**EXHIBIT 31.1** **SECTION 302    CERTIFICATION OF PRINCIPAL EXECUTIVE OFFICER**     I, Randal J. Kirk, certify that:     (1) I have reviewed this annual report on    Form 10-K    for the year ended December 31, 2006, of New River    Pharmaceuticals Inc.;     (2) Based on my knowledge, this report does not contain any    untrue statement of a material fact or omit to state a material    fact necessary to make the statements made, in light of the    circumstances under which such statements were made, not    misleading with respect to the period covered by this report;     (3) Based on my knowledge, the financial statements, and    other financial information included in this annual report,    fairly present in all material respects the financial condition,    results of operations and cash flows of the registrant as of,    and for, the periods presented in this report;     (4) The registrant’s other certifying officer and I    are responsible for establishing and maintaining disclosure    controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act    Rules 13a-15(e)    and    15d-15(e))    and internal control over financial reporting (as defined in    Exchange Act    Rules 13a-15(f)    and    15d-15(f))    for the registrant and we have:     (a) Designed such disclosure controls and procedures, or    caused such disclosure controls and procedures to be designed    under our supervision, to ensure that material information    relating to the registrant, including its consolidated    subsidiary, is made known to us by others within those entities,    particularly during the period in which this report is being    prepared;     (b) Designed such internal control over financial    reporting, or caused such internal control over financial    reporting to be designed under our supervision, to provide    reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial    reporting and the preparation of financial statements for    external purposes in accordance with generally accepted    accounting principles;     (c) Evaluated the effectiveness of the registrant’s    disclosure controls and procedures and presented in this report    our conclusions about the effectiveness of the disclosure    controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by    this report based on such evaluation; and     (d) Disclosed in this annual report any change in the    registrant’s internal control over financial reporting that    occurred during the registrant’s most recent fiscal quarter    (the registrant’s fourth fiscal quarter in the case of an    annual report) that has materially affected, or is reasonably    likely to materially affect, the registrant’s internal    control over financial reporting;     (5) The registrant’s other certifying officer and I    have disclosed, based on our most recent evaluation of internal    control over financial reporting, to the registrant’s    independent registered public accounting firm and the audit    committee of the registrant’s board of directors (or    persons performing the equivalent functions):     (a) All significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in    the design or operation of internal control over financial    reporting which are reasonably likely to adversely affect the    registrant’s ability to record, process, summarize and    report financial information; and     (b) Any fraud, whether or not material, that involves    management or other employees who have a significant role in the    registrant’s internal control over financial reporting.     Date: March 14, 2007       /s/  Randal    J. Kirk    Randal J. Kirk*Chairman of the Board, President and Chief*