Handbook 44 – 2010 5.57. Near-Infrared Grain Analyzers 

Table of Contents 

Section 5.57. Near-Infrared Grain Analyzers...................................................................... 5-63

A. Application .................................................................................................................................................. 5-63

A.3. Calibrations........................................................................................................................................ 5-63

S. Specifications............................................................................................................................................... 5-63

S.1. Design of Indicating, Recording, and Measuring Elements............................................................... 5-63

S.1.1. Digital Indications and Recording Elements. ...................................................................... 5-63

S.1.2. Selecting and Recording Grain Class and Constituent........................................................ 5-64

S.1.3. Operating Range.................................................................................................................. 5-65

S.1.4. Operating Temperature. ...................................................................................................... 5-66

S.1.5. Value of Smallest Unit. ........................................................................................................ 5-66

S.2. Design of NIR Analyzers................................................................................................................... 5-66

S.2.1. Minimum Sample Size.......................................................................................................... 5-66

S.2.2. Electric Power Supply.......................................................................................................... 5-66

S.2.3. Level Indicating Means........................................................................................................ 5-66

S.2.4. Environmental Conditions. .................................................................................................. 5-66

S.2.5. Calibration Transfer and Verification. ................................................................................. 5-66

S.2.6. Provision for Sealing. .......................................................................................................... 5-67

S.3. Accessory Equipment......................................................................................................................... 5-67

S.3.1. Grinders. ................................................................................................................................. 5-67

S.4. Operating Instructions and Use Limitations...................................................................................... 5-67

N. Notes............................................................................................................................................................. 5-68

N.1. Testing Procedures............................................................................................................................. 5-68

N.1.1. Field Inspection.................................................................................................................... 5-68

N.1.2. Standard Reference Samples................................................................................................ 5-68

T. Tolerances.................................................................................................................................................... 5-69

T.1. To Underregistration and to Overregistration. ................................................................................... 5-69

T.2. Tolerance Values. .............................................................................................................................. 5-69

UR. User Requirements ..................................................................................................................................... 5-69

UR.1. Installation Requirements. ................................................................................................................. 5-69

UR.2. User Requirements............................................................................................................................. 5-69

UR.2.1. Operating Instructions.......................................................................................................... 5-69

UR.2.2. Other Devices Not Used for Commercial Measurement...................................................... 5-69

UR.2.3. Printed Tickets. .................................................................................................................... 5-69

UR.2.4. Grinders. .............................................................................................................................. 5-70

UR.2.5. Sampling. ............................................................................................................................. 5-70

UR.2.6. Level Condition. .................................................................................................................. 5-70

UR.2.7. Operating Limitation............................................................................................................ 5-70

UR.2.8. Slope and Bias Adjustments. ............................................................................................... 5-70

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Handbook 44 – 2010 5.57. Near-Infrared Grain Analyzers 

Section 5.57. Near-Infrared Grain Analyzers 

A. Application 

A.1. This code applies to near-infrared (NIR) grain analyzers; that is, devices used to indicate the constituent 

values (other than moisture content) of grain using near-infrared reflectance or transmittance technology. These 

instruments may analyze either whole grain or ground grain samples. The code consists of general requirements 

applicable to all NIR analyzers and specific requirements applicable only to certain types of NIR analyzers, grain 

types, or grain constituents. In addition to meeting the requirements of this code, a whole grain NIR analyzer that 

displays a measured moisture value must also comply with the requirements of the Grain Moisture Meters Code. 

(Added 2001) 

A.2. This code does not apply to devices used for in-motion measurement of grain constituent values. 

A.3. Calibrations. – The National Type Evaluation Program Certificate of Conformance (CC) shall indicate the 

native moisture basis of each calibration. The “native” moisture basis is the default moisture basis of the sealable 

constituent calibration (or constituent calibration pair when a non-displayed moisture calibration is also involved). If 

an NIR analyzer uses a self-generated moisture measurement internally but does NOT display or record a moisture 

value, the moisture calibration shall be considered to be a part of the constituent calibration. For such calibrations, the 

CC shall state: “Includes non-displayed moisture calibration.” Changes to any part of such calibrations shall require 

changes to the CC. 

