1

THE UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE NORTHERN DISTRICT OF ILLINOIS

EASTERN DIVISION

ANTHONY MARTINO,

Plaintiff,

v.

THE ORCHARD ENTERPRISES, INC., 

INDEPENDENT ONLINE 

DISTRIBUTION ALLIANCE, INC., 

MEDIANET, INC.

Defendants.

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

)

No. 20 C 2267

Judge Virginia M. Kendall

MEMORANDUM OPINION & ORDER

Plaintiff Anthony Martino filed suit against the Orchard Enterprises, Inc., Independent 

Online Distribution Alliance, Inc. (“IODA”), and Medianet, Inc., alleging that Defendants 

infringed his copyrights and deprived him of royalties. Defendants moved to dismiss for lack of 

personal jurisdiction and improper venue or, in the alternative, to transfer for improper venue.

[Dkts. 30, 31]. After the parties fully briefed the Motions to Dismiss, Martino filed a Third 

Amended Complaint that added additional claims but did not add any jurisdictional allegations. 

[Dkt. 45]. The parties agreed that, since Defendants’ Motions to Dismiss as to jurisdiction and 

venue remain unchanged by the Third Amended Complaint, the Court should consider the pending 

Motions before Defendants file an answer to the newest Complaint. [Dkts. 46, 48]. Defendants’ 

Motions to Dismiss are granted because this Court does not have personal jurisdiction over them. 

Defendants’ Motions to Transfer Venue is granted.

Case: 1:20-cv-02267 Document #: 50 Filed: 10/27/20 Page 1 of 14 PageID #:803
2

BACKGROUND

The following factual allegations are taken from Martino’s Second and Third Amended

Complaints (Dkt. 15, 45) and are assumed true for the purposes of this motion. W. Bend Mut. Ins.

Co. v. Schumacher, 844 F.3d 670, 675 (7th Cir. 2016).

Plaintiff Anthony Martino brings claims against Defendants Orchard Enterprises and 

IODA for conversion (Dkt. 45 ¶¶ 66–95) and against all Defendants for copyright infringement 

and unjust enrichment. (Id. ¶¶ 96–183).1 Martino, a resident of the State of Illinois, is a 

professional singer/songwriter and self-funded recording artist. (Dkt. 15 ¶ 23). Defendant Orchard 

Enterprises is a Delaware corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of SONY Music with its 

principal place of business in New York, New York. (Id. ¶ 24). Orchard Enterprises distributes

music and video through multiple national platforms. (Id.). Defendant IODA is a California 

corporation and wholly-owned subsidiary of SONY Music in New York with its principal place 

of business in New York, New York. (Id. ¶ 25). IODA provides distribution, marketing, 

publishing, and administrative services to selected independent record labels, physical distributors, 

video companies, recording artists, filmmakers, print media publishers, and independent authors. 

(Id.). Defendant MediaNet, a Delaware corporation with its principal place of business in Seattle, 

Washington, is a business-to-business licensor of certain rights in its music catalogue. (Id. ¶ 27). 

Martino is the sole copyright owner of the authorship, publishing rights, and sound 

recordings of eleven original songs composing two albums: Hope in Isolation (“HII”) and Slightly 

Defined. (Id. ¶¶ 2, 15). In February and March of 2020, Plaintiff first discovered that IODA and 

Orchard Enterprises reproduced and distributed (via an unauthorized license) each one of 

Plaintiff’s eleven copyrighted compositions/sound recordings on the HII Album to MediaNet;

1 Plaintiff added additional claims in the Third Amended Complaint so the Court cites to those, although the relevant 

jurisdictional allegations remain the same between the Second and Third Amended Complaint. 

