UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS 

FOR THE TENTH CIRCUIT 

_________________________________ 

SUSAN PFANNENSTIEL; AMBER 

HARRINGTON; NATASHA McCURDY; 

KIMBERLY MEADER; JARAH 

COOPER, 

 Plaintiffs - Appellants, 

and 

REBECCA CORAZZIN-McMAHAN, 

 Plaintiff, 

v. 

STATE OF KANSAS; HERMAN JONES; 

JASON DeVORE, 

 Defendants - Appellees, 

and 

MICHAEL MURPHY; ANDREW DEAN; 

ERIC SAUER; WESLEY LUDOLPH; 

THOMAS CATANIA, 

 Defendants. 

No. 23-3145 

(D.C. No. 5:21-CV-04006-HLT) 

(D. Kan.) 

_________________________________ 

ORDER AND JUDGMENT*

_________________________________ 

Before McHUGH, MURPHY, and FEDERICO, Circuit Judges. 

* This order and judgment is not binding precedent, except under the doctrines 

of law of the case, res judicata, and collateral estoppel. It may be cited, however, for 

its persuasive value consistent with Fed. R. App. P. 32.1 and 10th Cir. R. 32.1. 

FILED 

United States Court of Appeals 

Tenth Circuit 

July 25, 2024

Christopher M. Wolpert 

Clerk of Court

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_________________________________ 

I. INTRODUCTION

 In a single, overarching complaint, Susan Pfannenstiel, Amber Harrington, and 

Jarah Cooper (referred to collectively as “Appellants”) brought, inter alia, Title VII 

hostile work environment claims against the State of Kansas. In addition, Cooper 

brought a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim against Herman Jones, asserting Jones violated her 

First Amendment rights.1

 The district court granted summary judgment in favor of 

Kansas on all Title VII hostile work environment claims and in favor of Jones on 

Cooper’s § 1983 claim. As to the Title VII claims, the district court concluded no 

Appellant produced sufficient evidence to allow a reasonable jury to find any 

relevant sex-based discrimination “was sufficiently severe or pervasive such that it 

altered the terms or conditions of [her] employment.” Throupe v. Univ. of Denver, 

988 F.3d 1243, 1251 (10th Cir. 2021). As to Cooper’s § 1983 claim, the district court 

concluded Jones was entitled to qualified immunity because Cooper failed to identify 

1

 The Second Amended Complaint, the operative complaint for purposes of 

this appeal, sets out claims for relief on behalf of Natasha McCurdy and Kimberly 

Meader. McCurdy and Meader are also listed as appellants in the notice of appeal. 

Appellants’ joint opening brief does not, however, address the district court’s 

disposition of any claim raised by McCurdy or Meader. Accordingly, all potential 

claims of error on behalf of McCurdy and Meader are waived. See Sawyers v. Norton, 

962 F.3d 1270, 1286 (10th Cir. 2020). Similarly, Cooper’s § 1983 First Amendment 

claim, as set out in the Second Amended Complaint, is stated against Jones and Jason 

De Vore. Furthermore, De Vore is listed as an appellee in the notice of appeal. 

Appellants’ joint opening brief does not, however, address how the district court 

erred in its disposition of Cooper’s § 1983 First Amendment claim against De Vore. 

Accordingly, Cooper has waived appellate review of the dismissal of her First 

Amendment claim against De Vore. Id. 

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clearly established law. Appellants appeal, challenging each relevant district court 

conclusion. We conclude the district court did not err in any aspect of its summary 

judgment ruling. Thus, exercising jurisdiction pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1291, this 

court affirms the district court’s judgment. 

II. DISCUSSION

A. Hostile Work Environment Claims

1. Legal Background and Standard of Review

 Appellants each asserted a Title VII hostile work environment claim against 

the State of Kansas.2 See Fitzpatrick v. Bitzer, 427 U.S. 445, 456-57 (1976) (holding 

Congress validly abrogated the Eleventh Amendment sovereign immunity of the 

States as to suits under Title VII). Title VII “prohibits an employer from 

discriminating against any individual because of such individual’s sex. Under Title 

VII, a plaintiff can prove discrimination in several different ways, including proof of 

a hostile work environment.” Throupe, 988 F.3d at 1251 (quotation, citation, and 

alteration omitted). “A hostile work environment claim is composed of a series of 

separate acts that collectively constitute one unlawful employment practice.” Id.

(quotation omitted). For Appellants to state a valid Title VII hostile work 

environment claim, they must present sufficient evidence sex was a motivating factor 

in discrimination against them. Id. They must also “offer evidence that the 

2

 Pfannenstiel’s Title VII hostile work environment claim is set out in Count 6 

of the Second Amended Complaint, Harrington’s is set out in Count 13, and Cooper’s 

is set out in Count 30. 

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defendant’s conduct was so severe or pervasive as to alter the terms or conditions of 

employment. Proof of either severity or pervasiveness can serve as an independent 

ground to sustain a hostile work environment claim.” Id. at 1252. This determination 

involves an examination of the “totality of the circumstances” and a consideration of 

“such factors as the frequency of the discriminatory conduct; its severity; whether it 

is physically threatening or humiliating, or a mere offensive utterance; and whether it 

unreasonably interferes with an employee’s work performance.” Id. (quotations 

omitted). This element is assessed both objectively and subjectively. Id. “It is not 

enough that the plaintiff perceived the conduct to be severe or pervasive. Rather, the 

plaintiff must show that a rational jury could find that the workplace is permeated 

with discriminatory intimidation, ridicule, and insult.” Id. (quotation omitted). “[T]he 

run-of-the mill boorish, juvenile, or annoying behavior that is not uncommon in 

American workplaces is not the stuff of a Title VII hostile work environment claim.” 

Id. (quotation omitted). Likewise, “a few isolated incidents of discriminatory conduct 

does not make the harassment pervasive.” Id. (quotation omitted). “[W]hether the 

conduct was severe or pervasive is typically a question for the jury,” but this court 

“can affirm a district court’s grant of summary judgment when the plaintiff fails to 

make this showing.” Id. 

