# Patent

## Title
Reproduction apparatus and reproducing method

## Abstract

A reproducing apparatus has three reproducing modes that are a first mode, a second mode, and a third mode. In the first mode, when a program that has been reproduction restricted is tried to be reproduced, the reproducing operation is paused and the user is asked whether he or she wants to reproduce the program. Corresponding to the user's reply, the reproducing operation is performed or prohibited. In the second mode, a program that has been reproduction restricted is prohibited from being reproduced. In the third mode, a program that has been reproduction restricted is unconditionally reproduced. When the power of the apparatus is turned on at step S31, a prompt that causes the user to select one of the first mode, the second mode, and the third mode is displayed. At step S33, a process for designating a mode is performed. Information of the designated mode is stored in a nonvolatile memory.

## Background
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present invention relates to a reproducing apparatus and a reproducing method that are suitable for reproducing a program from a record medium on which both a program that has been reproduction restricted and a program that has not been reproduction restricted (namely, a program that can be freely reproduced) have been recorded.
BACKGROUND ART
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable ROM) that is an electrically rewritable memory requires a large space because each bit is composed of two transistors. Thus, the integration of EEPROM is restricted. To solve this problem, a flash memory that allows one bit to be accomplished with one transistor using all-bit-erase system has been developed. The flash memory is being expected as a successor of conventional record mediums such as magnetic disks and optical discs.
A memory card using a flash memory is also known. The memory card can be freely attached to an apparatus and detached therefrom. A digital audio recording/reproducing apparatus that uses a memory card instead of a conventional CD (Compact Disc: Trademark) or MD (Mini Disc: Trademark) can be accomplished.
When a user buys commercially available package software for example a CD, he or she is assured of unlimited duration of reproduction and unlimited number of reproduction times for the package software. On the other hand, as audio and video information is digitized and used as multi media, in recent years, the copyright protection has become important. In the field of information service, digitized audio and video information is recorded on a record medium in such a manner that some restriction information is added thereto. In such a format, information is provided to a user. In addition, a service of which digitized audio and video information to which some reproduction restriction information is added is distributed to each user through a digital broadcast or the Internet has been studied. In such a circumstance, for an advertisement, free audio and video information that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction and the number of reproduction times may be distributed to each user. In this case, each user can reproduce the audio and video information (called a program or a content) for the duration and the number of reproduction times represented in the reproduction restriction information. When a user wants the audio and video information, he or she can record it to a memory card at a predetermined price.
In such a situation, there is a possibility of which both a program that has not been reproduction restricted (that can freely reproduced) and a program that has been reproduction restricted are recorded on one record medium. When a program is reproduced from such a record medium by a conventional reproducing apparatus, the user will face an inconvenient problem. When the user repeatedly reproduces programs, he or she can freely reproduce a program that has not been reproduction restricted. In contrast, when a program that has been reproduction restricted is reproduced with respect to the number of reproduction times, after the number of reproduction times of the program that has been reproduction restricted exceeds the designated number of reproduction times, the program cannot be reproduced. Thus, there is a case that it is preferred to exclude a program that has been reproduction restricted from a program repeat reproducing operation. In addition, there is a method for asking the user whether or not he or she wants to reproduce a program that has been reproduction restricted. However, when a program that has been reproduction restricted is tried to be reproduced, the reproducing operation is stopped and the user is asked whether or not he or she wants to reproduce it. Thus, the operability of the apparatus deteriorates.
Therefore, an object of the present invention is to provide a reproducing apparatus and a reproducing method that allow the user to designate an operating method for a program that has been reproduction restricted.
DISCLOSURE OF THE INVENTION
To solve the forgoing problem, claim 1 of the present invention is a reproducing apparatus for reproducing a program from a record medium on which a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times and a program that has not been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times have been recorded, the record medium having a management area for managing an identifier that represents whether or not a program has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times, the reproducing apparatus comprising:
a determining means for determining whether or not a program to be reproduced has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times corresponding to the identifier managed in the management area,
wherein the reproducing apparatus has a mode designating function that allows at least two of a first mode, a second mode, and a third mode to be designated, when the determined result of the determining means represents that the program to be reproduced has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times, the first mode asking the user whether or not he or she wants to reproduce the program, the second mode forcedly prohibiting the program from being reproduced, the third mode causing the program to be unconditionally reproduced.
Claim 4 of the present invention is a reproducing apparatus for reproducing a program from a record medium on which a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times and a program that has not been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times have been recorded, the record medium having a management area for managing an identifier that represents whether or not a program has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times, the reproducing apparatus comprising:
a determining means for determining whether or not a program repeat reproducing operation has been designated; and
a controlling means for causing the reproducing apparatus to repeatedly reproduce a program except for a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times when the determined result of the determining means represents that the program repeat reproducing operation has been designated.
Claim 8 of the present invention is a reproducing apparatus for reproducing a program from a record medium on which a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction has been recorded, the reproducing apparatus comprising:
a date and time counting means for counting the date and time;
an operating means for allowing the user to input date and time information;
a memory means for storing date and time information that is input by the operating means;
a determining means for determining whether or not the date and time information has been stored in the memory means; and
a controlling means for prohibiting a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction from being reproduced when the determined result of the determining means represents that the date and time information has not been stored in the memory means.
Claim 9 of the present invention is a reproducing method for reproducing a program from a record medium on which a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times and a program that has not been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times have been recorded, the record medium having a management area for managing an identifier that represents whether or not a program has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times, the reproducing method comprising the steps of:
determining whether or not a program to be reproduced has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times corresponding to the identifier managed in the management area,
wherein the reproducing method has a mode designating function that allows at least two of a first mode, a second mode, and a third mode to be designated, when the determined result at the determining step represents that the program to be reproduced has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times, the first mode asking the user whether or not he or she wants to reproduce the program, the second mode forcedly prohibiting the program from being reproduced, the third mode causing the program to be unconditionally reproduced.
Claim 12 of the present invention is a reproducing method for reproducing a program from a record medium on which a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times and a program that has not been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times have been recorded, the record medium having a management area for managing an identifier that represents whether or not a program has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times, the reproducing method comprising the steps of:
determining whether or not a program repeat reproducing operation has been designated; and
causing a program except for a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times to be repeatedly reproduced when the determined result at the determining step represents that the program repeat reproducing operation has been designated.
Claim 16 of the present invention is a reproducing method for reproducing a program from a record medium on which a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction has been recorded, the reproducing method comprising the steps of:
allowing the user to input date and time information;
storing date and time information that is input to memory means;
determining whether or not the date and time information has been stored in the memory means; and
prohibiting a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction from being reproduced when the determined result at the determining step represents that the date and time information has not been stored in the memory means.
According to claims 1 to 7 and 9 to 15 of the present invention, in a mode that the user has designated, a program that has been reproduction restricted can be reproduced. Thus, a program that has been reproduction restricted can be prevented from being reproduced against the user's will.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS 
FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing a digital audio recorder/player using a nonvolatile memory according to the present invention;
FIG. 2 is an internal block diagram showing a DSP according to the present invention;
FIG. 3 is an internal block diagram showing a memory card according to the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing a file management structure of a storage medium as the memory card according to the present invention;
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing a physical structure of data stored in a flash memory disposed in the memory card according to the present invention;
FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a data structure of the memory card according to the present invention;
FIG. 7 is a hierarchical schematic diagram showing the structure of files stored in the memory card;
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing a data structure of a reproduction management file PBLIST.MSF as a subdirectory stored in the memory card;
FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing a data structure of which one successive ATRAC3 data file is divided into blocks at intervals of a predetermined unit length and an attribute file is added to each of the blocks;
FIG. 10 is a schematic diagram for explaining a combine editing process and a divide editing process according to the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing the data structure of the reproduction management file PBLIST;
FIG. 12 is a schematic diagram showing the data structure of the reproduction management file PBLIST;
FIG. 13 is a schematic diagram showing a table representing the relation of types of additional information data;
FIG. 14 is a schematic diagram showing a table representing the relation of types of additional information data;
FIG. 15 is a schematic diagram showing a table representing the relation of types of additional information data;
FIG. 16 is a schematic diagram showing the data structure of additional information data;
FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram showing a detailed data structure of an ATRAC3 data file;
FIG. 18 is a schematic diagram showing the data structure of an upper portion of an attribute header that composes an ATRAC3 data file;
FIG. 19 is a schematic diagram showing the data structure of a middle portion of the attribute header the composes an ATRAC3 data file;
FIG. 20 is a schematic diagram showing a table representing types of recording modes, record durations thereof, and so forth;
FIG. 21 is a schematic diagram showing a table representing copy control states;
FIG. 22 is a schematic diagram showing the data structure of a lower portion of the attribute header that composes an ATRAC3 data file;
FIG. 23 is a schematic diagram showing the data structure of a header of a data block of an ATRAC3 data file;
FIG. 24 is a schematic diagram showing a flow chart representing a method for recovering a destroyed FAT area according to the present invention;
FIG. 25 is a hierarchical schematic diagram showing another example of the file structure of files stored in the memory card 40;
FIG. 26 is a schematic diagram showing the relation between a track information management file TRKLIST.MSF and an ATRAC3 data file A3Dnnnnn.MSA;
FIG. 27 is a schematic diagram showing a detailed data structure of the track information management file TRKLIST.MSF;
FIG. 28 is a schematic diagram showing a detailed data structure of NAME1 that manages a name;
FIG. 29 is a schematic diagram showing the detailed data structure showing NAME2 that manages a name;
FIG. 30 is a schematic diagram showing the detailed data structure of an ATRAC3 data file A3Dnnnnn.MSA;
FIG. 31 is a schematic diagram showing the detailed data structure of INFLIST.MSF that represents additional information;
FIG. 32 is a schematic diagram showing the detailed data structure of INFLIST.MSF that represents additional information data;
FIG. 33 is a schematic diagram showing a method for recovering a destroyed FAT area in another data structure according to the present invention;
FIG. 34 is a schematic diagram showing a flow chart for explaining a process for designating a reproducing mode for a program that has been reproduction restricted according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 35 is a schematic diagram for explaining an example of the data structure for which a reproduction log is recorded;
FIG. 36 is a schematic diagram showing a flow chart for explaining a reproducing process for a program that has been reproduction restricted according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 37 is a schematic diagram showing a flow chart for explaining a reproducing process for a program that has been reproduction restricted according to a ramification of the embodiment of the present invention; and
FIG. 38 is a schematic diagram showing a practical system structure according to the embodiment of the present invention.