Case: 1:20-cv-02267 Document #: 50 Filed: 10/27/20 Page 2 of 14 PageID #:804
3

third-party non-interactive music webcasters Last.Fm and Live365; an interactive music streaming 

provider called Gaana.com; and other currently unknown third-parties. (Id. ¶¶ 11, 98, 101, 107–

12, 132, 134, 137). Martino believes IODA and Orchard Enterprises registered a “rights 

ownership” claim to receive performance royalties related to three recordings contained on the HII

album and wrongfully obtained royalties from use of his copyrighted songs. (Id. ¶¶ 21, 53–65, 

79–81). Martino levels similar allegations against MediaNet but additionally claims that MediaNet 

distributed his album Slightly Defined in addition to HII. (Id. ¶¶ 132, 134, 137). MediaNet 

infringed Martino’s copyright by obtaining HII from Orchard Enterprises and Slightly Defined

from an unknown third-party, uploading the albums onto its computer servers, and distributing 

those albums to “at least 53 . . . separate third-party brick and mortar music retail stores located 

across the United States,” including two based in Illinois. (Id. ¶¶ 12, 16, 132, 134, 165). Each 

of the 53 third-party music retailers are selling or have already sold Plaintiff’s albums, with 21 

songs between them, for $0.99 per song, or $9.99 for an entire album, directly to the general public 

in the United States without any geographic restriction, including to residents in Illinois through 

their respective interactive online websites. (Id. ¶ 134).

Martino alleges that all Defendants have been continuously conducting business in this 

judicial district by selling Martino’s music at two brick and mortar music stores in Illinois. (Id. 

¶ 32). Martino does not allege that these retailers were selling physical copies of his albums or 

songs. (Id. ¶ 134). Instead, these stores received the albums from MediaNet and are either now 

“selling” or “have already sold” downloads of the albums (and their combined 21 individual 

tracks) to the general public, including to residents of Illinois, “through their respective interactive 

online websites.” (Id.). Defendants IODA and Orchard Enterprises allegedly offered employment 

opportunities to the members of the general public residing within Illinois and entered into 

Case: 1:20-cv-02267 Document #: 50 Filed: 10/27/20 Page 3 of 14 PageID #:805
4

distribution contracts with people and entities based in Illinois. (Id.). Martino also alleges that 

Defendants had actual and constructive knowledge that Plaintiff was an Illinois resident. (Id.).

LEGAL STANDARD

Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 12(b)(2) allows dismissal of a complaint for lack of 

personal jurisdiction. Fed. R. Civ. P. 12(b)(2). A plaintiff is not required to anticipate a personal 

jurisdiction challenge in its complaint; though, once challenged, the plaintiff bears the burden of 

demonstrating personal jurisdiction. Curry v. Revolution Laboratories, LLC, 949 F.3d 385, 392 

(7th Cir. 2020) (citing Purdue Research Found. V. Sanofi-Synthelabo, S.A., 338 F.3d 773, 782 (7th 

Cir. 2003)). Whether the court holds an evidentiary hearing determines the nature of the plaintiff’s 

burden. Id. When the court does not hold an evidentiary hearing and decides the defendant’s Rule 

12(b)(2) motion on the basis of written materials alone, the plaintiff must establish merely a prima 

facie case of personal jurisdiction. Id. In evaluating whether the plaintiff has satisfied the prima 

facie standard, the court must “take as true all well-pleaded facts alleged in the complaint and 

resolve any factual disputes in the affidavits in favor of the plaintiff.” Matlin v. Spin Master Corp., 

921 F.3d 701, 705 (7th Cir. 2019) (citing Tamburo v. Dworkin, 601 F.3d 693, 700 (7th Cir. 2010)). 

DISCUSSION

Defendants move to dismiss the Second Amended Complaint on two grounds and

alternatively moves to transfer venue. (Dkts. 30, 31). First, Defendants move to dismiss the

Complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(2) and Rule 12(b)(3) for lack of personal jurisdiction and

improper venue under 28 U.S.C. § 1391. (Id.). Alternatively, Defendants move to transfer venue

pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a). (Id.) The Court notes at the outset that Martino is representing

himself pro se and therefore his pleadings are to be liberally construed. See Taylor v. JPMorgan

Chase Bank, N.A., 958 F.3d 556, 562 (7th Cir. 2020); Erickson v. Pardus, 551 U.S. 89, 94 (2007)

Case: 1:20-cv-02267 Document #: 50 Filed: 10/27/20 Page 4 of 14 PageID #:806
5

(a “document filed pro se is to be liberally construed, and a pro se complaint, however inartfully

pleaded, must be held to less stringent standards than formal pleadings drafted by lawyers”).

