J-A22043-15

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA, IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

PENNSYLVANIA

Appellee

v.

RYAN ALAN KEMP,

Appellant No. 195 MDA 2015

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence December 15, 2014

in the Court of Common Pleas of Centre County

Criminal Division at No.: CP-14-CR-0000547-2014

BEFORE: BOWES, J., JENKINS, J., and PLATT, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED NOVEMBER 16, 2015

Appellant, Ryan Alan Kemp, appeals from the judgment of sentence 

entered on December 15, 2014, following his non-jury conviction of drug 

delivery resulting in death, two counts of possession with intent to deliver a 

controlled substance, delivery of a controlled substance, and possession of 

drug paraphernalia.1 On appeal, Appellant challenges the trial court’s 

interpretation of 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2506(a), and the sufficiency of the evidence 

underlying his conviction for drug delivery resulting in death. For the 

reasons discussed below, we affirm. 

____________________________________________

* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2506(a), 35 P.S. §§ 780-113(a)(30) and (32), respectively. 
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We take the underlying facts and procedural history in this matter 

from the trial court’s April 2, 2015 opinion and our independent review of the 

certified record. 

On January 24, 2014, [Appellant] obtained ten packets of 

heroin from Williamsport, Pennsylvania. That day, [Appellant] 

invited Elizabeth Smeltzer (hereinafter “Ms. Smeltzer”) to his 

residence to use the heroin. That night, Ms. Smeltzer visited 

[Appellant] at his residence, where both used the heroin 

provided by [Appellant]. Ms. Smeltzer also took Klonopin 

(Clonazepam, a class IV substance) provided by [Appellant] that 

night. In the early morning of January 25, 2015, [Appellant] 

and Ms. Smeltzer fell asleep. When [Appellant] awoke later that 

morning, Ms. Smeltzer was dead. The cause of death was 

determined to be a drug overdose. [Appellant] was charged 

with [the above-listed charges]. 

On August 26, 2014, [Appellant] filed a Motion in Limine to 

clarify what mens rea was required for the material elements of 

Drug Delivery Resulting in Death[.] . . . On September 29, 2014, 

a hearing for the Motion in Limine was held. On October 24, 

2014, [the trial court] denied [Appellant’s] Motion in Limine. On 

October 27, 2014, a [stipulated] nonjury trial was held and on 

the same day a guilty verdict was rendered for all counts 

charged against [Appellant].

(Trial Court Opinion, 4/02/15, at 1-2) (record citations omitted). 

On December 15, 2014, following receipt of a presentence 

investigation report (PSI), a lengthy sentencing hearing occurred. The trial 

court sentenced Appellant, in the mitigated range, to a term of incarceration 

of not less than four nor more than twelve years with credit for two-hundred 

and seventy days’ time-served, to be followed by a consecutive one-year 

term of probation. On December 17, 2014, Appellant filed a post-sentence 

motion, which the trial court denied on January 22, 2015. The instant, 
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timely appeal followed. On January 28, 2015, the trial court ordered 

Appellant to file a concise statement of errors complained of on appeal. See 

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(b). Appellant complied on February 6, 2015. On April 2, 

2015, the trial court issued an opinion. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a).

On appeal, Appellant raises the following questions for our review:

I. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err in holding that [d]rug [d]elivery 

[r]esulting in [d]eath, 18 [Pa.C.S.A.] § 2506(a) (West), 

does not require any mens rea with respect to the death of 

another, a material element of the offense?

II. Did the [t]rial [c]ourt err in finding there was sufficient 

evidence to sustain a conviction for [d]rug [d]elivery 

[r]esulting in [d]eath, § 2506, specifically the causation 

required relative to the mens rea?

(Appellant’s Brief, at 7).

In his first claim, Appellant argues that the trial court erred in finding 

the mens rea intentionally applied only to the first element of Section 

2506(a), asserting that the statute is inherently ambiguous. (See id. at 17-

38). We disagree.

