# Patent

## Title
Adaptive storage system

## Abstract

A storage controller for a host device comprises a control module that receives data storing and data retrieving requests from the host device. A disk drive that is controlled by the control module and that selectively stores user data received from the control module and selectively retrieves the user data for the control module. Non-volatile semiconductor memory is controlled by the control module and selectively stores user data received from the control module and selectively retrieves the user data for the control module. The control module selects at least one of the disk drive and the non-volatile semiconductor memory for storage and retrieval of the user data.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/865,368 filed on Jun. 10, 2004, and is related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/779,544, which was filed on Feb. 13, 2004 and related to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/865,732, which was filed on Jun. 10, 2004, the disclosures of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference.


FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to data storage systems, and more particularly to low power data storage systems.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Laptop computers are powered using both line power and battery power. The processor, graphics processor, memory and display of the laptop computer consume a significant amount of power during operation. One significant limitation of laptop computers relates to the amount of time that the laptop can be operated using batteries without recharging. The relatively high power dissipation of the laptop computer usually corresponds to a relatively short battery life.
Referring now to FIG. 1A, an exemplary computer architecture 4 is shown to include a processor 6 with memory 7 such as cache. The processor 6 communicates with an input/output (I/O) interface 8. Volatile memory 9 such as random access memory (RAM) 10 and/or other suitable electronic data storage also communicates with the interface 8. A graphics processor 11 and memory 12 such as cache increase the speed of graphics processing and performance.
One or more I/O devices such as a keyboard 13 and a pointing device 14 (such as a mouse and/or other suitable device) communicate with the interface 8. A high power disk drive (HPDD) 15 such as a hard disk drive having one or more platters with a diameter greater than 1.8′′ provides nonvolatile memory, stores data and communicates with the interface 8. The HPDD 15 typically consumes a relatively high amount of power during operation. When operating on batteries, frequent use of the HPDD 15 will significantly decrease battery life. The computer architecture 4 also includes a display 16, an audio output device 17 such as audio speakers and/or other input/output devices that are generally identified at 18.
Referring now to FIG. 1B, an exemplary computer architecture 20 includes a processing chipset 22 and an I/O chipset 24. For example, the computer architecture may be a Northbridge/Southbridge architecture (with the processing chipset corresponding to the Northbridge chipset and the I/O chipset corresponding to the Southbridge chipset) or other similar architecture. The processing chipset 22 communicates with a processor 25 and a graphics processor 26 via a system bus 27. The processing chipset 22 controls interaction with volatile memory 28 (such as external DRAM or other memory), a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus 30, and/or Level 2 cache 32. Level 1 cache 33 and 34 may be associated with the processor 25 and/or the graphics processor 26, respectively. In an alternate embodiment, an Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) (not shown) communicates with the processing chipset 22 instead of and/or in addition to the graphics processor 26. The processing chipset 22 is typically but not necessarily implemented using multiple chips. PCI slots 36 interface with the PCI bus 30.
The I/O chipset 24 manages the basic forms of input/output (I/O). The I/O chipset 24 communicates with an Universal Serial Bus (USB) 40, an audio device 41, a keyboard (KBD) and/or pointing device 42, and a Basic Input/Output System (BIOS) 43 via an Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) bus 44. Unlike the processing chipset 22, the I/O chipset 24 is typically (but not necessarily) implemented using a single chip, which is connected to the PCI bus 30. A HPDD 50 such as a hard disk drive also communicates with the I/O chipset 24. The HPDD 50 stores a full-featured operating system (OS) such as Windows XP® Windows 2000®, Linux and MAC®-based OS that is executed by the processor 25.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A storage controller for a host device comprises a control module that receives data storing and data retrieving requests from the host device. A disk drive that is controlled by the control module and that selectively stores user data received from the control module and selectively retrieves the user data for the control module. Non-volatile semiconductor memory is controlled by the control module and selectively stores user data received from the control module and selectively retrieves the user data for the control module. The control module selects at least one of the disk drive and the non-volatile semiconductor memory for storage and retrieval of the user data.
In other features, the control module includes a least used block (LUB) module that identifies a LUB in the non-volatile semiconductor memory, and wherein the control module selectively transfers the LUB to the disk drive when at least one of the data storing request and the data retrieving request is received. During a storing request for write data, the control module transfers the write data to the non-volatile semiconductor memory if sufficient space is available in the non-volatile semiconductor memory for the write data. If there is insufficient space available for the write data in the non-volatile semiconductor memory, the control module powers the disk drive and transfers the LUB from the non-volatile semiconductor memory to the disk drive and transfers the write data to the non-volatile semiconductor memory.
In other features, the control module includes an adaptive storage module that determines whether the write data is likely to be used before the LUB when there is insufficient space available for the write data in the non-volatile semiconductor memory. If the write data is likely to be used after the LUB, the control module stores the write data in the disk drive. If the write data is likely to be used before the LUB, the control module powers the disk drive and transfers the LUB from the non-volatile semiconductor memory to the disk drive and then transfers the write data to the non-volatile semiconductor memory.
In other features, during a data retrieving request for read data, the control module retrieves the read data from the non-volatile semiconductor memory if the read data is stored in the non-volatile semiconductor memory. The control module includes an adaptive storage module that determines whether read data is likely to be used once when the read data is not located in the non-volatile semiconductor memory and wherein the control module retrieves the read data from the disk drive if the read data is likely to be used once. If the adaptive storage module determines that the read data is likely to be used more than once, the control module transfers the read data from the disk drive to the non-volatile semiconductor memory if sufficient space is available in the non-volatile semiconductor memory for the read data. If the adaptive storage module determines that the read data is likely to be used more than once, the control module transfers the LUB from the non-volatile semiconductor memory to the disk drive and the read data from the disk drive to the non-volatile semiconductor memory if sufficient space is not available in the non-volatile semiconductor memory for the read data.
In other features, the control module transfers read data from the disk drive to the non-volatile semiconductor memory if sufficient space is available in the non-volatile semiconductor memory for the read data. The control module transfers the LUB from the non-volatile semiconductor memory to the disk drive and read data from the disk drive to the non-volatile semiconductor memory if sufficient space is not available in the non-volatile semiconductor memory for the read data. If the read data is not located in the non-volatile semiconductor memory, the control module retrieves the read data from the disk drive. The disk drive includes one or more platters, wherein the one or more platters have a diameter that is greater than 1.8′′. The disk drive includes one or more platters, wherein the one or more platters have a diameter that is less than or equal to 1.8′′.
A storage controller for a host device comprises control means for receiving data storing and data retrieving requests from the host device. A disk drive is controlled by the control means and selectively stores user data received from the control means and selectively retrieves the user data for the control means. Non-volatile semiconductor storing means for storing is controlled by the control means and selectively stores user data received from the control means and selectively retrieves the user data for the control means. The control means selects at least one of the disk drive and the non-volatile semiconductor storing means for storage and retrieval of the user data.