 This court reviews the grant of summary judgment de novo applying the 

standard set out in Fed. R. Civ. P. 56. Adler v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 144 F.3d 664, 

670 (10th Cir. 1998). Summary judgment is proper if the movant demonstrates “there 

is no genuine dispute as to any material fact” and it “is entitled to judgment as a 

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matter of law.” Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(a). In applying this standard “we view the factual 

record and draw all reasonable inferences therefrom most favorably to the 

nonmovant.” Adler, 144 F.3d at 670. A dispute is “‘genuine’ if there is sufficient 

evidence on each side so that a rational trier of fact could resolve the issue either 

way.” Id. “If there is no genuine issue of material fact, we next determine whether 

the district court correctly applied the substantive law.” Id. “[A]lthough our review is 

de novo, we conduct that review from the perspective of the district court at the time 

it made its ruling, ordinarily limiting our review to the materials adequately brought 

to the attention of the district court by the parties.” Id. at 671; see also Fed. R. Civ. P. 

56(c)(1). 

2. Analysis

 a. Pfannenstiel

 Pfannenstiel began working for Kansas in 1999. She originally worked in the 

Kansas Department of Administration (“DOA”), but eventually transferred to the 

Kansas Highway Patrol’s (“KHP”) Human Resources (“HR”) Department. She was 

promoted to Director of HR at KHP, a position she held for the three years before she 

retired on September 1, 2020. As KHP’s Director of HR, Pfannenstiel reported to 

Major Scott Harrington3

 at KHP and Craig Kibbe, DOA’s Deputy Director. Kraig 

Knowlton, Director of the Office of Personnel Services (“OPS”), was Kibbe’s 

3

 Appellant Harrington and Scott Harrington are siblings. To avoid confusion, 

this court refers to appellant Harrington by her last name and refers to Scott 

Harrington by his full name. 

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supervisor. During the time relevant to Pfannenstiel’s hostile work environment 

claim, Jones was the head of the KHP and De Vore was his deputy.4

 

 In support of her hostile work environment claim, Pfannenstiel identifies five 

categories of acts supporting the existence of severe or pervasive sex-based 

harassment. The first category involves the following instant message exchange 

between Jones, the head of KHP, and Pfannenstiel in October of 2019: 

 [10/10/2019 4:13 PM] [Jones] Getting our money’s worth from 

you this week huh! 

 [10/10/2019 4:13 PM] [Pfannenstiel] what an understatement 

(facepalm emoji) It’s all good (thumbs up emoji) 

 [Jones] Well at least I know you’re not sleeping on the 

company’s couch. (smiley with tongue hanging out emoji) 

 [Pfannenstiel] WE have a couch? Wait...no one told me 

 [10/10/2019 4:17 PM] [Jones] See, you’ve been soooooo busy, 

you didn’t even notice the beige couch in the corner. Since you’re not 

using it I’m going to have it removed and place[d] elsewhere. (mmm 

emoji) 

 [10/10/2019 4:18 PM] [Pfannenstiel] I see, ok fine (sleep emoji) 

 [10/11/2019 8:25 AM] [Jones] And you came back?! 

 [10/11/2019 8:25 AM] [Pfannenstiel] Yes sir 

 [10/11/2019 8:27 AM] [Jones] I guess you don’t need that couch 

after all huh! 

 [10/11/2019 8:27 AM] [Pfannenstiel] I guess not 

4

 The same is true for the time periods embraced by Harrington’s and Cooper’s 

claims. 

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 [10/11/2019 8:39 AM] [Jones] Have a great day and thank you 

for all that you do to advance the agency and Kansas. (thumbs up emoji) 

 [10/11/2019 8:40 AM] [Pfannenstiel] I am dedicated to the KHP 

and OPS as well. Have a nice day. 

 [10/11/2019 8:40 AM] [Jones] Yelp ma’am! 

Pfannenstiel testified this exchange made her feel “very uncomfortable.” She felt 

Jones’s references to the couch were offensive or suggestive: “Because how does a 

couch even come... into play, and ... combine that with the tongue hanging out 

emoji, that immediately, I don’t know what you want to call it,... it alerted me.” 

Pfannenstiel advised Scott Harrington about the exchange and read the messages to 

him. Scott Harrington testified Pfannenstiel was “visibly shaken” by the messages 

and “it was unlike anything [he] had seen from [her] before.” Scott Harrington 

further testified he thought the messages were sexual in nature because of the 

references to the couch. 

 On December 3, 2019, Pfannenstiel had what she perceived to be a very 

uncomfortable encounter with Major Mike Murphy. In notes to herself documenting 

the encounter, Pfannenstiel described the incident as follows: 

 Major Mike Murphy came into my office to pick up a file. He closed the 

door so we could discuss [an]... employee situation. . . . 

 [Murphy] was attempting to demonstrate the way the female employee 

approached him the first time they met. I was seated behind my desk 

with my hands in my lap. He came around the desk, got real closed to 

my face (no more than 5 inches from me) and reached for my hand. He 

stated, “she said well hi, Major.” I immediately pushed back from him 

and made distance with the length of my arm while stating, “whoa 

you’re in my personal space.” He laughed and took a seat across the 

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desk from me. He stated “do you see what I mean? She made me feel 

uncomfortable. I couldn’t even look at her in the face.” 

 I was very uncomfortable particularly since we were behind closed 

doors. 

 By February of 2020, Jones and De Vore knew unidentified individuals were 

being critical of Jones and his leadership team. On February 10 or 11, 2020, 

Pfannenstiel was summoned to a meeting with Jones and De Vore about an 

anonymous letter highly critical of Jones that was sent to the Governor. The letter 

accused Pfannenstiel of not doing her job by allowing misconduct to occur and not 

reporting it. Jones and De Vore said the letter “had [Pfannenstiel’s] name all over it” 

when it accused her of shirking her job duties. According to Pfannenstiel, Jones said 

“if he found out who wrote the [anonymous letter to the governor] or who had 

anything to do with this information, he would see that they have a parting of the 

ways with this agency.” Jones’s posture was very threatening and both he and De 

Vore were in uniform with weapons showing. De Vore said Pfannenstiel should 

watch what she says in the future because people were being critical of her.

Pfannenstiel reported this meeting to Knowlton and Kibbe. Knowlton responded by 

noting “[t]his is the first I am hearing of this. I will see what I can find out from the 

Governor’s Office, but rest assured that we have your back over here so please don’t 

stress about this too much.” He further noted that, given the surrounding 

circumstances “even though the format and tone were far less than ideal, I think the 

message to be careful what you say to whom is good advice.” 

