# Patent

## Title
Battery

## Abstract

A battery with a high battery voltage at charging and improved energy density is provided. A cathode (12) and an anode (14) are laminated with a separator (15) sandwiched therebetween which is impregnated with an electrolyte. The cathode (12) has a cathode active material including a lithium composite oxide which contains lithium, at least either cobalt or nickel, and oxygen. The battery voltage at charging is 4.25 V or more. The total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulphate in the cathode (12) to the cathode active material is 1.0 wt % or less, a concentration of protic impurities in the electrolyte, which is converted to a mass ratio of protons to the electrolyte, is 20 ppm or less, or moisture content in the electrolyte is 20 ppm mass ratio or less to the electrolyte. This inhibits metal eluting from the lithium composite oxide even at high voltages.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a battery comprising a cathode, an anode and an electrolyte, and more particularly to a battery which provides motive power using a lithium composite oxide as a cathode and lithium (Li) as a reacting species of the battery.
In recent years, many portable electric devices, such as camera-incorporated VTRs (Videotape Recorder), cellular phones, and laptop computers, become widespread, and miniaturization and weight saving thereof are developed. Concurrently, research and development has actively been advanced in order to improve an energy density of batteries and especially of secondary batteries, which are used as a portable power supply for these electric devices. Specifically, lithium secondary batteries and lithium ion secondary battery are promising, because they provide an energy density higher than ones of conventional lead batteries and conventional nickel-cadmium batteries.
As a cathode active material of the lithium secondary batteries and the lithium ion secondary batteries, lithium cobalt composite oxides containing lithium and cobalt (Co) and lithium nickel composite oxides containing lithium and nickel (Ni) are used, because these materials have various excellent properties such as a discharge capacity. However, in the lithium secondary batteries and the lithium ion secondary batteries using these lithium composite oxides, when a battery voltage is 4.25 V or more, the lithium composite oxide is degraded, and many properties such as storage stability and a charge and discharge cycle characteristic become low.
Thus, the battery voltage at charging these secondary batteries is set to 4.2 V or less.
However, developments of anodes progress every moment every day, the capacity thereof is improved, materials having a new charge and discharge profile are found, and simultaneously the voltage higher than 4.2 V has been desired. Moreover, generally, the energy densities of the lithium secondary battery and the lithium ion secondary battery depend on the battery voltage, so that the secondary batteries with the battery voltage of 4.2 V or less hardly satisfy ever-increasing demands to the energy density, which is a problem. Therefore, increasing the battery voltage is an important subject for the lithium secondary batteries and the lithium ion secondary batteries.
The present invention has been achieved to solve the above problems. It is an object of the invention to provide a battery with a high battery voltage at charging and an improved energy density.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
A first battery according to the present invention comprises a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte, wherein the cathode has a cathode active material including a lithium composite oxide which contains lithium, at least either cobalt or nickel, and oxygen, the anode has an anode active material including at least one kind selected from the group consisting of anode materials capable of insertion and extraction of lithium, and lithium metals, a battery voltage at charging is 4.25 V or more, and a total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulphate in the cathode to the cathode active material is 1.0 wt % or less.
A second battery according to the invention comprises a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte, wherein the cathode has a cathode active material including a lithium composite oxide which contains lithium, at least either cobalt or nickel, and oxygen, the anode has an anode active material including at least one kind selected from the group consisting of anode materials capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium, and lithium metals, and a battery voltage at charging is 4.25 V or more, and a concentration of protic impurities in the electrolyte, which is converted to a mass ratio of protons (H+) to the electrolyte, is 20 ppm or less.
A third battery according to the invention comprises a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte, wherein the cathode has a cathode active material including a lithium composite oxide which contains lithium, at least either cobalt or nickel, and oxygen, the anode has an anode active material including at least one kind selected from the group consisting of anode materials capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium, and lithium metals, and a battery voltage at charging is 4.25 V or more, and moisture content in the electrolyte is 20 ppm mass ratio or less to the electrolyte.
In any first to third battery according to the invention, the battery voltage at charging is 4.25 V or more, and the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulphate in the cathode to the cathode active material is 1.0 wt % or less, the concentration of the protic impurities in the electrolyte, which is converted to the mass ratio of the protons to the electrolyte, is 20 ppm or less, or the moisture content in the electrolyte is 20 ppm mass ratio or less to the electrolyte, which prevents a transition metal from being eluted from the lithium composite oxide even at high voltages, and provides a high energy density.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a cross sectional view of a structure of a secondary battery according to a first embodiment of the invention.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE PRESENTLY PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS
Embodiments of the present invention will be described in detail below with reference to accompanying drawings.
First Embodiment
FIG. 1 shows a cross sectional view of a secondary battery according to a first embodiment of the invention. The secondary battery is a so-called coin type and a laminate of a disk-like cathode 12 housed in a package can 11 and a disk-like anode 14 housed in a package cup 13 with a separator 15 sandwiched therebetween. Peripheral parts of the package can 11 and the package cup 13 are sealed and caulked with an insulative gasket 16.
The package can 11 and the package cup 13 are independently made of a metal such as stainless steel or aluminum (Al).
The cathode 12 is formed to contain a cathode active material, and if needed a conductive agent such as carbon black or graphite and a binder such as polyvinylidene fluoride. The cathode active material preferably contains a lithium composite oxide containing lithium, at least either cobalt or nickel, and oxygen, because this provides a high battery voltage and high qualities in invertibility, a discharge capacity, charge and discharge efficiency, and potential flatness. The lithium composite oxide can include materials expressed by a chemical formula LiCOaNibMcO2, for example. In the formula, M expresses at least one kind selected from the group consisting of metallic elements except for cobalt and nickel, values of a, b, and c are in a range satisfying 0<a+b, 0≦c, and a+b+c=1, and a composition ratio of lithium and oxygen may be slightly deviated from Li:O=1:2. In particular, the material preferably contains not only lithium and at least either cobalt or nickel but also at least one kind of metallic element selected from the group consisting of manganese (Mn), aluminum, magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), and iron (Fe). This is because containing these elements can stabilize a crystal structure, increase chemical stability, and provide high properties at high voltages.
Moreover, the materials containing both cobalt and nickel are preferable, because cobalt-containing materials are easily formed to have a single phase, and almost all nickel-containing materials have a high capacity. Among the group consisting of manganese, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, chromium, and iron, the materials preferably contain manganese and more preferably manganese and at least one kind of metallic element selected from the group except for manganese. This is because the materials containing manganese can improve a charge and discharge cycle characteristic, the materials containing manganese and at least one kind of metallic element selected from the group except for manganese can improve other battery properties such as the charge and discharge efficiency, storage stability, and the battery capacity, and cost may be reduced if a cheap material such as iron is chosen, for example.
In addition to the lithium composite oxide, the cathode 12 may contain another cathode active material. Other cathode active materials can include LiMn2O4 having a spinel crystal structure and LiFePO4 having an olivine crystal structure, for example.
The anode 14 is formed to contain an anode material capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium, and if needed a binder such as polyvinylidene fluoride. In addition, in the specification, the insertion and the extraction of lithium means that lithium ions are inserted and extracted electrochemically without losing their ionicity. This includes not only existence of lithium in a complete ionic state but also existence thereof in an incomplete ionic state. These states include insertion with an electrochemical intercalation reaction of the lithium ions to graphite, for example, and as well as insertion of the lithium to an alloy containing an intermetallic compound and insertion of the lithium with formation of an alloy.
The anode materials capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium can include carbon materials such as graphite with a spacing between (002) planes of 0.340 nm or less and non-graphitizable carbon and graphitizable carbon which have a spacing between (002) planes of 0.370 nm or more, for example. These carbon materials are preferable, because they have a crystal structure exhibiting very little change during charging and discharging, and can provide a high charge and discharge capacity and an excellent charge and discharge cycle characteristic. Specifically, non-graphitizable carbon is preferable, because it can reduce volume change during charging and discharging, and improve further the charge and discharge cycle characteristic. Moreover, the graphite is preferable, because it can improve an initial capacity.
Specifically, these carbon materials can include carbonaceous materials such as pyrolytic carbons, cokes, graphite, glassy carbons, organic high molecular weight compound-fired objects, carbon fibers, and activated carbon. Among them, the cokes include pitch coke, needle coke, and petroleum coke, and the organic high molecular weight compound-fired objects mean carbonized ones obtained by firing a high molecular material such as a phenol resin or a furan resin at a suitable temperature.
The anode materials capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium can include simple substances, alloys and compounds of metallic elements and semimetal elements which can form an alloy with lithium. They are preferable, because they can provide a high energy density, and they are more preferable especially when they are used with the carbon material, because this can provide the excellent charge and discharge cycle characteristic as well as the high energy density. Moreover, the carbon materials are more preferable, because they can serve also as a conductive agent and can improve conductivity. It should be noticed that the term of the alloy in the specification include not only ones consisting of two or more kinds of metallic elements but also ones consisting of one or more kinds of metallic elements and one or more kinds of semimetal elements. Some of them have a structure of a solid solution, a eutectic (a eutectic mixture), an intermetallic compound, or coexistence of two or more of them.
These metallic elements and semimetal elements can include, for example, tin (Sn), lead (Pb), aluminum, indium (In), silicon (Si), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cobalt, antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), magnesium, boron (B), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), silver (Ag), hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), and yttrium (Y). These alloys and compounds can include materials expressed by a chemical formula MasMbtLiu or a chemical formula MapMcqMdr, for example. In these chemical formulas, Ma expresses at least one kind selected from the group consisting of metallic elements and semimetal elements which can form an alloy with lithium, Mb expresses at least one kind selected from the group consisting of metallic elements and semimetal elements except for lithium and Ma, Mc expresses at least one kind of nonmetallic elements, and Md expresses at least one kind selected from the group consisting of metallic elements and semimetal elements except for Ma. Moreover, values of s, t, u, p, q, and r are s>0, t≧0, u≧0, p>0, q>0, and r≧0, respectively.
Specifically, simple substances, alloys and compounds of group 4B metallic elements and semimetal elements in the short period of the periodic table are preferable, and silicon, tin, and alloys and compounds thereof are especially preferable. These materials may be crystalline or amorphous.
Concrete examples of these alloys and compounds include LiAl, AlSb, CuMgSb, SiB4, SiB6, Mg2Si, Mg2Sn, Ni2Si, TiSi2, MoSi2, CoSi2, NiSi2, CaSi2, CrSi2, Cu5Si, FeSi2, MnSi2, NbSi2, TaSi2, VSi2, WSi2, ZnSi2, SiC, Si3N4, Si2N2O, SiOv (0<v≧2), SnOw (0<w≧2), SnSiO3, LiSiO, and LiSnO.
The anode materials capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium can also include other metal compounds and high molecular weight materials. Other metal compounds can include oxides such as iron oxide, ruthenium oxide, and molybdenum oxide, and LiN3, and the high molecular weight materials can include polyacethylene, polyaniline, and polypyrrole. Any one kind, two kinds or more of them may be mixed and used as the anode materials capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium.
The separator 15 separates the cathode 12 from the anode 14, and allows the lithium ions to pass through with preventing short circuits of electric currents due to contact between the two electrodes. The separator 15 is formed of a porous film made of a synthetic resin consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene, polypropylene, or polyethylene and of a porous film consisting of an inorganic material such as nonwoven fabric made from a ceramic, and may have a structure of a laminate of two or more kinds of these porous films.
The separator 15 is impregnated with a liquid electrolyte. The electrolyte is composed to contain a solvent and a lithium salt which is an electrolyte salt. The solvent is a material for dissolving and dissociating the electrolyte salt. It is preferable to use an aprotic solvent as the solvent. The aprotic solvents can include, for example, cyclic carbonates such as ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, butylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, and vinylene carbonate, and chain carbonates such as dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, and ethyl methyl carbonate, cyclic carboxylates such as γ-butyrolactone and γ-valerolactone, chain carboxylates such as methyl acetate, methyl propionate, and methyl butyrate, and ethers such as sulfolane, tetrahydrofuran, 2-methyl tetrahydrofuran and 1,2-dimethoxyethane, and any one kind, two kinds or more of them are mixed and used. Specifically, it is preferable to mix and use the cyclic carbonate in terms of oxidation stability, and it is more preferable to mix and use the cyclic carbonate not less than 20 vol % nor more than 100 vol % in the solvent. This is because the battery properties such as the charge and discharge efficiency, the storage stability, or the charge and discharge cycle characteristic may be lowered due to oxidative decomposition of the electrolyte at a charge voltage of 4.25 V or more, if it is less than 20 vol %.
Of the cyclic carbonates, the vinylene carbonate and the vinyl ethylene carbonate are preferable, because they form a stable coating on a surface of the anode 14 in a first charging and inhibit side reactions of the electrolyte. It should be noticed that the contents of the vinylene carbonate and the vinyl ethylene carbonate in the solvent are preferably less than 10 vol %, and more preferably 5 vol % or less, because much content thereof may increase internal resistance and degrade the battery properties.
Moreover, the cyclic carboxylates are resistant to oxidation, and especially γ-butyrolactone is preferable, because it has an oxidation potential which is as much high as +5.2 V (in a case of using SCE (saturated calomel electrode) as a reference electrode), and can adequately increase the battery voltage. It should be noticed that the cyclic carboxylate is preferably mixed and used with another solvent, and using it independently is not preferable. Because it may be decomposed on the anode 14 when reduction resistance thereof is weak and this may degrade the battery properties such as the charge and discharge efficiency, the storage stability, or the charge and discharge cycle characteristic. Specifically, it preferably is mixed and used with at least either vinylene carbonate or vinyl ethylene carbonate, because an action of vinylene carbonate or vinyl ethylene carbonate inhibits the decomposition of the cyclic carboxylate on the anode 14 and extract properties of the cyclic carboxylate with relatively high oxidation resistance. In addition, it is preferable to use the cyclic carboxylate less than 50 vol %, and particularly 100/3 vol % or less in the solvent, when it is mixed and used with a solvent which has fewer actions inhibiting decomposition of the cyclic carboxylate unlike these vinylenes carbonate and vinyl ethylene carbonate.
It is preferable to mix and use the chain carbonate as the aprotic solvent, because the chain carbonates have viscosity lower than ones of the cyclic carbonates with the similar structure and this can improve the battery properties. It should be noticed that the battery properties tend to be lowered, when a large quantity such as 80 vol % or more of the chain carbonate is contained in the solvent, so that it is preferable to use the content of 80 vol % or less, and ideally, it is preferable to use the content of 66.6 vol % or less.