In other features, the control means includes least used block (LUB) means for identifying a LUB in the non-volatile semiconductor storing means, and wherein the control means selectively transfers the LUB to the disk drive when at least one of the data storing request and the data retrieving request is received. During a storing request for write data, the control means transfers the write data to the non-volatile semiconductor storing means if sufficient space is available in the non-volatile semiconductor storing means for the write data. If there is insufficient space available for the write data in the non-volatile semiconductor storing means, the control means powers the disk drive and transfers the LUB from the non-volatile semiconductor storing means to the disk drive and transfers the write data to the non-volatile semiconductor storing means.
In other features, the control means includes adaptive storage means for determining whether the write data is likely to be used before the LUB when there is insufficient space available for the write data in the non-volatile semiconductor storing means. If the write data is likely to be used after the LUB, the control means stores the write data in the disk drive. If the write data is likely to be used before the LUB, the control means powers the disk drive and transfers the LUB from the non-volatile semiconductor storing means to the disk drive and then transfers the write data to the non-volatile semiconductor storing means.
In other features, during a data retrieving request for read data, the control means retrieves the read data from the non-volatile semiconductor storing means if the read data is stored in the non-volatile semiconductor storing means. The control means includes adaptive storage means for determining whether read data is likely to be used once when the read data is not located in the non-volatile semiconductor storing means and wherein the control means retrieves the read data from the disk drive if the read data is likely to be used once. If the adaptive storage means determines that the read data is likely to be used more than once, the control means transfers the read data from the disk drive to the non-volatile semiconductor storing means if sufficient space is available in the non-volatile semiconductor storing means for the read data. If the adaptive storage means determines that the read data is likely to be used more than once, the control means transfers the LUB from the non-volatile semiconductor storing means to the disk drive and the read data from the disk drive to the non-volatile semiconductor storing means if sufficient space is not available in the non-volatile semiconductor storing means for the read data.
In other features, the control means transfers read data from the disk drive to the non-volatile semiconductor storing means if sufficient space is available in the non-volatile semiconductor storing means for the read data. The control means transfers the LUB from the non-volatile semiconductor storing means to the disk drive and read data from the disk drive to the non-volatile semiconductor storing means if sufficient space is not available in the non-volatile semiconductor storing means for the read data. If the read data is not located in the non-volatile semiconductor storing means, the control means retrieves the read data from the disk drive. The disk drive includes one or more platters, wherein the one or more platters have a diameter that is greater than 1.8′′. The disk drive includes one or more platters, wherein the one or more platters have a diameter that is less than or equal to 1.8′′.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present invention will become more fully understood from the detailed description and the accompanying drawings, wherein:
FIGS. 1A and 1B illustrate exemplary computer architectures according to the prior art;
FIG. 2A illustrates a first exemplary computer architecture according to the present invention with a primary processor, a primary graphics processor, and primary volatile memory that operate during an high power mode and a secondary processor and a secondary graphics processor that communicate with the primary processor, that operate during a low power mode and that employ the primary volatile memory during the low power mode;
FIG. 2B illustrates a second exemplary computer architecture according to the present invention that is similar to FIG. 2A and that includes secondary volatile memory that is connected to the secondary processor and/or the secondary graphics processor;
FIG. 2C illustrates a third exemplary computer architecture according to the present invention that is similar to FIG. 2A and that includes embedded volatile memory that is associated with the secondary processor and/or the secondary graphics processor;
FIG. 3A illustrates a fourth exemplary architecture according to the present invention for a computer with a primary processor, a primary graphics processor, and primary volatile memory that operate during an high power mode and a secondary processor and a secondary graphics processor that communicate with a processing chipset, that operate during the low power mode and that employ the primary volatile memory during the low power mode;
FIG. 3B illustrates a fifth exemplary computer architecture according to the present invention that is similar to FIG. 3A and that includes secondary volatile memory connected to the secondary processor and/or the secondary graphics processor;
FIG. 3C illustrates a sixth exemplary computer architecture according to the present invention that is similar to FIG. 3A and that includes embedded volatile memory that is associated with the secondary processor and/or the secondary graphics processor;
FIG. 4A illustrates a seventh exemplary architecture according to the present invention for a computer with a secondary processor and a secondary graphics processor that communicate with an I/O chipset, that operate during the low power mode and that employ the primary volatile memory during the low power mode;
FIG. 4B illustrates an eighth exemplary computer architecture according to the present invention that is similar to FIG. 4A and that includes secondary volatile memory connected to the secondary processor and/or the secondary graphics processor;
FIG. 4C illustrates a ninth exemplary computer architecture according to the present invention that is similar to FIG. 4A and that includes embedded volatile memory that is associated with the secondary processor and/or the secondary graphics processor; and
FIG. 5 illustrates a caching hierarchy according to the present invention for the computer architectures of FIGS. 2A-4C;
FIG. 6 is a functional block diagram of a drive control module that includes a least used block (LUB) module and that manages storage and transfer of data between the low-power disk drive (LPDD) and the high-power disk drive (HPDD);
FIG. 7A is a flowchart illustrating steps that are performed by the drive control module of FIG. 6;
FIG. 7B is a flowchart illustrating alternative steps that are performed by the drive control module of FIG. 6;
FIGS. 7C and 7D are flowcharts illustrating alternative steps that are performed by the drive control module of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8A illustrates a cache control module that includes an adaptive storage control module and that controls storage and transfer of data between the LPDD and HPDD;
FIG. 8B illustrates an operating system that includes an adaptive storage control module and that controls storage and transfer of data between the LPDD and the HPDD;
FIG. 8C illustrates a host control module that includes an adaptive storage control module and that controls storage and transfer of data between the LPDD and HPDD;
FIG. 9 illustrates steps performed by the adaptive storage control modules of FIGS. 8A-8C;
FIG. 10 is an exemplary table illustrating one method for determining the likelihood that a program or file will be used during the low power mode;
FIG. 11A illustrates a cache control module that includes a disk drive power reduction module;
FIG. 11B illustrates an operating system that includes a disk drive power reduction module;
FIG. 11C illustrates a host control module that includes a disk drive power reduction module;
FIG. 12 illustrates steps performed by the disk drive power reduction modules of FIGS. 11A-11C;
FIG. 13 illustrates a multi-disk drive system including a high-power disk drive (HPDD) and a lower power disk drive (LPDD);
FIGS. 14-17 illustrate other exemplary implementations of the multi-disk drive system of FIG. 13;
FIG. 18 illustrates the use of low power nonvolatile memory such as Flash memory or a low power disk drive (LPDD) for increasing virtual memory of a computer;
FIGS. 19 and 20 illustrates steps performed by the operating system to allocate and use the virtual memory of FIG. 18;
FIG. 21 is a functional block diagram of a Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) system according to the prior art;
FIG. 22A is a functional block diagram of an exemplary RAID system according to the present invention with a disk array including X HPDD and a disk array including Y LPDD;
FIG. 22B is a functional block diagram of the RAID system of FIG. 22A where X and Y are equal to Z;
FIG. 23A is a functional block diagram of another exemplary RAID system according to the present invention with a disk array including Y LPDD that communicates with a disk array including X HPDD;
FIG. 23B is a functional block diagram of the RAID system of FIG. 23A where X and Y are equal to Z;
FIG. 24A is a functional block diagram of still another exemplary RAID system according to the present invention with a disk array including X HPDD that communicate with a disk array including Y LPDD;
FIG. 24B is a functional block diagram of the RAID system of FIG. 24A where X and Y are equal to Z;
FIG. 25 is a functional block diagram of a network attachable storage (NAS) system according to the prior art; and
FIG. 26 is a functional block diagram of a network attachable storage (NAS) system according to the present invention that includes the RAID system of FIGS. 22A, 22B, 23A, 23B, 24A and/or 24B and/or a multi-drive system according to FIGS. 6-17.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