BEST MODES FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION 
Next, an embodiment of the present invention will be described. FIG. 1 is a block diagram showing the structure of a digital audio recorder/player using a memory card according to an embodiment of the present invention. The digital audio recorder/player records and reproduces a digital audio signal using a detachable memory card. In reality, the recorder/player composes an audio system along with an amplifying unit and a speaker. However, it should be noted that the present invention can be applied to other audio recorders. In other words, the present invention can be applied to a portable recording/reproducing apparatus. In addition, the present invention can be applied to a set top box that records a digital audio data that is circulated as a satellite data communication, a digital broadcast, or Internet. Moreover, the present invention can be applied to a system that records/reproduces moving picture data and still picture data rather than audio data. The system according to the embodiment of the present invention can record and reproduce additional information such as picture and text other than a digital audio signal.
The recording/reproducing apparatus has an audio encoder/decoder IC 10, a security IC 20, a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) 30. Each of these devices is composed of a one-chip IC. The recording/reproducing apparatus has a detachable memory card 40. The one-chip IC of the memory card 40 has flash memory (nonvolatile memory), a memory control block, and a security block. The security block has a DES (Data Encryption Standard) encrypting circuit. According to the embodiment, the recording/reproducing apparatus may use a microcomputer instead of the DSP 30.
The audio encoder/decoder IC 10 has an audio interface 11 and an encoder/decoder block 12. The encoder/decoder block 12 encodes a digital audio data corresponding to a highly efficient encoding method and writes the encoded data to the memory card 40. In addition, the encoder/decoder block 12 decodes encoded data that is read from the memory card 40. As the highly efficient encoding method, the ATRAC3 format that is a modification of the ATRAC (Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding) format used in Mini-Disc is used.
In the ATRAC3 format, audio data sampled at 44.1 kHz and quantized with 16 bits is highly efficiently encoded. In the ATRAC3 format, the minimum data unit of audio data that is processed is a sound unit (SU). 1 SU is data of which data of 1024 samples (1024×16 bits×2 channels) is compressed to data of several hundred bytes. The duration of 1 SU is around 23 msec. In the highly efficient encoding method, the data amount of audio data is compressed to data that is around 10 times smaller than that of original data. As with the ATRAC1 format used in Mini-Disc, the audio signal compressed and decompressed corresponding to the ATRAC3 format less deteriorates in the audio quality.
A line input selector 13 selectively supplies the reproduction output signal of an MD, the output signal of a tuner, or a reproduction output signal of a tape to an A/D converter 14. The A/D converter 14 converts the input line signal to a digital audio signal (sampling frequency=44.1 kHz; the number of quantizing bits=16). A digital input selector 16 selectively supplies a digital output signal of an MD, a CD, or a CS (Satellite Digital Broadcast) to a digital input receiver 17. The digital input signal is transmitted through for example an optical cable. An output signal of the digital input receiver 17 is supplied to a sampling rate converter 15. The sampling rate converter 15 converts the digital input signal into a digital audio signal (sampling frequency=44.1 kHz; the number of quantizing bits=16).
The encoder/decoder block 12 of the audio encoder/decoder IC 10 supplies encoded data to a DES encrypting circuit 22 through an interface 21 of the security IC 20. The DES encrypting circuit 22 has a FIFO 23. The DES encrypting circuit 22 is disposed so as to protect the copyright of contents. The memory card 40 also has a DES encrypting circuit. The DES encrypting circuit 22 of the recording/reproducing apparatus has a plurality of master keys and an apparatus-unique storage key. The DES encrypting circuit 22 also has a random number generating circuit. The DES encrypting circuit 22 can share an authenticating process and a session key with the memory card 40 that has the DES encrypting circuit. In addition, the DES encrypting circuit 22 can re-encrypt data with the storage key of the DES encrypting circuit.
The encrypted audio data that is output from the DES encrypting circuit 22 is supplied to a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) 30. The DSP 30 communicates with the memory card 40 through an interface. In this example, the memory card 40 is attached to an attaching/detaching mechanism (not shown) of the recording/reproducing apparatus. The DSP 30 writes the encrypted data to the flash memory of the memory card 40. The encrypted data is serially transmitted between the DSP 30 and the memory card 40. In addition, an external SRAM (Static Random Access Memory) 31 is connected to the DSP 30. The SRAM 31 provides the recording/reproducing apparatus with a sufficient storage capacity so as to control the memory card 40.
In addition, encrypted ATRAC3 data is supplied from an external personal computer (not shown) to the DSP 30 through an interface 33. When predetermined application software is installed to the external personal computer, it can capture audio file and so forth compressed corresponding to EMD (Electronic Music Distribution), music CD, or MP3 (MPEG1 Audio Layer III) to a hard disk, converts the captured data into ATRAC3 format data, encrypts the converted data, and outputs the encrypted data.
Reference numeral 32 represents a system controller that controls the operation of the entire audio system shown in FIG. 1 and supplies data such as a record command, a reproduction command, and so forth generated in the operation portion corresponding to a user's operation. The system controller 32 is composed of a CPU (Central Processing Unit). The system controller 32 has a nonvolatile memory 32a. In addition, data of additional information for video information and character information is supplied to the DSP 30 through the system controller 32.
The encrypted ATRAC3 data that is read from the memory card 40 by the DSP 30 is decrypted by the security IC 20. The audio encoder/decoder IC 10 decodes the encoded data corresponding to the ATRAC3 format. Output data of the audio encoder/decoder 10 is supplied to a D/A converter 18. The D/A converter 18 converts the output data of the audio encoder/decoder 10 into an analog audio signal. The analog audio signal is supplied to a line output terminal 19. The analog audio signal is supplied to an amplifying unit (not shown) through the line output terminal 19. The analog audio signal is reproduced from a speaker or a head set. The external controller supplies a muting signal to the D/A converter 18. When the muting signal represents a mute-on state, the external controller prohibits the audio signal from being output from the line output terminal 19.
In addition, encrypted ATRAC3 data that is read from the memory card 40 is supplied from the DSP 30 to the external personal computer through an interface 33. The ATRAC3 data is stored in a hard disk of the personal computer.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram showing the internal structure of the DSP 30. Referring to FIG. 2, the DSP 30 comprises a core 34, a flash memory 35, an SRAM 36, a bus interface 37, a memory card interface 38, and inter-bus bridges. The DSP 30 has the same function as a microcomputer. The core 34 is equivalent to a CPU. The flash memory 35 stores a program that causes the DSP 30 to perform predetermined processes. The SRAM 36 and the external SRAM 31 are used as a RAM of the recording/reproducing apparatus.
The DSP 30 controls a writing process for writing encrypted audio data and additional information to the memory card 40 corresponding to an operation signal such as a record command received from the system controller 32 and a reading process for reading them therefrom. In other words, the DSP 30 is disposed between the application software side of the audio system that records/reproduces audio data and additional information and the memory card 40. The DSP 30 is operated when the memory card 40 is accessed. In addition, the DSP 30 is operated corresponding to software such as a file system.
The DSP 30 manages files stored in the memory card 40 with the FAT system used in conventional personal computers. In addition to the file system, according to the embodiment of the present invention, a management file is used. The management file will be descried later. The management file is used to manage data files stored in the memory card 40. The management file as the first file management information is used to manage audio data files. On the other hand, the FAT as the second file management information is used to mange all files including audio data files and management files stored in the flash memory of the memory card 40. The management file is stored in the memory card 40. The FAT is written to the flash memory along with the route directory and so forth before the memory card 40 is shipped. The details of the FAT will be described later.
According to the embodiment of the present invention, to protect the copyright of data, audio data that has been compressed corresponding to the ATRAC3 format is encrypted. On the other hand, since it is not necessary to protect the copyright of the management file, it is not encrypted. There are two types of memory cards that are an encryption type and a non-encryption type. However, a memory card for use with the recorder/player that records copyright protected data is limited to the encryption type. Voice data and image data that are recorded by users are recorded on non-encryption type memory cards.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram showing the internal structure of the memory card 40. The memory card 40 comprises a control block 41 and a flash memory 42 that are structured as a one-chip IC. A bidirectional serial interface is disposed between the DSP 30 of the recorder/player and the memory card 40. The bidirectional serial interface is composed of ten lines that are a clock line SCK for transmitting a clock signal that is transmitted along with data, a status line SBS for transmitting a signal that represents a status, a data line DIO for transmitting data, an interrupt line INT, two GND lines, two VCC lines, and two reserved lines.
The clock line SCK is used for transmitting a clock signal in synchronization with data. The status line SBS is used for transmitting a signal that represents the status of the memory card 40. The data line DIO is used for inputting and outputting a command and encrypted audio data. The interrupt line INT is used for transmitting an interrupt signal that causes the memory card 40 to interrupt the DSP 30 of the recorder/player. When the memory card 40 is attached to the recorder/player, the memory card 40 generates the interrupt signal. However, according to the embodiment of the present invention, since the interrupt signal is transmitted through the data line DIO, the interrupt line INT is grounded.
A serial/parallel converting, parallel/serial converting, and interface block (S/P, P/S, I/F block) 43 is an interface disposed between the DSP 30 of the recorder/player and the control block 41 of the memory card 40. The S/P, P/S, and IF block 43 converts serial data received from the DSP 30 of the recorder/player into parallel data and supplies the parallel data to the control block 41. In addition, the S/P, P/S, and IF block 43 converts parallel data received from the control block 41 into serial data and supplies the serial data to the DSP 30. When the S/P, P/S, and IF block 43 receives a command and data through the data line DIO, the S/P, P/S, and IF block 43 separates them into these that are normally accessed to the flash memory 42 and those that are encrypted.
In the format of which data is transmitted through the data line DIO, after a command is transmitted, data is transmitted. The S/P, P/S, and IF block 43 detects the code of a command and determines whether the command and data are those that are normally accessed or those that are encoded. Corresponding to the determined result, the S/P, P/S, and IF block 43 stores a command that is normally accessed to a command register 44 and stores data that is normally accessed to a page buffer 45 and a write register 46. In association with the write register 46, the memory card 40 has an error correction code encoding circuit 47. The error correction code encoding circuit 47 generates a redundant code that is an error correction code for data temporarily stored in the page buffer 45.
Output data of the command register 44, the page buffer 45, the write register 46, and the error correction code encoding circuit 47 is supplied to a flash memory interface and sequencer (hereinafter, referred to as memory I/F and sequencer) 51. The memory IF and sequencer 51 is an interface disposed between the control block 41 and the flash memory 42 and controls data exchanged therebetween. Data is written to the flash memory through the memory IF and sequencer 51.
Audio data that has been compressed corresponding to the ATRAC3 format and written to the flash memory (hereinafter, this audio data is referred to as ATRAC3 data) is encrypted by the security IC 20 of the recorder/player and the security block 52 of the memory card 40 so as to protect the copyright of the ATRAC3 data. The security block 52 comprises a buffer memory 53, a DES encrypting circuit 54, and a nonvolatile memory 55.
The security block 52 of the memory card 40 has a plurality of authentication keys and a unique storage key for each memory card. The nonvolatile memory 55 stores a key necessary for encrypting data. The key stored in the nonvolatile memory 55 cannot be analyzed. According to the embodiment, for example, a storage key is stored in the nonvolatile memory 55. The security block 52 also has a random number generating circuit. The security block 52 authenticates an applicable recorder/player and shares a session key therewith. In addition, the security block 52 re-encrypts contents with the storage key through the DSE encrypting circuit 54.
For example, when the memory card 40 is attached to the recorder/player, they are mutually authenticated. The security IC 20 of the recorder/player and the security block 52 of the memory card 40 mutually authenticate. When the recorder/player has authenticated the attached memory card 40 as an applicable memory card and the memory card 40 has authenticated the recorder/player as an applicable recorder/player, they are mutually authenticated. After the mutual authenticating process has been successfully performed, the recorder/player and the memory card 40 generate respective session keys and share them with each other. Whenever the recorder/player and the memory card 40 authenticate each other, they generate respective session keys.
When contents are written to the memory card 40, the recorder/player encrypts a contents key with a session key and supplies the encrypted data to the memory card 40. The memory card 40 decrypts the contents key with the session key, re-encrypts the contents key with a storage key, and supplies the contents key to the recorder/player. The storage key is a unique key for each memory card 40. When the recorder/player receives the encrypted contents key, the recorder/player performs a formatting process for the encrypted contents key, and writes the encrypted contents key and the encrypted contents to the memory card 40.
In the above section, the writing process for the memory card 40 was described. In the following, the reading process for the memory card 40 will be described. Data that is read from the flash memory 42 is supplied to the page buffer 45, the read register 48, and the error correction circuit 49 through the memory IF and the sequencer 51. The error correcting circuit 49 corrects an error of the data stored in the page buffer 45. Output data of the page buffer 45 that has been error-corrected and the output data of the read register 48 are supplied to the S/P, P/S, and IF block 43. The output data of the S/P, P/S, and IF block 43 is supplied to the DSP 30 of the recorder/player through the above-described serial interface.
When data is read from the memory card 40, the contents key encrypted with the storage key and the contents encrypted with the block key are read from the flash memory 42. The security block 52 decrypts the contents key with the storage key. The security block 52 re-encrypts the decrypted content key with the session key and transmits the re-encrypted contents key to the recorder/player. The recorder/player decrypts the contents key with the received session key and generates a block key with the decrypted contents key. The recorder/player successively decrypts the encrypted ATRAC3 data.
A config. ROM 50 is a memory that stores partition information, various types of attribute information, and so forth of the memory card 40. The memory card 40 also has an erase protection switch 60. When the switch 60 is in the erase protection position, even if a command that causes the memory card 40 to erase data stored in the flash memory 42 is supplied from the recorder/player side to the memory card 40, the memory card 40 is prohibited from erasing the data stored in the flash memory 42. An OSC cont. 61 is an oscillator that generates a clock signal that is the reference of the timing of the process of the memory card 40.
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram showing the hierarchy of the processes of the file system of the computer system that uses a memory card as a storage medium. On the hierarchy, the top hierarchical level is an application process layer. The application process layer is followed by a file management process layer, a logical address management layer, a physical address management layer, and a flash memory access layer. In the above-mentioned hierarchical structure, the file management process layer is the FAT system. Physical addresses are assigned to individual blocks of the flash memory. The relation between the blocks of the flash memory and the physical addresses thereof does not vary. Logical addresses are addresses that are logically handled on the file management process layer.
FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing the physical structure of data handled in the flash memory 42 of the memory card 40. In the memory 42, a data unit (referred to as segment) is divided into a predetermined number of blocks (fixed length). One block is divided into a predetermined number of pages (fixed length). In the flash memory, data is erased as each block at a time. Data is written to the flash memory 42 or read therefrom as a page at a time. The size of each block is the same. Likewise, the size of each page is the same. One block is composed of page 0 to page m. For example, one block has a storage capacity of for example 8 KB (kilobytes) or 16 KB. One page has a storage capacity of 512 B (bytes). When one block has a storage capacity of 8 KB, the total storage capacity of the flash memory 42 is 4 MB (512 blocks) or 8 MB (1024 blocks). When one block has a storage capacity of 16 KB, the total storage capacity of the flash memory 42 is 16 MB (1024 blocks), 32 MB (2048 blocks), or 64 MB (4096 blocks).
One page is composed of a data portion of 512 bytes and a redundant portion of 16 bytes. The first three bytes of the redundant portion is an overwrite portion that is rewritten whenever data is updated. The first three bytes successively contain a block status area, a page status area, and an update status area. The remaining 13 bytes of the redundant portion are fixed data that depends on the contents of the data portion. The 13 bytes contain a management flag area (1 byte), a logical address area (2 bytes), a format reserve area (5 bytes), a dispersion information ECC area (2 bytes), and a data ECC area (3 bytes). The dispersion information ECC area contains redundant data for an error correction process against the management flag area, the logical address area, and the format reserve area. The data ECC area contains redundant data for an error correction process against 512-byte data.
The management flag area contains a system flag (1: user block, 0: boot block), a conversion table flag (1: invalid, 0: table block), a copy prohibition flag (1: OK, 0: NG), and an access permission flag (1: free, 0: read protect).
The first two blocks—blocks 0 and 1 are boot blocks. The block 1 is a backup of the block 0. The boot blocks are top blocks that are valid in the memory card. When the memory card is attached to the recorder/player, the boot blocks are accessed at first. The remaining blocks are user blocks. Page 0 of the boot block contains a header area, a system entry area, and a boot and attribute information area. Page 1 of the boot block contains a prohibited block data area. Page 2 of the boot block contains a CIS (Card Information Structure)/IDI (identify Drive Information) area.
The header area of the boot block contains a boot block ID and the number of effective entries. The system entries are the start position of prohibited block data, the data size thereof, the data type thereof, the data start position of the CIS/IDI area, the data size thereof, and the data type thereof. The boot and attribute information contains the memory card type (read only type, rewritable type, or hybrid type), the block size, the number of blocks, the number of total blocks, the security/non-security type, the card fabrication data (date of fabrication), and so forth.
