Affirmed and Opinion filed March 8, 2018.

In The 

Fourteenth Court of Appeals 

NO. 14-16-00758-CR

PEDRO ANTONIO SEGOVIA, Appellant 

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, Appellee 

On Appeal from County Criminal Court at Law No. 14

Harris County, Texas 

Trial Court Cause No. 2069334 

O P I N I O N 

A jury convicted appellant Pedro Antonio Segovia of interference with public 

duties, a Class B misdemeanor. The trial court sentenced appellant to confinement 

for 180 days and assessed a $250 fine. Appellant’s sentence was suspended and he 

was placed on community supervision for two years. Appellant timely brought this 

appeal. We affirm.
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SUFFICIENCY OF THE EVIDENCE

Appellant’s first and second issues contend there was insufficient evidence to 

support his conviction. A person commits the offense of interference with public 

duties if, with criminal negligence, he interrupts, disrupts, impedes, or otherwise 

interferes with a peace officer while the peace officer is performing a duty or 

exercising authority imposed or granted by law. Tex. Penal Code § 38.15(a)(1). The 

information specified that appellant disregarded verbal commands of an officer by 

driving through a prohibited area. Because a charging instrument is required to 

allege with reasonable certainty the act or acts relied upon to constitute criminal 

negligence when criminal negligence is an element of any offense, the State was 

required to prove appellant, with criminal negligence, interfered with a peace officer 

when he disregarded the officer’s commands by driving through a prohibited area. 

See Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 21.15; Carney v. State, 31 S.W.3d 392, 396 (Tex. 

App.—Austin 2000, no pet.); see also Malik v. State, 953 S.W.2d 234, 240 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 1997) (holding sufficiency of the evidence is measured by the elements 

of the offense as defined by the hypothetically correct jury charge). Appellant claims 

the State failed to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that he acted with criminal 

negligence or drove through a prohibited area. 

The Evidence

Deputy Mena and Deputy Frederick of the Harris County Sherriff’s 

Department testified on behalf of the State. They were directing traffic at a church

in Harris County, Texas, and were standing in a busy four-way intersection when 

appellant approached. Using verbal and hand signals, as well as a whistle, Mena 

instructed appellant to stop. The verbal commands were in English and Spanish. 

Frederick also directed appellant to stop by holding up his hand and blowing his 

whistle. Appellant initially stopped but then continued to drive into the intersection 
3

toward Mena while Mena’s back was toward appellant’s car. Both deputies testified 

appellant disregarded their verbal and hand signal commands to stop. Appellant 

proceeded toward the middle of the intersection and attempted to turn right in a 

direction blocked off by traffic cones. According to Frederick’s testimony, appellant 

could only turn left because traffic cones were blocking any turn to the right. Defense 

counsel asked Frederick, “would you consider the area from the corner to the right 

entrance the prohibited area . . .” Frederick responded, “It’s not a prohibited area. 

Just he’s not allowed to turn right at that intersection.”

Mena was on the passenger side of the car and Frederick was on the driver’s 

side. Frederick reached inside appellant’s car and put the gear shift in park. Appellant 

attempted to push Frederick away, shifted the car back into drive and tried to 

continue through the intersection. The deputies removed appellant from the car and 

handcuffed him and stopped the car.

Mena testified 400-600 cars exit that parking lot after church service, another 

nearby church also ends services at approximately the same time, and pedestrians 

use the sidewalk. Mena testified that appellant was leaving the other church service. 

The purpose of the deputies being on the road and directing traffic was to increase 

safety for both drivers and pedestrians. Mena testified that appellant’s actions

impeded and disrupted the deputies’ ability to direct traffic. Mena further testified 

that appellant almost caused several accidents and “could have caused a major 

accident with serious bodily injury.” Both deputies testified appellant’s actions made 

it dangerous for them and the public, and actually resulted in their loss of control of 

traffic. 

