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Table of Contents

Page 

Abstract .......................................................................................................................................................... i 

Author Contributions .................................................................................................................................... ii

Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................................ iii

2022 Amendment and Editorial Changes .................................................................................................. xvi 

Introduction ................................................................................................................................................... 1 

A. Source .......................................................................................................................................... 1 

B. Purpose. ....................................................................................................................................... 1 

C. Amendments ................................................................................................................................ 1 

D. Revisions to the Handbook .......................................................................................................... 2 

E. Annotation ................................................................................................................................... 2 

F. Effective Enforcement Dates of Regulations ............................................................................... 2 

G. Section References ....................................................................................................................... 2 

H. The International System of Units ............................................................................................... 2 

I. “Mass” and “Weight” .................................................................................................................. 3 

J. Use of the Terms “Mass” and “Weight”...................................................................................... 3 

Chapter 1. General Information .................................................................................................................... 5 

1.1. Scope ........................................................................................................................................... 5 

1.1.1. When and Where to Use Package Checking Procedures ............................................ 5 

a. Point-of-Pack .............................................................................................................. 5 

b. Wholesale .................................................................................................................... 5 

c. Retail ........................................................................................................................... 5 

1.1.2. Selecting a Product for Testing ................................................................................... 6 

1.2. Package Requirements ................................................................................................................. 6 

1.2.1. Inspection Lot ............................................................................................................. 6 

1.2.2. Average Requirement ................................................................................................. 7 

1.2.3. Individual Package Requirement ................................................................................ 7 

1.2.4. Maximum Allowable Variation .................................................................................. 7 

1.2.5. Exceptions to the Average and Individual Package Requirements ............................. 8 

1.2.6. Deviations Caused by Moisture Loss or Gain ............................................................. 9 

1.2.6.1. Applying a Moisture Allowance ....................................................................... 9 

1.3. Sampling Plans .......................................................................................................................... 10 

1.3.1. Audit Tests ................................................................................................................ 10
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1.4. Other Regulatory Agencies Responsible for Package Regulations and Applicable 

Requirements ............................................................................................................................. 11 

1.4.1. Net Quantity of Contents Requirements for Pesticides Labeled with Minimum Net 

Quantity of Contents Declarations ............................................................................ 11 

1.5. Assistance in Testing Operations ............................................................................................... 12 

1.6. Health and Safety ....................................................................................................................... 12 

1.7. Good Measurement Practices .................................................................................................... 12 

1.7.1. Traceability Requirements for Measurement Standards and Test Equipment .......... 12 

1.7.2. Certification Requirements for Standards and Test Equipment ................................ 12 

Chapter 2. Test Procedures for Packages Labeled by Weight – Gravimetric Testing ................................ 13 

2.1. Scope ......................................................................................................................................... 13 

2.2. Measurement Standards and Test Equipment ............................................................................ 13 

2.2.1. Scale Requirements ................................................................................................... 13 

2.2.2. Scale Accuracy .......................................................................................................... 13 

2.2.3. Scale Tolerance ......................................................................................................... 14 

2.2.4. Scale Verification ...................................................................................................... 15 

2.2.4.1. Increasing-Load Test ...................................................................................... 16 

2.2.4.2. Decreasing-Load Test ..................................................................................... 16 

2.2.4.3. Shift Test ........................................................................................................ 16 

2.2.4.4. Return to Zero ................................................................................................. 17 

2.2.5. Other Test Equipment Requirements ........................................................................ 17 

2.3. Basic Test Procedure for Gravimetric Testing of Net Weight ................................................... 17 

2.3.1. Define the Inspection Lot .......................................................................................... 18 

2.3.2. Select Sampling Plans ............................................................................................... 18 

2.3.3. Record Inspection Data ............................................................................................. 18 

2.3.3.1. Procedure for Recording Data ........................................................................ 19 

2.3.4. Random Sample Selection ........................................................................................ 20 

2.3.5. Procedures for Determining Tare .............................................................................. 20 

a. Used Dry Tare ........................................................................................................... 21 

b. Unused Dry Tare ....................................................................................................... 21 

c. Wet Tare .................................................................................................................... 21 