I. Personal Jurisdiction

Because the Copyright Act does not authorize nationwide service of process, personal 

jurisdiction is governed by the law of Illinois. See Tamburo, 601 F.3d at 700 (“Where no federal 

statute authorizes nationwide service of process, personal jurisdiction is governed by the law of 

the forum state”). The Illinois long-arm statute allows courts to “exercise jurisdiction on any 

basis . . . permitted by the Illinois Constitution and the Constitution of the United States.” 735 Ill. 

Comp. Stat. 5/2-209(c). Because there is “no operative difference between” the constitutional 

limits of the Illinois Constitution and the United States Constitution in terms of personal 

jurisdiction, the proper inquiry is whether this Court’s exercise of personal jurisdiction over 

Defendants complies with the limits imposed by the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause. 

Curry v. Revolution Laboratories, LLC, 949 F.3d 385, 393 (7th Cir. 2020) (quoting Mobile 

Anesthesiologists Chi., LLC v. Anesthesia Assocs. of Hous. Metroplex, P.A., 623 F.3d 440, 443 

(7th Cir. 2010)). The Due Process Clause limitations “protect an individual’s liberty interest in 

not being subject to the binding judgments of a forum with which he has established no meaningful 

‘contacts, ties, or relations.’” Id. (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 471–72 

(1985)). Personal jurisdiction exists wherever the defendant has deliberately established contacts 

with the forum state, “or in other words, he must purposefully avail himself of the forum state 

‘such that he should reasonably anticipate being haled into court there.’” Philos Techs, Inc. v. 

Philos & D, Inc., 802 F.3d 905, 923 (7th Cir. 2015) (quoting King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 

462, 474–75 (1985)). “It is the defendant—not the plaintiff . . . that must create the contacts in the 

forum state . . . .” Id. (citing Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 284 (2014)). Personal jurisdiction 

Case: 1:20-cv-02267 Document #: 50 Filed: 10/27/20 Page 5 of 14 PageID #:807
6

does not exist where the defendant’s contacts with the forum state are merely “‘random, fortuitous, 

or attenuated.’” Walden, 571 U.S. at 286 (quoting Burger King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 

475 (1985)).

Personal jurisdiction may be general or specific. Mobile Anesthesiologists, 623 F.3d at 

444. General personal jurisdiction is only proper “in the limited number of fora in which the 

defendant can be said to be ‘at home.’” Advanced Tactical Ordnance Sys., LLC v. Real Action 

Paintball, Inc., 751 F.3d 796, 800 (7th Cir. 2014). For a court to exercise specific personal 

jurisdiction over a non-resident defendant, the defendant’s contacts with the forum state must be 

“directly related to the conduct pertaining to the claims asserted.” Brook v. McCormley, 873 F.3d 

549, 552 (7th Cir. 2017) (citing Tamburo, 601 F.3d at 702). 

A. General Jurisdiction

General jurisdiction is “all-purpose;” it exists only “when the [party's] affiliations with the 

State in which suit is brought are so constant and pervasive as to render it essentially at home in 

the forum State.” Kipp v. Ski Enterprise Corp. of Wisconsin, Inc., 783 F.3d 695, 697–698 (7th Cir. 

2015) (citing Daimler AG v. Bauman, 571 U.S. 117, 122 (2014). These contacts need not be 

related to the suit. Brook v. McCormley, 873 F.3d 549, 552 (7th Cir. 2017). However, the contacts 

must be sufficiently “extensive and pervasive to approximate physical presence”; “sporadic” or 

“isolated” contacts are insufficient to establish general jurisdiction. Tamburo, 601 F.3d at 701. 

Because general jurisdiction may exist even when the defendant’s conduct is entirely unrelated to 

the forum state, “it should not lightly be found.” Kipp, 783 F.3d at 698. 