Initially, we note that interpreting the meaning of a statute raises a 

pure question of law, therefore our standard of review is de novo and our 

scope of review is plenary. See Commonwealth v. Burwell, 58 A.3d 790, 

793 (Pa. Super. 2012), appeal denied, 69 A.3d 242 (Pa. 2013). Further, we 

acknowledge:

Our task is guided by the sound and settled principles set 

forth in the Statutory Construction Act, including the primary 

maxim that the object of statutory construction is to ascertain 

and effectuate legislative intent. 1 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 1921(a). In 
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pursuing that end, we are mindful that “[w]hen the words of a 

statute are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter of it is 

not to be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing its spirit.” 1 

Pa.C.S.[A]. § 1921(b). Indeed, “[a]s a general rule, the best 

indication of legislative intent is the plain language of a statute.” 

In reading the plain language, “[w]ords and phrases shall be 

construed according to rules of grammar and according to their 

common and approved usage,” while any words or phrases that 

have acquired a “peculiar and appropriate meaning” must be 

construed according to that meaning. 1 Pa.C.S.[A.§] 1903(a). 

However, when interpreting non-explicit statutory text, 

legislative intent may be gleaned from a variety of factors, 

including, inter alia: the occasion and necessity for the statute; 

the mischief to be remedied; the object to be attained; the 

consequences of a particular interpretation; and the 

contemporaneous legislative history. 1 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 1921(c). 

Moreover, while statutes generally should be construed liberally, 

penal statutes are always to be construed strictly, 1 Pa.C.S.[A] § 

1928(b)(1), and any ambiguity in a penal statute should be 

interpreted in favor of the defendant.

Notwithstanding the primacy of the plain meaning doctrine 

as best representative of legislative intent, the rules of 

construction offer several important qualifying precepts. For 

instance, the Statutory Construction Act also states that, in 

ascertaining legislative intent, courts may apply, inter alia, the 

following presumptions: that the legislature does not intend a 

result that is absurd, impossible of execution, or unreasonable; 

and that the legislature intends the entire statute to be effective 

and certain. 1 Pa.C.S.[A.] § 1922(1),(2). Most importantly, the 

General Assembly has made clear that the rules of construction 

are not to be applied where they would result in a construction 

inconsistent with the manifest intent of the General Assembly. 1 

Pa.C.S.[A.] § 1901.

Commonwealth v. Wilson, 111 A.3d 747, 751 (Pa. Super. 2015) (case 

citation omitted). 
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The trial court convicted Appellant of drug delivery resulting in death, 

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2506(a), which states:

(a) Offense defined.—A person commits a felony of the first 

degree if the person intentionally administers, dispenses, 

delivers, gives, prescribes, sells or distributes any controlled 

substance or counterfeit controlled substance in violation of 

section 13(a)(14) or (30) of the act of April 14, 1972 (P.L. 233, 

No. 64) known as The Controlled Substance, Drug, Device and 

Cosmetic Act, and another person dies as a result of using the 

substance. 

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2506(a) (footnote omitted). 

Appellant argues that Section 2506(a) is inherently ambiguous 

because it does not clearly set forth the mens rea for the material element 

of “another . . . dies as a result.” Id. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 17-18). He 

insists that “the Court is bound to follow the rules of lenity and statutory 

construction and resolve the ambiguity in the light most favorable to 

[Appellant]. . . . [T]he Court should . . . hold that the mens rea 

‘intentionally’ must apply to each material element of the crime.” 

(Appellant’s Brief, at 37). Moreover, Appellant contends that our Supreme 

Court’s decision in Commonwealth v. Ludwig, 874 A.2d 623 (Pa. 2005), 

compels a conclusion that the only appropriate mens rea for the second 

element of the crime is intentional because Ludwig stands for the principle 

that “the mens rea requirement must still attach to every material element 

of the crime.” (Id. at 29; see also id. at 26-29). 

The Commonwealth argues that the statute is not inherently 

ambiguous and that the adverb “intentionally,” modifies only the first 
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dependent clause, “administers . . . any controlled substance. . .” 

(Commonwealth’s Brief, at 8). The Commonwealth maintains that this Court 

should apply the default mens rea codified at 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 302(c), and 

hold that the appropriate mens rea for the second element is recklessness. 

(See id. at 10-11). We find the Commonwealth’s position compelling.

