In The 

Court of Appeals 

Seventh District of Texas at Amarillo

No. 07-13-00117-CV 

IN THE INTEREST OF J.J., A CHILD 

 

On Appeal from the County Court at Law No. 2 

Potter County, Texas 

Trial Court No. 81,095-2, Honorable Pamela Cook Sirmon, Presiding 

 

August 29, 2013 

 

MEMORANDUM OPINION 

 

Before CAMPBELL and HANCOCK and PIRTLE, JJ. 

Appellant, Joseph, appeals the trial court‘s order terminating his parental rights to 

the now-two-year-old J.J.1 On appeal, Joseph contends the evidence is insufficient to 

support the trial court‘s order of termination. We will affirm.

 

1 Throughout this opinion, appellant will be referred to as ―Joseph,‖ and the child 

will be identified by his initials. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 109.002(d) (West Supp. 

2012); TEX. R. APP. P. 9.8(b). The child‘s mother, ―Martha,‖ is not a party to this appeal; 

her rights were terminated by separate order signed October 31, 2012, which she did 

not appeal.
2

Factual and Procedural History

Joseph and Martha had a son together, J.J., in February 2011. During the onagain, off-again relationship between Joseph and Martha, which lasted approximately 

one year, the Department became involved with Martha with respect to another of her 

children, a daughter from another relationship, slightly older than J.J., named Z. Joseph 

knew that the Department was involved with Martha and Z., and he also knew that the 

Department had removed four other children from Martha‘s custody in the past, based 

on allegations relating to her ongoing cocaine problem. According to Joseph, Martha 

represented to him that the Department‘s allegations of drug abuse were false, and, he 

would later testify, he believed her at that time.

Nonetheless, the relationship between Joseph and Martha eventually soured and 

ended when Martha called the police to report that Joseph had struck her. Joseph was 

arrested and was held on charges of assault–domestic violence and unlawful restraint. 

After forty days in jail, Joseph pleaded guilty to both charges in exchange for time 

served. He promptly moved back to the Dallas area and, he says, started to try to get 

his life together so that he could get custody of J.J. He would later testify that he 

repeatedly called Martha to try to gain custody of J.J., but Martha consistently refused to 

relinquish custody of J.J. One day she did agree, he recalled, but, a few days later, the 

Department removed J.J. from Martha‘s care and took custody of him. The Department 

had removed J.J. after both J.J. and Martha tested positive for cocaine.

Early in the case with the Department, Joseph admittedly moved around a good 

deal, and this constant instability and relocation made it somewhat difficult, according to 

the Department‘s account, to arrange services for Joseph. The record suggests that, 
3

when Joseph did get more settled, he ran into some delay at least partly attributable to 

the Department. Referrals and necessary paperwork were somewhat confused, 

misdirected, or expired, and this confusion caused a delay in Joseph performing the 

requirements of his service plan.2 It would appear that Joseph did, in time, get all the 

services completed, though the Department questions how much Joseph actually 

benefitted from those services.

On October 10, 2011, the Department filed its petition seeking the termination of 

Joseph‘s parental rights and alleging seventeen separate grounds for such termination. 

The trial court held a hearing on the Department‘s allegations on April 10, 2013. At the 

end of the hearing, the trial court granted the Department‘s petition seeking termination 

of Joseph‘s parental rights. More specifically, it found by clear and convincing evidence 

that Joseph (1) knowingly placed or knowingly allowed J.J. to remain in conditions or 

surroundings which endangered his physical or emotional well-being; (2) had engaged 

in conduct or knowingly placed J.J. with persons who engaged in conduct which 

endangered his physical or emotional well-being; (3) had failed to support J.J. in 

accordance with Joseph‘s ability during a period of one year ending within six months of 

the date of the filing of the petition; and (4) had failed to comply with the provisions of a 

court order that specifically established the actions necessary for him to obtain the 

return of J.J., who had been in the permanent or temporary managing conservatorship 

of the Texas Department of Family and Protective Services for not less than nine 

months as a result of the child‘s removal from the parent under Chapter 262 for the 

 

2

In fact, it would appear from his testimony that Joseph ultimately ended up 

calling in a complaint to the Department‘s main office in an effort to initiate progress with 

regard to services. 
4

abuse or neglect of the child. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(D),(E),(F),(O) 

(West Supp. 2012). The trial court also found that termination of the parent-child 

relationship was in J.J.‘s best interest. See id. § 161.001(2). The trial court signed its 

order terminating Joseph‘s parental rights on April 16, 2013.