Plaintiff fails to meet this high standard. An out-of-state defendant may not be subject to 

all-purpose jurisdiction, even if it directs marketing and advertisements to that forum state. uBID, 

Inc. v. GoDaddy Group, Inc., 623 F.3d 421, 426 (7th Cir. 2010) (finding that placing billboards 

Case: 1:20-cv-02267 Document #: 50 Filed: 10/27/20 Page 6 of 14 PageID #:808
7

and advertisement in Illinois was insufficient to meet general jurisdiction). Defendants are neither 

incorporated in nor do they have their principal place of business in Illinois. Therefore, to establish 

general jurisdiction, Defendants must have systematic and continuous contacts with Illinois 

sufficient to make them functionally at home there. Here the limited and sporadic contacts between 

Defendants and Illinois are not “sufficiently extensive and pervasive to approximate physical 

presence.” Tamburo, 601 F.3d at 701. Defendants cannot be “treated as present in [Illinois] for 

. . . all purposes” merely because Defendants had an indirect relationship with two music stores or 

because indirect retailers sell Plaintiff’s music through websites. uBID, 623 F.3d at 426. 

Therefore, Defendants are not subject to general jurisdiction in Illinois. 

B. Specific Jurisdiction

Specific jurisdiction exists where a defendant’s suit-related conduct creates a substantial 

connection with the forum state. Walden, 571 U.S. at 284. Such conduct is sufficient to establish 

specific jurisdiction only where the “defendant himself” creates contact with the forum state; the 

relevant factor is the “defendant’s contacts with the forum state itself, not the defendant’s contacts 

with persons who reside there.” Id. at 284–85. There is a broader standard for specific jurisdiction 

that is limited by due process concerns from being “based on contacts with the forum that are 

random, fortuitous, or attenuated.” Id. (citing Burger King, 471 U.S. at 475). There are three 

“essential requirements” for a court to exercise specific jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant: 

(1) the defendant must have purposefully availed itself of the privilege of conducting business in 

the forum state or purposefully directed its activities at the state, (2) the plaintiff’s alleged injury 

must have arisen out of the defendant’s forum-related activities, and (3) the exercise of personal 

jurisdiction must comport with traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice. Curry, 949 

F.3d at 398 (quoting Lexington Ins. Co. v. Hotai Ins. Co., Ltd., 938 F.3d 874, 878 (7th Cir. 2019)); 

Case: 1:20-cv-02267 Document #: 50 Filed: 10/27/20 Page 7 of 14 PageID #:809
8

see also Tamburo, 601 F.3d at 702. Plaintiff’s Second Amended Complaint fails to adequately 

state a prima facie case for specific personal jurisdiction.

1. Purposeful Direction

A defendant’s activities may be purposefully directed at the forum state even in the 

“absence of physical contacts” with the forum. Curry, 949 F.3d at 398 (quoting Burger King, 471 

U.S. at 476). Evidence that the defendant directed its activities toward the forum state in a nonrandom fashion may demonstrate that the defendant purposefully availed itself of the benefits of 

conducting business there. See id. at 399. An example of a purposefully directed activity is a 

defendant causing its product to be distributed in the forum state. Id. The purposeful direction 

requirement prevents out-of-state defendants from being “bound to appear . . . for merely ‘random, 

fortuitous, or attenuated contacts.’” Id. at 398 (citations omitted).

Plaintiff cannot meet this burden. Plaintiff’s strongest allegation is that Defendant 

MediaNet distributed virtual copies of Plaintiff’s albums to two music stores in Illinois, in addition 

to 51 other retailers across the United States, that made his electronic copies of his albums available 

through download on their respective websites. (Dkt. 15 ¶ 134). In response, MediaNet attached

an affidavit from its General Counsel and Vice President Seth Goldstein stating that it has no direct 

business relationship with the two brick and mortar music stores in Illinois and that MediaNet 

never distributed recordings to those stores or to any other brick and mortar retailer in Illinois. 

(Dkt. 27-3 ¶ 15). MediaNet states that Broadtime Marketing Solutions, one of its customers based 

in Virginia, did business with the Illinois-based retailers and sold Plaintiff’s songs. (Id. ¶ 16). 

MediaNet further states that it has no control over: (1) which retail music stores Broadtime elects 

to do business with; (2) where those retail stores are located; or (3) to whom those stores sell their 

music. (Id. ¶ 17). 