The following description of the preferred embodiment(s) is merely exemplary in nature and is in no way intended to limit the invention, its application, or uses. For purposes of clarity, the same reference numbers will be used in the drawings to identify similar elements. As used herein, the term module and/or device refers to an application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), an electronic circuit, a processor (shared, dedicated, or group) and memory that execute one or more software or firmware programs, a combinational logic circuit, and/or other suitable components that provide the described functionality.
As used herein, the term “high power mode” refers to active operation of the host processor and/or the primary graphics processor of the host device. The term “low power mode” refers to low-power hibernating modes, off modes, and/or non-responsive modes of the primary processor and/or primary graphics processor when a secondary processor and a secondary graphics processor are operable. An “off mode” refers to situations when both the primary and secondary processors are off.
The term “low power disk drive” or LPDD refers to disk drives and/or microdrives having one or more platters that have a diameter that is less than or equal to 1.8′′. The term “high power disk drive” or HPDD refers to hard disk drives having one or more platters that have a diameter that is greater than 1.8′′. LPDDs typically have lower storage capacities and dissipate less power than the HPDDs. The LPDDs are also rotated at a higher speed than the HPDDs. For example, rotational speeds of 10,000-20,000 RPM or greater can be achieved with LPDDs.
The computer architecture according to the present invention includes the primary processor, the primary graphics processor, and the primary memory (as described in conjunction with FIGS. 1A and 1B), which operate during the high power mode. A secondary processor and a secondary graphics processor are operated during the low power mode. The secondary processor and the secondary graphics processor may be connected to various components of the computer, as will be described below. Primary volatile memory may be used by the secondary processor and the secondary graphics processor during the low power mode. Alternatively, secondary volatile memory, such as DRAM and/or embedded secondary volatile memory such as embedded DRAM can be used, as will be described below.
The primary processor and the primary graphics processor dissipate relatively high power when operating in the high power mode. The primary processor and the primary graphics processor execute a full-featured operating system (OS) that requires a relatively large amount of external memory. The primary processor and the primary graphics processor support high performance operation including complex computations and advanced graphics. The full-featured OS can be a Windows®-based OS such as Windows XP®, a Linux-based OS, a MAC®-based OS and the like. The full-featured OS is stored in the HPDD 15 and/or 50.
The secondary processor and the secondary graphics processor dissipate less power (than the primary processor and primary graphics processor) during the low power mode. The secondary processor and the secondary graphics processor operate a restricted-feature operating system (OS) that requires a relatively small amount of external volatile memory. The secondary processor and secondary graphics processor may also use the same OS as the primary processor. For example, a pared-down version of the full-featured OS may be used. The secondary processor and the secondary graphics processor support lower performance operation, a lower computation rate and less advanced graphics. For example, the restricted-feature OS can be Windows CE® or any other suitable restricted-feature OS. The restricted-feature OS is preferably stored in nonvolatile memory such as Flash memory and/or a LPDD. In a preferred embodiment, the full-featured and restricted-feature OS share a common data format to reduce complexity.
The primary processor and/or the primary graphics processor preferably include transistors that are implemented using a fabrication process with a relatively small feature size. In one implementation, these transistors are implemented using an advanced CMOS fabrication process. Transistors implemented in the primary processor and/or primary graphics processor have relatively high standby leakage, relatively short channels and are sized for high speed. The primary processor and the primary graphics processor preferably employ predominantly dynamic logic. In other words, they cannot be shut down. The transistors are switched at a duty cycle that is less than approximately 20% and preferably less than approximately 10%, although other duty cycles may be used.
In contrast, the secondary processor and/or the secondary graphics processor preferably include transistors that are implemented with a fabrication process having larger feature sizes than the process used for the primary processor and/or primary graphics processor. In one implementation, these transistors are implemented using a regular CMOS fabrication process. The transistors implemented in the secondary processor and/or the secondary graphics processor have relatively low standby leakage, relatively long channels and are sized for low power dissipation. The secondary processor and the secondary graphics processor preferably employ predominantly static logic rather than dynamic logic. The transistors are switched at a duty cycle that is greater than 80% and preferably greater than 90%, although other duty cycles may be used.
The primary processor and the primary graphics processor dissipate relatively high power when operated in the high power mode. The secondary processor and the secondary graphics processor dissipate less power when operating in the low power mode. In the low power mode, however, the computer architecture is capable of supporting fewer features and computations and less complex graphics than when operating in the high power mode. As can be appreciated by skilled artisans, there are many ways of implementing the computer architecture according to the present invention. Therefore, skilled artisans will appreciate that the architectures that are described below in conjunction with FIGS. 2A-4C are merely exemplary in nature and are not limiting.
Referring now to FIG. 2A, a first exemplary computer architecture 60 is shown. The primary processor 6, the volatile memory 9 and the primary graphics processor 11 communicate with the interface 8 and support complex data and graphics processing during the high power mode. A secondary processor 62 and a secondary graphics processor 64 communicate with the interface 8 and support less complex data and graphics processing during the low power mode. Optional nonvolatile memory 65 such as a LPDD 66 and/or Flash memory 68 communicates with the interface 8 and provides low power nonvolatile storage of data during the low power and/or high power modes. The HPDD 15 provides high power/capacity nonvolatile memory. The nonvolatile memory 65 and/or the HPDD 15 are used to store the restricted feature OS and/or other data and files during the low power mode.
In this embodiment, the secondary processor 62 and the secondary graphics processor 64 employ the volatile memory 9 (or primary memory) while operating in the low-power mode. To that end, at least part of the interface 8 is powered during the low power mode to support communications with the primary memory and/or communications between components that are powered during the low power mode. For example, the keyboard 13, the pointing device 14 and the primary display 16 may be powered and used during the low power mode. In all of the embodiments described in conjunction with FIGS. 2A-4C, a secondary display with reduced capabilities (such as a monochrome display) and/or a secondary input/output device can also be provided and used during the low power mode.
Referring now to FIG. 2B, a second exemplary computer architecture 70 that is similar to the architecture in FIG. 2A is shown. In this embodiment, the secondary processor 62 and the secondary graphics processor 64 communicate with secondary volatile memory 74 and/or 76. The secondary volatile memory 74 and 76 can be DRAM or other suitable memory. During the low power mode, the secondary processor 62 and the secondary graphics processor 64 utilize the secondary volatile memory 74 and/or 76, respectively, in addition to and/or instead of the primary volatile memory 9 shown and described in FIG. 2A.
Referring now to FIG. 2C, a third exemplary computer architecture 80 that is similar to FIG. 2A is shown. The secondary processor 62 and/or secondary graphics processor 64 include embedded volatile memory 84 and 86, respectively. During the low power mode, the secondary processor 62 and the secondary graphics processor 64 utilize the embedded volatile memory 84 and/or 86, respectively, in addition to and/or instead of the primary volatile memory. In one embodiment, the embedded volatile memory 84 and 86 is embedded DRAM (eDRAM), although other types of embedded volatile memory can be used.
Referring now to FIG. 3A, a fourth exemplary computer architecture 100 according to the present invention is shown. The primary processor 25, the primary graphics processor 26, and the primary volatile memory 28 communicate with the processing chipset 22 and support complex data and graphics processing during the high power mode. A secondary processor 104 and a secondary graphics processor 108 support less complex data and graphics processing when the computer is in the low power mode. In this embodiment, the secondary processor 104 and the secondary graphics processor 108 employ the primary volatile memory 28 while operating in the low power mode. To that end, the processing chipset 22 may be fully and/or partially powered during the low power mode to facilitate communications therebetween. The HPDD 50 may be powered during the low power mode to provide high power volatile memory. Low power nonvolative memory 109 (LPDD 110 and/or Flash memory 112) is connected to the processing chipset 22, the I/O chipset 24 or in another location and stores the restricted-feature operating system for the low power mode.
