The CNST NanoFab Safety Manual

Any comments or questions regarding the content of this manual should be directed to:

CNST NanoFab Manager, nfmanage@nist.gov
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Table of Contents

1 Overview.............................................................................................................................. 7

2 General Lab Procedures........................................................................................................ 9

2.1 Access.......................................................................................................................................9

2.2 Access for NIST internal users....................................................................................................9

2.3 New User Orientation and Safety Training .................................................................................9

2.4 Cleanroom ................................................................................................................................9

2.4.1 Main Cleanroom Entrance (Building 215/D101)...........................................................................................10

2.4.2 Locker Rooms................................................................................................................................................10

2.4.3 Gowning........................................................................................................................................................10

2.4.4 Cleanroom.....................................................................................................................................................11

2.4.5 Class 1000 areas............................................................................................................................................11

2.4.6 Service areas (NanoFab Staff Only)...............................................................................................................11

2.4.7 Cleanroom logout .........................................................................................................................................11

2.5 Non-Cleanroom Laboratories...................................................................................................11

2.5.1 Building 216/F corridor.................................................................................................................................11

2.5.2 Building 216/G corridor ................................................................................................................................11

2.5.3 Building 215/C02...........................................................................................................................................12

2.6 NanoFab Conduct....................................................................................................................12

2.7 Hours of Operation..................................................................................................................12

2.8 Security Cameras.....................................................................................................................12

2.9 User Communication...............................................................................................................12

2.10 NanoFab Governance and Appeals...........................................................................................12

2.11 NEMO.....................................................................................................................................12

2.12 Picture and Video Policy ..........................................................................................................13

2.13 NanoFab closure .....................................................................................................................13

2.14 Emergencies............................................................................................................................13

2.15 Etiquette.................................................................................................................................13

2.15.1 Chemical Safety Questions.......................................................................................................................13

2.15.2 General user etiquette .............................................................................................................................13

2.15.3 Prohibited items.......................................................................................................................................13

2.15.4 Supplies and substrates............................................................................................................................14

2.15.5 Storage bins..............................................................................................................................................14

2.15.6 Fume hood etiquette................................................................................................................................14

2.16 Equipment Use........................................................................................................................14
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2.16.1 Approved Users........................................................................................................................................14

2.16.2 Equipment Login/Logout..........................................................................................................................15

2.16.3 Equipment Operations .............................................................................................................................15

2.16.4 Equipment Problems................................................................................................................................15

2.17 NanoFab Dress Code ...............................................................................................................15

3 Laboratory Practices........................................................................................................... 16

3.1 Qualified Users........................................................................................................................16

3.2 Visitors ...................................................................................................................................16

3.3 Badge Access...........................................................................................................................16

3.4 User Storage ...........................................................................................................................16

3.5 Phones....................................................................................................................................16

3.6 After-Hours Policy ...................................................................................................................16

3.6.1 Authorization ................................................................................................................................................17

3.6.2 Buddy system................................................................................................................................................17

3.7 NanoFab Shutdown.................................................................................................................17

3.8 Safety Glasses/Contact Lenses.................................................................................................17

3.9 NanoFab Alarms/ Evacuation...................................................................................................17

3.9.1 Types of Alarms.............................................................................................................................................17

3.9.2 Emergency Evacuation Procedure ................................................................................................................18

3.10 Injured Person Retrieval..........................................................................................................18

4 Chemical Safety.................................................................................................................. 19

4.1 Chemical usage .......................................................................................................................19

4.1.1 Fume Hoods and wet benches......................................................................................................................19

4.1.2 Chemical containers......................................................................................................................................21

4.1.3 Pouring chemicals.........................................................................................................................................22

4.1.4 Diluting chemicals.........................................................................................................................................22

4.1.5 Chemical exposure........................................................................................................................................22

4.2 Chemical compatibility ............................................................................................................23

4.2.1 Acids and solvents.........................................................................................................................................23

4.2.2 Heating solvents............................................................................................................................................23

4.2.3 Oxidizers........................................................................................................................................................23

4.3 Receive, Transport, Storage, Label and Record Keeping............................................................23

4.3.1 Chemical Deliveries/Receiving......................................................................................................................23

4.3.2 Transport.......................................................................................................................................................23

4.3.3 Chemical Storage ..........................................................................................................................................23

4.3.4 Labeling.........................................................................................................................................................24

4.4 Personal Protective Equipment................................................................................................26

4.4.1 PPE Requirements when using chemicals.....................................................................................................26
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4.4.2 PPE Training, certificate and testing (NanoFab Staff Only)...........................................................................28

4.5 Chemical Spills........................................................................................................................29

4.5.1 Emergency chemical spills ............................................................................................................................29

4.5.2 Non-Emergency chemical spills ....................................................................................................................29

4.5.3 Spill response procedures.............................................................................................................................30

4.6 Eyewash Stations and Showers................................................................................................31

4.7 Safety Data Sheets (SDS) .........................................................................................................33

4.8 User Chemical Approval ..........................................................................................................33

4.9 HF Solutions............................................................................................................................34

4.9.1 Exposure Controls.........................................................................................................................................34

4.9.2 Safe Handling ................................................................................................................................................34

4.9.3 Pouring Procedure ........................................................................................................................................34

4.9.4 Waste Storage and Disposal .........................................................................................................................34

4.9.5 Emergency Procedures .................................................................................................................................34

4.10 Chemical Storage ....................................................................................................................35

4.11 Pregnancy ...............................................................................................................................35

4.12 Chemical Waste Disposal.........................................................................................................36

4.12.1 Non-Chlorinated Solvent Disposal............................................................................................................36

4.12.2 Chlorinated Solvent Disposal....................................................................................................................37

4.12.3 Acid and Base Disposal .............................................................................................................................38

4.12.4 TMAH Disposal .........................................................................................................................................39

4.12.5 Liquid Waste Disposal Summary ..............................................................................................................39

4.12.6 Solid Waste Disposal.................................................................................................................................41

4.12.7 Chemical waste storage bottles................................................................................................................42

4.12.8 Accidental mixing of incompatible chemicals...........................................................................................42

4.13 Pyrophoric Liquid and Organometallic Safety (Staff only) .........................................................42

4.13.1 Hazard Risk Assessment for Pyrophoric and Organometallic Materials...................................................43

4.13.2 General Handling Procedures for Pyrophoric and Organometallic Materials..........................................43

4.13.3 Atomic Layer Deposition Precursor Chemical Hazard Summary Table ....................................................44

4.14 Piranha Solution......................................................................................................................44

4.14.1 Exposure Controls.....................................................................................................................................45

4.14.2 Safe Handling............................................................................................................................................45

4.14.3 Mixing Procedure .....................................................................................................................................45

4.14.4 Waste Storage and Disposal.....................................................................................................................45

4.14.5 Emergency Procedures.............................................................................................................................45

4.15 Chemicals and Gases Used at the NIST CNST Cleanroom...........................................................46

5 Gas Safety (NanoFab staff only) ......................................................................................... 47

5.1 Compressed Gas Delivery Emergency Response Program .........................................................47

5.2 Compressed Gas Safety Data Sheets........................................................................................47
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5.3 Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Gases Used..............................................................................48

5.4 Cylinder Leak Check.................................................................................................................49

5.5 Toxic Gas Cylinder Change-out.................................................................................................49

5.6 SCBA Program.........................................................................................................................49

5.7 Highly Toxic Gases Used ..........................................................................................................49

5.8 Toxic Gas Handling and Usage .................................................................................................49

6 Nanoparticle Material Safety ............................................................................................. 50

6.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................50

6.1.1 Current Status of Nanoparticle Safety ..........................................................................................................50

6.1.2 Proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) ...............................................................................................50

6.1.3 Nanoparticle Confinement............................................................................................................................50

6.1.4 Proper personal protective equipment (PPE)...............................................................................................50

6.2 Nanoparticle Safety Committee...............................................................................................51

7 Emergency Services............................................................................................................ 52

7.1 Fire Response..........................................................................................................................52

7.2 Chemical Spills........................................................................................................................52

7.3 Medical Emergencies...............................................................................................................52

8 Contacts............................................................................................................................. 53

8.1 Staff Directory.........................................................................................................................53

9 NIST Policy on Chemical Container Labeling (NanoFab Staff Only)....................................... 54

9.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................54

9.2 NFPA 704 Warning Ratings......................................................................................................54

9.3 Obtaining NFPA Hazard Ratings...............................................................................................56

9.4 Procedures..............................................................................................................................56

9.5 Specific Chemical Labeling Instructions....................................................................................56

9.5.1 Newly Acquired Chemicals............................................................................................................................56

9.5.2 Chemicals Prepared in the Lab......................................................................................................................56

9.5.3 Chemicals with Unknown Hazards................................................................................................................57

9.5.4 Biohazards and Radioactive Material ...........................................................................................................57

9.5.5 Chemicals Requiring Special Labeling ...........................................................................................................57

9.5.6 Chemical Waste Labeling ..............................................................................................................................57

9.5.7 Other Hazard Rating Systems .......................................................................................................................57

9.6 Acquiring Chemical Labels.......................................................................................................58

9.7 References..............................................................................................................................58
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9.8 Definitions and Acronyms........................................................................................................58

9.9 Container Capacity Limitations* for Flammable and Combustible Liquids Stored in the Lab.......59

9.9.1 Definitions.....................................................................................................................................................59

9.9.2 Source ...........................................................................................................................................................60

10 Compressed Gas Cylinders (NanoFab Staff Only) ............................................................. 61

10.1 Introduction............................................................................................................................61

10.2 Lecture bottles........................................................................................................................61

10.3 General Rules..........................................................................................................................61

10.4 Toxic Gases.............................................................................................................................62

10.5 Cylinder Storage and Use.........................................................................................................62

10.6 Transporting and Handling Gas Cylinders.................................................................................65

10.7 NFPA Health Hazard Ratings* ..................................................................................................66

10.8 Flammability Characteristics of Common Compressed and Liquified Gases ...............................66

11 Chemical Waste Satellite Accumulation (NanoFab Staff Only) ......................................... 68

12 Change Log..................................................................................................................... 70
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1 Overview

The NIST Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) is committed to making safety a core value in 

the NanoFab. We have established and implemented policies, procedures, training, and infrastructure 

designed to ensure the safe operation and use of the NanoFab by researchers ranging from nanofabrication 

novices to experts in the field. Our comprehensive NanoFab safety program includes:

a detailed analysis of all hazards associated with every tool and process;

multiple systems to mitigate and control all such hazards before any work begins;

a multi-tiered safety training program; 

vigilant monitoring of all NanoFab laboratories and infrastructure, including daily inspections

complemented by an extensive closed-circuit video system monitored at all times; and

an annual facility safety inspection and assessment performed by an outside expert.

In addition to the NanoFab-wide safety activities, the safety of each proposed project is individually assessed 

by technical experts during the initial application review. Before working in the NanoFab, every user must 

complete NanoFab online safety training and in-person orientation walk through. The online safety training 

is required annually to maintain access.

Detailed guidance on working safely in the NanoFab can be found in the CNST NanoFab Safety Manual. The 

CNST NanoFab Safety Manual can be found on the safety page of our website at 

https://www.nist.gov/cnst/safety. This manual is intended as a reference and describes the rules and 

procedures required to work safely in the NanoFab. These rules and procedures apply equally to all users 

and staff, and the manual must be read and understood before beginning work in the NanoFab.

It is the responsibility of all users and staff to act in a professional, courteous, and safe manner at all times 

while working in the NanoFab. Anyone endangering the safety of themselves or others users will have their 

access privileges revoked.

For additional information about the NanoFab including operating hours, location, rates, and more, please 

visit our website at https://www.nist.gov/cnst.
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Introduction

This safety manual was developed by the NIST Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology (CNST) for the 

users and staff members of the CNST NanoFab. The practices and policies contained within have been 

developed to be in compliance with all Federal Regulations and in accordance with OSHA Laboratory 

Standard, 29CFR 1910.1450, and NFPA 318, Protection of Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities. This 

document is a reference manual covering the basic operational policies for the safe use of the CNST 

NanoFab at NIST. It applies equally to all users and staff members and governs both safety and laboratory 

rules. All users and staff members are expected to have read and understood these policies and procedures.

This booklet, along with the mandatory online safety training and in-person orientation walk through, is 

expected to be sufficient training and notification for the Right-to-Know regulations for Laboratory Workers.

Laboratory workers are expected to have a technical level sufficient to understand everything in this 

booklet.

The CNST NanoFab laboratories are located at NIST in Building 215/Room D101, in the basement (“subFab”) 

of building 215, and within the F and G corridors of building 216. The NanoFab is operated as a shared 

access facility with certified users from various levels of expertise from novice to expert. The NanoFab 

provides users with access to over 100, commercial-state-of-the-art tools and processes that contain a 

variety of hazards and that require training to operate safely. The hazards include various toxic gases and 

chemicals, which pose significant safety risks if handled incorrectly. This booklet documents acceptable 

operating procedures and conduct for use of the NanoFab laboratories. It is impossible, however, to define a 

policy for every conceivable situation. Rules and policies are no substitute for common sense. Anyone who 

fails to act in a professional, safe, and responsible manner while in the NanoFab will be banned from further 

use of the facility at the discretion of the management.

Users’ suggestions and feedback on the facility, its staff, its operation, and its equipment are welcome at all 

times. Please feel free to direct your suggestions to whomever you feel the most comfortable with.