(Added 2001) 

A.4. See also Section 1.10. General Code requirements. 

S. Specifications 

S.1. Design of Indicating, Recording, and Measuring Elements. 

S.1.1. Digital Indications and Recording Elements. 

(a) Analyzers shall be equipped with a digital indicating element. 

(b) The minimum height for the digits used to display constituent values shall be 10 mm. 

(c) Analyzers shall be equipped with a communication interface that permits interfacing with a recording 

element and transmitting the date, grain type or class, constituent values, the moisture basis for each 

constituent value (except moisture), and calibration version identification. If the analyzer converts 

constituent results to a manually entered moisture basis, the “native” concentration and the “native” 

moisture basis must appear on the printed ticket in addition to the converted results and the manually 

entered moisture basis. 

(Amended 2001 and 2003)

(d) A digital indicating element shall not display, and a recording element shall not record, any 

constituent value before the end of the measurement cycle. 

(e) Constituent content shall be recorded and displayed as percent of total mass at the specified moisture 

basis. The moisture basis shall also be recorded and displayed for each constituent content result 

(except moisture). If a whole grain analyzer that is calibrated to display results on an “as is” 

moisture basis does NOT display or record a moisture value, it must clearly indicate that results are 

expressed on an “as is” moisture basis. Ground grain analyzers must ALWAYS display and record a 

moisture measurement for “as is” content results (except moisture). 

(Amended 2001 and 2003) 

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5.57. Near-Infrared Grain Analyzers Handbook 44 – 2010 

(f) An analyzer shall not display or record any constituent value that is beyond the operating range of the 

device unless the constituent value representation includes a clear error indication (and recorded 

error message with the recorded representation). 

(g) If an NIR analyzer is used to determine a moisture value, either to determine the moisture of an “as is” 

constituent content measurement or to convert from one moisture basis to another, the moisture 

measurement must be concurrent with the measurement of other constituents. 

(h) If the analyzer incorporates a built-in printer, or if a printer is available as an accessory to the 

analyzer, the information appearing on the printout shall be arranged in a consistent and 

unambiguous manner. 

(Added 2003) 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003] 

(Added 2001) 

S.1.2. Selecting and Recording Grain Class and Constituent. – Provision shall be made for selecting and 

recording the type or class or multi-class group of grain and the constituent(s) to be measured. The means to 

select the grain type or class or multi-class group and the constituent(s) shall be readily visible and the type or 

class or multi-class group of grain and the constituent(s) selected shall be clearly and definitely identified in letters 

(such as HRWW, HRSW, WHEAT, etc., or PROT, etc.). A symbol to identify the display of the type or class or 

multi-class group of grain and constituent(s) selected is permitted provided that it is clearly defined adjacent to the 

display. Minimum acceptable abbreviations are listed in Table S.1.2. Grain Types and Multi-Class Groups 

Considered for Type Evaluation and Calibration and Their Minimum Acceptable Abbreviations. 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003] 

If more than one calibration is included for a given grain type, the calibrations must be clearly distinguished 

from one another. 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2004] 

(Amended 2003 and 2007)

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Handbook 44 – 2010 5.57. Near-Infrared Grain Analyzers 

Table S.1.2. 