Case: 1:20-cv-02267 Document #: 50 Filed: 10/27/20 Page 8 of 14 PageID #:810
9

Plaintiff’s allegations do not suffice to establish personal jurisdiction. Plaintiff cites to 

Curry, 949 F.3d at 400, and Illinois v. Hemi Group LLC, 622 F.3d 754, at 757–58 (7th Cir. 2020) 

but these cases are inapposite to the facts at hand. In both Curry and Hemi, the defendants 

themselves allegedly owned and controlled websites that targeted Illinois consumers. While in 

Curry defendant allegedly sold its product over third-party websites, the defendant also arranged 

to sell its products through the third-party websites and sent confirmation emails listing the Illinois 

shipping address, allegations plainly missing here. 949 F.3d at 399. MediaNet is not alleged to 

have operated an interactive website that targeted Illinois consumers. Plaintiff alleges that thirdparty retailers, two of whom operate in Illinois, made Plaintiff’s music available on their website

but does not allege Illinois consumers were targeted in particular. In fact, Plaintiff pleads that all 

53 third-party music retailers have websites that target the “general public through their respective 

interactive online websites (without any geographic buying and downloading restrictions for U.S 

customers).” (Dkt. 15 ¶ 13; see also Dkt. 15 ¶ 16, 26, 108, 134 (allegations that websites and 

downloads available to the general public across the United States)). Even without MediaNet’s 

affidavit attesting that Broadtime made Plaintiff’s music available to third-party retailers, the 

allegations do not show that MediaNet purposefully targeted Illinois consumers or availed itself 

of business here. As stated in Curry, “significant caution is certainly appropriate when assessing 

a defendant's online contacts with a forum ‘to ensure that a defendant is not haled into court simply 

because the defendant owns or operates a website that is accessible in the forum state.’” 949 F.3d

at 400 (citing Hemi, 622 F.3d at 760). Finding jurisdiction here would require the Defendants to 

appear “for merely random, fortuitous, or attenuated contacts.’” Id. at 398 (citations omitted). 

Additionally, nothing indicates that the third-party brick and mortar retailers purposefully targeted 

Illinois consumers through their websites. The mere fact that two out of 53 brick and mortar 

Case: 1:20-cv-02267 Document #: 50 Filed: 10/27/20 Page 9 of 14 PageID #:811
10

retailers are physically based in Illinois does not give rise to the inference that MediaNet 

purposefully availed itself of business in Illinois.

The bulk of Plaintiff’s remaining arguments center on the injury inflicted upon him in 

Illinois due to his own purchases and downloads of his music.

2 His main arguments as to Orchard 

Enterprises and IODA is that they allegedly knew he was based in Illinois based on emails he sent 

to a third-party, SoundExchange. Plaintiff alleges he reached out to a representative of 

SoundExchange about his copyright infringement claims and that SoundExchange then 

communicated with Orchard Enterprises about his issues. Even based upon Plaintiff’s briefing 

and affidavits, the link between Orchard Enterprises and Illinois is obviously highly attenuated. 

Plaintiff does not allege that Orchard Enterprises purposefully targeted either him or other Illinoisbased consumers. The fact that he initiated contact with a third-party who then looped in Orchard 

Enterprises does not give rise to personal jurisdiction. It is insufficient to find personal jurisdiction 

where the only link between the Defendants and Illinois is Plaintiff. Philos Techs, Inc. v. Philos 

& D, Inc., 802 F.3d 905, 923 (7th Cir. 2015) (quoting King Corp. v. Rudzewicz, 471 U.S. 462, 

474–75 (1985)). “It is the defendant—not the plaintiff . . . that must create the contacts in the 

forum state . . . .” Id. (citing Walden v. Fiore, 571 U.S. 277, 284 (2014)). Plaintiff cites to 

American Medical Ass’n v. 3Lions Publishing, Inc., No. 14 C 5280, 2015 WL 1399038, *3 (N.D. 

Ill. March 25, 2015) (Kendall, J.) for the proposition that communications between parties can 

give rise to specific jurisdiction. However, jurisdiction arose in 3Lions because the defendants, 

2 Defendants point out that the only sales of Plaintiff’s song in Illinois have been those purchased by Plaintiff. It is 

well-settled “mere injury to a forum resident” cannot subject a defendant to personal jurisdiction in that forum. 