The lithium salts can include, for example, LiAsF6, LiPF6, LiBF4, LiClO4, LiB(C6H5)4, LiCH3SO3, LiCF3SO3, LiN(CF3SO2)2, LiN(C2F5SO2)2, LiC(CF3SO2)3, LiAlCl4, LiSiF6, LiCl, and LiBr. Specifically, LiPF6 is preferable, because it can provide high conductivity and is excellent also in oxidation stability, and LiBF4 is preferable because of its excellent thermal stability and oxidation stability. Moreover, LiClO4 is preferable, because it can provide high conductivity, and LiN(CF3SO2)2 and LiN(C2F5SO2)2 are preferable, because they can provide relatively high conductivity as well as high thermal stability. Content of the lithium salt to the solvent is preferably not less than 0.6 mol/kg nor more than 2.0 mol/kg, because the content outside the above range may extremely reduce ionic conductivity and provide insufficient battery properties.
In addition, a gel-type electrolyte or a solid-type electrolyte may be used instead of the liquid electrolyte. The gel-type electrolyte has a structure where a liquid solvent is hold in a high molecular weight compound, for example. The high molecular weight compounds can include ether polymers such as polyethylene oxide and cross linked materials containing polyethylene oxide, ester-based high molecular weight compounds such as polymethacrylate, acrylate-based high molecular weight compounds, and fluoropolymers such as polyvinylidene fluoride and a copolymer of polyvinylidene fluoride and hexafluoropropylene, for example, and any one kind, two kinds or more of them are mixed and used. In particular, it is preferable to use the fluoropolymers because of their redox stability.
Moreover, the solid-type electrolytes can include organic solid electrolytes where an electrolyte salt is dispersed in a high molecular weight compound having ion conductivity, and inorganic solid electrolytes consisting of an ion-conductive ceramic, ion-conductive glass, ionic crystals, or the like, for example. As the high molecular weight compounds used in the organic solid electrolyte, ether-based high molecular weight compounds such as polyethylene oxide and cross linked materials containing polyethylene oxide, ester-based high molecular weight compounds such as polymethacrylate, and acrylate-based high molecular weight compounds are independently used, or mixtures or copolymers thereof may be used. In addition, when using the solid-type electrolyte, the separator 15 may be removed.
The secondary battery has the anode material capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium in relatively large quantity compared with that of the cathode active material, and exhibits no lithium metal precipitating on the anode 14 during the charging, that is, it is a so-called lithium ion secondary battery. In addition, a ratio of the cathode active material and the anode active material is set so that the battery voltage at charging may be 4.25 V or more, preferably 4.30 V or more, and more preferably 4.40 V or more, and this increases further the energy density. An upper limit of the battery voltage at charging depends on a variety of the cathode active material, and for example, it becomes 4.60 V or less, when the lithium composite oxide as described above is mainly contained as the cathode active material.
For the practical use of the secondary battery, it is preferable to prevent degradation of the lithium composite oxide at the battery voltage of 4.25 V or more, and to improve the storage stability and the charge and discharge cycle characteristic. The degradation of the lithium composite oxide is based on various causes, and it is considered in many cases that it results from a metal, especially a transition metal which is eluted from the lithium composite oxide, which becomes unstable at a high potential, due to lithium carbonate or lithium sulfate contained in the cathode active material as an impurity, or protic impurities or water contained in the electrolyte as an impurity. Moreover, these impurities cause not only the degradation of the lithium composite oxide but also decomposition of the electrolyte and lowering of the storage stability and the charge and discharge cycle characteristic. Furthermore, the metal eluted from the lithium composite oxide is precipitated on the anode 14 and this causes also internal short circuits. Therefore, a lower concentration of these impurities is more preferable, and the concentration is much more preferably zero.
Specifically, a total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate in the cathode 12 is preferably 1.0 wt % or less to the cathode active material. Or the concentration of the protic impurities in the electrolyte, which is converted to a mass ratio of protons to the electrolyte, is preferably 20 ppm or less. Alternatively, moisture content in the electrolyte is 20 ppm mass ratio or less to the electrolyte. Furthermore, it is more preferable to satisfy two of the three conditions, and it is much more preferable to satisfy the three, in order to obtain more effects. It should be noticed that the mass of the cathode active material for calculating the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate in the cathode 12 contains also a total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate which are contained as the impurity.
Moreover, the protic impurities means ionic impurities of which counter ions are protons, and are sometimes called free acid component. Specifically, they include inorganic acids such as HCl, HF, HBr, H2SO4, HNO3, H2S, and H2PO4, and organic acids such as HCF3SO2, HCH3SO2, and HC2H5SO2.
The secondary battery can be manufactured as follows, for example.
First, for example, the cathode active material is purified with water washing or the like so that the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate to the cathode active material will become 1.0 wt % or less. Next, the cathode active material is mixed with the conductive agent and the binder to prepare a cathode mixture, and then the cathode mixture is compression-molded into a pellet shape to prepare the cathode 12. Alternatively, a solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone may be added to the cathode active material, the conductive agent, and the binder, and mixed to obtain the cathode mixture, and the obtained cathode mixture is dried, and compression-molded.
Subsequently, the anode active material and the binder are mixed to prepare an anode mixture, and the anode mixture is compression-molded into a pellet shape to prepare the anode 14. Alternatively, a solvent such as N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone may be added to the anode active material and the binder, and mixed to obtain the anode mixture, and the obtained anode mixture is dried, and compression-molded.
After that, for example, the anode 14, the separator 15 which is impregnated with the electrolyte, and the cathode 12 are laminated and put in the package cup 13 and the package can 11, and they are caulked with a gasket 16. Thereby, the secondary battery shown in FIG. 1 is formed. The electrolyte used here has the protic impurities with the concentration, which is converted to the mass ratio of the protons to the electrolyte, of 20 ppm or less, or the moisture content with 20 ppm mass ratio or less to the electrolyte, and is obtained by purification with chemisorption using micro powder of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), barium oxide (BaO), magnesium oxide (MgO), activated carbon, molecular sieves, micro-powdered silicon dioxide (SiO2), or various metallic oxides, or the like.
The secondary battery acts as follows.
In the secondary battery, during the charging, the lithium ions are extracted from the cathode 12, and are inserted into the anode 14 via the electrolyte with which the separator 15 is impregnated. During the discharging, the lithium ions are extracted from the anode 14, and are inserted into the cathode 12 via the electrolyte with which the separator 15 impregnated, for example. Here, the battery voltage at charging is 4.25 V or more, and the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate in the cathode 12, the concentration of the protic impurities in the electrolyte, or the moisture content is below a predetermined amount, which inhibits the elution of the metal from the lithium composite oxide even at the high voltages, and provides the high energy density.
As described above, according to the embodiment, the battery voltage at charging is 4.25 V or more, and the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulphate in the cathode 12 to the cathode active material is 1.0 wt % or less, the concentration of the protic impurities in the electrolyte, which is converted to the mass ratio of the protons to the electrolyte, is 20 ppm or less, or the moisture content in the electrolyte is 20 ppm or less at a mass ratio to the electrolyte, which prevents the elution of the metal from the lithium composite oxide even at the high voltages, and provides the high energy density.
Specifically, when two or more conditions of the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulphate in the cathode 12, the concentration of the protic impurities in the electrolyte, and the moisture content in the electrolyte satisfy the above ranges, more effects can be obtained.
Also, when the lithium composite oxide contains not only lithium and at least either cobalt or nickel but also at least one kind selected from the group consisting of manganese, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, chromium, and iron, the lithium composite oxide has stable crystal structure and chemical stability thereof can be improved, and the high battery properties can be obtained even at the high voltages.
Furthermore, when the solvent contains the cyclic carbonate, little oxidative decomposition is generated and the higher battery properties can be obtained.
Then when the solvent contains the cyclic carboxylate with the content less than 50 vol %, decomposition of the cyclic carboxylate on the anode 14 can be prevented, and the high battery properties can be obtained.
Furthermore, when the solvent contains vinylene carbonate or vinyl ethylene carbonate with the content less than 10 vol %, the high battery properties can be obtained without reducing the internal resistance, and when the solvent furthermore contains the cyclic carboxylate, the existence of vinylene carbonate or vinyl ethylene carbonate can extract properties of the cyclic carboxylate with relatively high oxidation resistance, and the battery properties can be improved furthermore.
In addition, the solvent containing the chain carbonate with the content less than 80 vol % can have low viscosity and improve the battery properties.
Second Embodiment
A secondary battery according to a second embodiment of the invention is a so-called lithium secondary battery where a capacity of an anode is expressed by a capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium. The secondary battery has the same structure as that of the first embodiment except for the anode composed of lithium metal or the like, and can be manufactured like the first embodiment except for using lithium metallic foil as the anode, for example. Therefore, it will be here described with reference to FIG. 1 using the same signs. In addition, detailed description about the same pats is omitted.
In the secondary battery, during the charging, the lithium ions are extracted from the cathode 12, and changed into metal and are precipitated on the anode 14 via the electrolyte with which the separator 15 is impregnated, for example. During the discharging, a part of lithium metal constituting the anode 14 changes into lithium ions, is eluted, and is inserted into the cathode 12 via the electrolyte with which the separator 15 is impregnated, for example. This provides high energy density to the secondary battery. Here, the battery voltage is 4.25 V or more, and the concentration of the impurities is below the predetermined amount as described in the first embodiment, which inhibits the elution of the metal from the lithium composite oxide even at high voltages. This increases furthermore the energy density.
Thus, according to the embodiment, the capacity of the anode 14 is expressed by the capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium, the battery voltage is 4.25V or more, and the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate in the cathode 12, the concentration of the protic impurities in the electrolyte, or the moisture content is below the predetermined amount, which provides the high energy density.
Third Embodiment
According to a secondary battery of a third embodiment of the invention, a capacity of an anode includes a capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium and a capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium, and is expressed by the sum of them. The secondary battery has the same structure as that of the first embodiment except for a composition of the anode, and can similarly be manufactured. Therefore, it will be here described with reference to FIG. 1 using the same signs. In addition, detailed description about the same pats is omitted.
The anode 14 is formed to contain the anode material capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium, and if needed the binder.
The anode material capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium is relatively low compared with the cathode active material, and the lithium metal is precipitated on the anode 14 during the charging. Specifically, in a state where an open-circuit voltage is lower than an overcharge voltage, the lithium metal is precipitated on a surface of the anode material capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium, and the capacity of the anode 14 includes the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium and the capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium, and is expressed by the sum of them as described above. Therefore, in the secondary battery, both the anode material capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium and the lithium metal function as the anode active material, and the anode material capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium serves as a base material for lithium metal precipitation. Therefore, for example, when the anode material capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium in the anode 14 is measured by 7Li nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a full charging state, peaks belonging to the lithium ions and the lithium metal is observed.
Here, the overcharge voltage means an open-circuit voltage in an overcharge state of the battery, and for example, a battery voltage higher than the battery voltage at the full charged battery. Here, the battery voltage at charging means an open-circuit voltage of a ‘full charged’ battery which is defined and described in the ‘Guideline for safety assessment of lithium secondary batteries’ (SBA G1101) which is one of the standards established by Japan Storage Battery Industries Association (Battery Association of Japan). That is, it means the open-circuit voltage of the battery being charged using a charging method being used for calculating a nominal capacity of each battery, a standard charging method, or a recommended charging method.
The secondary battery is the same as the conventional lithium ion secondary batteries in terms of using the anode material capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium for the anode 14, and is the same as the conventional lithium secondary batteries in terms of lithium metal precipitated on the anode 14, but it allows the lithium metal to be precipitated on the anode material capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium, which provides the following advantages.
First, the anode material capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium has generally a large surface area, and allows the lithium metal to be uniformly precipitated. Second, the lithium metal is precipitated also among grains of the anode material capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium and this generates little volume change. Third, the insertion and extraction of lithium, which is provided by the anode material capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium, also contributes to the charge and discharge capacity, so that an amount by precipitation and dissolution of lithium metal is comparatively low despite the high battery capacity. Fourth, the lithium is inserted into the anode material capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium in an early stage of the charging, so that boost charge become possible.
Thereby, the secondary battery provides the energy density higher than that of the lithium ion secondary battery, and improves further the charge and discharge cycle characteristic and a boost charge property than those of the lithium secondary battery.
Moreover, like the first embodiment, the battery voltage at charging is 4.25 V or more, and the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate in the cathode 12, the concentration of the protic impurities in the electrolyte, or the moisture content is below the predetermined amount, which inhibits the elution of the metal from the lithium composite oxide even at the high voltages. This increases furthermore the energy density.
In the secondary battery, during the charging, the lithium ions are extracted from the cathode 12, and at first are inserted into the anode material, which is capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium and is contained in the anode 14, via the electrolyte with which the separator 15 is impregnated. Furthermore, when the charging is continued, in a state where the open-circuit voltage is lower than the overcharge voltage, the lithium metal begins to be precipitated on the surface of the anode material capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium. After that, the lithium metal precipitation on the anode 14 continues until the charging ends.
Subsequently, when the discharging is performed, at first, the lithium metal which has been precipitated on the anode 14 changes into lithium ions, is eluted, and is inserted into the cathode 12 via the electrolyte with which the separator 15 is impregnated. Furthermore, when the discharging is continued, the lithium ions, which have been inserted into the anode material capable of the insertion and extraction of lithium in the anode 14, are extracted, and inserted into the cathode 12 via the electrolyte.
Thus, according to the embodiment, the capacity of the anode includes the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium and the capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium, and is expressed by the sum of them, which provides the energy density higher than that of the lithium ion secondary battery, and improves further the charge and discharge cycle characteristic and the boost charge property than those of the lithium secondary battery. Moreover, the battery voltage at charging is 4.25 V or more, and the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate in the cathode 12, the concentration of the protic impurities in the electrolyte, or the moisture content is below the predetermined amount, which inhibits the elution of the metal from the lithium composite oxide even at the high voltages, and this increases furthermore the energy density.
