UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT FOR THE

NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

Herbert Burgess (M35077), )

)

Petitioner, )

) Case No. 20 C 4216

v. )

) Hon. Jorge L. Alonso

)

Daniel Monti, Day-to-Day Warden, )

Centralia Correctional Center, )

)

Respondent. )

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER

Petitioner Herbert Burgess, a prisoner at the Centralia Correctional Center0F

1

, brings this pro 

se habeas corpus action under 28 U.S.C. § 2254 to challenge his 2013 convictions for aggravated 

criminal sexual assault and unlawful restraint in the Circuit Court of Cook County. (Dkt. 1.) For 

the reasons below, this Court denies Petitioner’s § 2254 petition and declines to issue a certificate 

of appealability. 

1 Pursuant to Rule 25(d) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure, Daniel Monti, the Day-to-Day 

Warden at Centralia Correctional Center has been automatically substituted as defendant.

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BACKGROUND1F

2

I. The Sexual Assault and Petitioner’s Trial 

The Sexual Assault

Following a jury trial, Petitioner was found guilty of aggravated criminal sexual assault, 

criminal sexual assault, and unlawful restraint of 15-year-old, J.V. People v. Burgess, 2015 IL App 

(1st) 130657, ¶¶ 1, 5. The evidence at trial established that in the summer of 2011, Petitioner, J.V., 

and J.V.’s mother worked at the same company. Id. at ¶ 5, 28. Petitioner had known J.V.’s father 

for many years, and J.V., his father, and Petitioner had planned to have a barbecue on August 8, 

2011, after Petitioner and J.V. finished working. Id. at ¶¶ 28, 31. 

After work, Petitioner drove J.V. to his apartment to pick up some groceries for the 

barbecue. Id. at ¶ 31. While inside, Petitioner told J.V. he had purchased a black jockstrap and a 

white jockstrap for him and told J.V. to try them on. Id. J.V. refused and tried to leave the 

apartment, but Petitioner slammed the door (causing it to crack) and locked it to prevent J.V. from 

leaving. Id. at ¶¶ 31, 34. Petitioner forced J.V. into the bathroom and demanded that J.V. try on 

the jockstrap in front of him. Id. at ¶ 31. He then pushed J.V. into the bedroom, sexually assaulted 

him, and ejaculated onto the victim’s shirt. Id. A few days later, Petitioner allegedly sexually 

assaulted J.V. again at their workplace, which alleged assault became the subject of a separate 

criminal case in Lake County. Id. at ¶ 5. 

2 The following facts are drawn from the state court record, (Dkt. 17), and state appellate court 

opinions. People v. Burgess, 2015 IL App (1st) 130657; (Dkt. 17-10) (People v. Burgess, No. 1-

17-149 (Ill. App. Ct. Aug. 22, 2019) (unpublished summary order under Illinois Supreme Court 

Rule 23(c)). The state court’s factual findings are presumed correct unless Petitioner rebuts this 

presumption by clear and convincing evidence. Hartsfield v. Dorethy, 949 F.3d 307, 309 n.1 (7th 

Cir. 2020) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 2254(e)(1); Perez-Gonzalez v. Lashbrook, 904 F.3d 557, 562 (7th 

Cir. 2018)). 

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Petitioner’s Offers of Proof 

Petitioner maintained that he was being framed by J.V.’s father to whom Petitioner 

allegedly paid $20,000 for a purported business venture. Id. at ¶ 21. He claimed the father coerced 

his son into bringing false claims against Petitioner so that he could keep Petitioner’s money. Id.

Before trial, defense counsel made an offer of proof related to Petitioner’s theory that he 

was being framed. Id. at ¶ 15. According to Petitioner’s counsel, J.V.’s uncle allegedly overheard 

J.V. tell his father that he did not want to lie anymore. Id. Defense counsel stated that he wanted 

to be able to ask the victim if he made this statement to his father. Id. The trial court ruled that

defense counsel could ask J.V. if he made such a statement to his uncle. Id. If he denied it, the 

uncle could testify as to what J.V. said to him. Id. 

Additionally, defense counsel advised the trial court that he wished to introduce during 

opening statement and during cross-examination of J.V. that a monetary demand was made by 

J.V.’s parents to Petitioner’s employer in connection with the workplace-sexual-assault case that 

was, at the time, pending against Petitioner in Lake County. Id. at ¶ 16. Counsel argued that this 

evidence should be permitted, as the trial court had previously granted the State’s motion to 

introduce evidence of the Lake County criminal case as proof of other crimes. Id. The trial court 

ruled that it would reconsider introduction of such evidence once defense counsel briefed the court 

with case law that supported introduction of a monetary demand made in an unrelated case. Id. 

After opening statements, defense counsel presented several cases to the court in support 

of his monetary-demand argument, as well as a demand letter from a law firm directed to 

Petitioner’s employer stating J.V.’s parents had retained the firm for an impending lawsuit. Id. at 

¶ 23. Defense counsel also produced a letter from the same firm stating that it had been retained to 

represent J.V. but did not indicate who had retained the firm. Id. Because defense counsel had 

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repeatedly represented to the jury during opening statements that the only evidence of the sexual 

assault would come through the father who allegedly coerced his son into making these claims, 

the trial court did not “believe based on the records [counsel] made, based on the documents ... 

tendered, based on what [the court had] been told” that it would be a proper area of crossexamination “of a 15 year old victim of a sexual assault that his family on his behalf filed some 

sort of action against the company for a sexual assault that is pending in Lake County.” (Dkt. 17-

15, p. 567.) The trial court ruled that Petitioner would not be allowed to cross-examine J.V. on 

the monetary demand but advised it would readdress the issue if warranted by the father’s 

testimony, or if the issue subsequently became ripened as to J.V. Id. at 567-68.

The State’s Case 

The State called J.V. as its first witness. Burgess, 2015 IL App (1st) 130657, ¶ 27. J.V. 

testified that he started working with Petitioner in early July, one month before the sexual assault 

occurred at Petitioner’s apartment. Id. at ¶ 28. He explained that during the workday, Petitioner 

would check on him and M.M., another minor who had a summer job with the company, six to 

seven times per day. Id. During these “check-ups,” Petitioner would buy J.V. Gatorades, put his 

arm around J.V.’s shoulders, and slap J.V.’s behind. Id. The victim explained that Petitioner called 

J.V. and M.M. “his boys,” and would buy lunch for them and have them eat lunch in his office. Id. 

He also testified that a few weeks after starting the job, Petitioner took him and M.M. to the gym. 

Id. at ¶ 29. J.V. stated that while they were changing in the locker room after their workout, 

Petitioner pulled back the shower curtain where J.V. was showering and asked him if he needed 

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any soap. Id. Later, when J.V. was changing, Petitioner asked J.V. how his “python” was doing 

and told J.V. that Petitioner had looked at J.V.’s “python” while J.V. was in the shower. Id. 

Following the gym incident, the victim explained that Petitioner’s “check-ups” at work 

increased to 10 to 12 times per day. Id. at ¶ 30. Petitioner also began driving J.V. to and from work. 

