Trapped Ions and Laser Cooling 11 

Selected publications of the Ion Storage Group of the Time and Frequency Division, NIST, Boulder, Colorado 

Ed i ted by 

David J. Wineland 

Wayne M. ltano 

James C. Bergquist 

John J. Bollinger 

Time and Frequency Division 

Center for Basic Standards 

National Measurement Laboratory 

National Institute of Standards and Technology 

(formerly National Bureau of Standards) 

Bou Ider, Colorado 80303-3328 

Supported in part by 

U.S. Office of Naval Research 

800 North Quincy 

Arlington, VA 22217 

and 

US. Air Force Office of Scientific Research 

Bolling Air Force Base, DC 20332 

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE, C. William Verity, Secretary 

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF STANDARDS AND TECHNOLOGY, Ernest Ambler, Director 

Issued October 1988 
National Institute of Standards and Technology Technical Note 1324 

Natl. Inst. Stand. Technol., Tech Note 1324, 200 pages (Oct. 1988) 

C0DEN:NTNOEF 

U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

WASH I N GTO N : 1988 

For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402 
PREFACE 

This collection of papers represents the work on laser cooled, stored 

atomic ions by the Time and Frequency Division of the National Institute of 

Standards and Technology (formerly the National Bureau of Standards) from 

July, 1985 to September, 1988. It follows the collection of papers, contained 

in NBS Technical Note 1086, "Trapped Ions and Laser Cooling" (June 1985). 

Although the primary goal of this research has been the development of 

techniques necessary for achieving high resolution spectroscopy, we have also 

been able to investigate related areas of research. 

Papers listed with the prefix A are not included here but can be obtained 

on request. We intend to update this publication periodically to include new 

work not contained here. We hope this collection of papers will be useful to 

our colleagues in this and related fields. 

We gratefully acknowledge the important contributions of several 

colleagues, post-doctoral and guest researchers, and students, including 

Charles Manney, Earl Beaty, Larry Brewer, Sarah Gilbert, Hamid Hemmati, Randy 

Hulet, John Prestage, Ule Daniel, Frank Diedrich, Dan Larson, Gerd Leuchs, 

Shao Zhong Xing, and Franklin Ascarrunz. We also acknowledge the continued 

support of the U.S. Office of Naval Research and the U.S. Air Force Office of 

Scientific Research. 

David J. Wineland 

Wayne M. Itano 

James C. Bergquist 

John J. Bollinger 

Boulder, Colorado 

September, 1988 

iii 
CONTENTS Page 

Contents of previous NBS Technical Note 1086 ............................... ix 

List of Additional Publications ............................................ xi 

SPECTROSCOPY AND FREQUENCY STANDARDS 

1. "Energy and Radiative Lifetime of the 5d9 6s2 2D5,2 State in HgII 

by Doppler-Free Two-Photon Laser Spectroscopy," 

J.C. Bergquist, D.J. Wineland, Wayne M. Itano, Hamid Hemmati, 

H.-U. Daniel, and G. Leuchs ........................................... TN-1 

2. "Measurements of the g, - Factors of the 6s 'Sk and 6p 2Pk States 

in 198Hg+ - ,It 

"W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, and D.J. Wineland ........................ TN-5 

3. "Absorption Spectroscopy at the Limit: Detection of a Single Atom," 

D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itano, and J.C. Bergquist ........................ TN-8. 

4. "Laser-Cooling Limits and Single-Ion Spectroscopy," 

D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist and R.G. Hulet ............. TN-11 

5. "Recoilless Optical Absorption and Doppler Sidebands of a Single 

Trapped Ion," ........................................................ TN-24 

J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland. 