Joseph contends on appeal from the trial court‘s order that the evidence was 

legally and factually insufficient to sustain the termination of his parent-child relationship 

with J.J. In a single issue, he challenges the evidence to support both the predicate act 

or omission and the best interest determination. After having reviewed the record, we 

conclude that the evidence is sufficient as to both elements and will affirm. 

Standards of Review

The natural right existing between parents and their children is of constitutional 

dimensions. Holick v. Smith, 685 S.W.2d 18, 20 (Tex. 1985); see Santosky v. Kramer, 

455 U.S. 745, 758–59, 102 S.Ct. 1388, 71 L.Ed.2d 599 (1982). A decree terminating 

this natural right is complete, final, irrevocable, and divests for all time that natural right 

as well as all legal rights, privileges, duties, and powers between the parent and child 

except for the child‘s right to inherit. Holick, 685 S.W.2d at 20. That being so, we are 

required to strictly scrutinize termination proceedings. In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 846 

(Tex. 1980). However, parental rights are not absolute, and the emotional and physical 

interests of a child must not be sacrificed merely to preserve those rights. In re C.H., 89 

S.W.3d 17, 26 (Tex. 2002).

The Texas Family Code permits a court to terminate the parent-child relationship 

if the petitioner establishes (1) one or more acts or omissions enumerated under section 
5

161.001(1), and (2) that termination of the parent-child relationship is in the best interest

of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001. Though evidence may be relevant to both 

elements, each element must be proved, and proof of one does not relieve the burden 

of proving the other. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28. While both a statutory ground 

and best interest of the child must be proved, only one statutory ground is required to 

terminate parental rights under section 161.001. In re A.V., 113 S.W.3d 355, 362 (Tex. 

2003). Therefore, we will affirm the trial court‘s order of termination if legally and 

factually sufficient evidence supports any one of the grounds found in the termination 

order, provided the record shows that it was also in the best interest of the child for the 

parent‘s rights to be terminated. See id.

Due process requires the application of the clear and convincing standard of 

proof in cases involving involuntary termination of parental rights. In re J.F.C., 96 

S.W.3d 256, 263 (Tex. 2002); see TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.206(a) (West 2008). 

― ̳Clear and convincing evidence‘ means the measure or degree of proof that will 

produce in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief or conviction as to the truth of the 

allegations sought to be established.‖ TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007 (West 2008). 

This standard, which focuses on whether a reasonable jury could form a firm belief or 

conviction, retains the deference a reviewing court must have for the fact-finder‘s role. 

In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 26.

In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence supporting an order terminating 

parental rights, we look at all the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding to 

determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm belief or 

conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established. See In re J.F.C., 
6

96 S.W.3d at 266. ―To give appropriate deference to the factfinder‘s conclusions and 

the role of a court conducting a legal sufficiency review, looking at the evidence in the 

light most favorable to the judgment means that a reviewing court must assume that the 

factfinder resolved disputed facts in favor of its finding if a reasonable factfinder could 

do so.‖ Id. In other words, we will disregard all evidence that a reasonable trier of fact 

could have disbelieved or found to have been incredible. Id.