Id. During these trips, J.V. described how Petitioner would touch his thigh and, on one occasion, 

touched the tip of his penis. Id. One day, on the way home from work, Petitioner stopped and 

bought J.V. a PlayStation 3 with six video games. Id. 

On the day of the sexual assault, J.V. explained that he tried to leave Petitioner’s apartment 

after Petitioner told him to try on one of the jockstraps that he had purchased for him. Id. at ¶ 31. 

J.V. described how Petitioner slammed the door to prevent J.V. from leaving, which made a sound 

like the door was breaking. Id. J.V. testified that Petitioner first forced him into the bathroom where 

J.V. took off his pants and underwear to put on the jockstrap, and that Petitioner then forced him 

into the bedroom where Petitioner fondled his buttocks. Id. He described how Petitioner pushed 

J.V. facedown onto the bed and that J.V. felt a cold liquid on his buttocks. Id. The victim testified 

that Petitioner then held J.V. down while Petitioner used his penis to anally penetrate J.V. Id. J.V.

explained that he felt pain and “something wet” on the back of his shirt. Id. After J.V. was 

assaulted, he ran to the bathroom, closed the door, and dressed, leaving the jockstrap on the 

bathroom floor. Id. J.V. left the bathroom crying. Id. J.V. testified that Petitioner told J.V. that if 

J.V. ever said anything J.V.’s mother would lose her job and J.V. would be living on the street. Id. 

Petitioner then drove J.V. to his father’s house. Id. J.V. ran upstairs withoutsaying anything 

to his father about the assault.2F

3 Id. The victim testified that he took an hour-long shower and, upon 

3 J.V.’s parents were separated, and he lived with each of them for varying periods of time at his

discretion. Burgess, 2015 IL App (1st) 130657, ¶ 31 n.2.

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leaving the shower, noticed his T-shirt had a yellow stain on it. Id. J.V. explained that he had 

recently learned about DNA in school and believed the stain on the shirt was Petitioner’s semen. 

Id. Afraid no one would believe him about the assault, he put the T-shirt in a plastic bag and kept 

it in his closet. Id. 

J.V. testified that, a few days later, Petitioner sexually assaulted him again while locking 

up their workplace for the night. Id. at ¶ 32. J.V. testified that Petitioner used one hand to hold 

J.V.’s arms behind his back and used his other hand to pull down J.V.’s pants. Id. J.V. described 

how Petitioner pulled on J.V.’s penis and pubic hairs, and inserted his fingers into J.V.’s buttocks. 

Id. Petitioner again told J.V. that if J.V. told anyone, J.V.’s mother would lose her job. Id. 

J.V. explained that he eventually told M.M. about the sexual assault. Id. at ¶ 33. On that 

day, he received a text message from Petitioner that read: “If I find out you said something, you’ll 

be living on the street.” Id. J.V. was let go from his job the next day. Id. 

Once J.V.’s father learned of the sexual assault, he drove his son to the police station to 

speak with detectives. Id. at ¶ 34. The detectives took a picture of J.V.’s phone showing the text 

message from Petitioner. Id. J.V. was then brought to the hospital to be examined. Id. After the 

hospital, a police officer met with J.V. at his father’s house, where J.V. gave the detective the 

plastic bag with the stained T-shirt. Id. 

J.V. further testified that he lived with his grandmother for a period of time following the 

incident. (Dkt. 17-15, p. 642-43.) He explained that his uncle also used to live with his 

grandmother, but they never lived at her house at the same time. Id. at 643-44. J.V. stated that he 

never had any conversations about the case with his father in front of his uncle, nor did he ever 

discuss the case at all at his grandmother’s house. Id. at 644-46. 

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Heather Evanoka, who lived next door to Petitioner, testified that, on the day of the sexual 

assault, she heard an altercation coming from Petitioner’s apartment. Burgess, 2015 IL App (1st) 

130657, ¶ 39. She explained that she heard Petitioner’s door slam and heard Petitioner yell, “I’m 

taking you home.” Id. 

Following Evanoka’s testimony, Petitioner moved for a mistrial. Petitioner’s theory was 

that the defense’s case was “irrefutably damaged” when the trial court effectively barred Petitioner 

from introducing J.V.’s financial motive by way of the demand letter that was sent to Petitioner’s 

employer in connection with the Lake County case. Id. at ¶ 41. The trial court denied the motion.3F

4

Id. at ¶ 45.

Lee Schaps, a detective with the Mount Prospect police department, testified that he 

procured a search warrant and searched Petitioner’s apartment. Id. at ¶ 47. Detective Schaps 

observed a crack in Petitioner’s door. Id. Inside the apartment, he found white and black jockstraps

in a gym bag, as well as a tube of personal lubricant in the nightstand in the bedroom. Id. 

Ronald Tomek, a forensic scientist with the Illinois State Police, testified that he tested the 

T-shirt that the Mount Prospect police department recovered from the victim. Id. at ¶ 58. Using an 

alternate light source (ALS), Tomek identified that there was a semen stain on the back of the Tshirt and removed a section of the stain for DNA testing. Id. Andrew Garinger, another forensic 

scientist with the Illinois State Police, testified that the sample obtained from the T-shirt matched 

the DNA obtained from Petitioner. Id. at ¶ 61. J.V.’s DNA was not found on the T-shirt. Id. 

4 Upon denial of his motion for a mistrial, Petitioner made a separate motion for substitution of 

judge. Burgess, 2015 IL App (1st) 130657, ¶ 45. The trial was recessed so that the motion could 

be transferred to a different judge for a hearing. Id. The trial resumed upon denial of the motion. 

Id. 

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Garinger explained, however, that it was possible for a person to wear a T-shirt without leaving 

their DNA. Id. 

William Abruscato, Petitioner’s cellmate in Lake County Jail, testified that Petitioner told 

him about J.V. while they were incarcerated. Id. at ¶ 63; (Dkt. 17-15, p. 886.) Abruscato testified 

that Petitioner claimed J.V. told Petitioner he was attractive and that he liked older men. Burgess, 

2015 IL App (1st) 130657, ¶ 63. He told Abruscato that he would buy J.V. various gifts and would 

also take him to the gym where he observed J.V.’s penis, which he referred to as an “anaconda.” 

Id. Abruscato testified that Petitioner told him about the day he brought J.V. to his apartment before 

the barbecue, explaining that Petitioner first claimed the two had an argument about the expiration 

date of an item of food, but later recounted how Petitioner had bought J.V. a gym item to model 

for him. Id. Petitioner told Abruscato that when J.V. tried to leave his apartment, he slammed the 

door to prevent him from leaving and then engaged in anal sex with him. Id. Abruscato testified 

that Petitioner explained that J.V. was crying and was very upset after the sexual encounter and 

that “[Petitioner’s] exact words were to tell the kid to grow up and be a man.” (Dkt. 17-15, p. 899.) 