Furthermore, concrete examples of the invention will be described in detail. In the following Examples, coin type batteries shown in FIG. 1 were produced as the lithium secondary battery where the capacity of the anode is expressed by the capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium, the secondary battery where the capacity of the anode includes the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium and the capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium and is expressed by the sum of them, and the lithium ion secondary battery where the capacity of the anode is expressed by the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium. Therefore, here, they will be explained with reference to FIG. 1 using the same signs.
EXAMPLES 1-1 TO 1-10
As a battery for tests, lithium secondary batteries where the capacity of the anode 14 was expressed by the capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium were produced, and properties of the cathode 12 were examined.
First, lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) and cobalt carbonate (CoCO3) were mixed at a ratio of Li2CO3:CoCO3=0.5:1 (mole ratio), and fired at 900° C. in the air for 5 hours to obtain LiCoO2. Subsequently, obtained LiCoO2 was washed in water for purification to prepare the cathode active material. Microchemistry analysis was performed on the purified cathode active material to obtain a total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate to the cathode active material, and results are shown in Examples 1-1 to 1-10 in Tables 1-3. Then 91 mass parts of the cathode active material, 6 mass parts of graphite for the conductive agent, and 3 mass parts of polyvinylidene fluoride for the binder were mixed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone for the solvent, dried, and mixed again to prepare the cathode mixture. After that, the cathode mixture with a mesh-like current collector made of aluminum was compression-molded into a pellet shape to produce the cathode 12.
Furthermore, LiPF6 was dissolved with content of 1.0 mol/l in a solvent where ethylene carbonate and dimethyl carbonate were mixed at a volume ratio of ethylene carbonate:dimethyl carbonate=1:1, and purified to produce a liquid electrolyte. Microchemistry analysis was performed on the electrolyte to obtain the concentration of the protic impurities and the moisture content with a mass ratio to the electrolyte, and results are shown in Examples 1-1 to 1-10 in Tables 1-3. Here, the concentration of the protic impurities was a value converted into a proton concentration.
After producing the cathode 12 and the electrolyte, the anode 14 which was formed by punching lithium foil and the separator 15 were put in this order on a center part of the package cup 13, the electrolyte was injected therein, and the package can 11 into which the cathode 12 was put was caulked with the gasket 16 to prepare the secondary battery.
Constant current and voltage charging was performed on the obtained secondary batteries of Examples 1-1 to 1-10. At that time, constant current charging was performed at a current of 0.5 mA until the voltage reached the upper limit voltage shown in Tables 1-3, and constant voltage charging was performed at an upper limit voltage shown in Tables 1-3 until the current was reduced to 0.01 mA. Subsequently, the charged battery was disassembled and the cathode 12 was removed therefrom, immersed in 20 ml of an electrolyte for preservation having the same composition as that of the electrolyte being injected into the secondary battery, and sealed. Then, after storing in a 60° C. thermostat for 100 hours, the cathode 12 was removed from the electrolyte for preservation, and coloration of the electrolyte for preservation was observed. Results thereof are shown in Tables 1-3. In Tables 1-3, a x-indicator means that coloration was observed in large quantity, and a circle indicator means that no coloration was observed.
On the other hand, the battery was charged at the constant current and voltage in the above conditions, stored in the 60° C. thermostat for 100 hours, and then discharged at a current of 0.5 mA until the battery voltage reached 3.0 V. Then, one cycle of the charging and discharging in the above conditions was performed again and a discharge capacity thereof was obtained. Results thereof are also shown in Tables 1-3.
Secondary batteries were produced as Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-9 for comparison with Examples 1-1 to 1-10, as well as Examples 1-1 to 1-10 except for using the cathode active material and the electrolyte which had amounts of the impurities shown in Tables 1-3. Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-9 were treated as well as Examples 1-1 to 1-10 except for performing the constant current and voltage charging with the upper limit voltage shown in Tables 1-3, to be examined for the coloration of the electrolyte for preservation and the discharge capacity after the storing. Obtained results are shown in Tables 1-3.
As shown in Tables 1-3, the discharge capacities of Examples 1-1 to 1-5 where the upper limit voltage was set to 4.25 V were higher than those of Comparative Examples 1-1 to 1-5 where the upper limit voltage was set to 4.20 V. Moreover, the discharge capacities of Examples 1-6 and 1-7 where the upper limit voltage was set to 4.30 V were higher than those of Examples 1-1 to 1-5 where the upper limit voltage was set to 4.25 V, and the discharge capacities of Examples 1-8 to 1-10 where the upper limit voltage was set to 4.40 V were higher than those of Examples 1-6 and 1-7 where the upper limit voltage was set to 4.30 V. Here, Comparative Examples 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, and 1-5 correspond to Examples 1-1, 1-2, 1-3, 1-4, and 1-5, respectively. This reveals that increasing the upper limit voltage can improve the energy density.
Moreover, comparing Comparative Example 1-6 and Comparative Example 1-7 where the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate was 1.5 wt %, the concentration of the protic impurities was 25 ppm, and the moisture content was 30 ppm, the discharge capacity in Comparative Example 1-6 was 7.0 mAh, but the discharge capacity in Comparative Example 1-7 was as low as 4.8 mAh despite of the upper limit voltage being as high as 4.25 V. As shown in Table 1, the coloration was observed in the electrolyte for preservation of Comparative Example 1-7, and it is considered that this resulted from cobalt being eluted from the cathode 12. That is, when the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate is 1.0 wt % or less, the concentration of the protic impurities is 20 ppm or less, or the moisture content is 20 ppm or less, the good chemical stability can be obtained, the excellent storage stability can be secured, and the energy density can be improved, even if the upper limit voltage is as high as 4.25 V.
Furthermore, Examples 1-8 to 1-10 reveal that lowering the concentration of the impurities can provide the excellent storage stability and increase the energy density, even if the upper limit voltage is increased.
Here, the lithium secondary batteries were produced as the battery for the tests and the properties of the cathode 12 were examined, but it is thought that the properties of the cathode 12 can be obtained regardless of the materials of the anode 14. That is, it is thought that the same effects are obtained also in the lithium ion secondary battery and the secondary battery where the capacity of the anode 14 includes the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium and the capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium and is expressed by the sum of them as well as the Examples.
EXAMPLES 2-1 TO 2-10
Lithium ion secondary batteries where the capacity of the anode 14 was expressed by the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium were produced and properties thereof were examined. Here, 90 mass parts of non-graphitizable carbon for the anode active material, and 10 mass parts of polyvinylidene fluoride for the binder were mixed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone for the solvent and dried to prepare an anode mixture, the anode mixture with a mesh-like current collector made from nickel was compression-molded, and obtained one was used as the anode 14. A ratio of the amounts of the cathode active material and the anode active material was adjusted so that the lithium metal might not be precipitated on the anode 14 during charging. Other conditions were the same as those of Examples 1-1 to 1-10. Impurity amounts in the used cathode active materials and electrolytes are shown in Tables 4-6.
Here, the non-graphitizable carbon was produced by using petroleum pitch as a starting material, introducing a functional group containing oxygen thereinto with a ratio of 10% to 20% to form oxygen cross-links, and firing it at 1000° C. in an inert gas flow. When X-ray diffraction measurement was performed on the obtained non-graphitizable carbon, a spacing between (002) planes was 0.376 nm and true specific gravity was 1.58. The non-graphitizable carbon was ground into powder with a mean particle size of 10 μm and it was used as the anode active material.
Secondary batteries were produced as Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-9 for comparison with Examples 2-1 to 2-10, as well as Examples 2-1 to 2-10 except for using the cathode active material and the electrolyte which had amounts of the impurities shown in Tables 4-6.
Examples 2-1 to 2-10 and Comparative Examples 2-1 to 2-9 were also treated as well as Examples 1-1 to 1-10 except for performing the constant current and voltage charging with the upper limit voltage shown in Tables 4-6, to be examined for the coloration of the electrolyte for preservation and the discharge capacity after the storing. Obtained results are shown in Tables 4-6.
As shown in Tables 4-6, the same tendency as that of the lithium secondary batteries was observed also in the lithium ion secondary batteries. This reveals that when the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate is 1.0 wt % or less, the concentration of the protic impurities is 20 ppm or less, or the moisture content is 20 ppm or less also in the lithium ion secondary batteries, the good chemical stability can be obtained, the excellent storage stability can be secured, and the energy density can be improved, even if the upper limit voltage is as high as 4.25 V.
EXAMPLES 3-1 TO 3-10
Lithium ion secondary batteries where the capacity of the anode 14 was expressed by the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium were produced like Examples 2-1 to 2-10, using a copper-tin (Cu—Sn) base alloy as the anode active material, and properties thereof were examined. Impurity amounts in the used cathode active materials and electrolytes are shown in Tables 7-9. Secondary batteries were produced as Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-9 for comparison with Examples 3-1 to 3-10, as well as Examples 3-1 to 3-10 except for using the cathode active material and the electrolyte which had amounts of the impurities shown in Tables 7-9.
Examples 3-1 to 3-10 and Comparative Examples 3-1 to 3-9 were also treated as well as Examples 1-1 to 1-10 except for performing the constant current and voltage charging with the upper limit voltage shown in Tables 7-9, to be examined for the coloration of the electrolyte for preservation and the discharge capacity after the storing. Obtained results are shown in Tables 7-9.
Tables 7-9 reveal that also in the case of using the copper-tin base alloy, when the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate is 1.0 wt % or less, the concentration of the protic impurities is 20 ppm or less, or the moisture content is 20 ppm or less, the good chemical stability can be obtained, the excellent storage stability can be secured, and the energy density can be improved, even if the upper limit voltage is as high as 4.25 V.
EXAMPLES 4-1 TO 4-10
Lithium ion secondary batteries where the capacity of the anode 14 was expressed by the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium were produced like Examples 2-1 to 2-10, using LiNiO2 as the cathode active material, and properties thereof were examined. Here, LiNiO2 was produced by mixing lithium hydroxide (LiOH.H2O) and nickel hydroxide (Ni(OH)2) at a rate of LiOH.H2O:Ni(OH)2=1:1 (mole ratio), and firing the mixture at 750° C. in an oxygen atmosphere for 5 hours. Impurity amounts in the used cathode active materials and electrolytes are shown in Tables 10-12.
Secondary batteries were produced as Comparative Examples 4-1 to 4-9 for comparison with Examples 4-1 to 4-10, as well as Examples 4-1 to 4-10 except for using the cathode active material and the electrolyte which had amounts of the impurities shown in Tables 10-12.
Examples 4-1 to 4-10 and Comparative Examples 4-1 to 4-9 were also treated as well as Examples 1-1 to 1-10 except for performing the constant current and voltage charging with the upper limit voltage shown in Tables 10-12, to be examined for the coloration of the electrolyte for preservation and the discharge capacity after the storing. Obtained results are shown in Tables 10-12.
Tables 10-12 reveal that also in the case of using LiNiO2 as the cathode active material, like the case of using LiCoO2, when the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate is 1.0 wt % or less, the concentration of the protic impurities is 20 ppm or less, or the moisture content is 20 ppm or less, the good chemical stability can be obtained, the excellent storage stability can be secured, and the energy density can be improved, even if the upper limit voltage is as high as 4.25 V.
EXAMPLES 5-1 TO 5-24
Secondary batteries were produced as Examples 5-1 to 5-24 and Comparative Examples 5-1 to 5-32 for comparison with the Examples, as well as Example 1-1 except for using the lithium salt shown in Tables 13-24. A mixture of LiPF6 and LiBF4 with an equal mole ratio was used for Examples 5-1 to 5-6 and Comparative Examples 5-1 to 5-8, a mixture of LiPF6 and LiClO4 with an equal mole ratio was used for Examples 5-7 to 5-12 and Comparative Examples 5-9 to 5-16, a mixture of LiPF6 and LiN(CF3SO2)2 with an equal mole ratio was used for Examples 5-13 to 5-18 and Comparative Examples 5-17 to 5-24, and a mixture of LiPF6 and LiN(C2F5SO2)2 with an equal mole ratio was used for Examples 5-19 to 5-24 and Comparative Examples 5-25 to 5-32. Impurity amounts in the used cathode active materials and electrolytes are shown in Tables 13-24. Examples 5-1 to 5-24 and Comparative Examples 5-1 to 5-32 were also treated as well as Example 1-1 except for performing the constant current and voltage charging with the upper limit voltage shown in Tables 13-24, to be examined for the coloration of the electrolyte for preservation and the discharge capacity after the storing. Obtained results are shown in Tables 13-24. In Tables 13-24, a triangle indicator means that coloration was slightly observed.
Tables 1-3 and 13-24 reveal that regardless of kinds of the lithium salt, when the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate is 1.0 wt % or less, the concentration of the protic impurities is 20 ppm or less, or the moisture content is 20 ppm or less, the good chemical stability can be obtained, the excellent storage stability can be secured, and the energy density can be improved, even if the upper limit voltage is as high as 4.25 V.
They reveal also that regardless of the kinds of the lithium salt, two or more conditions of the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulphate, the concentration of the protic impurities, and the moisture content satisfy the above ranges, the excellent storage stability can be secured and the energy density can further be improved, even if the upper limit voltage is as high as 4.30 V or 4.40 V.
EXAMPLES 6-1 TO 6-355
Lithium ion secondary batteries where the capacity of the anode 14 was expressed by the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium were produced as Examples 6-1 to 6-355 and Comparative Examples 6-1 to 6-119 using a material which was obtained by dissolving LiPF6 with content of 0.6 mol/kg or 1.0 mol/kg in a solvent having a composition shown in Tables 25-95 and purifying it. In Tables 25-95, DMC expresses dimethyl carbonate, EC expresses ethylene carbonate, PC expresses propylene carbonate, GBL expresses γ-butyrolactone, VEC expresses vinylethylene carbonate, VC expresses vinylene carbonate, and values in parentheses express mixing ratios (vol %) thereof. Content of LiPF6 was set to 1.0 mol/kg in Examples 6-1 to 6-10 and 6-41 to 6-355, and was set to 0.6 mol/kg in Examples 6-11 to 6-40. Here, 94 wt % of LiCoO2 produced like Example 1-1, 3 wt % of carbon powder for the conductive agent, 3 wt % of polyvinylidene fluoride for the binder were mixed to prepare a cathode mixture, the cathode mixture was dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone for the solvent to prepare cathode mixture slurry, the cathode mixture slurry was uniformly applied to one side of a cathode current collector made of aluminum, and dried to form a cathode mixture layer, and obtained one was cut into a circle shape for using as the cathode 12. Moreover, 90 wt % of granular artificial graphite powder and 10 wt % of polyvinylidene fluoride were mixed to prepare an anode mixture, the anode mixture was dispersed in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone for the solvent to prepare anode mixture slurry, the anode mixture slurry was uniformly applied to one side of an anode current collector made of copper, and dried to form an anode mixture layer, and obtained one was cut into a circle shape for using as the anode 14. When producing the cathode 12 and the anode 14, thicknesses of the cathode mixture layer and the anode mixture layer were adjusted suitably so that the sum of volumes of the cathode mixture layer and of the anode mixture layer might be constant in Examples 6-1 to 6-355. Impurity amounts in the used cathode active materials and electrolytes are shown in Tables 25-95.
Examples 6-1 to 6-355 and Comparative Examples 6-1 to 6-119 were also treated as well as Example 1-1 except for performing the constant current and voltage charging with the upper limit voltage shown in Tables 25-95, to be examined for the discharge capacity after the storing. Obtained results are shown in Tables 25-95.
Tables 25-95 reveal that regardless of compositions of the solvent, when the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate is 1.0 wt % or less, the concentration of the protic impurities is 20 ppm or less, or the moisture content is 20 ppm or less, the excellent storage stability can be secured and the energy density can be improved, even if the upper limit voltage is as high as 4.25 V.
They reveal also that regardless of the compositions of the solvent, two or more conditions of the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulphate, the concentration of the protic impurities, and the moisture content satisfy the above ranges, the excellent storage stability can be secured and the energy density can further be improved, even if the upper limit voltage is as high as 4.30 V or 4.40 V.