When reviewing the factual sufficiency of the evidence supporting a termination 

order, we determine ―whether the evidence is such that a factfinder could reasonably 

form a firm belief or conviction about the truth of the [Department]‘s allegations.‖ In re 

C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25. In conducting this review, we consider whether the disputed 

evidence is such that a reasonable finder of fact could not have resolved the disputed 

evidence in favor of its finding. In re J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266. ―If, in light of the entire 

record, the disputed evidence that a reasonable factfinder could not have credited in 

favor of the finding is so significant that a factfinder could not reasonably have formed a 

firm belief or conviction, then the evidence is factually insufficient.‖ Id.

Applicable Law and Analysis

Joseph contends that the evidence is insufficient to support a finding of a 

predicate act or omission that would serve as grounds for terminating his parental rights 

to his son. The Department responds by pointing to evidence that Joseph left J.J. in 

Martha‘s care despite her extensive history of drug abuse and removal of five other 

children and that Joseph pleaded guilty to charges stemming from a domestic violence 

incident involving Martha. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(D), (E). Joseph also 
7

challenges the sufficiency of the evidence that would support the best interest 

determination. In support of the trial court‘s determination that termination of the parentchild relationship was in J.J.‘s best interest, the Department directs us to evidence, in 

addition to the aforementioned conduct, which casts doubt onto Joseph‘s ability to 

provide J.J. with a stable and protective environment.

Predicate act or omission

Two of the four grounds the trial court found as supporting termination of 

Joseph‘s parental rights to J.J. were subsection (D)‘s endangering environment or 

conditions and subsection (E)‘s endangering course of conduct. See id. Evidence 

concerning subsections (D)‘s and (E)‘s statutory grounds for termination is interrelated; 

therefore, we will consolidate our review of the evidence supporting these grounds.3 

See In re N.K., 399 S.W.3d 322, 329 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 2013, no pet.); In re I.G., 383 

S.W.3d 763, 770 n.6 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 2012, no pet.). Endangerment of the child‘s 

physical or emotional well-being is an element of both subsections (D) and (E). See

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(D), (E); see also In re N.K., 399 S.W.3d at 329–30.

―[E]ndanger‖ means ―to expose to loss or injury; to jeopardize.‖ Tex. Dep‘t of 

Human Servs. v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987). Although ― ̳endanger‘ means 

 

3

Indeed, this Court has observed the interrelated nature of evidence that could 

support these two statutory grounds for termination: ―Although the focus of subsection 

(D) is on the child‘s living environment and not on the parent‘s conduct, parental 

conduct may produce an endangering  ̳environment.‘‖ In re D.R.J., No. 07-08-00410-

CV, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 5231, at *7 (Tex.App.—Amarillo July 8, 2009, pet. denied) 

(mem. op.) (citing In re D.T., 34 S.W.3d 625, 633 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2000, pet. 

denied)). That is not to say, however, that the two subsections require the same 

evidence. See In re U.P., 105 S.W.3d 222, 236 n.7 (Tex.App.—Houston [14th Dist.] 

2003, pet. denied) (discussing the distinctions between subsections (D) and (E)).
8

more than a threat of metaphysical injury or the possible ill effects of a less-than-ideal 

family environment, it is not necessary that the conduct be directed at the child or that 

the child actually suffers injury.‖ Id.; see In re P.E.W., 105 S.W.3d 771, 777 

(Tex.App.—Amarillo 2003, no pet.) (observing that child ―need not develop or succumb 

to a malady‖ in order to prove endangering conditions). In our review, we not only look 

at evidence regarding the parent‘s active conduct, but we also consider evidence 

showing the parent‘s omissions or failures to act. In re A.B., 125 S.W.3d 769, 777 (Tex. 

App.—Texarkana 2003, pet. denied). The Texas Supreme Court has reiterated that 

endangering conduct is not limited to actions directed toward the child: ―It necessarily 

follows that the endangering conduct may include the parent‘s actions before the child‘s 

birth, while the parent had custody of older children, including evidence of drug usage.‖ 

In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d 336, 345 (Tex. 2009); see In re T.N., 180 S.W.3d 376, 383 

(Tex.App.—Amarillo 2005, no pet.).