Abruscato testified that he was in jail at the time for aggravated domestic battery and for 

violating an order of protection. Id. at ¶ 63. Abruscato pled guilty to the offense and received two 

years of probation. Id. Abruscato testified that he did not receive a deal in exchange for his 

testimony against Petitioner and that the reason he came forward was because Petitioner told him 

several times that “[h]e was going to have the boy beat up and killed with a baseball bat and make 

it look gang related” because “if there was no victim, no case.” (Dkt. 17-15, p. 905); Burgess, 2015 

IL App (1st) 130657, ¶¶ 63, 65. 

Abruscato denied being given any paperwork regarding Petitioner’s case from either his 

defense attorney or the Lake County prosecutor. Burgess, 2015 IL App (1st) 130657, ¶ 68. He 

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further testified that Petitioner did not have any documents about his case in their cell and, even if 

there had been such paperwork, he would not have been able to read anything because he was 

without his glasses in jail. Id. at ¶ 67. 

Petitioner’s Case 

Petitioner testified in his own defense and denied the sexual assault allegations. Id. at ¶ 106. 

He explained that on the day of the barbecue, he brought J.V. to his apartment to get his credit card 

and items for the cookout. Id. He claimed that J.V. became upset when Petitioner suggested 

cooking potatoes that were past their expiration date. Id. Petitioner alleged that J.V. started yelling 

at him, but denied yelling in return. Id. The two then left to buy groceries. Id. He denied raping 

J.V. or forcing him to try on a jockstrap. Id. He also denied slamming his apartment door and 

claimed not to know why the door was cracked. Id. When they arrived at J.V.’s father’s house for 

the barbecue, Petitioner explained the father cancelled for unspecified reasons. Id. 

In line with his theory that J.V.’s father was framing him, Petitioner testified that he 

occasionally masturbated into white T-shirts in his apartment and that he had left J.V. and his

father alone in his apartment a number of times. Id. at 107. In connection with their attempted 

business venture, Petitioner claimed he gave the father $19,000 but did not have any 

documentation of this transaction, nor any documents detailing their arranged business partnership. 

Id. at ¶ 111. 

As to his former cellmate, Petitioner denied telling Abruscato that he planned to have J.V. 

killed. Id. at 107. Instead, he claimed that Abruscato knew of the allegations against him because 

Petitioner had the police reports with him in jail and would leave them in his cell when he was not 

around. Id. Petitioner confirmed that his counsel provided him with the police reports but denied 

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knowing that his possession of them violated Illinois Supreme Court Rule 415.4F

5 Id. at 108. During 

a sidebar, defense counsel requested the judge instruct the jury that Petitioner did not do anything 

wrong for having the police reports with him in jail. Id. The trial court refused, stating: “No. In 

doing so, I’m going to be hiding the fact that you did.” (Dkt. 17-15, p. 1430.) Instead, the trial 

court suggested a series of questions that could be asked of Petitioner to show that he did not know 

that he was not supposed to have the reports. Id. at 1431. Petitioner testified that he did not request 

the reports from his attorney. People v. Burgess, 2015 IL App (1st) 130657, ¶ 109.

Petitioner called J.V.’s father to testify as part of his defense. Id. at ¶ 79. J.V.’s father 

testified that he owned a sewer and plumbing company for 15 years and had known Petitioner for 

the same length of time. Id. at ¶¶ 80-81. In the months preceding the sexual assault, the two had 

discussed opening a sewage business together, and Petitioner had applied for a business license 

for this company. Id. at ¶ 81. J.V.’s father explained, however, that their plans fell through because 

Petitioner was too busy to put in the effort to start a business. Id. The father denied that Petitioner 

gave him money to start the business and explained that he did not consider Petitioner an investor 

in the business because he was bankrupt. Id. 

The father explained that on the evening of their scheduled barbecue, his son came “barging 

in the door” and “ran in the bathroom” where “[h]e stayed” for approximately two hours. (Dkt. 17-

15, p. 1050.) J.V. did not tell his father what had happened, and the father would later learn of the 

sexual assault through M.M. Id. at 1050, 1080-82. J.V.’s father acknowledged that he hired a law 

firm to make a monetary demand from Petitioner’s employer in connection with the sexual assault 

that occurred at Petitioner and J.V.’s workplace, but the father denied that he or his son had 

5 Illinois Supreme Court Rule 415 provides that discovery materials are to remain in the exclusive 

custody of the defendant’s attorney “unless the court authorizes dissemination.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 415. 

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received any financial compensation for the assault that took place at Petitioner’s apartment. 

Burgess, 2015 IL App (1st) 130657, ¶¶ 82, 84. The father further testified that he never had a 

conversation with the uncle regarding the sexual assault of his son, nor did he tell the uncle that he 

planted the T-shirt in J.V.’s closet. Id. at ¶¶ 82-83. He explained that he was not aware of the Tshirt in his son’s closet until the police recovered it. Id. at ¶ 84. 

J.V.’s uncle also testified for the defense. Id. at ¶ 94. The uncle explained that he lived with 

J.V.’s grandmother for some time in the months following the sexual assault. Id. at ¶ 95. During 

his testimony, defense counsel asked the uncle whether he ever heard a conversation between J.V.

and the father regarding the case, attempting to elicit that the uncle overheard J.V. say to his father 

that he did not want to lie anymore. Id.; (Dkt. 17-15, p. 1136-37.) The trial court sustained the 

State’s objection to this line of questioning, ruling that defense counsel had not asked J.V. whether 

he ever told his uncle that he was tired of lying on cross-examination and, therefore, could not 

perfect impeachment of J.V. on this issue. (Dkt. 17-15, 1137-39.) 

Petitioner’s counsel moved to a new line of questioning, asking the uncle whether he had 

overheard conversations that his brother, J.V.’s father, had about the case. Id. at 1140. The uncle 

testified that he heard the father say several times to both J.V. and the grandmother at the 

grandmother’s house that he had planted the T-shirt used as evidence against Petitioner. Id. at 

1141-43, 1145-47. He admitted, however, that he is not close to his brother, J.V.’s father. Burgess, 

2015 IL App (1st) 130657 at ¶ 96.

Other evidence presented by Petitioner included the testimony of Dr. Lina Albujamra who 

performed the medical examination of J.V. at the hospital. Id. at ¶ 77. She did not observe any 

abrasions or bruising on J.V. during her examination, but she testified that it would not be unusual 

for a victim of sexual assault not to show rectal trauma two weeks after the assault took place. Id. 

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The doctor explained that most sexual assault victims do not display any physical abnormalities 

even a day after an assault. Id. 

The State’s Rebuttal 

The State called J.V.’s grandmother in rebuttal, who testified that at no time during the 

several months that the uncle lived with her were J.V., the father, and the uncle in her house 

together at the same time. Id. at ¶ 118. She further testified that J.V.’s case was never mentioned 

in her house and that the father and the uncle did not “get along.” Id. 

