UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT 

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS 

EASTERN DIVISION 

MICHAEL DREW, on behalf of himself ) 

and all others similarly situated, ) 

) 

Plaintiff, ) 

) Case No. 20-cv-00402

v. ) 

) Judge Sharon Johnson Coleman 

AMERICAN DIRECTIONS RESEARCH , ) 

GROUP ) 

) 

Defendant. ) 

MEMORANDUM OPINION AND ORDER 

Plaintiff Michael Drew, individually and on behalf of all others similarly situated, filed a first 

amended class action complaint (“complaint”) against defendant American Directions Research 

Group (“ADRG”). Plaintiff brought a claim for violation of the Telephone Consumer protection 

Act, 47 U.S.C. § 227 et seq. (“TCPA”). ADRG now moves to dismiss the complaint in its entirety 

pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). For the reasons outlined below, ADRG’s 

motion to dismiss [30] is denied. 

Background

Plaintiff alleges the following facts in the complaint. Defendant ADRG is a Washington, 

D.C. corporation that does or transacts business in Illinois. On January 10, 2020, Plaintiff received 

at least one text message to his cell phone from ADRG without his consent. The message came 

from a number ending in 5774 and included a website associated with ADRG. The text message 

read: “MICHAEL, We’re texting voters about local issues and your opinion matters. Please click to 

participate: [website address].” 

The compliant alleges that ADRG obtained consumers’ cellular phone numbers by 

purchasing lists of telephone numbers collected by other companies in the form of a database file or 

Case: 1:20-cv-00402 Document #: 39 Filed: 10/16/20 Page 1 of 6 PageID #:321
2

a spreadsheet file, including Plaintiff’s telephone number. Many of these collected numbers received 

text messages despite the consumers having never given express consent to be contacted or 

providing contact information to ADRG. ADRG also keeps records and data from which it can 

determine which autodialed text messages it made without consent. 

The complaint alleges that ADRG used an automated telephone dialing system (ATDS) to 

send text messages to the collected numbers. It further alleges that based on the impersonal, 

unsolicited nature of the text and the unknown number from which it was received, an ATDS was 

used. The ATDS uses a sequential or random number generator to store the list of telephone 

numbers that are then sent text messages automatically. 

The text message itself was sent as part of a mass-text campaign, directing “voters” and 

encouraging them to “participate” in an online survey. The complaint alleges the text message was 

sent by an unknown number and was unsolicited. It also alleges that ADRG’s purchased lists of 

telephone numbers very likely contained other personal information, including Plaintiff’s first name. 

Plaintiff alleges that the text messages were annoying to him, invaded his privacy interests, 

and temporarily blocked use of his cellular telephone line for other potential callers. Because of this, 

Plaintiff filed a first amended class action complaint (“complaint”) against ADRG on January 7, 

2020. Plaintiff brought a claim for violation of the Telephone Consumer protection Act, 47 U.S.C. 

§ 227 et seq. (“TCPA”) on behalf of plaintiff and the putative TCPA class. ADRG now moves to 

dismiss the complaint in its entirety pursuant to Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(6). 

Legal Standard 

When considering a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the Court accepts all of the plaintiff’s allegations 

as true and views them “in the light most favorable to the plaintiff.” Lavalais v. Vill. of Melrose Park, 

734 F.3d 629, 632 (7th Cir. 2013). A complaint must contain allegations that “state a claim to relief 

that is plausible on its face.” Ashcroft v. Iqbal, 556 U.S. 662, 678, 129 S.Ct. 1937, 173 L.Ed.2d 868 

Case: 1:20-cv-00402 Document #: 39 Filed: 10/16/20 Page 2 of 6 PageID #:322
3

(2009). The plaintiff does not need to plead particularized facts, but the allegations in the complaint 

must be sufficient to “raise a right to relief above the speculative level.” Bell Atl. Corp. v. Twombly, 

550 U.S. 544, 555, 127 S.Ct. 1955, 167 L.Ed.2d 929 (2007). 

Analysis 

ADRG argues the complaint should be dismissed because plaintiff has not pled sufficient 

facts that ADRG used an ATDS to text him in violation of the TCPA. The TCPA provides as 

relevant: 

It shall be unlawful for any person within the United States ... 

(A) to make any call (other than a call made for emergency purposes 

or made with the prior express consent of the called party) using any 

automatic telephone dialing system or an artificial or prerecorded 

voice-- 

... 

(iii) to any telephone number assigned to a ... cellular telephone 

service.... 

47 U.S.C. § 227(b)(1)(A)(iii); see also Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez, 136 S. Ct. 663, 667 (2016) 

(clarifying that text messages qualify as a “call” under the TCPA). Accordingly, absent certain 

exceptions, the TCPA “prohibits the use of an ‘automatic telephone dialing system’ to call or text 

any cellular phone without the prior consent of the recipient.” Gadelhak v. AT&T Servs., Inc., 950 

F.3d 458, 460 (7th Cir. 2020). 

The TCPA defines an ATDS as “equipment which has the capacity (A) to store or produce 

telephone numbers to be called, using a random or sequential number generator; and (B) to dial such 

numbers. 47 U.S.C. § 227(a)(1)(A)-(B). The Seventh Circuit recently clarified that the phrase “using 

a random or sequential number generator” modifies both “store” and “produce,” defining the 

capability of a piece of equipment required to qualify as an “automatic telephone dialing system.” 