The processing chipset 22 may be fully and/or partially powered to support operation of the HPDD 50, the LPDD 110, and/or other components that will be used during the low power mode. For example, the keyboard and/or pointing device 42 and the primary display may be used during the low power mode.
Referring now to FIG. 3B, a fifth exemplary computer architecture 150 that is similar to FIG. 3A is shown. Secondary volatile memory 154 and 158 is connected to the secondary processor 104 and/or secondary graphics processor 108, respectively. During the low power mode, the secondary processor 104 and the secondary graphics processor 108 utilize the secondary volatile memory 154 and 158, respectively, instead of and/or in addition to the primary volatile memory 28. The processing chipset 22 and the primary volatile memory 28 can be shut down during the low power mode if desired. The secondary volatile memory 154 and 158 can be DRAM or other suitable memory.
Referring now to FIG. 3C, a sixth exemplary computer architecture 170 that is similar to FIG. 3A is shown. The secondary processor 104 and/or secondary graphics processor 108 include embedded memory 174 and 176, respectively. During the low power mode, the secondary processor 104 and the secondary graphics processor 108 utilize the embedded memory 174 and 176, respectively, instead of and/or in addition to the primary volatile memory 28. In one embodiment, the embedded volatile memory 174 and 176 is embedded DRAM (eDRAM), although other types of embedded memory can be used.
Referring now to FIG. 4A, a seventh exemplary computer architecture 190 according to the present invention is shown. The secondary processor 104 and the secondary graphics processor 108 communicate with the I/O chipset 24 and employ the primary volatile memory 28 as volatile memory during the low power mode. The processing chipset 22 remains fully and/or partially powered to allow access to the primary volatile memory 28 during the low power mode.
Referring now to FIG. 4B, an eighth exemplary computer architecture 200 that is similar to FIG. 4A is shown. Secondary volatile memory 154 and 158 is connected to the secondary processor 104 and the secondary graphics processor 108, respectively, and is used instead of and/or in addition to the primary volatile memory 28 during the low power mode. The processing chipset 22 and the primary volatile memory 28 can be shut down during the low power mode.
Referring now to FIG. 4C, a ninth exemplary computer architecture 210 that is similar to FIG. 4A is shown. Embedded volatile memory 174 and 176 is provided for the secondary processor 104 and/or the secondary graphics processor 108, respectively in addition to and/or instead of the primary volatile memory 28. In this embodiment, the processing chipset 22 and the primary volatile memory 28 can be shut down during the low power mode.
Referring now to FIG. 5, a caching hierarchy 250 for the computer architectures illustrated in FIGS. 2A-4C is shown. The HP nonvolatile memory HPDD 50 is located at a lowest level 254 of the caching hierarchy 250. Level 254 may or may not be used during the low power mode if the HPDD 50 is disabled and will be used if the HPDD 50 is enabled during the low power mode. The LP nonvolatile memory such as LPDD 110 and/or Flash memory 112 is located at a next level 258 of the caching hierarchy 250. External volatile memory such as primary volatile memory, secondary volatile memory and/or secondary embedded memory is a next level 262 of the caching hierarchy 250, depending upon the configuration. Level 2 or secondary cache comprises a next level 266 of the caching hierarchy 250. Level 1 cache is a next level 268 of the caching hierarchy 250. The CPU (primary and/or secondary) is a last level 270 of the caching hierarchy. The primary and secondary graphics processor use a similar hierarchy.
The computer architecture according to the present invention provides a low power mode that supports less complex processing and graphics. As a result, the power dissipation of the computer can be reduced significantly. For laptop applications, battery life is extended.
Referring now to FIG. 6, a drive control module 300 or host control module for a multi-disk drive system includes a least used block (LUB) module 304, an adaptive storage module 306, and/or a LPDD maintenance module 308. The drive control module 300 controls storage and data transfer between a high-powered disk drive (HPDD) 310 such as a hard disk drive and a low-power disk drive (LPDD) 312 such as a microdrive based in part on LUB information. The drive control module 300 reduces power consumption by managing data storage and transfer between the HPDD and LPDD during the high and low power modes.
The least used block module 304 keeps track of the least used block of data in the LPDD 312. During the low-power mode, the least used block module 304 identifies the least used block of data (such as files and/or programs) in the LPDD 312 SO that it can be replaced when needed. Certain data blocks or files may be exempted from the least used block monitoring such as files that relate to the restricted-feature operating system only, blocks that are manually set to be stored in the LPDD 312, and/or other files and programs that are operated during the low power mode only. Still other criteria may be used to select data blocks to be overwritten, as will be described below.
During the low power mode during a data storing request the adaptive storage module 306 determines whether write data is more likely to be used before the least used blocks. The adaptive storage module 306 also determines whether read data is likely to be used only once during the low power mode during a data retrieval request. The LPDD maintenance module 308 transfers aged data from the LPDD to the HPDD during the high power mode and/or in other situations as will be described below.
Referring now to FIG. 7A, steps performed by the drive control module 300 are shown. Control begins in step 320. In step 324, the drive control module 300 determines whether there is a data storing request. If step 324 is true, the drive control module 300 determines whether there is sufficient space available on the LPDD 312 in step 328. If not, the drive control module 300 powers the HPDD 310 in step 330. In step 334, the drive control module 300 transfers the least used data block to the HPDD 310. In step 336, the drive control module 300 determines whether there is sufficient space available on the LPDD 312. If not, control loops to step 334. Otherwise, the drive control module 300 continues with step 340 and turns off the HPDD 310. In step 344, data to be stored (e.g. from the host) is transferred to the LPDD 312.
If step 324 is false, the drive control module 300 continues with step 350 and determines whether there is a data retrieving request. If not, control returns to step 324. Otherwise, control continues with step 354 and determines whether the data is located in the LPDD 312. If step 354 is true, the drive control module 300 retrieves the data from the LPDD 312 in step 356 and continues with step 324. Otherwise, the drive control module 300 powers the HPDD 310 in step 360. In step 364, the drive control module 300 determines whether there is sufficient space available on the LPDD 312 for the requested data. If not, the drive control module 300 transfers the least used data block to the HPDD 310 in step 366 and continues with step 364. When step 364 is true, the drive control module 300 transfers data to the LPDD 312 and retrieves data from the LPDD 312 in step 368. In step 370, control turns off the HPDD 310 when the transfer of the data to the LPDD 312 is complete.
Referring now to FIG. 7B, a modified approach that is similar to that shown in FIG. 7A is used and includes one or more adaptive steps performed by, the adaptive storage module 306. When there is sufficient space available on the LPDD in step 328, control determines whether the data to be stored is likely to be used before the data in the least used block or blocks that are identified by the least used block module in step 372. If step 372 is false, the drive control module 300 stores the data on the HPDD in step 374 and control continues with step 324. By doing so, the power that is consumed to transfer the least used block(s) to the LPDD is saved. If step 372 is true, control continues with step 330 as described above with respect to FIG. 7A.
When step 354 is false during a data retrieval request, control continues with step 376 and determines whether data is likely to be used once. If step 376 is true, the drive control module 300 retrieves the data from the HPDD in step 378 and continues with step 324. By doing so, the power that would be consumed to transfer the data to the LPDD is saved. If step 376 is false, control continues with step 360. As can be appreciated, if the data is likely to be used once, there is no need to move the data to the LPDD. The power dissipation of the HPDD, however, cannot be avoided.
Referring now to FIG. 7C, a more simplified form of control can also be performed during low power operation. Maintenance steps can also be performed during high power and/or low power modes (using the LPDD maintenance module 308). In step 328, when there is sufficient space available on the LPDD, the data is transferred to the LPDD in step 344 and control returns to step 324. Otherwise, when step 328 is false, the data is stored on the HPDD in step 380 and control returns to step 324. As can be appreciated, the approach illustrated in FIG. 7C uses the LPDD when capacity is available and uses the HPDD when LPDD capacity is not available. Skilled artisans will appreciate that hybrid methods may be employed using various combinations of the steps of FIGS. 7A-7D.