Closing Argument 

During closing argument, Petitioner argued that J.V., his father, his grandmother, and 

Abruscato lied, and that when there are “this many lies” in a trial, the jury must vote not guilty. Id. 

at ¶ 123. At one point during closing argument, Petitioner’s counsel asked for more time. Id. The 

trial court denied his request, stating: “Counsel, you’re ten minutes over the time that the Court 

allowed you in the first place.” (Dkt. 17-15, p. 1591.) 

In rebuttal, the State responded to Petitioner’s closing argument, stating: “You know, folks, 

there’s an old saying, country saying. It says when you get kicked by the horse the first time, it’s 

the horse’s fault. When you get kicked the second time, it’s your own fault. Don’t let anybody kick 

you into finding this guy not guilty.” (Dkt. 17-15, p. 1608.) The state continued, over Petitioner’s 

objection, arguing: “Because for that to happen, you’ve got to believe that the evidence that was 

presented here was fabricated, incompetently handled, that there was perjury, and the unluckiest 

man in the world sat over here and had a T-shirt found in his laundry.” Id. at 1609.

Conviction and Sentencing 

During deliberations, the jury sent a note indicating they were deadlocked. Burgess, 2015 

IL App (1st) 130657 at ¶ 125. The trial court instructed the jurors to continue deliberating. Id. The 

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jury found Petitioner guilty of unlawful restraint, criminal sexual assault, and aggravated criminal 

sexual assault. Id. The trial court sentenced Petitioner to concurrent prison terms of 24 years for 

aggravated criminal sexual assault, 15 years for criminal sexual assault, and three years for 

unlawful restraint. Id. at ¶ 126. 

II. Post-Trial Proceedings 

Petitioner’s Direct Appeal

On direct appeal of his convictions, Petitioner claimed: (1) he was denied his right to 

present a complete defense; (2) judicial bias; (3) prosecutorial misconduct; (4) the trial court erred 

in allowing the State to rehabilitate witnesses with prior consistent statements; (5) the trial court 

considered improper aggravating factors during sentencing; (6) his aggravated criminal sexual 

assault conviction was the result of a double enhancement; and (7) his criminal sexual assault and 

unlawful restraint convictions violated Illinois’s one-act, one-crime doctrine. (Dkt. 17-1.) The state 

appellate court rejected all of Petitioner’s claims with the exception of Petitioner’s one-act, onecrime challenge. Burgess, 2015 IL App (1st) 130657, ¶¶ 238-39. The state appellate court 

concluded that Petitioner’s conviction for criminal sexual assault resulted from the same act as his 

conviction for aggravated criminal sexual assault and, therefore, vacated his criminal sexual 

assault conviction. Id. at ¶¶ 236, 239. 

Petitioner sought leave to appeal the state appellate court’s ruling to the Supreme Court of 

Illinois. (Dkt. 49-1.) His petition for leave to appeal (PLA) argued that he was denied his 

constitutional right to present a complete defense: (1) when he was barred from impeaching J.V. 

with his prior inconsistent statement that he did not want to lie anymore; and (2) when he was 

barred from introducing evidence of the monetary demand related to the Lake County sexual 

assault case during both opening statements and cross-examination of J.V. Id. The Supreme Court 

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of Illinois denied his PLA, People v. Burgess, No. 119842, 42 N.E.3d 372 (Ill. 2015) (Table), and 

the Supreme Court of the United States denied his petition for writ of certiorari. Burgess v. Illinois, 

No. 15-8859, 136 S. Ct. 2464 (2016) (Mem.). 

Petitioner’s Postconviction Proceedings 

Following the completion of his direct appeal, Petitioner pursued postconviction relief. His 

pro se postconviction petition alleged various grounds of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, 

prosecutorial misconduct, and judicial bias. (Dkt. 17-7, p. 3-29.) The trial court summarily 

dismissed the petition.5F

6 Id. at 1. 

Petitioner appealed the trial court’s summary dismissal, and the Office of the State 

Appellate Defender was appointed. (Dkt. 17-13, p. 512, 514.) Appointed counsel filed a motion 

for leave to withdraw pursuant to Pennsylvania v. Finley, 481 U.S. 551 (1987). (Dkt. 17-8, 

p. 2-22.) In support of the withdrawal request, counsel explained that Petitioner had forfeited his 

ineffective assistance of counsel claims by failing to raise such arguments on direct appeal and, in 

any event, his allegations were conclusory, rebutted by the record, or lacked merit. Id. at 16-21.

Additionally, counsel argued that because Petitioner’s prosecutorial misconduct and judicial bias 

claims were previously raised and rejected on direct review, they could not be re-raised in 

postconviction proceedings. Id. at 21. Petitioner filed a “motion of objections” in response to 

counsel’s Finley motion, maintaining that his ineffective assistance, prosecutorial misconduct, and 

judicial bias claims had merit. (Dkt. 17-9.) 

6 The state court record includes only a criminal disposition sheet that indicates the trial court 

denied Petitioner’s petition for postconviction relief on December 6, 2016. (Dkt. 17-7, p. 1.) There 

is no written order pertaining to the dismissal, and an affidavit from an Official Court Reporter of 

the Circuit Court of Cook County avers that there is no record of proceedings from the date of 

dismissal. (Dkt. 17-15, p. 9.) 

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Upon “careful[] review[]” of the record, counsel’s Finley motion, and Petitioner’s 

response, the state appellate court concluded Petitioner had not raised any issues of arguable merit 

to be asserted on appeal, granted counsel’s Finley motion, and affirmed the judgment of the trial 

court. (Dkt. 17-10, p. 3) (People v. Burgess, No. 1-17-149 (Ill. App. Ct. Aug. 22, 2019) 

(unpublished summary order under Illinois Supreme Court Rule 23(c)).

In his pro se PLA, Petitioner challenged the state appellate court’s decision to affirm the 

trial court’s dismissal when it granted counsel’s Finley motion, arguing it was error for the court 

to rule on an appeal that the State had not responded to or opposed. (Dkt. 17-11, p. 3-9.) The 

Supreme Court of Illinois denied Petitioner’s PLA, People v. Burgess, No. 125544, 140 N.E.3d 

247 (Ill. 2020) (Table), and the Supreme Court of the United States denied his petition for writ of 

certiorari. (Dkt. 17-12.) Petitioner then filed the instant habeas corpus petition. (Dkt. 1.) 

DISCUSSION

Petitioner’s § 2254 petition raises three claims: ineffective assistance of trial counsel, 

prosecutorial misconduct, and judicial bias. (Dkt. 1, p. 6-13.) In support of his claims, he provides 

a bullet-pointed, non-exhaustive list of dozens of occurrences that he contends are examples of 

ineffective assistance, prosecutorial misconduct, and judicial bias. Id. Rather than recount each of 

these examples in full, the Court summarizes the instances that Petitioner claims entitle him to 

relief. 

First, Petitioner argues his trial counsel was ineffective on various grounds, including: 

(a) failing to conduct a reasonable investigation on exculpatory evidence; (b) failing to object to

the State’s leading questions; (c) failing to support with proper evidence the argument that 

evidence of the Lake County monetary demand was admissible; and (d) failing to perfect

impeachment of various witnesses with inconsistent statements. (Dkt. 1, p. 6-7.) 