Grain Types and Multi-Class Groups Considered for Type Evaluation and 

Calibration and Their Minimum Acceptable Abbreviations

Grain Type Grain Class Minimum Acceptable 

Abbreviation

Two-Rowed Barley TRB

Barley Six-Rowed Barley SRB

All-Class Barley* BARLEY 

Corn --- CORN 

Soybeans --- SOYB 

All-Class Wheat* WHEAT

Durum Wheat DURW

Hard Red Spring Wheat HRSW

Hard Red Winter Wheat HRWW

Hard White Wheat HDWW 

Soft Red Winter Wheat SRWW

Soft White Wheat SWW

Wheat 

Wheat Excluding Durum* WHTEXDUR 

[Note: Grain Types marked with an asterisk (*) are “Multi-Class Calibrations”] 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003]

(Table Amended 2001 and 2007) 

S.1.3. Operating Range. – An analyzer shall automatically and clearly indicate when the operating range of 

the device has been exceeded. The statement of the operating range shall be specified in the operator’s manual 

and shall operate as follows: 

(a) The ambient temperature range over which the analyzer may be used and still comply with the 

applicable requirements shall be specified. The minimum temperature range shall be 10 °C to 30 °C. 

No constituent value may be displayed when the temperature range is exceeded. An appropriate error 

message shall be displayed when the temperature of the analyzer is outside its specified operating 

range. 

(b) The constituent range at the moisture basis specified in Table N.1.1. Constant Moisture Basis for Type 

Evaluation and Field Inspections shall be specified for each grain or seed for which the analyzer is to 

be used. A constituent value may be displayed when the constituent range is exceeded if accompanied 

by a clear indication that the constituent range has been exceeded. 

(Amended 2001) 

(c) For whole grain analyzers only, the temperature range shall be specified for each grain or seed for 

which an analyzer is to be used. The minimum temperature range for each grain shall be 10 ΕC to 

30 °C. No constituent value may be displayed when the temperature range is exceeded. An 

appropriate error message shall be displayed when the temperature of the grain sample exceeds the 

temperature range for the grain. The requirements of this subsection (c) are not applicable to ground 

grain analyzers. 

(d) For whole grain analyzers, the maximum allowable difference in temperature between the instrument 

environment (ambient temperature) and the sample for which an accurate constituent determination 

can be made shall be specified. The minimum temperature range shall cover at least 10 EC. No 

constituent value may be displayed when the maximum allowable temperature difference is exceeded. 

An appropriate error message shall be displayed when the difference between the ambient temperature 

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5.57. Near-Infrared Grain Analyzers Handbook 44 – 2010 

and the sample temperature exceeds the specified difference. The requirements of this subsection (d) 

are not applicable to ground grain analyzers. 

[Nonretroactive and effective as of January 1, 2003] 

S.1.4. Operating Temperature. 

(a) An analyzer shall not display or record any usable values until the internal operating temperature 

necessary to meet tolerance requirements has been attained, or the analyzer shall bear a conspicuous 

statement adjacent to the indication stating that the analyzer shall be turned on for a time period 

specified by the manufacturer prior to use. 

(b) If an instrument does not meet tolerance requirements because there is an upper internal operating 

temperature limit that could be exceeded when operating within the ambient temperature range 

specified by the manufacturer, then a means of sensing and indicating an over-temperature condition 

must be provided. 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003]

S.1.5. Value of Smallest Unit. – The display shall permit constituent value determination to both 0.01 % and 

0.1 % resolution. The 0.1 % resolution is for commercial transactions; the 0.01 % resolution is for calibration 

purposes only, not for commercial purposes. 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003]

S.2. Design of NIR Analyzers. 

S.2.1. Minimum Sample Size. – Analyzers shall be designed to measure constituent values of representative 

size grain samples. The minimum allowable sample size used in analysis shall be 20 g. 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003]

S.2.2. Electric Power Supply. 