Walden, 571 U.S. at 290; see also Advanced Tactical, 751 F.3d at 802 (“[A]fter Walden, there can be no doubt that 

the plaintiff cannot be the only link between the defendant and the forum.”). Plaintiff admits that his father is the only 

other known purchaser of his music, but that his father downloaded Plaintiff’s music in Indiana. (Dkt. 35-1 ¶ ¶ 20–

21). Using Plaintiff’s extremely broad interpretation of specific personal jurisdiction, Plaintiff could have equally 

brought his suit in Indiana since downloads were purchased there, or anywhere else where downloads were fortuitously 

purchased. 

Case: 1:20-cv-02267 Document #: 50 Filed: 10/27/20 Page 10 of 14 PageID #:812
11

through their counsel, first wrote a letter to the plaintiffs threatening imminent litigation. Likewise, 

the other cases Plaintiff relies upon all pertain to the defendant reaching out itself and purposefully

contacting the plaintiff or numerous other forum-based residents, instead of Plaintiff reaching out 

to a third-party who then communicated indirectly with Defendant. 

Plaintiff further alleges that Orchard Enterprises and IODA supposedly do business in 

Illinois, including by regularly entering into contracts with persons in Illinois, employing people 

in Illinois, and advertising for employees in Illinois. (See Dkt 15 ¶ 32). Orchard Enterprises and 

IODA contend they do not engage in any of this contact. In any event, these allegations are 

unrelated to the underlying copyright claim and are insufficient to create a jurisdictional link. See 

Curry, 949 F.3d at 400 (to exercise jurisdiction over an out-of-state defendant, the defendant’s 

minimum contacts with the forum must be “suit related;” see also Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. 

Superior Court of Cal., 137 S. Ct. 1773, 1781 (2017) (holding that there must be a connection 

between the forum state and the specific claims at issue). 

There are no allegations that Defendants purposefully availed themselves of Illinois. The 

allegations and affidavits filed by both parties demonstrate this was fortuitous. Plaintiff pleads 

multiple times that Defendants’ conduct was nationwide in scope (Dkt. 15 ¶¶ 12, 24, 27, 32, 134, 

137) and there is no pleading that indicates Defendants targeted Illinois in particular. 

2. Suit-Related Contacts and Fair Play and Substantial Justice

Because Plaintiff failed to allege the first of the three essential requirements for specific 

personal jurisdiction, his claim must fail. Curry, 949 F.3d at 398 (quoting Lexington Ins. Co. v. 

Hotai Ins. Co., Ltd., 938 F.3d 874, 878 (7th Cir. 2019)). The Court only briefly mentions that the

final requirement of the specific personal jurisdiction analysis, that the exercise of jurisdiction 

“does not offend traditional notions of fair play and substantial justice,” is not met here. Curry, 

Case: 1:20-cv-02267 Document #: 50 Filed: 10/27/20 Page 11 of 14 PageID #:813
12

949 F.3d at 402 (quoting Int’l Shoe, 326 U.S. at 316). In making this determination, courts 

consider: (1) the burden on the defendant, (2) the forum state’s interest in adjudicating the dispute, 

(3) the plaintiff’s interest in obtaining convenient and effective relief, (4) the interstate judicial 

system’s interest in obtaining efficient resolution of the dispute, and (5) the shared interest of the 

states in furthering fundamental social policies. Id. (quoting Purdue Research, 338 F.3d at 781). 

These factors carry more weight when a defendant’s forum-related contacts are relatively weak. 

Id. When a plaintiff presents an adequate showing of minimum contacts, “that showing is 

generally defeated only where the defendant” demonstrates that exercise of jurisdiction would be 

unreasonable due to other considerations. Id. (citing Burger King, 471 U.S. at 477). Plaintiff has 

not made an adequate showing of minimum contacts, and therefore jurisdiction here would not be 

fair. Requiring Defendants to litigate in a forum where they have almost zero contact, beside 

Plaintiff’s lawsuit, would be a tremendous burden on them. While Illinois does have an interest 

in this suit since Plaintiff is a resident of the state, it does not outweigh any other state’s interest 

as there is no evidence that Defendants are specifically targeting any Illinois consumers.

II. Venue 

Defendants also move to dismiss Plaintiff’s Complaint pursuant to Rule 12(b)(3) or, in the 

alternative, to transfer to the Southern District of New York pursuant to Rule 1406, where Orchard 

Enterprises and IODA reside and where MediaNet consents to venue. (Dkts. 26 at 12–

13; 27 at 14). Under the copyright venue statute, venue is found “in the district in which the 

defendant or its agent resides or may be found.” 28 U.S.C. § 1400(a). A defendant in a copyright 

action “may be found” in a district where he is subject to the district court’s personal jurisdiction. 