Initially, we are not persuaded that Ludwig mandates that the mens 

rea for the second element of the crime is “intentionally.” In Ludwig, our 

Supreme Court addressed a challenge that an earlier version of Section 2506 

was unconstitutionally vague because it did not “set forth the mental state 

required for criminal liability.” See Ludwig, supra at 626. The now 

repealed version of Section 2506 stated:

A person commits murder of the third degree who 

administers, dispenses, delivers, gives, prescribes, sells or 

distributes any controlled substance or counterfeit controlled 

substance in violation of section 13(a)(14) or (30) of the act of 

April 14, 1972 (P.L. 233, No. 64) known as The Controlled 

Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act, and another person 

dies as a result of using the substance. 

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2506(a) (repealed Sept. 6, 2011) (emphasis added, footnote 

omitted). The Court found that while that version of Section 2506(a) did not 

contain an explicit mens rea “the General Assembly has provided a default 

culpability provision in Section 302(c)2of the Crimes Code that is to be 

____________________________________________

2 The relevant portions of Section 302 state:

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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applied to determine the appropriate element of culpability.” Ludwig, 

supra at 630. The Court concluded that, by designating the crime as one of 

murder in the third degree, culpability was otherwise provided because it 

had long held that the mens rea for murder in the third degree was malice. 

See id. at 630-31. 

We see nothing in Ludwig that mandates that the mens rea for the 

second element of drug delivery resulting in death be intentional. Rather, 

Ludwig found that the statute was not unconstitutionally vague because, in 

the absence of specific mens rea, the Legislature articulates the applicable 

mens rea at Section 302 of the Crimes Code. See id. It further holds that 

we must look to the language of the statute to ascertain the intent of the 

Legislature. See id. 

(Footnote Continued) _______________________

(a) Minimum requirements of culpability.—Except as 

provided in section 305 of this title (relating to limitations on 

scope of culpability requirements), a person is not guilty of an 

offense unless he acted intentionally, knowingly, recklessly or 

negligently, as the law may require, with respect to each

material element of the offense.

* * *

(c) Culpability required unless otherwise provided.— when 

the culpability sufficient to establish a material element of an 

offense is not prescribed by law, such element is established if a 

person acts intentionally, knowingly or recklessly with respect 

thereto.

18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 302(a) and (c). 
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By arguing that the statute is ambiguous and that the appropriate 

mens rea is intentional, Appellant ignores both the plain language of the 

statute and the import of the change of language from the 1998 version of 

the statute discussed in Ludwig to the 2011 version3at issue in the instant 

matter. He also disregards basic principles of statutory construction.

In 2011, the Legislature removed the phrase “[a] person commits 

murder of the third degree who . . . [,]” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2506(a) (repealed 

Sept. 6, 2011), and substituted “[a] person commits a felony of the first 

degree if the person intentionally. . .” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2506(a) (effective 

Sept. 6, 2011). A discussion of House Bill 396 (of April 27, 2011),4 makes it 

clear that the Legislature deliberately changed the wording to remove the 

mens rea of malice and did so with the intention of making it easier to 

convict and impose greater penalties on individuals who sold drugs when 

those drugs resulted in the death of another. See H. No. 29, 195 Sess., at 

757-58 (Pa. 2011). 

____________________________________________

3 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2506 was amended in 2014; however, that version did not 

take effect until after Appellant’s conviction. Further, the amendment is of 

no import for our review because the definition of drug delivery resulting in 

death remains the same. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2506(a) (effective August 18, 

2014). 

4 The language of section 2506(a) in HB 396, is identical to that contained in 

the 2011 version of 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2506(a). See H.B. 396 2011, §1; 18 

Pa.C.S.A. § 2506(a) (effective April 27, 2011). 
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Moreover, in a recent binding opinion, a panel of this Court5addressed 

the question of whether 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2506 was unconstitutionally vague 

because it did not clearly indicate the requisite mens rea for conviction. See 

Commonwealth v. Kakhankham, -- A.3d --, 2015 WL 6508110, at ** 4-6 

(Pa. Super., filed October 28, 2015). In concluding that the statute was not 

unconstitutionally vague, we specifically held that the mens rea for the first 

section is clearly defined, stating, “[t]he first element of the crime is met if 

one ‘intentionally’ administers, dispenses, delivers, gives, prescribes, sells or 

distributes any controlled substance or counterfeit controlled substance.” 