2.3.5.1. Determination of Tare Sample and Average Tare Weight ............................. 21 

2.3.5.1.1. Unused Dry Tare ................................................................................. 23 

2.3.5.2. Special Procedures for Determining Tare ....................................................... 23 

a. Aerosols and Other Pre-Pressurized Containers ............................................. 23 

b. Vacuum Packed Coffee .................................................................................. 23
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2.3.6. Determine Nominal Gross Weight and Package Error ............................................. 24 

2.3.6.1. Determine Nominal Gross Weight ................................................................. 24 

2.3.6.2. Determine Package Error ................................................................................ 24 

2.3.6.3. Compute Total Package Error ........................................................................ 25 

2.3.7. Evaluate for Compliance ........................................................................................... 25 

2.3.7.1. Maximum Allowable Variation (MAV) Requirement ................................... 25 

2.3.7.2. Average Requirement ..................................................................................... 25 

2.3.8. Moisture Allowances ................................................................................................ 26 

2.3.8.1. Applying Moisture Loss before Determining Package Errors ........................ 26 

2.3.8.2. Applying Moisture Allowance after Determining Package Errors ................. 29 

2.3.8.3. Moisture Allowance Gray Area ...................................................................... 30 

2.4. Borax ......................................................................................................................................... 30 

2.4.1. Test Equipment ......................................................................................................... 31 

2.4.2. Test Procedure .......................................................................................................... 31 

2.5. Determination of Drained Weight ............................................................................................. 33 

2.5.1. Test Equipment ......................................................................................................... 33 

2.5.2. Test Procedure........................................................................................................... 33 

2.6. Net Weight of Encased-in-Ice and Ice Glazed Products ........................................................... 34 

2.6.1. Net Weight of Encased-in-Ice and Frozen Block Product ........................................ 34 

2.6.1.1. Test Equipment ............................................................................................ 34 

2.6.1.2. Test Procedure for Encased-in-Ice Product Only......................................... 35 

2.6.2. Net Weight of Ice Glazed Seafood, Meat, Poultry or Similar Products ................... 35 

2.6.2.1. Test Equipment ............................................................................................ 35 

2.6.2.2. Test Procedures for Ice Glazed Product Only ............................................. 36 

2.6.3. Evaluation of Results ................................................................................................ 37 

2.7. Determining the Net Weight and Percentage of Purge in Packages of Fresh and Frozen 

Chitterlings ................................................................................................................................ 37 

2.7.1. Test Equipment ......................................................................................................... 37 

2.7.2. Test Procedure for Net Weight and Purge Determination for Fresh and Frozen 

Chitterlings. .............................................................................................................. 38 

2.7.2.1. Net Weight and Purge Determinations ........................................................ 38 

2.7.2.1.1. Test Procedure for Determining the Net Weight and Purge from Fresh 

and Frozen Chitterlings ....................................................................... 38 

2.7.3. Evaluations of Results – Compliance Determinations ............................................. 41 

a. Individual Package Requirement .............................................................................. 41 

b. Average Error Requirement ...................................................................................... 41
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Chapter 3. Test Procedures – For Packages Labeled by Volume ............................................................... 45 

3.1. Scope ......................................................................................................................................... 45 

3.1.1. Test Methods ............................................................................................................. 45 

3.2. Gravimetric Test Procedure for Non-Viscous Liquids ............................................................. 46 

3.2.1. Test Equipment ......................................................................................................... 46 

3.2.2. Test Procedure........................................................................................................... 47 

3.2.3. Evaluation of Results ................................................................................................ 50 

3.3. Volumetric Test Procedure for Non-Viscous Liquids .............................................................. 50 

3.3.1. Test Equipment ......................................................................................................... 50 

3.3.2. Test Procedure........................................................................................................... 50 

3.3.3. Evaluation of Results ................................................................................................ 50 

3.4. Volumetric Test Procedures for Viscous Fluids – Headspace .................................................. 50 

3.4.1. Test Equipment ......................................................................................................... 51 