Martha‘s Drug Use

―[A] parent‘s use of narcotics and its effect on his or her ability to parent may 

qualify as an endangering course of conduct.‖ In re J.O.A., 283 S.W.3d at 345; see In 

re Z.C., 280 S.W.3d 470, 474 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2009, pet. denied). And, with 

respect to endangering conditions or surroundings, it is not necessary for the parent to 

have certain knowledge that an actual injury is occurring. In re C.L.C., 119 S.W.3d 382, 

392 (Tex.App.—Tyler 2003, no pet.). ―It is sufficient that the parent was aware of the 

potential for danger to the child in such environment and disregarded that risk.‖ Id.
9

Bearing in mind the two principles that drug abuse in a child‘s home can be a 

course of endangering conduct and that a parent bears the responsibility to guard 

against potential dangers in the child‘s environment, Texas courts have consistently 

found that a parent‘s decision to leave a child in the care of a known drug user is 

relevant to the predicate acts or omissions outlined in subsections (D) and (E). See, 

e.g., In re M.C., 352 S.W.3d 563, 568 (Tex.App.—Dallas 2011, no pet.) (holding father‘s 

knowledge of mother‘s drug use and failure to take any action to remove the children 

from mother‘s home was sufficient to support finding under subsection (D)); In re M.M., 

No. 02-08-00275-CV, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 5714, at *21 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth July 

23, 2009, no pet.) (mem. op.) (holding evidence was sufficient to support findings under 

subsections (D) and (E) when it showed, among other things, that father knew of 

mother‘s drug use); In re J.W.M., 153 S.W.3d 541, 548 (Tex.App.—Amarillo 2004, pet. 

denied) (finding evidence that mother left children in the care of acquaintances whom

mother knew to be drug users to support finding under subsection (E)); In re M.J.M.L., 

31 S.W.3d 347, 351–52 (Tex.App.—San Antonio 2000, pet. denied) (holding evidence 

legally sufficient to support trial court‘s subsection (E) finding when father left child in 

mother‘s care and knew mother was a drug addict).

Here, because there is no evidence to suggest that Joseph used illegal drugs 

during the relevant time frame, the question becomes what Joseph actually knew of 

Martha‘s drug use. In other words, we must examine the evidence that goes to what 

Joseph knew of Martha‘s drug abuse at the time he left J.J. in Martha‘s care.

Joseph relies on his own testimony that he did not know that Martha was using 

drugs; he ―was almost sure that she wasn‘t.‖ He testified that he would not have left J.J. 
10

in Martha‘s care if he knew that she was using drugs. See In re Z.C.J.L., Nos. 14-13-

00115-CV, 14-13-00147-CV, 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 8284, at *36 (Tex.App.—Houston 

[14th Dist.] July 9, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.). The Department cites evidence from 

Department caseworker Janelle Garrett that Joseph must have known of Martha‘s 

rather extensive drug history. The Department also points to Joseph‘s own testimony 

that he knew of Martha‘s history with the Department and that, by his own testimony, he 

―definitely‖ knew that four of her older children were in foster care. He also testified that 

he knew and was concerned that allegations of drug abuse formed the basis of the 

Department‘s past allegations with respect to the four removed children, although he 

claimed that he believed Martha‘s assurances to him that such allegations against her 

were false: ―she had me fooled, like it was just allegations that were put on her and she 

didn‘t do nothing, and from as far as I could see, she didn‘t do anything.‖ He added, 

too, that the alleged drug use was from ―years ago‖ at any rate. Also, during the time 

Joseph and Martha were living together, the Department was involved in monitoring 

Martha‘s custody of Z., and Joseph admitted to knowing that was the case. He 

explained that Martha told him that a friend had called the Department reporting 

―neglect‖ of Z. Further, following Joseph‘s release from jail, he expressed concern that 