Id. at *4. 

Further, we addressed the identical claim raised herein, that Section 

2506 can be read as requiring that the second (“results from”) element also 

be “intentionally.” See id. at *5; (see also Appellant’s Brief, at 17-38). We 

disagreed, finding that the correct mens rea for the second element is the 

default culpability provision found at 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 302(c). See 

Kakhankham, supra at *6. Thus, we held, “. . . Section 302(c) provides 

the mens rea requirement for the second element of Section 2506, i.e., 

____________________________________________

5 See Commonwealth v. Pepe, 897 A.2d 463, 465 (Pa. Super. 2006) (“It 

is beyond the power of a Superior Court panel to overrule a prior decision of 

the Superior Court, except in circumstances where intervening authority by 

our Supreme Court calls into question a previous decision of this Court.”), 

appeal denied, 946 A.2d 686 (Pa. 2008).
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death must be at least ‘reckless.’” Id. Therefore, Appellant’s first claim 

lacks merit. 

 In his second issue, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the 

evidence underlying his conviction for drug delivery resulting in death. (See 

Appellant’s Brief, at 38-44). Our standard of review for sufficiency of the 

evidence claims is well settled:

We must determine whether the evidence admitted at trial, 

and all reasonable inferences drawn therefrom, when viewed 

in a light most favorable to the Commonwealth as verdict 

winner, support the conviction beyond a reasonable doubt. 

Where there is sufficient evidence to enable the trier of fact to 

find every element of the crime has been established beyond a 

reasonable doubt, the sufficiency of the evidence claim must fail.

The evidence established at trial need not preclude every 

possibility of innocence and the fact-finder is free to believe all, 

part, or none of the evidence presented. It is not within the 

province of this Court to re-weigh the evidence and substitute 

our judgment for that of the fact-finder. The Commonwealth’s 

burden may be met by wholly circumstantial evidence and any 

doubt about the defendant’s guilt is to be resolved by the fact 

finder unless the evidence is so weak and inconclusive that, as a 

matter of law, no probability of fact can be drawn from the 

combined circumstances.

 

Commonwealth v. Tarrach, 42 A.3d 342, 345 (Pa. Super. 2012) (citation 

omitted) (emphasis added).

Here, Appellant does not dispute that he supplied the drugs to the 

victim or that her death resulted from an overdose. (See N.T. Trial, 

10/27/14, at 8-9). Instead, he claims that the Commonwealth failed to 

prove that he caused the victim’s death because it was not foreseeable that 
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the use of heroin in combination with Klonopin would result in death. (See 

Appellant’s Brief, at 38-44). We disagree.

As discussed above, with respect to the second element, “another 

person dies as a result of using the substance[,]” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2506(a), 

under Section 302(c) the Commonwealth need only prove that Appellant 

acted recklessly. The law defines “recklessly” as a state of mind:

. . . [where the actor] consciously disregards a substantial and 

unjustifiable risk that the material element exists or will result 

from his conduct. The risk must be of such a nature and degree 

that, considering the nature and intent of the actor’s conduct 

and the circumstances known to him, its disregard involves a 

gross deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable 

person would observe in the actor’s situation. 

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 302(b)(3). In other words, recklessness does not require 

that the actor knows that his actions will kill the victim but rather that he 

acts in the face of known danger with the risk of certain results. Further, 

the law states that conduct is the cause of a result when: “it is an 

antecedent but for which the result in question would not have occurred[.]” 

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 303(a)(1). Moreover, section 303 goes on to state:

(c) Divergence between probable and actual result.—

When recklessly or negligently causing a particular result is an 

element of an offense, the element is not established if the 

actual result is not within the risk of which the actor is aware or, 

in the case of negligence, of which he should be aware unless:

(1) the actual result differs from the probable result 

only in the respect that a different person or 

different property is injured or affected or that the 

probable injury or harm would have been more 

serious or more extensive than that caused; or
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(2) the actual result involves the same kind of injury 

or harm as the probable result and is not too remote 

or accidental in its occurrence to have a bearing on 

the liability of the actor or on the gravity of his 

offense.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 303(c). 