Since the flash memory has a restriction for the number of rewrite times due to the deterioration of the insulation film, it is necessary to prevent the same storage area (block) from being concentratedly accessed. Thus, when data at a particular logical address stored at a particular physical address is rewritten, updated data of a particular block is written to a non-used block rather than the original block. Thus, after data is updated, the relation between the logical address and the physical address changes. This process is referred to as swap process. Consequently, the same block is prevented from being concentratedly accessed. Thus, the service life of the flash memory can be prolonged.
The logical address associates with data written to the block. Even if the block of the original data is different from the block of updated data, the address on the FAT does not change. Thus, the same data can be properly accessed. However, since the swap process is performed, a conversion table that correlates logical addresses and physical addresses is required (this table is referred to as logical-physical address conversion table). With reference to the logical-physical address conversion table, a physical address corresponding to a logical address designated on the FAT is obtained. Thus, a block designated with a physical address can be accessed.
The DSP 30 stores the logical-physical address conversion table in the SRAM. When the storage capacity of the RAM is small, the logical-physical address conversion table can be stored to the flash memory. The logical-physical address conversion table correlates logical addresses (2 bytes) sorted in the ascending order with physical addresses (2 bytes). Since the maximum storage capacity of the flash memory is 128 MB (8192 blocks), 8192 addresses can be assigned with two bytes. The logical-physical address conversion table is managed for each segment. Thus, the size of the logical-physical address conversion table is proportional to the storage capacity of the flash memory. When the storage capacity of the flash memory is 8 MB (two segments), two pages are used as the logical-physical address conversion table for each of the segments. When the conversion table is stored in the flash memory, a predetermined one bit of the management flag area in the redundant portion in each page represents whether or not the current block is a block containing the logical-physical address conversion table.
The above-described memory card can be used with the FAT system of a personal computer system as with the disc shaped record medium. The flash memory has an IPL area, a FAT area, and a route directory area (not shown in FIG. 5). The IPL area contains the address of a program to be initially loaded to the memory of the recorder/player. In addition, the IPL area contains various types of memory information. The FAT area contains information with respect to blocks (clusters). The FAT has defined unused blocks, next block number, defective blocks, and last block number. The route directory area contains directory entries that are a file attribute, an update date [day, month, year], file size, and so forth.
Next, with reference to FIG. 6, a managing method using the FAT table will be described. FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing a memory map. The top area of the memory map is a partition table portion. The partition table portion is followed by a block area, a boot sector, a FAT area, a FAT backup area, a root directory area, a sub directory area, and a data area. On the memory map, logical addresses have been converted into physical addresses corresponding to the logical-physical address conversion table.
The boot sector, the FAT area, the FAT backup area, the root directory area, the sub directory area, and the data area are collectively referred to as FAT partition area.
The partition table portion contains the start address and the end address of the FAT partition area. The FAT used for a conventional floppy disk does not have such a partition table. Since the first track has only a partition table, there is a blank area.
The boot sector contains the size of the FAT structure (12 bit FAT or 16 bit FAT), the cluster size, and the size of each area. The FAT is used to manage the position of a file recorded in the data area. The copy area of the FAT is a backup area of the FAT. The route directory area contains file names, start cluster addresses thereof, and various attributes thereof. The route directory area uses 32 bytes per file.
The sub directory area is a directory attribute file as a directory. In the embodiment shown in FIG. 6, the sub directory area has four files named PBLIST.MSF, CAT.MSA, DOG.MSA, and MAN.MSF. The sub directory area is used to manage file names and their record positions on the FAT. In other words, the slot of the file name CAT.MSA is assigned address “5” on the FAT. The slot of the file name DOG.MSA is assigned address “10” on the FAT.
An area after cluster 2 is used as a data area. In this embodiment, audio data that has been compressed corresponding to the ATRAC3 format is recorded in the data area. A slot of the file name MAN.MSA is assigned address “110” on the FAT.
According to the embodiment of the present invention, audio data that has been compressed corresponding to the ATRAC3 format and that has the file name CAT.MSA is recorded in clusters 5, 6, 7, and 8. Audio data of DOG-1 as the first half of a file that has been compressed corresponding to the ATAC3 format and that has the file name DOG.MSA is recorded in clusters 10, 11, and 12. Audio data DOG-2 as the second half of the file that has been compressed corresponding to the ATRAC3 format and that has the file name DOG.MSA is recorded in clusters 100 and 101. Audio data that has been compressed corresponding to the ATRAC3 format and that has the file name MAN.MSA is recorded in clusters 110 and 111.
According to the embodiment of the present invention, an example of which a single file is divided into two portions and dispersedly recorded is described. In the example, an area “Empty” in the data area is a recordable area.
An area after cluster 200 is used for managing file names. The file CAT.MSA is recorded in cluster 200. The file DOG.MSA is recorded in cluster 201. The file MAN.MSA is recorded in cluster 202. When the positions of the files are changed, the area after cluster 200 is rearranged.
When the memory card is attached at the first time, the beginning and the end of the FAT partition area are recorded with reference to the top partition table portion. After the boot sector portion is reproduced, the root directory area and the sub directory area are reproduced. The slot of the reproduction management information PBLIST.MSF in the sub directory area is detected so as to reference the address of the end portion of the slot of the file PBLIST.MSF.
According to the embodiment, since address “200” is recorded at the end of the slot of the file PBLIST.MSF, cluster 200 is referenced. The area after cluster 200 is used for managing file names and the reproduction order thereof. According to the embodiment, the file CAT.MSA is the first program. The file DOG.MSA is the second program. The file MAN.MSA is the third program.
After all the areas after cluster 200 are referenced, in the subdirectory, slots of the files CAT.MSA, DOG.MSA, and MAN.MSA are referenced. In FIG. 6, the end of the slot of the file name CAT.MSA is assigned address “5”. The end of the slot of the file DOG.MSA is assigned address “10”. The end of the slot of the file MAN.MSA is assigned address “110”.
When an entry address is searched on the FAT with address “5” recorded at the end of the slot of the file name CAT.MSA, cluster address “6” is obtained. When an entry address is searched on the FAT with address “6”, cluster address “7” is obtained. When an entry address is searched on the FAT with address “8”, code “FFF” that represents the end is obtained.
Thus, the file CAT.MSA uses clusters 5, 6, 7, and 8. With reference to clusters 5, 6, 7, and 8 in the data area, an area of ATRAC3 data with the file name CAT.MSA can be accessed.
Next, a method for searching the file DOG.MSA that has been dispersedly recorded will be described. The end of the slot of the file DOG.MSA is assigned address “10”. When an entry address is searched on the FAT with address “10”, cluster address “11” is obtained. When an entry address is searched on the FAT with address “11”, cluster address “12” is obtained. When an entry address is searched on the FAT with address “12”, cluster address “100” is obtained. When an entry address is searched on the FAT with address “100”, cluster address “101” is obtained. When an entry address is searched on the FAT with address “101”, code “FFF” that represents the end is obtained.
Thus, the file DOG.MSA uses clusters 10, 11, 12, 100, and 101. When clusters 10, 11, and 12 of the data area are referenced, an area of ATRAC3 data corresponding to the first part of the file DOG.MSA can be accessed. When clusters 100 and 101 of the data area are referenced, an area of ATRAC3 data corresponding to the second part of the file DOG.MSA can be accessed.
In addition, when an entry address is searched on the FAT with address “110” recorded at the end of the slot of the file name MAN.MSA, cluster address “111” is obtained. When an entry address is searched on the FAT with address “111”, code “FFF” that represents the end is obtained.
Thus, the file MAN.MSA uses clusters 110 and 111. When clusters 110 and 111 of the data area are referenced, an area of ATRAC3 data of the file MAN.MSA can be accessed.
As described above, a data file dispersed in the flash memory can be linked and sequentially reproduced.
According to the embodiment of the present invention, in addition to the file management system defined in the format of the memory card 40, a management file is used for managing tracks as music files and parts thereof. The management file is recorded in the flash memory 42 using a user block of the memory card 40. Thus, as will be described later, even if the FAT of the memory card 40 is destroyed, a file can be recovered.
The management file is created by the DSP 30. For example, when the power of the recorder/player is turned on at the first time, the DSP 30 determines whether or not the memory card 40 has been attached to the recorder/player. When the memory card has been attached, the DSP 30 authenticates the memory card 40. When the DSP 30 has successfully authenticated the memory card 40, the DSP 30 reads a boot block of the flash memory 42. Thereafter, the DSP 30 reads a physical address—logical address conversion table and stores the read data to the SRAM. The data that has been read to the DSP 30 is stored in an SRAM. Before the memory card is shipped, the FAT and the route directory have been already written to the flash memory of the memory card 40. On the other hand, when data is recorded to the memory card 40, the management file is created.
In other words, a record command issued by the user's remote controller or the like is supplied from the system controller 32 to the DSP 30. The encoder/decoder IC 10 compresses the received audio data and supplies the resultant ATRAC3 data to the security IC 20. The security IC 20 encrypts the ATRAC3 data. The encrypted ATRAC3 data is recorded to the flash memory 42 of the memory card 40. Thereafter, the FAT and the management file are updated. Whenever a file is updated (in reality, whenever the recording operation of audio data is started and completed), the FAT and the management file stored in the SRAMs 31 and 36 are rewritten. When the memory card 40 is detached from the recorder/player or its power is turned off, the latest FAT and management file that are supplied from the SRAMs 31 and 36 are recorded to the flash memory 42. Alternatively, whenever the recording operation of audio data is started and completed, the FAT and the management file stored in the flash memory 42 may be rewritten. In addition, when audio data is edited, the contents of the management file are updated.
In the data structure according to the embodiment, additional information is created and updated in the management file. The additional information is recorded to the flash memory 42. In another data structure of the management file, an additional information management file is independently created besides the track management file. The additional information is supplied from the system controller 32 to the DSP 30. The additional information received by the bSP 30 is recorded to the flash memory 42 of the memory card 40. Since the additional information is not supplied to the security IC 20, it is not encrypted. When the memory card 40 is detached from the recorder/player or its power is turned off, the additional information is written from the SRAM of the DSP 30 to the flash memory 42.
FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing the file structure of the memory card 40. The memory card 40 has directories that are a still picture directory, a moving picture directory, a voice directory, a control directory, and a music (HIFI) directory. According to the embodiment, since music programs are recorded and reproduced, the following description focuses on the music directory. The music directory has two types of files. The first type is a reproduction management file BLIST.MSF (hereinafter, abbreviated as PBLIST). The other type is an ATRAC3 data file A3Dnnnn.MSA (hereinafter, abbreviated as A3Dnnn) that contains encrypted music data. The music directory can contain up to 400 ATRAC3 data files (namely, 400 music programs). ATRAC3 data files are registered to the reproduction management file and created by the recorder/player.
FIG. 8 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of the reproduction management file. FIG. 9 is a schematic diagram showing the structure of one ATRAC3 data file. The reproduction management file is a fixed-length file of 16 KB. An ATRAC3 data file is created for each music program and composed of an attribute header at the beginning and an encrypted music data area preceded thereby. The attribute data has a fixed length of 16 KB. The structure of the attribute header is similar to that of the reproduction management file.
The reproduction management file shown in FIG. 8 is composed of a header, a memory card name NM-1S (for one byte code), a memory card name NM2-S (for two byte code), a program reproduction sequence table TRKTBL, and memory card additional information INF-S. The attribute header (shown in FIG. 9) at the beginning of the data file is composed of a header, a program name NM1 (for one byte code), a program name NM2 (for two byte code), track information TRKINF (such as track key information), part information PRTINF, and track additional information INF. The header contains information of the number of total parts, the attribute of the name, the size of the additional information, and so forth.
The attribute data is followed by ATRAC3 music data. The music data is block-segmented every 16 KB. Each block starts with a header. The header contains an initial value for decrypting encrypted data. Only music data of an ATRAC3 data file is encrypted. Thus, other data such as the reproduction management file, the header, and so forth are not encrypted.
Next, with reference to FIGS. 10A to 10C, the relation between music programs and ATRAC3 data files will be described. One track is equivalent to one music program. In addition, one music program is composed of one ATRAC3 data (see FIG. 9). The ATRAC3 data file is audio data that has been compressed corresponding to the ATRAC3 format. The ATRAC3 data file is recorded as a cluster at a time to the memory card 40. One cluster has a capacity of 16 KB. A plurality of files are not contained in one cluster. The minimum data erase unit of the flash memory 42 is one block. In the case of the memory card 40 for music data, a block is a synonym of a cluster. In addition, one cluster is equivalent to one sector.
One music program is basically composed of one part. However, when a music program is edited, one music program may be composed of a plurality of parts. A part is a unit of data that is successively recorded. Normally, one track is composed of one part. The connection of parts of a music program is managed with part information PRTINF in the attribute header of each music program. In other words, the part size is represented with part size PRTSIZE (4 bytes) of the part information PRTINF. The first two bytes of the part size PRTSIZE represents the number of total clusters of the current part. The next two bytes represent the positions of the start sound unit (SU) and the end sound unit (SU) of the beginning and last clusters, respectively. Hereinafter, a sound unit is abbreviated as SU. With such a part notation, when music data is edited, the movement of the music data can be suppressed. When music data is edited for each block, although the movement thereof can be suppressed, the edit unit of a block is much larger than the edit unit of a SU.
SU is the minimum unit of a part. In addition, SU is the minimum data unit in the case that audio data is compressed corresponding to the ATRAC3 format. 1 SU is audio data of which data of 1024 samples at 44.1 kHz (1024×16 bits×2 channels) is compressed to data that is around 10 times smaller than that of original data. The duration of 1 SU is around 23 msec. Normally, one part is composed of several thousand SU. When one cluster is composed of 42 SU, one cluster allows a sound of one second to be generated. The number of parts composing one track depends on the size of the additional information. Since the number of parts is obtained by subtracting the header, the program name, the additional data, and so forth from one block, when there is no additional information, the maximum number of parts (645 parts) can be used.
FIG. 10A is a schematic diagram showing the file structure in the case that two music programs of a CD or the like are successively recorded. The first program (file 1) is composed of for example five clusters. Since one cluster cannot contain two files of the first program and the second program, the file 2 starts from the beginning of the next cluster. Thus,the end of the part 1 corresponding to the file 1 is in the middle of one cluster and the remaining area of the cluster contains no data. Likewise, the second music program (file 2) is composed of one part. In the case of the file 1, the part size is 5. The first cluster starts at 0-th SU. The last cluster ends at 4-th SU.
There are four types of edit processes that are a divide process, a combine process, an erase process, and a move process. The divide process is performed to divide one track into two portions. When the divide process is performed, the number of total tracks increases by one. In the divide process, one file is divided into two files on the file system. Thus, in this case, the reproduction management file and the FAT are updated. The combine process is performed to combine two tracks into one track. When the combine process is performed, the number of total tracks decreases by one. In the combine process, two files are combined into one file on the file system. Thus, when the combine process is performed, the reproduction management file and the FAT are updated. The erase process is performed to erase a track. The track numbers after the track that has been erased decrease one by one. The move process is performed to change the track sequence. Thus, when the erase process or the move process is performed, the reproduction management file and the FAT are updated.
FIG. 10B is a schematic diagram showing the combined result of two programs (file 1 and file 2) shown in FIG. 10A. As a result of the combine process, the combined file is composed of two parts. FIG. 10C is a schematic diagram showing the divided result of which one program (file 1) is divided in the middle of the cluster 2. By the divide process, the file 1 is composed of clusters 0, 1, and the beginning portion of cluster 2. The file 2 is composed of the end portion of cluster 2 and clusters 3 and 4.
As described above, according to the embodiment of the present invention, since the part notation is defined, as the combined result (see FIG. 10B), the start position of the part 1, the end position of the part 1, and the end portion of the part 2 can be defined with SU. Thus, to pack the space due to the combined result, it is not necessary to move the music data of the part 2. In addition, as the divided result (see FIG. 10C), it is not necessary to move data and pack the space at the beginning of the file 2.
FIG. 11 is a schematic diagram showing the detailed data structure of the reproduction management file PBLIST. FIGS. 12A and 12B show a header portion and the remaining portion of the reproduction management file PBLIST. The size of the reproduction management file is one cluster (one block=16 KB). The size of the header shown in FIG. 12A is 32 bytes. The rest of the reproduction management file PBLIST shown in FIG. 12B contains a name NM1 S area (256 bytes) (for the memory card), a name NM2 S area (512 bytes), a contents key area, a MAC area, an S YMDhms area, a reproduction sequence management table TRKTBL area (800 bytes), a memory card additional information INF S area (14720 bytes), and a header information redundant area. The start positions of these areas are defined in the reproduction management file.
The first 32 bytes of (0x0000) to (0x0010) shown in FIG. 12A are used for the header. In the file, 16-byte areas are referred to as slots. Referring to FIG. 12A, the header are placed in the first and second slots. The header contains the following areas. An area denoted by “Reserved” is an undefined area. Normally, in a reserved area, a null (0x00) is written. However, even if any data is written to a reserved area, the data written in the reserved is ignored. In a future version, some reserved areas may be used. In addition, data is prohibited from being written to a reserved area. When an option area is not used, it is treated as a reserved area.