The CNST NanoFab laboratories include 

Class 100 cleanroom, building 215 room D101

Post processing lab, building 215 room C02-2

G corridor labs, building 216 G corridor

F corridor labs, building 216, F102, F108, and F110

SubFab, building 215 room A001

Bead blast, building 215 room D08
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2 General Lab Procedures

2.1 Access

The experience of potential users will be determined prior to granting access to the required CNST NanoFab 

safety training. Potential users will be required to fill out a form outlining their processing and safety 

experience. Users with limited experience may need additional guidance before being permitted to work in 

the NanoFab.

Access to the NanoFab is only granted to certified users who have completed the required online safety 

training and in-person orientation walk through. The online safety training includes testing of the safety 

training material and is required annually. The user will be granted personal access at any time during 

operating hours. Use of the Facility is a privilege that can be revoked by the NanoFab Management at any 

time.

2.2 Access for NIST internal users

Prior to starting the CNST NanoFab specific training the group leader is responsible for assigning the

following courses and verifying the completion for their staff.

NIST S 7101.21: Personal Protective Equipment Program Training 

NIST S 7101.59: Chemical Hazard Communication Program Training 

NIST S 7101.60: Chemical Management Program Training 

NIST S 7101.60: Hydrofluoric Acid Safety for NIST Staff

2.3 New User Orientation and Safety Training

The online safety training and NanoFab orientation walk through is required to gain access to any NanoFab 

laboratory. The in-person orientation walk through is available every week on Monday morning and takes 

about 2 hours to complete; if NIST is closed on a Monday, then orientation will be offered on Tuesday.

Please contact the NanoFab User Office to schedule your online and in-person training. The training is done 

in two parts: 

Online course assessment covers chemical handling, general laboratory safety, best practices and course 

assessment at https://cnst-training.nist.gov.

The online safety training includes 40 knowledge check questions. A score of 90 % or higher is 

required to complete the course.

*** (NOTE–Internal NIST users must first be assigned this training by their supervisor/group 

leader through the SET website.) ***

NanoFab Orientation is a staff-guided walking tour through the NanoFab pointing out need to know 

locations, safety devices, and specific NanoFab working procedures.

2.4 Cleanroom

The NanoFab cleanroom is a class 100 cleanroom defined as having less than 100 particles 1 micrometer in 

size in one cubic foot of air. There is a specific gowning protocol that all personnel who enter must adhere 

to. Many normal laboratory activities are restricted. 
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2.4.1 Main Cleanroom Entrance (Building 215/D101)

This area can be accessed by users, staff members, NIST Environmental Services, and authorized NIST Plant 

Personnel during normal operating conditions. The door is locked during outages, emergency procedures, 

and under abnormal conditions. Do not bring chemicals, chemical waste, or other hazardous materials into 

the cleanroom without permission.

2.4.2 Locker Rooms

The lockers and hangers are for all users of the cleanroom. Non-frequent users can occupy an empty locker 

on a daily basis, but will not receive an assigned locker unless it has been determined by the Management 

that a locker assignment is necessary. The locker is for your personal belongings, street clothes and shoes, 

coats, cell phones, valuables, wafer boxes, notebooks, etc. Locks are not to be kept on overnight. Do not 

store chemicals in lockers or locker room.

2.4.3 Gowning

This area is a controlled environment and should only be accessed by certified users. Do not bring dirty or 

questionable items into this area. Regular paper or cardboard is not allowed. Do not bring process 

chemicals through the gowning area, including fresh chemicals, chemical waste, or other hazardous 

materials.

Pre-gowning: Prior to entering the gowning area, users must pre-gown in the locker room. Pre-gowning 

is required to access the class 1000 areas and service chases however is not sufficient to access the class 

100 lab space. Pre-gowning consists of:

Safety glasses

Shoe covers

Hair net

Face mask

Gloves

NOTE: pre-gowning items are not removed until exiting the lab. Do not remove pre-gowning 

items in the gowning room.

Final gowning: Prior to entering the class 100 areas all personnel must don final gowning that can be 

found on the shelves just outside of the locker rooms. Final gowning must be performed from top down 

and consists of:

Class 100 hood

Class 100 coveralls

Class 100 boots

NOTES: 

do not allow any part of the class 100 gown to drag on the floor. 

De-gowning is performed in reverse order from the bottom up, be sure to keep your 

pre-gowning items on.
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Only take one gown per week. If returning, place your gown into a labeled cubby.

Notify staff if your gown was damaged.

2.4.4 Cleanroom

The Cleanroom areas can be accessed by a certified user, NanoFab staff member, Environmental Services

and authorized Plant Personnel. Frequent entry and exit is discouraged. The work conducted in the 

Cleanroom is performed with toxic gases, hazardous chemicals, and potentially dangerous equipment.

Always be aware of those who are working around you. Move carefully throughout the Cleanroom so you do 

not disturb or interfere with work being conducted. Chemicals are periodically refreshed and are introduced 

into the Cleanroom by NanoFab staff members. The chemicals for the Cleanroom are retrieved from the 

chemical storage areas and properly transferred (see section 5.1 Chemical Handling) to the service chases

adjacent to the Cleanroom bays and placed into the appropriate chemical pass-throughs, fume hood 

cabinets or bay storage cabinets.

2.4.5 Class 1000 areas

The outside hall located on each side of the cleanroom is the class 1000 area. The class 1000 areas contain 

safety showers, eyewash stations, fire extinguishers, and automatic external defibrillator (AED) stations.

2.4.6 Service areas (NanoFab Staff Only)

These areas are identified by signs displaying “Restricted Area NanoFab Staff Only”. Users are not allowed 

to enter these areas unless specifically authorized by a member of the Cleanroom staff. Staff members and 

users are discouraged from entering the service areas from the Cleanroom unless absolutely necessary.

Proper entry to the service areas is from the class 1000 hallway (use pre-gowning protocols). The service 

areas are hard to see from the Cleanroom and if a person is injured, it may be difficult for them to receive 

help. NanoFab staff members can access this area when needed. The areas under the raised floor can be 

accessed by NanoFab staff members and NIST physical plant personnel only. The service areas in the sub-fab 

can only be accessed by NanoFab staff members, and NIST plant personnel. The Liquid Nitrogen Area 

outside building 215 can be accessed by NanoFab staff members, vendor delivery personnel, and plant 

personal only.

2.4.7 Cleanroom logout

The logout tablet will indicate any issues on logout.

A green screen indicates the user is logged out of the cleanroom and all tools.

An orange screen indicates the user is logged out of the cleanroom but still logged into at least one tool.

A red screen indicates a problem, and the user must contact the user office.

2.5 Non-Cleanroom Laboratories

2.5.1 Building 216/F corridor

This area houses the soft-lithography lab, the TEM sample preparation laboratory, sample characterization 

equipment, and posting processing including wire bond and die bond.

2.5.2 Building 216/G corridor

This area houses the advanced imaging equipment, e-beam lithography, and XRD metrology.
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2.5.3 Building 215/C02

This area houses the post processing equipment such as dicing and CMP.

2.6 NanoFab Conduct

The NanoFab consists of several labs and a class 100 cleanroom where proper conduct and a professional 

attitude are required at all times. This facility is used NIST wide and many sensitive experiments with many 

hours of work are taking place on a regular basis. You must act in a manner that will not disrupt or disturb 

other researchers using the NanoFab. As a user of the NanoFab you are responsible for reporting any 

activities that deviate from normal behavior. The violator(s) may lose NanoFab privileges based on the 

discretion of the CNST management.

2.7 Hours of Operation

The normal hours of operation are 7:00 am to midnight, Monday through Friday. Usage outside of these 

operating hours must be authorized by the CNST NanoFab Manager (See section 3.6). Authorized users 

utilizing the Cleanroom outside of these operating hours must have authorization and comply with any and 

all responsibilities defined by the NanoFab management.

2.8 Security Cameras

Security cameras are located throughout the Cleanroom and NanoFab laboratories and are monitored at all 

times by the CNST and/or the NIST Emergency Services Division. The system stores the prior 2 months of 

video.

2.9 User Communication

All users must supply the CNST NanoFab Management with a working email address that can be checked on 

a daily basis for messages relating to the NanoFab. Questions, comments, or suggestions about any safety 

issue, this manual, or other concern can be directed to any member of the NanoFab staff at any time.

2.10 NanoFab Governance and Appeals

The management of the CNST and NanoFab are responsible for its safe operation. Use of the NanoFab by 

any user is at the sole discretion of the management. On matters involving equipment usage or safety, every 

user must follow the direct instructions of the NanoFab staff. Both staff members and users are expected to 

act in a courteous and professional manner at all times. Deviations from this norm by either users or staff 

should be reported to the NanoFab Management immediately.

If at any time a user feels that he/she have been unfairly treated by a staff member or strongly disagree with 

the rules imposed by a staff member, please discuss the situation with the NanoFab Manager.

2.11 NEMO

The CNST NanoFab utilizes a web application named NanoFab Equipment Management Operation (NEMO)

to manage the laboratory. It is available to qualified users at https://nemo.nist.gov. NEMO performs many 

functions including allowing users to reserve and enable tools and alert staff when users encounter problems 

with the tools. The tools are interlocked and will not function unless enabled by a qualified user in NEMO.

NEMO can also be used to alert staff of safety problems. A NEMO tutorial can also be found on the CNST 

NanoFab website at https://www.nist.gov/cnst. 
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2.12 Picture and Video Policy

Recording video is not allowed in any CNST NanoFab laboratory. This includes recording with cell phones or any other 

type of video recording device. Pictures may be taken with permission from the CNST NanoFab management.

Equipment alarm or error log screens may be photographed for the purpose of sharing with the NanoFab staff.

2.13 NanoFab closure

Weather related and other closures of the NanoFab labs will be announced through email and NEMO. If the NIST 

campus is closed, the NanoFab will also be closed. The NIST campus status can be checked on the NIST website at 

nist.gov. 

2.14 Emergencies

There are many dangers in the NanoFab labs. The proper course of action for most emergency situations is to use a 

laboratory phone to dial extension 2222 to reach NIST emergency services and follow their instructions. In the event a 

laboratory phone cannot be used, call 911 from a mobile phone. Clearly identify the type of emergency and your 

location as NIST.

Response to chemical spill emergencies is detailed in section 4, Chemical Safety.

2.15 Etiquette

2.15.1 Chemical Safety Questions

If you are unsure about something, ASK

Staff members wear blue hoods so they are easily identifiable

Not sure how to dispose of a chemical, ASK

Unsure of how to mix something, ASK

Not sure what PPE to use, ASK

Not sure what labware to use, ASK

2.15.2 General user etiquette

Clean up after yourself

Answer the phone

Consult with a staff member when questions or problems arise

Follow safety guidelines

Report any safety violations to staff

Do not take other users tools

Bring your own tweezers

Do not use Teflon process boats to store substrates

2.15.3 Prohibited items

Pencils are not allowed in the cleanroom, always use pens

Regular paper and cardboard are not allowed in the cleanroom
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Cleanroom paper and cleanroom notebooks are available from the CNST NanoFab, see a staff member

2.15.4 Supplies and substrates

Supplies such as silicon wafers, tweezers, and cleanroom notebooks are available from the CNST 

NanoFab for purchase if needed

Supplies are stocked and sold in limited quantities and should not be considered a primary means of 

procurement

Users are allowed to bring in solid substrates such as silicon, gallium arsenide, quartz, alumina or other 

pre-approved substrates

Substrates cannot be immersed in liquid when entering or leaving the NanoFab labs

2.15.5 Storage bins

Keep storage bins neat

Do not keep chemicals in storage bins

Users are allowed only one storage bin, excess items should not be stored in the cleanroom

Contact the NanoFab user office for more information about storage bins

2.15.6 Fume hood etiquette

Label all beakers and chemicals while in use including name, contact information, and date.

Label chemicals and beakers left unattended including name, contact information, date, and when you 

plan to return.

Cover all chemical dishes

Hotplates may not be used overnight

Dispose of waste appropriately

Do not leave dirty dishes

Put rinsed dirty glassware on the cart

Remove any photoresist residue

Cleanup inside hoods and benches

2.16 Equipment Use

2.16.1 Approved Users

Access to the NanoFab itself does not permit use of any particular instrument. The equipment in the 

laboratories may be used only by certified users who have also been specifically trained in its use and 

approved by a member of the NanoFab Staff. The equipment in the NanoFab is highly sophisticated and 

complex and can be potentially hazardous or damaged if not used properly. Each instrument has operating 

instructions, restrictions, and safety rules in place to ensure the continued operation of the instrument, and 

proper use is strictly enforced. Failure to follow the operating procedures or rules can result in injury, 

damage to the equipment, and disruption of NanoFab operations. Consequently, careless or damaging use 

of any equipment will result in suspension of a users’ privileges, either for a specific instrument or the 
2023-04-05 Page 15 of 70

NanoFab as a whole. Requests for tool training can be made directly to the staff member assigned to the 

tool. Tool staff owners can be found on the CNST NanoFab website tool listings or in NEMO.

2.16.2 Equipment Login/Logout

Equipment must be activated in NEMO prior to use. Be sure to log out of all tools you are no longer using 

prior to leaving the lab. Adjustments to usage time will only be considered for tool problems. A usage 

adjustment for failing to logout of a tool will not be considered. When exiting the cleanroom, there is a 

tablet near the gowning room that lists all tools that users are currently logged into.

2.16.3 Equipment Operations

Standard operating procedures (SOP) are shown to the user during equipment training. Users must follow 

the instructions of the SOP while operating the equipment. An SOP is available at each tool for reference.

2.16.4 Equipment Problems

For the safety of the user, please report all equipment damage or malfunctions in NEMO. DO NOT TRY TO 

REPAIR THE PROBLEM YOURSELF, this could result in injury, expensive damage, and/or extended downtime.