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 In entirely generalized fashion, Pfannenstiel asserts that beginning in March of 

2020, Jones and De Vore left her out of conversations and policy change decisions 

which required involvement of the HR Director, such as making changes to the 

interview and selection process, as well as changes to policies relating to retirement 

or resignation. In similarly generalized fashion she asserts that, during staff meetings, 

her statements, recommendations, and input were discounted in front of the rest of 

the management staff. Pfannenstiel testified these actions interfered with the 

performance of her duties as the HR Director, explaining “[i]t became impossible for 

me to direct my staff appropriately when those legitimate policies and regulations 

were being usurped at every turn.”5

 

5

 Pfannenstiel’s reliance on these generalized assertions of retaliatory conduct 

is not weighty. First, in the district court, Pfannenstiel brought a retaliation claim 

premised on this exact alleged conduct on the part of Jones. She asserted that in 

retaliation for her participation in a DOA investigation of Jones, “she was excluded 

from policy and procedure discussions and [had] her suggestions and input ignored.” 

The district court recognized the generalized nature of the retaliation claim and the 

absence of specific factual bases. At best, Pfannenstiel identified two specific emails 

reflecting policy disagreements with Jones. Notably, Knowlton, Pfannenstiel’s 

ultimate supervisor, averred, without direct or specific contradiction, that HR 

managers at agencies like KHP are merely advisors that should simply “advise and 

abide by the decisions of those who are authorized to make the decisions.” He further 

attested “it is not unusual or surprising that decisionmakers in an agency will make 

decisions that are not exactly in line with HR recommendations” and that such 

situations do “not in any way reflect negatively on the HR manager or impact his or 

her career opportunities.” Finally, Knowlton noted he examined the only two specific 

actions identified by Pfannenstiel as retaliatory and concluded it was his “opinion 

that there is not anything out of the ordinary in the interactions between agency 

leadership and the HR manager described there.” 

More importantly, the district court engaged in a lengthy analysis and 

concluded no reasonable juror could find that Jones was aware Pfannenstiel 

participated in the DOA investigation. On appeal, Pfannenstiel has simply 

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 The final category involves Pfannenstiel’s alleged awareness of a “sexually 

hostile culture” at KHP, specifically noting her awareness of Jones’s harassing 

actions toward Meader and Harrington. 

 The district court granted summary judgment in Kansas’s favor, concluding 

Pfannenstiel failed to demonstrate acts of harassment that were sufficiently severe or 

pervasive so as to alter the terms and conditions of her employment.6

 Referencing its 

decision at the motion-to-dismiss stage, the district court concluded nothing in the 

instant message exchange could be considered objectively severe harassment. 

According to the district court, the conversation included some brief banter about 

sleeping on an office couch due to long working hours. Both Pfannenstiel and Jones 

appeared to be joking and both used emojis that reflect a joking tone. The second half 

of the instant message interaction was mostly just Jones thanking Pfannenstiel for her 

work. As to the meeting with Jones and De Vore about the anonymous letter to the 

government, the district court noted it was not physical. Although Jones and De Vore 

were armed and in uniform, the district court recognized such a state was not unusual 

repackaged aspects of her now-defunct retaliation claim as part of her hostile work 

environment claim. She has done so, however, without addressing this critical aspect 

of the district court order. That is, in the district court, Pfannenstiel argued the reason 

Jones undertook these actions was to punish her for reporting to DOA Jones’s 

harassment. She then simply included the alleged act of retaliation as part of her 

hostile work environment claim. She does not explain on appeal how the alleged 

retaliatory acts could continue to support the existence of a hostile work environment 

given the unchallenged district court decision that no retaliation could have taken 

place because Jones was not aware of her actions. 

6

 The district court assumed, without deciding, that a reasonable juror could 

find some of the conduct alleged was sex-based. 

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at the KHP. The district court noted the only incident involving a physical aspect, the 

interaction with Murphy, involved Murphy explaining to HR actions of a third 

employee that made Murphy uncomfortable. Finally, the district court concluded all 

incidents considered in the aggregate could not be considered pervasive. The district 

court ruled the exceedingly limited evidence Pfannenstiel submitted as to Jones’s 

allegedly harassing conduct towards other women did not alter that conclusion. 

 Like the district court, this court concludes it is unnecessary to resolve whether 

Pfannenstiel came forward with sufficient evidence for a jury to find the conduct 

directed at her was sex-based. Instead, upon de novo review, we affirm the district 

court’s ruling that no jury could find the alleged conduct, considered in its totality 

and the context of surrounding circumstances, was sufficiently severe or pervasive 

that it altered the terms or conditions of Pfannenstiel’s employment. 

 Because it includes the only alleged conduct directed at Pfannenstiel involving 

anything approaching a physical element (i.e., the brief attempt to grab her hands 

while invading her space), this court begins with the incident involving Murphy.7

 The 

record reveals Pfannenstiel’s interaction with Murphy took place entirely in the 

context of Pfannenstiel’s role as the HR Manager tasked with reporting and 

7

 As set out below in discussing Harrington’s hostile work environment claim, 

this court does “not simply . . . accept [Pfannenstiel’s] claim that all the 

discriminatory conduct [she] identifies was part of the same hostile work 

environment.” Throupe, 988 F.3d at 1255 n.3; see also infra at 19-21. Even if this 

court considers the Murphy incident as part of a single unified hostile work 

environment, Pfannenstiel’s Title VII claim fails and, therefore, we need not consider 

the matter further. 

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investigating employment issues. There is no evidence in the record indicating the 

interaction was anything other than an isolated event. Murphy attempted to touch 

Pfannenstiel’s hands while explaining the nature of his interactions with a different 

KHP employee. When Pfannenstiel objected, Murphy stepped back and sat down on 

the other side of Pfannenstiel’s desk. Viewed objectively, Murphy’s conduct does not 

satisfy the high bar required to meet Title VII’s severe-or-pervasive standard. Khalaf 

v. Ford Motor Co., 973 F.3d 469, 485 (6th Cir. 2020) (“Alleged harassment in the 

context of a hostile-work environment-claim must be sufficiently ‘pervasive’ or 

‘severe’ to alter the conditions of employment. This standard sets a high bar for 

plaintiffs in order to distinguish meaningful instances of discrimination from 

instances of simple disrespect.” (citation omitted)). The same is true as to the meeting 

involving Jones, De Vore, and Pfannenstiel about the anonymous letter to the 

governor. Although the meeting was clearly tense, it was not physical. Pfannenstiel 

emphasizes that Jones and De Vore were in uniform and were armed. Those facts, 

however, must be considered in the context of the relevant surrounding 

circumstances. As noted by the district court, it was not unusual for KHP employees 

to be armed and in uniform. See Morris v. City of Colo. Springs, 666 F.3d 654, 668 

(10th Cir. 2012) (considering analogous contextual circumstances in the medical 

employment context). 