    
    
        BLKID TL0 (4 bytes)
        
            Meaning: BLOCKID FILE ID
            Function: Identifies the top of the
            reproduction management file.
            Value: Fixed value=“TL=0” (for example, 0x544C2D30)
        
        
        MCode (2 bytes)
        
            Meaning: MAKER CODE
            Function: Identifies the maker and model of the recorder/player
            Value: High-order 10 bits (Maker code); low-order 6 bits (model code).
        
        
        REVISION (4 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Number of rewrite times of PBLIST
            Function: Increments whenever the reproduction management file is rewritten.
            Value: Starts at 0 and increments by 1.
        
        
        SN1C+L (2 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Attribute of name (one byte code) of memory card written in NM1 S area.
            Function: Represents the character code and the language code as one byte code.
            Value: Character code (C): High-order one byte
            00: Non-character code, binary number
            01: ASCII (American Standard Code for Information Interchange)
            02: ASCII+KANA
            03: Modified 8859-1
            81: MS-JIS
            82: KS C 5601-1989
            83: GB (Great Britain) 2312-80
            90: S-JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) (for Voice)
            Language code (L): Low-order one byte
            Identifies the language based on EBU Tech 3258 standard.
            
                00: Not set
                08: German
                09: English
                0A: Spanish
                0F: French
                15: Italian
                1D: Dutch
                65: Korean
                69: Japanese
                75: Chinese
            
            
            When data is not recorded, this area is all 0.
        
        
        SN2C+L (2 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Attribute of name of memory card in NM2 S area.
            Function: Represents the character code and the language coded as one byte code.
            Value: Same as SN1C+L
        
        
        SINFSIZE (2 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Total size of additional information of memory card in INF S area.
            Function: Represents the data size as an increment of 16 bytes. When data is not recorded, this area is all 0.
            Value: Size: 0x0001 to 0x39C (924)
        
        
        T TRK (2 bytes)
        
            Meaning: TOTAL TRACK NUMBER
            Function: Represents the number of total tracks.
            Value: 1 to 0x0190 (Max. 400 tracks)
            When data is recorded, this area is all 0.
        
        
        VerNo (2 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Format version number
            Function: Represents the major version number (high order one byte) and the minor version number (low order one byte).
            Value: Example 0x0100 (Ver 1.0)
            
                0x0203 (Ver 2.3)
            
            
        
        
    
    


Next, areas (see FIG. 13B) that preceded by the header will be described.

    
    
        NM1 S
        
            Meaning: Name of memory card (as one byte code)
            Function: Represents the name of the memory card as one byte code (max. 256). At the end of this area, an end code (0x00) is written. The size is calculated from the end code. When data is not recorded, null (0x00) is recorded from the beginning (0x0020) of this area for at least one byte.
            Value: Various character code
        
        
        NM2 S
        
            Meaning: Name of memory card (as two byte code)
        
        
        Function: Represents the name of the memory card as two byte code (max. 512). At the end of this area, an end code (0x00) is written. The size is calculated from the end code. When data is not recorded, null (0x00) is recorded from the beginning (0x0120) of this area for at least two bytes.
        
            Value: Various character code
        
        
        CONTENTS KEY
        
            Meaning: Value for music program. Protected with MG(M) and stored. Same as CONTENTS KEY.
            Function: Used as a key necessary for calculating MAC of S-YMDhms.
            Value: 0 to 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
        
        
        MAC
        
            Meaning: Forged copyright information check value
            Function: Represents the value generated with S YMDhms and CONTENTS KEY.
            Value: 0 to 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
        
        
        TRK nnn
        
            Meaning: SQN (sequence) number of ATRAC3 data file reproduced.
            Function: Represents FNo of TRKINF.
            Value: 1 to 400 (0x190)
            When there is no track, this area is all 0.
        
        
        INF S
        
            Meaning: Additional information of memory card (for example, information with respect to photos, songs, guides, etc.)
            Function: Represents variable length additional information with a header. A plurality of types of additional information may be used. Each of the types of additional information has an ID and a data size. Each additional information area including a header is composed of at least 16 bytes and a multiple of 4 bytes. For details, see the following section.
            Value: Refer to the section of “Data Structure of Additional Information”.
        
        
        S YMDhms (4 bytes) (Option)
        
            Meaning: Year, month, day, hour, minute, and second recorded by the recorder/player with a reliable clock.
            Function: Identifies the last recorded date and time. In this case of EMD, this area is mandatory.
            Value: bits 25 to 31: Year 0 to 99 (1980 to 2079)
            
                bits 21 to 24: Month 0 to 12
                bits 16 to 24: Day 0 to 31
                bits 11 to 15: Hour 0 to 23
                bits 05 to 10: Minute 0 to 59
                bits 00 to 04: Second 0 to 29 (two second interval)
            
            
        
        
    
    


As the last slot of the reproduction management file, the same BLKID TL0, MCode, and REVISION as those in the header are written.
While data is being recorded to a memory card, it may be mistakenly or accidentally detached or the power of the recorder/player may be turned off. When such an improper operation is performed, a defect should be detected. As described above, the REVISION area is placed at the beginning and end of each block. Whenever data is rewritten, the value of the REVISION area is incremented. If a defect termination takes place in the middle of a block, the value of the REVISION area at the beginning of the block does not match the value of the REVISION area at the end of the block. Thus, such a defect termination can be detected. Since there are two REVISION areas, the abnormal termination can be detected with a high probability. When an abnormal termination is detected, an alarm such as an error message is generated.
In addition, since the fixed value BLKID TL0 is written at the beginning of one block (16 KB), when the FAT is destroyed, the fixed value is used as a reference for recovering data. In other words, with reference to the fixed value, the type of the file can be determined. Since the fixed value BLKID TL0 is redundantly written at the header and the end portion of each block, the reliability can be secured. Alternatively, the same reproduction management file can be redundantly recorded.
The data amount of an ATRAC3 data file is much larger than that of the track information management file. In addition, as will be described later, a block number BLOCK SERIAL is added to ATRAC3 data file. However, since a plurality of ATRAC3 data files are recorded to the memory card, to prevent them from become redundant, both CONNUM0 and BLOCK SERIAL are used. Otherwise, when the FAT is destroyed, it will be difficult to recover the file. In other words, one ATRAC3 data file may be composed of a plurality of blocks that are dispersed. To identify blocks of the same ATRAC3 data file, CONNUM0 is used. In addition, to identify the order of blocks in the ATRAC3 data file, BLOCK SERIAL is used.
Likewise, the maker code (Mcode) is redundantly recorded at the beginning and the end of each block so as to identify the maker and the model in such a case that a file has been improperly recorded in the state that the FAT has not been destroyed.
FIG. 12C is a schematic diagram showing the structure of the additional information data. The additional information is composed of the following header and variable length data. The header has the following areas.

    
    
        INF
        
            Meaning: FIELD ID
            Function: Represents the beginning of the additional information (fixed value).
            Value: 0x69
        
        
        ID
        
            Meaning: Additional information key code
            Function: Represents the category of the additional information.
            Value: 0 to 0xFF
        
        
        SIZE
        
            Meaning: Size of individual additional information
            Function: Although the data size is not limited, it should be at least 16 bytes and a multiple of 4 bytes. The rest of the data should be filled with null (0x00).
            Value: 16 to 14784 (0x39C0)
        
        
        MCode
        
            Meaning: MAKER CODE
            Function: Identifies the maker and model of the recorder/player.
            Value: High-order 10 bits (maker code), low-order 10 bits (machine code).
        
        
        C+L
        
            Meaning: Attribute of characters in data area starting from byte 12.
            Function: Represents the character code and the language code as one byte code.
            Value: Same as SNC+L
        
        
        DATA
        
            Meaning: Individual additional information
            Function: Represents each type of additional information with variable length data. Real data always starts from byte 12. The length (size) of the real data should be at least 4 bytes and a multiple of 4 bytes. The rest of the data area should be filled with null (0x00).
            Value: Individually defined corresponding to the contents of each type of additional information.
        
        
    
    


FIG. 13 is a table that correlates key code values (0 to 63 of additional information and types thereof. Key code values (0 to 31) are assigned to music character information. Key code values (32 to 63) are assigned to URLs (Uniform Resource Locator) (web information). The music character information and URL information contain character information of the album title, the artist name, the CM, and so forth as additional information.
FIG. 14 is a table that correlates key code values (64 to 127) of additional information and types thereof. Key code values (64 to 95) are assigned to paths/others. Key code values (96 to 127) are assigned to control/numeric data. For example, ID=98 represents TOC (Table of Content) ID as additional information. TOC ID represents the first music program number, the last music program number, the current program number, the total performance duration, and the current music program duration corresponding to the TOC information of a CD (Compact Disc).
FIG. 15 is a table that correlates key-code values (128 to 159) of additional information and types thereof. Key code values (128 to 159) are assigned to synchronous reproduction information. In FIG. 15, EMD stands for electronic music distribution.
Next, with reference to FIG. 16, real examples of additional information will be described. As with FIG. 12C, FIG. 16A shows the data structure of the additional information. In FIG. 16B, key code ID=3 (artist name as additional information). SIZE=0x1C (28 bytes) representing that the data length of additional information including the header is 28 bytes; C+L representing that character code C=0x01 (ASCII) and language code L=0x09 (English). Variable length data after byte 12 represents one byte data “SIMON & GRAFUNKEL” as artist name. Since the data length of the additional information should be a multiple of 4 bytes, the rest is filled with (0x00).
In FIG. 16C, key code ID=97 representing that ISRC (International Standard Recording Code: Copyright code) as additional information. SIZE=0x14 (20 bytes) representing that the data length of the additional information is 20 bytes. C=0x00 and L=0x00 representing that characters and language have not been set. Thus, the data is binary code. The variable length data is eight-byte ISRC code representing copyright information (nation, copyright owner, recorded year, and serial number).
In FIG. 16D, key code ID=97 representing recorded date and time as additional information. SIZE =0x10 (16 bytes) representing that the data length of the additional information is 16 bytes. C=0x00 and L=0x00 representing that characters and language have not been set. The variable length data is four-byte code (32 bit) representing the recorded date and time (year, month, day, hour, minute, second).
In FIG. 16E, key code ID=107 representing a reproduction log as additional information. SIZE=0x10 (16 bytes) representing that the data length of the additional information is 16 bytes. C=0x00 and L=0x00 representing that characters and language have not been set. The variable length data is a four-byte code representing a reproduction log (year, month, day, hour, minute, second). When the recorder/player has a reproduction log function, it records data of 16 bytes whenever it reproduces music data.
FIG. 17 is a schematic diagram showing a data arrangement of ATRAC3 data file A3Dnnnn in the case that 1 SU is N bytes (for example, N=384 bytes). FIG. 17 shows an attribute header (1 block) of a data file and a music data file (1 block). FIG. 17 shows the first byte (0x0000 to 0x7FF0) of each slot of the two blocks (16×2=32 kbytes). As shown in FIG. 18, the first 32 bytes of the attribute header are used as a header; 256 bytes are used as a music program area NM1 (256 bytes); and 512 bytes are used as a music program title area NM2 (512 bytes). The header of the attribute header contains the following areas.

    
    
        BLKID HD0 (4 bytes)
        
            Meaning: BLOCKID FIELD ID
            Function: Identifies the top of an ATRA3 data file.
            Value: Fixed value=“HD=0” (For example, 0x48442D30)
        
        
        MCode (2 bytes)
        
            Meaning: MAKER CODE
            Function: Identifies the maker and model of the recorder/player
            Value: High-order 10 bits (maker code); low-order 6 bits (machine code)
        
        
        BLOCK SERIAL (4 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Track serial number
            Function: Starets from 0 and increments by 1. Even if a music program is edited, this value does not vary.
            Value: 0 to 0xFFFFFFFF.
        
        
        N1C+L (2 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Represents the attribute of data (NM1) of a track (music program title).
            Function: Represent the character code and language code of NM1 as one byte code.
            Value: Same as SN1C+L
        
        
        N2C+L (2 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Represents the attribute of data (NM2) of a track (music program title).
            Function: Represent the character code and language code of NM2 as one byte code.
            Value: Same as SN1C+L
        
        
        INFSIZE (2 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Total size of additional information of current track.
            Function: Represents the data size as a multiple of 16 bytes. When data is not recorded, this area should be all 0.
            Value: 0x0000 to 0x3C6 (966)
        
        
        T PRT (2 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Number of total parts
            Function: Represents the number of parts that composes the current track. Normally, the value of T PRT is 1.
            Value: 1 to 285 (645 dec).
        
        
        T SU (4 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Number of total SU.
            Function: Represents the total number of SU in one track that is equivalent to the program performance duration.
            Value: 0x01 to 0x001FFFFF
        
        
        INX (2 bytes) (Option)
        
            Meaning: Relative position of INDEX
            Function: Used as a pointer that represents the top of a representative portion of a music program. The value of INX is designated with a value of which the number of SU is divided by 4 as the current position of the program. This value of INX is equivalent to 4 times larger than the number of SU (around 93 msec).
            Value: 0 to 0xFFFF (max, around 6084 sec)
        
        
        XT (2 bytes) (Option)
        
            Meaning: Reproduction duration of INDEX
            Function: Designates the reproduction duration designated by INX-nnn with a value of which the number of SU is divided by 4. The value of INDEX is equivalent to four times larger than the normal SU (around 93 msec).
            Value: 0x0000 (no setting); 0x01 to 0xFFFE (up to 6084 sec); 0xFFFF (up to end of music program)
        
        
    
    


Next, the music program title areas NM1 and NM2 will be described.