J.J. was in Martha‘s care, ―so [Joseph] asked her to let [him] get him.‖

Joseph did know that four of Martha‘s older children were taken from her based 

on allegations of drug abuse and that, while Joseph and Martha were living together, 

the Department was in the process of removing a fifth child from her care. He knew 

enough to be concerned upon his release from jail about J.J. remaining in Martha‘s 

care. He claimed that Martha misled him into believing those allegations were false, but 
11

the fact remained that he knew the Department had removed four children from her care 

and were about to remove another. The record contains conflicting evidence regarding 

the extent of Joseph‘s knowledge of Martha‘s drug use. Cf. In re A.M.C., No. 09-12-

00314-CV, 2012 Tex. App. LEXIS 10041, *12–13 (Tex.App.—Beaumont Dec. 6, 2012, 

no pet.) (mem. op.) (finding that evidence was insufficient to support allegations of 

endangerment when Department introduced no evidence that father was aware of 

children‘s living conditions or that mother was using drugs when children were removed 

from her custody and noting that ―the Department must do more than introduce 

evidence creating a mere suspicion that would require us to guess that [f]ather, even 

though he was not living in the home with [m]other and the children, must have known 

of [m]other‘s alleged conduct.‖). Joseph claims that he did not know Martha was 

abusing drugs, but the record suggests he knew of past drug use or, at a minimum, 

knew of several allegations of drug abuse and the consequential removal of several 

children based on those allegations.

It is not for this Court to evaluate the credibility of the witnesses; rather, ―the jury 

is the sole judge of the credibility of witnesses and the weight to be given to their 

testimony.‖ Golden Eagle Archery, Inc. v. Jackson, 116 S.W.3d 757, 761 (Tex. 2003). 

The trier of fact may believe all, part, or none of the testimony of any witness. In re 

T.N., 180 S.W.3d at 382–83. Further, the trial court, sitting as trier of fact, was entitled 

to resolve conflicts in the testimony regarding whether Joseph knew of Martha‘s drug 

use. See In re Z.C.J.L., 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 8284, at *38 (citing City of Keller v. 

Wilson, 168 S.W.3d 802, 819 (Tex. 2005)). The trier of fact could have and, seemingly, 

did resolve the conflicts in the evidence regarding what Joseph knew of Martha‘s history 
12

of drug abuse against him. See In re T.N., 180 S.W.3d at 382–83; see also In re R.W., 

129 S.W.3d 732, 742 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth 2004, pet. denied) (reiterating the wellestablished principle that the fact-finder‘s function ―is to judge the credibility of the 

witnesses, assign the weight to be given their testimony, and resolve any conflicts or 

inconsistencies in the testimony‖).

Domestic Violence Incident

―[A]busive or violent conduct by a parent or other resident of a child‘s home may

produce an environment that endangers the physical or emotional well-being of a child.‖ 

In re J.T.G., 121 S.W.3d 117, 125 (Tex. App.—Fort Worth 2003, no pet.). We reiterate 

that ―it is not necessary that the conduct be directed at the child or that the child actually 

suffers injury.‖ In re N.K., 399 S.W.3d at 330.

Joseph admitted that he pleaded guilty to both assault-domestic violence and 

unlawful restraint based on charges stemming from the May 2011 incident in which 

Martha summoned police. He explained at trial that he did not assault her, that he was 

attempting to leave her and had packed his bags to leave and stay at his aunt‘s house 

when she threatened to call the police and report that he assaulted her. He did 

describe how he and Martha had wrestled over the bags he had packed and that, during 

that scuffle, he had fallen on her. But, again, he denied that he assaulted her and 

explained that he pleaded no contest to get out of jail more quickly. See generally In re 

C.S., No. 13-13-00095-CV, 2013 Tex. App. LEXIS 9241, at *7–8 (Tex.App.—Corpus 

Christi July 25, 2013, no pet.) (mem. op.) (not reaching sufficiency of the evidence due 

to failure to preserve issue but describing similar contentions by a father who had been 
13

incarcerated on charges of domestic violence, denied those allegations at termination 

hearing, but pleaded guilty to ―get out of jail quick, and get back to my baby‖).