 Nor could a reasonable jury find, based on the evidence Pfannenstiel presented 

to the district court, that she was subject to pervasive harassment. The anonymousletter and Murphy incidents were isolated and unrelated. Pfannenstiel attempts to 

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cobble them together by asserting (1) Jones ignored her input on HR matters and (2) 

there existed in KHP a pervasive atmosphere of sex-based harassment. Neither 

assertion carries the weight Pfannenstiel attempts to place upon it. As noted above, 

supra n.5, the evidence Pfannenstiel identified in support of the assertion Jones 

retaliated against her by ignoring her input on HR matters is narrowly limited to two 

specific instances. These two instances are not a pattern. And, in any event, 

Pfannenstiel’s conclusory testimony must be considered alongside Knowlton’s 

specific and detailed testimony to the contrary. Although this court must credit 

Pfannenstiel’s testimony at the summary judgment stage of proceedings, that 

testimony demonstrates only that she believed Jones was acting contrary to some 

unidentified policy or directive. Pfannenstiel presented no objective evidence—

comparative actions of other agency heads or HR managers, written policy, etc.—that 

Jones wrongly ignored her input on HR matters. See In re Grandote Country Club 

Co., 252 F.3d 1146, 1149-50 (10th Cir. 2001) (“Unsupported conclusory allegations 

. . . do not create a genuine issue of fact. . . . To withstand summary judgment, the 

nonmoving party must come forward with specific facts showing that there is a 

genuine issue for trial.” (citations and internal quotation marks omitted)). In any 

event, even assuming Jones did make a sex-based decision to disregard Pfannenstiel’s 

input on these two matters, his actions are not pervasive. Nor do those actions render 

the anonymous-letter and Murphy incidents pervasive. 

 Pfannenstiel’s reference to an overarching atmosphere of sexual harassment 

suffers from a similar evidentiary failing. As noted by the district court, the only 

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evidentiary support for this assertion, at least the only evidence included in the 

summary judgment record and brought to the district court’s attention, is the fact 

Pfannenstiel, Harrington, Meader, and McCurdy were interviewed together for an 

August 2020 television story.8

 No Appellant, however, included any facts in the 

summary judgment record as to the contents of that interview. Likewise, Pfannenstiel 

did not allege any discrete acts of harassment directed at her during the roughly twoweek interval between the interview and her retirement. 

 On the record presented to the district court, the district court correctly 

concluded no reasonable juror could find the alleged acts of harassment directed at 

Pfannenstiel were sufficiently severe or pervasive that they altered the terms or 

conditions of her employment. 

 b. Harrington

 Harrington started working as a KHP trooper in 2000. She was promoted to 

Captain in 2017, a position she maintains to this day. Harrington’s hostile work 

environment claim is composed of two component time periods. The first component 

relates to her direct interactions with Jones in late 2019. The second component 

relates to alleged acts of retaliation that occurred in 2020 to 2021. 

8

 To the extent Pfannenstiel has combed the summary judgment record in an 

effort to present to this court additional evidentiary support not presented to the 

district court for the assertion she knew about Jones’s mistreatment of Harrington and 

Meader prior to this interview, we decline to consider the matter. As noted above, 

this court reviews the correctness of the district court’s grant of summary judgment 

based on the arguments made to and materials presented to the district court. Adler, 

144 F.3d at 670; Fed. R. Civ. P. 56(c)(1). 

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 In August 2019, Harrington attended a meeting with Jones and De Vore. Jones 

touched or “smacked” Harrington on the back of her shoulder. Harrington told Jones 

his conduct “was highly inappropriate.” In response, Jones touched her again and 

said “there, I take it back.” On October 31, 2019, Jones “was going down a row of 

chairs [at a training session], shaking the hand of everyone present.” Jones was 

“talking to the back row”; Harrington felt Jones’s body “near the back of her chair” 

as he talked to the people behind her. Jones then turned around directly behind 

Harrington and “placed his hand on [her] shoulders and start[ed] patting them.” Jones 

brushed “up against [her] arm to reach in and shake [her] hand.” According to 

Harrington, as Jones reached for her hand, he “purposely glided his hand across [her] 

left arm nice and slow.” Jones shook hands with everyone in the room. Finally, on 

December 27, 2019, Harrington was presenting plaques at a retirement ceremony. 

Although she did not realize it at the time, another KHP employee said he saw Jones 

put his hands on Harrington’s shoulders as she was unwrapping plaques. Jones has 

not touched Harrington since the plaque incident. Jones’s executive assistant testified 

she never saw Jones touch any male employee the way he touched Harrington. Jones 

has never made a suggestive or offensive comment to Harrington and she has not 

seen him touch other women. 

 Harrington filed a charge of discrimination with the Equal Employment 

Opportunity Commission (“EEOC”) on September 8, 2020. She alleged undescribed 

acts of “sexual harassment/gender discrimination” occurring on the following dates 

in 2019: August 1, September 10, October 2, October 14, October 31, and December 

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27. The charge also asserted that based on her act of reporting discrimination and 

harassment directed at both her and other female KHP employees, she experienced 

multiple acts of undescribed, ongoing retaliation. 

 In her brief on appeal, Harrington describes the acts of retaliation, beginning 

with the appointment of Major Andrew Dean as her direct supervisor. In July 2020, 

Major Josh Kellerman was terminated from his employment by the KHP. Prior to his 

termination, Kellerman was Harrington’s direct supervisor. In August 2020, Dean 

became Harrington’s direct supervisor. Several weeks later, on September 8, 

Harrington filed her EEOC complaint. On September 16, Harrington sent an email to 

Dean protesting his directive that she prepare a schedule for a full contingent of 

officers who would be in the Kansas State Capitol for the 2021 Legislative session 

“at all times and absolutely no overtime accrued.” Harrington’s email set forth the 

reasons she believed “it is impossible to fill in the gaps with Troop K’s current 

manpower.” She concluded by asserting Dean was “setting [her] up for failure” and 

that she believed his actions in that regard were “directly connected” to her EEOC 

charge. It is uncontested Dean became aware of Harrington’s EEOC complaint “right 

around [the] same time” as her email to him on September 16. 