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Second, Petitioner raises a prosecutorial misconduct claim. He claims the prosecution: 

(a) improperly accused Petitioner of committing “other crimes” during cross-examination, 

specifically that Petitioner unlawfully possessed police reports in his jail cell and committed fraud 

in procuring a sewer business license for the purported business venture with J.V.’s father; 

(b) improperly asked Petitioner to comment on the credibility and testimony of other witnesses 

during cross-examination; (c) made improper speaking objections during trial; and (d) shifted the 

State’s burden of proof during the rebuttal portion of closing argument. Id. at 8-9. 

Finally, Petitioner contends the trial court was biased against him as demonstrated by the 

trial court’s improper remarks, including: (a) the court’s admonishing defense counsel; (b) the 

court’s declining to give counsel more time in closing argument; and (c) the court’s instructing the 

jurors to continue deliberating in response to their note that they were deadlocked. Id. at 12-13. 

Petitioner’s judicial bias claim also challenges the trial court’s rulings, including: (a) allowing the 

State to introduce evidence of the pending Lake County criminal case as “other crimes” evidence

during J.V.’s direct examination, but barring admission of the corresponding monetary demand

during J.V.’s cross-examination; and (b) denying Petitioner’s request to instruct the jury that 

Petitioner did “nothing wrong” by having the police reports in his jail cell. Id. 

As explained below, none of Petitioner’s claims warrant federal habeas corpus relief. The 

claims are both procedurally defaulted and meritless. 

I. Procedural Default

Claims One, Two, and Three are Procedurally Defaulted under the Exhaustion 

Doctrine 

State prisoners must “exhaust[] the remedies available in the courts of the State” before 

seeking federal habeas corpus relief. Shinn v. Ramirez, 142 S. Ct. 1718, 1732 (2022) (quoting 28

U.S.C. § 2254(b)(1)(A)). “State courts, like federal courts, are obliged to enforce federal law.” 

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O’Sullivan v. Boerckel, 526 U.S. 838, 844 (1999). The exhaustion requirement thus affords “States 

‘an initial opportunity to pass upon and correct alleged violations of prisoners’ federal rights.’” 

Shinn, 142 S. Ct. at 1732 (quoting Duckworth v. Serrano, 454 U.S. 1, 2 (1981) (per curiam)). 

To satisfy the exhaustion requirement, an Illinois prisoner must raise his federal claim 

through one complete round of state court review, including in a PLA to the state supreme court, 

and do so in accordance with the state’s procedures. Shinn, 142 S. Ct. at 1732 (“to allow a state 

prisoner simply to ignore state procedure on the way to federal court would defeat the evident goal 

of the exhaustion requirement”); Boerckel, 526 U.S. at 845. Inherent in this obligation is the duty 

to present fairly the federal claim to the state courts by articulating “both the operative facts and 

the controlling legal principles on which [the] claim is based.” Perruquet v. Briley, 390 F.3d 505, 

519 (7th Cir. 2004).

Four factors are considered when determining whether a habeas corpus petitioner has 

“fairly presented” his federal claim to the state courts: “1) whether the petitioner relied 

on federal cases that engage in a constitutional analysis; 2) whether the petitioner relied on state 

cases which apply a constitutional analysis to similar facts; 3) whether the petitioner framed 

the claim in terms so particular as to call to mind a specific constitutional right; and 4) whether 

the petitioner alleged a pattern of facts that is well within the mainstream of constitutional 

litigation.” Hicks v. Hepp, 871 F.3d 513, 531 (7th Cir. 2017) (citing Ellsworth v. Levenhagen, 248 

F.3d 634, 639 (7th Cir. 2001)). While these factors guide the Court’s inquiry, the “overall ‘task is 

to determine in practical terms whether the state courts were sufficiently alerted to the nature of 

[the petitioner’s] federal constitutional claim.’” Id. (quoting White v. Gaetz, 588 F.3d 1135, 1139

(7th Cir. 2009)). The failure to present fairly a federal issue for the state court’s review results in 

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procedural default of the claim. Sanders v. Radtke, 48 F.4th 502, 509 (7th Cir. 2022); Thomas v. 

Williams, 822 F.3d 378, 384 (7th Cir. 2016). 

As discussed below, Petitioner did not fairly present Claims One, Two, or Three in either 

his direct appeal or postconviction PLA. These claims are therefore procedurally defaulted.

A. Direct Appeal 

On direct appeal, Petitioner raised various grounds of prosecutorial misconduct (Claim 

Two) and judicial bias (Claim Three). (Dkt. 17-1, p. 28-47.) He abandoned these claims in his 

counseled PLA, seeking leave to appeal only the state appellate court’s decision as to his claim 

that he was denied his constitutional right to present a complete defense. (Dkt. 49-1.) In failing to 

raise his prosecutorial misconduct and judicial bias claims to the state supreme court in his PLA, 

Petitioner did not exhaust Claim Two or Three on direct appeal. Boerckel, 526 U.S. at 845.

B. Postconviction Proceedings 

In postconviction proceedings, Petitioner raised, for the first time, various grounds of 

ineffective assistance of trial counsel (Claim One) and re-raised claims of prosecutorial 

misconduct (Claim Two) and judicial bias (Claim Three). These claims were presented to both the 

state trial court in Petitioner’s postconviction petition, (Dkt. 17-7), and to the state appellate court 

in Petitioner’s Finley response. (Dkt. 17-9.) Petitioner, however, failed to present fairly Claims 

One, Two, and Three in his postconviction PLA. (Dkt. 17-11, p. 3-33.) 

Petitioner’s postconviction PLA challenged the state appellate court’s decision to grant 

counsel’s Finley motion and affirm the state trial court’s summary dismissal, arguing a ruling on 

his appeal should not have been made in the absence of a response to his appeal by the State. (Dkt. 

17-11, p. 4-5.) Petitioner distilled his Finley challenge into five questions for the state supreme 

court’s consideration. Id. at p. 6-7. Each of these questions related to the state appellate court’s 

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power to rule on an “unopposed” appeal and whether such a ruling is violative of the Sixth, Eighth, 

or Fourteenth Amendments. Id. Petitioner argued that because the State never responded to his 

appeal, the Supreme Court of Illinois must accept the allegations in his brief as true and reverse 

the decision of the appellate court. Id. at 5. 

Included in his postconviction PLA was a list of the issues that Petitioner presented to the 

intermediate appellate court on appeal: 

A. Ineffective assistance of trial counsel

B. Failure to demand a speedy trial and move for dismissal 

C. Failure to impeach witnesses 

D. Failure to investigate and present exculpatory witnesses 

E. Failure to present a complete defense 

F. Prosecutorial misconduct 

G. Judicial bias 

(Dkt. 17-11, p. 5-6.) Following this list, Petitioner referred the reviewing court to his Finley 

response, which he attached as an exhibit to the PLA, id. at 12-20, stating the attachment provided

“examples of the meritorious issues of this appeal.” Id. at 6. A copy of the postconviction appellate 

court’s summary order was also attached to the PLA as an exhibit. Id. at 30-33. Beyond directing 

the court to his Finley response, Petitioner’s PLA did not contain any further argument on his 

ineffective assistance, prosecutorial misconduct, and judicial bias claims. (Dkt. 17-11, p. 2-9.) 