2.17 NanoFab Dress Code

Pants –Pant length must run from the shirt down to the ankles covering the legs completely. 

Shorts, short pants, or dresses/skirts are not permitted. 

Shoes – Wear shoes closed in the heel and toe. Sandals or shoes that leave the top of the foot 

exposed are not permitted. 
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3 Laboratory Practices

3.1 Qualified Users

Only qualified CNST NanoFab users are allowed access to the CNST NanoFab cleanroom and external 

laboratories.

Qualified users are defined as NanoFab users who went through the NanoFab safety orientation training, 

have an active project and an active NIST badge.

3.2 Visitors

Visitors and observers are not allowed in the CNST NanoFab cleanroom and the external laboratories.

CNST NanoFab staff can provide a short window tour that generally lasts 30 minutes by request to 

nfmanage@nist.gov

Video tours are available on the CNST NanoFab website at https://www.nist.gov/cnst.

3.3 Badge Access

Each user must badge into the cleanroom or external lab. Do not follow someone else into the cleanroom or 

lab without badging in. If your ID does not unlock the door, see the user office. When exiting the cleanroom, 

be sure to badge out.

3.4 User Storage

Do not store chemicals in user storage bins or lockers. All chemicals are to be stored in an approved area 

and the container must be labeled properly (see section 4.3.3).

3.5 Phones

There are phones throughout the NanoFab laboratories. Inside the Cleanroom there are 12 wall-mounted 

phones located near the main center hallway at the ends of the work bays. The other laboratories have 

phones near the lab entrance. The phones can be used for person-to-person communication and for 

emergencies. There are also wall mounted phones located outside of the Cleanroom at D101 and D108. All 

phones dial outside lines: dial 9 then the number. For emergencies at NIST call x2222. Personal cell phones 

are permitted but should be stowed safely and securely on your person.

Emergency calls: If an injury occurs, dial 2222 and provide the room number (located above the phones) 

and the type of injury to the emergency responder.

3.6 After-Hours Policy 

The NanoFab is open Monday thru Friday from 7 am to 12 midnight. Technical staff members are 

available during these hours to assist active users and to respond to any safety issues that may arise.

In general, users need to schedule and conduct their work during normal operating hours in order to 

adhere to the NIST Laboratory Safety Policy.

Under special circumstances, the CNST NanoFab Manager may allow a user to access the NanoFab 

during off hours on weekdays or on the weekends. Off hours access will be authorized by the CNST 

NanoFab Manager on a case-by-case basis for specific dates and times only.
2023-04-05 Page 17 of 70

Failure to comply with these policies for NanoFab use may result in the suspension of your NEMO 

account and the revocation of NanoFab access privileges.

3.6.1 Authorization 

Users must receive prior authorization EACH time off hours lab access is needed. Authorization is approved 

by the CNST NanoFab management only. Send a request to nfmange@nist.gov including details of what off 

hour access is requested and who their buddy will be. Also, be sure to CC your buddy.

3.6.2 Buddy system 

Any user wishing to access the Cleanroom off hours must be accompanied by another qualified NanoFab

user. Both users must be signed in.

3.7 NanoFab Shutdown

NanoFab shutdowns are regularly scheduled events and may also occur in the event of a storm, building 

faults, emergency, etc. NanoFab staff members are responsible for containing the process gases, and 

properly shutting down the power to predetermined areas of the NanoFab laboratories to minimize the risk 

of fire or equipment damage. During a shutdown, all NanoFab laboratories will be locked and no access will 

be granted for any reason. Updates can be found on the NEMO homepage.

3.8 Safety Glasses/Contact Lenses

The entry PPE requirements are noted on the red border hazard door signs located at the entrance to all 

NanoFab labs. All safety glasses must meet ANSI Z87.1 standards and have side shields. Safety Glasses are 

required at all times when working in the Cleanroom The safety of wearing contact lenses in laboratories has 

been a subject of discussion for many years. The American Chemical Society has approved the wearing of 

contact lenses for laboratory workers, and they are permitted in the NanoFab Cleanroom, but are not a 

substitute for safety glasses. A second pair of contact lenses or a pair of prescription eyeglasses is 

recommended as a backup.

3.9 NanoFab Alarms/ Evacuation

There are numerous alarms in the NanoFab laboratories. The user must be able to identify each alarm 

quickly, and act accordingly. If someone cannot identify an alarm, he/she shall leave the lab immediately 

through the nearest exit and notify a NanoFab staff member.

3.9.1 Types of Alarms

End of Cycle Alarm: Some alarms signify the end of cycle on some instruments; these are usually not 

very loud and may be recognized by a repetitious beep.

Exhaust Failure Alarm: Only activated in the main control room. The individual NanoFab tools 

themselves will alarm when the tool senses loss of exhaust. Contact a NanoFab staff member.

Shelter in Place Alarm: A shelter-in-place alarm is similar to a fire alarm with verbal instructions 

indicating it is a shelter-in-place alarm. If a shelter in place alarm occurs, proceed to the nearest shelter 

in place location. In the cleanroom, the shelter-in-place is in the men’s or women’s locker room. In the 

building 216 laboratories, the shelter-in-place is located in the center hallway of the building (Ecorridor).

Fire Alarms: These are located throughout the NanoFab laboratories. They can be recognized by a 

flashing strobe and horn. Some of these devices provide verbal instructions, but occupants are required 
2023-04-05 Page 18 of 70

to leave the lab immediately — do not stop to remove gowning if inside the Cleanroom. After 

evacuating the building, assemble outside in the small parking lot on South Drive across the street from 

the Cleanroom building (215), (Occupants may be directed to an alternate location by an EMS responder 

or NanoFab Staff member). Everyone is also required to leave the lab in the event that the fire alarm 

was sounded for a practice drill.

Toxic Gas Detector Alarms: These are identified by a loud repeating beep with verbal instructions to 

evacuate the building. Toxic gas detector alarms are only in building 215. Please evacuate the lab 

immediately — do not stop to remove gowning if inside the Cleanroom. After evacuating the building, 

assemble outside in the small parking lot on South Drive across the street from the Cleanroom building

(215), (Occupants may be directed to an alternate location by an EMS responder or NanoFab Staff 

member).

Power Disruption/Power Loss, HVAC Failure, Chemical Exhaust Failure: Only activated in the main 

control room. The individual tools themselves will alarm when the tool senses loss of exhaust. Contact a 

NanoFab staff member.

3.9.2 Emergency Evacuation Procedure 

Activate the nearest fire pull box or call extension 2222 if a fire occurs.

Do not stop to remove your gown if you are in the Cleanroom.

Contain any hazardous work in progress if possible.

Leave the lab through the nearest exit.

Avoid heading towards the Oxidation/Diffusion Furnace room (B106). This area has many of the 

hazardous gases being used.

Proceed to the evacuation area

Cleanroom and building 215 laboratories evacuation meeting area is across the street.

Building 216 laboratories evacuation meeting area is in the building 216 parking lot near the 

solar panels.

3.10 Injured Person Retrieval

A person injured in the lab may require immediate attention. It may be required that safety personnel enter 

the Cleanroom without following the Cleanroom protocols. They are trained to retrieve or treat the person 

on the spot if it is required to do so.
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4 Chemical Safety

4.1 Chemical usage

4.1.1 Fume Hoods and wet benches

Chemicals may only be used inside a fume hood or wet bench. Stainless steel hoods are for solvents. Poly 

(plastic) hoods and wet benches are for acids, bases, and developers. Fume hoods and wet benches are 

exhausted so chemical fumes are removed from the cleanroom. The PPE required is posted at each fume 

hood. When multiple users are working at a wet bench or fume hood, be aware of the chemicals in use and 

be respectful of others space.
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Fume hoods with adjustable sashes must be set to the proper level to protect the users face as well as to 

ensure adequate exhaust.
2023-04-05 Page 21 of 70

To ensure fume hood safety users:

Must immediately report odors or problems to the NanoFab staff

Must never put your head inside of the hood

Must never block the exhaust returns

Must never work outside or at the extreme edge of the exhausted area

Must rinse and dry hood surface completely when finished

Must not leave any dirty dishes or wipes behind

When working at wet decks users:

May aspirate and drain RCA SC1 and SC2

May aspirate and drain baths at any temperature

Must rinse and dry decks completely when finished

Must replace all covers when finished

Must not leave any dirty dishes or wipes behind

Fume hood and wet bench etiquette

Label all beakers and chemicals while in use including name, contact information, and date.

Label chemicals and beakers left unattended including name, contact information, date, and when you 

plan to return.

Cover all chemical dishes

Hotplates may not be used overnight

Dispose of waste appropriately

Do not leave dirty dishes

Put rinsed dirty labware on the cart

Remove any photoresist residue

Cleanup inside hoods and benches

4.1.2 Chemical containers

The CNST NanoFab provides a variety of containers for wet chemistry applications. The labware used should 

be chemically compatible and large enough to easily work with samples.

NOTE:

Piranha solutions should always be prepared in a pyrex or glass container

Hydrofluoric (HF) acid should only be prepared in a Teflon or plastic container

A watch-glass cannot be used as a chemical container. A watch-glass is used to cover labware with 

chemicals
2023-04-05 Page 22 of 70

All labware containing chemicals must be covered

4.1.3 Pouring chemicals

When pouring chemicals always:

Wear appropriate PPE

Hold the bottle you are pouring from with two hands

Hold one hand firmly around the neck and the other supporting the bottom

Pour only what is needed for the process. Fill level should be slightly above substrate surface

Minimize waste

Label the container even if it contains water

Cover the container

When pouring chemicals never:

Pour with one hand

Pour too fast

Allow the chemical to splash

Overfill a container. Overfilled containers are a spill hazard

Full chemical bottles can be difficult to pour especially into a shallow dish. When pouring from a full bottle, 

first pour into a tall form factor beaker then pour from the beaker into a shallow dish. Dispose of any extra 

chemical. Never pour chemicals back into the bottle.

4.1.4 Diluting chemicals

When diluting a chemical with water, mix by adding the chemical to the water. Never add water to 

chemicals. To mix:

Measure the desired amount of water into a beaker

Measure the desired amount of chemical into a separate beaker

Pour water into the container first

Then, add the measured chemical to the container with the water (Always add chemical to water)

Cover the diluted chemical with a watch-glass

4.1.5 Chemical exposure

In case of accidental chemical exposure:

Do not stop to contain the spill

Remove contaminated clothing

Rinse with copious amounts of water at a sink, eyewash station, or safety shower

Seek assistance by calling extension 2222
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HF exposure requires special procedures outlined in section 4.9 HF Safety.

4.2 Chemical compatibility

4.2.1 Acids and solvents

Acids and organic solvents:

Should never come in contact with each other

React chemically to produce violent reactions

Produce gases and large amounts of heat when mixed

4.2.2 Heating solvents

For safety reasons, the CNST NanoFab only allows heating of resist removers 1165 and Remover PG. The 

maximum hotplate temperature allowed is 80 °C. No other solvents may be heated.

4.2.3 Oxidizers

Oxidizers should never come in contact with:

Organic acids

Organic solvents

Reactions produce gases and large amounts of head when mixed.

4.3 Receive, Transport, Storage, Label and Record Keeping

Handling chemicals in the NanoFab laboratories is a common practice. Chemicals are stored in chemical 

cabinets, passthroughs and chemical storage bins under acid and solvents hoods throughout the cleanroom.

4.3.1 Chemical Deliveries/Receiving

Chemicals are delivered to building 215, room D108.

NanoFab staff members will retrieve the chemicals and enter them into the Chemical Inventory 

Management System (CIMS).

NanoFab contractor will print out the CIMS label, place a barcode sticker on the container, wipe them 

down, and place them into the appropriate chemical storage locations.

All chemicals must be handled with chemical resistant gloves and eye protection.

4.3.2 Transport

Do not carry chemicals by hand

Use bottle carriers when transporting bottles. Use the chemical cart if transporting multiple bottles

Do not transport chemicals that are in compatible

Never transport acids with solvents or bases. Acids produce heat from an exothermic reaction and can 

ignite solvents. Acids that mix with strong bases produce violent reactions

4.3.3 Chemical Storage

Chemicals are to be stored in the properly designated areas

Signs are posted next to the chemical storage
2023-04-05 Page 24 of 70

In-use chemical storage is located underneath the fume hoods

Small volumes of solvents are kept in plastic bottles on the counter or underneath fume hoods.

Never store a solvent next to an acid

Never store a base next to an acid

Ammonium hydroxide is stored with oxidizers

4.3.4 Labeling

Federal regulations require all hazardous chemical containers to be properly labeled according to OHSA 

1910.1200 Hazard Communication. This regulation states that the chemical hazard information for all 

materials must be transmitted to the end user and anyone who may be in contact with the material at any 

time.

Labels used in NanoFab

CIMS labels are used on original manufacture bottles. An example of the label is shown in picture below:

Orange labels are used on small bottles – decanted from the large ones. An example of the orange label 

is shown in picture below:

Temporary labels are used when users are working at a bench. The temporary labels must include 

chemical name, the owner’s name, the owner’s contact information and date, and return date and time 

if owner will be used for subsequent days. Unlabeled containers will be tested using a liquid 

identification kit to determine proper disposal and your project will be charged for the kit. An example 

of the temporary label is shown below:
2023-04-05 Page 25 of 70

Labeling User Owned Chemicals

User owned chemicals must add a sticker put on the bottle in addition to CIMS label. This allows NanoFab 

staff to distinguish user owned chemicals from general NanoFab owned chemicals.