    
    
        NM1
        
            Means: Character string of music program title
            Function: Represents a music program title as one byte code (up to 256 characters) (variable length). The title area should be completed with an end code (0x00). The size should be calculated from the end code. When data is not recorded, null (0x00) should be recorded from the beginning (0x0020) of the area for at least one byte.
            Value: Various character codes
        
        
        NM2
        
            Means: Character string of music program title
            Function: Represents a music program title as two byte code (up to 512 characters) (variable length). The title area should be completed with an end code (0x00). The size should be calculated from the end code. When data is not recorded, null (0x100) should be recorded from the beginning (0x0120) of the area for at least two bytes.
            Value: Various character codes
        
        
    
    


Data of 80 bytes starting from the fixed position (0x320) of the attribute header is referred to as track information area TRKINF. This area is mainly used to totally manage the security information and copy control information. FIG. 19 shows a part of TRKINF. The area TRKINF contains the following areas.

    
    
        CONTENTS KEY (8 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Value for each music program. The value of CONTENTS KEY is protected in the security block of the memory card and then stored.
            Function: Used as a key for reproducing a music program. It is used to calculate the value of MAC.
            Value: 0 to 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
        
        
        MAC (8 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Forged copyright information check value
            Function: Represents the value generated with a plurality of values of TRKINF including contents cumulation numbers and a secret sequence number.
        
        
    
    


The secret sequence number is a sequence number recorded in the secret area of the memory card. A non-copyright protection type recorder cannot read data from the secret area of the memory card. On the other hand, a copyright protection type recorder and a computer that operates with a program that can read data from a memory card can access the secret area.

    
    
        A (1 byte)
        
            Meaning: Attribute of part.
            Function: Represents the information of such as compression mode of a part.
            Value: The details will be described in the following (see FIG. 20).
        
        
    
    


In the following description, monaural mode (N=0 or 1) is defined as a special joint mode of which bit 7=1, sub signal=0, main signal=(L+R). A non-copyright protection type player may ignore information of bits 2 and 1.
Bit 0 of the area A represents information of emphasis on/off state. Bit 1 of the area A represents information of reproduction skip or normal reproduction. Bit 2 represents information of data type such as audio data, FAX data, or the like. Bit 3 is undefined. By a combination of bits 4, 5, and 6, mode information of ATRAC3 is defined as shown in FIG. 20. In other words, N is a mode value of 3 bits. For five types of modes that are monaural (N=0 or 1), LP (N=2), SP (N=4), EX (N=5), and HQ (N=7), record duration (64 MB memory card only), data transmission rate, and the number of SU per block are listed. The number of bytes of 1 SU depends on each mode. The number of bytes of 1 SU in the monaural mode is 136 bytes. The number of bytes of 1 SU in the LP mode is 192 bytes. The number of bytes of 1 SU in the SP mode is 304 bytes. The number of bytes of 1 SU in the EX mode is 384 bytes. The number of bytes of 1 SU in the HQ mode is 512 bytes. Bit 7 represents ATRAC3 modes (0: Dual, 1: JOint).
For example, an example of which a 64 MB memory card is used in the SP mode will be described. A 64-MB memory card has 3968 blocks. In the SP mode, since 1 SU is 304 bytes, one block has 53 SU. 1 SU is equivalent to (1024/44100) seconds. Thus, one block is (1024/44100)×53×(3968 16)=4863 seconds=81 minutes.
The transmission rate is (44100/1024)×304×8=104737 bps.

    
    
        LT (one byte)
        
            Meaning: Reproduction restriction flag (bits 7 and 6) and security partition (bits 5 to 0).
            Function: Represents a restriction of the current track.
            Value: bit 7: 0=no restriction, 1=restriction
            bit 6: 0=not expired, 1=expired
            bits 5 to 0: security partition (reproduction prohibited other than 0)
        
        
        FNo (2 bytes)
        
            Meaning: File number
            Function: Represents the initially recorded track number that designates the position of the MAC calculation value recorded in the secret area of the memory card.
            Value: 1 to 0x190 (400)
        
        
        MG(D) SERIAL nnn (16 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Represents the serial number of the security block (security IC 20) of the recorder/player.
            Function: Unique value for each recorder/player
            Value: 0 to 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
        
        
        CONNUM (4 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Contents cumulation number
            Function: Represents a unique value cumulated for each music program. The value is managed by the security block of the recorder/player. The upper limit of the value is 232 that is 4,200,000,000. Used to identify a recorded program.
            Value: 0 to 0xFFFFFFFF
        
        
        YMDhms S (4 bytes) (Option)
        
            Meaning: Reproduction start date and time of track with reproduction restriction
            Function: Represents the, date and time at which data reproduction is permitted with EMD.
            Value: Same as the notation of date and time of other areas
        
        
        YMDhms E (4 bytes) (Option)
        
            Meaning: Reproduction end date and time of track with reproduction restriction
            Function: Represents the date and time at which data reproduction is expired with EMD.
            Value: Same as the notation of date and time of other areas
        
        
        MT (1 byte) (Option)
        
            Meaning: Maximum value of number of permitted reproduction times
            Function: Represents the maximum number of reproduction times designated by EMD.
            Value: 1 to 0xFF. When not used, the value of the area MT is 00.
        
        
        CT (1 byte) (Option)
        
            Meaning: Number of reproduction times
            Function: Represents the number of reproduction times in the number of permitted reproduction times. Whenever data is reproduced, the value of the area CT is decremented.
            Value: 0x00 to 0xFF. When not used, the value of the area CT is 0x00. When bit 7 of the area LT is 1 and the value of the area CT is 00, data is prohibited from being reproduced.
        
        
        CC (1 byte)
        
            Meaning: COPY CONTROL
            Function: Controls the copy operation.
            Value: As shown in FIG. 21, bits 6 and 7 represent copy control information. bits 4 and 5 represent copy control information of a high speed digital copy operation. bits 2 and 3 represent a security block authentication level. bits 0 and 1 are undefined.
            Example of CC: (bits 7 and 6)
            
                11: Unlimited copy operation permitted
                01: copy prohibited
                00: one time copy operation permitted (bits 3 and 2)
                00: analog/digital input, recording MG authentication level is 0.
            
            
            When digital record operation using data from a CD is performed, (bits 7 and 6): 00 and (bits 3 and 2): 00.
        
        
        CN (1 byte) (Option)
        
            Meaning: Number of permitted copy times in high speed serial copy management system
            Function: Extends the copy permission with the number of copy times, not limited to one time copy permission and copy free permission. Valid only in first copy generation. The value is decremented whenever the copy operation is performed.
            Value: 00: Copy prohibited
            
                01 to 0xFE: Number of times
                0xFF: Unlimited copy times
            
            
        
        
    
    


The track information area TRKINF is followed by a 24-byte part management information area (PRTINF) starting from 0x0370. When one track is composed of a plurality of parts, the values of areas PRTINF of the individual parts are successively arranged on the time axis. FIG. 22 shows a part of the area PRTINF. Next, areas in the area PRTINF will be described in the order of the arrangement.

    
    
        PRTSIZE (4 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Part size
            Function: Represents the size of a part. Cluster: 2 bytes (highest position), start
            SU: 1 byte (upper), end SU: 1 byte (lowest position).
            Value: cluster: 1 to 0x1F40 (8000)
            
                start SU: 0 to 0xA0 (160)
                end SU: 0 to 0xA0 (16) (Note that SU starts from 0.)
            
            
        
        
        PRTKEY (8 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Part encrypting value
            Function: Initial value=0. Note that edit rules should be applied.
            Value: 0 to 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
        
        
        CONNUM0 (4 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Initially generated contents cumulation number key
            Function: Uniquely designates an ID of contents.
            Value: Same value as the value of the contents cumulation number initial value key
        
        
        As shown in FIG. 17, the attribute header of an ATRAC3 data file contains additional information INF. The additional information is the same as the additional information INF S (see FIGS. 11 and 12B) of the reproduction management file except that the start position is not fixed. The last byte position (a multiple of four bytes) at the end of one or a plurality of parts is followed by data of the additional information INF.
        INF
        
            Meaning: Additional information with respect to track
            Function: Represents variable length additional information with a header. A plurality of different types of additional information may be arranged. Each of additional information areas has an ID and a data size. Each additional information area is composed of at least 16 bytes and a multiple of 4 bytes.
            Value: Same as additional information INF S of reproduction management file
        
        
    
    


The above-described attribute header is followed by data of each block of an ATRAC3 data file. As shown in FIG. 23, a header is added for each block. Next, data of each block will be described.

    
    
        BLKID A3D (4 bytes)
        
            Meaning: BLOCKID FILE ID
            Function: Identifies the top of ATRAC3 data.
            Value: Fixed value=“A3D” (for example, 0x41334420)
        
        
        MCode (2 bytes)
        
            Meaning: MAKER CODE
            Function: Identifies the maker and model of the recorder/player
            Value: High-order 10 bits (maker code); low-order 6 bits (model code)
        
        
        CONNUM0 (4 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Cumulated number of initially created contents
            Function: Designates a unique ID for contents. Even if the contents are edited, the value is not changed.
            Value: Same as the contents cumulation number initial key
        
        
        BLOCK SERIAL (4 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Serial number assigned to each track
            Function: Starts from 0 and increments by 1. Even if the contents are edited, the value is not changed.
            Value: 0 to 0xFFFFFFFF
        
        
        BLOCK-SEED (8 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Key for encrypting one block
            Function: The beginning of the block is a random number generated by the security block of the recorder/player. The random number is followed by a value incremented by 1. When the value is lost, since sound is not generated for around one second equivalent to one block, the same data is written to the header and the end of the block. Even if the contents are edited, the value is not changed.
            Value: Initially 8-bit random number
        
        
        INITIALIZATION VECTOR (8 bytes)
        
            Meaning: Value necessary for encrypting/decrypting ATRAC3 data
            Function: A block starts from 0. The next block starts from the last encrypted 8-bit value at the last SU. When a block is divided, the last eight bytes just before the start SU is used. Even if the contents are edited, the value is not changed.
            Value: 0 to 0xFFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF
        
        
        SU nnn
        
            Meaning: Data of sound unit
            Function: Represents data compressed from 1024 samples. The number of bytes of output data depends on the compression mode. Even if the contents are edited, the value is not changed. (For example, in the SP mode, N=384 bytes.)
            Value: Data value of ATRAC3
        
        
    
    