3.4.2. Test Procedures ......................................................................................................... 52 

a. Test Procedure for Testing Oils, Syrups, and other Viscous Liquids with a Smooth 

and Level Surface...................................................................................................... 52 

b. Test Procedure for Testing Mayonnaise, Salad Dressing, and Water Immiscible 

Products with no Smooth and Level Surface ............................................................ 52 

3.4.3. Evaluation of Results ................................................................................................ 53 

3.5. Goods Labeled by Capacity – Volumetric Test Procedure ....................................................... 53 

3.5.1. Test Equipment ......................................................................................................... 53 

3.5.2. Test Procedure........................................................................................................... 53 

3.5.3. Evaluation of Results ................................................................................................ 54 

3.6. Pressed and Blown Glass Tumblers and Stemware .................................................................. 54 

3.6.1. Test Equipment ......................................................................................................... 54 

3.6.2. Test Procedure........................................................................................................... 54 

3.6.3. Evaluation of Results ................................................................................................ 55 

3.7. Volumetric Test Procedure for Paint, Varnish, and Lacquers – Non-Aerosol .......................... 55 

3.7.1. Test Equipment ......................................................................................................... 55 

3.7.2. Test Procedures ......................................................................................................... 56 

a. Plant Audit Test Procedure ....................................................................................... 56 

b. Compliance Test Procedure ...................................................................................... 57 

3.7.3. Evaluation of Results ................................................................................................ 59
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3.8. Testing Viscous Materials – Such As Caulking Compounds and Pastes .................................. 59 

3.8.1. Test Equipment ......................................................................................................... 59 

3.8.2. Test Procedure........................................................................................................... 60 

3.8.3. Evaluation of Results ................................................................................................ 61 

3.9. Peat Moss .................................................................................................................................. 61 

3.9.1. Dimensional Test Procedure for Compressed Quantity ............................................ 61 

3.9.1.1. Test Equipment ............................................................................................... 61 

3.9.1.2. Test Procedure ................................................................................................ 62 

3.9.2. Uncompressed Volume Packages ............................................................................. 67 

3.9.2.1. Test Equipment ............................................................................................... 67 

3.9.2.2. Test Procedure ................................................................................................ 67 

3.9.3. Evaluation of Results ................................................................................................ 68 

3.10. Mulch and Soils Labeled by Volume ........................................................................................ 68 

3.10.1. Test Equipment ......................................................................................................... 68 

3.10.2. Test Procedure........................................................................................................... 70 

3.10.3. Evaluation of Results ................................................................................................ 70 

3.11. Ice Cream Novelties .................................................................................................................. 71 

3.11.1. Test Equipment ......................................................................................................... 71 

3.11.2. Test Procedure........................................................................................................... 72 

3.11.3. Evaluation of Results ................................................................................................ 75 

3.12. Fresh Oysters Labeled by Volume ............................................................................................ 75 

3.12.1. Test Equipment ......................................................................................................... 75 

3.12.2. Test Procedure........................................................................................................... 76 

3.12.3. Evaluation of Results ................................................................................................ 77 

3.13. Determining the Net Contents of Compressed Gas in Cylinders .............................................. 77 

3.13.1. Test Equipment ......................................................................................................... 78 

3.13.2. Test Procedures ......................................................................................................... 79 

a. Test Procedure for Cylinders Labeled by Weight ..................................................... 79 

b. Test Procedure for Cylinders Labeled by Volume .................................................... 80 

3.13.3. Evaluation of Results ................................................................................................ 80 

3.14. Firewood – Volumetric Test Procedure for Packaged Firewood with a Labeled Volume of 113 

L [4 ft3] or Less and Stacked Firewood Sold by the Cord or Fractions of a Cord. .................. 80 

3.14.1. Test Equipment ......................................................................................................... 80
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3.14.2. Test Procedure........................................................................................................... 81 

a. Boxed Firewood ........................................................................................................ 84 

b. Stacked Firewood ...................................................................................................... 88 

c. Bundled and Bagged Firewood ................................................................................. 92 

3.14.3. Field Audit Procedure – Bundled and Bagged Firewood ......................................... 92 

3.14.4. Test Procedure - Bundled and Bagged Firewood ..................................................... 94 

3.14.5. Evaluation of Results ................................................................................................ 97 