Again giving due deference to the trial court as trier of fact, based on the entire 

record, we conclude that the trial court could have disbelieved Joseph‘s denial of the 

assault and could have resolved against Joseph the conflict between his denial and his 

guilty plea. See In re J.P.B., 180 S.W.3d 570, 574 (Tex. 2005) (per curiam) (concluding 

that it was within the finder of fact‘s province to judge father‘s demeanor and to 

disbelieve his testimony that he did not know how child was injured); see also In re J.M., 

No. 02-08-00259-CV, 2009 Tex. App. LEXIS 322, at *18–19 (Tex.App.—Fort Worth Jan. 

15, 2009, no pet.) (per curiam) (mem. op.) (observing that trial court sitting as finder of 

fact could have reasonably disbelieved father‘s denial of knowledge of mother‘s drug 

use and father‘s account of domestic violence incident in which he denied physically 

assaulting mother).

Summary

After having reviewed the evidence in the light most favorable to the finding and 

judgment, we conclude that the evidence is legally sufficient because the trial court, as 

the judge of witness credibility, could have reasonably disbelieved Joseph‘s testimony 

that he did not know Martha was using drugs and could have reasonably resolved 

against Joseph the disputed evidence surrounding Joseph‘s alleged act of domestic 

violence, to form a firm belief or conviction with regard to endangerment under both the 

course of conduct and environment grounds. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 

161.001(1)(D), (E); In re M.J.M.L., 31 S.W.3d at 351–52 (holding that evidence of 
14

course-of-conduct endangerment was legally sufficient when it showed father knew of 

mother‘s drug use during pregnancy but abandoned soon-to-be-born baby to her care). 

Additionally, giving due deference to the trial court‘s role and duty as finder of fact, using 

caution to not supplant its judgment with our own, and after reviewing the entire record, 

we hold that a finder of fact could reasonably form a firm conviction or belief that Joseph 

had engaged in conduct or had knowingly placed J.J. with persons who had engaged in 

conduct that endangered his physical or emotional well-being and/or allowed J.J. to 

remain in conditions or surroundings which endangered his physical or emotional wellbeing. See In re H.R.M., 209 S.W.3d 105, 108 (Tex. 2006) (per curiam). We overrule 

Joseph‘s point of error to the contrary.

Best Interest of the Children

There is a strong presumption that a child‘s interest is best served by preserving 

the conservatorship of the parents; however, clear and convincing evidence to the 

contrary may overcome that presumption. In re R.R., 209 S.W.3d 112, 116 (Tex. 2006) 

(per curiam). The Texas Supreme Court has recognized a non-exhaustive list of factors 

that are pertinent to the inquiry whether termination of parental rights is in the best 

interest of the child: (1) the desires of the child, (2) the emotional and physical needs of 

the child now and in the future, (3) the emotional and physical danger to the child now 

and in the future, (4) the parental abilities of the individuals seeking custody, (5) the 

programs available to assist these individuals to promote the best interest of the child, 

(6) the plans for the child by these individuals or by the agency seeking custody, (7) the 

stability of the home or proposed placement, (8) the acts or omissions of the parent 

which may indicate that the existing parent-child relationship is not a proper one, and (9) 
15

any excuse for the acts or omissions of the parent. See Holley v. Adams, 544 S.W.2d 

367, 371–72 (Tex. 1976); see also TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307 (West 2008) 

(providing extensive list of factors that may be considered in determining child‘s best 

interest). In examining the best interest of the child, we may consider evidence that was 

also probative of the predicate act or omission. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 28. The 

best interest determination may rely on direct or circumstantial evidence, subjective 

facts, and the totality of the evidence. In re N.R.T., 338 S.W.3d 667, 677 (Tex.App.—

Amarillo 2011, no pet.).