Richardson v. Kharbouch, No. 19 C 02321, 2020 WL 1445629 (N.D. Ill. Mar. 25, 2020).

Additionally, proper venue under § 1400(a) is district-specific; that is, venue requires that the 

Case: 1:20-cv-02267 Document #: 50 Filed: 10/27/20 Page 12 of 14 PageID #:814
13

“defendant’s amenability to personal jurisdiction ... relate to the judicial district in which the action 

was filed....” Id. (citing Milwaukee Concrete Studios, Ltd. v. Fjeld Mfg. Co., Inc., 8 F.3d 441, 445 

(7th Cir. 1993). As discussed above, Defendants are not subject to personal jurisdiction in the 

Northern District of Illinois and therefore venue is improper here under § 1400(a). 

As to Plaintiff’s unjust enrichment and conversion claims, venue is proper in a judicial 

district (1) where the defendant resides, (2) where a substantial part of events or omissions giving 

rise to the claim occurred or where the property subject to the action is situated, or (3) where the 

defendant is subject to personal jurisdiction. 28 U.S.C. § 1391(b)(1)–(3). None of these prongs 

are met here. Defendants are residents of other jurisdictions, are not subject to this Court’s 

personal jurisdiction, and Plaintiff has not alleged that a substantial part of the events or omissions 

took place here. To form a substantial part of the events or omissions, the test for a determination 

of proper venue under Section 1391(b)(2) “is not whether a majority of the activities pertaining to 

the case were performed in a particular district, but whether a substantial portion of the activities 

giving rise to the claim occurred in a particular district.” Allstate Life Insurance Co. v. Stanley W. 

Burns, Inc., 80 F.Supp.3d 870, 877 (N.D. Ill. 2015) (citing Jackson v. N'Genuity Enters., Co., No. 

14 C 2197, 2014 WL 4269448, at *6–7 (N.D. Ill. Aug. 28, 2014). Here, the parties being unjustly 

enriched and converting Martino’s copyright by receiving royalties intended for Martino are 

located outside of this District. Even assuming Martino created his music in Illinois (allegations 

that are not pled in the Complaint), substantial events given rise to unjust enrichment and 

conversion are not pled to have occurred in this venue. Therefore, venue is improper under 

§ 1391(b)(1)–(3). 

Defendants move to transfer under 28 U.S.C. § 1406(a), which states, “[t]he district court 

of a district in which is filed a case laying venue in the wrong division or district shall dismiss, or 

Case: 1:20-cv-02267 Document #: 50 Filed: 10/27/20 Page 13 of 14 PageID #:815
14

if it be in the interest of justice, transfer such case to any district or division in which it could have 

been brought.” All Defendants consent to venue in the Southern District of New York. Section 

1406 does not require a multi-part balancing test like § 1404. Instead “transfer is ordinarily in the 

interest of justice because dismissal of an action that could brought elsewhere is ‘time consuming’

and may be ‘justice-defeating.’” Spherion Corp. v. Cincinnati Financial Corp., 183 F. Supp. 2d 

1052, 1059–1060 (N.D. Ill. 2002) (citing Goldlawr, Inc. v. Heiman, 369 U.S. 463, 467 (1962)). 

Given that the Defendants consent to suit in the Southern District of New York, rather than dismiss 

Plaintiff’s case and require him to re-file where personal jurisdiction is found, the Court will 

transfer Plaintiff’s suit in the interests of justice. 

CONCLUSION

Because the Court does not have personal jurisdiction and venue is improper in this 

District, the Court grants Defendants’ motions to transfer venue [Dkts. 30, 31] and directs the 

Clerk to transfer the case to the District Court for the Southern District of New York under 28 

U.S.C. § 1406(a) for all further proceedings forthwith. 

____________________________________

Virginia M. Kendall

United States District Judge

Date: October 27, 2020

Case: 1:20-cv-02267 Document #: 50 Filed: 10/27/20 Page 14 of 14 PageID #:816