In FIG. 7D, maintenance steps are performed by the drive control module 300 upon returning to the high power mode and/or at other times to delete unused or low use files that are stored on the LPDD. This maintenance step can also be performed in the low power mode, periodically during use, upon the occurrence of an event such as a disk full event, and/or in other situations. Control begins in step 390. In step 392, control determines whether the high power mode is in use. If not, control loops back to step 7D. If step 392 is true, control determines whether the last mode was the low power mode in step 394. If not, control returns to step 392. If step 394 is false, control performs maintenance such as moving aged or low use files from the LPDD to the HPDD in step 396. Adaptive decisions may also be made as to which files are likely to be used in the future, for example using criteria described above and below in conjunction with FIGS. 8A-10.
Referring now to FIGS. 8A and 8B, storage control systems 400-1, 400-2 and 400-3 are shown. In FIG. 8A, the storage control system 400-1 includes a cache control module 410 with an adaptive storage control module 414. The adaptive storage control module 414 monitors usage of files and/or programs to determine whether they are likely to be used in the low power mode or the high power mode. The cache control module 410 communicates with one or more data buses 416, which in turn, communicate with volatile memory 422 such as L1 cache, L2 cache, volatile RAM such as DRAM and/or other volatile electronic data storage. The buses 416 also communicate with low power nonvolatile memory 424 (such as Flash memory and/or a LPDD) and/or high power nonvolatile memory 426 such as a HPDD 426. In FIG. 8B, a full-featured and/or restricted feature operating system 430 is shown to include the adaptive storage control module 414. Suitable interfaces and/or controllers (not shown) are located between the data bus and the HPDD and/or LPDD.
In FIG. 8C, a host control module 440 includes the adaptive storage control module 414. The host control module 440 communicates with a LPDD 426′ and a hard disk drive 426′. The host control module 440 can be a drive control module, an Integrated Device Electronics (IDE), ATA, serial ATA (SATA) or other controller.
Referring now to FIG. 9, steps performed by the storage control systems in FIGS. 8A-8C are shown. In FIG. 9, control begins with step 460. In step 462, control determines whether there is a request for data storage to nonvolatile memory. If not, control loops back to step 462. Otherwise, the adaptive storage control module 414 determines whether data is likely to be used in the low-power mode in step 464. If step 464 is false, data is stored in the HPDD in step 468. If step 464 is true, the data is stored in the nonvolatile memory 444 in step 474.
Referring now to FIG. 10, one way of determining whether a data block is likely to be used in the low-power mode is shown. A table 490 includes a data block descriptor field 492, a low-power counter field 493, a high-power counter field 494, a size field 495, a last use field 496 and/or a manual override field 497. When a particular program or file is used during the low-power or high-power modes, the counter field 493 and/or 494 is incremented. When data storage of the program or file is required to nonvolatile memory, the table 492 is accessed. A threshold percentage and/or count value may be used for evaluation. For example, if a file or program is used greater than 80 percent of the time in the low-power mode, the file may be stored in the low-power nonvolatile memory such as flash memory and/or the microdrive. If the threshold is not met, the file or program is stored in the high-power nonvolatile memory.
As can be appreciated, the counters can be reset periodically, after a predetermined number of samples (in other words to provide a rolling window), and/or using any other criteria. Furthermore, the likelihood may be weighted, otherwise modified, and/or replaced by the size field 495. In other words, as the file size grows, the required threshold may be increased because of the limited capacity of the LPDD.
Further modification of the likelihood of use decision may be made on the basis of the time since the file was last used as recorded by the last use field 496. A threshold date may be used and/or the time since last use may be used as one factor in the likelihood determination. While a table is shown in FIG. 10, one or more of the fields that are used may be stored in other locations and/or in other data structures. An algorithm and/or weighted sampling of two or more fields may be used.
Using the manual override field 497 allows a user and/or the operating system to manually override of the likelihood of use determination. For example, the manual override field may allow an L status for default storage in the LPDD, an H status for default storage in the HPDD and/or an A status for automatic storage decisions (as described above). Other manual override classifications may be defined. In addition to the above criteria, the current power level of the computer operating in the LPDD may be used to adjust the decision. Skilled artisans will appreciate that there are other methods for determining the likelihood that a file or program will be used in the high-power or low-power modes that fall within the teachings of the present invention.
Referring now to FIGS. 11A and 11B, drive power reduction systems 500-1, 500-2 and 500-3 (collectively 500) are shown. The drive power reduction system 500 bursts segments of a larger sequential access file such as but not limited audio and/or video files to the low power nonvolatile memory on a periodic or other basis. In FIG. 11A, the drive power reduction system 500-1 includes a cache control module 520 with a drive power reduction control module 522. The cache control module 520 communicates with one or more data buses 526, which in turn, communicate with volatile memory 530 such as L1 cache, L2 cache, volatile RAM such as DRAM and/or other volatile electronic data storage, nonvolatile memory 534 such as Flash memory and/or a LPDD, and a HPDD 538. In FIG. 11B, the drive power reduction system 500-2 includes a full-featured and/or restricted feature operating system 542 with a drive power reduction control module 522. Suitable interfaces and/or controllers (not shown) are located between the data bus and the HPDD and/or LPDD.
In FIG. 11C, the drive power reduction system 500-3 includes a host control module 560 with an adaptive storage control module 522. The host control module 560 communicates with one or more data buses 564, which communicate with the LPDD 534′ and the hard disk drive 538′. The host control module 560 can be a drive control module, an Integrated Device Electronics (IDE), ATA, serial ATA (SATA) and/or other controller or interface.
Referring now to FIG. 12, steps performed by the drive power reduction systems 500 in FIGS. 11A-11C are shown. Control begins the step 582. In step 584, control determines whether the system is in a low-power mode. If not, control loops back to step 584. If step 586 is true, control continues with step 586 where control determines whether a large data block access is typically requested from the HPDD in step 586. If not, control loops back to step 584. If step 586 is true, control continues with step 590 and determines whether the data block is accessed sequentially. If not, control loops back to 584. If step 590 is true, control continues with step 594 and determines the playback length. In step 598, control determines a burst period and frequency for data transfer from the high power nonvolatile memory to the low power nonvolatile memory.
In one implementation, the burst period and frequency are optimized to reduce power consumption. The burst period and frequency are preferably based upon the spin-up time of the HPDD and/or the LPDD, the capacity of the nonvolatile memory, the playback rate, the spin-up and steady state power consumption of the HPDD and/or LPDD, and/or the playback length of the sequential data block.
For example, the high power nonvolatile memory is a HPDD that consumes 1-2 W during operation, has a spin-up time of 4-10 seconds and a capacity that is typically greater than 20 Gb. The low power nonvolatile memory is a microdrive that consumes 0.3-0.5 W during operation, has a spin-up time of 1-3 seconds, and a capacity of 1-6 Gb. As can be appreciated, the forgoing performance values and/or capacities will vary for other implementations. The HPDD may have a data transfer rate of 1 Gb/s to the microdrive. The playback rate may be 10 Mb/s (for example for video files). As can be appreciated, the burst period times the transfer rate of the HPDD should not exceed the capacity of the microdrive. The period between bursts should be greater than the spin-up time plus the burst period. Within these parameters, the power consumption of the system can be optimized. In the low power mode, if the HPDD is operated to play an entire video such as a movie, a significant amount of power is consumed. Using the method described above, the power dissipation can be reduced significantly by selectively transferring the data from the HPDD to the LPDD in multiple burst segments spaced at fixed intervals at a very high rate (e.g., 100× the playback rate) and then the HPDD can be shut down. Power savings that are greater than 50% can easily be achieved.