S.2.2.1. Power Supply, Voltage and Frequency. – An analyzer that operates using alternating current 

must perform within tolerance requirements over the line voltage range 100 V to 130 V and over the 

frequency range of 59.5 Hz to 60.5 Hz. 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003]

S.2.2.2. Power Interruption. – A power interruption shall not cause an indicating or recording element 

to display or record any values outside the applicable tolerance limits. 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003] 

S.2.3. Level Indicating Means. – Analyzers shall be equipped with a level indicator and leveling adjustments 

if its performance is changed by an amount greater than the tolerance requirement when the instrument is 

moved from a level position into a position that is out of level in any upright direction by up to 5 % 

(approximately three degrees). The level-indicating means shall be readable without removing any instrument 

parts requiring a tool. 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003] 

S.2.4. Environmental Conditions. – Instrument optics and electronics must be protected from exposure to 

dust by either sealing these areas or by protecting them with a dust filtration system suitable for the removal of 

air-borne grain dust. 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003]

S.2.5. Calibration Transfer and Verification. 

S.2.5.1. Calibration Transfer. – The instrument hardware/software design and calibration procedures 

shall permit calibration development and the mathematical transfer of calibrations between instruments of 

like models.

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Handbook 44 – 2010 5.57. Near-Infrared Grain Analyzers 

Note: Only the manufacturer or the manufacturer’s designated service agency may make calibration 

transfer or slope adjustments on near-infrared grain analyzers and, except for instrument failure and 

repair, only during a prescribed period of time during the year. This does not preclude the possibility of 

the operator installing the manufacturer-specified calibration constants or standardization parameters 

under the instructions of the manufacturer or the manufacturer’s designated service agency. Nor does it 

preclude operator bias adjustments when made under the conditions specified in UR.2.8. Slope and Bias 

Adjustments.

[Nonretroactive and effective as of January 1, 2003]

(Note added 1995) (Amended 1995) 

S.2.5.2. Calibration Version. - An instrument must be capable of displaying either calibration constants, 

a unique calibration name, or a unique calibration version number for use in verifying that the latest 

version of the calibration is being used to make constituent determinations, and that the appropriate 

instrument settings have been made for the calibration being used. 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003] 

(Amended 2001) 

S.2.5.3. Calibration Corruption. – If calibration constants are digitally stored in an electronically 

alterable form, the analyzer shall be designed to make automatic checks to detect corruption of calibration 

constants. An error message must be displayed if calibration constants have been electronically altered. 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003].

S.2.6. Provision for Sealing. – An event logger is required in the device; it must include an event counter 

(000 to 999), the parameter ID, the date and time of the change, and the new value of the parameter (for 

calibration changes consisting of multiple constants, the calibration version number may be used rather than 

the calibration constants.) 

A printed copy of the information must be available through the device or through another on-site device. The 

event logger shall have a capacity to retain records equal to twenty-five (25) times the number of sealable 

parameters in the device, but not more than 1000 records are required. (Note: Does not require 1000 changes 

to be stored for each parameter.) 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003]

(Amended 1997) 

S.3. Accessory Equipment. – When the operating instructions for an NIR analyzer require accessory equipment 

separate from and external to the analyzer, such equipment shall be appropriate and complete for the measurement. 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003]

S.3.1. Grinders. – The make and model of grinder used for ground grain NIR analyzers must be specified by 

the manufacturer and required as auxiliary equipment in the determination of constituent values for applicable 

grain types. 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003]

S.4. Operating Instructions and Use Limitations. - The manufacturer shall furnish operating instructions for the 

device and accessories that include complete information concerning the accuracy, sensitivity, and use of accessory 

equipment necessary in obtaining a constituent value. Operating instructions shall include the following 

information: 

(a) name and address or trademark of the manufacturer; 

(b) the type or design of the device for which the operating instructions are intended to be used; 

(c) date of issue; 

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5.57. Near-Infrared Grain Analyzers Handbook 44 – 2010 

(d) the kind or classes of grain or seed for which the device is designed to measure constituent values; and 

(e) the limitations of use, including but not limited to constituent range, grain or seed temperature, kind or 

class of grain or seed, instrument temperature, voltage and frequency ranges, electromagnetic 

interferences, and necessary accessory equipment. 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003]

N. Notes 

N.1. Testing Procedures. 