3.15. Test Procedure for Verifying the Useable Volume Declaration on Packages of Animal 

Bedding ..................................................................................................................................... 97 

3.15.1. Test Equipment ......................................................................................................... 97 

3.15.2. Test Procedure......................................................................................................... 101 

3.15.3. Evaluation of the Test Results and Determination of Pass or Fail .......................... 111 

Chapter 4. Test Procedures – Packages Labeled by Count, Linear Measure, Area, Thickness, and 

Combinations of Quantities .................................................................................................... 113 

4.1. Scope ....................................................................................................................................... 113 

4.2. Packages Labeled by Count .................................................................................................... 113 

4.2.1. Packages Labeled with 50 Items or Fewer .............................................................. 113 

4.2.1.1. Test Equipment ............................................................................................. 113 

4.2.1.2. Test Procedure .............................................................................................. 113 

4.2.1.3. Evaluation of Results .................................................................................... 113 

4.2.2. Packages Labeled by Count of More than 50 Items ............................................... 114 

4.2.2.1. Test Equipment ............................................................................................. 114 

4.2.2.2. Test Procedures ............................................................................................. 115 

a. Audit Procedure ............................................................................................ 115 

b. Violation Procedure ...................................................................................... 116 

4.2.2.3. Evaluation of Results .................................................................................... 118 

4.3. Paper Plates and Sanitary Paper Products ............................................................................... 118 

4.3.1. Test Equipment ....................................................................................................... 118 

4.3.2. Test Procedure......................................................................................................... 119 

4.3.3. Evaluation of Results .............................................................................................. 119 

4.4. Special Test Requirements for Packages Labeled by Linear or Square Measure (Area) ........ 120 

4.5. Polyethylene Sheeting, Bags, and Liners ................................................................................ 120 

4.5.1. Test Equipment ....................................................................................................... 120
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4.5.2. Test Procedure......................................................................................................... 121 

a. Test Procedure for Polyethylene Sheeting .............................................................. 121 

b. Test Procedure for Polyethylene Bags and Liners .................................................. 124 

4.5.3. Evaluation of Results .............................................................................................. 127 

a. Individual Thickness ............................................................................................... 127 

b. Average Thickness .................................................................................................. 127 

4.6. Packages Labeled by Linear or Square (Area) Measure ......................................................... 127 

4.6.1. Test Equipment ....................................................................................................... 127 

4.6.2. Test Procedure......................................................................................................... 128 

4.6.3. Evaluation of Results .............................................................................................. 129 

4.7. Baler Twine – Test Procedure for Length ............................................................................... 130 

4.7.1. Test Equipment ....................................................................................................... 130 

4.7.2. Test Procedure......................................................................................................... 130 

4.7.3. Evaluation of Results .............................................................................................. 131 

4.8. Procedure for Checking the Area Measurement of Chamois .................................................. 131 

4.8.1. Graph Paper Audit Procedure ................................................................................. 132 

4.8.1.1. Test Equipment ............................................................................................. 132 

4.8.1.2. Test Procedure .............................................................................................. 132 

4.8.2. Gravimetric Test Procedure for Area Measurement ............................................... 133 

4.8.2.1. Test Equipment ............................................................................................. 133 

4.8.2.2. Test Procedure .............................................................................................. 133 

4.8.3. Evaluation of Results .............................................................................................. 134 

4.9. Procedure for Checking the Contents of Specific Agriculture Seed Packages Labeled by Count 

 ................................................................................................................................................ 135 

4.9.1. Test Equipment ....................................................................................................... 135 

4.9.2. Test Procedure......................................................................................................... 135 

4.9.3. Evaluation of Results .............................................................................................. 136 

4.10. Structural Plywood and Wood-Based Structural Panels ......................................................... 136 

4.10.1 Test Equipment ....................................................................................................... 136 

4.10.2. Test Procedure......................................................................................................... 137 

4.10.2.1. Labeling and Other Requirements for Structural Plywood and Wood-based 

Structural Panels ........................................................................................... 139 

