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360‐Degree Video in

Fire Research

Credit: M. Hoehler/NIST

Updated: 06/19/2019

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Historically, visual

data from fires has

been limited to 2D,

often with a narrow

field of view and for

limited periods of

time; e.g., if the

camera is destroyed

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

Investigator: D. Madrzykowski
6/19/2019

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High‐resolution omni‐directional cameras are rapidly getting smaller, better and cheaper  

GoPro OMNI (launched 2016)a

GoPro Fusion (lunched 2017)

360‐degree image of cross‐laminated timber compartment taken using GoPro OMNI

Sync Cube at the National Fire Research Laboratory in 2017

120 mm3

2.7K res

$4000

75 mm tall

5.2K res

< $600

Credit: M. Bundy/NIST

a Certain commercial products are identified in this presentation to specify the materials used and the procedures

employed. In no case does such identification imply endorsement or recommendation by the National Institute of

Standards and Technology, nor does it indicate that the products are necessarily the best available for the purpose.

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

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For video in fire, the challenge is twofold: keep the camera cool and filter the intense thermal radiation

• Gas temperatures to 1400 °C

• Thermal radiation > 100 kW/m2

Hoehler, M; Su, J; Bundy, M; Dataset from Fire Safety Challenges of Tall Wood Buildings ‐ Phase 2: Task 3 ‐ Cross Laminated

Timber Compartment Fire Tests https://doi.org/10.18434/T4/1422512)

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research
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Water is extremely good at absorbing thermal radiation...

Absorption

& transport

Thermal

radiation

Hoehler, M. S.; Smith, C. M.: “Application of Blue Laser Triangulation Sensors for Displacement Measurement Through Fire.”

Measurement Science and Technology, 27(11) 2016, doi: 10.1088/0957‐0233/27/11/115201.

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

Credit: M. Hoehler/NIST

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...while transmitting energy in the visible spectrum.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

200 400 600 800 1000 1200 1400

Relative transmittance [‐]

Wavelength [nm]

Energy intensity spectrum for a

hydrocarbon fire Relative transmittance through water for

31 mm path length

Bandpass

in visible

spectrum

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

Measurement: J. Fagen/NIST
6/19/2019

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NIST has exploited this fact to get 2D video cameras closer to fires

Version 1.0 (2016)

Version 2.2 (2017)

Version 3.0 (2018)

Credits: M. Hoehler/NIST

Video

camera

Video camera

live steaming in 1080p

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

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Concept sketch of

application to

360‐degree

cameras

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

Credit: N. Hanacek/NIST
6/19/2019

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Burn Observation Bubble (BOB) functional prototype version 1.0

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

Credits: M. Hoehler/NIST

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Burn Observation Bubble (BOB) functional prototype version 1.0

Water

inflow

Water

outflow

Air bleed

tube

High temperature

glass spherical

reactor

Flow

separator

Camera

mount

Clamp

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

Credit: M. Hoehler/NIST
6/19/2019

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Case Study 1: Influence of Fire on the Lateral Resistance of Cold‐Formed Steel Shear Walls – Kitchen Fire

Camera located in front of the doorway

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

Credits: M. Hoehler/NIST

Hoehler, M; Andres, B; Bundy, M; Influence of Fire on the Lateral Resistance of Cold‐Formed

Steel Shear Walls – Phase 2: Oriented Strand Board, Strap Braced, and Gypsum‐Sheet Steel

Composite, Technical Note (NIST TN) – 2038 (https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.TN.2038)

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Case Study 1: Influence of Fire on the Lateral Resistance of Cold‐Formed Steel Shear Walls – Kitchen Fire

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

Credits: M. Hoehler/NIST
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Case Study 1: Influence of Fire on the Lateral Resistance of Cold‐Formed Steel Shear Walls – Kitchen Fire

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

Credits: M. Hoehler/NIST

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Case Study 1: Influence of Fire on the Lateral Resistance of Cold‐Formed Steel Shear Walls – Kitchen Fire

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

Learnings:

• Combustible seal failed

• Bolts stretched too much

• Water flow rate too low

• Camera exposure saturated

• Need audio
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Case Study 2: Smithsonian Institution – Preparedness and Response in Collections Emergency (PRICE)

Workshop

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

Credits: M. Hoehler/NIST

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Stereo sound was added using two external microphones

Camera

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

Credits: M. Hoehler/NIST
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Inexpensive capsule mics were installed in the compartment wall with thermal protection

Capsule mic w/ thermal protection

Audio recording

setup

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

Credits: M. Hoehler/NIST

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Case Study 2: Smithsonian Institution – Preparedness and Response in Collections Emergency (PRICE)

Workshop

Credits: M. Hoehler/NIST

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research
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Case Study 3: Prescribed forest management fires in the New Jersey Pine Barrens

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

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Case Study 3: Prescribed forest management fires in the New Jersey Pine Barrens

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

݉ܽݏݏுଶ଴ ൌ ܳ

ܿுଶ଴ · ∆ܶ ൌ 57	݇݃	ሺൎ 15	݈݃ܽ	ݓܽݐ݁ݎሻ

⁄ 	°ܥ	ܽ݉ݎ݃ ݈݁ݑ݋݆ 	4.186 ൌ଴ ுଶܿ

ݎ

ଶݎ·ߨ·4ൌܣ

ܳൌݍሶ ·ܣ·t

ݍሶ ൌ 100	 ܹ݇ ݉ଶ ݐ ൌ 10	݉݅݊ ⁄

Assumed duration and intensity of max heat flux

∆ܶ ൌ 20	ܥ° Allowable temperature rise of camera

Where,

݉݉	80 ൌ ݎ
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Case Study 3: Prescribed forest management fires in the New Jersey Pine Barrens

Credits: M. Hoehler/NIST

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A first step from 360‐degree video to Augmented Reality (AR) was achieved using a

commercially‐available game engine

Once the video is transcoded into

the game engine, one can add

interactive elements to augment

the user experience:

• data overlays

• explanatory information

• ...

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Viewing in the SunCAVE

at the UC San Diego Qualcomm Institute 

360 fire video was successfully displayed in various immersive viewing environments

Credit: F. Kuester/UCSD

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

NIST's 3D visualization laboratory

Credit: L. Gerskovic/NIST

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Special thanks to Arron Kirchoff & Jeffrey Anderson (Master Glassblowers), Falko Kuester (UCSD/Calit2 Professor for Visualization

and Virtual Reality), NIST Shops, William (Tre) Harrison, David Stewart, Norris Ng

Matthew Bundy Matthew Hoehler Artur Chernovsky

Andrew Mundy Jose Garcia Tom Roth & DJ Anand

XR guys...

Audio & Video

support

360‐Degree Video in Fire Research

Sandy

Ressler