6. "Hg' Single Ion Spectroscopy, It 

J.C. Bergquist, F. Diedrich, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland ............ TN-27 

7. "High Accuracy Spectroscopy of Stored ions," 

D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, J.J. Bollinger, 

F. Diedrich, and S.L. Gilbert ......................................... TN-33 

8. "Frequency Standards Utilizing Penning Traps," 

J.J. Bollinger, S.L. Gilbert, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland ........... TN-39 

QUANTUM JUMPS 

1. "Observation of Quantum Jumps in a Single Atom," 

J.C. Bergquist, R.G. Hulet, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland ............. TN-46 

2. "Quantum Jumps via Spontaneous Raman Scattering," 

R.G. Hulet and D.J. Wineland .......................................... TN-50 

3. "Precise Test of Quantum Jump Theory, I' 

R.G. Hulet, D.J. Wineland, J.C. Bergquist, and W.M. Itano ............. TN-55 

4. "Radiative Decay Rates in Hg' from Observations of Quantum Jumps 

in a Single Ion," 

W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, R.G. Hulet, and D.J. Wineland ............. TN-59 

5. "Photon Antibunching and Sub-Poissonian Statistics from Quantum 

Jumps in One and Two Atoms," 

W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, and D.J. Wineland ......................... TN-63 

V 
NONNEUTRAL PLASMA STUDIES 

1. "Angular Momentum of Trapped Atomic Particles," 

D.J. Wineland, J.J. Bollinger, W.M. Itano, and J.D. Prestage .......... TN-67 

2. "Sympathetic Cooling of Trapped Ions: A Laser-Cooled TwoSpecies Nonneutral Ion Plasma," 

D.J. Larson, J.C. Bergquist, J.J. Bollinger, W.M. Itano, 

and D.J. Wineland ..................................................... TN-76 

3. "Ion Trapping Techniques: Laser Cooling and Sympathetic Cooling," 

J.J. Bollinger, L.R. Brewer, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, 

D.J. Larson, S.L. Gilbert, and D.J. Wineland .......................... TN-80 

4. "Static Properties of a Nonneutral 9Be+ Ion Plasma," 

L.R. Brewer, J.D. Prestage, J.J. Bollinger, W.M. Itano, 

D.J. Larson, and D.J. Wineland ........................................ TN-91 

5. "Atomic Ion Coulomb Clusters in an Ion Trap," 

D.J. Wineland, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, J.J. Bollinger 

and C.H. Manney ....................................................... TN-106 

6. "Shell-Structure Phase of Magnetically Confined Strongly Coupled 

Plasmas, 

S.L. Gilbert, J.J. Bollinger, and D.J. Wineland ...................... TN-110 

7. "Liquid and Solid Ion Plasmas," 

D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, S.L. Gilbert, 

J.J. Bollinger, and F. Ascarrunz .................................. .... TN-114 

8. "Quantitative Study of Laser Cooling in a Penning Trap," 

W.M. Itano, L.R. Brewer, D.J. Larson, J.J. Bollinger, S.L. Gilbert, 

and D.J. Wineland ..................................................... TN-130 

GENERAL ARTICLES 

1. "Optical Pumping of Stored Atomic Ions, 

D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, J.J. Bollinger, 

and J.D. Prestage ..................................................... TN-132 

2. "Laser Spectroscopy of Trapped Atomic Ions," 

W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, and D.J. Wineland ......................... TN-144 

3. "Precise Optical Spectroscopy with Ion Traps 

W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, R.G. Hulet, and D.J. Wineland ............. TN-150 

4. "Laser Cooling, 

D.J. Wineland and W.M. Itano .......................................... TN-156 
APPARATUS 

1. "Simple Electrodes for Quadrupole Ion Traps," 

E.C. Beaty ........................................................... TN-163 

2. "Ion Traps for Large Storage Capacity," 

D.J. Wineland ........................................................ TN-168 

3. "Thermal Shifts of the Spectral Lines in the 4F312 to 

Manifold of an Nd: YAG Laser," 

Shao Zhong Xing and J.C. Bergquist ................................... TN-182 

vii 
1. 

2. 

3. 

4. 

5. 

6. 

7. 

8. 

9. 

10. 

11. 

12. 

13. 

14. 

