin bases. Applied Spectroscopy, 59(11), 1333-1346. 

Bell, S., Fido, L.A., Speers, S.J., and Armstrong, W.J, Spratt, S. (2005). Forensic 

Analysis of Architectural Finishes Using Fourier Transform Infrared and Raman 

Spectroscopy, Part II: White Paint. Applied Spectroscopy, 59(11), 1340-1346.
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 21

Beveridge A., Fung T., MacDougall D. (2001). Use of Infrared Spectroscopy for the 

Characterisation of Paint Fragments. Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint: 

Analysis and Interpretation, B. Caddy, ed., NY: Taylor and Francis.

Burke, P., Curry, C.J., Davies, L.M., and Cousins, D.R. (1985). A Comparison of 

Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry, Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography and Infrared 

Spectroscopy for the Analysis of Paint Resins. Forensic Science International, 28(3-4),

201-219.

Burns, DT and Doolan, KP. (2005). The Discrimination of Automotive Clear Coat 

Paints Indistinguishable by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy via PyrolysisGas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Analytica Chimica Acta 539, 157-164. 

Burns, DT and Doolan, KP. (2000). A Comparison of Pyrolysis Gas 

Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy 

for the Analysis of a Series of Modified Alkyd Paint Resins. Analytica Chimica Acta 

422, 217-230. 

Buzzini, P. and Massonnet, G. (2004). A Market Study of Green Spray Paints by 

Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy. Science and Justice, 

44(3), 123-131. 

Cardosi, P.J. (1982). Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatographic Examination of Paints. Journal 

of Forensic Sciences, 27(3), 695-703. 

Challinor, J.M. (1983). Forensic Applications of Pyrolysis Capillary Gas 

Chromatography. Forensic Science International, 21, 269-285.

Challinor, J.M. (1991). Structure Determination of Alkyd Resins by Simultaneous 

Pyrolysis Methylation. Journal of Analytical Applied Pyrolysis, 18, 233-244. 

Challinor, J.M. (2001). Pyrolysis Techniques for the Characterization and 

Discrimination of Paint. Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint: Analysis and 

Interpretation, B. Caddy, ed., NY: Taylor and Francis.

Fukuda, K. (1985). The Pyrolysis Gas Chromatographic Examination of Japanese 

Car Paint Flakes. Forensic Science International, 29(3-4), 227-236.

Govaert, F. and Bernard, M. (2004). Discriminating Red Spray Paints by Optical 

Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy, and X-ray Fluorescence. 

Forensic Science International, 140(1), 61-70. 

Govaert, F., de Roy, G., Decruyenaere, B. (2001). Analysis of Black Spray Paints by 

Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, X-Ray Fluorescence, and Visible 

Microscopy. Problems of Forensic Sciences XLVII, 333-339.
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 22

Haag, L.C. (1976). Element Profiles of Automotive Paint Chips by X-Ray 

Fluorescence Spectrometry. Journal of the Forensic Science Society 16(3), 255-263.

Hamer, P.S. (1982). Pigment Analysis in the Forensic Examination of Paints. III. A 

Guide to Motor Vehicle Paint Examination by Transmitted Light Microscopy. 

Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 22, 187-192. 

Henson, M.L. and Jergovich, T.A. (2001). Scanning Electron Microscopy and Energy 

Dispersive X- ray Spectrometry (SEM/EDS) for the Forensic Examination of Paints 

and Coatings. Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint: Analysis and Interpretation, 

B. Caddy, ed., NY: Taylor and Francis, 243-272.

Hobbs, A.L. and Almirall, J.R. (2003). Trace Elemental Analysis of Automotive 

Paints by Laser Ablation-Inductively Coupled Plasma-Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICPMS). Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 376, 1265-1271.

Holak, W. (1975). Analysis of Paints for Lead by Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. 

Analytica Chimica Acta, 74(1), 216-219.

Joseph E, Prati S, Sciutto G, Iocle M, Santopadre P, Mazzeo R. (2010). Performance 

evaluation of mapping and linear imaging FTIR microspectroscopy for the 

characterisation of paint cross sections. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry 396, 

899-910.

Kochanowski, B.K. and Morgan S.L. (2000). Forensic Discrimination of Automotive 

Paint Samples Using Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry with 

Multivariate Statistics. Journal of Chromatographic Science, 38, 100-108. 

Kopchick, K.A. and Bommarito, C.R. (2006). Color Analysis of Apparently 

Achromatic Automotive Paints by Visible Microspectrophotometry. Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, 51(2), 340-343.

Laing, D.K., et al (1982). The Discrimination of Small Fragments of Household Gloss 

Paint by Microspectrophometry. Forensic Science International, 20, 191- 200.

Massonnet, G. (1999). Comparison of X-Ray Fluorescence and X-Ray Diffraction 

Techniques for the Analysis of Metallic Automotive Paints. Crime Laboratory Digest, 

22(3), 95.

