J-A16031-22

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

IN THE INTEREST OF: R.S.-S., A 

MINOR

APPEAL OF: L.O., MOTHER

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 2376 EDA 2021

Appeal from the Order Entered October 22, 2021

In the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County Juvenile Division at 

No(s): CP-51-DP-0001040-2020

BEFORE: McLAUGHLIN, J., McCAFFERY, J., and PELLEGRINI, J.*

MEMORANDUM BY PELLEGRINI, J.: FILED JULY 15, 2022

L.O. (Mother) appeals the order entered in the Court of Common Pleas 

of Philadelphia County (juvenile court) adjudicating her daughter, R.S.-S.,

born in September 2019 (Child) dependent as well as determining that Child 

is a victim of child abuse as defined by Section 6303 of the Child Protective 

Services Law (CPSL).

1

 Mother challenges the juvenile court’s finding that she 

was a perpetrator of abuse against Child.2 We affirm.

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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

1 This case is a dependency action governed by the Juvenile Act, 42 Pa.C.S. 

§§ 6301–6375, but also involves child abuse which is defined and addressed 

by the CPSL, 23 Pa.C.S. §§ 6301-6388.

2 Father was also found to be a perpetrator of abuse. He is not a party to this 

appeal.
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I.

The relevant facts and procedural history of this case are as follows. 

The Philadelphia Department of Human Services (DHS) became involved with 

the family in September 2020 after it received a report that Child had suffered 

two separate skull fractures within a three-week period, one on the right side 

of her head and the other on the left. Five of Child’s six siblings, ranging in 

age from 4 to 13 years old, resided in the home at the time.

3

 After DHS filed 

a dependency petition concerning Child, the juvenile court held hearings on 

July 12, August 24 and October 22, 2021. Witnesses included DHS 

investigator Jennifer Robinson and Mother.

A.

Ms. Robinson testified regarding the first injury that Child sustained was 

a fracture to the right side of her skull in August 2020 and was taken to nearby 

St. Christopher’s Children’s Hospital for treatment. The explanation provided 

for this injury “was that Mom was in the shower and . . . the other children 

were watching after [Child] and she fell off the bed.” (N.T. Hearing, 7/12/21, 

at 12-13). The incident was determined to be accidental because Child’s injury 

was consistent with a fall from the bed and the parents were able to explain 

how the injury occurred. (See id. at 13, 25). Hospital staff had conversations 

with the family emphasizing that Child’s siblings should not be caring for her

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3 One sibling resided outside of the home with a family member.
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and that only Mother and Father should be picking her up. Child was 

hospitalized for several days for monitoring of the fracture and associated 

swelling.

Upon receiving the report of Child’s second skull fracture, Ms. Robinson

interviewed Mother and two of the children at their home. Mother “reported 

that [Child] was in the play gate area . . .[and] just fell. That she was in the 

area walking around and she fell.” (Id. at 15). Child was eleven months old 

and could stand and was learning to walk.

Ms. Robinson sought additional details from Mother about the incident 

“because in talking with the doctors at Saint Christopher’s they were saying 

that it was not possible for the child to sustain a skull fracture just from a 

standing position and falling over. . . . [I]t did not seem likely that . . . a fall 

from her natural height would cause a skull fracture.” (Id. at 16-17). Father 

relayed to Ms. Robinson that he was not home at the time of the incident and 

posited that Child fell on blankets in the play area.

Because these explanations did not match Child’s injury, Ms. Robinson 

advised Mother and Father during a subsequent visit to the home that the 

child abuse report would likely indicate abuse. Mother then offered to tell Ms. 

Robinson “what really happened.” (Id. at 19). Mother recounted that her 

nine-year-old daughter L.S.-S. “took [Child] into her room and dropped the 

baby.” (Id.). Mother told Ms. Robinson that she heard a “loud boom” when 

she was asleep and she jumped up and went to L.S-S.’s room where her older 
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daughter “was just holding [Child] and looked sad.” (Id.). L.S.-S. explained 

to Ms. Robinson “that she went into her Mom and Dad’s room and they were 

asleep and the baby was awake. And [she] picked up, took the baby in the 

room to play with her, and that she fell off the bed.” (Id. at 20). Father 

appeared shocked when he heard this explanation and said that he had “no 

idea” that the accident occurred in this manner. (Id. at 21).

Ms. Robinson further testified that when she asked Mother about the 

changing accounts of Child’s injury, Mother indicated that L.S.-S. was afraid 

to get in trouble because she knew she was not supposed to be holding Child. 

Mother “explained that she can’t stop [the older children] from picking up the 

baby. That she’ll tell them, don’t touch the baby and put [Child] in the baby’s 

walker and go to cook and she’ll turn around and somebody is walking with 

the baby.” (Id. at 22). DHS indicated abuse with regard to this incident 

based on an egregious lack of supervision. Mother and Father agreed to a 

safety plan for a family member to care for Child.

B.