4.10.2.2. Moisture Shrinkage Allowance for Structural Plywood and Wood-based 

Structural Panels ........................................................................................... 140
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4.10.3. Evaluation of Results .............................................................................................. 142 

4.11. Softwood Lumber ................................................................................................................... 143 

4.11.1. Test Equipment ....................................................................................................... 143 

4.11.2. Test Procedure......................................................................................................... 143 

4.11.2.1. Shrinkage Allowance .................................................................................... 144 

4.11.3. Evaluation of Results .............................................................................................. 146 

Chapter 5. Specialized Test Procedures .................................................................................................... 149 

5.1. Scope ....................................................................................................................................... 149 

5.2. Individual Package Quantity ................................................................................................... 149 

5.2.1. Test Procedure for Multiunit Packages Exempt from Total Quantity Statement (see 

Section 5.2.) ............................................................................................................ 150 

5.3. Total Quantity ......................................................................................................................... 150 

5.3.1. Test Procedure for Multiunit Packages ................................................................... 151 

5.4. Exceptions for Multiunit Packages ......................................................................................... 151 

5.4.1. Multiunit Packages with Only a Total Quantity Declaration .................................. 151 

5.4.1.1. MAV Application ......................................................................................... 152 

5.4.2. Variety Packages: Non-Uniform Quantity Declarations ......................................... 152 

5.5. Test Procedure for Variety Packages Containing Individual Packages with Varying Net 

Weights ................................................................................................................................... 152 

5.6. MAV Application ................................................................................................................... 153 

Appendix A. Tables ................................................................................................................................. 155 

Table 1-1. Agencies Responsible for Package Regulations and Applicable Requirements ............... 155 

Table 2-1. Sampling Plans for Category A .......................................................................................... 157 

Table 2-2. Sampling Plans for Category B ......................................................................................... 157 

Table 2-3. Category A ......................................................................................................................... 158 

Table 2-4. Category B ......................................................................................................................... 161 

Table 2-5. Maximum Allowable Variations (MAVs) for Packages Labeled by Weight .................... 162 

Table 2-6. Maximum Allowable Variations (MAVs) for Packages Labeled by Liquid and Dry Volume

 ............................................................................................................................................ 164 

Table 2-7. Maximum Allowable Variations (MAVs) for Packages Labeled by Count ...................... 167 

Table 2-8. Maximum Allowable Variations (MAVs) for Packages Labeled by Length, Width, or Area

 ............................................................................................................................................ 168 

Table 2-9. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Meat, Poultry, and Siluriformes Groups and Lower Limits 

for Individual Packages (Maximum Allowable Variations [MAVs]) ................................ 169
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Table 2-10. Exceptions to the Maximum Allowable Variations (MAVs) for Textiles, Polyethylene 

Sheeting and Film, Mulch and Soil Labeled by Volume, Packaged Firewood and Stove 

Wood Labeled by Volume, and Packages Labeled by Count with 50 Items or Fewer, and 

Specific Agricultural Seeds Labeled by Count. ................................................................ 170 

Table 2 11. Sampling Plans and Accuracy Requirements for Packages Labeled by Low Count (50 or 

Fewer) and Packages Given Tolerances (Glass and Stemware) ....................................... 172 

Appendix B. Random Number Tables ..................................................................................................... 173 

TABLE 1 – RANDOM DIGITS .......................................................................................................... 175 

TABLE 2 – RANDOM DIGITS .......................................................................................................... 176 

TABLE 3 – RANDOM DIGITS .......................................................................................................... 177 

TABLE 4 – RANDOM DIGITS .......................................................................................................... 178 

TABLE 5 – RANDOM DIGITS .......................................................................................................... 179 

TABLE 6 – RANDOM DIGITS .......................................................................................................... 180 

TABLE 7 – RANDOM DIGITS .......................................................................................................... 181 

Appendix C. Model Inspection Report Forms ......................................................................................... 183 

Random Package Report ...................................................................................................................... 185 

Random Package Report – Example .................................................................................................... 186 

Standard Package Report ..................................................................................................................... 187 

Standard Package Report – Example ................................................................................................... 188 

Standard Package Report – Animal Bedding ....................................................................................... 189 