N.1.1. Field Inspection. – Whole grain samples shall be used as the official field inspection standards. Five 

samples per grain type or class shall be used to check instrument performance. Each sample will be analyzed 

once. One of the samples will be analyzed an additional four times to test instrument repeatability. For ground 

grain instruments, the ground sample will be repacked four times. A new grind is not required. Test results 

must be converted to the standard moisture bases shown in Table N.1.1. Constant Moisture Basis for Type 

Evaluation and Field Inspection before applying the tolerances of Table T.2. Acceptance and Maintenance 

Tolerances for NIR Grain Analyzers. Test results on whole grain analyzers that produce results on an “as is” 

basis without displaying or recording a moisture value shall be converted to the standard moisture bases shown 

in Table N.1.1. Constant Moisture Basis for Type Evaluation and Field Inspection using sample moisture values 

determined with the facility’s moisture meter (which must be certified for commercial use). 

(Amended 2001) 

Table N.1.1. 

 Constant Moisture Basis for Type Evaluation and Field Inspection

Grain Type or Class Constituents(s) Moisture Basis

Durum Wheat, Hard Red Spring 

Wheat, Hard Red Winter Wheat, 

Hard White Wheat, Soft Red 

Winter Wheat, Soft White Wheat

Protein 12 %

Soybeans Protein 

Oil 13 %

Two-rowed Barley 

Six-rowed Barley Protein 0 % (dry basis)

Corn

Protein 

Oil 

Starch

0 % (dry basis)

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003] 

(Table Added 2001) 

Constituent values shall be assigned to test samples by the Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards 

Administration (GIPSA). Tolerances shall be applied to individual sample measurements, the average of 

individual measurements on each of the five test samples, and the maximum difference (range) in results for five 

analyses on one of the test samples. 

(Amended 2001) 

N.1.2. Standard Reference Samples. – Reference samples used for field inspection purposes shall be clean 

and selected to reasonably represent the constituent range. These samples shall be selected such that the 

difference between constituent values obtained using the GIPSA standard reference method and an official 

GIPSA NIR grain analyzer does not exceed one-half of the acceptance tolerance shown in 

Table T.2. Acceptance and Maintenance Tolerances for NIR Grain Analyzers for individual test samples or 

0.375 times the acceptance tolerance shown for the average of five samples. 

(Amended 2001and 2003) 

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T. Tolerances 

T.1. To Underregistration and to Overregistration. – The tolerances hereinafter prescribed shall be applied to 

errors of underregistration and errors of overregistration and shall be based on constituent values expressed at the 

moisture bases shown in Table N.1.1. 

(Amended 2001) 

T.2. Tolerance Values. – Acceptance and maintenance tolerances shall be equal. Tolerances for individual 

samples and the average for five samples are as shown in Table T.2. Acceptance and Maintenance Tolerances for 

NIR Grain Analyzers. 

Table T.2. 

 Acceptance and Maintenance Tolerances for NIR Grain Analyzers

Type or Class of 

Grain Constituent Individual Samples (percent)

Average for Five 

Samples (percent)

Range for Five 

Retests (percent)

Durum Wheat, Hard 

Red Spring Wheat, 

Hard Red Winter 

Wheat, Hard White 

Wheat, Soft Red 

Winter Wheat, Soft 

White Wheat 

protein 0.60 0.40 0.40 

protein 0.80 0.60 0.60 Soybeans oil 0.70 0.50 0.50 

Two-rowed Barley 

Six-rowed Barley protein 0.70 0.50 0.50 

protein 0.80 0.60 0.60 

Corn oil 0.70 0.50 0.50 

starch 1.00 0.80 0.80 

(Amended 2001) 

UR. User Requirements 

UR.1. Installation Requirements. – The NIR analyzer shall be installed in an environment within the range of 

temperature and/or other environmental factors specified in the operating manual. 

UR.2. User Requirements. 