Appellant testified that he entered the intersection with the intention of turning 

right to go home but the officer would not let him make a right turn. According to 

appellant, if he turned right his home was about two minutes away but if he turned 
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left it would take ten to twelve minutes. Appellant testified that he stopped the car 

when Mena held out his hand and told him to stop. Appellant denied moving the car 

forward after that and denied that his vehicle was ever in the middle of the 

intersection.

Standard of Review 

When reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, we view all of the evidence 

in the light most favorable to the verdict and determine, based on that evidence and 

any reasonable inferences from it, whether any rational trier of fact could have found 

the elements of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Gear v. State, 340 S.W.3d 

743, 746 (Tex. Crim. App. 2011); see also Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 318–

19 (1979). The jury is the exclusive judge of the credibility of the witnesses and the 

weight to be given to the evidence. See Isassi v. State, 330 S.W.3d 633, 638 (Tex. 

Crim. App. 2010). Further, we defer to the jury’s responsibility to fairly resolve 

conflicts in testimony, weigh the evidence, and to draw reasonable inferences from 

basic facts to ultimate facts. Id. This standard applies to both circumstantial and 

direct evidence. Id. We do not engage in a second evaluation of the weight and 

credibility of the evidence, but only ensure the jury reached a rational 

decision. Muniz v. State, 851 S.W.2d 238, 246 (Tex. Crim. App. 1993). 

Criminal Negligence 

Appellant first claims there is legally insufficient evidence that he acted with 

criminal negligence. Criminal negligence is defined as follows: 

A person acts with criminal negligence, or is criminally negligent, with 

respect to circumstances surrounding his conduct or the result of his 

conduct when he ought to be aware of a substantial and unjustifiable 

risk that the circumstances exist or the result will occur. The risk must 

be of such a nature and degree that the failure to perceive it constitutes 

a gross deviation from the standard of care that an ordinary person 
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would exercise under all the circumstances as viewed from the actor’s 

standpoint. 

Tex. Penal Code §6.03(d). The State was not required to prove appellant was aware 

of a substantial and unjustifiable risk but that appellant ought to have been aware of 

a substantial and unjustifiable risk that his conduct would interfere with an officer’s 

exercise of authority. Lopez v. State, 630 S.W.2d 936, 940 (Tex. Crim. App. 1982). 

A person is criminally negligent if he should have been aware of the risk surrounding 

his conduct but failed to perceive it. Ford v. State, 14 S.W.3d 382, 387 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2000, no pet.). 

The evidence set forth above reflects the jury heard evidence that Mena and 

Frederick were standing in the middle of a busy intersection when appellant 

disregarded multiple commands to stop, proceeded to the middle of the intersection, 

and attempted to turn right even though that lane of traffic was blocked off by cones. 

Further, the jury heard testimony that appellant nearly caused several accidents. 

From the evidence presented, a rational trier of fact could have found beyond a 

reasonable doubt that appellant should have been aware that there was a substantial 

and unjustifiable risk that his actions interrupted, disrupted, impeded, or otherwise 

interfered with the officers as they tried to direct traffic and that his failure to 

perceive that risk constituted a gross deviation from the standard of care an ordinary 

person would have exercised under like circumstances. See Duncantell v. State, 230 

S.W.3d 835, 842 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2007, pet. ref’d); Gear, 340 

S.W.3d at 746. Appellant’s first issue is overruled. 

Driving Through a Prohibited Area 

Next, appellant asserts there is legally insufficient evidence that he drove 

through a prohibited area. Appellant contends the “prohibited area” was only the 
6

area blocked off by the traffic cones, which he did not enter, and did not include the 

intersection. 