Mother testified concerning Child’s first injury that she was in the shower 

when her daughter A.S.-S., who was then ten years old, “was playing while 

the baby was on the bed. She got distracted and the child fell.” (Id. at 56). 

Mother took Child to St. Christopher’s Children’s Hospital the next morning 

after she felt a bump on Child’s head.
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Regarding the second incident, Mother explained that while she was 

taking a morning nap, L.S.-S. came into her bedroom and picked Child up 

from her playpen. Mother woke up when she heard a “thump” sound and 

crying. L.S.-S. then told Mother that “she had placed [Child] on the bed and 

[L.S.-S.] was using her tablet. [L.S.-S.] got distracted and when she got 

distracted, the baby fell to the ground.” (Id. at 63). Mother took Child to 

Albert Einstein Hospital that evening after she felt a bump on Child’s head. 

When asked the reason she brought Child to Albert Einstein Hospital instead 

of to St. Christopher’s Children’s Hospital for examination, given that the latter 

hospital is much closer to her home, Mother admitted that she was afraid to 

go to St. Christopher’s because of the prior report of Child’s same injury. (See 

id. at 67-68).

C.

On October 22, 2021, after the parties argued their respective positions, 

the juvenile court adjudicated Child dependent and determined that Mother 

and Father had perpetrated abuse against Child. (See N.T. Hearing, 

10/22/21, at 29-30). In doing so, the juvenile court noted that Mother had 

evidenced a consciousness of guilt with regard to Child’s second injury 

because she “drove past St. Christopher’s several miles to Einstein Hospital 

and when pressed to explain that, she admitted freely she did it because she 

didn’t want to get caught twice in the same situation at St. Christopher’s.” 

(Id. at 30). The court stated its “inescapable conclusion that there was a 
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reckless and egregious failure to supervise these children, which leads the 

Court’s finding child abuse verses mother and father.” (Id. at 29-30). It 

entered its order reflecting these findings that same day. Mother timely 

appealed and she and the juvenile court complied with Rule 1925. See

Pa.R.A.P. 1925(a)(2)(i)-(ii). In its Rule 1925(a) opinion, the juvenile court 

stated that the discrepancies in Mother’s testimony demonstrated her

“recklessness and an egregious lack of supervision and called into question 

Mother’s credibility.” (Juvenile Court Opinion, 3/14/22, at 8).4

II.

Mother’s issues on appeal challenge the juvenile court’s finding of child

abuse against her.

5

 Mother contests the court’s application of the evidentiary

presumption set forth in Section 6381(d) of the CPSL and she maintains that

the evidence shows that Child’s injuries were accidental. (See Mother’s Brief,

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4 Mother retained legal and physical custody of Child. The juvenile court 

discharged the petition and directed that aftercare services be implemented.

5 “Our scope of review in child dependency cases is limited in a fundamental 

manner by our inability to nullify the fact-finding of the trial court. We accord 

great weight to the hearing judge’s findings of fact because the judge is in the 

best position to observe and rule upon the credibility of the witnesses.” 

Interest of La.-Ra. W., 266 A.3d 1071, 1089 (Pa. Super. 2021) (citation

omitted). Given this unique posture, we will not overrule the findings of the 

trial court if they are supported by competent evidence and our well-settled

standard of review “requires an appellate court to accept the findings of fact 

and credibility determinations of the trial court if they are supported by the 

record, but does not require the appellate court to accept the trial court’s 

inferences or conclusions of law.” Id. (citation omitted).
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at 22-38). While Mother concedes that she was “dishonest with the hospital

and DHS,” she asserts that her explanation, i.e., that she lied to protect her

family, was reasonable. (Id. at 30). According to Mother, the evidence

reflects that she did not leave her children unsupervised for long periods of

time and/or on a repeated basis, and that her conduct did not rise to the level

of recklessness necessary to support a finding of abuse under the CPSL.6

The CPSL governs determinations of child abuse, which trial courts must

find by clear and convincing evidence. See Interest of C.B., 264 A.3d 761, 

770 (Pa. Super. 2021) (en banc), appeal denied, 270 A.3d 1098 (Pa. 2022). 

“Clear and convincing evidence exists when testimony given is so clear, direct, 

weighty, and convincing as to enable the trier of fact to come to a clear 

conviction, without hesitation, of the truth of the precise facts in issue.”

Interest of La-Ra., supra at 1080 (citation omitted).

The CPSL defines child abuse in pertinent part as follows:

(b.1) Child abuse.─The term ‘child abuse’ shall mean 

intentionally, knowingly or recklessly doing any of the following:

(1) Causing bodily injury to a child through any recent act

or failure to act.

23 Pa.C.S. § 6303(b.1)(1) (emphasis added).

7

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6 Because Mother’s arguments on appeal are interrelated and challenge the 

finding of abuse, we will address them together for ease of disposition.