Here, the record reflects that Appellant told police that he was going to 

jail because the drugs that he supplied killed the victim. (See N.T. Trial, 

10/27/14, at 6-7, Commonwealth Exhibit A, at 5). Appellant had a lengthy 

history of drug use and failed rehabilitation and had relapsed several times 

during the year. (See id. at Commonwealth Exhibit C, Narrative of Corporal 

Timothy Stringer, at 8; Supplement of March 19, 2014, at 5). He 

acknowledged to police that prior to falling asleep the victim became 

incoherent and “he had to bring her back out of it.” (Id. at Commonwealth 

Exhibit C, Narrative of Officer Andrew Ettaro, at 2). Appellant admitted that 

he buys and sells heroin illegally but said that he sells drugs “for fun.” (Id. 

at Commonwealth Exhibit C, Narrative of Officer Jonathan Mayer, at 5). In 

text messages sent after the victim’s death Appellant stated that it was his 

fault that the victim did “dope.” (Id. at Commonwealth Exhibit H, Text 

Message, at unnumbered p. 3). Appellant was aware of the danger 

associated with the use of heroin because he was in and out of rehabilitation 

and stated that his giving the victim the drugs made him responsible for her 
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death.6 (See id. at Commonwealth Exhibit C, Narrative of Corporal Timothy 

Stringer, at 8; Narrative of Officer Jonathan Mayer, at 5). Appellant’s own 

exhibits at trial highlight the dangerousness of heroin use and that between 

2009-14, it caused the death of almost 3,000 Pennsylvanians. (See id. at 

Commonwealth Exhibit C, Supplement of January 28, 2014, at 5; Defense 

Exhibit 4, Heroin Report of September 2014, at p. 1). Further, as this Court 

has stated:

[I]t is certain that frequently harm will occur to the buyer 

if one sells heroin. Not only is it criminalized because of the 

great risk of harm, but in this day and age, everyone realizes the 

dangers of heroin use. It cannot be said that [unauthorized 

heroin provider] should have been surprised when [victim] 

suffered an overdose and died. While not every sale of heroin 

results in an overdose and death, many do.

Kakhankham, supra at *7 (citation omitted). 

Thus, in sum, the evidence showed that Appellant intentionally 

supplied the victim with heroin. He was a known user of heroin and aware 

of the risks, including possible death from an overdose. On the night in 

question, Appellant observed the victim having an adverse reaction to the 

drug. He admitted that it was his fault that the victim used heroin and that 

the heroin he gave her caused her death. This evidence was sufficient to 

____________________________________________

6

In its brief, the Commonwealth notes that the evidence at trial showed that 

Appellant nearly died from a heroin overdose. (See the Commonwealth’s 

Brief, at 12-13). However, we cannot find this information at the location 

cited by the Commonwealth, and can only find reference to it at sentencing. 

(See N.T. Sentencing, 12/15/14, at 19).
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show that he knew the risks of heroin use, including death, but recklessly 

disregarded them when he intentionally supplied the victim with heroin, 

which killed her. That is all that is required to sustain a conviction for drug 

delivery resulting in death. See 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2506(a); see also 

Kakhankham, supra at *7; Commonwealth v. Bradley, 69 A.3d 253, 

257 (Pa. Super. 2013), appeal denied, 79 A.3d 1095 (Pa. 2013) 

(Commonwealth met its burden of proving mens rea of recklessness where 

evidence showed defendant ignored high risk of injury from twisting arm 

behind victim’s back, resulting in broken bone); Commonwealth v. 

Fabian, 60 A.3d 146, 155-56 (Pa. Super. 2013), appeal denied, 69 A.3d 

600 (Pa. 2013) (Commonwealth met its burden of proving mens rea of 

recklessness where after complaints of problems with van, 

defendant/mechanic failed to make interior check of van’s brake system, 

resulting in accident that put occupants at risk of death or serious injury). 

Appellant’s second claim lacks merit. 
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Accordingly, for the reasons discussed above, we affirm the judgment 

of sentence.

Judgment of sentence affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 11/16/2015