Moreover, comparing Tables 25 and 26 with Tables 27-95 reveals that the discharge capacities after the storing of Examples 6-11 to 6-355, where the solvent contained at least one kind of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, vinyl ethylene carbonate, and vinylene carbonate as the cyclic carbonate, were higher than those of Examples 6-1 to 6-10 where the solvent contained only dimethyl carbonate as the chain carbonate. This reveals that when the solvent contains the cyclic carbonate, more excellent chemical stability can be obtained and the storage stability can be improved.
Furthermore, comparing Tables 33-47 with Tables 48-50 reveals that the discharge capacities after the storing of Examples 6-41 to 6-115, where the solvent contained dimethyl carbonate as the chain carbonate with content of 80 vol % or less, were higher than those of Examples 6-116 to 6-130 where the solvent contained the same with content of 80 vol % or more. This reveals that when the solvent contains the chain carbonate with the content of 80 vol % or less, more excellent chemical stability can be obtained and this is preferable.
In addition, comparing Tables 33-35 with Tables 51-56 and Tables 57-59 has revealed that the discharge capacities after the storing of Examples 6-41 to 6-55, where no vinyl ethylene carbonate was contained, were higher than those of Examples 6-161 to 6-175 where vinyl ethylene carbonate was contained with content of 10 vol %, and the discharge capacities after the storing of Examples 6-131 to 6-160, where vinyl ethylene carbonate was contained with content less than 10 vol %, were higher than those of Examples 6-41 to 6-55. This reveals that when the solvent contains vinyl ethylene carbonate with the content less than 10 vol %, more excellent chemical stability can be obtained and the storage stability can be improved.
Furthermore, comparing Tables 33-35 with Tables 60-65 and Tables 66-68 reveals that the discharge capacities after the storing of Examples 6-41 to 6-55, where no vinylene carbonate was contained, were higher than those of Examples 6-206 to 6-220 where vinylene carbonate was contained with content of 10 vol %, and those of Examples 6-176 to 6-205 where vinylene carbonate was contained with content less than 10 vol % were higher than those of Examples 6-41 to 6-55. This reveals that also when the solvent contains vinylene carbonate with the content less than 10 vol %, more excellent chemical stability can be obtained and the storage stability can be improved.
In addition, comparing Tables 33-35 with Tables 69-74 and Tables 75-77 reveals that the discharge capacities after the storing of Examples 6-41 to 6-55 where no γ-butyrolactone was contained and Examples 6-221 to 6-250 where γ-butyrolactone was contained with content less than 50 vol % were higher than those of Examples 6-251 to 6-265 where γ-butyrolactone was contained with content of 50 vol % or more. This reveals that when the solvent contains γ-butyrolactone with the content less than 50 vol %, more excellent chemical stability can be obtained and this is preferable. However, comparing Tables 69-74 with Tables 78-83 and Tables 69-74 with Tables 87-92 reveals that the discharge capacities after the storing of Examples 6-266 to 6-295 and Examples 6-311 to 6-340, where the solvent contained γ-butyrolactone even with the content of 50 vol % or more, were higher than those of Examples 6-41 to 6-55 where no γ-butyrolactone was contained. This reveals that when the solvent having vinyl ethylene carbonate or vinylene carbonate with the content less than 10 vol % contains γ-butyrolactone, the storage stability can be improved. It is considered that this is because actions of vinyl ethylene carbonate or vinylene carbonate inhibit decomposition of γ-butyrolactone on the surface of the anode 14, and this extracts properties of γ-butyrolactone with relatively high oxidation resistance.
EXAMPLE 7-1
A lithium secondary battery was produced like Example 1-7. Impurity concentrations thereof are shown in Table 96. A charging and discharging test was performed on the obtained secondary battery of Example 7-1, and capacity retention ratio was obtained. At that time, the charging was constant current and voltage charging where constant current charging was performed at a constant current of 1.0 mA until a battery voltage reached 4.30 V, and then constant voltage charging was performed at a constant voltage of 4.30 V until a current value was reduced to 0.01 mA. On the other hand, the discharging was a constant current discharging with a current value of 1.0 mA. Here, the capacity retention ratio was calculated as a ratio of a discharge capacity after 50 cycles to a discharge capacity after two cycles, i.e., (the discharge capacity after 50 cycles/the discharge capacity after two cycles)×100. Obtained results are shown in Table 96.
Moreover, a lithium secondary battery as Comparative Example 7-1 for comparison with the Example was produced like Comparative Example 1-8. Impurity amounts in the cathode active material and the electrolyte are shown in Table 96. The charging and discharging test was performed also on Comparative Example 7-1 as well as the Example to obtain the discharge capacity retention ratio. Obtained results are shown in Table 96.
As shown in Table 96, according to the Example, the capacity retention ratiohigher than that of Comparative Example 7-1 was obtained. This reveals that controlling the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulfate, the concentration of the protic impurities and the moisture content can improve the charge and discharge cycle characteristic.
EXAMPLE 7-2
A secondary battery, where the capacity of the anode 14 included the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium and the capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium and was expressed by the sum of them, was produced as well as Example 2-7 except for setting the battery voltage at full charge to 4.30 V, and adjusting a ratio of amounts of the cathode active material and of the anode active material so that lithium metal might be precipitated on the anode 14 during charging. Impurity concentrations thereof are shown in Table 97.
Moreover, a lithium secondary battery as Comparative Example 7-2 for comparison with the Example was produced like the Example except for using the cathode active material and the electrolyte which have the impurity amounts shown in Table 97. The charging and discharging test was performed also on Example 7-2 and Comparative Example 7-2 like Example 7-1 to obtain the discharge capacity retention ratio. Obtained results are shown in Table 97. In Table 97, the upper limit voltage means the battery voltage at the full charge as described in the above embodiment.
As shown in Table 97, according to the Example, the capacity retention ratiohigher than that of Comparative Example 7-2 was obtained like Example 7-1. This reveals that when the concentration of the impurities is controlled also in the secondary battery where the capacity of the anode 14 includes the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium and the capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium and was expressed by the sum of them, the charge and discharge cycle characteristic can be improved.
EXAMPLE 7-3
A secondary battery, where the capacity of the anode 14 was expressed by the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium was produced as well as Example 2-7. Moreover, a lithium secondary battery as Comparative Example 7-3 for comparison with the Example was produced like the Example except for using the cathode active material and the electrolyte which have the impurity amounts shown in Table 98. The charging and discharging test was performed also on Example 7-3 and Comparative Example 7-3 like Example 7-1 to obtain the discharge capacity retention ratio. Obtained results are shown in Table 98.
As shown in Table 98, according to the Example, the capacity retention ratiohigher than that of Comparative Example 7-3 was obtained like Example 7-1. This reveals that controlling the concentration of the impurities also in the lithium ion secondary battery can improve the charge and discharge cycle characteristic.
Moreover, comparing Tables 96, 97, and 98 shows that improvements of the properties of Examples 7-2 and 7-3 compared with those of the Comparative Examples were more remarkable than that of Example 7-1. This reveals that larger effects can be obtained in the secondary battery where the capacity of the anode 14 includes the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium and the capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium and is expressed by the sum of them and in the lithium ion secondary battery compared with the lithium secondary battery.
When the secondary battery, where the capacity of the anode 14 included the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium and the capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium and was expressed by the sum of them, was compared with the lithium ion secondary battery, where the capacity of the anode 14 was expressed by the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium, in terms of the discharge capacity at the time that the sum of volumes of the cathode 12 and the anode 14 was equal, the discharge capacity after one cycle (an initial discharge capacity) of the secondary battery, where the capacity of the anode 14 included the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium and the capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium and was expressed by the sum of them, was about 15% higher than that of the lithium ion secondary battery, and the discharge capacity after 50 cycles was also higher. This means that the secondary battery, where the capacity of the anode 14 includes the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium and the capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium and is expressed by the sum of them, is more excellent than the lithium ion secondary battery from the overall point of view.
EXAMPLES 8-1 TO 8-432
Lithium ion secondary batteries where the capacity of the anode 14 was expressed by the capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium were produced as Examples 8-1 to 8-432 and Comparative Examples 8-1 to 8-243 for comparison with the Examples, as well as Examples 2-1 to 2-10 except for using the cathode active material having the composition and the impurities being shown in Tables 99-206. At that time, a hydroxide, an oxide, a carbonate or the like which contained composition elements of the cathode active material was used as a raw material of the cathode active material, and firing was performed at 700° C. to 1000° C. in the air atmosphere or an oxygen atmosphere. Impurity amounts of the electrolytes are shown in Tables 99-206.
The charging and discharging test was performed on the secondary batteries of Examples 8-1 to 8-432 and Comparative Examples 8-1 to 8-243 at room temperature, and the discharge capacity retention ratio after 10 cycles, 50 cycles, and 100 cycles were obtained. At that time, the charging was constant current and voltage charging where constant current charging was performed at a constant current of 1 mA till the upper limit voltage shown in Tables 99-206 and constant voltage charging was performed at the same voltage until the current value was reduced to 0.01 mA. On the other hand, the discharging was constant current discharging, and it was performed at a constant current of 0.5 mA until a closed circuit voltage reached 2.5 V. Here, the discharge capacity retention ratio after 10 cycles, 50 cycles and 100 cycles were calculated as a ratio of the discharge capacity after the corresponding cycles to the initial discharge capacity, i.e., (the discharge capacity after the corresponding cycles/the initial discharge capacity)×100. Obtained results are shown in Tables 99-206.
As shown in Tables 99-206, comparing the Comparative Examples where the upper limit voltage was set to 4.2 V and the impurity amounts were the same, the discharge capacity retention ratio thereof were almost equal. On the other hand, among Examples 8-1 to 8-432 where the upper limit voltage was set to 4.25 V, 4.30 V, 4.40 V, or 4.50 V, Examples 8-49 to 8-432 using the cathode active material, which contained not only lithium and at least either cobalt or nickel but also one kind of metallic element selected from the group consisting of manganese, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, chromium, and iron, were superior to Examples 8-1 to 8-16 using LiCoO2 and Examples 8-17 to 8-32 using LiNiO2.
This reveals using the cathode active material, which contains not only lithium and at least either cobalt or the nickel but also one kind of metallic element selected from the group consisting of manganese, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, chromium, and iron, can improve the charge and discharge cycle characteristic even if the upper limit voltage is 4.25 V or more.
Moreover, comparing Tables 99-106 with Tables 107-110 and Tables 127-130 with Tables 166-169 shows that the discharge capacity retention ratio of Examples 8-33 to 8-48 and Examples 8-273 to 8-288 where both cobalt and nickel were contained were superior to those of Examples 8-1 to 8-32 and Examples 8-113 to 8-128 where either cobalt or nickel was contained. This reveals that the lithium composite oxide containing both cobalt and nickel is more preferable.
Furthermore, comparing Tables 147-149 with Tables 150-169 shows that the discharge capacity retention ratio of Examples 8-193 to 8-208 where manganese was contained as a metallic element other than cobalt or nickel were superior to those of Examples 8-209 to 8-288 where another metallic element was contained. This reveals that the lithium composite oxide containing manganese is more preferable.
In addition, comparing Tables 147-149 with Tables 186-206 shows that the almost equal discharge capacity retention ratio were obtained in Examples 8-159 to 8-208 where manganese was contained as another metallic element other than cobalt or nickel, and Examples 8-353 to 8-432 where at least one kind selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, titanium, chromium, and iron was contained in addition to manganese. Moreover, the discharge capacity retention ratio of Examples. 8-321 to 8-352 where aluminum or magnesium was contained in addition to manganese were slightly superior to those of Examples 8-159 to 8-208, when the upper limit voltage was high. This reveals that when the lithium composite oxide contains manganese and at least one metallic element selected from the group consisting of aluminum and magnesium, the charge and discharge cycle characteristic can be improved and improvements of the battery properties other than the charge and discharge cycle characteristic and cost reduction can be accomplished.
Furthermore, Tables 99-206 reveal that when the concentration of the impurities is lowered, the excellent charge and discharge cycle characteristic can be obtained even if the upper limit voltage is increased.
Although the invention has been described by the foregoing embodiments and Examples, the invention is not limited to the embodiments and Examples but can be variously modified. For example, the cases where the battery voltage at charging of 4.25 V, 4.30 V, 4.40 V, or 4.50 V have concretely been described in Examples, but when the concentration of the impurities is lowered, the excellent storage stability and the excellent charge and discharge cycle characteristic can be obtained and the energy density can be increased, even if the battery voltage at charging is higher than 4.50 V.
Moreover, the coin type secondary batteries have concretely been described in the above embodiments and Examples, the invention is applicable similarly to secondary batteries with another shape such as a cylinder type, a button type, a square shape, or a shape using an external component such as a laminate film, and secondary batteries with another structure such as a wound structure. Moreover, the secondary batteries have been described in the above embodiments, but it is applicable similarly to other batteries such as primary batteries.
As described above, according to the battery of the invention, the battery voltage at charging is 4.25 V or more, and the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulphate in the cathode to the cathode active material is 1.0 wt % or less, the concentration of the protic impurities in the electrolyte, which is converted to the mass ratio of the protons to the electrolyte, is 20 ppm or less, or the moisture content in the electrolyte is 20 ppm mass ratio or less to the electrolyte, which prevents the elution of the metal from the lithium composite oxide even at the high voltages, and provides the high energy density.
In particular, according to one aspect of the battery of the invention, two or more conditions of the total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulphate in the cathode, the concentration of the protic impurities in the electrolyte, and the moisture content in the electrolyte satisfy the predetermined ranges, so that more effects can be obtained.
Moreover, according to another aspect of the battery of the invention, the lithium composite oxide contains not only lithium and at least either cobalt or nickel but also at least one kind selected from the group consisting of manganese, aluminum, magnesium, titanium, chromium, and iron, so that the lithium composite oxide has stable crystal structure and the chemical stability can be improved, and the high battery properties can be obtained even at the high voltages.
Furthermore, according to still another aspect of the battery of the invention, the solvent contains the cyclic carbonate, so that little oxidative decomposition is generated and the higher battery properties can be obtained.
Furthermore, according to still another aspect of the battery of the invention, the solvent contains the cyclic carboxylate with the content less than 50 vol % and this can prevent the cyclic carboxylate from being decomposed on the anode 14, and provide the high battery properties.
Furthermore, according to still another aspect of the battery of the invention, the solvent contains vinylene carbonate or vinyl ethylene carbonate with the content less than 10 vol %, and this can provide the high battery properties without reducing the internal resistance, and when the solvent furthermore contains the cyclic carboxylate, the existence of vinylene carbonate or vinyl ethylene carbonate extracts properties of the cyclic carboxylate with relatively high oxidation resistance, and the battery properties can be improved furthermore.
In addition, according to still another aspect of the battery of the invention, the solvent contains the chain carbonate with the content less than 80 vol %, and this can lower the viscosity of the solvent and improve the battery properties.
Obviously many modifications and variations of the present invention are possible in the light of the above description. It is therefore to be understood that within the scope of the appended claims the invention may be practiced otherwise than as specifically described.

