UR.2.1. Operating Instructions. – The operating instructions for the NIR analyzer shall be readily available 

to the user, service technician, and weights and measures official at the place of installation. It shall include a 

list of accessory equipment if any are required to obtain constituent values, and the type or class of grain to be 

measured with the NIR analyzer. If an NIR analyzer has the capability, the user is permitted to select the 

moisture basis to be used on any measurement. 

(Amended 2001) 

UR.2.2. Other Devices Not Used for Commercial Measurement. – If there are other NIR analyzers on the 

premises not used for trade or determining other charges for services, these devices shall be clearly and 

conspicuously marked “Not for Use in Trade or Commerce.” 

UR.2.3. Printed Tickets. 

(a) Printed tickets shall be free from any previous indication of constituent or grain type selected. The 

printed ticket shall indicate constituent values and the moisture basis associated with each constituent 

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5.57. Near-Infrared Grain Analyzers Handbook 44 – 2010 

value (except moisture). If the analyzer is calibrated to display results on an “as is” moisture basis 

and does NOT display or record a moisture value, the ticket must clearly indicate that results are 

expressed on an “as is” moisture basis. 

(Amended 2001)

(b) The customer shall be given a printed ticket showing the date, grain type or class, constituent results, 

and calibration version identification. If the analyzer converts constituent results to a manually 

entered moisture basis, the “native” concentration and the “native” moisture basis must appear on 

the printed ticket in addition to the converted results and the manually entered moisture basis. If the 

manually entered moisture basis is intended to be the moisture value for an “as is” constituent 

concentration measurement, that moisture value must have been obtained on the same sample and 

must have been measured on a moisture meter certified for commercial use. The information 

presented on the ticket shall be arranged in a consistent and unambiguous manner. The ticket shall be 

generated by the near-infrared grain analyzer system. 

[Nonretroactive as of January 1, 2003]

(Amended 2001) 

UR.2.4. Grinders. – Place grinders in a separate room from the NIR analyzer to avoid instrument 

contamination. If a separate room is not available, the grinder may be in the same room with the NIR analyzer 

provided the grinder is not placed within 1 meter of the air intake on the NIR. 

UR.2.5. Sampling. – Samples shall be obtained by following appropriate sampling methods and equipment. 

These include, but are not limited to grain probes of appropriate length used at random locations in the bulk, the 

use of a pelican sampler, or other techniques and equipment giving equivalent results. The sample shall be 

taken such that it is representative of the lot. If an NIR analyzer permits user entry of the moisture value for an 

“as is” constituent measurement, that moisture value must have been obtained on the same sample and must 

have been measured on a moisture meter certified for commercial use. 

(Amended 2001) 

UR.2.6. Level Condition. – If equipped with a level indicator, an analyzer shall be maintained in a level 

condition. 

UR.2.7. Operating Limitation. – Constituent determinations shall not be made when the difference in 

temperatures between the grain sample and the instrument environment (ambient temperature) exceeds 

manufacturer recommendations. 

UR.2.8. Slope and Bias Adjustments. – Bias changes shall be made only on the basis of tests run on a 

current set of Standard Reference Samples (SRS) traceable to GIPSA Master Instruments.1

 A written 

explanation and record of all calibration changes, including those changes made by a manufacturer or the 

manufacturer’s designated service agency, shall be maintained. The log shall indicate the date and magnitude 

of changes in bias and slope constants and the instrument serial number. A Calibration Adjustment Data Sheet 

for each log entry shall be available for inspection upon request by the field inspector. Data Sheets shall be 

retained by the user for a period of no less than 18 months following any calibration adjustment. The Data 

Sheet must show: date of test and adjustment, serial number of the instrument, calibration identification, the 

nature of the adjustment, the unique identification number and source of sample sets used, and, for each sample 

in the set, reference values, initial instrument results (except in the cases of instrument failure and repair), and 

instrument results after calibration adjustment or instrument repair. 

(Amended 1995) 

 

1

 Established error must be known. 

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