COURT OF APPEALS OF VIRGINIA 

Present: Judges Clements, McClanahan and Retired Judge Strickland*

Argued by teleconference 

WILLIS HOWARD WINFREE 

 MEMORANDUM OPINION** BY 

v. Record No. 2391-04-3 JUDGE ELIZABETH A. McCLANAHAN 

 AUGUST 30, 2005 

LINDA PUGH WINFREE 

FROM THE CIRCUIT COURT OF THE CITY OF LYNCHBURG 

J. Leyburn Mosby, Jr., Judge 

Robert C. Wood, III (Edmunds & Williams, on briefs), for appellant. 

Arelia S. Langhorne for appellee. 

 Willis Howard Winfree (husband) appeals a trial court decision barring a collateral attack 

on an assignment of husband’s monthly veterans’ disability benefits to Linda Pugh Winfree 

(wife) in a property settlement agreement (PSA). The PSA was incorporated into the parties’ 

final divorce decree more than seven years earlier. He contends that: (1) the assignment of the 

veterans’ disability benefits to wife is void ab initio; (2) the court lacked subject matter 

jurisdiction over disposition of those benefits; (3) the court erred in holding that res judicata

barred husband’s complaint; and (4) the entry of the final decree incorporating the provision 

violated the Supremacy Clause of the United States Constitution. For the reasons that follow, we 

affirm the trial court. 

 *

 Retired Judge Diane McQ. Strickland took part in the consideration of this case by 

designation pursuant to Code § 17.1-400(C). 

** Pursuant to Code § 17.1-413, this opinion is not designated for publication. 
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I. BACKGROUND

Husband was a member of the United States Army from 1969 until 1971. During 

husband’s military service, he sustained bodily injuries for which he was awarded a monthly 

disability benefit from the Veterans’ Administration beginning in 1972. 

The parties married in 1974 and separated in 1995. After their separation, the parties 

entered into a PSA in which, inter alia, husband assigned to wife the monthly disability check he 

received from the Veterans’ Administration. The relevant paragraph of the PSA reads: 

(10) HUSBAND’S DISABILITY CHECK

Commencing with the month of September, 1996, and continuing 

monthly thereafter, Husband shall assign to Wife his monthly 

disability check that he receives from the United States 

Government. Husband agrees to turn over his check to Wife each 

month commencing with the month of September, 1996, and 

continuing thereafter subject to the following: 

(A) Said assignment shall be terminated if Wife remarries; and 

(B) Said assignment shall be terminated upon Wife’s death; and 

(C) Said assignment shall be terminated upon Husband’s death. 

The PSA was incorporated by reference and merged into the parties’ divorce decree. 

Wife has received all of husband’s monthly disability checks from the Veterans’ 

Administration by direct deposit into her personal checking account since the date of the 

agreement. Husband has remarried, but wife has not. Husband’s disability benefits were 

increased when his current wife was added as a dependent; however, that increased benefit has 

also been paid to wife. 

In 2003, more than seven years after the entry of the parties’ final divorce decree, 

husband filed a bill of complaint asking the court to declare that the assignment of his disability 

benefits, as provided in the separation agreement, was void ab initio. He argued that because 

federal law prohibited the assignment, the trial court lacked subject matter jurisdiction to 

incorporate that provision into the divorce decree. After an ore tenus hearing, the court issued a 
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letter opinion stating that the assignment was made in violation of federal law, that the provision 

assigning the disability benefits was void, and that the trial court lacked subject matter 

jurisdiction to order the assignment. The letter opinion was incorporated into a written decree. 

Wife moved the court to reconsider, which the court granted, setting aside the written 

decree. After further consideration and hearing, the trial court reversed itself and ruled that it did 

have subject matter jurisdiction, that the relief sought by husband was barred by res judicata, and 

that it lacked authority to enter a decree contrary to the parties’ agreement. Husband’s appeal 

followed. 

II. ANALYSIS

Husband claims that the trial court did not have subject matter jurisdiction to incorporate 

into the decree the provision in the PSA assigning his disability benefits, because such 

assignment was in violation of federal law. 1 Wife claims, however, and the trial court held, that 

 1

 38 U.S.C. § 5301 provides: “in any case where a beneficiary . . . enters into an 

agreement with another person under which agreement such other person acquires for 

consideration the right to receive such benefit . . . such agreement shall be deemed to be an 

assignment and is prohibited.” 38 U.S.C. § 5301(a)(3)(A). See also Mansell v. Mansell, 490 

U.S. 581, 583 (1989) (holding that state courts are prohibited from dividing military retirement 

pay waived in favor of military disability benefits.) Paragraph (10) of the parties’ PSA assigns 

husband’s disability benefits to wife. The parties disagree on the effect of Mansell. Husband 

argues that the holding in Mansell is clear that federal law preempts a state court from assigning 

or dividing veterans’ disability benefits. Wife argues that Mansell only held that those benefits 

could not be divided under community property or equitable distribution theories, but recognized 

that they could be divided under other theories of law. On remand, the California Appeals Court 

held that Mansell did not divest the state courts of jurisdiction over military retirement or 

disability pay, but that the state courts are merely bound to apply federal law in determining the 

character of military benefits. Mansell v. Mansell, 265 Cal. Rptr. 227, 231 (Cal Ct. App. 1989). 