In FIG. 17, since N=384, 42 SU are written to one block. The first two slots (4 bytes) of one block are used as a header. In the last slot (two bytes), the areas BLKID A3D, MCode, CONNUM0, and BLOCK SERIAL are redundantly written. Thus, M bytes of the remaining area of one block is (16,384 384×42 16×3=208) bytes. As described above, the eight-byte area BLOCK SEED is redundantly recorded.
When the FAT area is destroyed, all blocks of the flash memory are searched. It is determined whether the value of the block ID BLKID of the top block is TL0, HD0, or A3D. Next, with reference to a flow chart shown in FIG. 24, the determining process will be described. At step SP1, it is determined whether or not the value of the block ID BLKID of the top block is TL0.
When the determined result at step SP1 represents that the value of the block ID BLKID of the top block is not TL0, the flow advances to step SP2. At step SP2, the block number is incremented. Thereafter, the flow advances to step SP3. at step SP3, it is determined whether or not the last block has been searched. When the determined result at step SP3 represents that the last block has not been searched, the flow returns to step SP1.
When the determined result at step SP1 represents that the value of the block ID BLKID of the top block is TL0, the flow advances to step SP4. At step SP4, it is determined that the searched block is the reproduction management file PBLIST. Thereafter, the flow advances to step SP5. At step SP5, with reference to the number of total tracks T TRK contained in the reproduction management file PBLIST, the number of total tracks N is stored to the register. For example, when the memory stores 10 ATRAC3 data files (10 music programs), the value of T-TRK is 10.
Next, at step SP6, with reference to the value of the number of total tracks T TRK, TRK 001 to TRK 400 of blocks are successively referenced. In this example, since 10 music programs have been recorded, only TRK 001 to TRK 010 of blocks are referenced.
Since a file number FNO is recorded in TRK XXX (where X=1 to 400), a table that represents the relation of the track numbers TRK XXX and the file numbers FNO is stored to the memory at step SP7.
At step SP8, the value of N stored in the register is decremented. At step SP9, a loop of steps SP6, SP7, and SP8 is repeated until the value of N becomes 0. When the determined result at step SP9 represents that the value N is 0, the flow advances to step SP10. At step SP10, the pointer is reset to the top block. The searching process is repeated from the top block.
Thereafter, the flow advances to step SP11. At step SP11, it is determined whether or not the value of the block ID BLKID of the top block is BLKID HD0. When the determined result at step SPl1 represents that the block ID BLKID of the top block is not BLKID HD0, the flow advances to step SP12. At step SP12, the block number is incremented. At step SP13, it is determined whether or not the last block has been searched.
When the determined result at step SP13 represents that the last block has not been searched, the flow returns to step SP11.
The searching process is repeated until the determined result at step SP11 represents that the value of the block ID BLKID of the top block is BLKID HD0. When the determined result at step SP11 represents that the value of the block ID BLKID of the top block is BLKID HD0, the flow advances to step SP14. At step SP14, it is determined that the block is the attribute header (see FIG. 8) at the beginning of the ATRAC3 data file, the attribute header being from 0x0000 to 0x03FFF shown in FIG. 18.
Next, at step SP15, with reference to the file number FNO, the sequence number BLOCK SERIAL of the ATRAC data file, and the content cumulation number key CONNUM0 contained in the attribute header, they are stored to the memory. When 10 ATRAC3 data files (10 music programs) have been recorded, since there are 10 blocks whose block ID BLKID is BLKID TL0, the searching process is continued until they are searched.
When the determined result at step SP13 represents that the last block has been searched, the flow advances to step SP16. At step SP16, the pointer is reset to the top block. The searching process is repeated from the top block.
At step SP17, it is determined whether or not the value of the block ID BLKID of the top block is BLKID A3D. When the determined result at step SP17 represents that the value of the block ID BLKID of the top block is not BLKID A3D, the flow advances to step SP18. At step SP18, the block number is incremented. Thereafter, the flow advances to step SP19. At step SP19, it is determined whether or not the last block has been searched. When the determined result at step SP19 represents that the last block has not been searched, the flow returns to step SP17.
When the determined result at step SP17 represents that the value of the block ID BLKID of the top block is BLKID A3D, the flow advances to step SP20. At step SP20, it is determined that the block is a block in which the ATRAC3 data file has been recorded.
At step SP21, with reference to the serial number BLOCK SERIAL and the contents cumulation number key CONNUM0 recorded in the ATRAC3 data block, they are stored in the memory. In the same ATRAC3 data file, the same content cumulation number key CONNUM0 is assigned. In other words, when one ATRAC3 data file is composed of 10 blocks, the same number is assigned to CONNUM0 of each block.
In addition, when one ATRAC3 data file is composed of 10 blocks, serial numbers 1 to 0 are successively assigned to BLOCK SERIALs of the 10 blocks. With CONNUM0, it is determined whether or not the current block composes the same content. With BLOCKSERIAL, the reproduction order of the current block in the same content (namely, the connection sequence) can be obtained.
According to the embodiment of the present invention, when 10 ATRAC3 data files (namely, 10 music programs) have been recorded and each of the ATRAC3 data files is composed of 10 blocks, there are 100 data blocks. With reference to CONNUM0 and BLOCK SERIAL, the reproduction order of music programs of 100 data blocks and the connection order thereof can be obtained.
When the determined result at step SP19 represents that the last block has been searched, all the blocks have been searched for the reproduction management file, the ATRAC3 data file, and the attribute file. Thus, at step SP22, based on CONNUM0, BLOCK SERIAL, FNO, and TRK XXX stored in the memory corresponding to block numbers, a link state of a file are obtained. After the link state is obtained, the FAT may be created in a free non-destroyed area of the memory.
Next, a management file according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be described. FIG. 25 shows the file structure of a memory card 40 according to the second embodiment of the present invention. Referring to FIG. 25, a music directory contains a track information management file TRKLIST.MSF (hereinafter, referred to as TRKLIST), a backup track information management file TRKLISTB.MSF (hereinafter, referred to as TRKLISTB), an additional information file INFLIST.MSF (that contains an artist name, an ISRC code, a time stamp, a still picture data, and so forth (this file is referred to as INFIST)), an ATRAC3 data file A3Dnnnn.MSA (hereinafter, referred to as A3Dnnnn). The file TRKLIST contains two areas NAME1 and NAME2. The area NAME1 is an area that contains the memory card name and the program name (for one byte code corresponding to ASCII/8859 1 character code). The area NAME2 is an area that contains the memory card name and the program name (for two byte code corresponding to MS JIS/Hankul/Chinese code).
FIG. 26 shows the relation between the track information management file TRKLIST, the areas NAME1 and NAME2, and the ATRAC3 data file A3Dnnnn. The file TRKLIST is a fixed-length file of 64 kbytes (=16 k×4). An area of 32 kbytes of the file is used for managing tracks. The remaining area of 32 kbytes is used to contain the areas NAME1 and NAME2. Although the areas NAME1 and NAME2 for program names may be provided as a different file as the track information management file, in a system having a small storage capacity, it is convenient to totally manage the track information management file and program name files.
The track information area TRKINF nnnn and part information area PRTINF nnnn of the track information management file TRKLIST are used to manage the data file A3Dnnnn and the additional information INFLIST. Only the ATRAC3 data file A3Dnnnn is encrypted. In FIG. 26, the data length in the horizontal direction is 16 bytes (0 to F). A hexadecimal number in the vertical direction represents the value at the beginning of the current line.
According to the second embodiment, three files that are the track management file TRKLIST (including a program title file), the additional information management file INFLIST, and the data file A3Dnnnn are used. According to the first embodiment (see FIGS. 7, 8, and 9), two files that are the reproduction management file PBLIST for managing all the memory card and the data file ATRAC3 for storing programs are used.
Next, the data structure according to the second embodiment will be described. For simplicity, in the data structure according to the second embodiment, the description of similar portions to those of the first embodiment is omitted.
FIG. 27 shows the detailed structure of the track information management file TRKLIST. In the track information management file TRKLIST, one cluster (block) is composed of 16 kbytes. The size and data of the file TRKLISTB are the same as those of the backup file TRKLISTB. The first 32 bytes of the track information management file are used as a header. As with the header of the reproduction management file PBLIST, the header of the file TRKLIST contains a BLKID TL0/TL1 (backup file ID) area (4 bytes), an area T TRK (2 bytes) for the number of total tracks, a maker code area MCode (2 bytes), an area REVISION (4 bytes) for the number of TRKLIST rewrite times, and an area S YMDhms (4 bytes) (option) for update date and time data. The meanings and functions of these data areas are the same as those of the first embodiment. In addition, the file TRKLIST contains the following areas.

    
    
        YMDhms (4 bytes)
        
            Represents the last update date (year, month, day) of the file TRKLIST.
        
        
        N1 (1 byte) (Option)
        
            Represents the sequential number of the memory card (numerator side). When one memory card is used, the value is 0x01.
        
        
        N2 (1 byte) (Option)
        
            Represents the sequential number of the memory card (denominator side). When one memory card is used, the value is 0x01.
        
        
        MSID (2 bytes) (Option)
        
            Represents the ID of a memory card. When a plurality of memory cards is used, the value of each memory card is the same (T.B.D.). (T.B.D. (to be defined) represents that this value may be defined in future).
        
        
        S TRK (2 bytes).
        
            Represents a special track (T.B.D.).
            Normally, the value of is 0x0000.
        
        
        PASS (2 bytes) (Option)
        
            Represents a password (T.B.D.).
        
        
        APP (2 bytes) (Option)
        
            Represents the definition of a reproduction application (T.B.D.) (normally, the value of is 0x0000).
        
        
        INF S (2 bytes) (Option)
        
            Represents the additional information pointer of the entire memory card. When there is no additional information, the value is 0x00.
        
        
    
    


The last 16 bytes of the file TRKLIST are used for an area BLKID TL0, an area MCode, and an area REVISION that are the same as those of the header. The backup file TRKLISTB contains the above-described header. In this case, the header contains an area BLKID TL1, an area MCode, and an area REVISION.
The header is followed by a track information area TRKINF for information with respect to each track and a part information area PRTINF for information with respect to each part of tracks (music programs). FIG. 27 shows the areas preceded by the area TRKLIST. The lower portion of the area TRKLISTB shows the detailed structure of these areas. In FIG. 27, a hatched area represents an unused area.
The track information area TRKINF nnn and the part information area PRTINF nnn contain areas of an ATRAC3 data file. In other words, the track information area TRKINF nnn and the part information area PRTINF nnn each contain a reproduction restriction flag area LT (1 byte), a contents key area CONTENTS KEY (8 bytes), a recorder/player security block serial number area MG(D) SERIAL (16 bytes), an area XT (2 bytes) (option) for representing a feature portion of a music program, an area INX (2 bytes) (option), an area YMDhms S (4 bytes) (option), an area YMDhms E (4 bytes) (option), an area MT (1 byte) (option), an area CT (1 byte) (option), an area CC (1 byte) (option), an area CN (1 byte) (option) (these areas YMDhms S, YMDhms E, MT, CT, CC, and CN are used for reproduction restriction information and copy control information), an area A (1 byte) for part attribute, a part size area PRTSIZE (4 bytes), a part key area PRTKEY (8 bytes), and a contents cumulation number area CONNUM (4 bytes). The meanings, functions, and values of these areas are the same as those of the first embodiment. In addition, the track information area TRKINF nnn and the part information area PRTINF nnn each contain the following areas.

    
    
        T0 (1 byte)
        
            Fixed value (T0=0x74)
        
        
        INF nnn (Option) (2 bytes)
        
            Represents the additional information pointer (0 to 409) of each track. 00: music program without additional information.
        
        
        FNM nnn (4 bytes)
        
            Represents the file number (0x0000 to 0xFFFF) of an ATRK3 data file.
            The number nnnn (in ASCII) of the ATRAC3 data file name (A3Dnnnn) is converted into 0xnnnnn.
        
        
        APP CTL (4 bytes) (Option)
        
            Represents an application parameter (T.B.D.) (Normally, the value is 0x0000).
        
        
        P nnn (2 bytes)
        
            Represents the number of parts (1 to 2039) that compose a music program. This area corresponds to the above-described area T PART.
        
        
        PR (1 byte)
        
            Fixed value (PR=0×50).
        
        
    
    


Next, the areas NAME1 (for one byte code) and NAME2 (for two byte code) for managing names will be described. FIG. 28 shows the detailed structure of the area NAME1 (for one byte code area). Each of the areas NAME1 and NAME2 (that will be described later) is segmented with eight bytes. Thus, their one slot is composed of eight bytes. At 0x8000 that is the beginning of each of these areas, a header is placed. The header is followed by a pointer and a name. The last slot of the area NAME1 contains the same areas as the header.

    
    
        BLKID NM1 (4 bytes)
        
            Represents the contents of a block (fixed value) (NM1=0x4E4D2D31).
        
        
        PNM1 nnn (4 bytes) (Option)
        
            Represents the pointer to the area NM1 (for one byte code).
        
        
        PNM1 S
        
            Represents the pointer to a name representing a memory card.
            nnn (=1 to 408) represents the pointer to a music program title.
            The pointer represents the start position (2 bytes) of the block, the character code type (2 bits), and the data size (14 bits).
        
        
        NM1 nnn (Option)
        
            Represents the memory card name and music program title for one byte code (variable length). An end code (0x00) is written at the end of the area.
        
        
    
    


FIG. 29 shows the detailed data structure of the area NAME2 (for two byte code). At 0x8000 that is the beginning of the area, a header is placed. The header is followed by a pointer and a name. The last slot of the area NAME2 contains the same areas as the header.

    
    
        BLKID NM2 (4 bytes)
        
            Represents the contents of a block (fixed value) (NM2=0x4E4D2D32).
        
        
        PNM2 nnn (4 bytes) (Option)
        
            Represents the pointer to the area NM2 (for two byte code).
            PNM2 S represents the pointer to the name representing the memory card. nnn (=1 to 408) represents the pointer to a music program title.
            The pointer represents the start position (2 bytes) of the block, the character code type (2 bits), and the data size (14 bits).
        
        
        NM2 nnn (Option)
        
            Represents the memory card name and music program title for two byte code (variable).
            An end code (0x0000) is written at the end of the area.
        
        
    
    


FIG. 30 shows the data arrangement (for one block) of the ATRAC3 data file A3Dnnnn in the case that 1 SU is composed of N bytes. In this file, one slot is composed of eight bytes. FIG. 30 shows the values of the top portion (0x0000 to 0x3FF8) of each slot. The first four slots of the file are used for a header. As with the data block preceded by the attribute header of the data file (see FIG. 17) of the first example, a header is placed. The header contains an area BLKID A3D (4 bytes), a maker code area MCode (2 bytes), an area BLOCK SEED (8 bytes) necessary for encrypting process, an area CONNUM0 (4 bytes) for the initial contents cumulation number, a serial number area BLOCK SERIAL (4 bytes) for each track, and an area INITIALIZATION VECTOR (8 bytes) necessary for encrypting/decrypting process. The second last slot of the block redundantly contains an area BLOCK SEED. The last slot contains areas BLKID A3D and MCode. As with the first embodiment, the header is followed by the sound unit data SU nnnn.
FIG. 31 shows the detailed data structure of the additional information management file INFLIST that contains additional information. In the second embodiment, at the beginning (0x0000) of the file INFLIST, the following header is placed. The header is followed by the following pointer and areas.
BLKID INF (4 bytes)

    
    
        
        
            Represents the contents of the block (fixed value) (INF=0x494E464F).
        
        
        T DAT (2 blocks)
        
            Represents the number of total data areas (0 to 409).
        
        
        MCode (2 bytes)
        
            Represents the maker code of the recorder/player
        
        
        YMDhms (4 bytes)
        
            Represents the record updated date and time.
        
        
        INF nnnn (4 bytes)
        
            Represents the pointer to the area DATA of the additional information (variable length, as 2 bytes (slot) at a time). The start position is represented with the high order 16 bits (0000 to FFFF).
        
        
        DataSlot 0000 (0x0800)
        
            Represents the offset value from the beginning (as a slot at a time).
            The data size is represented with low order 16 bits (0001 to 7FFF). A disable flag is set at the most significant bit. MSB=0 (Enable), MSB=1 (Disable)
            The data size represents the total data amount of the music program.
            (The data starts from the beginning of each slot. The non-data area of the slot is filled with 00.)
            The first INF represents a pointer to additional information of the entire album (normally, INF 409).
        