TABLE 1










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 1-1
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
25
30
4.25
∘
7.2


Example 1-2
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
20
30
4.25
∘
7.3


Example 1-3
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
20
4.25
∘
7.4


Example 1-4
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
30
4.25
∘
7.6


Example 1-5
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.25
∘
7.7


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
25
30
4.20
∘
7.0


Example 1-1


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
20
30
4.20
∘
7.1


Example 1-2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
20
4.20
∘
7.1


Example 1-3


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
30
4.20
∘
7.2


Example 1-4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.20
∘
7.2


Example 1-5


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.20
∘
7.0


Example 1-6


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.25
X
4.8


Example 1-7


























TABLE 2










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 1-6
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
30
4.30
∘
7.8


Example 1-7
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.30
∘
8.2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.30
x
4.0


Example 1-8


























TABLE 3










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 1-8
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
0.5
20
20
4.40
∘
8.9


Example 1-9
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.40
∘
8.8


Example
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
30
4.40
∘
8.4


1-10


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.40
x
4.0


Example 1-9


























TABLE 4










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode


of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
anode active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 2-1
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.0
25
30
4.25
∘
7.0




carbon


Example 2-2
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.5
20
30
4.25
∘
7.1




carbon


Example 2-3
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.5
25
20
4.25
∘
7.1




carbon


Example 2-4
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.0
20
30
4.25
∘
7.2




carbon


Example 2-5
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.25
∘
7.3




carbon


Comparative
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.0
25
30
4.20
∘
6.7


Example 2-1

carbon


Comparative
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.5
20
30
4.20
∘
6.9


Example 2-2

carbon


Comparative
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.5
25
20
4.20
∘
6.9


Example 2-3

carbon


Comparative
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.0
20
30
4.20
∘
7.0


Example 2-4

carbon


Comparative
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.20
∘
7.1


Example 2-5

carbon


Comparative
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.20
∘
6.7


Example 2-6

carbon


Comparative
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.25
x
4.9


Example 2-7

carbon


























TABLE 5










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode


of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
anode active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 2-6
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.0
20
30
4.30
∘
7.5




carbon


Example 2-7
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.30
∘
7.8




carbon


Comparative
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.30
X
4.5


Example 2-8

carbon


























TABLE 6










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode


of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
anode active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 2-8
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
0.5
20
20
4.40
∘
8.3




carbon


Example 2-9
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.40
∘
8.2




carbon


Example 2-10
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.0
20
30
4.40
∘
7.9




carbon


Comparative
LiCoO2
non- graphitizable
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.40
x
4.0


Example 2-9

carbon


























TABLE 7










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 3-1
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1
25
30
4.25
∘
7.5


Example 3-2
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.5
20
30
4.25
∘
7.6


Example 3-3
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.5
25
20
4.25
∘
7.7


Example 3-4
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.0
20
30
4.25
∘
7.9


Example 3-5
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.25
∘
8.0


Comparative
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.0
25
30
4.20
∘
7.1


Example 3-1


Comparative
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.5
20
30
4.20
∘
7.2


Example 3-2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.5
25
20
4.20
∘
7.2


Example 3-3


Comparative
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.0
20
30
4.20
∘
7.4


Example 3-4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.20
∘
7.4


Example 3-5


Comparative
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.20
∘
7.1


Example 3-6


Comparative
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.25
x
4.8


Example 3-7


























TABLE 8










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 3-6
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.0
20
30
4.30
∘
8.2


Example 3-7
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.30
∘
8.4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.30
x
4.2


Example 3-8


























TABLE 9










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 3-8
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
0.5
20
20
4.40
∘
8.5


Example 3-9
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.40
∘
8.5


Example 3-10
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.0
20
30
4.40
∘
8.2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.40
x
4.0


Example 3-9


























TABLE 10










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 4-1
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1
25
30
4.25
∘
8.2


Example 4-2
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.5
20
30
4.25
∘
8.3


Example 4-3
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.5
25
20
4.25
∘
8.4


Example 4-4
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1
20
30
4.25
∘
8.6


Example 4-5
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1
20
20
4.25
∘
8.7


Comparative
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1
25
30
4.2
∘
7.8


Example 4-1


Comparative
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.5
20
30
4.2
∘
8.0


Example 4-2


Comparative
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.5
25
20
4.2
∘
8.0


Example 4-3


Comparative
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1
20
30
4.2
∘
8.1


Example 4-4


Comparative
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1
20
20
4.2
∘
8.1


Example 4-5


Comparative
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.2
∘
7.8


Example 4-6


Comparative
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.25
x
5.0


Example 4-7


























TABLE 11










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 4-6
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1
20
30
4.3
∘
8.7


Example 4-7
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1
20
20
4.3
∘
8.8


Comparative
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.3
x
4.4


Example 4-8


























TABLE 12










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 4-8
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
0.5
20
20
4.4
∘
8.9


Example 4-9
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1
20
20
4.4
∘
8.9


Example 4-10
LiNiO2
Cu—Sn
LiPF6
1
20
30
4.4
∘
8.8


























TABLE 13










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 5-1
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
25
30
4.25
∘
7.2





LiBF4


Example 5-2
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
20
30
4.25
∘
7.6





LiBF4


Example 5-3
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
20
4.25
∘
7.5





LiBF4


Example 5-4
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.25
∘
7.7





LiBF4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
25
30
4.20
∘
7.1


Example 5-1


LiBF4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
20
30
4.20
∘
7.1


Example 5-2


LiBF4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
20
4.20
∘
7.1


Example 5-3


LiBF4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.20
∘
7.2


Example 5-4


LiBF4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.20
∘
7.1


Example 5-5


LiBF4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.25
Δ
6.8


Example 5-6


LiBF4


























TABLE 14










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 5-5
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.30
∘
8.0





LiBF4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.30
x
4.3


Example 5-7


LiBF4


























TABLE 15










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 5-6
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.40
∘
8.7





LiBF4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.40
x
4.5


Example 5-8


LiBF4


























TABLE 16










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 5-7
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
25
30
4.25
∘
7.5





LiClO4


Example 5-8
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
20
30
4.25
∘
7.8





LiClO4


Example 5-9
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
25
20
4.25
∘
7.6





LiClO4


Example 5-10
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.25
∘
7.9





LiClO4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
25
30
4.20
∘
7.2


Example 5-9


LiClO4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
20
30
4.20
∘
7.2


Example 5-10


LiClO4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
25
20
4.20
∘
7.2


Example 5-11


LiClO4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.20
∘
7.4


Example 5-12


LiClO4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.20
∘
7.1


Example 5-13


LiClO4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.25
x
5.4


Example 5-14


LiClO4


























TABLE 17










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 5-11
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.30
∘
8.1





LiClO4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.30
x
5.0


Example 5-15


LiClO4


























TABLE 18










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 5-12
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.40
∘
8.7





LiClO4


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.40
x
4.4


Example 5-16


LiClO4


























TABLE 19










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 5-13
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
25
30
4.25
∘
7.8





LiN(CF3SO2)2


Example 5-14
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
20
30
4.25
∘
7.9





LiN(CF3SO2)2


Example 5-15
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
25
20
4.25
∘
8.0





LiN(CF3SO2)2


Example 5-16
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.25
∘
8.1





LiN(CF3SO2)2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
25
30
4.20
∘
7.5


Example 5-17


LiN(CF3SO2)2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
20
30
4.20
∘
7.5


Example 5-18


LiN(CF3SO2)2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
25
20
4.20
∘
7.5


Example 5-19


LiN(CF3SO2)2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.20
∘
7.6


Example 5-20


LiN(CF3SO2)2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.20
∘
7.4


Example 5-21


LiN(CF3SO2)2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.25
Δ
6.9


Example 5-22


LiN(CF3SO2)2


























TABLE 20










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active
lithium
Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 5-17
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.30
∘
8.6





LiN(CF3SO2)2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.30
x
5.6


Example 5-23


LiN(CF3SO2)2


























TABLE 21










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active

Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
lithium salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 5-18
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.40
∘
8.8





LiN(CF3SO2)2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.40
x
5.3


Example 5-24


LiN(CF3SO2)2


























TABLE 22










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active

Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
lithium salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 5-19
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
25
30
4.25
∘
7.7





LiN(C2F5O2)2


Example 5-20
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
20
30
4.25
∘
7.8





LiN(C2F5O2)2


Example 5-21
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
25
20
4.25
∘
7.9