Measurement Grid and Package Error Worksheet for Cylindrical and Square or Rectangular Test 

Measure ................................................................................................................................. ...190 

Ice Glazed Package Worksheet ............................................................................................................ 191 

Ice Glazed Package Worksheet – Example .......................................................................................... 192 

Ice Glazed Package Report .................................................................................................................. 193 

Ice Glazed Package Report – Example ................................................................................................ 194 

Determining the Free Liquid and Net Volume of Oysters Worksheet ................................................. 195 

Determining the Free Liquid and Net Volume of Oysters Worksheet – Example............................... 196 

Chitterlings Worksheet – Category A .................................................................................................. 197 

Chitterlings Worksheet – Category A – Example ................................................................................ 198 

Chitterlings Worksheet – Category B .................................................................................................. 199 

Chitterlings Worksheet – Category B – Example ................................................................................ 200 

Peat Moss Labeled by Volume Package Worksheet – Dimensional Procedure .................................. 201 

Borax Audit Worksheet ....................................................................................................................... 202
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Softwood Lumber Worksheet .............................................................................................................. 203 

Structural Plywood Sheets and Wood-Based Structural Panels Worksheet ........................................ 207 

Appendix D. AOSA Rules for Testing Seeds .......................................................................................... 211 

AOSA Rules for Testing Seeds – Section 2: Preparation of Working Samples ................................. 211 

AOSA Rules for Testing Seeds – Section 12: Mechanical Seed Count ............................................... 215 

Appendix E. General Tables of Units of Measurement ........................................................................... 217 

Section 1. Tables of Metric Units of Measurement ............................................................................ 219 

Units of Length ....................................................................................................................... 219 

Units of Area .......................................................................................................................... 219 

Units of Volume ..................................................................................................................... 220 

Units of Mass .......................................................................................................................... 220 

Section 2. Tables of U.S. Units of Measurement ................................................................................ 221 

Units of Length ....................................................................................................................... 221 

Gunter’s or Surveyors Chain Units of Measurement .............................................................. 221 

Units of Area .......................................................................................................................... 222 

Units of Volume ..................................................................................................................... 222 

Units of Liquid Volume .......................................................................................................... 222 

Apothecaries Units of Liquid Volume .................................................................................... 222 

Units of Dry Volume .............................................................................................................. 223 

Avoirdupois Units of Mass ..................................................................................................... 223 

Troy Units of Mass ................................................................................................................. 223 

Apothecaries Units of Mass .................................................................................................... 224 

Section 3. Notes on British Units of Measurement ............................................................................. 224 

Section 4. Tables of Units of Measurement ........................................................................................ 225 

Units of Length ....................................................................................................................... 226 

Units of Length – International Foot and Survey Equivalent Measurements ......................... 227 

Units of Length – Survey Measure ......................................................................................... 228 

Units of Length – Thickness Measurement ............................................................................ 228 

Units of Area .......................................................................................................................... 229 

Units of Area – International Foot and Survey Equivalent Measurements ............................ 230 

Units of Area – Survey Measure............................................................................................. 230 

Units of Volume ..................................................................................................................... 231 

Units of Capacity or Volume – Dry Volume Measure ........................................................... 232
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Units of Capacity or Volume – Liquid Volume Measure ....................................................... 233 

Units of Volume – International Foot and Survey Equivalent Measurements ....................... 235 

Units of Mass Not Less Than Avoirdupois Ounces ............................................................... 235 

Units of Mass Not Greater Than Pounds and Kilograms ....................................................... 236 

Units of Pressure ..................................................................................................................... 239 

Conversion Equations for Units of Temperature .................................................................... 239 

Section 5. Tables of Equivalents ......................................................................................................... 239 

Units of Length ....................................................................................................................... 240 

Units of Area .......................................................................................................................... 241 

Units of Capacity or Volume .................................................................................................. 242 

Units of Mass .......................................................................................................................... 244 

Appendix F. Glossary .............................................................................................................................. 247 

Appendix G. Table of Acronyms ............................................................................................................. 255 

Index ......................................................................................................................................................... 257 

References................................................................................................................................................. 263
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