The Department need not prove all nine Holley factors, and the absence of 

evidence relevant to some of those factors does not bar a finding that termination is in 

the child‘s best interest, especially in the face of undisputed evidence that the parental 

relationship endangered the child. See In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 27. No one Holley

factor is controlling, and evidence of one factor may be sufficient to support a finding 

that termination is in the child‘s best interest. In re A.P., 184 S.W.3d 410, 414 

(Tex.App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.)

It would appear that J.J. has not clearly expressed a desire in this matter, likely 

due to his tender age. J.J.‘s foster mother did describe an incident during which J.J. ran 

scared from the backyard and hid in his bedroom when he thought that a man, who 

resembled Joseph and who came into the backyard to perform lawn care, was there to 

take him from the house. For some time, J.J. would not go into the backyard until his 

foster parents went back there with him to check it out and show him that no one was 

back there to take him away. This episode is somewhat relevant to J.J.‘s desire to 

remain with his adoptive family rather than live with Joseph; it certainly demonstrates 
16

that J.J. is fearful of living in or returning to Joseph‘s care. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 

263.307(b)(5).

Testimony from Nichelle Wiggins, Ph.D. concerning her psychological evaluation 

of Joseph is relevant to his parenting abilities. See id. § 263.307(b)(6); Holley, 544 

S.W.2d at 372. Wiggins expressed concerns regarding Joseph‘s employment and 

relationship history, noting that he reported to her that his longest period of continuous 

employment was a year and a half. At the time she spoke to him, he was unemployed 

and had six children to support. She also explained that Joseph denied that alcohol had 

been a problem in his life despite the fact that he was convicted of DWI four times. 

Such a denial, she explained, demonstrated that Joseph minimizes the issues in his life. 

In fact, she testified that Joseph reported no concerns or worries at all about anything in 

his life, an assessment which, in her estimation, was inconsistent with his life 

circumstances at the time. She did clarify that she was uncertain whether his failure to 

report any concerns was due to his failure to develop insight or simply his disinclination 

to share any of his concerns or worries with her. Nonetheless, Joseph‘s failure to 

recognize and acknowledge problems in his life could negatively impact his ability to 

parent. Wiggins also expressed concern regarding Joseph‘s reported attitudes toward 

children. She testified that he reported that children are like small adults, an attitude 

that Wiggins found troubling because it imposes unreasonable expectations and ignores 

the facts that children have not yet developed the necessary coping resources or 

sufficient capabilities to defend or care for themselves. Wiggins further testified that 

Joseph could be doing much more with his life considering his academic functioning. 
17

She noted also that Joseph seemed to shift blame for various arrests earlier in his life 

and, in doing so, failed to recognize and accept responsibility for his misdeeds. 

The record also provides evidence concerning the plans for J.J. by the 

individuals seeking custody and the stability of the home or proposed placement. The 

Department plans to facilitate adoption of J.J. into his current foster home which 

appears to be a caring, devoted home into which J.J.‘s maternal half-sister, Z., has 

already been adopted. J.J. has developed a very close relationship with Z. and his 

other foster siblings. His foster parents seem dedicated to providing a safe, loving 

home for J.J. and spent a considerable amount of time and energy into nursing the very 

ill J.J. back to health when he first came into their home. They worked hard at getting 

him the necessary medical care and demonstrated a great deal of love and concern for 

J.J. In that same vein, the foster home meets J.J.‘s current emotional and physical 

needs and expressed its intent to do so into the future.

With respect to excuses for Joseph‘s acts or omissions, it appears from the 

record that, when Joseph was released from jail following the domestic violence 

incident, he was put into a difficult situation with respect to J.J.‘s custody. See Holley, 

544 S.W.2d at 372. He testified that he did seek custody from Martha and expressed a 

concern with J.J. remaining in her care. However, considering the risk to J.J., Joseph‘s 

efforts were inadequate to protect J.J. from the risk of harm while in Martha‘s care.