        
    
    


FIG. 32 shows the structure of additional information. An 8-byte header is placed at the beginning of one additional information data area. The structure of the additional information is the same as that of the first embodiment (see FIG. 12C). In other words, the additional information contains an area IN (2 bytes) as an ID, an area key code ID (1 byte), an area SIZE (2 bytes) that represents the size of each additional information area, and a maker code area MCode (2 bytes). In addition, the additional information contains an area SID (1 byte) as a sub ID.
According to the second embodiment of the present invention, in addition to the file system defined as a format of the memory card, the track information management file TRKLIST for music data is used. Thus, even if the FAT is destroyed, the file can be recovered. FIG. 33 shows a flow of a file recovering process. To recover the file, a computer that operates with a file recovery program and that can access the memory card and a storing device (hard disk, RAM, or the like) connected to the computer are used. The computer has a function equivalent to the DSP30. Next, a file recovering process using the track management file TRKLIST will be described with reference to FIGS. 25 to 32.
All blocks of the flash memory whose FAT has been destroyed are searched for TL 0 as the value (BLKID) at the top position of each block. In addition, all the blocks are searched for NM 1 as the value (BLKID) at the top position of each block. Thereafter, all the blocks are searched for NM 2 as the value (BLKID) at the top position of each block. All the contents of the four blocks (track information management file) are stored to for example a hard disk by the recovery computer.
The number of total tracks is obtained from data after the fourth byte of the track information management file. The 20-th byte of the track information area TRKINF 001, the value of the area CONNUM 001 of the first music program, and the value of the next area P 001 are obtained. The number of parts is obtained with the value of the area P 001. The values of the areas PRTSIZE of all parts of the track 1 of the area PRTINF is obtained. The number of total blocks (clusters) n is calculated and obtained.
After the track information management file is obtained, the flow advances to step 102. At step 102, a voice data file (ATRAC3 data file) is searched. All blocks of other than the management file is searched from the flash memory. Blocks whose top value (BLKID) is A3D are collected.
A block of which the value of the area CONNUM0 at the 16-th byte of A3Dnnnn is the same as that of the area CONNUM 001 of the first music program of the track information management file and of which the value of the area BLOCK SERIAL that starts from 20-th byte is 0 is searched. After the first block is obtained, a block (cluster) with the same value of the area CONNUM value as the first block and of which the value of BLOCK SERIAL is incremented by 1 (1=0+1) is searched. After the second block is obtained, a block with the same value of the area CONNUM0 as the second block and of which the value of the area BLOCK SERIAL is incremented by 1 (2=1+1) is searched.
By repeating the process, the ATRC3 data.file is searched until n blocks (clusters) of the track 1 are obtained. When all the blocks (clusters) are obtained, they are successively stored to the hard disk.
The same process for the track 1 is performed for the track 2. In other words, a block of which the value of the area CONNUM0 is the same as that of the area CONNUM 002 of the first music program of the track information management file and of which the value of the area BLOCK SERIAL that starts at the 20-th byte is searched. Thereafter, in the same manner as the track 1, the ATRAC3 data file is searched until the last block (cluster) n′ is detected. After all blocks (clusters) are obtained, they are successively stored to the hard disk.
By repeating the above-described process for all tracks (the number of tracks: m), all the ATRAC3 data is stored to the hard disk controlled by the recovering computer.
At step 103, the memory card whose the FAT has been destroyed is re-initialized and then the FAT is reconstructed. A predetermined directory is formed in the memory card. Thereafter, the track information management file and the ATRAC3 data file for m tracks are copied from the hard disk to the memory card. Thus, the recovery process is finished.
In the management file and data file, important parameters (in particular, codes in headers) may be recorded triply rather than doubly. When data is redundantly recorded, the same data may be recorded at any positions as long as they are apart from each other for one page or more.
According to the present invention, as was described above, when a data file for example an audio file recorded on the memory card 40 is reproduced therefrom, even if a file that has been reproduction restricted and a file that has not been reproduction restricted have been stored on the memory card 40, they can be reproduced in a user's desired method. The system controller 32 and the operation portion (not shown) designate an audio file to be reproduced from the memory card 40 and a reproducing method thereof.
The following reproducing method can be applied for both the first format shown in FIGS. 7 and 24 and the second format shown in FIGS. 25 and 32. Next, data causing a reproducing operation to be restricted in the first format will be described once again.
Bits 7 and 6 of LT (one byte) of the track information area TRKINF shown in FIGS. 17 and 19 represent that the current track has a restriction (bit 7: 0=not restricted; 1=restricted) and (bit 6: 0=not expired, 1=expired). YMDhms S (4 bytes) represents reproduction start date and time of a track that has been reproduction restricted. YMDhms E (4 bytes) represents reproduction end date and time of a track that has been reproduction restricted. CT (1 byte) represents the number of times of which the track can be reproduced in the number of permitted reproduction times. Whenever the track is reproduced, the value of CT is decremented. The value of CT is in the range from 0x00 to 0xFF. When the track has not been used, the value of CT is 0x00. When bit 7 of LT is 1 and the value of CT is 00, they represent that the track has been prohibited from being reproduced.
FIG. 34 is a flow chart showing a process for designating a reproducing mode for a program (also referred to as track or song) that has been reproduction restricted. There are three reproducing modes that are a first mode, a second mode, and a third mode. The reproduction restriction includes a restriction with respect to duration of reproduction and a restriction with respect to the number of reproduction times. When the restriction with respect to duration of reproduction is applied and the reproducing operation cannot be performed, even if the number of permitted reproduction times is not zero, the reproducing operation is prohibited. Thus, in the following description, unless otherwise specified, term “reproduction restriction” represents “restriction with respect to number of reproduction times”.
In the first mode, when a program that has been reproduction restricted is tried to be reproduced, the reproducing operation is paused, the user is informed that the program has been reproduction restricted, and the user is asked whether or not he or she wants to reproduce the program. Corresponding to the user's reply, the program is reproduced or prohibited from being reproduced. However, when the number of reproduction times of the program reaches the number of permitted reproduction times, the program is prohibited from being reproduced. In the second mode, when a program has been reproduction restricted, it is prohibited from being reproduced. In other words, in the second mode, a program that has been reproduction restricted is treated as if it were not present on the medium. In the third mode, a program that has been reproduction restricted is unconditionally reproduced. However in the third mode, when the number of reproduction times reaches the number of permitted reproduction times, the program is prohibited from being reproduced.
When a program (track) is prohibited from being reproduced, the program (track) is skipped. Alternatively, the program can be substantially prohibited from being reproduced in such a manner that the reproducing operation is stopped, that the reproduced output is muted, or that the program is erased from the medium. In the following description, term “reproduction prohibition” has the forgoing meaning. However, where appropriate, term “skip” may be used.
In FIG. 34, when the power of the recorder is turned on at step S31, the flow advances to step S32. At step S32, a prompt that causes the user to select one of the first, second, and third modes is displayed. At step S33, a process for designating one mode is performed. At step S34, the mode selected by the user is stored in the nonvolatile memory 32a of the system controller 32. The power-on operation at step S31 represents a first power-on operation. A mode change is performed by another switch. However, whenever the power-on operation is performed, modes may be changed. At factory, as default, the first mode that causes the user to select one of the three modes has been designated.
At step S35, it is determined whether or not the reproduction button has been pressed. When the determined result at step S35 represents that the reproduction button has been pressed, the flow advances to step S36. At step S36, it is determined whether or not the program to be reproduced has been reproduction restricted. When the determined result at step S36 represents that the program has not been reproduction restricted, the flow advances to step S37. At step S37, the program is normally reproduced. After one program has been reproduced, the flow advances to step S36. At step S36, it is determined whether or not the next program has been reproduction restricted.
When the determined result at step S36 represents that the program to be reproduced has been reproduction restricted, the flow advances to step S38. At step S38, a reproducing operation is performed corresponding to the mode stored in the nonvolatile memory 32a. Thereafter, the flow advances to step S39. At step S39, in any mode, the reproducing operation of the program that can be reproduced is completed. Thereafter, the next program is processed. After the program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times has been reproduced, a reproduction log file is recorded in additional information INF for the track, the additional information INF having been described in the attribute header of the reproduced data file. Thereafter, the flow returns to step S36.
Although the additional information INF has been described with reference to FIG. 17, data structure of the additional information INF in which a reproduction log is recorded will be described with reference to FIG. 35. A fixed value (0x69) is added at the beginning of the additional information INF. The fixed value (0x69) is followed by a key code that represents a category of additional information. In the example shown in FIG. 35, the key code is value 103 that represents a reproduction log. Next, the value 103 is followed by a code (for example 0x10) that represents the size of the additional information. The code 0x10 is followed by a maker code (MCode) that identifies the maker and model of the recording apparatus. The maker code is followed by null of three bytes (0x00). Null is a value that is meaningless.
The three-byte null is followed by data of one byte representing the number of reproduction times. In reality, the data of one byte is the value (eight bits) of CT. The value of CT before the program is reproduced or the value of CT after the program is reproduced is recorded. The value of CT is followed by data of reproduction date and time (YMDhms) of four bytes. The value of year (for example, 1980 to 2079) is recorded with seven bits. The value of month is recorded with four bits. The value of day (0 to 31) is recorded with five bits. The value of hour (0 to 23) is recorded with five bits. The value of minute (0 to 59) is recorded with six bits. The value of second (at intervals of two seconds) is recorded with five bits.
Whenever a program that has been reproduction restricted is reproduced, one reproduction log is recorded. At a result, with reproduction logs, the reproduction history of the program can be obtained. When management information such as additional information or track information is changed, the memory card 40 is attached to the recorder/player. The management information is read to the RAM of the system controller 32. The system controller 32 rewrites the management information stored in the RAM and records the changed management information to the memory card 40. When the memory card 40 is detached from the recorder/player or when the power thereof is turned off, rewritten management information may be recorded to the memory card 40.
FIG. 36 is a flow chart showing an example of a process at step S38 (a reproducing operation corresponding to a designated mode) shown in FIG. 34. At step S41, it is determined whether or not bit 6 of LT is 0. When bit 6 of LT is 0, the program has not been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction (the program has not been expired). Thus, the flow advances to step S42. When bit 6 of LT is 1, since the program has been restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction (the program has been expired), the program is prohibited from being reproduced (at step S43).
When the determined result at step S41 represents that bit 6=0, the flow advances to step S42. At step S42, by comparing the reproduction start date and time YMDhms S with the reproduction end date and time YMDhms E, it is determined whether or not the program has been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction (the program has been expired). When the determined result at step S42 represents that the program has been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction (the program has been expired), the flow advances to step S43. At step S43, the program is prohibited from being reproduced. When the determined result at step S42 represents that the program has not been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction (the program has not been expired), the flow advances to step S44. At step S44, it is determined whether or not bit 7 of LT is 0.
Since (bit 7: 0=not restricted; 1=restricted), when the determined result at step S44 represents that bit 7 is 0, the flow advances to step S45. At step S45, the program is reproduced. When the determined result at step S44 represents that bit 7 is not 0, the flow advances to step S46. At step S46, it is determined whether or not the value of CT is 0. When the determined result at step S46 represents that the value of CT is 0, since the number of permitted reproduction times is 0, the program is prohibited from being reproduced (at step S47).
When the determined result at step S46 represents that the value of CT is not 0, the flow advances to step S48. At step S48, it is determined whether or not the designated mode is the second mode. To determine the designated mode, the system controller 32 reads a code corresponding to the mode from the nonvolatile memory 32a. When the determined result at step S48 represents that the designated mode is the second mode, the flow advances to step S49. At step S49, the program is skipped.
When the determined result at step S48 represents that the designated mode is not the second mode, the flow advances to step S50. At step S50, it is determined whether or not the designated mode is the first mode. When the determined result at step S50 represents that the designated mode is not the first mode, it is determined that the designated mode is the third mode. In the third mode, since a program that has been reproduction restricted is unconditionally reproduced, the flow advances to step S51. At step S51, the number of reproduction times CT is decremented. Thereafter, the flow advances to step S45. At step S45, the reproducing operation is performed.
When the determined result at step S50 represents that the designated mode is the first mode, the flow advances to step S52. At step S52, the user is informed that the program has been reproduction restricted with for example a message displayed on the monitor. Thereafter, the user is asked whether or not he or she wants to reproduce the program. For example, a message “Track Tr2 Play ?” is displayed. In this case, it is not always necessary to inform the user that the program has been reproduction restricted. When the user replies that he or she does not want to reproduce the program, the flow advances to step S53. At step S53, the program is skipped. When the user replies that he or she wants to reproduce the program, the flow advances to step S51. At step S51, the value of CT is decremented. Thereafter, the flow advances to step S45. At step S45, the program is reproduced.
FIG. 37 shows a ramification of the embodiment of the present invention. According to the ramification, a program can be reproduced as a program successive reproducing operation, a program repeat reproducing operation, a program shuffle reproducing operation, and a program pre-set reproducing operation. In the program repeat reproducing operation, when the repeat button is pressed, all programs stored in the memory card are repeatedly reproduced unless the operation is cancelled. Thus, the program repeat reproducing operation is called endless repeat reproducing operation. In the program shuffle reproducing operation, all programs stored in the memory card are reproduced once time at random. Unless the operation is cancelled, the program shuffle reproducing operation is repeated. Thus, the program shuffle reproducing operation is one mode of the endless repeat reproducing operation. The program shuffle reproducing operation is also called program random repeat reproducing operation. In the program pre-set reproducing operation, selected programs stored in the memory card are reproduced in the selected order.
In a combination of those reproducing methods and the first mode or the third mode, a reproducing method is automatically designated. In the process shown in FIG. 37, when the program repeat reproducing operation is performed, a reproducing method for automatically skipping a program that has been reproduction restricted is designated. In FIG. 37, for simplicity, similar blocks to those in FIG. 36 are omitted. In addition, their description will be omitted. As was described above, when the determined result at step S50 represents that the first mode has been designated, when the determined result at step S52 represents that the user wants to reproduce the program, when the determined result at step S50 represents that the designated mode is not the first mode, but the third mode, the flow advances to step S54. At step S54, it is determined whether or not the program repeat reproducing operation (endless repeat reproducing operation) has been designated.
When the determined result at step S54 represents that the program repeat reproducing operation has not been designated, the flow advances to step S45 through step S51. At step S45, the program is reproduced. When the determined result at step S54 represents that the program repeat reproducing operation has been designated, the flow advances to step S55. At step S55, the program is skipped. Thereafter, the flow returns to a reproducing process for the next program. For example, the flow returns to step S41 (see FIG. 36). In the program repeat reproducing operation, there is a possibility of which a program will be reproduced a plurality of number of times. When the program has been reproduction restricted, there is a possibility of which the program cannot be reproduced soon. However, when the reproducing operation for the program is skipped, such a possibility can be avoided.
The flow chart of FIG. 37 shows only the program repeat reproducing operation. However, the reproducing method of the first mode or the third mode and the program shuffle reproducing operation can be combined. In other words, in the program shuffle reproducing operation, a program that has been reproduction restricted is skipped. Moreover, in the program pre-set reproducing operation, even if a program has been reproduction restricted, only when the first mode is selected, the program can be reproduced.
FIG. 38 shows an example of the system structure according to the embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 38, reference numeral 71 represents a recorder that uses a memory card as a record medium (see FIG. 1). Reference numerals 72L and 72R represent speakers. Reference numeral 78 represents an external personal computer. The recorder 71 and the personal computer 78 are connected through a predetermined interface for example USB (Universal Serial Bus) 79.
In the system, when predetermined application software is installed to the personal computer 78, digital audio data is stored to a hard disk of the personal computer 78. For example, music data is downloaded by the EMD system through the Internet. In addition, a CD ROM drive of the personal computer 78 reproduces a program from a music CD and records the reproduced program to the hard disk. In addition, a music file in the MP3 format is converted into an ATRAC3 format. The music file in the ATRAC3 format is recoded to the hard disk. In addition, the recorder 71 can record encrypted ATRAC3 data that is received from the personal computer 78 to the memory card. Moreover, music data can be prohibited from being recorded from the recorder 71 to the memory card.
The recorder 71 has a memory card slot 72 and a displaying device 73. The displaying device 73 is composed of for example a liquid crystal display. In addition, the recorder 71 has a power switch 74, an audio volume controller knob 75, an AMS/JOG knob 76, and switch buttons 77a to 77e. The AMS/JOG knob 76 is used to detect the beginning of a program. In addition, the recorder 71 can be operated by a remote control commander (not shown).
Next, an operation associated with the present invention will be described. First of all, a method for designating a reproducing mode for a program that has been reproduction restricted will be described. First, a MENU/NO button 77c is pressed. The AMS/JOG knob 76 is rotated. “RESTRICT” is selected from a menu displayed on the displaying device 73. Thereafter, an ENTRY/YES button 77d is pressed.
On the displaying device 73, a menu for selecting one of the first mode, the second mode, and the third mode is displayed. The AMS/JOG knob 76 is rotated. One of the three modes is selected. Thereafter, the ENTRY/YES button 77d is pressed. With such a sequence of operations, a desired mode has been designated.
As was described above, when a program has been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction, by comparing the reproduction start date and time with the reproduction end date and time, it is determined whether or not the program has been expired. Thus, it is necessary to correctly set the time of the clock of the recorder 71. The date and time are input by the user and stored in the RAM of the system controller 32. When the system controller 32 has determined that the date and time information that was input by the user is not stored in the RAM, the system controller 32 prohibits a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction from being reproduced.
Next, an operation for designating the date and time of the recorder 71 will be described. First, the MENU/NO button 77c is pressed. The AMS/JOG knob 76 is rotated. “DATE ADJ” is selected from a menu displayed on the displaying device 73. Thereafter, the ENTRY/YES button 77d is pressed.
The AMS/JOG knob 76 is rotated. A correct value (for example, low order two digits of Christian year) is set to “year” that blinks. Thereafter, the ENTRY/YES button 77d is pressed. Thereafter, “month” blinks. The AMS/JOG knob 76 is rotated. A correct value is set to “month”. Thereafter, the ENTRY/YES button 77d is pressed. Thereafter, “day” blinks. The AMS/JOG knob 76 is rotated. A correct value is set to “day”. Thereafter, the ENTRY/YES button 77d is pressed. In the same manner as “year”, “month”, and “day”, correct values are set to “hour” and “minute”. In the forgoing operations, the date and time have been set.
In the forgoing, the case that the present invention is applied to a digital audio recorder was described. Likewise, the present invention can be applied to an apparatus that deals with video data, another type of audio data, and/or program data. In addition, the present invention can be applied to a reproducing apparatus that uses a record medium such as a writable optical disc as well as a memory card.
According to the present invention, when a program is reproduced from a record medium on which both a program that has been reproduction restricted and a program that has not been reproduction restricted have been recorded, a program that has been reproduction restricted is reproduced in a method that the user has designated. Thus, the user can select a method for reproducing a program that has been reproduction restricted. Consequently, whenever a program that has been reproduction restricted is reproduced, a situation of which the reproducing operation is paused can be prevented. In addition, a situation of which the user fails to notice that the number of permitted reproduction times becomes 0 can be prevented. In addition, when a program that has been reproduction restricted is reproduced, a log file is automatically created. Thus, the user can know the reproduction history of the program with the created log files. Consequently, the user can use the reproduction logs to prevent a trouble from taking place.
DESCRIPTION OF REFERENCE NUMERALS