 In late January of 2021, Dean received text messages from Lieutenant Crystal 

Golightley. In those messages, Golightley expressed concerns about working 

underneath Harrington and indicated there existed a hostile work environment. A few 

days later, Dean and a KHP legal counsel met with Golightley at a coffee shop. 

Golightley told Dean that Harrington created a hostile work environment. Golightley 

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did not, however, fill out a written complaint form. In February of 2021, Lieutenant 

Dan Diloreto was asked to investigate Golightley’s complaint against Harrington. 

Diloreto worked in KHP’s Professional Standards Unit (“PSU”). It is uncontested 

that Jones ordered all PSU investigations. According to Diloreto, “[d]ue to the 

sensitive nature of the allegations in the case,” the PSU requested permission from 

Jones to initially suspend notifying Harrington of the investigation. Jones approved 

PSU’s request. 

 On March 9, 2021, Jones placed Harrington on administrative leave with pay, 

relieving her from duty pending the PSU investigation. As a result, Harrington’s 

patrol car and office keys were taken from her, and her access to KHP’s network and 

email were suspended. On April 24, 2021, Harrington received a letter from KHP 

advising her that Golightley’s harassment complaint was not substantiated by the 

PSU investigation, but a charge of insubordination was sustained through factual 

evidence. According to Diloreto, the factual evidence which sustained the charge of 

insubordination primarily consisted of Harrington’s own statements to the PSU 

during an interview. During her deposition, Harrington testified she was not 

insubordinate and did not make negative comments about Jones. 

 Harrington was not returned to work until June 14, 2021, almost two months 

after the investigation was completed. That day, Harrington was given an 

unsatisfactory performance review by Dean. In this review, Dean enumerated 

Harrington’s “[f]ailure to follow instructions,” her “failure to follow [the] chain of 

command,” and the results of the PSU investigation. Also on June 14, 2021, Dean 

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placed Harrington on a special performance review for 150 days, due to the 

unsatisfactory rating for her annual performance review. On November 10, 2021, 

Harrington successfully completed her special review period. 

 The district court granted summary judgment in Kansas’s favor. It first 

expressed significant doubt as to whether Harrington produced sufficient evidence 

for a jury to find any harassment was sex-based. The district court noted that 

“Harrington acknowledges being touched on other occasions by Jones, and though 

apparently unwelcome, she does not consider them as sexually motivated.” The 

district court concluded that even if it assumed a jury could find sex-based 

harassment, Kansas was still entitled to summary judgment. That was because, 

according to the district court, Harrington failed to adduce evidence from which a 

reasonable juror could find that the retaliatory acts by Dean were properly considered 

as part of a single hostile work environment claim. The district court noted the 

alleged acts of touching and alleged acts of retaliation occurred in different 

timeframes and involved different perpetrators. See Throupe, 988 F.3d at 1255 n.3. 

The district court ruled no reasonable jury could find the three acts of touching by 

Jones amounted to severe or pervasive harassment. When the alleged retaliatory acts 

were appropriately decoupled from the touching incidents, no reasonable jury could 

find the alleged acts of retaliation were sex-based. 

 Upon de novo review, this court affirms. In so doing, we have little to add to 

the district court’s astute analysis. Like the district court, we easily conclude no 

reasonable juror could find that the three alleged acts of inappropriate touching by 

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Jones, standing alone, constitute the type of severe or pervasive harassment that 

amounts to a Title VII hostile work environment. In her brief on appeal, Harrington 

does not directly argue to the contrary. Instead, she appears to argue that Dean, in 

undertaking his acts of retaliation, was acting as Jones’s cat’s paw. As set out at 

length in Kansas’s response brief, however, Harrington’s argument in this regard is 

based entirely on supposition and conjecture. For instance, Harrington asserts a jury 

could find that Dean convinced Golightley to complain about Harrington’s 

supervisory conduct. The only record evidence is to the contrary, with both Dean and 

Golightley swearing the decision to complain was made entirely by Golightley 

without input from any command staff. The only response to this evidence in the 

record is Harrington’s contention that the jury could simply choose to disbelieve 

Dean and Golightley. As the Supreme Court made clear four decades ago in 

Anderson v. Liberty Lobby, Inc., 477 U.S. 242, 256-57 (1986), when a nonmovant 

like Harrington carries the burden of proof, she cannot avoid summary judgment 

without coming forward with affirmative evidence. The mere assertion a jury might 

disbelieve Dean or Golightley is simply not enough. Id. In the end, having combed 

through the record, this court cannot find remotely sufficient evidence for a jury to 

find that Jones used Dean to retaliate against Harrington, rendering Jones’s actions 

and Dean’s actions a unified hostile work environment claim. Instead, the record 

reveals Golightley herself came forward with the complaint that initiated the 

investigation; Diloreto conducted the investigation consistent with written KHP/PSU 

policy; and Jones was involved only in a limited fashion when he was requested to 

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take a specific action by PSU. Harrington’s mere assertions the jury could disbelieve 

this evidence is not enough to create a fact question for the jury. Id.

 Consistent with the district court, we hold as follows: (1) assuming they are 

sex based, the three incidents in which Jones touched Harrington in 2019 are not 

severe or pervasive and, thus, did not alter the terms and conditions of Harrington’s 

employment; (2) no reasonable jury could find Jones’s actions and Dean’s actions 

amount to a single hostile work environment under the standard set out in Throupe, 

988 F.3d at 1255 n.3.; and (3) Harrington does not argue, let alone point to record 

evidence from which a reasonable jury could find, Dean’s allegedly retaliatory 

actions were sex-based. Thus, the district court correctly granted summary judgment 

in Kansas’s favor on Harrington’s Title VII hostile work environment claim. 

 c. Cooper

 Cooper began working for KHP as a Trooper in 2017. At the time, she was 

assigned to Troop A in Kansas City, Kansas. In April 2020, Cooper began dating 

another trooper, Lucas Bryon. In October 2020, she learned she was pregnant. That 

same month, Cooper requested a hardship transfer to Troop C in Riley County, 

Kansas.; KHP granted this request. KHP also granted Cooper’s request for limitedduty assignment due to her pregnancy. After Cooper transferred to Troop C, both she 

and Bryon were directly supervised by Lieutenant Scott Proffitt. Proffitt’s supervisor 

was Captain Bruce Hyman. On December 17, 2020, Cooper sent a letter to Jones, 

resigning from her employment with KHP. Cooper made no complaints about an 

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alleged hostile work environment while she was employed with Troop C. During that 

time, no one threatened to fire Cooper and no one yelled at her. 