On the topic of the harm to J.J., we must consider the magnitude of the harm 

done to him. See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(b)(3); see also In re S.L., 188 S.W.3d 

388, 394 (Tex.App.—Dallas 2006, no pet.) (pointing out evidence that father had left 
18

children in care of known drug abuser in evaluation of factual sufficiency of evidence 

supporting best interest determination). That is, not only was J.J. left in the care of a 

known drug abuser from whom the Department had removed several other children, he 

actually tested positive for cocaine, meaning that he somehow ingested cocaine into his 

system when he was merely months old. Clearly, his exposure to cocaine was not 

theoretical harm or simply a product of high-risk circumstances, J.J.‘s ingestion of 

cocaine posed a serious and undeniable risk to the infant‘s physical well-being. The 

magnitude of the harm done to J.J. while in Martha‘s care must be weighed in favor of 

termination. Joseph‘s attempts to get Martha to agree to relinquish custody of J.J. were 

inadequate when we look at them in the context of the harm done to J.J. And the 

inadequacy of his efforts, when he admitted to being concerned about J.J. remaining in 

Martha‘s care, could be said to support a finding that the parent-child relationship was 

not a proper one or, at a minimum, speak to the inadequacy of Joseph‘s parenting skills 

and understanding of his role to protect J.J.

Both Joseph and his fiancée expressed a willingness and desire to take care of 

J.J. From their accounts, the couple maintains a relatively stable and adequately 

supplied household despite the fact that it is rather full; the couple had full custody of 

three of the fiancée‘s seven children, including a special needs child, and had regular 

possession of Joseph‘s other five children.4 The couple testified that, with government 

assistance and Joseph‘s current, seemingly steady—albeit still temporary—

 

4

Joseph‘s fiancée testified that two of her sons were living by agreement with 

their father so that their school and extracurricular activities would not be disrupted due 

to the time the fiancée had to devote to her special needs child. Another of her sons 

was grown and in the Air Force. Finally, another daughter stayed frequently at the 

house and served as part-time caretaker for her special needs sister.
19

employment, their financial resources are adequate to care for all their children and J.J., 

as well. While the record shows that Joseph had been working for some time at his 

temporary job, ―in considering the best interest of the child, evidence of a recent turnaround in behavior by the parent does not totally offset evidence of a pattern of 

instability and harmful behavior in the past.‖ See Smith v. Tex. Dep‘t of Protective & 

Regulatory Servs., 160 S.W.3d 673, 681 (Tex.App.—Austin 2005, no pet.).

The trial court was called on to consider the relevant factors and use as its 

guiding presumption that ―the prompt and permanent placement of the child in a safe 

environment is . . . in the child‘s best interest.‖ See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 263.307(a). 

In light of the entire record and giving due consideration to evidence that the trial court 

could have reasonably found to be clear and convincing, we conclude that the trial court 

could reasonably have formed a firm belief or conviction that termination of Joseph‘s 

parental rights is in J.J.‘s best interest.

Summary

Having reviewed the record in the light most favorable to the trial court‘s findings, 

we conclude that a rational trier of fact could have reasonably formed a firm belief or 

conviction that (1) Joseph engaged in conduct, or knowingly placed J.J. with a person 

who engaged in conduct, which endangered J.J.‘s physical or emotional well-being 

and/or knowingly placed or allowed J.J. to remain in conditions which endangered his 

physical or emotional well-being and (2) termination of Joseph‘s parental rights was in 

J.J.‘s best interest. Likewise, viewing the evidence as a whole in a neutral light, a 

rational trier of fact reasonably could have arrived at the same firm belief or conviction. 
20

We conclude that the evidence is legally and factually sufficient to support the trial 

court‘s order terminating Joseph‘s parental rights to J.J. and, accordingly, overrule his 

sole point of error.

Conclusion

Having overruled the sole point of error Joseph has presented to this Court, we 

affirm the trial court‘s order terminating the parent-child relationship between Joseph 

and J.J.

Mackey K. Hancock

 Justice