Referring now to FIG. 13, a multi-disk drive system 640 according to the present invention is shown to include a drive control module 650 and one or more HPDD 644 and one or more LPDD 648. The drive control module 650 communicates with a host device via host control module 651. To the host, the multi-disk drive system 640 effectively operates the HPDD 644 and LPDD 648 as a unitary disk drive to reduce complexity, improve performance and decrease power consumption, as will be described below. The host control module 651 can be an IDE, ATA, SATA and/or other control module or interface.
Referring now to FIG. 14, in one implementation the drive control module 650 includes a hard disk controller (HDC) 653 that is used to control one or both of the LPDD and/or HPDD. A buffer 656 stores data that is associated the control of the HPDD and/or LPDD and/or aggressively buffers data to/from the HPDD and/or LPDD to increase data transfer rates by optimizing data block sizes. A processor 657 performs processing that is related to the operation of the HPDD and/or LPDD.
The HPDD 648 includes one or more platters 652 having a magnetic coating that stores magnetic fields. The platters 652 are rotated by a spindle motor that is schematically shown at 654. Generally the spindle motor 654 rotates the platter 652 at a fixed speed during the read/write operations. One or more read/write arms 658 move relative to the platters 652 to read and/or write data to/from the platters 652. Since the HPDD 648 has larger platters than the LPDD, more power is required by the spindle motor 654 to spin-up the HPDD and to maintain the HPDD at speed. Usually, the spin-up time is higher for HPDD as well.
A read/write device 659 is located near a distal end of the read/write arm 658. The read/write device 659 includes a write element such as an inductor that generates a magnetic field. The read/write device 659 also includes a read element (such as a magneto-resistive (MR) element) that senses the magnetic field on the platter 652. A preamp circuit 660 amplifies analog read/write signals.
When reading data, the preamp circuit 660 amplifies low level signals from the read element and outputs the amplified signal to the read/write channel device. While writing data, a write current is generated which flows through the write element of the read/write device 659 and is switched to produce a magnetic field having a positive or negative polarity. The positive or negative polarity is stored by the platter 652 and is used to represent data. The LPDD 644 also includes one or more platters 662, a spindle motor 664, one or more read/write arms 668, a read/write device 669, and a preamp circuit 670.
The HDC 653 communicates with the host control module 651 and with a first spindle/voice coil motor (VCM) driver 672, a first read/write channel circuit 674, a second spindle/VCM driver 676, and a second read/write channel circuit 678. The host control module 651 and the drive control module 650 can be implemented by a system on chip (SOC) 684. As can be appreciated, the spindle VCM drivers 672 and 676 and/or read/write channel circuits 674 and 678 can be combined. The spindle/VCM drivers 672 and 676 control the spindle motors 654 and 664, which rotate the platters 652 and 662, respectively. The spindle/VCM drivers 672 and 676 also generate control signals that position the read/write arms 658 and 668, respectively, for example using a voice coil actuator, a stepper motor or any other suitable actuator.
Referring now to FIGS. 15-17, other variations of the multi-disk drive system are shown. In FIG. 15, the drive control module 650 may include a direct interface 680 for providing an external connection to one or more LPDD 682. In one implementation, the direct interface is a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, a PCI Express (PCIX) bus, and/or any other suitable bus or interface.
In FIG. 16, the host control module 651 communicates with both the LPDD 644 and the HPDD 648. A low power drive control module 650LP and a high power disk drive control module 650HP communicate directly with the host control module. Zero, one or both of the LP and/or the HP drive control modules can be implemented as a SOC.
In FIG. 17, one exemplary LPDD 682 is shown to include an interface 690 that supports communications with the direct interface 680. As set forth above, the interfaces 680 and 690 can be a Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) bus, a PCI Express (PCIX) bus, and/or any other suitable bus or interface. The LPDD 682 includes an HDC 692, a buffer 694 and/or a processor 696. The LPDD 682 also includes the spindle/VCM driver 676, the read/write channel circuit 678, the platter 662, the spindle motor 665, the read/write arm 668, the read element 669, and the preamp 670, as described above. Alternately, the HDC 653, the buffer 656 and the processor 658 can be combined and used for both drives. Likewise the spindle/VCM driver and read channel circuits can optionally be combined. In the embodiments in FIGS. 13-17, aggressive buffering of the LPDD is used to increase performance. For example, the buffers are used to optimize data block sizes for optimum speed over host data buses.
In conventional computer systems, a paging file is a hidden file on the HPDD or HP nonvolatile memory that is used by the operating system to hold parts of programs and/or data files that do not fit in the volatile memory of the computer. The paging file and physical memory, or RAM, define virtual memory of the computer. The operating system transfers data from the paging file to memory as needed and returns data from the volatile memory to the paging file to make room for new data. The paging file is also called a swap file.
Referring now to FIGS. 18-20, the present invention utilizes the LP nonvolatile memory such as the LPDD and/or flash memory to increase the virtual memory of the computer system. In FIG. 18, an operating system 700 allows a user to define virtual memory 702. During operation, the operating system 700 addresses the virtual memory 702 via one or more buses 704. The virtual memory 702 includes both volatile memory 708 and LP nonvolatile memory 710 such as Flash memory and/or a LPDD.
Referring now to FIG. 19, the operating system allows a user to allocate some or all of the LP nonvolatile memory 710 as paging memory to increase virtual memory. In step 720, control begins. In step 724, the operating system determines whether additional paging memory is requested. If not, control loops back to step 724. Otherwise, the operating system allocates part of the LP nonvolatile memory for paging file use to increase the virtual memory in step 728.
In FIG. 20, the operating system employs the additional LP nonvolatile memory as paging memory. Control begins in step 740. In step 744, control determines whether the operating system is requesting a data write operation. If true, control continues with step 748 and determines whether the capacity of the volatile memory is exceeded. If not, the volatile memory is used for the write operation in step 750. If step 748 is true, data is stored in the paging file in the LP nonvolatile memory in step 754. If step 744 is false, control continues with step 760 and determines whether a data read is requested. If false, control loops back to step 744. Otherwise, control determines whether the address corresponds to a RAM address in step 764. If step 764 is true, control reads data from the volatile memory in step 764 and continues with step 744. If step 764 is false, control reads data from the paging file in the LP nonvolatile memory in step 770 and control continues with step 744.
As can be appreciated, using LP nonvolatile memory such as Flash memory and/or the LPDD to increase the size of virtual memory will increase the performance of the computer as compared to systems employing the HPDD. Furthermore, the power consumption will be lower than systems using the HPDD for the paging file. The HPDD requires additional spin-up time due to its increased size, which increases data access times as compared to the Flash memory, which has no spin-up latency, and/or the LPDD, which has a shorter spin-up time and lower power dissipation.
Referring now to FIG. 21, a Redundant Array of Independent Disks (RAID) system 800 is shown to include one or more servers and/or clients 804 that communicate with a disk array 808. The one or more servers and/or clients 804 include a disk array controller 812 and/or an array management module 814. The disk array controller 812 and/or the array management module 814 receive data and perform logical to physical address mapping of the data to the disk array 808. The disk array typically includes a plurality of HPDD 816.
The multiple HPDDs 816 provide fault tolerance (redundancy) and/or improved data access rates. The RAID system 800 provides a method of accessing multiple individual HPDDs as if the disk array 808 is one large hard disk drive. Collectively, the disk array 808 may provide hundreds of Gb to 10's to 100's of Tb of data storage. Data is stored in various ways on the multiple HPDDs 816 to reduce the risk of losing all of the data if one drive fails and to improve data access time.
The method of storing the data on the HPDDs 816 is typically called a RAID level. There are various RAID levels including RAID level 0 or disk striping. In RAID level 0 systems, data is written in blocks across multiple drives to allow one drive to write or read a data block while the next is seeking the next block. The advantages of disk striping include the higher access rate and full utilization of the array capacity. The disadvantage is there is no fault tolerance. If one drive fails, the entire contents of the array become inaccessible.
RAID level 1 or disk mirroring provides redundancy by writing twice—once to each drive. If one drive fails, the other contains an exact duplicate of the data and the RAID system can switch to using the mirror drive with no lapse in user accessibility. The disadvantages include a lack of improvement in data access speed and higher cost due to the increased number of drives (2N) that are required. However, RAID level 1 provides the best protection of data since the array management software will simply direct all application requests to the surviving HPDDs when one of the HPDDs fails.