7 Although Mother focuses in her brief on Section 6303(b.1)(7) of the CPSL 

(defining abuse as serious physical neglect), the juvenile court relied on

(Footnote Continued Next Page)
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Relevant to the instant case, we have explained that: “In cases where 

there is no direct evidence to identify the perpetrator of abuse, but the injured 

child was in a particular responsible party’s care when the abuse occurred, 

Pennsylvania courts rely upon the evidentiary presumption set forth in 23 

Pa.C.S. § 6381(d).” Interest of La.-Ra. W., supra at 1081. The juvenile

court in this case applied this presumption, which Mother contends was 

inappropriate under the circumstances. Section 6381(d) reads:

(d) Prima facie evidence of abuse.─Evidence that a child has 

suffered child abuse of such a nature as would ordinarily not be 

sustained or exist except by reason of the acts or omissions of the 

parent or other person responsible for the welfare of the child shall 

be prima facie evidence of child abuse by the parent or other 

person responsible for the welfare of the child.

23 Pa.C.S.§ 6381(d).

This provision shifts the burden of proof to the caregiver to establish 

that he or she did not commit the abuse. It “provides for an ‘attenuated’ 

standard of evidence in making a legal determination as to the abuser in child 

abuse cases where a child has suffered serious physical injury as would 

ordinarily not be sustained or exist except by reason of the acts or omissions 

of the parent or other person responsible for the welfare of the child.”

Interest of C.B., supra at 770 (citation omitted). If the caregiver offers no 

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Section (b.1)(1). (See Juvenile Ct. Op., at 3; see also Mother’s Brief, at 38-

46).
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evidence at all or is not found credible, the presumption of abuse created by 

Section 6381(d) is not overcome.

Caregivers may rebut this prima facie presumption with evidence

demonstrating that they “did not inflict the abuse, potentially by testifying 

that they gave responsibility for the child to another person about whom they 

had no reason to fear or perhaps that the injuries were accidental rather than 

abusive.” Id. at 772 (citation omitted). “The evaluation of the validity of the 

presumption would then rest with the trial court evaluating the credibility of 

the prima facie evidence presented by [DHS] and the rebuttal of the parent 

or responsible person.” Id.

“A parent does not actually have to be physically present with the child 

at the time of the abuse for the presumption to apply to that parent.” Id.

(citation omitted). Additionally, “[w]hen a child is in the care of multiple 

parents or other persons responsible for care, those individuals are 

accountable for the care and protection of the child whether they actually 

inflicted the injury or failed in their duty to protect the child.” Id. at 778 

(citation omitted).

Here, the juvenile court found:

The evidence and testimony clearly indicated that Child 

suffered serious bodily injury that would not ordinarily be 

sustained in the absence of some act or omission of Mother being 

tantamount to child abuse. Specifically, the nature of Child’s two 

skull fractures in three weeks demonstrated an egregious lack of 

supervision by the Mother who at the time admitted she was 

unable and unwilling to stop her minor children from handling the 

Child. Mother also admitted she did not provide Child immediate 
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medical attention and lied to DHS Investigators in order to avoid 

the suspicion of child abuse. For these reasons, the finding of 

child abuse against Mother was clear and convincing.

(Juvenile Ct. Op., at 8-9).

Based on the foregoing and in view of great weight we are to accord the 

juvenile court’s first-hand credibility determinations, which weigh heavily 

against Mother, we conclude that the court properly applied the Section 

6381(d) presumption under the circumstances of this case. It is readily 

apparent that Mother was “accountable for the care and protection of [Child] 

. . . [and that she] failed in [her] duty to protect [Child]” by neglecting to 

supervise her children’s handling of Child and in choosing not to seek 

immediate medical attention following the injury. See Interest of C.B., 

supra at 778.

Concerning Mother’s claim the evidence failed to show that she acted

with the requisite culpability of recklessness,

8

the record fully supports the 

juvenile court’s conclusion that Mother’s failure to supervise her other young 

children while they were with Child was reckless, especially in light of the 

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8 “A person acts recklessly with respect to a material element of an offense 

when he consciously disregards a substantial and unjustifiable risk that the 

material element exists or will result from his conduct. The risk must be of 

such a nature and degree that, considering the nature and intent of the actor’s 

conduct and the circumstances known to him, its disregard involves a gross 

deviation from the standard of conduct that a reasonable person would 

observe in the actor’s situation.” 18 Pa.C.S. § 302(b)(3); see also 23 Pa.C.S.

§ 6303(a) (referring to Section 302 of the Crimes Code for definition of 

“recklessly” to be used under the CPSL).
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severe nature of the first injury Child sustained and the unjustifiable risk that 

it would reoccur if her other children continued to handle Child. Despite the 

hospital’s discussion with the family regarding the seriousness of the situation, 

Mother continued to put Child in circumstances where the other children could 

hold her, after she knew or should have known that these circumstances posed 

a real danger. Accordingly, we affirm the juvenile court’s finding of abuse 

against Mother.

Order affirmed.

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 7/15/2022