LiN(C2F5O2)2


Example 5-22
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.25
∘
7.9





LiN(C2F5O2)2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
25
30
4.20
∘
7.2


Example 5-25


LiN(C2F5O2)2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
20
30
4.20
∘
7.3


Example 5-26


LiN(C2F5O2)2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
25
20
4.20
∘
7.3


Example 5-27


LiN(C2F5O2)2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.20
∘
7.3


Example 5-28


LiN(C2F5O2)2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.20
∘
7.2


Example 5-29


LiN(C2F5O2)2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.25
Δ
6.4


Example 5-30


LiN(C2F5O2)2


























TABLE 23










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active

Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
lithium salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 5-23
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.30
∘
8.3





LiN(C2F5O2)2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.30
x
5.0


Example 5-31


LiN(C2F5O2)2


























TABLE 24










concentration
concentration

upper





cathode
anode

of Li2CO3 +
of protic
moisture
limit

discharge



active
active

Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage

capacity



material
material
lithium salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
coloration
(mAh)

























Example 5-24
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.40
∘
8.9





LiN(C2F5O2)2


Comparative
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.40
x
5.9


Example 5-32


LiN(C2F5O2)2























TABLE 25









concentration

upper





concentration of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-1
DMC
1.0
25
30
4.25
6.0


Example 6-2
DMC
1.5
20
30
4.25
6.0


Example 6-3
DMC
1.5
25
20
4.25
6.0


Example 6-4
DMC
1.0
20
30
4.25
6.1


Example 6-5
DMC
1.0
20
20
4.25
6.2


Comparative Example 6-1
DMC
1.0
20
20
4.20
5.8


Comparative Example 6-2
DMC
1.5
25
30
4.20
5.7


Comparative Example 6-3
DMC
1.5
25
30
4.25
3.7























TABLE 26









concentration

upper





concentration of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-6
DMC
1.0
25
30
4.30
6.2


Example 6-7
DMC
1.5
20
30
4.30
6.3


Example 6-8
DMC
1.5
25
20
4.30
6.2


Example 6-9
DMC
1.0
20
30
4.30
6.4


Example 6-10
DMC
1.0
20
20
4.30
6.5


Comparative Example 6-4
DMC
1.5
25
30
4.30
3.9























TABLE 27








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-11
EC:PC (50:50)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.0


Example 6-12
EC:PC (50:50)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.0


Example 6-13
EC:PC (50:50)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.0


Example 6-14
EC:PC (50:50)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.1


Example 6-15
EC:PC (50:50)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.1


Comparative Example 6-5
EC:PC (50:50)
1.0
20
20
4.20
6.9


Comparative Example 6-6
EC:PC (50:50)
1.5
25
30
4.20
6.8


Comparative Example 6-7
EC:PC (50:50)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.3























TABLE 28








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-16
EC:PC (50:50)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.2


Example 6-17
EC:PC (50:50)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.2


Example 6-18
EC:PC (50:50)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.2


Example 6-19
EC:PC (50:50)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.3


Example 6-20
EC:PC (50:50)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.4


Comparative Example 6-8
EC:PC (50:50)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.0























TABLE 29








Concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-21
EC:PC (50:50)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.4


Example 6-22
EC:PC (50:50)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.4


Example 6-23
EC:PC (50:50)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.4


Example 6-24
EC:PC (50:50)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.5


Example 6-25
EC:PC (50:50)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.6


Comparative Example 6-9
EC:PC (50:50)
1.5
25
30
4.40
4.0























TABLE 30








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-26
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.1


Example 6-27
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.0


Example 6-28
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.0


Example 6-29
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.1


Example 6-30
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.1


Comparative Example 6-10
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.0
20
20
4.20
6.9


Comparative Example 6-11
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.5
25
30
4.20
6.7


Comparative Example 6-12
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.2























TABLE 31








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-31
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.2


Example 6-32
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.2


Example 6-33
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.2


Example 6-34
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.3


Example 6-35
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.4


Comparative Example 6-13
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.0























TABLE 32








Concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-36
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.5


Example 6-37
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.4


Example 6-38
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.4


Example 6-39
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.5


Example 6-40
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.7


Comparative Example 6-14
EC:PC (200/3:100/3)
1.5
25
30
4.40
3.8























TABLE 33









concentration

upper





concentration of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-41
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.2


Example 6-42
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.2


Example 6-43
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.2


Example 6-44
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.2


Example 6-45
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.3


Comparative Example 6-15
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.0
20
20
4.20
7.0


Comparative Example 6-16
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.5
25
30
4.20
6.9


Comparative Example 6-17
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.5























TABLE 34









concentration

upper





concentration of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-46
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.4


Example 6-47
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.4


Example 6-48
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.4


Example 6-49
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.5


Example 6-50
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.6


Comparative Example 6-18
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.0























TABLE 35









concentration

upper





concentration of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-51
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.6


Example 6-52
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.6


Example 6-53
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.6


Example 6-54
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-55
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.8


Comparative Example 6-19
EC:DMC (50:50)
1.5
25
30
4.40
4.1























TABLE 36








concentration








of
concentration of
moisture

discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
protic impurities
content
upper limit
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
voltage (V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-56
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.0


Example 6-57
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.0


Example 6-58
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.0


Example 6-59
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.1


Example 6-60
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.1


Comparative Example 6-20
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.0
20
20
4.20
6.9


Comparative Example 6-21
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.5
25
30
4.20
6.7


Comparative Example 6-22
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.2























TABLE 37








concentration








of
concentration of
moisture

discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
protic impurities
content
upper limit
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
voltage (V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-61
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.2


Example 6-62
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.2


Example 6-63
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.2


Example 6-64
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.3


Example 6-65
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.4


Comparative Example 6-23
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.0























TABLE 38








concentration








of
concentration of
moisture

discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
protic impurities
content
upper limit
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
voltage (V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-66
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.5


Example 6-67
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.4


Example 6-68
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.4


Example 6-69
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.6


Example 6-70
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.7


Comparative Example 6-24
EC:PC:DMC (40:40:20)
1.5
25
30
4.40
3.9























TABLE 39








concentration








of
concentration of
moisture

discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
protic impurities
content
upper limit
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
voltage (V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-71
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.2


Example 6-72
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.2


Example 6-73
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.2


Example 6-74
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.2


Example 6-75
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.3


Comparative Example 6-25
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.0
20
20
4.20
7.0


Comparative Example 6-26
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.5
25
30
4.20
6.9


Comparative Example 6-27
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.5























TABLE 40








concentration








of
concentration of
moisture

discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
protic impurities
content
upper limit
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
voltage (V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-76
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.4


Example 6-77
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.4


Example 6-78
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.4


Example 6-79
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.5


Example 6-80
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.6


Comparative Example 6-28
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.1























TABLE 41








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-81
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.6


Example 6-82
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.5


Example 6-83
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.6


Example 6-84
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-85
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.8


Comparative Example 6-29
EC:PC:DMC (25:25:50)
1.5
25
30
4.40
4.1























TABLE 42








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-86
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.1


Example 6-87
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.0


Example 6-88
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.0


Example 6-89
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.1


Example 6-90
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.1


Comparative Example 6-30
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.0
20
20
4.20
6.9


Comparative Example 6-31
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.5
25
30
4.20
6.8


Comparative Example 6-32
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.2























TABLE 43








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-91
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.2


Example 6-92
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.2


Example 6-93
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.2


Example 6-94
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.3


Example 6-95
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.4


Comparative Example 6-33
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.0























TABLE 44








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-96
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.4


Example 6-97
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.4


Example 6-98
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.4


Example 6-99
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.5


Example 6-100
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.6


Comparative Example 6-34
EC:PC:DMC (50/3:50/3:200/3)
1.5
25
30
4.40
3.9























TABLE 45








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-101
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.0


Example 6-102
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.0


Example 6-103
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.0


Example 6-104
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.1


Example 6-105
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.1


Comparative Example 6-35
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.0
20
20
4.20
6.8


Comparative Example 6-36
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.5
25
30
4.20
6.7


Comparative Example 6-37
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.3























TABLE 46








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-106
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.2


Example 6-107
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.2


Example 6-108
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.2


Example 6-109
EC:PC:PMC (10:10:80)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.2


Example 6-110
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.4


Comparative Example 6-38
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.0























TABLE 47








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-111
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.3


Example 6-112
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.2


Example 6-113
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.2


Example 6-114
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.5


Example 6-115
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.6


Comparative Example 6-39
EC:PC:DMC (10:10:80)
1.5
25
30
4.40
3.8























TABLE 48








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-116
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.0
25
30
4.25
6.3


Example 6-117
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.5
20
30
4.25
6.3


Example 6-118
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.5
25
20
4.25
6.3


Example 6-119
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.0
20
30
4.25
6.4


Example 6-120
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.0
20
20
4.25
6.6


Comparative Example 6-40
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.0
20
20
4.20
6.1


Comparative Example 6-41
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.5
25
30
4.20
6.0


Comparative Example 6-42
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.5
25
30
4.25
5.0























TABLE 49








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-121
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.0
25
30
4.30
6.5


Example 6-122
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.5
20
30
4.30
6.6


Example 6-123
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.5
25
20
4.30
6.5


Example 6-124
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.0
20
30
4.30
6.7


Example 6-125
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.0
20
20
4.30
6.8


Comparative Example 6-43
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.2























TABLE 50








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-126
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.0
25
30
4.40
6.6


Example 6-127
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.5
20
30
4.40
6.7


Example 6-128
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.5
25
20
4.40
6.7


Example 6-129
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.0
20
30
4.40
6.8


Example 6-130
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.0


Comparative Example 6-44
EC:PC:DMC (5:5:90)
1.5
25
30
4.40
3.9























TABLE 51








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-131
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-132
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-133
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.3


Example 6-134
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-135
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.4


Comparative Example 6-45
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.0
20
20
4.20
7.2


Comparative Example 6-46
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.5
25
30
4.20
7.1


Comparative Example 6-47
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.6























TABLE 52








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-136
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.5


Example 6-137
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.5


Example 6-138
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.5


Example 6-139
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.6


Example 6-140
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.7


Comparative Example 6-48
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.1























TABLE 53








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-141
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-142
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-143
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.7


Example 6-144
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.8


Example 6-145
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.9


Comparative Example 6-49
EC:DMC:VEC (49:49:2)
1.5
25
30
4.40
4.2























TABLE 54








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-146
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-147
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-148
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.3


Example 6-149
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-150
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.4


Comparative Example 6-50
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
20
20
4.20
7.2


Comparative Example 6-51
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
25
30
4.20
7.1


Comparative Example 6-52
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.5























TABLE 55








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-151
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.5


Example 6-152
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.4


Example 6-153
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.5


Example 6-154
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.6


Example 6-155
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.7


Comparative Example 6-53
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.1























TABLE 56








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-156
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-157
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.6


Example 6-158
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.7


Example 6-159
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.8


Example 6-160
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.9


Comparative Example 6-54
EC:DMC:VEC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
25
30
4.40
4.2























TABLE 57








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-161
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.1


Example 6-162
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.1


Example 6-163
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.1


Example 6-164
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.1


Example 6-165
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.2


Comparative Example 6-55
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.0
20
20
4.20
7.0


Comparative Example 6-56
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.5
25
30
4.20
6.9


Comparative Example 6-57
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.3























TABLE 58








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-166
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.3


Example 6-167
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.3


Example 6-168
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.3


Example 6-169
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.4


Example 6-170
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.5


Comparative Example 6-58
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.5
25
30
4.30
3.9























TABLE 59








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-171
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.5


Example 6-172
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.4


Example 6-173
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.5


Example 6-174
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.6


Example 6-175
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.7


Comparative Example 6-59
EC:DMC:VEC (45:45:10)
1.5
25
30
4.40
4.0























TABLE 60








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-176
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-177
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.2


Example 6-178
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.2


Example 6-179
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-180
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.4


Comparative Example 6-60
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.0
20
20
4.20
7.2


Comparative Example 6-61
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.5
25
30
4.20
7.1


Comparative Example 6-62
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.6























TABLE 61








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-181
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.5


Example 6-182
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.4


Example 6-183
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.4


Example 6-184
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.5


Example 6-185
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.7


Comparative Example 6-63
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.1























TABLE 62








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-186
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-187
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.6


Example 6-188
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.6


Example 6-189
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-190
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.9


Comparative Example 6-64
EC:DMC:VC (49:49:2)
1.5
25
30
4.40
4.2























TABLE 63








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-191
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-192
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-193
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.3


Example 6-194
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-195
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.4


Comparative Example 6-65
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
20
20
4.20
7.1


Comparative Example 6-66
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
25
30
4.20
7.0


Comparative Example 6-67
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.5























TABLE 64








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-196
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.5


Example 6-197
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.5


Example 6-198
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.5


Example 6-199
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.6


Example 6-200
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.7


Comparative Example 6-68
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.1























TABLE 65








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-201
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-202
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-203
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.7


Example 6-204
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-205
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.8


Comparative Example 6-69
EC:DMC:VC (47.5:47.5:5)
1.5
25
30
4.40
4.1























TABLE 66








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-206
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.1


Example 6-207
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.1


Example 6-208
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.1


Example 6-209
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.1


Example 6-210
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.2


Comparative Example 6-70
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.0
20
20
4.20
7.0


Comparative Example 6-71
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.5
25
30
4.20
6.9


Comparative Example 6-72
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.4























TABLE 67








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-211
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.3


Example 6-212
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.3


Example 6-213
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.3


Example 6-214
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.4


Example 6-215
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.5


Comparative Example 6-73
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.5
25
30
4.30
3.9























TABLE 68








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-216
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.5