The sticker must include chemical name, owner’s name, owner’s contact information and removal date. The 

removal date will be one year from the date the label was created. The removal date is used so the NanoFab 

staff can periodically remove chemicals that are no longer utilized. Users must obtain a new sticker before 

the date is reached if user wishes to continue using the chemical. Chemicals with labels past the removal 

date will be disposed without any notification. If a user wants to keep a chemical past the expiration, they 

are responsible for printing a new sticker using the label printer found in cleanroom bay B101. An example 

of the sticker is shown below:

 

NO CHEMICALS INCLUDING WATER SHALL BE USED IN THE NANOFAB WITHOUT PROPER LABELING.

Record Keeping

All hazardous materials used or stored in the NanoFab are entered into a CIMS, a NIST-wide chemical 

inventory database. This system is accessible on NIST internal website: 

https://nistsafety.nist.gov/CIMS/Product.
2023-04-05 Page 26 of 70

4.4 Personal Protective Equipment

Proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) is mandatory when using chemicals. In addition, special 

protective equipment and PPE trainings are required for NanoFab staff members when performing toxic gas 

bottle changes (ex. SCBA, respirators).

4.4.1 PPE Requirements when using chemicals

There are several types of fume hoods and wet decks that are used in the NanoFab labs. A sign with all 

required PPE is posted at each. PPE should only be worn while in use at a hood or bench. Do not use other 

equipment or computers while wearing PPE. Prior to donning PPE, inspect each piece of PPE. Discard the 

piece of PPE if any damage is found. 

Solvents

Solvent PPE required is listed below and should be put on in the following order:

Face shield

Thin Tripolymer-Blend Gloves over Cleanroom gloves

NOTE: 

Do not touch face shield with solvent gloves

Remove in reverse order, dispose solvent gloves in solid solvent waste container
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Acids, Bases, developer and TMAH

The PPE required for acid, base, developer, and TMAH is listed below and should be put on in the following 

order:

Chemical apron

Face shield

Thick Tripolymer-Blend Gloves over Cleanroom gloves

Protective Arm Sleeves

NOTE: 

Do not touch face shield with gloves

Remove in reverse order
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4.4.2 PPE Training, certificate and testing (NanoFab Staff Only)

SCBA equipment and training for toxic gas bottles:

This training can only be provided to NanoFab staff who have completed the required medical 

exam and have passed fit testing

The medical exam will be done at NIST Health Unit and is arranged by the staff member

The fitting test is conducted on the NIST Gaithersburg Campus. Contact OSHE at x5375, option 3 

to schedule

Annual training on Compressed Gas Safety (NIST S 7101.61) is required
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Bottle change-outs training from a certified outfit (NFPA 318) is required

The certification for SCBA equipment is good for one or two years depending on the medical 

evaluation

SCBA Equipment must be cleaned and tested every six months to ensure the operability of the 

equipment. This is coordinated by the NanoFab Staff who are using SCBA equipment, with NIST 

Fire Protection Group

The supervisor will keep a record of a staff member’s SCBA certificates and required trainings.

The supervisor will assign repeat trainings before the certificate expires

The supervisor will maintain a list of technicians performing this duty

4.5 Chemical Spills

A chemical spill is an unintentional release of a product in an area that was not intended to contain the 

material.

In the event of a chemical spill:

Know what to do

Act swiftly

Immediate judgements must be made regard the degree of potential risk to personnel and the 

environment.

When a spill occurs, determine the severity by asking:

What was spilled?

How much was spilled?

Where was the material spilled?

4.5.1 Emergency chemical spills

Emergency chemical spills present an immediate danger to life and health. All unknown chemical spills are 

to be considered emergencies.

In the event of an emergency chemical spill:

Evacuate all personnel through an exit away from the spill

Assure the no one enters the area

Contact the NIST Fire Protection Group at x2222 or by pulling a fire pull box

Proceed to the evacuation area as described in section 3.9 NanoFab Alarms/ Evacuation

4.5.2 Non-Emergency chemical spills

Non-emergency chemical spills present absolutely no harm to personnel or the environment. Examples 

include spills of water, pump oils, and commercial cleaners.

In the event of a non-emergency chemical spill:
2023-04-05 Page 30 of 70

Contact the NanoFab staff using a phone away from the spill

Initiate cleanup procedures if applicable

4.5.3 Spill response procedures

Spill response procedures are provided in the NIST Gaithersburg Occupant Emergency Plan. These 

procedures apply to all chemical spills and oil spills that occur at the Gaithersburg site. Please keep the 

following points in mind should a spill occur:

If a spill is found and the source is unknown:

Immediately clear the area and call the Fire Protection Group at x2222.

Report the location of the spill, name, phone number, and any relevant information about the 

spill and access to the spill site. Stay on the line until the dispatcher has the information needed.

If one knows the source of the spill, and is familiar with the hazards of the spilled material:

First ensure that everyone in the area is safe.

If it is safe to do so, remove all ignition sources.

If one has the training and equipment, attempt to contain the spill.

Call the Fire Protection Group x2222 and report the spill. Even if emergency response assistance 

is not needed, report the spill to the Fire Protection Group. The Fire Protection Group, in 

coordination with the Safety, Health, and Environment Division, must review each spill to ensure 

that it has been addressed properly. The spill clean- up materials must be properly disposed as 

chemical waste and the location of the spill must be cleared for occupancy.

Questions regarding spill response should be directed to the Safety, Health, and Environment Division at 

x5822.
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4.6 Eyewash Stations and Showers

The proper use of an eye wash station requires the user to activate the eyewash, and using the thumb and 

fingers, hold open the eyes, and rinse for several minutes. The user or buddy must call NIST Emergency 

Services at x2222. There are eyewash stations and showers available in the Cleanroom and the locations are 

listed below.

Eyewash station use

activate the eyewash

using the thumb and fingers, hold open the eyes, and rinse for several minutes

call NIST Emergency Services at x2222

Eyewash station locations

At the ends of the chemical wet benches (B101, B102)

In the class 1000 corridors immediately outside the Cleanroom proper.
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Safety Showers

In the class 1000 corridors immediately outside the Cleanroom proper. If you are exposed to a 

spilled material, remove contaminated clothing and activate the shower by pulling down the 

handle.
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4.7 Safety Data Sheets (SDS)

SDS provides information about a chemical such as its hazards, storage procedures, first aid, long-term 

exposure, etc. There are many online sites that provide this information for free. Chemical vendors are 

required to provide SDS information when purchasing chemicals. The safety data sheet should be read and 

understood prior to working with an unfamiliar chemical. Safety Data Sheets are available on NIST CIMS 

(https://nistsafety.nist.gov/CIMS/Product).

In addition, users can review safety data sheets by following the SDS Directory link on the 

NEMO landing page at https://nemo.nist.gov/. This feature requires the use of Internet 

Explorer.

4.8 User Chemical Approval

CNST NanoFab users must obtain approval from the NanoFab Manager prior to ordering chemicals. This 

includes chemicals that may have been approved in the past or are currently being used. Approvals are not 

guaranteed. Requests maybe turned down if the chemical is too hazardous or incompatible with other 

NanoFab laboratory processes, or user chemical storage space reaches limitation.

Users should email a request to the NanoFab manager (nogchemistry@nist.gov) including SDS of the 

chemical, detailed write-up of the processes that highlight how the chemical will be used in the CNST 

NanoFab, chemical volume and how long the chemical will be used in NanoFab.

Users shall wait for approval with instruction. Users shall never order or ship chemicals prior to receiving 

approval.

Users are not allowed to carry chemicals onto NIST campus – this is in violation of Department of 

Transportation (DOT) laws. All chemicals must be shipped to NIST following all DOT laws for hazardous 

shipments.

Once the chemical arrives NanoFab, staff will enter the necessary information into CIMS and place 

appropriate labels.

For external NanoFab users, chemicals are not allowed to leave the NanoFab facility after they are 

approved and shipped. NanoFab will dispose the chemicals after they are no longer needed in the 

NanoFab. Unapproved shipped chemicals will be disposed.
2023-04-05 Page 34 of 70

4.9 HF Solutions

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is very dangerous chemical. Buffered Oxide Etch (BOE) contains HF. Because HF and 

BOE are commonly used in the Cleanroom in various concentrations, a user may become exposed to HF 

even if he or she does not use it. Therefore, every user must be aware of HF safety procedures.

High concentration burns from HF (above 12.5 % concentration) will produce immediate symptoms. Low 

concentration burns may be initially painless.

HF etches glass. Do not use glass dishes for HF. Use Teflon or plastic dishes when working with HF.

How to use HF or BOE

4.9.1 Exposure Controls 

All work All work involving HF or BOE solutions must be done inside an acid fume hood to prevent inhalation 

exposures. Wear proper laboratory attire (pants and closed-toe shoes required under Cleanroom gown), 

and acid PPE.

4.9.2 Safe Handling

Always use Teflon or plastic dishes to prepare HF or BOE solutions. HF and BOE etch glass and must 

never be prepared in a Pyrex or glass containers.

Use small quantities to reduce spill hazards and minimize waste. The amount should be slightly above 

the surface of the substrate.

The container should always be covered and labeled properly.

4.9.3 Pouring Procedure

Always use Teflon or plastic dishes

Carefully pour and measure the solution into a plastic or Teflon beaker.

The amount poured should be slightly above the surface of the substrate.

Cover with a Teflon watch-glass and label the container.

4.9.4 Waste Storage and Disposal

After use, dispose the solution to the NanoFab waste neutralization system.

Do not store waste HF or BOE solutions.

Thoroughly rinse all chemical containers with water and place on the dirty dish cart.

4.9.5 Emergency Procedures

Eye/ Skin Contact:

When exposed to HF or BOE:

Remove all contaminated clothing.

Rinse with copious amounts of water for minimum 15 minutes.

Apply 2.5 % Calcium Gluconate (Calgonate) topical gel, and massage into the affected area.

Calcium Gluconate can be found at each HF processing bench.
2023-04-05 Page 35 of 70

Immediately have someone Call extension 2222 to report the incident.

Visit local hospital.

Spills:

Notify personnel in the area and call x2222. Restrict access.

Small spills (< 30 ml) may be absorbed with wet paper towels. Keep towels wet and collect for 

disposal. Contact a NanoFab staff member for assistance.

Large spills: Immediately call x2222 to report An HF solution spill that is health threatening, or is 

greater than 30 ml.

4.10 Chemical Storage

Chemicals are to be stored in the properly designated areas in the NanoFab cleanroom. Make sure to read 

all the signs in the cleanroom. In-use chemical storage is located underneath the fume hoods. Small volumes 

of solvents are kept in plastic bottles on the counter or underneath fume hoods.

Do not store incompatible substances next to each other. If a user does not know what chemicals are 

incompatible, he or she must contact a Cleanroom staff member before proceeding. Never store a solvent 

next to an acid because acids produce heat from an exothermic reaction. Never store a base next to an acid.

They can react violently causing the substance to splash onto the user. Ammonium hydroxide is stored with 

oxidizers and not with other solvents.

Never store chemicals in storage bin. Always use secondary containment in cabinets, shelves, and other 

storage areas to prevent mixing of leaking or spilled containers. When storing chemical bottles on shelves, 

NIST Safety protocols state they can be no higher than shoulder to eye height. As per the Cleanroom 

building design, the chemical shelves located in the user areas of the Cleanroom (Bays A101-A106 and Bays 

B101-B106) are permanently installed at 1536 mm (60.5 inches). Based on this requirement and the bulk 

chemical cabinet storage design, the safe chemical shelf height has been clearly defined for the CNST 

Cleanroom to be no higher than 1536 mm (60.5 inches) in all user areas and no higher than 65 inches in the 

bulk chemical storage area located in room 215/D106 (outside of the research Cleanroom proper).

4.11 Pregnancy

Users who are pregnant are permitted to use the NanoFab but may want to discuss the situation with the 

NanoFab manager, their personal physician, or with the NIST Health Unit Physician.
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4.12 Chemical Waste Disposal

4.12.1 Non-Chlorinated Solvent Disposal

Non-Chlorinated solvents (acetone, isopropanol, 1165) can be disposed in the general solvent waste 

containers

Each solvent fume hood has a funnel or opening in the deck where general solvent waste can be 

disposed

The labware container shall be then rinsed with water, and the water rinse waste can be disposed down 

the sink drain

Place rinsed dirty labware container on the dirty dish cart

Empty solvent bottles should be capped and placed on the bottom shelf of the dirty dish cart
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4.12.2 Chlorinated Solvent Disposal

Chlorinated solvents (methylene chloride used for PMMA liftoff) cannot be disposed in the general 

solvent waste containers.

Specially labeled “Chlorinated Solvent Waste” bottles are used for disposal of chlorinated solvents.

Special process:

Pour chlorinated solvent from labware container into the chlorinated solvent waste bottle

Rinse with isopropanol with rinse waste going into the chlorinated solvent waste bottle (NOTE: 

this step is necessary because chlorinated solvents do not rinse well from labware containers)

The labware container shall be then rinsed with water, and the water rinse waster can be 

disposed down the sink drain

Place rinsed dirty labware container on the dirty dish cart

Empty bottles should be capped and placed on the bottom shelf of the dirty dish cart
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4.12.3 Acid and Base Disposal

Signs are posted above the sinks where acids and caustics may be dumped. Most acid and base solutions 

should be drained in the acid deck. There are many acids and caustics that can be poured directly down 

the drain. However, this is not the case for all of them. If you are unsure of a certain chemical, be safe 

and ask the NanoFab staff.

Most acid, corrosive and etchant can be poured down the drain in quantities less than 750 milliliters.