Ordinarily, a state prisoner will not satisfy the “fair presentment” requirement under the 

exhaustion doctrine “if a judge must go outside the four corners of the document in order to 

understand the contention’s nature and basis.” Lockheart v. Hulick, 443 F.3d 927, 929 (7th Cir. 

2006) (citing Baldwin v. Reese, 541 U.S. 27, 32 (2004)). If, however, a state’s procedural rules 

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permit arguments by incorporation, then reference to another document may suffice to preserve a 

claim for federal habeas corpus review. Id. Illinois does not have such a rule. Id. Rather, Illinois 

litigants are instructed to include in their briefs “[a]rgument, which shall contain the contentions 

of the appellant and the reasons therefor, with citations of the authorities and pages of the record 

relied on.” Ill. S. Ct. R. 341(h)(7). Arguments not raised in this manner are forfeited. Id. 

Because Illinois’s procedural rules do not permit Petitioner to incorporate by reference the 

arguments that he raised in his Finley response, the Court is “left with Baldwin: only arguments in 

the main body of the [PLA] have been preserved.” Lockheart, 443 F.3d at 929. Under Baldwin, 

Petitioner failed to present fairly the substance of Claims One, Two, and Three in his 

postconviction PLA.6F

7 His claims are therefore procedurally defaulted under the exhaustion 

doctrine. See Sanders, 48 F.4th at 509. 

II. Exceptions to Procedural Default 

Federal habeas corpus review of a procedurally defaulted claim is precluded unless “the 

petitioner demonstrates either (1) ‘cause for the default and actual prejudice’ or (2) ‘that failure to 

consider the claim[] will result in a fundamental miscarriage of justice,’” i.e., new, reliable 

evidence exists such that no reasonable trier of fact would have found the petitioner guilty had 

such evidence been presented. Thomas, 822 F.3d at 386 (quoting Coleman v. Thompson, 501 U.S.

722, 750 (1991)). Petitioner cannot demonstrate either exception to excuse the procedural default 

of his claims. 

7 The bullet points of claims without anything more in the postconviction PLA are insufficient to 

exhaust the claims either. See Chambers v. McCaughtry, 264 F.3d 732, 738 (7th Cir. 2001) 

(“passing reference to a constitutional issue” does not comprise fair presentment to the state 

courts). 

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A. Petitioner Cannot Establish Cause and Prejudice to Excuse His Procedural 

Defaults 

To demonstrate cause, “the prisoner must ‘show that some objective factor external to the 

defense impeded [hi]s efforts to comply with the State’s procedural rule.’” Davila, 137 S. Ct. at

2065 (quoting Murray v. Carrier, 477 U.S. 478, 488 (1986)). Examples of cause include: 

(1) interference by officials making compliance impractical; (2) the factual or legal basis was not 

reasonably available to counsel; or (3) ineffective assistance of counsel. Guest v. McCann, 474 

F.3d 926, 930 (7th Cir. 2007) (citing McCleskey v. Zant, 499 U.S. 467 (1991)). 

Petitioner argues that he did his best to present his claims and his lack of formal legal 

training should not be held against him. (Dkt. 36, p. 3-5, 12.) A habeas corpus petitioner’s pro se 

status, however, cannot constitute cause to excuse a default. See Harris v. McAdory, 334 F.3d 665, 

668 (7th Cir. 2003) (citing Barksdale v. Lane, 957 F.2d 379, 385-86 (7th Cir. 1992)); United States

ex rel. Maulding v. Cooper, No. 91 C 7672, 1992 WL 162258, at *2 (N.D. Ill. July 1, 1992) 

(“alleged ‘lack of familiarity with the intricacies of the law’ ... alone cannot constitute cause”). 

Petitioner further contends he was denied copies of his trial transcripts and the common 

law records for his Cook County criminal case and his Lake County criminal case and 

corresponding civil settlement. (Dkt. 36, p. 4.) This allegation is refuted by the record. In 

postconviction proceedings, Petitioner filed a motion for trial transcripts and common law records, 

(Dkt. 17-13, p. 424), which the trial court granted. Id. at 434, 501. There is no indication that 

Petitioner was not otherwise provided with the requested materials for use in postconviction 

proceedings. As to the unrelated Lake County case, Petitioner was not provided with trial 

transcripts from the criminal matter because the case was nolle prossed. Id. at 470. And there are 

no court records from the civil settlement because a civil case was never filed. (Dkt. 17-15, p. 463.) 

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Finally, the fact that Petitioner’s appointed postconviction counsel was permitted to 

withdraw from the matter does not constitute cause. (Dkt. 36, p. 5.) An ineffective assistance of 

counsel argument asserted to excuse a default must, itself, be properly preserved in the state courts. 

Edwards v. Carpenter, 529 U.S. 446, 453 (2000); Smith v. Gaetz, 565 F.3d 346, 352 (7th Cir. 

2009). Petitioner did not exhaust such a claim. Additionally, alleged ineffective assistance of 

postconviction appellate counsel does not qualify as cause to excuse a procedural default as there 

is no constitutional right to counsel in state postconviction proceedings. Davila, 137 S. Ct. at 2063. 

Lastly, Petitioner’s postconviction PLA, that he filed pro se, did not fairly present his federal 

claims, which is to say Petitioner is ultimately the cause of his own defaults.

B. Petitioner Has Not Demonstrated Actual Innocence to Excuse His Defaults 

This leaves the fundamental miscarriage of justice (actual innocence) gateway to excuse 

Petitioner’s defaults. “The fundamental miscarriage of justice standard erects an extremely high 

bar for the habeas petitioner to clear.” McDowell v. Lemke, 737 F.3d 476, 483 (7th Cir. 2013). “It 

applies only in the rare case where the petitioner can prove that he is actually innocent of the crime 

of which he has been convicted.” Id. (citations omitted). “To pass through the actual-innocence 

gateway to a merits review . . ., [a] petitioner must have ‘new reliable evidence . . . that was not 

presented at trial’ . . . and must persuade the district court that it is ‘more likely than not that no 

reasonable juror would have convicted him in light of the new evidence.’” Jones v. Calloway, 842 

F.3d 454, 461 (7th Cir. 2016) (quoting Schlup v. Delo, 513 U.S. 298, 324, 327 (1995)); see House 

v. Bell, 547 U.S. 518, 537 (2006) (quoting Schlup, 513 U.S. at 324) (a credible actual innocence 

claim “requires ‘new reliable evidence—whether it be exculpatory scientific evidence, trustworthy 

eyewitness accounts, or critical physical evidence...’”); McDowell, 737 F.3d at 483-84 (quoting 

Hayes v. Battaglia, 403 F.3d 935, 938 (7th Cir. 2005)) (“[A]dequate evidence is ‘documentary, 

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biological (DNA), or other powerful evidence: perhaps some non-relative who places him out of 

the city, with credit card slips, photographs, and phone logs to back up the claim.’”). 