“Prohibited area” is not defined by statute and was not defined in the jury 

charge. Accordingly, the jury was free to assign to the term its common and ordinary 

meaning. Vernon v. State, 841 S.W.2d 407, 409 (Tex. Crim. App. 1992). A 

prohibited area is an area into which entry is restricted or forbidden. See Prohibited 

Area, English Oxford, https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/prohibited_area 

(last visited Feb. 8, 2018). As applicable here “area” is defined as a particular extent 

of surface, such as a geographic region. See Area, MERRIAM–WEBSTER, 

http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/area (last visited Feb. 28, 2018). 

“Restricted” in this case is to specifically exclude others See Restricted, 

MERRIAM–WEBSTER, http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/restricted 

(last visited Feb. 28, 2018). “Forbidden” means not permitted or allowed. Forbidden, 

MERRIAM–WEBSTER, http//www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/forbidden 

(last visited Feb. 28, 2018). Thus a prohibited area is a geographic region where 

excluded persons are not permitted or allowed entry. 

According to their testimony, both officers signaled appellant to stop and 

Mena told him to stop, in English and Spanish. Thus, the jury heard evidence that 

appellant drove into the middle of the intersection against the directives of two 

deputies attempting to forbid his entry into that intersection. Frederick’s testimony 

that it was not a “prohibited area” is not conclusive; he further testified that appellant 

“was not allowed to turn right at that intersection.” We therefore conclude there was 

evidence from which a rational trier of fact could have found beyond a reasonable 
7

doubt that appellant drove through a prohibited area. See Gear, 340 S.W.3d at

746.1

 Issue two is overruled. 

Motion for Directed Verdict 

In his third issue, appellant claims the trial court erred by considering the 

testimony of a witness, given outside the jury’s presence, in denying his motion for 

instructed verdict. The record reflects that after the State rested, defense counsel 

moved for an instructed verdict on the basis the State did not prove beyond a 

reasonable doubt that appellant drove through a prohibited area.2

 After the trial court 

asked for the witness to be brought in, the State moved to reopen and defense counsel 

objected. The trial court again asked for the witness to be brought in and appellant 

objected to reopening. Mena was recalled and questioned by the trial court. The trial 

court then denied the State’s motion to reopen as “unnecessary.” The trial court also 

denied the motion for instructed verdict. 

The State argues that appellant’s issue on appeal does not comport with his 

objection at trial and therefore nothing is presented for our review. See Tex. R. App. 

P. 33.1(a)(1)(A). To preserve error for our appellate review, appellant must have 

 

1 We note the record reflects there were gestures to locations on a video screen as well as 

an in-court demonstration regarding the placement of the cones. Because the record contains no 

description of the in-court demonstration, we may presume the undescribed acts support the jury’s 

findings. See Gaona v. State, 733 S.W.2d 611, 613 n. 1 (Tex. App.—Corpus Christi 1987, pet. 

ref’d). Appellant has the burden of providing a sufficient record for appellate review if he wishes 

to complain of matters which are affected by testimonial descriptions. Id.

2

 Appellant does not assert the trial court erred in denying the motion. We note that any 

error in the denial of a motion for instructed verdict is treated as a challenge to the legal sufficiency 

of the evidence. Williams v. State, 937 S.W.2d 479, 482 (Tex. Crim. App. 1996). We have already 

concluded the record contains sufficient evidence (without considering the testimony given outside 

the jury’s presence) to establish beyond a reasonable doubt that appellant drove through a 

prohibited area. If there is sufficient evidence to sustain the conviction, the trial judge did not err 

in overruling the motion for instructed verdict. Id. (citing Madden v. State, 799 S.W.2d 683, 686 

(Tex. Crim. App. 1990)).
8

made a timely, specific objection and obtained an adverse ruling from the trial court, 

and the issue on appeal must comport with the objection made at trial. See Wooten 

v. State, 267 S.W.3d 289, 309 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d)

(citing Turner v. State, 805 S.W.2d 423, 431–32 (Tex. Crim. App. 1991)); Tex. R. 

App. P. 33.1(a)(1)(A), (2)(A). 