“[A] judgment entered contrary to substantive law does not fall to the level of being in excess of 

the trial court’s jurisdiction.” Id. at 233. 

 We note that although this Court has addressed the distribution of veterans’ disability 

benefits and the Virginia equitable distribution scheme in a number of cases, those cases did not 

address, and we need not address, whether the language of 38 U.S.C. § 5301 applies to an 

assignment made in a PSA and then incorporated in an order under Code § 20-109.1. See Asgari 

v. Asgari, 33 Va. App. 393, 401 n.7, 533 S.E.2d 643, 647 n.7 (2000); McLellan v. McLellan, 33 

Va. App. 376, 381-82, 533 S.E.2d 635, 637-38 (2000); Owen v. Owen, 14 Va. App. 623, 419 

S.E.2d 267 (1992); Lambert v. Lambert, 10 Va. App. 623, 628, 395 S.E.2d 207, 209-10 (1990). 
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res judicata2

 bars consideration of whether the assignment provision in the PSA, incorporated 

into the final decree, is void. 

Resolution of this issue is not governed by whether the assignment was prohibited by 

federal law, but instead requires consideration of whether the order incorporating the assignment 

provision is void ab initio or merely voidable. If it is void ab initio, it can be “impeached 

directly or collaterally by all persons, anywhere, at any time, or in any manner.” Barnes v. Am. 

Fertilizer Co., 144 Va. 692, 705, 130 S.E. 902, 906 (1925). If it is merely voidable, it is not 

subject to collateral attack and is subject to the limitations of Rule 1:1. Parrish v. Jessee, 250 Va. 

514, 521, 464 S.E.2d 141, 145 (1995). If voidable, the order may only be reversed by an 

appellate court in a timely appeal under Rules 5A:6(a) or 5:9, set aside by a bill of review filed 

within the limitations of Code § 8.01-623, or successfully challenged in an independent action 

pursuant to Code § 8.01-428(D). De Avies v. De Avies, 42 Va. App. 342, 346, 592 S.E.2d 351, 

353 (2004).3

 

A judgment is void if it has been entered by a court that did not have jurisdiction over the 

subject matter or the parties. Rook v. Rook, 233 Va. 92, 95, 353 S.E.2d 756, 758 (1987); Nelson 

v. Warden of the Keen Mt. Corr. Ctr., 262 Va. 276, 281, 552 S.E.2d 73, 75 (2001); see also

Kelley v. Kelley, 248 Va. 295, 299, 449 S.E.2d 55, 57 (1994). “[A]n order issued by a court 

 2 Res judicata “precludes relitigation of a claim or issue once a final determination on the 

merits has been reached by a court of competent jurisdiction.” Commonwealth ex rel. Gray v. 

Johnson, 7 Va. App. 614, 617-18, 376 S.E.2d 787, 788 (1989). 

3

 Husband did not file a motion for reconsideration in the trial court, and did not appeal 

the issue after entry of the order within the limitations prescribed by Rules 5A:6(a) or 5:9, or 

Code § 8.01-623. Husband states in his reply brief that he has filed an independent action on the 

ground that the trial court did not have subject matter jurisdiction to order the assignment of his 

veterans’ disability benefits. Other than this brief statement, husband has provided no analysis, 

argument or proof that he is bringing an independent action. To prevail in an independent action 

under Code § 8.01-428(D), the applicant for such relief has the burden to prove, inter alia, that 

there was an absence of fault or negligence on his part. See Media General, Inc. v. Smith, 260 

Va. 287, 290, 534 S.E.2d 733, 735 (2000). 
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without subject matter jurisdiction is, in the eyes of the law, no order at all.” De Avies, 42 

Va. App. at 346, 592 S.E.2d at 353. 

Whether an alleged error by a trial court renders its order void 

turns on the subtle, but crucial, difference “between the power of a 

court to adjudicate a specified class of cases, commonly known as 

‘subject matter jurisdiction,’ and the authority of a court to 

exercise that power in a particular case.” 

Id. at 345, 592 S.E.2d at 352 (quoting Edwards v. Commonwealth, 41 Va. App. 752, 764, 589 

S.E.2d 444, 449-50 (2003) (en banc) (quoting Nelson, 262 Va. at 281, 552 S.E.2d at 75)); see 

also Commonwealth v. JOCO Found., 263 Va. 151, 160, 558 S.E.2d 280, 284 (2002). “This 

distinction guards against the faux elevation of a court's failure ‘to comply with the requirements 

for exercising its authority to the same level of gravity as a lack of subject matter jurisdiction.’” 