Massonnet, G. and Stoecklein, W. (1999). Identification of Organic Pigments In 

Coatings: Application to red Automotive Topcoats. Part III: Raman Spectroscopy (NIR 

FT-Raman). Science & Justice, 39(3), 181-187. 

Mathias, L.J. (November 1985). Analyzing Coatings With FT Spectroscopy. Modern 

Paint and Coatings, 38-50.
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 23

McEwen, D.J. and Cheever, G.D. (1983).Infrared Microscopic Analysis of Multiple 

Layers of Automotive Paints,” Journal of Coatings Technology, 65(819), 35-41. 

McMinn, D.G., Carlson, T.L., and Munson, T.O. (1985). Pyrolysis Capillary Gas 

Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry for Analysis of Automotive Paints. Journal of 

Forensic Sciences, 30(4), 1064-1073.

Mukai, T., Nakazumi, N., Kawabata, S., Kusatani, M., Nakai, S, and Honda, S. 

(2008). Direct Identification of Various Copper Phthalocyanine Pigments in 

Automotive Paints and Paint Smears by Laser Desorption Ionization Mass 

Spectrometry. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53(1), 107-115.

Nishiwaki Y, et al. (2009). Trace elemental analysis of titanium dioxide pigments and 

automotive white paint fragments for forensic examination using high-energy 

synchrotron radiation X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. Journal of Forensic Sciences

54(3), 564-570.

Norman, E.W.W., Cameron, R., Cartwright, L.J., Cartwright, N.S., Clark, W.H., 

MacDougall, D.A. (1983). The Classification of Automotive Paint Primers Using 

Infrared Spectroscopy - A Collaborative Study. Canadian Society of Forensic Science 

Journal, 16(4), 163-173. 

Norwicki, J. and Patten, R. (1986). Examination of U.S. Automotive Paints: I. Make 

and Model Determination of Hit-and-Run Vehicles by Reflectance MicroSpectrophotometry, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 31(2), 464-470.

Palenik, S. (1988). Microscopy and Microchemistry of Physical Evidence. Forensic 

Science Handbook, Vol. II. R. Saferstein, ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 

Inc. 

Paul, F.W., Dougherty, P.M., Bradford, L.W. , and Parker, B. (1971). Reflection 

Spectra of Small Paint Samples: A Potential Solution. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 

16(2), 241-244.

Reeve, V.C. and Keener, T. (1976). Programmed Energy Dispersive X-Ray Analysis 

of Top Coats of Automotive Paint. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 21(4), 883-907.

Rodgers, P.G., et al. (1976). The Classification of Automobile Paint by Diamond Cell 

Window Infrared Spectrophotometry - Part I: Binders and Pigments. Canadian 

Society of Forensic Science Journal, 9(1), 1-14. 

Rodgers, P.G., et al. (1976). The Classification of Automotive Paint by Diamond 

Window Infrared Spectrophotometry - Part II: Automotive Topcoats and 

Undercoats. Canadian Society of Forensic Science Journal, 9(2), 49-68.
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 24

Ryland, S.G., et al. (2001). Discrimination of 1990s Original Automotive Paint 

Systems: A Collaborative Study Of Black Nonmetallic Base Coat/Clear Coat Finishes 

Using Infrared Spectroscopy. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 46(1), 31-45. 

Saferstein, R. and Manura, J.J. (1973). Examination of Automobile Paints by Laser 

Beam Emission Spectroscopy. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical 

Chemists (AOAC) 56(5), 1227-1233.

Schultz, B.W., and Perros, T.P. (1975). Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography Analysis of 

Black Paints. Journal of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) 58(6), 

1150-1153.

Sjastad, K. Jacobsen, N.O., Wibetoe, G. (2003). The Use of Scanning Electron 

Microscope as a Quantitative Tool in Paint Analysis. Forensic Science International 

136(Supplement 1), 356.

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and Related Materials: Current Techniques for Solving Coatings Problems. W.C. 

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SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 25

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SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 26

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17. What literature exists describing the visual analysis of paints and coatings and the 

significance of the information obtained there from?

Beattie, B., Dudley, R.J., and Smalldon, K.W. (1979). The Use of Morin Staining for 

the Microscopic Characterization of Multilayered White Paint Flakes. Forensic 

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Cartwright, L.J., et. al. (1984). The Classification of Automotive Paint Primers Using 

the Munsell Color Coordinate System - A Collaborative Study. Canadian Society of 

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for Sectioning Multilayer Paint Samples for Microanalysis. Canadian Society of 

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Paint on Individual Vehicles. Forensic Science International, 24, 197-208. 

Droll, F.J. (February 1998). Just What Color Is That Car? Paint and Coatings 

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Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometry, X-Ray Fluorescence, and Visible 

Microscopy. Problems of Forensic Sciences XLVII, 333-339.
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 27

Home, J.M., et. al. (1982). The Discrimination of Modern House Hold Paints Using 

Thin Layer Chromatography. Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 22, 147-154.