RAID level 3 stripes data across multiple drives with an additional drive dedicated to parity, for error correction/recovery. RAID level 5 provides striping as well as parity for error recovery. In RAID level 5, the parity block is distributed among the drives of the array, which provides more balanced access load across the drives. The parity information is used to recovery data if one drive fails. The disadvantage is a relatively slow write cycle (2 reads and 2 writes are required for each block written). The array capacity is N−1, with a minimum of 3 drives required.
RAID level 0+1 involves stripping and mirroring without parity. The advantages are fast data access (like RAID level 0), and single drive fault tolerance (like RAID level 1). RAID level 0+1 still requires twice the number of disks (like RAID level 1). As can be appreciated, there can be other RAID levels and/or methods for storing the data on the array 808.
Referring now to FIGS. 22A and 22B, a RAID system 834-1 according to the present invention includes a disk array 836 that includes X HPDD and a disk array 838 that includes Y LPDD. One or more clients and/or a servers 840 include a disk array controller 842 and/or an array management module 844. While separate devices 842 and 844 are shown, these devices can be integrated if desired. As can be appreciated, X is greater than or equal to 2 and Y is greater than or equal to 1. X can be greater than Y, less than Y and/or equal to Y. For example, FIG. 22B shows a RAID system 834-1′ where X=Y=Z.
Referring now to FIGS. 23A, 23B, 24A and 24B, RAID systems 834-2 and 834-3 are shown. In FIG. 23A, the LPDD disk array 838 communicates with the servers/clients 840 and the HPDD disk array 836 communicates with the LPDD disk array 838. The RAID system 834-2 may include a management bypass path that selectively circumvents the LPDD disk array 838. As can be appreciated, X is greater than or equal to 2 and Y is greater than or equal to 1. X can be greater than Y, less than Y and/or equal to Y. For example, FIG. 23B shows a RAID system 834-′ where X=Y=Z. In FIG. 24A, the HPDD disk array 836 communicates with the servers/clients 840 and the LPDD disk array 838 communicates with the HPDD disk array 836. The RAID system 834-2 may include a management bypass path shown by dotted line 846 that selectively circumvents the LPDD disk array 838. As can be appreciated, X is greater than or equal to 2 and Y is greater than or equal to 1. X can be greater than Y, less than Y and/or equal to Y. For example, FIG. 24B shows a RAID system 834-3′ where X=Y=Z. The strategy employed may include write through and/or write back in FIGS. 23A-24B.
The array management module 844 and/or the disk controller 842 utilizes the LPDD disk array 838 to reduce power consumption of the HPDD disk array 836. Typically, the HPDD disk array 808 in the conventional RAID system in FIG. 21 is kept on at all times during operation to support the required data access times. As can be appreciated, the HPDD disk array 808 dissipates a relatively high amount of power. Furthermore, since a large amount of data is stored in the HPDD disk array 808, the platters of the HPDDs are typically as large as possible, which requires higher capacity spindle motors and increases the data access times since the read/write arms move further on average.
According to the present invention, the techniques that are described above in conjunction with FIGS. 6-17 are selectively employed in the RAID system 834 as shown in FIG. 22B to reduce power consumption and data access times. While not shown in FIGS. 22A and 23A-24B, the other RAID systems according to the present invention may also use these techniques. In other words, the LUB module 304, adaptive storage module 306 and/or the LPDD maintenance module that are described in FIGS. 6 and 7A-7D are selectively implemented by the disk array controller 842 and/or the array management controller 844 to selectively store data on the LPDD disk array 838 to reduce power consumption and data access times. The adaptive storage control module 414 that is described in FIGS. 8A-8C, 9 and 10 may also be selectively implemented by the disk array controller 842 and/or the array management controller 844 to reduce power consumption and data access times. The drive power reduction module 522 that is described FIGS. 11A-11C and 12 may also be implemented by the disk array controller 842 and/or the array management controller 844 to reduce power consumption and data access times. Furthermore, the multi-drive systems and/or direct interfaces that are shown in FIGS. 13-17 may be implemented with one or more of the HPDD in the HPDD disk array 836 to increase functionality and to reduce power consumption and access times.
Referring now to FIG. 25, a network attached storage (NAS) system 850 according to the prior art is shown to include storage devices 854, storage requesters 858, a file server 862, and a communications system 866. The storage devices 854 typically include disc drives, RAID systems, tape drives, tape libraries, optical drives, jukeboxes, and any other storage devices to be shared. The storage devices 854 are preferably but not necessarily object oriented devices. The storage devices 854 may include an I/O interface for data storage and retrieval by the requesters 858. The requesters 858 typically include servers and/or clients that share and/or directly access the storage devices 854.
The file server 862 performs management and security functions such as request authentication and resource location. The storage devices 854 depend on the file server 862 for management direction, while the requesters 858 are relieved of storage management to the extent the file server 862 assumes that responsibility. In smaller systems, a dedicated file server may not be desirable. In this situation, a requester may take on the responsibility for overseeing the operation of the NAS system 850. As such, both the file server 862 and the requester 858 are shown to include management modules 870 and 872, respectively, though one or the other and/or both may be provided. The communications system 866 is the physical infrastructure through which components of the NAS system 850 communicate. It preferably has properties of both networks and channels, has the ability to connect all components in the networks and the low latency that is typically found in a channel.
When the NAS system 850 is powered up, the storage devices 854 identify themselves either to each other or to a common point of reference, such as the file server 862, one or more of the requesters 858 and/or to the communications system 866. The communications system 866 typically offers network management techniques to be used for this, which are accessible by connecting to a medium associated with the communications system. The storage devices 854 and requesters 858 log onto the medium. Any component wanting to determine the operating configuration can use medium services to identify all other components. From the file server 862, the requesters 858 learn of the existence of the storage devices 854 they could have access to, while the storage devices 854 learn where to go when they need to locate another device or invoke a management service like backup. Similarly the file server 862 can learn of the existence of storage devices 854 from the medium services. Depending on the security of a particular installation, a requester may be denied access to some equipment. From the set of accessible storage devices, it can then identify the files, databases, and free space available.
At the same time, each NAS component can identify to the file server 862 any special considerations it would like known. Any device level service attributes could be communicated once to the file server 862, where all other components could learn of them. For instance, a requester may wish to be informed of the introduction of additional storage subsequent to startup, this being triggered by an attribute set when the requester logs onto the file server 862. The file server 862 could do this automatically whenever new storage devices are added to the configuration, including conveying important characteristics, such as it being RAID 5, mirrored, and so on.
When a requester must open a file, it may be able to go directly to the storage devices 854 or it may have to go to the file server for permission and location information. To what extent the file server 854 controls access to storage is a function of the security requirements of the installation.
Referring now to FIG. 26, a network attached storage (NAS) system 900 according to the present invention is shown to include storage devices 904, requesters 908, a file server 912, and a communications system 916. The storage devices 904 include the RAID system 834 and/or multi-disk drive systems 930 described above in FIGS. 6-19. The storage devices 904 typically may also include disc drives, RAID systems, tape drives, tape libraries, optical drives, jukeboxes, and/or any other storage devices to be shared as described above. As can be appreciated, using the improved RAID systems and/or multi-disk drive systems 930 will reduce the power consumption and data access times of the NAS system 900.
Those skilled in the art can now appreciate from the foregoing description that the broad teachings of the present invention can be implemented in a variety of forms. Therefore, while this invention has been described in connection with particular examples thereof, the true scope of the invention should not be so limited since other modifications will become apparent to the skilled practitioner upon a study of the drawings, the specification and the following claims.