 Cooper claims she was subjected to a hostile work environment between 

October 20 and November 30, 2020. According to her brief on appeal, her claim is 

based on four categories of hostile acts directed toward her by Proffitt and Hyman. 

The first category consisted of imposing upon Cooper work restrictions which were 

beyond what her physician ordered. Initially, Cooper’s physician ordered the 

following pregnancy-related work restrictions: driving only one hour per shift; no 

climbing; light or desk duty; and only lifting 20-40 pounds one or two times per shift. 

According to Cooper, however, when Proffitt met with her on October 21, 2020, he 

told her that she was not to have any direct contact with the public.9

9

 The record identified by Cooper in support of this assertion is her deposition, 

which reads as follows: 

 Cooper: [Proffitt] told me that he had originally talked to [Hyman] 

about what my limited duty assignment would be. And they discussed 

having me check VIN numbers for the—they get numerous calls for 

troopers to go check the VINs around—usually it’s done at the person’s 

residence or it could be done at wherever location. 

 And they discussed having me do that, because they get a lot of 

calls for that. And [Proffitt] told me that [Hyman] said he didn’t want 

me to have direct personal contact with the public. 

 Counsel: Because of COVID? 

 Cooper: I don’t recall. 

 Counsel: So you don’t know if [your physician] provided you any 

thoughts on how to protect yourself as a pregnant person and COVID 

pandemics? 

 Cooper: I don’t remember it being a primary concern. 

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 The second category consisted of the close monitoring of Cooper by Proffitt. 

In her answer to interrogatories, Cooper asserted as follows: 

 [Proffitt] would physically drive to her station to ensure she was 

working and drive to her home to see why [she] was not at the station. 

He would consistently check her whereabouts and follow[] up on [her] 

assignments. Others in limited duty assignments did not receive the 

same treatment as [her] nor did [Proffitt] consistently check other 

troopers’ whereabouts. 

 The third category consisted of refusing to allow Cooper to attend a four-day 

training class on human trafficking in November of 2020. Prior to her transfer to 

Troop C, Cooper was granted approval to attend the training. On October 21, 2020, 

Cooper requested approval from Troop C to attend the training. Proffitt told Cooper 

that Hyman refused to approve her request due to the one-hour driving restriction 

imposed by her physician. October 28, 2020, Cooper received a revised limited-duty 

restriction from her physician allowing her to drive up to three hours per shift. 

Proffitt again refused to authorize her to attend the training. 

 The fourth category consisted of what Cooper describes as Proffitt “spying” on 

her apartment on November 19, 2020. In her deposition, Cooper described this 

incident, which occurred at 7:15 am, as follows: “My husband caught him across the 

street at a gas station spying on our apartment. My husband told me that he had 

 Counsel: But you don’t know what you discussed with [your physician]; 

correct? 

 Cooper: I don’t recall. 

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binoculars in his hands, and he started to wrap them up because my husband 

approached him and they had a conversation.”10 

 The district court granted summary judgment in Kansas’s favor, concluding 

Cooper had not raised a genuine fact about either element of her hostile work 

environment claim. First, the district court concluded Cooper failed to produce 

sufficient evidence from which a jury could find her alleged mistreatment was based 

on sex: 

 Although Cooper complains she was the only female trooper in Troop 

C, this doesn’t demonstrate that any of the allegedly harassing actions 

she complains about were done because of her sex. Although facially 

neutral harassment may be considered when joined with sex-based 

harassment, [Sanderson v. Wyo. Highway Patrol, 976 F.3d 1164, 1174-

75 (10th Cir. 2020)], here, Cooper has nothing of the latter. . . . 

[A]lthough she complains that she was treated differently than similarly 

situated men, she has failed to point to any such facts that would 

support such a conclusion. Nor is any of the conduct sexual in nature. 

10 In support of the notion Proffitt’s actions in this regard were unusual, 

Cooper notes that Jones testified he was not aware of any supervisor who had ever 

“staked out” an employee’s residence. Nor was he aware of any employee who had 

their residences “staked out.” Cooper does not explain how Jones’s lack of 

information creates a fact issue as to this matter given other evidence in the record. 

Proffitt testified he drives past “all [his] people’s residence hopefully once or twice a 

year” for emergency response purposes. Proffitt had been to Byron’s residence before 

Cooper moved there. The first time Proffitt drove past Byron’s and Cooper’s 

residence was when Cooper was supposed to be, but was not, at work. Proffitt drove 

by the residence because he could not find Cooper. Once Proffitt was not at the 

residence but was, instead, parked a few blocks away. Proffitt was seeing if Byron 

was timely going where he was assigned to work because Proffitt had an issue with 

Byron not reporting to his location. Previously, Proffitt drove past an unrelated male 

trooper’s house twice because the trooper was not replying to the radio and was 

suspected of sitting at home during his shift. Cooper admitted she did not know why 

Proffitt drove past her residence. 

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The district court further concluded that even if Cooper had created a genuine issue 

as to whether the harassment she suffered was sex-based, the harassment was not 

objectively severe or pervasive. In so concluding, the district court noted Cooper 

failed to identify any conduct that was physically threatening or humiliating. See 

Throupe, 988 F.3d at 1252. Nor had Cooper identified any offensive comments made 

to her or within her knowledge. Finally, the district court ruled that as to some 

aspects of the alleged harassment—allegations Proffitt followed up on her work 

assignments and made sure she completed her assigned tasks—no reasonable jury 

could find the actions amounted to harassment. 

 Upon de novo review, this court concludes the district court did not err in 

granting summary judgment to Kansas on Cooper’s Title VII hostile work 

environment claim. Cooper failed to come forward with evidence her alleged 

mistreatment was sex-based. In a three-sentence paragraph, Cooper asserts she has 

satisfied her burden because (1) she was the only woman in Troop C and (2) she was 

denied permission to attend the training session because of the initial pregnancyrelated work restrictions imposed by her physician. But Cooper fails to explain how 

these two facts bear on whether her alleged harassment was sex-based. Indeed, 

Cooper does not identify any part of the record that would support a specific finding 

of differential treatment. At base, Cooper is asserting her status as a woman is 

enough to show sex-based harassment. This assertion is obviously at odds with the 

governing law. Chavez v. New Mexico, 397 F.3d 826, 832 (10th Cir. 2005) 

(“[S]imply being the lone member of [a class protected by Title VII] within a 

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supervisor’s chain of command, without more, does not demonstrate [sex-based] 

animus.”). And, as to the training seminar, Cooper does not say how complying with 

an established work restriction imposed by her physician amounts to sex-based 

mistreatment. Nor does she explain how a refusal to disregard such an established 

limitation that benefitted her, in favor of a late blooming lesser restriction designed to 

allow her to undertake training she specifically desired, is sex-based harassment. 