However, there are exceptions. The acids and caustics that must be collected are posted at the acid 

hoods and include Titanium Etch, Nickel Etch, Gold Etch, Silver Etch, Chrome Etch, EKC 265 and organic 

acids such as Acetic Acid, SECCO Etch, Succinic Acid and Chromium etchant. Acid, corrosive and etchant 

waste not approved for disposal down the drain should be collected in a rinsed waster container and 

properly labeled. If you are not sure, ask the NanoFab staff.

Users may aspirate acid baths as needed.

After disposing of your chemical waste, rinse out your dishes in the lab sink and place them on the top 

shelf of the dirty dish cart.

Empty bottles should be capped and placed on the bottom shelf of the dirty dish cart.
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4.12.4 TMAH Disposal

TMAH based developer waster is collected in containers located on the developer benchtop.

After disposing of your chemical waste, rinse out your dishes in the lab sink and place them on the top 

shelf of the dirty dish cart.

Empty bottles should be capped and placed on the bottom shelf of the dirty dish cart.

4.12.5 Liquid Waste Disposal Summary

A detailed list of chemicals and how they should be disposed of is listed in table below.
2023-04-05 Page 40 of 70

Chemical Waste Disposal Information Chart

Chemicals Contents Category Disposal

Acetic acid solutions C2H4O2 Other Chemical Solutions Collect

SECCO ETCHANT HF, CHROMIC ACID Other Chemical Solutions Collect

Succinic acid

butanedioic acid; historically known 

as spirit of amber) is a dicarboxylic 

acid

Other Chemical Solutions Collect

Chromium etchant type 

1020

Ceric Ammonium Nitrate, Nitric Other Chemical Solutions Collect

TMAH solutions

Tetramethylammonium hydroxide

solution (25%) TMAH Solutions Collect

Gold etchant type TFA (KI 

etch)

Iodine Complex, Potassium Iodide Potassium Iodide Solutions Collect

Silver etchant type TFS Iodine Complex, Potassium Iodide Potassium Iodide Solutions Collect

Hydrochloric acid HCL Hydrochloric Acid Solutions Neutralizer Drain

Hydrofluoric acid HF (49%) Hydrofluoric acid Solutions Neutralizer Drain

Buffered Oxide etches HF and ammonium fluoride Hydrofluoric acid Solutions Neutralizer Drain

Hydrogen peroxide H2O2 Hydrogen peroxide 

Solutions

Neutralizer Drain

Nitric acid solutions HNO3 Nitric acid Solutions Neutralizer Drain

Ammonium fluoride NH4F Other Chemical Solutions Neutralizer Drain

APS copper etchant 100 Ammonium Persulfate Other Chemical Solutions Neutralizer Drain

Ammonium Hydroxide 

solutions

NH4OH Ammonium Hydroxide 

Solutions

Neutralizer Drain

Citric acid solutions C6H8O7 Other Chemical Solutions Neutralizer Drain

Copper etchant type 

CE100

Ferric Chloride, Hydrogen Chloride Other Chemical Solutions Neutralizer Drain

Hydrobromic acid HBr Other Chemical Solutions Neutralizer Drain

Silicic acid solutions SiOx(OH)4-2x Other Chemical Solutions Neutralizer Drain

Tin etchant TE-100 Ferric Chloride, Hydrogen Chloride Other Chemical Solutions Neutralizer Drain

Aluminum etch 16-1-1-2 80% PHOSPHORIC ACID, Nitric, Acetic Phosphoric acid Solutions Neutralizer Drain

Aluminum etchant type A 80% PHOSPHORIC ACID, Nitric, Acetic Phosphoric acid Solutions Neutralizer Drain

Aluminum etchant type D

Phosphoric Acid, Sodium-M- Nitrobenzene Sulfonate, acetic Phosphoric acid Solutions Neutralizer Drain

PAE Etchant (Phosphoric 

Acid Etch)

PHOSPHORIC ACID Phosphoric acid Solutions Neutralizer Drain

Phosphoric acid H3PO4 Phosphoric acid Solutions Neutralizer Drain

Potassium Hydroxide 

solutions etch

KOH Potassium Hydroxide 

Solutions

Neutralizer Drain

GE8148- gold etchant

Iodine Complex, Potassium 

Iodide, Ammonium Phosphate 

Dibasic

Potassium Iodide Solutions Collect

Sulfuric acid solutions H2SO4 Sulfuric acid Solutions Neutralizer Drain

Non-Chlorinated Solvents All Non-Chlorinated Solvents

Solvent Waste

Funnel

Chlorinated Solvents All Chlorinated Solvents Collect
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4.12.6 Solid Waste Disposal

Solid solvent waste – solid waste contaminated with solvents must be thrown away in the red waste 

cans.

Solid acid/base waste – solid waste contaminated with acids or bases must be thoroughly rinsed with DI 

water, wrung out, and thrown away in the regular trash receptacles.

Sharps waste such as broken glass or broken silicon wafers must be thrown away in a red sharps 

container.

Empty chemical bottles – cap empty chemical bottle and place on the bottom shelf of the dirty dish cart 

for disposal by the NanoFab staff.

If you are unsure, ask a staff member.
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4.12.7 Chemical waste storage bottles

Some chemical waste generated in the Cleanroom must be stored in a properly labeled container (see 

appendix for proper labeling) and placed in the designated storage areas under the fume hoods and or in 

the labeled pass-throughs. Contact a Cleanroom staff member when the waste storage areas are full so the 

waste may be properly disposed of.

The chemical waste bottle(s) will be placed in compatible chemical cabinets at the Waste Satellite 

Accumulation Area in the disposal/receiving room 215/D107. The Cleanroom staff will fill out an online

Waste Pickup Request Form at https://nistsafety.nist.gov/CWP/PickupRequest/ to have the waste chemicals 

retrieved for disposal.

4.12.8 Accidental mixing of incompatible chemicals

If two chemicals that shouldn’t be mixed are accidentally mixed:

If chlorinated and non-chlorinated solvents are mixed, notify NanoFab staff. There is no compatibility

issue but the entire container must be disposed as chlorinated solvent.

If acids and solvents are mixed

Leave the cap off the bottle if it’s been capped for less than one minute. Otherwise, leave the 

cap on. 

Close the sash on the hood and evacuate the bay 

Immediately notify the NanoFab staff

If NanoFab staff is not available, call extension 2222.

4.13 Pyrophoric Liquid and Organometallic Safety (Staff only)

The atomic layer deposition system uses organometallic precursors that are pyrophoric liquids. A Pyrophoric

material can spontaneously ignite in air. Many pyrophoric materials are also water reactive, reacting 

vigorously with water or high humidity, often igniting upon contact. The utmost care must be given to these 

products during receiving, storing, and use. This chapter highlights the safety issues related to the use of 

pyrophoric materials.

Examples of liquid pyrophoric and organometallic materials currently in use in the NanoFab include 

Trimethylaluminum, (Trimethyl) Methylcyclopentadienyl platinum(IV), Bis(tert-Butylamino) silane, and 

Tetrakis (ethylmethylamino) hafnium.

These highly reactive substances are quite useful in the synthesis of organic chemicals, but special training is 

required to store and handle these materials safely. Most typically, pyrophoric materials are manipulated in 

an inert (nonreactive) atmosphere of nitrogen or argon using specialized glassware.

Fires involving pyrophoric materials generally require a Class D fire extinguisher. CNST is equipped with 

sodium chloride powder extinguishers. Be absolutely sure the proper extinguisher is available before 

attempting to handle any pyrophoric material. For example, using a carbon dioxide extinguisher on an 

alkylmagnesium fire would actually cause the fire to burn more intensely!
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4.13.1 Hazard Risk Assessment for Pyrophoric and Organometallic Materials

Major hazard of using pyrophoric and organometallic materials is fire or explosion; which can be 

spontaneous.

The materials are typically toxic, with an NFPA 704 health rating of 3.

Most of organometallic materials are corrosive and extremely water reactive.

4.13.2 General Handling Procedures for Pyrophoric and Organometallic Materials

Pyrophoric materials should only be used or handled by those with explicit training in their hazards, 

properties and use.

Before working with pyrophoric materials, be sure to remove all unused equipment and flammable 

materials from the area (including waste containers, solvent squirt bottles, etc.)

Ensure that a Class D extinguisher is immediately available. These are located in the class 1000 hallway 

surrounding the Cleanroom bays and in the service chase next to bay A106.

Never work alone with pyrophoric materials.

Always use proper personal protective equipment (PPE), including safety goggles, face shields, inert 

glove box, aluminized lab coats, and aprons. The use of Nomex® pilot's gloves is recommended for the 

handling of pyrophoric materials; these are manufactured by Sperian (Bacou Dalloz) and are sold 

commercially through several vendors. These are not fireproof, but are a good compromise between 

dexterity and (limited) flame resistance.

In addition, when using pyrophoric materials, know the location of the nearest safety shower(s) and 

emergency telephone.

Such operations should be carried out in an inert atmosphere glove box or fume hood.

Again, never work with pyrophoric materials alone.
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4.13.3 Atomic Layer Deposition Precursor Chemical Hazard Summary Table

ALD Precursor Safety Information Spreadsheet

Chemical Name Trimethylaluminum 

(Trimethyl) 

Methylcyclopentadienyl 

platinum(IV)

Bis(tert-Butylamino) 

silane

Tetrakis 

(ethylmethylamino) 

hafnium

MSDS Name TMA MeCpPtMe3 BTBAS TEMAH

NFPA Hazard Ratings H=3, F=4, R=3 Special=W H=4, F=2, R=0 Special=W H=3, F=3, R=2 

Special=W

H=3, F=2, R=2 

Special=W

Chemical Family Aluminum alkyls Metal Organic Organosilane Metal amide 

complex

Pyrophoric yes no no no

Water Reactive yes, violently yes yes, violently yes

Flammable yes, extremely no yes, highly yes

Extinguishing Media Dry powder, vermiculite, 

soda ash, dry sand, or lime.

Water spray, alcoholresistant foam, dry chemical 

or carbon dioxide

CO2, dry chemical or 

foam

Dry chemical 

powder

Corrosive yes yes yes yes

Handling/Storage

Under inert atmosphere in 

N2 or Ar containing less than 

10 ppm O2, within a glove 

box. Avoid static discharge. 

During sampling, 

disconnecting lines or 

opening connections, an 

aluminized suit should be 

worn.

Avoid contact with skin and 

eyes. Avoid formation of dust 

and aerosols.

Provide appropriate exhaust 

ventilation at places where 

dust is formed.

Keep container tightly closed 

in a dry and well-ventilated 

place.

Air sensitive. Handle and 

store under inert gas.

Under inert 

atmosphere in N2 or 

Ar. Store and use in 

a closed system or 

glove box.

Keep away from 

acids, alcohol, 

oxidizing agents, 

flammables, and 

strong bases. Store 

in dry area under 

inert atmosphere 

and away from 

direct sunlight.

Personal Protective 

Equipment (PPE)

Use in dry glove box, 

suitable gloves, safety 

glasses, aluminized suit, 

ventilation and/or 

respirator.

Use a full-face supplied air 

respirator. Handle with 

gloves. Face shield and safety 

glasses. Complete suit 

protecting against chemicals,

Use in glove box, 

rubber gloves, 

safety glasses.

Use in glove box, 

rubber gloves, 

safety glasses.

Incompatible Materials 

(materials to avoid)

Air, water, moisture and 

oxidizers. Air, water and moisture

Water, alcohols, 

acids, halogens or 

strong oxidizers.

Water, air, alcohol, 

acids, strong bases

4.14 Piranha Solution

Piranha solutions are a mixture of sulfuric acid with hydrogen peroxide in a ratio of 3:1 (H2SO4:H2O2). Piranha 

solutions are used to remove trace amounts of organic residue from the substrate’s surface. When mixed, 
2023-04-05 Page 45 of 70

the exothermic reaction produces heat in excess of 100 °C. Nano-Strip is a safer alternative to Piranha 

solution and should be used if possible.

4.14.1 Exposure Controls 

All work All work involving piranha solution must be done inside an acid fume hood to prevent inhalation 

exposures. Wear proper laboratory attire (pants and closed-toe shoes required under Cleanroom gown), 

and acid PPE.

4.14.2 Safe Handling

Piranha solutions should always be prepared in a Pyrex or glass container.

Use a ratio of 3:1 sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Higher concentrations of hydrogen 

peroxide are not allowed.

Mixing order is critical. Always add the hydrogen peroxide to the sulfuric acid.

Use small quantities to reduce spill hazards and minimize waster. The amount should be slightly above 

the surface of the substrate.

The piranha container should always be covered and labeled properly.

4.14.3 Mixing Procedure

Carefully pour and measure the sulfuric acid into a beaker.

Carefully pour and measure the hydrogen peroxide into a separate beaker.

First, add the sulfuric acid to an empty glass container.

Then, slowly pour the hydrogen peroxide to the same container.

Cover and label the container.

4.14.4 Waste Storage and Disposal

After use, allow the solution to cool for 10 minutes before disposing the solution to the NanoFab waste 

neutralization system.

Do not store waste piranha solution.

Thoroughly rinse all chemical containers with water and place on the dirty dish cart.

4.14.5 Emergency Procedures

Eye/ Skin Contact:

Flush contamination from eyes/skin using the nearest emergency eyewash or safety/shower for 

a minimum of 15 min. If one eye is affected, be careful not to flush contaminated water into the 

other eye.

Remove any contaminated clothing.

If medical attention is required, immediately call x2222 from any NIST phone.

Notify the exposed person’s supervisor or NIST host as soon as possible.

Spills:
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Notify personnel in the area and call x2222. Restrict access and eliminate all sources of ignition.