De Avies, 42 Va. App. at 345-46, 592 S.E.2d at 352 (quoting Nelson, 262 Va. at 281, 552 S.E.2d 

at 75). “In this sense, a trial court has ‘jurisdiction to err’ just as an appellate court has 

jurisdiction to correct such errors.” Id. at 346, 592 S.E.2d at 352 (quoting Parrish, 250 Va. at 

521, 464 S.E.2d at 146). 

Subject matter jurisdiction over divorce and equitable distribution is governed by state 

law. The “‘whole subject of the domestic relations of husband and wife . . . belongs to the laws 

of the States and not to the laws of the United States.’” Hisquierdo v. Hisquierdo, 439 U.S. 572, 

581 (1979) (quoting In re Burrus, 136 U.S. 586, 593-94 (1890)). The Virginia Supreme Court 

has stated that, “jurisdiction in divorce suits is purely statutory, conferred in clear, detailed 

language.” Sprouse v. Griffin, 250 Va. 46, 50, 458 S.E.2d 770, 772 (1995) (citing Lapidus v. 

Lapidus, 226 Va. 575, 578, 311 S.E.2d 786, 788 (1984); Steinberg v. Steinberg, 11 Va. App. 

323, 328-29, 398 S.E.2d 507, 510 (1990)); see also Johnson v. Johnson, 224 Va. 641, 645, 299 

S.E.2d 351, 354 (1983). Virginia’s equitable distribution statutes provide that, “marital property 

settlements entered into by competent parties upon valid consideration for lawful purposes are 
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favored in the law and such will be enforced unless their illegality is clear and certain.” Cooley 

v. Cooley, 220 Va. 749, 752, 263 S.E.2d 49, 52 (1980). Code § 20-109.1 provides, in pertinent 

part: 

Any court may affirm, ratify and incorporate by reference in its 

decree dissolving a marriage . . . any valid agreement between the 

parties, or provisions thereof, concerning the conditions of the 

maintenance of the parties . . . or establishing or imposing any 

other condition or consideration, monetary or nonmonetary. 

(Emphasis added). Thus, the detailed language of Code § 20-109.1 provides the court with 

jurisdiction to incorporate a valid PSA. 

Incorporation of an invalid provision of the parties’ PSA does not implicate a question of 

subject matter jurisdiction. The Virginia Supreme Court has distinguished subject matter 

jurisdiction from “‘the other conditions . . . which are demanded by the unwritten or statute law 

as the prerequisites of the authority of the court to proceed to judgment or decree.’” Morrison v. 

Bestler, 239 Va. 166, 169-70, 387 S.E.2d 753, 755 (1990) (quoting Farant Investment Corp. v. 

Francis, 138 Va. 417, 427-28, 122 S.E. 141, 144 (1924)). The legislature delegated authority to 

the trial courts to decide divorce matters in Code § 20-96, and to incorporate the private 

agreements of parties into divorce decrees in Code § 20-109.1. Nothing in those statutes 

suggests that a defect in an incorporated agreement deprives a court of subject matter 

jurisdiction. Furthermore, “the relevant provisions of federal law do not divest the trial court of 

subject matter jurisdiction.” McLellan v. McLellan, 33 Va. App. 376, 380, 533 S.E.2d 635, 637 

(2000). 

Even if the incorporated provision is in violation of federal law, because the trial court 

had subject matter jurisdiction, that violation does not render the judgment void, but merely 

voidable. “An order issued by a court with subject matter jurisdiction, even if arguably 

erroneous and thus voidable, is still a court order.” De Avies, 42 Va. App. at 346, 592 S.E.2d at 
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353. “The distinction between an action of the court that is void ab initio rather than merely 

voidable is that the former involves the underlying authority of a court to act on a matter whereas 

the latter involves actions taken by a court which are in error.” Singh v. Mooney, 261 Va. 48, 

51, 541 S.E.2d 549, 551 (2001). 

[W]here a court has jurisdiction over the person and the subject 

matter, no error in the exercise of such jurisdiction can make the 

judgment void, and . . . a judgment rendered by a court of 

competent jurisdiction is not void merely because there are 

irregularities or errors of law in connection therewith. This is true 

even if there is a fundamental error of law appearing upon the 

face of the record. Such a judgment is, under proper 

circumstances, voidable, but until avoided is regarded as valid. 

Robertson v. Commonwealth, 181 Va. 520, 536-37, 25 S.E.2d 352, 358-59 (1943) (citation 

omitted). Except at the election of an innocent party, see e.g., Mills v. Elec. Auto-Lite Co., 396 

U.S. 375, 387 (1970), a voidable order may only be set aside by the trial court upon a timely 

motion to reconsider, a bill of review, an independent action brought pursuant to Code 

§ 8.01-428(D), or by an appellate court after a timely appeal, none of which occurred in this 

case. 

III. CONCLUSION

 For these reasons, we cannot say the trial court erred. Accordingly, we affirm the court’s 

judgment. 

Affirmed.