## Claims

1. A storage controller for a host device, comprising:
a control module that receives data storing and data retrieving requests from said host device and that comprises an adaptive storage module;
a disk drive that is controlled by said control module and that selectively stores user data received from said control module and selectively retrieves said user data for said control module; and
non-volatile semiconductor memory that is controlled by said control module and that selectively stores user data received from said control module and selectively retrieves said user data for said control module,
wherein said control module selects at least one of said disk drive and said non-volatile semiconductor memory for storage and retrieval of said user data,
wherein said control module includes a least used block (LUB) module that identifies a LUB in said non-volatile semiconductor memory, and wherein said control module selectively transfers said LUB to said disk drive when at least one of said data storing request and said data retrieving request is received, and
wherein said adaptive storage module determines whether said write data is likely to be used before said LUB when there is insufficient space available for said write data in said non-volatile semiconductor memory.

2. The storage controller of claim 1 wherein during a storing request for write data, said control module transfers said write data to said non-volatile semiconductor memory if sufficient space is available in said non-volatile semiconductor memory for said write data.

3. The storage controller of claim 1 wherein if there is insufficient space available for said write data in said non-volatile semiconductor memory, said control module powers said disk drive and transfers said LUB from said non-volatile semiconductor memory to said disk drive and transfers said write data to said non-volatile semiconductor memory.

4. The storage controller of claim 1 wherein if said write data is likely to be used after said LUB, said control module stores said write data in said disk drive.

5. The storage controller of claim 1 wherein if said write data is likely to be used before said LUB, said control module powers said disk drive and transfers said LUB from said non-volatile semiconductor memory to said disk drive and then transfers said write data to said non-volatile semiconductor memory.

6. The storage controller of claim 1 wherein during a data retrieving request for read data, said control module retrieves said read data from said non-volatile semiconductor memory if said read data is stored in said non-volatile semiconductor memory.

7. The storage controller of claim 6 wherein if said read data is not located in said non-volatile semiconductor memory, said control module retrieves said read data from said disk drive.

8. The storage controller of claim 1 wherein said control module includes an adaptive storage module that determines whether read data is likely to be used once when said read data is not located in said non-volatile semiconductor memory and wherein said control module retrieves said read data from said disk drive if said read data is likely to be used once.

9. The storage controller of claim 8 wherein if said adaptive storage module determines that said read data is likely to be used more than once, said control module transfers said read data from said disk drive to said non-volatile semiconductor memory if sufficient space is available in said non-volatile semiconductor memory for said read data.

10. The storage controller of claim 8 wherein if said adaptive storage module determines that said read data is likely to be used more than once, said control module transfers said LUB from said non-volatile semiconductor memory to said disk drive and said read data from said disk drive to said non-volatile semiconductor memory if sufficient space is not available in said non-volatile semiconductor memory for said read data.

11. The storage controller of claim 1 wherein said control module transfers read data from said disk drive to said non-volatile semiconductor memory if sufficient space is available in said non-volatile semiconductor memory for said read data.

12. The storage controller of claim 1 wherein said control module transfers said LUB from said non-volatile semiconductor memory to said disk drive and read data from said disk drive to said non-volatile semiconductor memory if sufficient space is not available in said non-volatile semiconductor memory for said read data.

13. The storage controller of claim 1 wherein said disk drive includes one or more platters, wherein said one or more platters have a diameter that is greater than 1.8′′.

14. The storage controller of claim 1 wherein said disk drive includes one or more platters, wherein said one or more platters have a diameter that is less than or equal to 1.8′′.

15. A method for operating a storage controller for a host device, comprising:
receiving data storing and data retrieving requests from said host device at a control module;
selectively storing user data received from said control module in a disk drive;
selectively retrieving said user data for said control module from said disk drive;
selectively storing user data received from said control module in non-volatile semiconductor memory;
selectively retrieving said user data for said control module in said non-volatile semiconductor memory,
wherein said control module selects at least one of said disk drive and said non-volatile semiconductor memory for storage and retrieval of said user data; and
identifying a LUB in said non-volatile semiconductor memory;
selectively transferring said LUB to said disk drive when at least one of said data storing request and said data retrieving request is received; and
determining whether said write data is likely to be used before said LUB when there is insufficient space available for said write data in said non-volatile semiconductor memory.

16. The method of claim 15 further comprising, during a storing request for write data, transferring said write data to said non-volatile semiconductor memory if sufficient space is available in said non-volatile semiconductor memory for said write data.

17. The method of claim 15 further comprising, if there is insufficient space available for said write data in said non-volatile semiconductor memory, powering said disk drive and transferring said LUB from said non-volatile semiconductor memory to said disk drive and transferring said write data to said non-volatile semiconductor memory.

18. The method of claim 15, further comprising, if said write data is likely to be used after said LUB, storing said write data in said disk drive.

19. The method of claim 15 further comprising, if said write data is likely to be used before said LUB, powering said disk drive and transferring said LUB from said non-volatile semiconductor memory to said disk drive and then transferring said write data to said non-volatile semiconductor memory.

20. The method of claim 15 further comprising, during a data retrieving request for read data, retrieving said read data from said non-volatile semiconductor memory if said read data is stored in said non-volatile semiconductor memory.

21. The method of claim 20 further comprising, if said read data is not located in said non-volatile semiconductor memory, retrieving said read data from said disk drive.

22. The method of claim 15 further comprising determining whether read data is likely to be used once when said read data is not located in said non-volatile semiconductor memory and retrieving said read data from said disk drive if said read data is likely to be used once.

23. The method of claim 22 further comprising, if said read data is likely to be used more than once, transferring said read data from said disk drive to said non-volatile semiconductor memory if sufficient space is available in said non-volatile semiconductor memory for said read data.

24. The method of claim 22 further comprising, if said read data is likely to be used more than once, transferring said LUB from said non-volatile semiconductor memory to said disk drive and said read data from said disk drive to said non-volatile semiconductor memory if sufficient space is not available in said non-volatile semiconductor memory for said read data.

25. The method of claim 15 further comprising transferring read data from said disk drive to said non-volatile semiconductor memory if sufficient space is available in said non-volatile semiconductor memory for said read data.

26. The method of claim 15 further comprising transferring said LUB from said non-volatile semiconductor memory to said disk drive and read data from said disk drive to said non-volatile semiconductor memory if sufficient space is not available in said non-volatile semiconductor memory for said read data.

27. The method of claim 15 wherein said disk drive includes one or more platters, wherein said one or more platters have a diameter that is greater than 1.8′′.

28. The method of claim 15 wherein said disk drive includes one or more platters, wherein said one or more platters have a diameter that is less than or equal to 1.8′′.