Example 6-217
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.4


Example 6-218
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.5


Example 6-219
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.6


Example 6-220
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.7


Comparative Example 6-74
EC:DMC:VC (45:45:10)
1.5
25
30
4.40
4.0























TABLE 69








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-221
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.0


Example 6-222
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.0


Example 6-223
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.0


Example 6-224
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.1


Example 6-225
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.1


Comparative Example 6-75
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.0
20
20
4.20
6.8


Comparative Example 6-76
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.5
25
30
4.20
6.7


Comparative Example 6-77
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.3























TABLE 70








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-226
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.2


Example 6-227
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.1


Example 6-228
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.1


Example 6-229
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.3


Example 6-230
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.4


Comparative Example 6-78
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.0























TABLE 71








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-231
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.4


Example 6-232
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.3


Example 6-233
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.3


Example 6-234
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.5


Example 6-235
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.6


Comparative Example 6-79
EC:DMC:GBL (40:40:20)
1.5
25
30
4.40
4.1























TABLE 72








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-236
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.0


Example 6-237
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.0


Example 6-238
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.0


Example 6-239
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.1


Example 6-240
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.1


Comparative Example 6-80
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.0
20
20
4.20
6.9


Comparative Example 6-81
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.5
25
30
4.20
6.7


Comparative Example 6-82
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.2























TABLE 73








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-241
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.2


Example 6-242
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.1


Example 6-243
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.1


Example 6-244
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.3


Example 6-245
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.4


Comparative Example 6-83
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.1























TABLE 74








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-246
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.3


Example 6-247
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.3


Example 6-248
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.3


Example 6-249
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.4


Example 6-250
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.6


Comparative Example 6-84
EC:DMC:GBL (100/3:100/3:100/3)
1.5
25
30
4.40
3.9























TABLE 75








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-251
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.0
25
30
4.25
6.2


Example 6-252
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.5
20
30
4.25
6.2


Example 6-253
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.5
25
20
4.25
6.2


Example 6-254
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.0
20
30
4.25
6.3


Example 6-255
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.0
20
20
4.25
6.4


Comparative Example 6-85
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.0
20
20
4.20
6.0


Comparative Example 6-86
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.5
25
30
4.20
5.9


Comparative Example 6-87
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.5
25
30
4.25
3.9























TABLE 76








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-256
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.0
25
30
4.30
6.4


Example 6-257
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.5
20
30
4.30
6.5


Example 6-258
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.5
25
20
4.30
6.5


Example 6-259
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.0
20
30
4.30
6.6


Example 6-260
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.0
20
20
4.30
6.7


Comparative Example 6-88
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.0























TABLE 77








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-261
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.2


Example 6-262
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.2


Example 6-263
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.2


Example 6-264
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.3


Example 6-265
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.4


Comparative Example 6-89
EC:DMC:GBL (25:25:50)
1.5
25
30
4.40
3.8























TABLE 78








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-266
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-267
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-268
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.3


Example 6-269
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-270
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.4


Comparative Example 6-90
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
20
20
4.20
7.2


Comparative Example 6-91
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
25
30
4.20
7.1


Comparative Example 6-92
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.6























TABLE 79








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-271
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.5


Example 6-272
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.5


Example 6-273
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.5


Example 6-274
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.6


Example 6-275
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.7


Comparative Example 6-93
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.2























TABLE 80








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-276
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-277
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.6


Example 6-278
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.7


Example 6-279
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.8


Example 6-280
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.9


Comparative Example 6-94
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
25
30
4.40
4.3























TABLE 81








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous solvent
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



(volume %)
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-281
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-282
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-283
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.3


Example 6-284
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-285
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.4


Comparative Example 6-95
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
20
20
4.20
7.2


Comparative Example 6-96
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
25
30
4.20
7.1


Comparative Example 6-97
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.5























TABLE 82








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous solvent
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



(volume %)
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-286
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.5


Example 6-287
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.4


Example 6-288
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.5


Example 6-289
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.6


Example 6-290
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.7


Comparative Example 6-98
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.1























TABLE 83








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous solvent
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



(volume %)
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-291
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-292
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-293
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.7


Example 6-294
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.8


Example 6-295
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.9


Comparative Example 6-99
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
25
30
4.40
4.2























TABLE 84








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous solvent
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



(volume %)
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-296
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.2


Example 6-297
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.2


Example 6-298
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.2


Example 6-299
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.2


Example 6-300
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.3


Comparative Example 6-100
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
20
20
4.20
7.0


Comparative Example 6-101
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
25
30
4.20
6.9


Comparative Example 6-102
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.2























TABLE 85








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous solvent
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



(volume %)
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-301
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.4


Example 6-302
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.3


Example 6-303
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.3


Example 6-304
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.4


Example 6-305
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.5


Comparative Example 6-103
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.0























TABLE 86








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge




Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



nonaqueous solvent
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-306
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.5


Example 6-307
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.5


Example 6-308
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.5


Example 6-309
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.5


Example 6-310
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.6


Comparative Example 6-104
EC:DMC:GBL:VEC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
25
30
4.40
4.0























TABLE 87








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous solvent
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



(volume %)
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-311
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-312
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.2


Example 6-313
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.2


Example 6-314
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-315
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.4


Comparative Example 6-105
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
20
20
4.20
7.2


Comparative Example 6-106
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
25
30
4.20
7.1


Comparative Example 6-107
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.6























TABLE 88








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous solvent
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



(volume %)
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-316
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.5


Example 6-317
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.4


Example 6-318
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.4


Example 6-319
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.5


Example 6-320
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.7


Comparative Example 6-108
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.1























TABLE 89








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous solvent
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



(volume %)
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-321
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-322
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.6


Example 6-323
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.6


Example 6-324
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-325
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.9


Comparative Example 6-109
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19.6:19.6:58.8:2)
1.5
25
30
4.40
4.2























TABLE 90








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous solvent
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



(volume %)
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-326
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-327
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-328
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.3


Example 6-329
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.3


Example 6-330
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.4


Comparative Example 6-110
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
20
20
4.20
7.1


Comparative Example 6-111
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
25
30
4.20
7.0


Comparative Example 6-112
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.5























TABLE 91








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous solvent
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



(volume %)
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-331
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.5


Example 6-332
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.5


Example 6-333
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.5


Example 6-334
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.6


Example 6-335
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.7


Comparative Example 6-113
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.1























TABLE 92








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous solvent
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



(volume %)
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-336
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-337
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-338
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.7


Example 6-339
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.7


Example 6-340
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.8


Comparative Example 6-114
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (19:19:57:5)
1.5
25
30
4.40
4.1























TABLE 93








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous solvent
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



(volume %)
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-341
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
25
30
4.25
7.2


Example 6-342
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
20
30
4.25
7.2


Example 6-343
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
25
20
4.25
7.2


Example 6-344
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
20
30
4.25
7.2


Example 6-345
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
20
20
4.25
7.3


Comparative Example 6-115
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
20
20
4.20
6.9


Comparative Example 6-116
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
25
30
4.20
6.9


Comparative Example 6-117
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
25
30
4.25
4.5























TABLE 94








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous solvent
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



(volume %)
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-346
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
25
30
4.30
7.4


Example 6-347
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
20
30
4.30
7.3


Example 6-348
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
25
20
4.30
7.3


Example 6-349
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
20
30
4.30
7.3


Example 6-350
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
20
20
4.30
7.5


Comparative Example 6-118
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
25
30
4.30
4.0























TABLE 95








concentration
concentration

upper





of
of protic
moisture
limit
discharge



nonaqueous solvent
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
capacity



(volume %)
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
(mAh)






















Example 6-351
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
25
30
4.40
7.5


Example 6-352
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
20
30
4.40
7.4


Example 6-353
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
25
20
4.40
7.5


Example 6-354
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
20
30
4.40
7.6


Example 6-355
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.0
20
20
4.40
7.6


Comparative Example 6-119
EC:DMC:GBL:VC (18:18:54:10)
1.5
25
30
4.40
4.0

























TABLE 96










concentration
concentration

upper
discharge



cathode
anode

of
of protic
moisture
limit
capacity



active
active
lithium
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
retention



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
ratio (%)
























Example 7-1
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.30
55


Comparative Example 7-1
LiCoO2
Li metal
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.30
53

























TABLE 97










concentration
concentration

upper
discharge



cathode


of
of protic
moisture
limit
capacity



active
anode active
lithium
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
retention



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
ratio (%)
























Example 7-2
LiCoO2
non-graphitizable
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.30
84




carbon


Comparative Example 7-2
LiCoO2
non-graphitizable
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.30
79




carbon

























TABLE 98










concentration
concentration

upper
discharge



cathode


of
of protic
moisture
limit
capacity



active
anode active
lithium
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
retention



material
material
salt
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
ratio (%)
























Example 7-3
LiCoO2
non-graphitizable
LiPF6
1.0
20
20
4.30
96




carbon


Comparative Example 7-3
LiCoO2
non-graphitizable
LiPF6
1.5
25
30
4.30
90




carbon























TABLE 99










concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



cathode
of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-1
LiCoO2
1.0
20
20
4.25
98.5
94.8
91.0


Example 8-2
LiCoO2
1.5
20
20
4.25
98.3
94.1
90.2


Example 8-3
LiCoO2
1.0
25
20
4.25
98.4
94.0
90.0


Example 8-4
LiCoO2
1.0
20
30
4.25
98.3
94.0
89.9


Comparative Example 8-1
LiCoO2
1.0
20
20
4.20
98.9
96.5
93.0


Comparative Example 8-2
LiCoO2
1.5
20
20
4.20
98.8
96.4
93.1


Comparative Example 8-3
LiCoO2
1.0
25
20
4.20
98.7
96.0
92.1


Comparative Example 8-4
LiCoO2
1.0
20
30
4.20
98.7
96.0
92.0


Comparative Example 8-5
LiCoO2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.0
95.5
91.5


Comparative Example 8-6
LiCoO2
1.5
25
30
4.25
98.2
93.2
88.2























TABLE 100











concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



cathode
concentration
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















active
of
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4 (wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-5
LiCoO2
1.0
20
20
4.30
98.4
94.8
91.0


Example 8-6
LiCoO2
1.5
20
20
4.30
98.2
94.0
90.1


Example 8-7
LiCoO2
1.0
25
20
4.30
98.2
94.0
90.0


Example 8-8
LiCoO2
1.0
20
30
4.30
98.2
94.0
89.8


Comparative Example 8-7
LiCoO2
1.5
25
30
4.30
98.1
93.1
88.1























TABLE 101










concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



cathode
of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-9
LiCoO2
1.0
20
20
4.40
96.4
89.4
86.3


Example 8-10
LiCoO2
1.5
20
20
4.40
95.1
88.1
82.2


Example 8-11
LiCoO2
1.0
25
20
4.40
95.6
89.1
83.8


Example 8-12
LiCoO2
1.0
20
30
4.40
95.6
89.3
83.5


Comparative Example 8-8
LiCoO2
1.5
25
30
4.40
93.0
87.1
78.7























TABLE 102










concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



cathode
of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-13
LiCoO2
1.0
20
20
4.50
92.4
86.4
76.3


Example 8-14
LiCoO2
1.5
20
20
4.50
90.1
83.1
71.2


Example 8-15
LiCoO2
1.0
25
20
4.50
90.0
83.2
71.0


Example 8-16
LiCoO2
1.0
20
30
4.50
89.9
83.3
70.8


Comparative Example 8-9
LiCoO2
1.5
25
30
4.50
88.8
82.1
68.7























TABLE 103










concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



cathode
of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-17
LiNiO2
1.0
20
20
4.25
95.0
93.2
90.5


Example 8-18
LiNiO2
1.5
20
20
4.25
95.0
92.8
89.6


Example 8-19
LiNiO2
1.0
25
20
4.25
95.0
92.7
89.5


Example 8-20
LiNiO2
1.0
20
30
4.25
94.9
92.6
89.2


Comparative Example 8-10
LiNiO2
1.0
20
20
4.20
95.0
93.5
920


Comparative Example 8-11
LiNiO2
1.5
20
20
4.20
95.0
93.6
92.0


Comparative Example 8-12
LiNiO2
1.0
25
20
4.20
94.9
93.3
91.9


Comparative Example 8-13
LiNiO2
1.0
20
30
4.20
94.9
93.2
91.8


Comparative Example 8-14
LiNiO2
1.5
25
30
4.20
94.5
92.8
90.2


Comparative Example 8-15
LiNiO2
1.5
25
30
4.25
94.6
91.6
87.6























TABLE 104










concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



cathode
of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-21
LiNiO2
1.0
20
20
4.30
94.9
930
90.3


Example 8-22
LiNiO2
1.5
20
20
4.30
94.8
92.5
89.5


Example 8-23
LiNiO2
1.0
25
20
4.30
94.8
92.4
89.5


Example 8-24
LiNiO2
1.0
20
30
4.30
94.8
92.4
89.1


Comparative Example 8-16
LiNiO2
1.5
25
30
4.30
94.4
91.4
87.5























TABLE 105










concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



cathode
of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-25
LiNiO2
1.0
20
20
4.40
94.2
86.2
82.6


Example 8-26
LiNiO2
1.5
20
20
4.40
93.5
83.9
81.1


Example 8-27
LiNiO2
1.0
25
20
4.40
94.0
85.1
81.8


Example 8-28
LiNiO2
1.0
20
30
4.40
93.9
85.3
81.2


Comparative Example 8-17
LiNiO2
1.5
25
30
4.40
93.0
83.3
76.9























TABLE 106










concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



cathode
of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-29
LiNiO2
1.0
20
20
4.50
90.2
84.2
70.6