Petitioner provides no evidence establishing his innocence. His reply brief appears to 

suggest judicial misconduct occurred because two judges involved in his case were allegedly 

connected in some way to former Chicago Police Department Commander Jon Burge. (Dkt. 36, p. 

6.) Neither of these judges, however, presided over Petitioner’s trial. Although Petitioner claims 

one of the judges demonstrated “personal bias” against him during a substitution-of-judge hearing, 

such an allegation falls well short of demonstrating Petitioner is actually innocent of sexually 

assaulting J.V. Buie v. McAdory, 341 F.3d 623, 626 (7th Cir. 2003) (“A defendant who asserts 

actual innocence as a reason to excuse a procedural default must demonstrate innocence.”) 

(emphasis in original); see also Hinton v. Uchtman, 395 F.3d 810, 822 (7th Cir. 2005) (Wood, J., 

concurring) (explaining that claiming misconduct in other cases is insufficient, the prisoner must 

demonstrate misconduct in his case). 

The same could be said for the affidavit Petitioner provides from Major Andrew S. Miller, 

Jr. of The Salvation Army. (Dkt. 27, p. 105.) The statements contained in this affidavit speak only 

to Miller’s opinion of Petitioner’s character; they do not in any way establish that Petitioner did 

not sexually assault the victim.

Finally, Petitioner includes a letter written to him by J.V.’s uncle, who alleges Petitioner is 

innocent and was framed by J.V.’s father. (Dkt. 37, p. 27-52.) Petitioner, however, presented this 

theory at trial and the uncle testified to that effect—claiming he heard J.V.’s father say he planted 

the T-shirt in this case. (Dkt. 17-15, p. 1147.) The jury rejected this theory and reasonably so, given 

the ample evidence presented at trial corroborating J.V.’s testimony that he was sexually assaulted 

by Petitioner: 

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• there was a noticeable crack in Petitioner’s apartment door from slamming it to 

prevent J.V. from leaving;

• Petitioner’s neighbor testified that she heard an altercation coming from 

Petitioner’s apartment on the day of the assault, including the sound of Petitioner’s 

door being slammed; 

• two jockstraps matching the description provided by J.V. were recovered from 

Petitioner’s apartment following the assault; 

• a bottle of lubricant was found in the exact location J.V. had described during his 

testimony; 

• the semen stain on the T-shirt that J.V. was wearing during the sexual assault 

matched Petitioner’s DNA; and

• Petitioner sent a text message to J.V.’s phone threatening him if he told anyone 

about the assault. 

In short, Petitioner does not offer the kind of reliable evidence, i.e., “exculpatory scientific

evidence, trustworthy eyewitness accounts, or critical physical evidence,” to support his claim of 

actual innocence. Schlup, 513 U.S. at 324. Petitioner only repeats his theory from trial that he was 

framed. That the jury disbelieved this theory is not sufficient to establish actual innocence. 

Because Petitioner has demonstrated neither cause and prejudice nor actual innocence, he 

cannot excuse the procedural defaults of Claims One, Two, and Three. 

III. Claims One, Two, and Three Also Fail On the Merits 

In addition, the Court notes that Claims One, Two, and Three are meritless. 

A. Claim One: Ineffective Assistance of Trial Counsel 

Claim One raises various grounds of ineffective assistance of trial counsel. (Dkt. 1, p. 5-

7.) To prevail on a claim of ineffective assistance of trial counsel, Petitioner must show both 

deficient performance and resulting prejudice. Westray v. Brookhart, 36 F.4th 737, 749 (7th Cir. 

2022) (citing Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687 (1984)). The performance prong is 

satisfied where counsel’s performance “falls below an objective standard of reasonableness,” and 

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the prejudice prong is satisfied only if “there is a reasonable probability that, but for counsel’s 

unprofessional errors, the result of the proceeding would have been different.” Strickland, 466 U.S. 

at 688, 694. “A petitioner is entitled to habeas relief only if he satisfies both of Strickland’s 

prongs.” Karr v. Sevier, 29 F.4th 873, 880 (7th Cir. 2022) (internal quotation marks and citation 

omitted). Importantly, “a court need not determine whether counsel’s performance was deficient 

before examining the prejudice suffered by the defendant as a result of the alleged deficiencies.” 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 697. “If it is easier to dispose of an effectiveness claim on the ground of 

lack of sufficient prejudice...that course should be followed.” Id. 

Petitioner’s ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim fails because he cannot establish 

Strickland prejudice. As discussed above, there was overwhelming evidence of Petitioner’s guilt. 

The victim testified not only to the sexual assault itself, but also to Petitioner’s grooming behaviors 

leading up to the sexual assault. The victim’s testimony was corroborated by the testimony of 

Petitioner’s neighbor and the threatening text message received from Petitioner, as well as the 

physical evidence found in Petitioner’s apartment, including the cracked door, the jockstraps, and 

the personal lubricant. More significantly, Petitioner’s DNA was on the semen-stained shirt that 

the victim was wearing during the sexual assault. Finally, it cannot be overlooked that the victim 

testified to a second sexual incident perpetrated by Petitioner that resulted in a civil settlement. 

There is no reasonable probability that the outcome of this case would have been different.

See Strickland, 466 U.S. at 696 (“[A] verdict or conclusion only weakly supported by the record 

is more likely to have been affected by errors than one with overwhelming support.”). Claim One 

is meritless. 

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B. Claim Two: Prosecutorial Misconduct 

In Claim Two, Petitioner raises various claims of prosecutorial misconduct that he contends 

deprived him of a fair trial. (Dkt. 1, p. 8-9.) Claims of prosecutorial misconduct are governed by 

the two-step framework established in Darden v. Wainwright, 477 U.S. 168 (1986). Ruvalcaba v. 

Chandler, 416 F.3d 555, 565 (7th Cir. 2005). Under this framework, Petitioner must show that the 

prosecutor’s remarks were both improper and prejudicial. Id. In determining the latter prong, “‘it 

is not enough that the prosecutors’ remarks were undesirable or even universally condemned. The 

relevant question is whether the prosecutors’ comments so infected the trial with unfairness as to 

make the resulting conviction a denial of due process.’” Id. (quoting Darden, 477 U.S. at 181). 

The most important consideration when conducting the prejudice inquiry is the weight of the 

evidence against Petitioner. Howard v. Gramley, 225 F.3d 784, 793 (7th Cir. 2000). “[S]trong

evidence of guilt eliminates any lingering doubt that the prosecutor’s remarks unfairly prejudiced 

the jury’s deliberations.” Lieberman v. Washington, 128 F.3d 1085, 1098 (7th Cir. 1997) (internal 

quotation marks and citations omitted) (alterations in original). 