Gadelhak, 950 F.3d at 464. Therefore, in order to succeed in a TCPA case, the plaintiff must allege 

and later prove that the equipment that originated the contact was capable of either storing or 

producing telephone numbers using a random or sequential number generator.” Id. at 463. 

Case: 1:20-cv-00402 Document #: 39 Filed: 10/16/20 Page 3 of 6 PageID #:323
4

While Gadelhak was key in determining how to interpret the qualifications for an ATDS 

under the TCPA, the case was decided on appeal from the summary judgment stage of litigation. 

Without any authoritative case law from the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals as to the pleading 

requirements, the Court subsequently turns to sister district courts that have addressed the issue for 

advisement. 

There is some disagreement among district courts in the Seventh Circuit as to the pleading 

standard required to overcome a motion to dismiss when alleging use of an ATDS. Some district 

courts have determined that it is too conclusory to plead the definition of an ATDS without further 

descriptive details or allegations. See Serban v. CarGurus, Inc., No. 16 C 2531, 2016 WL 4709077, at 

*3-4 (N.D. Ill. Sep. 8, 2016) (Ellis, S.). In Mosley v. Gen. Revenue Corp., the District Court in the 

Central District of Illinois determined that “[w]hile a plaintiff need not have advanced technical 

knowledge of the devices used, there still must be some basis in the pleading which raises the ATDS 

claim from speculative to plausible.” 2020 WL 4060767 at *4 (C.D. Ill. July 20, 2020). The court 

decided that it was clearly speculation and not strong enough to survive a motion to dismiss “[t]o 

claim that a defendant might have used a device that might have the capacity to randomly or 

sequentially generate numbers.” Id. at *4. Other district courts merely require recitation of the 

statue without any supporting facts, arguing it would be virtually impossible for the plaintiff to know 

what type of machine a defendant used before discovery. Zeidel v. Nat’l Gas & Elec., LLC, No. 18 

CV 06792, 2019 WL 2161546, at *4 (N.D. Ill. 2019) (Lee, J.). In Klueh v. Paul Vallas for All Chi., the 

District Court in the Northern District of Illinois agreed with this position and decided that 

evidentiary issues about the capacity of the platform as an ATDS are more appropriate for 

resolution at a later stage of litigation. Klueh v. Paul Vallas for All Chi., No. 19 CV 00249, 2020 WL 

4934975 at *7 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 24, 2020) (Pacold, M.). In Klueh, the court noted that the parties 

Case: 1:20-cv-00402 Document #: 39 Filed: 10/16/20 Page 4 of 6 PageID #:324
5

should prioritize limited discovery about whether the system in question had the required capacity to 

qualify as an ATDS. Id. at *7. 

In Mosley, one factor the court considered was identification of the type of business being 

accused of using an ATDS, as that might be indicative of the likelihood of the use. Mosley 2020 WL 

4060767 at *4. The court determined that “[i]t is not plausible to conclude that a company seeking 

to collect debts . . . would use a system that randomly and sequentially generates phone numbers.” 

Id. The court reasoned that it is far more likely that a “telemarketing company, bank, or other seller 

of goods” would desire to have machines with the capacity to dial randomly or sequentially 

generated numbers than a debt collection agency. Id. In the present case, ADRG, being a survey 

research provider, is significantly more likely to employ a random or sequential number generator 

than a debt collection company. Therefore, this factor weighs in favor of denying the ADRG’s 

motion to dismiss. 

Here, the complaint alleges more than just barebone allegations of a violation of the TCPA 

by reciting the relevant language of the statute. The complaint alleges some detail, but the specifics 

likely cannot be known by Plaintiff at this stage. It is clear from the allegations that the 

determination of whether an ATDS was used will be best resolved after the benefit of some 

discovery. Because of the phrase “[w]e’re texting voters,” the plaintiff has alleged that use of the 

plural “voters” implies a high volume of recipients. In addition, the complaint also alleges that the 

text message itself encouraging “voters” to “participate” in an online survey makes the text message 

generic. ADRG argues that the text, being addressed to ‘MICHAEL,’ goes against it being 

impersonal or unsolicited because it uses a first name. Because the plaintiff also alleged that ADRG 

purchases lists of telephone numbers, a reasonable inference is that list also contained other personal 

information, including the plaintiff’s first name. Accordingly, more evidence acquired through 

discovery is essential here. 

Case: 1:20-cv-00402 Document #: 39 Filed: 10/16/20 Page 5 of 6 PageID #:325
6

The generic and impersonal nature of the text message, coupled with the business platform 

of ADRG, suggests that the use of an ATDS is more plausible than possible. It is plausible that the 

machine used to text the plaintiff here was capable of storing and producing telephone numbers and 

subsequently dialing them. Therefore, discovery should move forward, with an early emphasis on 

whether the system in question had the required capacity to qualify as an ATDS. 

Conclusion

 Based on the foregoing, ADRG’s motion to Dismiss [30] is denied. 

IT IS SO ORDERED. 

Date: 10/16/2020 

 Entered: _____________________________ 

 SHARON JOHNSON COLEMAN 

 United States District Court Judge 

Case: 1:20-cv-00402 Document #: 39 Filed: 10/16/20 Page 6 of 6 PageID #:326