    10 AUDIO ENCODER/DECODER IC
    20 SECURITY IC
    30 DSP
    40 MEMORY CARD
    42 FLASH MEMORY
    52 SECURITY BLOCK
    PBLIST REPRODUCTION MANAGEMENT FILE
    TRKLIST TRACK INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FILE
    INFLIST ADDITIONAL INFORMATION MANAGEMENT FILE
    A3Dnnn AUDIO DATA FILE
    71 RECORDER/PLAYER
    73 DISPLAY DEVICE
    78 EXTERNAL PERSONAL COMPUTER
    SP1 BLKID-TL0 ?
    SP2 INCREMENT BLOCK
    SP3 LAST BLOCK ?
    SP4 SEARCHED BLOCK IS PBLIST
    SP5 NUMBER OF TOTAL TRK WITH REFERENCE TO T-TRK CONTAINED IN PBLIST →N
    SUCCESSIVELY SEARCH FOR TRK-XXX OF PBLIST
    CORRELATE TRK-XXX AND FNO AND STORE CORRELATED TABLE IN MEMORY
    N←N−1
    SP9 N=0 ?
    SP10 RETURN POINTER TO TOP BLOCK
    SP11 BLKID-HD0 ?
    SP12 INCREMENT BLOCK
    SP13 LAST BLOCK ?
    SP14 DETERMINED RESULT REPRESENTS THAT SEARCHED BLOCK IS ATTRIBUTE FILE
    SP15 CORRELATE FNO, BLOCKSERIAL, AND CONNUM0 CORRESPONDING TO BLOCK NUMBERS AND STORE CORRELATED TABLE TO MEMORY
    SP16 RETURN POINTER TO TOP BLOCK
    SP17 BLKID-A3D ?
    SP18 INCREMENT BLOCK
    SP19 LAST BLOCK ?
    SP20 DETERMINED RESULT REPRESENTS THAT SEARCHED BLOCK IS ATRAC3 FILE
    SP21 CORRELATE BLOCK NO, CONNUM0, AND BLOCK SERIAL AND STORE CORRELATED TABLE TO MEMORY
    SP22 OBTAIN LINK STATE OF FILE CORRESPONDING TO EACH TABLE STORED IN MEMORY
    S31 POWER ON
    S32 SELECT REPRODUCING MODE FROM FIRST, SECOND, AND THIRD MODES
    S33 SELECT ONE FROM THREE MODES
    S34 STORE SELECTED MODE TO NVM
    S35 REPRODUCTION BUTTON PRESSED ?
    S36 HAS PROGRAM BEEN REPRODUCTION RESTRICTED ?
    S37 PERFORM NORMAL REPRODUCING OPERATION FOR ONE PROGRAM
    S38 PERFORM REPRODUCING OPERATION CORRESPONDING TO MODE STORED IN NVM
    S39 COMPLETE REPRODUCING OPERATION OF REPRODUCIBLE PROGRAM AND PROCESS NEXT PROGRAM. AFTER PROGRAM THAT HAS BEEN REPRODUCTION RESTRICTED WITH RESPECT TO NUMBER OF REPRODUCTION TIMES IS REPRODUCED, LOG FILE IS RECORDED IN INF.
    S41 LT BIT 6=0 ?
    S42 PROGRAM HAS NOT BEEN EXPIRED
    S43 PROGRAM IS PROHIBITED FROM BEING REPRODUCED
    S44 LT BIT 7=0 ?
    S45 REPRODUCE PROGRAM
    S46 CT=0 ?
    S47 PROHIBIT PROGRAM FROM BEING REPRODUCED
    S48 SECOND MODE ?
    S49 SKIP PROGRAM
    S50 FIRST MODE ?
    S51 CT=CT−1
    S52 WHETHER USER WANTS TO REPRODUCE PROGRAM?
    S53 SKIP PROGRAM
    S54 REPEAT REPRODUCING OPERATION ?
    S55 SKIP PROGRAM

## Claims

1. A reproducing apparatus comprising:
reproducing means for reproducing a program from a record medium on which a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times and a program that has not been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times have been recorded, the record medium having a management area for managing an identifier that represents whether or not a program has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times;
receiving means for receiving programs on the record medium;
determining means for determining whether or not a program to be reproduced has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times corresponding to the identifier managed in the management area; and
mode designating means for allowing, when the determined result of the determining means represents that the program to be reproduced has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times, a user designation of at least two of:
a first mode, in which the user determines whether or not to reproduce the reproduction restricted program, the reproduction restricted program being prohibited from being reproduced when the number of reproduction times of the reproduction restricted program reaches the number of permitted reproduction times,
a second mode, without asking a user, in which the reproduction restricted program is prohibited from being reproduced regardless of the remaining number of reproduction times, and
a third mode, without asking the user, in which the reproduction restricted program is unconditionally reproduced unless the number of reproduction times reaches the number of permitted reproduction times.

2. The reproducing apparatus as set forth in claim 1,
wherein the designation becomes valid when the power of the apparatus is turned on and causes the apparatus to reproduce a program in the designated mode until the designated mode is changed.

3. The reproducing apparatus as set forth in claim 1,
wherein when the reproducing apparatus reproduces a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times, the reproducing apparatus automatically creates a log file and records the log file to the management area of the record medium.

4. A reproducing apparatus comprising:
reproducing means for reproducing a program from a record medium on which a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times and a program that has not been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times have been recorded, the record medium having a management area for managing an identifier that represents whether or not a program has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times;
determining means for determining whether or not a program repeat reproducing operation has been selected; and
controlling means for causing the reproducing means to repeatedly reproduce a program that has not been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times and to repeatedly skip, regardless of the remaining number of reproduction times, a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times when the determined result of the determining means represents that the program repeat reproducing operation has been selected.

5. The reproducing apparatus as set forth in claim 4,
wherein the program repeat reproducing operation reproduces programs in the order of which they have been recorded on the record medium.

6. The reproducing apparatus as set forth in claim 4,
wherein the program repeat reproducing operation reproduces programs in a different order of programs recorded on the record medium.

7. The reproducing apparatus as set forth in claim 4,
wherein when the reproducing apparatus reproduces a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times, the reproducing apparatus automatically creates a log file and records the log file in the management area of the record medium.

8. A reproducing apparatus comprising:
reproducing means for reproducing a program from a record medium on which a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction has been recorded;
date and time counting means for counting the date and time;
operating means for allowing the user to input current date and time information;
memory means for storing the current date and time information that is input by the operating means;
determining means for determining whether or not the current date and time information has been stored in the memory means; and
controlling means for prohibiting a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction from being reproduced when the determined result of the determining means represents that the current date and time information has not been stored in the memory means.

9. A reproducing method for reproducing a program, the method comprising:
reading a program from a record medium, the record medium storing a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times and a program that has not been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times and having a management area for managing an identifier that represents whether or not a program has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times;
determining whether or not the read program has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times corresponding to the identifier managed in the management area; and
executing a mode designating function that allows a user to designate, when the determined result at the determining step represents that the program to be reproduced has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times, at least two of:
a first mode, in which the user determines whether or not to reproduce the reproduction restricted program, the reproduction restricted program being prohibited from being reproduced when the number of reproduction times of the reproduction restricted program reaches the number of permitted reproduction times,
a second mode, without asking the user, in which the reproduction restricted program is prohibited from being reproduced regardless of the remaining number of reproduction times, and
a third mode, without asking the user, in which the reproduction restricted program is unconditionally reproduced unless the number of reproduction times reaches the number of permitted reproduction times.

10. The reproducing method as set forth in claim 9,
wherein the designation becomes valid in a power-on state and causes a program to be reproduced in the designated mode until the designated mode is changed.

11. The reproducing method as set forth in claim 9,
wherein when a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times is reproduced, a log file is automatically created and recorded in the management area of the record medium.

12. A reproducing method for reproducing a program, the method comprising:
reading a program from a record medium, the record medium storing a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times and a program that has not been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times and having a management area for managing an identifier that represents whether or not a program has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times;
determining whether or not a program repeat reproducing operation has been selected; and
causing a program that has not been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times to be repeatedly reproduced and to repeatedly skip, regardless of the remaining number of reproduction times, a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times when the determined result at the determining step represents that the program repeat reproducing operation has been selected.

13. The reproducing method as set forth in claim 12,
wherein the program repeat reproducing operation reproduces programs in the order of which they have been recorded on the record medium.

14. The reproducing method as set forth in claim 12,
wherein the program repeat reproducing operation reproduces programs in a different order of programs recorded on the record medium.

15. The reproducing method as set forth in claim 12,
wherein when a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times is reproduced, a log file is automatically created and recorded in the management area of the record medium.

16. A reproducing method for reproducing a program, the method comprising:
reading a program from a record medium on which a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction has been recorded;
allowing a user to input current date and time information;
storing date and time information in a memory means;
determining whether or not the current date and time information has been stored in the memory means; and
prohibiting a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction from being reproduced when the determined result at the determining step represents that the current date and time information has not been stored in the memory means.

17. A reproducing apparatus comprising:
a digital signal processor for reproducing a program from a record medium on which a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times and a program that has not been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times have been recorded, the record medium having a management area for managing an identifier that represents whether or not a program has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times;
a controller for determining whether or not a program to be reproduced has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times corresponding to the identifier managed in the management area; and
a mode designating switch for allowing, when the determined result of the controller represents that the program to be reproduced has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number or reproduction times, a user designation of at least two of:
a first mode, in which the user determines whether or not to reproduce the reproduction restricted program, the reproduction restricted program being prohibited from being reproduced when the number of reproduction times of the reproduction restricted program reaches the number of permitted reproduction times,
a second mode, without asking the user, in which the reproduction restricted program is prohibited from being reproduced regardless of the remaining number of reproduction times, and

a third mode, without asking the user, in which the reproduction restricted program is unconditionally reproduced unless the number of reproduction times reaches the number of permitted reproduction times.

18. The reproducing apparatus as set forth in claim 17, wherein the designation becomes valid when the power of the apparatus is turned on and causes the apparatus to reproduce a program in the designated mode until the designated mode is changed.

19. The reproducing apparatus as set forth in claim 17, wherein when the reproducing apparatus reproduces a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times, the reproducing apparatus automatically creates a log file and records the log file to the management area of the record medium.

20. A reproducing apparatus comprising:
a digital signal processor for reproducing a program from a record medium on which a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times and a program that has not been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times have been recorded, the record medium having a management area for managing an identifier that represents whether or not a program has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times; and
a controller for determining whether or not a program repeat reproducing operation has been designated and for causing the digital signal processor to repeatedly reproduce a program that has not been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times and to repeatedly skip, regardless of the remaining number of reproduction times, a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times when the determined result represents that the program repeat reproducing operation has been designated.

21. The reproducing apparatus as set forth in claim 20, wherein the program repeat reproducing operation reproduces programs in the order of which they have been recorded on the record medium.

22. The reproducing apparatus as set forth in claim 20, wherein the program repeat reproducing operation reproduces programs in a different order of programs recorded on the record medium.

23. The reproducing apparatus as set forth in claim 20, wherein when the digital signal processor reproduces a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the number of reproduction times, the reproducing apparatus automatically creates a log file and records the log file in the management area of the record medium.

24. A reproducing apparatus for reproducing a program from a record medium on which a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction has been recorded, the reproducing apparatus comprising:
a clock for tracking the current date and time;
an input device for allowing a user to input current date and time information;
a memory for storing current date and time information that is input by the input device;
a controller for determining whether or not the current date and time information has been stored in the memory and for prohibiting a program that has been reproduction restricted with respect to the duration of reproduction from being reproduced when it is determined that the current date and time information has not been stored in the memory.