Here, too, Petitioner’s prosecutorial misconduct claim fails on the prejudice prong. Even if 

this Court were to find the challenged remarks were ill-advised or improper, the overwhelming 

evidence against Petitioner does not support a finding that such remarks “so infected the trial with 

unfairness” as to constitute a denial of due process. Ruvalcaba, 416 F.3d at 565. As has been 

discussed at length, the evidence against Petitioner was more than ample. J.V.’s testimony, the 

cracked door, the jockstraps, the lubricant, the text message, and the semen-stained T-shirt all 

implicated Petitioner in the crime. In light of such strong evidence of guilt, Petitioner cannot show 

that he was prejudiced by any of the errors he alleges the State committed during trial. See 

Lieberman, 128 F.3d at 1098. Claim Two is without merit.

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C. Claim Three: Judicial Bias 

Finally, in Claim Three, Petitioner contends that he was denied a fair trial because the court 

was biased against him. (Dkt. 1, p. 11-13.) He challenges both the trial court’s remarks and 

unfavorable rulings on these grounds. Id. Petitioner’s bias claims are governed by Liteky v. United 

States, 510 U.S. 540 (1994). See Lockheart, 443 F.3d at 929-30 (applying Liteky in a § 2254 habeas 

corpus proceeding). To establish judicial bias, Petitioner must show the trial court displayed “such 

a high degree of favoritism or antagonism as to make fair judgment impossible.” Liteky, 510 U.S. 

at 555. This inquiry requires an objective assessment of the alleged bias. See Gacho v. Wills, 986 

F.3d 1067, 1075 (7th Cir. 2021) (citing Caperton v. A.T. Massey Coal Co., 556 U.S. 866 (2009)) 

(“Due process claims based on judicial bias require an objective assessment of the likelihood of 

bias ...”). 

The remarks challenged by Petitioner do not come close to “approach[ing] the level of 

acrimony” that Litkey requires. Lockheart, 443 F.3d at 929-30. Most of the comments challenged 

by Petitioner reflect the trial court’s efforts at courtroom administration. See Litkey, 510 U.S. at 

556 (“ordinary efforts at courtroom administration—even a stern and short-tempered judge’s 

ordinary efforts...” do not amount to bias). Others demonstrate, at most, a degree of frustration or 

impatience with defense counsel. Id. at 555-56 (“expressions of impatience, dissatisfaction, 

annoyance, and even anger” are not sufficient to establish bias). None of the challenged comments

display a degree of antagonism, let alone the extreme degree that is required, for a finding of 

judicial bias. Cf. Litkey, U.S. at 555 (quoting Berger v. United States, 225 U.S. 22 (1921)) 

(providing the example of Berger, a World War I espionage case against German-American 

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defendants, as an incident of judicial bias when the trial judge stated the defendants “‘hearts are 

reeking with disloyalty.’”). Accordingly, Petitioner’s judicial-comments argument fails. 

Petitioner’s challenges to the trial court’s rulings do not fare any better. Judicial rulings 

“almost never constitute a valid basis for a bias or partiality” claim. Litkey, 510 U.S. at 555. Rather, 

challenges to judicial rulings are proper grounds for appeal. Id. Petitioner shows nothing more than 

disagreement with the trial court’s rulings that were not in his favor. That some of the trial court’s 

rulings were unfavorable to Petitioner does not demonstrate, or even suggest, bias. His judicial 

bias claim is meritless. 

For the reasons discussed above, Petitioner is not entitled to habeas corpus relief on any of 

his claims as they are procedurally defaulted and, in any case, meritless. His habeas corpus petition 

is denied.7F

8

8 The Court notes that Petitioner includes with his habeas corpus petition an appendix entitled 

“Statement of the Case.” (Dkt. 1, p. 46-53.) Within this appendix is a citation to the legal standard 

governing a defendant’s right to present a complete defense. Id. at p. 51. The Court recognizes that 

Petitioner raised a “complete defense” argument before the state courts on direct appeal, but he 

makes no reference to such a claim in the body of his habeas corpus petition. Rather, his habeas 

corpus petition asserts three claims (ineffective assistance of trial counsel, prosecutorial 

misconduct, and judicial bias) and provides facts supporting each of these grounds as required. Id. 

at p. 5-13. The petition neither alleges that Petitioner was denied his right to present a complete 

defense nor provides any facts that would support such a claim. Id. Indeed, this Court is led to 

Petitioner’s reference to the right to present a complete defense in the appendix only by way of 

Petitioner’s ineffective assistance of trial counsel claim. Id. at p. 6. Although “courts are required 

to give liberal construction to pro se pleadings,” it is well established that “pro se litigants are not 

excused from compliance with procedural rules.” Pearle Vision, Inc. v. Romm, 541 F.3d 751, 758 

(7th Cir. 2008) (citations omitted). Petitioner’s “complete defense” legal citation clearly does not 

comport with the pleading requirements for habeas corpus petitions and, therefore, is not 

considered a substantive claim by this Court. See Rule 2(c) of the Rules Governing Section 2254 

Cases in the United States District Courts; Mayle v. Felix, 545 U.S. 644, 655 (2005) (explaining 

that Rule 2 requires a higher pleading standard than the general pleading requirement under Rule 

8 of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure as a habeas corpus claim must include facts supporting 

the claim). In any case, any alleged error as to Petitioner’s ability to present his defense would not 

have had a “substantial and injurious effect” on the verdict, Brecht v. Abrahamson, 507 U.S. 619, 

637-38 (1993), because there is overwhelming evidence against Petitioner, including the semenstained T-shirt recovered from the victim’s closet that matched Petitioner’s DNA, Petitioner’s text 

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IV. Certificate of Appealability 

The Court declines to issue a certificate of appealability. Such a certificate “may not issue 

‘unless the applicant has made a substantial showing of the denial of a constitutional right’” or 

error with this Court’s procedural determinations. Slack v. McDaniel, 529 U.S. 473, 483 (2000) 

(quoting 28 U.S.C. § 2253(c)). Petitioner must show that reasonable jurists could debate whether

this Court should have resolved his claims differently or that the issues are “adequate to deserve 

encouragement to proceed further.” Arredondo v. Huibregtse, 542 F.3d 1155, 1165 (7th Cir. 2008) 

(citing Slack, 529 U.S. at 484) (quoting Barefoot v. Estelle, 463 U.S. 880, 893 & n.4 (1983)). 

Petitioner cannot meet this standard.

CONCLUSION

Petitioner’s habeas corpus petition is denied. (Dkt. 1.) Any pending motions are denied as 

moot. The Court declines to issue a certificate of appealability. The Clerk is direct to enter a 

judgment in favor of Respondent and against Petitioner. Civil case terminated. 

SO ORDERED. ENTERED: December 2, 2022

 ______________________ 

HON. JORGE ALONSO

United States District Judge

message to the victim telling him not to tell anyone about the incidents, the victim’s testimony, 

Petitioner’s neighbor’s hearing the incident from her apartment, and the police’s search uncovering 

evidence at Petitioner’s apartment consistent with the victim’s account, including the cracked 

apartment door, jockstraps, and lubricant.

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