Appellant complains that the trial court improperly considered evidence he 

heard outside the jury’s presence. Appellant also argues his Sixth Amendment right 

to confrontation was violated because he was not permitted to cross-examine Mena 

when Mena was recalled. We agree with the State that neither of these issues were 

presented to the trial court. However, appellant asserts the errors are “structural.” 

Structural error may be raised for the first time on appeal barring an express waiver 

of the right. Mendez v. State, 138 S.W.3d 334, 342 (Tex. Crim. App. 2004). 

We only treat error as structural if the United States Supreme Court has 

labeled it as such. Lake v. State, 532 S.W.3d 408, 411 (Tex. Crim. App. 2017); see 

also Williams v. State, 273 S.W.3d 200, 225 (Tex. Crim. App. 2008). Structural error 

is not subject to a harm analysis. Lake, 532 S.W.3d at 411 (affirming its holding in 

Cain v. State, 947 S.W.2d 262, 264 (Tex. Crim. App. 1997), that all errors are 

subject to a harm analysis, with the limited exception of certain federal 

constitutional errors labeled by the United States Supreme Court as “structural”); see 

also Mercier v. State, 322 S.W.3d 258, 263 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010) (stating “The 

court of appeals overlooked Cain’s holding that only errors labeled as structural by 

the Supreme Court are immune from a harm analysis.”).

Appellant cites Carson v. State, 515 S.W.3d 372 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 

2017, pet. granted), as support that the alleged error in this case was structural. In 

Carson, the trial judge read the State’s notice of intent to use extraneous offenses 

and based its sentencing decision on the State’s unproven allegations. Id. at 376–77; 
9

Tex. Code Crim. Proc. art. 404(b). Carson was only informed of the reliance the trial 

judge had placed on the existence of the unproven allegations after sentence had 

been pronounced. Id. at 381. The Texarkana court determined the trial judge’s 

sentencing decision was based on supposition that the trial judge should never have 

considered. Id. at 381. After recognizing the right to an impartial judge, the court 

found the error was structural and reversed for a new sentencing hearing. Id. at 381–

82 (citing Arizona v. Fulminante, 499 U.S. 279, 309–10, 111 S.Ct. 1246, 113 

L.Ed.2d 302 (1991) (recognizing a violation of the right to an impartial judge is a 

structural defect which defies analysis by harmless-error standards). 

Due process requires a neutral and detached hearing body or officer. Brumit 

v. State, 206 S.W.3d 639, 645 (Tex. Crim. App. 2006) (citing Gagnon v. Scarpelli, 

411 U.S. 778, 786, 93 S.Ct. 1756, 36 L.Ed.2d 656 (1973)). A defendant has an 

absolute right to an impartial judge at both the guilt/innocence and punishment 

stages of the trial. Hernandez v. State, 268 S.W.3d 176, 184 (Tex. App.—Corpus 

Christi 2008, no pet.); Carson, 515 S.W.3d at 378. A ruling or decision made in 

reliance on an extrajudicial source is sufficient to show bias and deprivation of due 

process because it results “in an opinion on the merits on some basis other than what 

the judge learned from his participation in the case.” United States v. Grinnell Corp., 

384 U.S. 563, 583, 86 S.Ct. 1698, 16 L.Ed.2d 778 (1966); Carson, 515 S.W.3d at 

379. 

The evidence at issue in this case is set forth below in its entirety: 

 THE COURT: . . . Use this screen right here at the witness chair 

where you can draw a line. Tell me exactly where the defendant’s 

vehicle went. 

 THE WITNESS: The defendant? 

 THE COURT: Yes. Where did it stop? Where are the cones? 
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 THE WITNESS: The cones are right kind of off -- can I use that 

over there? 

 THE COURT: Sure, sure. Just clear that screen for me, will you? 

 THE WITNESS: How do you clear it? 