Small spills (< 30 ml) may be absorbed with wet paper towels. Keep towels wet and collect for 

disposal. Contact a NanoFab staff member for assistance.

Large spills: Immediately call x2222 to report a piranha solution spill that is health threatening, 

or is greater than 30 ml.

4.15 Chemicals and Gases Used at the NIST CNST Cleanroom

The chemical Inventory is listed in CIMS (available from inside NIST only). The dangers of each chemical are

summarized in the CIMS system.

In addition, users can review safety data sheets by following the SDS Directory link on the NEMO landing page 

at https://nemo.nist.gov/. This feature requires the use of Internet Explorer.
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5 Gas Safety (NanoFab staff only)

This section contains information on safety of gasses used in the NanoFab; however note that gas cylinder 

operations are to be performed exclusively by NanoFab staff members.

5.1 Compressed Gas Delivery Emergency Response Program 

This program is in place in case of a catastrophic release of any Hazardous Process Materials (HPM) upon 

delivery. This program is the responsibility of the NIST Fire Protection Group. If there is a compressed gas 

delivery accidental gas release, leave the local area and contact x2222 (HAZMAT) to report the incident and 

location.

5.2 Compressed Gas Safety Data Sheets

The compressed gas inventory is listed in CIMS (available from inside NIST only). The dangers of each gas are

summarized in the CIMS system.

In addition, users can review safety data sheets by following the SDS Directory link on the NEMO landing page 

at https://nemo.nist.gov/. This feature requires the use of Internet Explorer.
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5.3 Hazardous and Non-Hazardous Gases Used

The following compressed gases are used in the Cleanroom:
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5.4 Cylinder Leak Check

Process gas cylinders should be checked for leaks before receiving delivery. This check is typically done by 

the delivery company before loading the truck and again on-site before making the gas delivery.

5.5 Toxic Gas Cylinder Change-out

Toxic (and pyrophoric) gas cylinder change-out is a two-person operation. Both individuals are required to 

be properly trained (see section 4.4.2) and must wear SCBA equipment during the change-out. The hallways 

leading to the sub-fab area must be barricaded until the cylinder is installed. A call to the NIST Fire 

Protection Group must be placed, providing the information that a toxic gas cylinder change-out is in 

progress. A return call must be placed after the installation is completed.

5.6 SCBA Program

The requirements for using a Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) at NIST are a medical exam, fit test, 

and usage training. This is coordinated by the NanoFab Safety Officer in conjunction with the NIST Medical 

Unit, NIST Fire Protection Group and with the NIST Safety Office. The certification is good for two years.

5.7 Highly Toxic Gases Used

The Cleanroom has gases that are considered highly toxic; examples of toxic gases are boron trichloride 

(BCl3) and chlorine (Cl2). These gases are used in the metal etching systems in room 215/B105. If chlorine 

odors are detected, evacuate the Cleanroom and contact a NanoFab staff member. If a staff member is not 

immediately available, call the HAZMAT Team at x2222, and report the odor.

Remember, when in doubt, GET OUT!

5.8 Toxic Gas Handling and Usage

Proper handling and training are required when using toxic gases. All gas cylinders are to be transported 

using an approved cylinder truck with attachable chain. Gas bottle hook-up must be done with two people 

and a Scott Pack SCBA if toxic gases are used. All gases are to be handled by trained and certified Cleanroom

staff members only. Users are not authorized to access the gas cabinets located in the sub-fab.

When opening a cylinder of process gas, just open the valve enough to get the gas pressure up, but do not 

crank the valve all the way open. When the valve is cranked wide open, it can be mistaken for a closed 

valve. Place appropriate signs for charged process gas lines inside the cabinets so that it is visible from the 

closed-door position.
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6 Nanoparticle Material Safety

6.1 Overview

Nanoparticles are defined as materials that have diameters on the order of 100 nm or less. Special 

handling of nanoparticles is required in the NanoFab as described below.

6.1.1 Current Status of Nanoparticle Safety

Potential health risks associated with exposure to nanoparticles are not well known, with 

considerable research ongoing. Because many health and safety issues involving nanoparticles are 

not yet fully understood, the NanoFab handles such materials carefully. Three routes of entry into 

the body—inhalation, ingestion, and dermal penetration—are likely to be of primary significance 

and should be kept in mind.

6.1.2 Proper Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

Lab coats (elastic at wrists)

Gloves (longer ones to cover the wrists)

Breathing masks/respirators (suggested N95)

Glasses/goggles

Proper use of hoods

6.1.3 Nanoparticle Confinement

All nanoparticle handling and reactions will be confined in order to minimize possible 

“contamination” in the designated nano-enclosure in 216/G101. All nanoparticles in the powder 

state must be handled in this nano-enclosure. A closed container must be used when transporting 

loose nanoparticles or nanoparticles in a solvent from room to room.

Nanoparticle users must clean the nano-enclosure after completing their work as other researchers 

will be sharing many spaces within NanoFab laboratories. In addition, nanoparticle users must 

inform other researchers working in the laboratory of their nanoparticle handling to reduce 

potential exposure.

6.1.4 Proper personal protective equipment (PPE)

Depending on the nanoparticle type and the quantity used, proper gloves and lab coats should also 

be used (remove gloves and lab coats when leaving the lab).

All work done in G101 must be approved by the lab owner and/or the NanoFab Manager. Use of 

the nano-enclosure requires training, including review of the NanoFab Nanoparticle Handling 

Policy. The nano-enclosure must be reserved through NEMO. Nanoparticles on the preapproved list 

are allowed in the nano-enclosure; those not on the preapproved nanoparticle list must be 

approved by the NanoFab Manager. Nano-enclosure use will be tracked by a log sheet adjacent to 

the hood.
2023-04-05 Page 51 of 70

Preapproved List of Nanoparticles

Nanoparticle HMIS rating

Carbon nanotubes 2 0 0 

Au 0 0 0 

Ag 0 0 1 

Al 1 0 0 

Fe 1 2 2 

CdSe 2 3 0 

Latex 0 0 0

6.2 Nanoparticle Safety Committee

The details of the Nanoparticle Safety Committee and the Nanotechnology Safety Policy are 

available through the Dispersible Engineered Nanomaterials (DEMS) program available from inside 

NIST only at https://nistsafety.nist.gov/Programs/Programs/ViewRequirements/11/157
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7 Emergency Services

7.1 Fire Response

At NIST the emergency phone number for a fire in the lab or building is x2222.

7.2 Chemical Spills

Chemical spills at NIST can be reported to the Fire department at x2222. Be prepared to provide all pertinent 

information to the Fire Department such as what, where, and how much was spilled.

7.3 Medical Emergencies

Medical emergencies such as chemical burns, inhalation injuries, falls, heart attacks, etc. require one to 

contact the NIST Fire Protection Group at x2222.
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8 Contacts

8.1 Staff Directory

A listing of all NanoFab staff can be found on the CNST NanoFab website at:

https://www.nist.gov/cnst/staff-directory

In addition, a staff directory is available on NEMO by following the Contact the NanoFab staff 

link on the NEMO landing page.
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9 NIST Policy on Chemical Container Labeling (NanoFab Staff Only)

9.1 Introduction

Chemical labeling is a major part of the NIST Hazard Communication (HazCom) Program (NIST S7101.59).

The HazCom program ensures that all NIST staff are aware of the chemical hazards that they may encounter 

in their work place. Proper labeling of chemicals provides immediate access to hazard information. NIST has 

adopted the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) Hazard Identification System for labeling chemicals.

The NFPA system is most easily recognized by its diamond shape. It is widely used both in industry and 

government for hazard communication. The NFPA Hazard Identification System is described in detail in 

Table 1.

9.2 NFPA 704 Warning Ratings 

This includes chemicals used in laboratories, work areas, and storage areas. The following materials need to 

be labeled:

Chemicals in all forms (liquids, gases, and solids) and conditions (new, old, excess, diluted, used, 

mixtures, spent, waste, synthesized, samples, etc.).

The following items do not need to be labeled:

Process vessels and reactors that have readily accessible alternate written documentation.

Working solutions prepared in a laboratory that are under control of the researcher and are used and 

disposed of in one working day.

Small quantities (such as those found in ordinary households) of properly labeled consumer products 

such as paints, detergents, hand cleaning agents, bathroom cleaners, window cleaners video-monitor 

screen cleaners, plant fertilizers, insecticides, furniture polish, etc. The vendor's label is adequate.

Containers of chemicals (other than hazardous wastes) that have been prepared for shipment off NIST 

grounds. These containers must meet the labeling requirements of the transportation regulations and 

the carrier. Contact the NIST or NOAA Shipping and Receiving Office for assistance.
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NFPA SYMBOL COLOR CODE 

Blue indicates health hazard.

Red indicates flammability hazard

Yellow indicates reactivity hazard

White represents other hazards such as if a chemical 

reacts violently with water ( ) or is an oxidizer ( 

).

NUMERICAL RATING

0 = no or minimal hazard 

1 = slight hazard

2 = moderate hazard

3 = serious hazard

4 = extreme hazard

Table 1, National Fire Protection Association Hazard Identification System

Blue/Health

4. Very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury.

3. Short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury

2. Intense or continued but not chronic exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or possible residual injury

1. Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury.

0. Exposure under fire conditions would offer no hazard beyond that of ordinary combustible material.

Red/Flammability

4. Will rapidly or completely vaporize at normal atmospheric pressure and temperature, or that are readily dispersed in air and 

will burn readily.

3. Liquids and solids that can be ignited under almost all ambient temperature conditions.

2. Must be moderately heated or exposed to relatively high ambient temperature before ignition can occur.
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1. Must be pre-heated before ignition can occur.

0. Will not burn.

Yellow/Reactivity

4. Readily capable of detonation or explosive decomposition at normal temperatures and pressures.

3. Capable of detonation or explosive decomposition but requires a strong initiating source, must be heated under confinement 

before initiation, or reacts explosively with water.

2. Undergoes violent chemical change at elevated temperatures and pressures, reacts violently with water, or may form 

explosive mixtures with water

1. Normally stable, but can become unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures.

0. Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water)

White/Special 

The white "special notice" area can contain several symbols: 'W' - reacts with water in an unusual or dangerous manner; 'OX' -

oxidizer; "BIO' - Biohazardous; The radioactive trefoil ( ) - is radioactive; 'COR' - corrosive; strong acid or base 'ACID' and 

'ALK' to be more specific. Note: Only 'W' and 'OX' are officially part of the NFPA 704 standard, but other selfexplanatory symbols are occasionally used in an unofficial manner.

9.3 Obtaining NFPA Hazard Ratings

The NFPA numerical hazard ratings for chemicals can be found at the following sources:

On most Safety Data Sheets (SDSs), or

At ChemWatch - https://jr.chemwatch.net/chemwatch.web/home, or 

At PubChem - https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/

If you cannot find the numerical ratings for a chemical using one of the above methods, contact the 

Office of Safety, Health, and Environment (OSHE) at x5375, option #3

If contradictions are found between two sources of hazard ratings, in general, the higher rating will be 

assumed to apply. Contact the Safety Office to resolve any significant discrepancies.

9.4 Procedures

All chemicals that are used or stored at NIST must be labeled with a CIMS label.

9.5 Specific Chemical Labeling Instructions 

9.5.1 Newly Acquired Chemicals 

Chemicals labeled properly by the manufacture will require a CIMS label.

The manufacture’s label should not be removed.

Compressed gas cylinders should have a CIMS label placed on each of them.

9.5.2 Chemicals Prepared in the Lab

Chemicals synthesized, mixed, or transferred from one container to another in a NIST lab (working 

solutions) shall have a label containing the chemical name, date, owner name, supervisor name, and 

contact information.
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9.5.3 Chemicals with Unknown Hazards 

If you have a chemical for which the hazards cannot be determined, contact the Office of Safety, Health, 

and Environment (OSHE) at x5375, option #3.

9.5.4 Biohazards and Radioactive Material 

Labeling and handling precautions for Radioactive Materials shall be coordinated with the NIST Health 

Physics Group, at x5800 in Gaithersburg or x7285 in Boulder. Labeling and handling of biohazards shall 

be coordinated with a NIST Industrial Hygienist at x5821 in Gaithersburg or x7389 in Boulder.

9.5.5 Chemicals Requiring Special Labeling 

Chemicals that are known or suspected carcinogen must be labeled to indicate the cancer hazard. The 

word "CARCINOGEN" should be written on the NIST Chemical Label or on a separate label with a white 

background. The carcinogen labels must not obscure any other label information.

Peroxidizable compounds must be labeled and monitored for their safe. Lab workers and supervisors 

shall devise their own monitoring system (as needed) to comply with the special requirements of HSI 6.

Peroxidizable compounds shall have the following information included on the chemical label: 

The term "Peroxide Forming Compound."

The date of acquisition, date when first opened, and the discard date which must be no 

later than 3 months after date when first opened.

9.5.6 Chemical Waste Labeling

Chemical waste containers shall be identified with a NIST Chemical Waste Label and be prepared for 

disposal using Hazardous Chemical Waste Disposal procedures. NIST Chemical Waste Labels are 

available in the NIST Storeroom or from the Safety Office at x5375, option #3.

9.5.7 Other Hazard Rating Systems

There are a number of other systems that also use numerical hazard ratings. While the systems 

described below are not identical to the NFPA, for NIST’s purposes, they can be used in the same way as 

the NFPA hazard ratings. If a manufacturer’s labels its product using Baker/Mallinckrodt’ Saf-T-Data 

System or the National Paint and Coating Association’s Hazardous Material Identification System (HMIS), 

transferring the number from any of those systems to a NIST label is acceptable.
2023-04-05 Page 58 of 70

9.6 Acquiring Chemical Labels 

Pre-printed (hardcopy) labels are available in the NIST Storeroom. These labels shall be filled in using a 

permanent pen or marker.