 Furthermore, the district court correctly concluded the alleged acts of 

harassment, considered in context and totality, were insufficiently pervasive or severe 

to change the terms or conditions of Cooper’s employment. At most, viewed entirely 

in Cooper’s favor, the facts reveal an overzealous management style on the part of 

Proffitt, a management style directed at male and female troopers alike. Cooper does 

not identify a single case with remotely analogous facts, from this court or any other, 

holding that similar conduct is objectively severe or pervasive enough to create a fact 

question for the jury on Title VII liability. She does not point to evidence of physical 

intimidation or name-calling. Nor does she point to any concrete interference with 

her ability to conduct her job duties. Her complaint boils down to a simple assertion 

it was not pleasant to work under Proffitt’s supervision. As this court has made clear, 

however, “run-of-the mill boorish, juvenile, or annoying behavior that is not 

uncommon in American workplaces is not the stuff of a Title VII hostile work 

environment claim.” Throupe, 988 F.3d at 1252 (quotation omitted). 

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B. First Amendment Claim11

1. Factual and Procedural Background 

 The background facts adduced by Cooper in support of her First Amendment 

claim are extraordinarily limited. At the end of the summer of 2020, Cooper drafted a 

letter to the Governor of Kansas. The letter complained (1) KHP did not allow 

mourning bands to be worn on troopers’ uniforms for as long as Cooper hoped to 

honor a trooper friend of hers who committed suicide, (2) troopers were not initially 

allowed to make a “last call” on the radio for the deceased trooper, (3) a debrief 

about the suicide was not as prompt as Cooper hoped, and (4) Jones and De Vore 

“completely revamped the structure and placement of people within [KHP].” In 

addition, the draft letter stated, in a single paragraph, the following: 

I have already seen the way they treat females in a world that’s 

supposed to be equal. My mentors and friends have been disrespected 

by sexism and sexual harassment. My peers and immediate supervisors 

have given me every opportunity my male counterparts receive, but 

what value does that hold if the leaders at the top profoundly disrespect 

women? I am fairly new to the [KHP]; and, seeing the proof I have of 

their disrespecting women absolutely makes me disgusted. 

Cooper did not send her draft letter to the Governor because she feared being fired. 

Cooper averred that Jones used a canoe analogy: “if you’re not in my canoe then 

basically you’re out of the loop, you’re out of the club.” She testified generally that 

Jones used this language to threaten the jobs of noncooperating KHP employees. 

11 Cooper’s First Amendment claim is set out in count 28 of the Second 

Amended Complaint. 

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 Jones moved for summary judgment on Cooper’s § 1983 First Amendment 

claim. He argued he was entitled to qualified immunity because Cooper failed to 

demonstrate a violation of her clearly established First Amendment right to speech. 

In her response in opposition to Jones’s request for summary judgment, Cooper did 

not even mention qualified immunity. Instead, after briefly setting out the legal 

standard applicable to such a claim, Cooper’s response in opposition focused 

exclusively on three issues relating to whether her speech involved matters of public 

concern. The district court granted summary judgment in Jones’s favor, ruling as 

follows: “[Cooper does] not respond to the assertion of qualified immunity by Jones 

. . . at all. Although [she] respond[s] to some of the substantive arguments . . . , [she 

failed] to identify any clearly established law that aligns with the facts of this case 

. . . .” 

2. Legal Background and Standard of Review

 “[A] state cannot condition public employment on a basis that infringes [an] 

employee’s constitutionally protected interest in freedom of expression.” Arndt v. 

Koby, 309 F.3d 1247, 1251 (10th Cir. 2002) (quotation omitted). The First 

Amendment “does not apply with full force,” however, in the context of government 

employees. Id. (quotation omitted). “If the government restrains the free speech 

rights of its employees, we assess the validity of that restraint by balancing the 

interests of the employee, as a citizen, in commenting upon matters of public concern 

and the interest of the State, as an employer, in promoting the efficiency of the public 

services it performs through its employees.” Id. (quotation and alteration omitted). 

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This court assesses the constitutionality of speech restrictions under the “so-called 

Garcetti/Pickering test.” Avant v. Doke, 104 F.4th 203, 208 (10th Cir. 2024); see also 

Arndt, 309 F.3d at 1251 (holding this test applies in both the retaliation and prior 

restraint contexts). The first three parts of the test, all legal questions, are as follows: 

(1) whether the employee’s speech relates to the employee’s official duties; (2) 

whether the speech involves a matter of public, as opposed to private, concern; and 

(3) whether the government’s interest in the efficiency of the public services it 

performs through its employees outweighs the employee’s interest in free speech. 

Avant, 104 F.4th at 208 & n.3; Gardetto v. Mason, 100 F.3d 803, 811 (10th Cir. 

1996). The last two parts of the test, relating to the fact issue of causation, query 

whether (4) an adverse action was at least partially caused by the employee’s speech; 

and (5) the employee would not have been otherwise fired in the absence of the 

protected speech. Id.

12

 State actors sued in their individual capacities under § 1983 may assert 

qualified immunity. Gutierrez v. Cobos, 841 F.3d 895, 899 (10th Cir. 2016). As 

noted above, Jones specifically made such an assertion in his request for summary 

12 Although Arndt holds that this court assesses prior restraint cases under the 

Garcetti/Pickering test, no decision of this court considers how the causation portions 

of the test should apply in such cases. Instead, our cases have been resolved in 

government employer’s favor at the public concern and balancing parts of the test. 

Arndt, 309 F.3d at 1252-53; Belcher v. City of McAlester, 324 F.3d 1203, 1208-09 

(10th Cir. 2003). Given Cooper’s failure to address the issue of qualified immunity in 

her brief in opposition to summary judgment, this court need not consider the matter 

further. 