 THE COURT: Double tap on the left. Thank you. Where are the 

cones? Show me where you say the cones are. 

 THE WITNESS: The cones are right here. 

 THE COURT: Okay. Now where did the defendant’s vehicle 

stop? 

 THE WITNESS: Right here. 

 THE COURT: All right. 

 THE WITNESS: Facing south. 

 THE COURT: Facing south. Are there cones over there? 

 THE WITNESS: Yes. 

 THE COURT: Where are the cones? 

 THE WITNESS: There are cones here. 

 THE COURT: Okay. 

 THE WITNESS: And then there’s cones here. And then there’s 

cones here to go this way. But where his car ended was passed [sic] the 

cones, like if he was trying to make -- go around to make a wide turn, 

to go around through this way.

 THE COURT: Okay. Thank you. Thank you, sir. Please step 

outside. 

The trial court then stated on the record: 

 THE COURT: Well, the Court finds that the cones and the 

deputy constitute a traffic control device, or traffic control devices. And 

that to go around either the deputy, disregard the deputy’s instructions, 

or to go pass [sic] the cones would be going into an area prohibited by 

the deputy’s instructions or by the traffic control devices set up. There 

was not a specific question asked per se, did he go into a prohibited 

area. But I think that the jurors can make a reasonable -- can draw a 

reasonable conclusion that that area was prohibited by virtue of the fact 

that the cones were set up and that the officer continued to tell the 
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defendant to stop, stop, stop, stop, do not go further. 

We determine Carson to be distinguishable from the case at bar. In Carson 

the extraneous offense evidence that constituted the extrajudicial source was not in 

the record. The testimony set forth above was also testified to by Mena and Frederick 

in the presence of the jury. In addition, the trial judge in Carson explained in detail 

how the extraneous offense evidence affected his sentencing decision. Id. at 376–77; 

Here the trial court recounted evidence that was presented to the jury — “that area 

was prohibited by virtue of the fact that the cones were set up and that the officer 

continued to tell the defendant to stop, stop, stop, stop, do not go further” — and did 

not rely upon the extrajudicial source in ruling on the motion for instructed verdict.3

Because the trial court’s ruling was based on what the trial court learned from his 

participation in the case and not in reliance on an extrajudicial source, no bias or 

deprivation of due process has been shown. See Grinnell, 384 U.S. at 583; Carson,

515 S.W.3d at 379. 

In the absence of a violation of the right to an impartial judge, the trial court’s 

consideration of Mena’s testimony does not constitute structural error. Accordingly, 

the failure of appellant’s complaint on appeal to comport with his objection at trial 

presents nothing for our review. See Tex. R. App. P. 33.1(a). 

Additionally, a violation of the right to confrontation is not a structural error 

but an error of constitutional dimension. Merrit v. State, 529 S.W.3d 549, 555 (Tex. 

App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2017, pet. ref’d) (citing Langham v. State, 305 S.W.3d 

568, 582 (Tex. Crim. App. 2010); Tex. R. App. P. 44.2(a)). As such, it was 

incumbent upon appellant to object on confrontation grounds at trial. See Lee v. 

 

3 We are again presented with gestures to locations on a video screen with no description 

of what the trial court was being shown. See Gaona, 733 S.W.2d at 613 n. 1.
12

State, 418 S.W.3d 892, 897 (Tex. App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 2013, pet. ref’d). 

Appellant failed to raise this argument in the trial court and therefore did not preserve 

it for our review. Id. (citing Rothstein v. State, 267 S.W.3d 366, 373 (Tex. App.—

Houston [14th Dist.] 2008, pet. ref’d)). For these reasons, issue three is overruled. 

CONCLUSION

Having overruled all of appellant’s issues, the judgment of the trial court is 

affirmed. 

 

 /s/ John Donovan

 Justice 

Panel consists of Justices Jamison, Busby, and Donovan. 

Publish — Tex. R. App. P. 47.2(b).