CONTENTS OF NBS TECHNICAL NOTE 1086 

"Trapped Ions and Laser Cooling," 

(Issued June 1985) 

"Radiation-Pressure Cooling of Bound Resonant Absorbers," 

D. J. Wineland, R. E. Drullinger, and F. L. Walls..... ......... 

"Laser Cooling of Atoms, I' 

D. J. Wineland and W. M. Itano.................................. 

"Laser-to-Microwave Frequency Division Using Synchrotron 

Radiation, 

D. J. Wineland............................ ...................... 

Laser to Microwave Frequency Division Using Synchrotron 11 

Radiation 11," 

J. C. Bergquist and D. J. Wineland .............................. 

"Frequency and Time Standards Utilizing Laser Cooled Ions," 

W. M. Itano and D. J. Wineland... ............................... 

Laser Induced Magnetron Compression (Expansion) of Ions I1 

Stored in a Penning Trap," 

D.J. Wineland, R.E. Drullinger, J.C. Bergquist, and W.W. Itano.. 

"High-Resolution Optical Spectra of Laser Cooled Ions," 

R. E. Drullinger, D. J. Wineland,and J. C. Bergquist ............ 

Double-Resonance and Optical-Pumping Experiments on I1 

Electromagnetically Confined, Laser Cooled Ions," 

D.J. Wineland, J.C. Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and R.E. Drullinger.. 

"Spectroscopy of a Single Mg+ Ion," 

D. J. Wineland and W. M. Itano.................................. 

"Proposed Stored 2okg+ Ion Frequency Standards, 

D. J. Wineland, W. M. Itano, J. C. Bergquist, and F. L. Walls ... 

"Precision Measurement of the Ground-State Hyperfine Constant 

of 25Mg+, 'I 

W. M. Itano and D. J. Wineland.................................. 

"Laser Cooling of Ions Stored in Harmonic and Penning Traps," 

W. M. Itano and D. J. Wineland .................................. 

"Shift of 2S Hyperfine Splittings Due to Blackbody Radiation," 

W. M. 1tano;'Z. L. Lewis, and D. J. Wineland ............. ....... 

"Laser Cooled, Stored Ion Experiments at NBS and Possible 

Applications to Microwave and Optical Frequency Standards," 

D. J. Wineland, 3. C. Bergquist, R. E. Drullinger, H. Hemmati, 

W. M. Itano, and F. L. Walls.... ................................ 

Page 

TN- 1 

TN- 5 

TN-25 

TN-30 

TN- 34 

TN-35 

TN-36 

TN-40 

TN-43 

TN-4 7 

TN-5 7 

TN-6 7 

TN-8 7 

TN-90 

ix 
Page 

15. 

16. 

17. 

18. 

19. 

20. 

21. 

22. 

23. 

24. 

25. 

26. 

27. 

28. 

"Spectroscopy of Stored Ions," 

D. J. Wineland................... .............................. TN-9 7 

"Magnetic Field Dependence of (sJ) Electron Configurations," 

D. J. Wineland and W. M. Itano ................................. TN-107 

"Laser Cooling and Double Resonance Spectroscopy of Stored 

Ions , 'I 

W. M. Itano and D. J. Wineland........... ...................... TN-108 

"Generation of Continuous-Wave 194-nm Radiation by SumFrequency Mixing in an External Ring Cavity," 

H. Hemmati, J. C. Bergquist, and W. M. Itano. .................. TN-117 

Laser Fluorescence Mass Spectroscopy," I1 

D. J. Wineland, J. J. Bollinger, and W. M. Itano............... TN-120 

"Time and Frequency Standards Based on Charged Particle 

Trapping , W. M. Itano, D. J. Wineland, H. Hemmati, J. C. Bergquist, and 

J. J. Bollinger ................................................. TN-125 

"Frequency Standard Research Using Stored Ions," 

D. J. Wineland, W. M. Itano, J. C. Bergquist, J. J. Bollinger, 

and H. Hemmati.................................................. TN-128 

"Precision Measurements of Laser Cooled 9Be+ Ions ,I' 