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judgment. The “assertion of qualified immunity creates a presumption [Jones is] 

immune from suit.” Perea v. Baca, 817 F.3d 1198, 1202 (10th Cir. 2016). Thus, the 

burden shifted to Cooper to show Jones violated a constitutional right that was 

clearly established at the time of his conduct. Gutierrez, 841 F.3d at 900; see also 

Avant, 104 F.4th at 207-08. In contrast to “most affirmative defenses, the plaintiff 

bear[s] the ultimate burden of persuasion to overcome qualified immunity.” 

Gutierrez, 841 F.3d at 900 (quotation and citation omitted). If, and only if, a plaintiff 

meets this burden, does the traditional summary-judgment burden shift back to the 

defendant to show there is no genuine issue of material fact for trial. Rojas v. 

Anderson, 727 F.3d 1000, 1004-05 (10th Cir. 2013). 

 This court reviews all aspects of the district court’s decision—the grant of 

summary judgment, the applicability of qualified immunity, and First Amendment 

questions—de novo. Avant, 104 F.4th at 207; Arndt, 309 F.3d at 1250-51. 

3. Analysis

 Cooper asserts the district court erred in concluding she failed to carry her 

initial burden of demonstrating the existence of a clearly established violation of her 

First Amendment rights. In so arguing, she notes she cited to this court’s decision in 

Wulf v. City of Wichita, 883 F.2d 842 (10th Cir. 1989). She further asserts Wulf

clearly establishes that reports of sexual harassment involve matters of public 

concern. See id. at 859-60. 

 The problems with Cooper’s assertions in this regard are numerous. It is 

enough, however, to note that Wulf discusses only a single aspect of the 

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Garcetti/Pickering test—whether the speech at issue there related to a matter of 

public concern. Id. Our precedent obligates Cooper, however, to come forward with 

sufficient evidence which, if believed by a jury, demonstrates the existence of a 

clearly established violation of her First Amendment rights. Gutierrez, 841 F.3d at 

900. Even setting aside issues of causation, Cooper was obligated to demonstrate (1) 

the existence of a speech restriction, (2) relating to matters outside her official duties, 

(3) that prevented her from speaking on a matter of public concern, and (4) her 

interest in speaking outweighed KHP’s interest in the efficient provision of public 

services. Avant, 104 F.4th at 208 & n.3; Gardetto, 100 F.3d at 811. Because Cooper 

did not carry her burden of persuasion by establishing the existence of a clearly 

established violation of her speech rights, the ultimate burden never shifted to Jones, 

entitling Jones to qualified immunity. Rojas, 727 F.3d at 1004-05. 

 Even setting this failure aside and focusing solely on Wulf, as Cooper suggests, 

would not result in a different outcome. Wulf involved a discrete act of reasonably 

perceived sexual harassment of a subordinate by an identified supervisory police 

officer. 883 F.2d at 860. Cooper’s proposed speech references a generalized 

atmosphere of sexism and sexual harassment. In Wulf, every aspect of the plaintiff’s 

letter, in addition to the discrete allegation of sexual harassment, addressed a matter 

of public concern. Id. Cooper’s draft letter to the Governor addresses multiple 

additional topics, none of which she asserts are matters of public concern. It is 

certainly true that, at least as to the matter of content, only a portion of the 

communication need address a matter of public concern. Id. Nevertheless, embedding 

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a matter of public concern in a much larger letter involving a personal dispute bears 

on whether the form and context of the communication support the conclusion the 

speech at issue addresses a matter of public concern. Id. at 860 n.26. This court 

must consider not only the content, but also the context and purpose. 

For example, speech that would ordinarily trigger a public concern is 

not protected if the employee's primary purpose was to air a personal 

dispute. So even when the content might otherwise involve a public 

concern, an official must determine whether the employee had been 

trying to expose misconduct or to address a personal dispute. Given the 

inherent uncertainty in that determination, we’ve held that officials 

enjoy qualified immunity when they reasonably regard a plaintiff's 

primary motive as personal even when the content of the plaintiff's 

statement involves a public entity’s improper conduct. 

Avant, 104 F.4th at 209 (citations and quotations omitted).13 Thus, even as to the 

discrete question of the existence of speech touching on a matter of public concern, 

13 Of course, this question is further complicated by the entirely tenuous nature 

of the speech restriction identified by Cooper: the canoe analogy. The only basis set 

out in Cooper’s response in opposition to summary judgment for treating the canoe 

analogy as a speech restriction governing her proposed letter to the Governor is the 

following: “Jones testified that he had previously indicated that members of the 

highway patrol needed to get in the canoe or they would be ‘dealt with.’” At no point, 

however, does Cooper produce evidence she heard or was aware of the “dealt with” 

language. And, in any event, the cited portions of Jones’s deposition testimony do not 

reasonably support the interpretation Cooper places on this language. Jones explained 

that “dealt with” did not mean “terminated,” but instead meant “addressed, spoken to 

an individual that is outside the boundaries of our policy, counsel, not necessarily 

disciplined but say this is the policy, you’re outside the boundaries of that. So I 

would just say managed, addressed instead of—addressed.” In an apparent effort to 

support the contention Jones’s canoe analogy was a speech restriction, Cooper’s 

opening brief asserts Jones “conceded” employees who did not get in the canoe were 

eventually terminated. The problems with this line of argument are legion. At no 

point in her summary judgment briefing in the district court did Cooper refer to the 

terminations of other employees to support the contention the canoe analogy 

amounted to a speech restriction. Because she did not discuss those terminations, she 

also did not discuss the circumstances surrounding those terminations, leaving the 

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Cooper is wrong in asserting that her bare reference to Wulf satisfied her burden on 

establishing clearly established law. See, e.g., Duda v. Elder, 7 F.4th 899, 919 (10th 

Cir. 2021) (concluding Wulf clearly established a First Amendment retaliation claim 

only after noting important factual parallels between the speech and context at issue 

there and the speech and context at issue in Wulf). 

 Upon de novo review, this court has no doubt the district court correctly 

concluded Cooper failed to carry her initial burden of demonstrating a clearly 

established violation of her First Amendment speech rights. Thus, the district court 

correctly granted Jones qualified immunity as to this claim. 

III. CONCLUSION

 For those reasons set out above, the judgment of the United States District 

Court for the District of Kansas in favor of Kansas and Jones is AFFIRMED. 

Entered for the Court 

Michael R. Murphy 

Circuit Judge 

identified summary judgment record devoid of any indication those terminations are 

relevant to Cooper’s speech suppression claim. 

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