Electronic files for each type of chemical label are available on the NIST Internal Website at "Online Forms" 

(http://inet.nist.gov/forms/nist-forms.cfm). Information can be filled in to these labels prior to printing. The 

electronic files can be printed on blank commercial label material available in the NIST Storeroom. LABELS 

MUST BE PRINTED ON A COLOR PRINTER, PREFERABLY A COLOR LASER PRINTER. If there is a concern with 

running ink, you can place transparent tape over the label.

Labels produced by chemical inventory software (e.g. CIMS), that include equivalent information, are 

acceptable.

9.7 References

National Fire Protection Association, "NFPA 704, Standard System for the Identification of Hazardous Materials for 

Emergency Response," 2007 Edition.

Occupational Safety and Health Administration, 1910.1450, "Occupational exposure to hazardous chemicals in 

laboratories," 2009.

9.8 Definitions and Acronyms

ACGIH - American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

CERCLA - Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (Superfund): implemented by the 

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

CFR - U.S. Code of Federal Regulations.

EPA - U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.

HSI - Health and Safety Instruction, issued by the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Division of the NIST, U.S.

Department of Commerce. Note: HSIs will be used to update and replace all SPGs (Safety Program Guides) previously 

issued by the NIST. "HSI" and "SPG" will be used interchangeably until all SPGs have been replaced.

LC50 - The Median Lethal Concentration of a substance, administered by continuous inhalation in a prescribed manner 

for a given period of time, that is most likely to kill 50% of a group of animals within a specified time under test 

conditions.

LD50 - The Median Lethal Dose of a substance, administered orally or by continuous contact in a prescribed manner for 

a given period of time, that is most likely to kill 50% of a group of animals within a specified time under test conditions.

MASC - Mountain Administrative Support Center, U.S. Department of Commerce.

MSDS - Material Safety Data Sheet.

NIST - National Institute of Standards and Technology, U.S. Department of Commerce.

NFPA - National Fire Protection Association.

OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration, U.S. Department of Labor.

PEL - The Permissible Exposure Limits established by OSHA, specifying allowable concentrations of air contaminants in 

the work environment. PELs may be given as a person's average exposure--a Time Weighted Average (TWA)--to 

airborne contaminants in any 8-hour work shift of a 40-hour workweek, or as ceiling values that are not to be 
2023-04-05 Page 59 of 70

exceeded. PELs are expressed as ppm (by volume) of vapor or gas in air, or as mg of chemical substance per cubic 

meter of air. Standards are given in 29CFR1910.1000, Subpart Z.

PLNR - PRECAUTIONARY LABELING NOT REQUIRED: signal words on the green NIST label.

SCF - Standard Cubic Feet, the volume occupied by a gas at 1-atmosphere pressure and 21.1°C (70°F).

TLV - The Threshold Limit Values established by the ACGIH, recommending allowable concentrations of airborne 

contaminants for avoidance of adverse health effects. TLVs may be given as a Time Weighted Average (TWA) 

concentration for a normal 8-hour workday and a 40-hour workweek, as a Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) which is 

the maximum 15-minute TWA concentration allowed, or as a ceiling concentration that should not be exceeded during 

a workshift. TLVs are expressed in the same units as PELs. TLVs are listed in the ACGIH booklet entitled "Threshold Limit 

Values and Biological Exposure Indices," Cincinnati, Ohio (updated annually).

9.9 Container Capacity Limitations* for Flammable and Combustible Liquids Stored 

in the Lab.

CONTAINER MATERIAL

Glass or Approved Plastic Metal** Safety Cans

Flammable Liquids

Class IA 0.47l (1 pint)† 3.79l (1 gallon) 7.57l (2 gallons)

Class IB 0.95l (1 quart)† 18.93l (5 gallons) 18.93l (5 gallons)

Class IC 3.79l (1 gallon) 18.93l (5 gallons) 18.93l (5 gallons)

Combustible Liquids

Class II 3.79l (1 gallon) 18.93l (5 gallons) 18.93l (5 gallons)

Class III 3.79l (1 gallon) 18.93l (5 gallons) 18.93l (5 gallons)

* Limitations apply to new, excess, used, or waste liquids.

** Excludes DoT metal drums.

† The use of larger glass or plastic containers requires an exemption from the NIST/MASC Safety Office and 

must meet OSHA 29CFR1910.106 requirements. If the use of larger glass containers [up to 3.79l (1 gallon)] is 

permitted, they must be stored in approved carriers or containers capable of holding the contents of the 

glass container.

9.9.1 Definitions 

Flammable Liquid: A Class I liquid having a flash point below 37.8 °C (100 °F) and a vapor pressure not 

exceeding 276 kPa (40 psia) at 37.8 °C (100 °F).

Class 1A liquids have flash points below 22.8 °C (73 °F) and boiling points below 37.8 °C (100 °F).

Class 1B liquids have flash points below 22.8 °C (73 °F) and boiling points at or above 37.8 °C 
2023-04-05 Page 60 of 70

(100 °F).

Class 1C liquids have flash points at or above 22.8 °C (73 °F) and below 37.8 °C (100 °F).

Combustible Liquid: A liquid having a flash point at or above 37.8 °C (100 °F).

Class II liquids have flash points at or above 37.8 °C (100 °F) and below 60 °C (140 °F).

Class IIIA liquids have flash points at or above 60 °C (140 °F) and below 93.4 °C (200 °F).

Class IIIB liquids have flash points at or above 93.4 °C (200 °F).

Flash Point: The minimum temperature at which a liquid within a test vessel gives off vapor in sufficient 

concentration to form an ignitable mixture with air near the surface of the liquid, as determined by 

appropriate ASTM test procedures and apparatus.

9.9.2 Source

Adapted from NFPA Code 45 (August 1991) and OSHA 29CFR1910.106 (July 1991).
2023-04-05 Page 61 of 70

10 Compressed Gas Cylinders (NanoFab Staff Only)

10.1 Introduction

The compressed gas cylinder safety policy and procedures adheres to the guidelines provided by NIST 

S7101.61 Compressed Gas Cylinder Safety Policy and Procedures.

Using compressed gas cylinders in laboratories presents many problems not generally encountered in 

industrial use. These problems include the variety of flammable, toxic and radioactive materials and 

special mixtures with properties that are frequently unfamiliar to the researcher. The tendency of 

laboratory personnel is to modify, adapt, and repair cylinder valves and regulators themselves, rather 

than to leave such work to the supplier or specially trained personnel. Incorporating a cylinder into an 

experimental apparatus so that foreign materials can enter the cylinder or so that the cylinder or

systems may be subjected to extreme pressures is an extremely hazardous practice that unfortunately 

has been fairly common in some research laboratories.

Compressed gas cylinders can be safely used in laboratories if the NFPA codes and following general 

rules (as published in the CRC Handbook of Laboratory Safety) are complied with completely during 

cylinder receiving operations, storage, transportation to the laboratory or other use point, usage and 

return of empty cylinders.

10.2 Lecture bottles

Using cylinders other than lecture bottles is encouraged. Many suppliers will no longer accept lecture 

bottles for return and NIST must pay a high cost to dispose of them.

If you must use a lecture bottle, check with the suppliers and use one who will allow you to return it.

Even though the returnable lecture bottle may cost more, not having to pay the disposal cost will offset 

the high purchase cost.

10.3 General Rules

Know the Gas and its Properties: Researchers should know the properties and hazards of the gases they 

are going to use. Knowledge of the gases properties is essential to laboratory operations due to the 

unusual uses to which gases may be put, as well as the uncommon gases or special gas mixtures used.

Not only should the flammability, corrosiveness or oxidation potential be known but also the 

physiological properties must be kept in mind--such as toxic, anesthetic, or irritating qualities. Two 

examples are carbon monoxide, which is both toxic and flammable, and hydrogen sulfide, which is toxic 

and has the ability to desensitize the sense of smell. A copy of the gases’ Safety Data Sheet (SDS) should 

be available for review by the researchers and emergency services personnel.

Labeling Cylinders/ Cylinders with Unknown Contents: All compressed gases cylinders and liquefied gas 

containers are to be appropriately labeled and recorded in CIMS. More specifically, compressed gas 

cylinders and liquefied gas containers must bear some legible marking, tag or label to clearly indicate 

their contents (e.g., hydrogen, fluorine, propane, etc.). Do not remove this identification marking from 

empty cylinders as this might present a hazard to the supplier. Also, do not rely on color codes for 

cylinder content identification as this varies from supplier to supplier, and many persons are color blind.
2023-04-05 Page 62 of 70

10.4 Toxic Gases

What are Toxic Gases? Toxic gases are those with an NFPA 7041[1] Health Hazard Rating 3 or 4 or having 

a Health Hazard Rating of 2 with no physiological warning properties.

Storing Toxic Gases: When new storage areas are designed or existing ones are renovated, toxic gases 

must be stored in continuously mechanically ventilated gas cabinets. Toxic gases with a Health Hazard 

Rating of 4 will require a gas detection system.

Using Toxic Gases: When renovating or making major modification to a lab that uses or will use a toxic 

gas, the cylinders must be stored in a continuously mechanically ventilated hood or gas cabinet. No 

more than three (3) of these cylinders may be stored in a hood or gas cabinet.

10.5 Cylinder Storage and Use

Store Cylinders Appropriately: Store and use cylinders in ventilated areas away from heat and ignition 

sources. Segregate flammable gases from other gases, particularly oxygen. Limit the quantity stored in 

one location. Cylinders containing gases under high pressure could very quickly render an area unsafe if 

the large volume of gas should be released. Most cylinders, except those in toxic gas service, are 

equipped with safety relief devices of the rupture disk or spring-loaded type. The rupture disc type 

pressure-relief devices may function prematurely if cylinders are heated to a temperature in excess of 

52 °C (125 °F) and release the entire content of the cylinders. Also, cylinders containing low vapor 

pressure liquids could become liquid filled at elevated pressures and burst. If a cylinder must be heated, 

this should be done in a very well thermostated water bath heated to no more than 52 °C (125 °F).

However, this is a hazardous procedure at best, and should be avoided, especially with full cylinders.

Securely Fasten Cylinders: Whether in use or being stored, all cylinders must be securely fastened. If a 

cylinder should fall or rolls off a bench, the regulator or valve might break off and release a large 

quantity of gas. This may cause the cylinder to pinwheel, which can injure employees or damage 

equipment. Another danger is that the valve could shear off and the cylinder might "rocket" like a 

projectile due to the sudden release of pressure. The storeroom stocks supports (clamps) available for 

securing cylinders to a bench, a wall, etc. Where cylinders must stand away from a wall or bench, 

cylinder stands for large (6" to 9 1/4"diameter cylinders), small (4" to 6" diameter cylinders) and lecture 

bottle (2" diameter) are commercially available. Although there are innumerable commercial holders, 

stands, etc., available for supporting cylinders, a length of chain, cable or rope can also be used to 

secure a cylinder to a work bench or other fixed object. The main consideration is that cylinders must be 

adequately secured.

Keep Caps on Cylinders Not in Use: Caps used for valve protection should be kept on the cylinder except 

when the cylinder is in use. Removing the cap when not using the cylinder, exposes the valve to being 

damaged and leaking.

1[1]NFPA 704: Standard for the Identification of the Fire Hazards of Materials for Emergency 

Response, 1996 Edition
2023-04-05 Page 63 of 70

Maximum Number of Cylinders in a Lab: The following table from NFPA 45 Standard on Fire Protection 

for Laboratories Using Chemicals, 1996 Edition gives the maximum number of compressed or liquefied 

gas cylinders that may be place in a laboratory work area.

Flammable or Oxidizing 

Gases

Liquefied Flammable Gases

Gases with 

Health Hazard 

Rating of 

3 or 4

Sprinklered 

Space

Nonsprinklered 

Space

Sprinklered 

Space

Nonsprinklered 

Space

Sprinklered or 

Nonsprinklered 

Space

Max. No. of 

cylinders per 

46.5 m2

(500 ft2

) or 

less

6 3 3 2 3

Maximum Number of Compressed or Liquefied Gas Cylinders in a Laboratory Work Area

Do Not Tamper with Cylinders: Never tamper with cylinder valve, safety plugs or packing nuts.

Tampering with these could create a leak and a potentially hazardous atmosphere. If a hazardous 

condition is created in the laboratory, exit the lab and call for emergency help. There have been 

fatalities in laboratories caused by unfamiliarity with valves. In one instance, the safety nut was 

confused with an outlet cap, which is frequently installed on the outlet, and the safety nut was 

completely removed. Note that the safety nut connects directly to the valve inlet (pressure side) and 

once removed, the flow of gas cannot be stopped.

Leaking Cylinders: Leaking cylinders should be marked as “leakers” and removed to an open area until 

picked up by the supplier. Do not put unmarked leaking cylinders among the empties. DOT 

transportation regulations forbid shipping leaking containers by common carrier. Note: Call X2222 for 

assistance with leaking cylinders.

Do Not Strike Arcs on Cylinders: Do not strike an electric arc on cylinders. This rule is directed primarily 

to industrial users, where inert gases are used for shielded arc welding. It is very tempting to test the arc 

on the large metal surface. Arc burns, however, not only are stress raisers, but due to metallurgical 

changes, could cause the heat affected portion of the cylinder to become brittle.