J. J. Bollinger, D. J. Wineland, W. M. Itano, and J. S. Wells... TN-132 

"Hyperfine Structure of the 2p P 

J. J. Bollinger, J. S. Wells, D.li? Wineland, and W. M. Itano... 

2 State in 9Be+y" 

TN-137 

"Trapped Ions, Laser Cooling, and Better Clocks," 

D. J. Wineland.................. ................................ TN-141 

"Spectroscopy of Stored Atomic Ions," 

D. J. Wineland, W. M. Itano, J. C. Bergquist, J. J. Bollinger, 

and J. D. Prestage .............................................. TN-147 

"Strongly Coupled Nonneutral Ion Plasma," 

J. J. Bollinger and D. J. Wineland... ........................... TN-172 

"Laser-Cooled-Atomic Frequency Standard," 

J. J. Bollinger, J. D. Prestage, W. M. Itano, and 

D. J. Wineland.. ................................................ TN-176 

"Limits for Spatial Anisotropy by Use of Nuclear-SpinPolarized 9Be+ Ions ," 

J. D. Prestage, 3. J. Bollinger, W. M. Itano, and 

D. J. Wineland.. ................................................ TN-180 
Additional publications of the Time and Frequency 

Division Ion Storage Group not included in this technical note 

or NBS Technical Note 1086 

Al. "New Possibilities for Frequency Standards Using Laser Cooling and Detection 

of Stored Ions," F.L. Walls, D.J. Wineland, and R.E. Drullinger. Proc. 32nd 

Annual Symp. on Frequency Control, June 1978, p. 453-459. (Copies available 

from: Annual Frequency Control Symposium, c/o Electronic Industries ASSOC., 2001 

Eye St., Washington, DC, 20006). 

A2. "Laser Cooling of Ions Bound to a Penning Trap," R.E. Dullinger and D.J. 

Wineland, in: Laser SDectroscoDv IV, Eds. H. Walther and K.W. Rothe, (Springer, 

Berlin, 1979) p. 66-72. Same title by D.J. Wineland and R.E. Drullinger, Proc. 

6th Vavilov Conf. on Non-Linear Optics, Novosibirsk, Springer, June 1979. 

A3. "The Isolated Electron," Philip Ekstrom and David Wineland, Sci. American 

243, no. 2, p. 105-121, August 1980. 

A4. 

Influence on Frequency Standards," Wayne M. Itano, L.L. Lewis, and D.J. Wineland, 

J. de Physique, Colloque C8, suppl. to no. 12, vol. 42, Dec. 1981, p. C8-283-287. 

"Shift of zSk Hyperfine Splittings Due to Blackbody Radiation and Its 

A5. "Prospects for Stored Ion Frequency Standards," D.J. Wineland, Proc. 13th 

Annual Precise Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Applications and Planning Meeting, 

Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC, Dec. 1981. NASA Conf. Publ. 2220., p. 

579-592. 

A6. "Prospects Toward a Stored Ion Frequency Standard at NBS," Wayne M. Itano, 

D.J. Wineland, J.C. Bergquist, and F.L. Walls. Proc. Conf. on Precision 

Measurements and Fundamental Constants; Gaithersburg, MD June 1981; Precision 

Measurement and Fundamental Constants 11, B.N. Taylor and W.D. Phillips, eds. 

National Bureau of Standards (US) Spec. Publ. 617 (1984), p. 93-97. 

A7. 

Ring Cavity," J.C. Bergquist, H. Hemmati, and W.M. Itano, Opt. Commun. 43, 437- 

442 (1982). 

"High Power Second Harmonic Generation of 257 nm Radiation in an External 

A8. "High Resolution Spectroscopy of Stored Ions," D.J. Wineland, Wayne M. Itano 

and R.S. Van Dyck Jr., in Advances in Atomic and Molecular Physics, Vol. 19, ed. 

by Bederson & Bates, (Academic Press, Aug. 1983), p. 135-186. 