Home, J.M., Laing, D.K and Richardson, S. (1983). The Discrimination of Small 

Fragments of Household Gloss Paint Using Chemical Tests. Journal of the Forensic 

Science Society, 23 (1), 43-47.

Kilbourn, J.H., and Marx, R. B. (1994). Polarized Light Microscopy of Extenders in 

Structural Paints - Forensic Applications. The Microscope, 42(4), 167-175.

Linde, H.G. and Stone, R.P. (1979). Application of the LeRosen Test to Paint Analysis. 

Journal of Forensic Sciences, 24(3), 650-655.

Palenik, S. (1988). Microscopy and Microchemistry of Physical Evidence. Forensic 

Science Handbook, Vol. II. R. Saferstein, ed., Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 

Inc. 

Palenik, S. (1998). Applying Chemical Microscopy to the Coatings Industry. Paint 

and Coatings Industry, 48-56.

Standard Guide for Microspectrophotometry and Color Measurement in Forensic Paint 

Analysis. (October 2007). Scientific Working Group for Materials Analysis (SWGMAT), 

Forensic Science Communications, 9(4), October 2007. (available online 

at:http://www.swgmat.org/Standard%20Guide%20for%20Microspectrophotometry%20

and% 20Color%20Measurement%20in%20Forensic%20Paint%20Analysis.pdf

Stoecklein, W. (2001). The Role of Colour and Microscopic Techniques for the 

Characterisation of Paint Fragments. Forensic Examination of Glass and Paint: Analysis 

and Interpretation, B. Caddy, ed., NY: Taylor and Francis, 143-164. 

Thornton, J.I., Krause, S., Lerner, B., and Kathane, D. (1983). Solubility 

Characterization of Automotive Paints. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 28(4), 1004-

1007. 

Thornton, J.I. (1997). Visual Color Comparisons in Forensic Science. Forensic 

Science Review, 9(1), 38-57. 

VanHoven, H., and Fraysier, H. (1983). The Matching of Automotive Paint Chips by 

Surface Striation Alignment. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 28(2), 463-467.

18. What databases are most needed in the field of paints and coatings analysis? (Note- this 

does not require a list of references, it is for informational purposes only.) 
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 28

The existing PDQ Automotive Paint database is in need of increased consistent 

funding and support. The database is quite extensive and one of the most valuable 

tools to forensic paint examiners. Currently, it is a sixteen-year collaborative effort 

between local, state, and federal US law enforcement agencies and the Royal 

Canadian Mounted Police (developer of the platform) and has grown into an 

international database incorporating data from Europe, Asia, and Australia, all of 

whom participate in the program. The database requires a steady supply of samples 

in the ever-changing automotive paint market, and skilled analysts are required to 

ensure the quality of the data. Without additional funding and support, the forensic 

paint community could lose an extremely valuable resource.

A comprehensive current digital collection of infrared spectra of automotive refinish 

products on the market.

A comprehensive digital library of paint coloring and extender pigment Raman 

spectra.

A comprehensive digital library of paint coloring and extender pigment FTIR spectra.

19. What new technologies and areas of research should be pursued with regard to paints and 

coatings examination and analysis—and in what priority? (Note- this does not require a list 

of references, it is for informational purposes only.)

Aftermarket automotive refinish database: Create an aftermarket automotive paint 

refinish IR database to characterize current formulations and determine the ability to 

discriminate an aftermarket refinish from original equipment manufacturer (OEM) 

paint.

Architectural paint: Studies are needed to evaluate the homogeneity of architectural 

paints as applied in real-world settings under real-world conditions. Architectural 

paints could vary due to potential variations in the mixing and application 

technique(s) of the paint to a substrate. This study would begin to address what 

constitutes a significant difference between samples.

Error rates: Studies are needed to define and measure error rates with respect to 

false exclusions and an individual analyst’s competency in interpretation.

Error rates: Studies are needed to determine the discrimination potential of specific 

instruments or techniques comparing statistical models (e.g., PCA) to analysts’ 

interpretations.
SWGMAT Paint Subgroup Page 29

Error rates: Studies are needed to look at the rate of false inclusions and exclusions 

based on analytical regimes utilized (e.g. FTIR only, microscopy only, combinations 

of techniques).

Emerging techniques: Determine the cost-benefit analysis and discrimination 

potential (to include factors such as sample size, sample condition) of emerging 

techniques for paint analysis (e.g., DART, DSC, Cathodoluminescence, LIBS) that 

will enhance the analytical scheme and/or replace existing traditional techniques (e.g., 

PGC/Py-GC/MS, SEM-EDS).

Determine the frequency of factory (OEM) refinishes as to how often and how many 

layers.