Use Compressed Gases with Appropriate Equipment: Only use regulators that are suitable for the 

cylinder. Proper mating hardware should fit; do not force the connection. Do not use homemade 

adapters. The importance of this rule cannot be overemphasized. Accidents have occurred because of 

attaching flammable gas regulators to oxygen cylinders, improperly identifying the contents of a 

cylinder, and so forth. American National/Compressed Gas Association Standard for Compressed Gas 
2023-04-05 Page 64 of 70

Cylinder Valve Outlet and Inlet Connections lists the various standard connections for compressed gases.

The connections listed are classified into four thread divisions. There are left and right-hand threads and 

internal and external threads, plus some pipe threads and yoke type connections. The various gases are 

assigned to connections so that hazardous interconnections cannot be made. Generally speaking, lefthand threads are reserved for flammable gases and right-hand threads for nonflammables. There are a 

few exceptions made necessary by previous practice. Almost always, hazardous connections cannot be 

made except by homemade adapters or by forcing the connection.

Use of Cylinder Regulators: Cylinders contain pressures greater than the pressures which most 

laboratory equipment can withstand, even steel or nonferrous tube. Always use a regulator with highpressure cylinders (above 500 psi). The inadvertent closing of a vent valve or stopcock or the plugging of 

a line or mercury trap could cause a violent failure of the apparatus. There are fine needle valves 

available which can reduce the flow of gas from the high-pressure cylinder to a few bubbles a minute.

Such valves are not regulators and the design of any equipment used with them must keep this fact in 

mind. Use needle valves only with low-pressure cylinders (below 500 psi). Valves are only flow 

regulators, not pressure regulators.

Close Cylinder Valves When Not in Use: Do not stop the gas flow from cylinders overnight by only 

backing off on the regulators. Even the best of regulators can develop seat leaks and allow excessive 

pressures to develop in using equipment. Closing the cylinder valve will eliminate this hazard. If this rule 

is followed meticulously, any question as to the position of a cylinder valve in an emergency is removed.

Finally, no foreign materials can enter the cylinder if through leakage or other malfunction the cylinder 

pressure should become lower than the pressure in some other part of the apparatus.

Close Valves on Empty Cylinders and Mark the Cylinder Empty or “MT": If cylinders are returned to the 

supplier with the valve open, the interior will become contaminated with atmospheric air and moisture.

Such cylinders cannot be used for high purity gases without extensive reconditioning. If the cylinder had 

contained such materials as anhydrous hydrogen chloride, or chlorine, this resultant humid atmosphere 

would corrode the cylinder very rapidly. Empty cylinders should be so marked “MT” and stored 

separately to avoid returning full cylinders to the supplier or sending empties to the laboratories or 

other use point.

Never Attempt to Refill a Cylinder: It is very tempting to refill your own small cylinders from large ones 

by interconnecting them with high pressure tubing. There are a number of reasons why this practice is 

hazardous. The cylinder being filled may have a lower working pressure than the large cylinder. Filling 

too rapidly can result in extremely high cylinder temperatures which could damage the valve. The 

cylinder being filled may contain a residue of a reactive material. It is extremely difficult to completely 

purge a cylinder. For cylinders containing liquids, DoT prescribes filling weights which allow for a vapor 

space at temperatures and pressures for which the safety device functions. If these weights are 

exceeded, the cylinders may become liquid-full at room temperatures and fail. Finally, at least one 

supplier of laboratory gases uses a very lightweight welded, thin-wall aluminum, or one-time use 

cylinder (i.e., DoT 39) which is classified as non-refillable by DoT. For safety reasons such a single-use 

cylinder must be discarded after use the same as the common aerosol spray cans.
2023-04-05 Page 65 of 70

10.6 Transporting and Handling Gas Cylinders

Handle Cylinders Carefully: Cylinders are primarily shipping containers and as such are constructed to 

be as light as possible consistent with safety, durability and pressurization requirements. Cylinders 

should be moved with great care, preferably strapped to a cart. As the valve assembly is the weakest 

part of the cylinder, avoid striking the valve against anything. Rough handling or abuse could seriously 

weaken the cylinder and render it unfit for further use.

Transport Cylinders Safely: Transport large cylinders only on a wheeled cart. Do not slide or roll them 

even one at a time, since it is easy to lose control of a cylinder while rolling or dragging no matter how 

much practice a person might have. If one falls, it could land on the foot. Additionally, avoid dragging 

cylinders as this procedure introduces other manual handling hazards. Mishandling of cylinders in transit 

is the cause of many pulled muscles, back injuries and foot injuries.
2023-04-05 Page 66 of 70

10.7 NFPA Health Hazard Ratings*

A health hazard is any property of a material which, either directly or indirectly, can cause injury or 

incapacitation, either temporary or permanent, from exposure by contact, inhalation, or ingestion.

Rating Description

4

Materials which on very short exposure could cause death or major residual injury even though 

prompt medical treatment is given, including those which are too dangerous to be approached 

without specialized protective equipment. This degree includes: materials which can penetrate 

ordinary rubber protective clothing; materials which under normal conditions or under fire 

conditions give off gases which are extremely hazardous (i.e., toxic or corrosive) through 

inhalation or contact with or absorption through the skin. Examples of compressed and/or 

liquefied gases of this degree include: Cyanogen, Fluorine, Hydrogen Cyanide and Hydrogen 

Fluoride.** 

3

Materials which on short exposure could cause serious temporary or residual injury even though 

prompt medical treatment is given, including those requiring protection from all bodily contact.

This degree includes: materials giving off highly toxic combustion products; materials corrosive to 

living tissue or toxic by skin absorption. Examples of compressed and/or liquefied gases of this 

degree include: Anhydrous Ammonia, Chlorine, Diborane, Ethylamine, Hydrogen Bromide, 

Hydrogen Chloride, Hydrogen Sulfide, Methylamine, Methyl Bromide and Phosphine.** 

2

Materials which on intense or continued exposure could cause temporary incapacitation or 

possible residual injury unless prompt medical treatment is given, including those requiring use 

of respiratory protective equipment with independent air supply. This degree includes: materials 

giving off toxic combustion products; materials giving off highly irritating combustion products; 

materials which either under normal conditions or under fire conditions give off toxic vapors 

lacking warning properties. Examples of compressed and/or liquefied gases of this degree 

include: 1,3-Butadiene, Carbon Monoxide, Dimethyl Ether, Ethyl Chloride, Ethylene Oxide, 

Formaldehyde, Methyl Chloride, Methyl Mercaptan, Sulfur Dioxide, Tetrafluoroethylene, 

Trimethylamine, Vinyl Bromide and Vinyl Chloride.** 

1

Materials which on exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury even if no 

treatment is given, including those which require use of an approved canister type gas mask. This 

degree includes: materials which under fire conditions would give off irritating combustion 

products; materials which on the skin could cause irritation without destruction of tissue.

Examples of compressed and/or liquefied gases of this degree include: Acetylene, r.-Butane, isoButane, 1-Butene, 2-Butene,Cyclopropane, Ethane, Ethylene, Methane, Natural Gas, iso-Pentane, 

Propane, Propylene and Vinyl Fluoride.** 

10.8 Flammability Characteristics of Common Compressed and Liquified Gases

This list is not inclusive or exhaustive. Practically all compressed and liquefied gases present varying health 

hazards to personnel. Therefore, users are urged to seek additional information from reliable references to 
2023-04-05 Page 67 of 70

adequately assess the reactivity or toxicity of the material. Contact the Safety Office in Gaithersburg 

(X5375 option 3) for additional information, as needed.

GAS 

FLAMMABLE 

RANGE

REFERENCE 

SOURCE GAS

FLAMMABLE 

RANGE

REFERENCE 

SOURCE (if Flammable, 

percent by vol.)

(if Flammable, 

percent by vol.) 

Ammonia1 15 - 28 MGD Hydrogen 

Chloride (a)

Boron 

Trichloride (a) MGD Hydrogen Fluoride (a)

Carbon 

Tetrafluoride (a) Methane 5 - 15 325M, 627 

Chlorine (a) Oxygen (a)

Ethane 3.0 - 12.5 325M, 627 Phosphine (c)

Fluorine (a) Silane (c)

Hydrogen 4 - 75 325M, 627 Silicon 

Tetrafluoride (a)

Hydrogen 

Bromide (a) Sulfur Hexafluoride (a)

1

Liquefied Gases 

Notes on Flammable Range: (a) - Not flammable, (b) - Flammable but range not reported, (c) - Spontaneously 

flammable 

Reference source for flammable ranges:

325-NFPA 325 - Guide to Fire Hazard Properties of Flammable liquids, Gases, and Volatile Solids 

627-U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 627, Flammability Characteristics of Combustible Gases and Vapors

MGD-Matheson Gas Data Book 
2023-04-05 Page 68 of 70

11 Chemical Waste Satellite Accumulation (NanoFab Staff Only)

As required by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and the Maryland Department of the Environment, 

each laboratory at NIST that generates chemical waste must have a designated Satellite Accumulation Area 

(SAA) (see example below). Each Division at NIST must assemble a list of SAAs and submit this list to the NIST 

Safety, Health, and Environment Division (x5822). Each SAA must meet the following requirements:

Chemical waste must be stored in 

containers* that are in good 

condition and compatible with the 

chemical constituents.

Chemical waste containers must be 

labeled** with a list of the 

constituents, an estimate of the 

percent volume of each constituent, 

the hazards associated with the 

waste, and contact information for 

the individual generating the waste 

(see NIST Chemical Waste Label 

below).

Chemical waste containers must be 

sealed with a screw on lid. If the 

waste is undergoing an active 

chemical reaction that will generate a gas and build up pressure in a sealed container, do not seal the 

container until you are certain that the reaction is complete. Alternatively, containers can be purchased 

that have pressure relief valves.

Allowing chemical waste to evaporate as a means of disposal is not acceptable.

Chemical waste containers must be kept closed (funnels removed) when they are not being filled.

Chemical waste containers must be stored within spill containment bins.

Incompatible chemical wastes must be segregated into separate bins.

Chemical waste pickup request can be submitted at:

https://nistsafety.nist.gov/CWP/PickupRequest/

Up to 55 gallons of hazardous waste and 1 quart of acutely hazardous waste*** can be stored at a SAA. If 

either of these maximum quantities is reached at an SAA, the waste must be removed immediately. Notify 

the NIST Safety, Health, and Environment Division (x5822) at least two weeks prior to reaching the 

maximum quantities.

Typical Satellite Accumulation Area at NIST
2023-04-05 Page 69 of 70

*Chemical waste containers are 

available, free of charge, from the 

NIST Safety, Health, and 

Environment Division.

**Chemical Waste Labels are available, free of 

charge, from the NIST Storeroom and from the NIST 

Safety, Health, and Environment Division.

***Acutely hazardous wastes are defined in the Code of Maryland Regulations 26.13.02.19 and the Code of 

Federal Regulations 40 CFR 261, Subpart C. A current listing of acutely hazardous wastes can be obtained 

from the Safety Health and Environment Division (x5822).
2023-04-05 Page 70 of 70

12 Change Log

Date Version Initials Changes

7/01/09 1.0 REH Added Change log.

Removed old labeling instructions from appendix, section 12. Added updated 

labeling instructions HSI #15-May 2009.

Updated Chemical Storage, Section 5.8, defining the chemical shelf heights for user 

and bulk storage areas.

Added neutralization instructions for disposing of acids and bases, section 5.10.

Added new process gases, hazards, and locations to the compressed gas table (HBr, 

SiCl4, CH4, C2F6), Section 6.2.

Added hyperlinks to nanoparticle safety section 7.2 and 7.3

Added a section on pyrophorics and organometallics, section 5.11

12/14/10 1.1 REH Modified section 2.2 to reflect new orientation procedure

Modified section 2.5 to reflect new hours of operation

1/4/11 1.2 REH Updated Section 4.4, After-hours usage policy

1/6/11 1.3 REH Updated introduction.

Added chemical record keeping information to section 5.1

Updated chemical deliveries section 5.1

Updated chemical labeling section 5.1

Updated section 5.2 PPE (SCBA training updated)

1/7/11 1.4 REH Changed section 5.5 title MSDS to Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)

Updated Section 5.5 Material Safety Data Sheets

2/24/11 1.5 Updated Section 5.1

2/25/11 1.6 REH Updated section 5.7, 5.8

2/28/11 1.7 REH Rewrote section 5.10 to include waste neutralization instructions

3/02/11 1.8 REH Added chemical waste disposal information charts to section 5.10

Updated section 5.11, Pyrophoric liquid and Organometallics

Added section for Piranha Solutions

3/03/11 1.9 REH Removed section 2.9, NanoFab Safety Committee as per Vince’s request

Updated contacts in section 9.1

4/12/11 1.10 REH Revised section 5.10

Added scope

Deleted chemical categories chart

Modified disposal chart-collect Chrome etch

Modified instructions

Added labeling is present at all neutralizer drains and sinks

Added “Never pour toxic organics to drain”

Added safe pH range for dumping 7 to 9 pH.

4/14/11 1.11 REH Updated section 2.3; removed restriction on cleaners entering into locker rooms

Finalized section 5.10, Waste Neutralization

5/12/11 1.12 REH Restricted Iodide etchants from neutralization on table, page 14

6/10/13 1.13 JLB Updated section 9 and 10

8/21/13 1.14 REH/JLB Updated to include all NanoFab laboratories

9/4/13 2.0 LJW Some content editing for clarity; remove some redundant appendices; complete 

reformatting.

11/23/2020 3.0 NOG Rewrite to streamline and align with online training.

07/05/2022 3.1 MJC Added NanoFab dress code section 2.17 

04/05/2023 3.2 MJC Updated NFPA database links section 9.3. Updated safety office phone number.