A9. "Laser Cooled 'Be' Accurate Clock," J.J. Bollinger, Wayne. M. Itano, and 

D.J. Wineland, Proc. 37th Annual Symp. Freq. Control, 1983, p. 37-41 (copies 

available from Systematics General Corp., Brinley Plaza, Rt. 38, Wall Township, 

NJ 07719.) 

A10. "Spectroscopy of Stored Ions Using Fluorescence Techniques," D.J. Wineland, 

Wayne M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, and H. Hemmati, S.P.I.E., Vol. 426-Laser Based 

Ultrasensitive SDectroscopy and Detection V, Society of Photo-Optical 

Instrumentation Engineers, 1983, p. 65-70. 

xi 
All. "Frequency and Time Standards Based on Stored Ions," J.J. Bollinger, D.J. 

Wineland, W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, and J.D. Prestage, Proc. 16th Ann. Precise 

Time and Time Interval (PTTI) Applications and Planning Meeting, Naval Research 

Laboratory, Washington, D.C., Dec. 1984, p. 48. 

A12. "Doppler-Free Two-Photon Laser Spectroscopy of HgII," J.C. Bergquist, D.J. 

Wineland, Wayne M. Itano, Hamid Hemmati, H.-U. Daniel, and G. Leuchs, Proc. 39th 

Ann. Symp. on Frequency Control, 1985. 

A13. "Two-Photon Optical Spectroscopy of Trapped HgII," J.C. Bergquist, D.J. 

Wineland, W.M. Itano, H. Hemmati, H.-U. Daniel, G. Leuchs, Laser SpectroscoDy 

m, T.W. Hgnsch and Y.R. Shen eds., (Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidleberg, 1985). 

p. 6-9. 

A14. "Frequency Standards Based on Stored Ions," D.J. Wineland, IEEE Special 

Issue on Radio Measurements & Standards: Proc. IEEE 2, 147 (1986). 

A15. "A High-I?, Strongly-Coupled, Non-neutral Ion Plasma," L.R. Brewer, J.D. 

Prestage, J.J. Bollinger and D.J. Wineland, In Stronalv CouDled Plasma Physics, 

F.J. Rogers and H.E. Dewitt, Eds., (Plenum, New York, 1986), p. 53. 

A16. "The Observation of Quantum Jumps in Hg'," W.M. Itano, J.C. Bergquist, R.G. 

Hulet, and D.J. Wineland, Laser SDectroscoDv VIII, W. Persson and S. Svanberg 

eds., (Springer Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 1987) p. 117. 

A17. "Cooling in Traps," R. Blatt, G. Lafyatis, W.D. Phillips, S. Stenholm, and 

D.J. Wineland, Physica Scripta T22, 216 (1988). 

A18. "Frequency Standards in the Optical Spectrum," D.J. Wineland, J.C. 

Bergquist, W.M. Itano, F. Diedrich and C.S. Weimer, in The Hydrogen Atom, Ed. by 

F. Bassani, T.W. Hansch, and M. Inguscio, (Springer Verlag, Heidelberg, 1988) to 

be published. 

A19. "The Digitized Atom and Optical Pumping," D.J. Wineland, W.M. Itano, J.C. 

Bergquist and R.G. Hulet, in Atomic Physics 11, ed by S. Haroche, J.C. Gay, G. 

Grynberg, (World Scientific Press, Singapore, 1988) to be published. 

A20. "Liquid and Solid Phases of Laser Cooled Ions," S.L. Gilbert, J.C. 

Bergquist, J.J. Bollinger, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, ibid. 

A21. "Laser Cooling to the Zero Point Energy of Motion," F. Diedrich, J.C. 

Bergquist, W.M. Itano, and D.J. Wineland, submitted for publication. 

A22. "Perpendicular Laser Cooling of Ion Plasmas in a Penning Trap," Wayne M. 

Itano, L.R. Brewer, D.J. Larson, and D.J. Wineland, Phys. Rev. A., to be 

published. 

xii