Example 8-30
LiNiO2
1.5
20
20
4.50
88.8
81.9
70.1


Example 8-31
LiNiO2
1.0
25
20
4.50
89.2
82.1
69.8


Example 8-32
LiNiO2
1.0
20
30
4.50
89.4
82.3
70.0


Comparative Example 8-18
LiNiO2
1.5
25
30
4.50
85.1
80.3
66.9























TABLE 107










concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



cathode
of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-33
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.0
20
20
4.25
99.0
96.0
93.1


Example 8-34
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
98.7
95.1
92.0


Example 8-35
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.0
25
20
4.25
98.7
95.2
92.0


Example 8-36
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.0
20
30
4.25
98.8
95.1
92.0


Comparative Example 8-19
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.0
20
20
4.20
99.0
96.2
93.2


Comparative Example 8-20
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
99.0
96.1
93.3


Comparative Example 8-21
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.0
25
20
4.20
99.0
96.0
93.2


Comparative Example 8-22
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.0
20
30
4.20
99.0
96.1
93.1


Comparative Example 8-23
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.8
95.9
92.7


Comparative Example 8-24
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
98.5
94.9
91.2






















TABLE 108









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-37
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.0
20
20
4.30
99.0
96.0
93.0


Example 8-38
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
98.7
95.0
92.0


Example 8-39
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.0
25
20
4.30
98.6
95.1
92.0


Example 8-40
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.0
20
30
4.30
98.6
95.0
92.0


Comparative Example 8-25
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
98.3
94.7
91.0






















TABLE 109









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-41
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.0
20
20
4.40
96.5
93.0
88.7


Example 8-42
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
94.3
92.5
86.6


Example 8-43
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.0
25
20
4.40
94.5
92.7
87.7


Example 8-44
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.0
20
30
4.40
95.1
92.9
88.1


Comparative Example 8-26
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
93.0
90.0
79.2






















TABLE 110









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-45
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.0
20
20
4.50
94.5
89.0
82.7


Example 8-46
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
91.3
87.5
76.6


Example 8-47
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.0
25
20
4.50
92.5
88.7
77.7


Example 8-48
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.0
20
30
4.50
93.1
88.9
78.1


Comparative Example 8-27
LiCo0.9Ni0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
91.0
87.0
72.2






















TABLE 111









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-49
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.25
99.0
96.2
92.5


Example 8-50
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
98.6
95.3
91.2


Example 8-51
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.25
98.6
95.3
91.3


Example 8-52
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.25
98.6
95.4
91.3


Comparative Example 8-28
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.20
99.0
96.3
92.7


Comparative Example 8-29
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
98.9
96.3
92.6


Comparative Example 8-30
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.20
98.7
96.2
92.6


Comparative Example 8-31
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.20
98.7
96.2
92.5


Comparative Example 8-32
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.6
96.0
92.0


Comparative Example 8-33
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
98.2
95.0
91.0






















TABLE 112









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-53
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.30
99.0
96.0
92.2


Example 8-54
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
98.5
95.1
91.0


Example 8-55
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.30
98.4
95.1
91.0


Example 8-56
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.30
98.6
95.2
91.1


Comparative Example 8-34
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
98.1
95.0
90.8






















TABLE 113









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-57
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.40
96.4
93.8
88.5


Example 8-58
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
95.4
91.5
86.9


Example 8-59
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.40
94.7
92.3
87.6


Example 8-60
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.40
94.5
92.4
87.7


Comparative Example 8-35
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
93.5
90.9
78.9






















TABLE 114









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-61
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.50
94.4
88.8
83.5


Example 8-62
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
91.4
87.5
76.9


Example 8-63
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.50
91.7
88.3
77.6


Example 8-64
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.50
91.5
88.4
77.7


Comparative Example 8-36
LiCo0.8Ni0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.5
86.9
71.9






















TABLE 115









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-65
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.25
99.2
96.4
91.7


Example 8-66
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
99.0
95.4
90.5


Example 8-67
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.25
99.0
95.5
90.6


Example 8-68
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.25
99.0
95.5
90.7


Comparative Example 8-37
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.20
99.2
96.6
92.0


Comparative Example 8-38
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
99.0
96.5
91.9


Comparative Example 8-39
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.20
99.1
96.5
91.8


Comparative Example 8-40
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.20
99.1
96.5
91.7


Comparative Example 8-41
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.5
96.2
90.8


Comparative Example 8-42
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
98.8
95.4
90.2






















TABLE 116









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-69
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.30
99.1
96.2
91.5


Example 8-70
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
99.0
95.1
90.2


Example 8-71
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.30
99.0
95.2
90.3


Example 8-72
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.30
99.0
95.3
90.4


Comparative Example 8-43
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
98.7
95.2
90.0






















TABLE 117









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-73
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.40
96.2
93.0
88.7


Example 8-74
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
95.2
91.9
87.0


Example 8-75
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.40
95.8
91.9
87.5


Example 8-76
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.40
95.5
92.1
87.7


Comparative Example 8-44
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
93.5
90.7
79.1






















TABLE 118









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-77
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.50
94.2
89.0
83.7


Example 8-78
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
91.0
86.9
77.0


Example 8-79
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.50
93.8
88.9
84.0


Example 8-80
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.50
93.5
89.1
83.9


Comparative Example 8-45
LiCo0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.5
85.7
71.7






















TABLE 119









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-81
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.25
98.8
96.5
93.0


Example 8-82
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
98.7
95.3
91.6


Example 8-83
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.25
98.7
95.4
91.6


Example 8-84
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.25
98.7
95.4
91.6


Comparative Example 8-46
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.20
98.8
96.7
93.2


Comparative Example 8-47
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
98.8
96.7
93.3


Comparative Example 8-48
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.20
98.7
96.7
93.0


Comparative Example 8-49
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.20
98.7
96.7
93.0


Comparative Example 8-50
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.5
96.4
92.4


Comparative Example 8-51
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
98.5
95.2
90.1






















TABLE 120









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-85
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.30
98.6
96.4
93.0


Example 8-86
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
98.5
95.2
91.5


Example 8-87
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.30
98.6
95.4
91.5


Example 8-88
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.30
98.7
95.3
91.6


Comparative Example 8-52
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
98.5
95.1
90.0






















TABLE 121









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-89
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.40
96.8
93.5
88.7


Example 8-90
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
95.8
91.7
87.4


Example 8-91
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.40
96.2
93.2
87.7


Example 8-92
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.40
96.2
93.3
87.9


Comparative Example 8-53
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
93.5
90.8
78.8






















TABLE 122









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-93
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.50
93.8
88.5
79.7


Example 8-94
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
90.8
86.7
73.4


Example 8-95
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.50
94.2
89.2
80.0


Example 8-96
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.50
94.2
89.3
79.9


Comparative Example 8-54
LiCo0.9Ti0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.5
85.8
70.8






















TABLE 123









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-97
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
20
4.25
98.9
95.6
92.3


Example 8-98
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
98.5
94.3
91.0


Example 8-99
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
0.7
25
20
4.25
98.5
94.3
91.0


Example 8-100
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
30
4.25
98.6
94.3
91.0


Comparative Example 8-55
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
20
4.20
98.9
95.6
92.6


Comparative Example 8-56
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
98.8
95.5
92.5


Comparative Example 8-57
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
0.7
25
20
4.20
98.9
95.5
92.5


Comparative Example 8-58
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
30
4.20
98.9
95.5
92.5


Comparative Example 8-59
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.8
95.1
92.1


Comparative Example 8-60
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
98.4
93.5
90.2






















TABLE 124









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-101
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
20
4.30
98.9
95.5
92.3


Example 8-102
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
98.4
94.1
90.8


Example 8-103
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
0.7
25
20
4.30
98.3
94.2
90.9


Example 8-104
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
30
4.30
98.4
94.3
90.0


Comparative Example 8-61
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
98.2
93.1
89.2






















TABLE 125









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-105
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
20
4.40
97.9
94.6
89.5


Example 8-106
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
96.9
93.5
88.0


Example 8-107
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
0.7
25
20
4.40
97.0
94.3
89.2


Example 8-108
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
30
4.40
97.6
94.1
89.1


Comparative Example 8-62
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
96.6
91.7
80.2






















TABLE 126









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-109
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
20
4.50
93.9
87.6
78.5


Example 8-110
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
90.9
86.5
73.0


Example 8-111
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
0.7
25
20
4.50
94.0
87.3
77.8


Example 8-112
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
30
4.50
93.6
87.4
78.1


Comparative Example 8-63
LiCo0.8Mn0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.6
85.7
71.2






















TABLE 127









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-113
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
20
4.25
98.7
96.2
92.1


Example 8-114
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
98.5
95.3
90.7


Example 8-115
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.0
25
20
4.25
98.6
95.4
90.8


Example 8-116
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
30
4.25
98.5
95.4
90.7


Comparative Example 8-64
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
20
4.20
98.7
96.3
92.1


Comparative Example 8-65
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
98.8
96.3
92.1


Comparative Example 8-66
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.0
25
20
4.20
98.7
96.2
92.0


Comparative Example 8-67
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
30
4.20
98.6
96.2
92.0


Comparative Example 8-68
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.5
95.9
91.5


Comparative Example 8-69
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
98.5
95.1
90.1






















TABLE 128









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-117
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
20
4.30
98.5
96.1
92.0


Example 8-118
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
98.3
95.0
90.4


Example 8-119
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.0
25
20
4.30
98.3
95.2
90.5


Example 8-120
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
30
4.30
98.4
95.2
90.5


Comparative Example 8-70
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
98.1
95.0
89.1






















TABLE 129









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-121
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
20
4.40
97.7
94.2
88.8


Example 8-122
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
96.6
93.0
85.9


Example 8-123
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.0
25
20
4.40
96.9
94.1
87.1


Example 8-124
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
30
4.40
97.1
93.8
87.1


Comparative Example 8-71
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
95.4
90.8
79.9






















TABLE 130









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-125
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
20
4.50
93.7
87.2
78.6


Example 8-126
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
90.6
86.0
73.1


Example 8-127
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.0
25
20
4.50
92.9
87.1
77.1


Example 8-128
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
30
4.50
93.1
87.0
78.1


Comparative Example 8-72
LiCo0.9Fe0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.4
85.8
71.1






















TABLE 131









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-129
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
0.3
20
20
4.25
99.0
96.6
92.9


Example 8-130
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
97.9
95.4
91.7


Example 8-131
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
0.3
25
20
4.25
98.0
95.3
91.8


Example 8-132
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
0.3
20
30
4.25
98.0
95.4
91.7


Comparative Example 8-73
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
0.3
20
20
4.20
99.0
96.7
93.4


Comparative Example 8-74
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
99.1
96.7
93.4


Comparative Example 8-75
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
0.3
25
20
4.20
99.0
96.7
93.4


Comparative Example 8-76
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
0.3
20
30
4.20
99.0
96.7
93.4


Comparative Example 8-77
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.6
96.5
93.0


Comparative Example 8-78
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
97.8
94.1
91.3






















TABLE 132









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-133
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
0.3
20
20
4.30
99.0
96.5
92.7


Example 8-134
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
97.6
95.2
91.5


Example 8-135
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
0.3
25
20
4.30
98.0
95.2
91.8


Example 8-136
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
0.3
20
30
4.30
98.0
95.2
91.7


Comparative Example 8-79
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
97.8
94.0
91.3






















TABLE 133









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-137
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
0.3
20
20
4.40
97.4
95.1
89.9


Example 8-138
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
96.5
93.7
88.2


Example 8-139
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
0.3
25
20
4.40
97.1
95.0
88.7


Example 8-140
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
0.3
20
30
4.40
96.9
94.7
88.9


Comparative Example 8-80
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
94.9
92.9
82.2






















TABLE 134









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-141
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
0.3
20
20
4.50
94.4
89.1
85.9


Example 8-142
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
91.5
87.7
77.2


Example 8-143
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
0.3
25
20
4.50
93.8
89.0
84.0


Example 8-144
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
0.3
20
30
4.50
93.7
88.7
83.9


Comparative Example 8-81
LiNi0.5Mn0.5O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
91.4
87.0
75.2






















TABLE 135









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-145
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.25
96.0
94.2
92.2


Example 8-146
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
96.0
93.5
90.3


Example 8-147
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.25
96.0
93.5
90.4


Example 8-148
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.25
96.0
93.6
90.3


Comparative Example 8-82
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.20
96.0
94.3
92.3


Comparative Example 8-83
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
95.9
94.3
92.2


Comparative Example 8-84
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.20
95.9
94.2
92.2


Comparative Example 8-85
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.20
95.8
94.2
92.2


Comparative Example 8-86
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
95.2
93.9
91.9


Comparative Example 8-87
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
96.0
93.0
90.0






















TABLE 136









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-149
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.30
96.0
94.1
92.1


Example 8-150
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
96.0
93.3
90.2


Example 8-151
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.30
96.0
93.4
90.4


Example 8-152
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.30
96.0
93.6
90.2


Comparative Example 8-88
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
96.0
93.0
89.4






















TABLE 137









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-153
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.40
95.4
93.2
89.2


Example 8-154
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
95.0
91.9
83.3


Example 8-155
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.40
95.1
92.7
86.2


Example 8-156
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.40
95.3
93.0
86.0


Comparative Example 8-89
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
95.2
92.2
80.7






















TABLE 138









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-157
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.50
92.4
88.2
79.2


Example 8-158
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
90.5
85.9
73.3


Example 8-159
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.50
91.1
87.7
76.2


Example 8-160
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.50
91.3
88.0
76.0


Comparative Example 8-90
LiNi0.9Mg0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.2
85.2
71.7






















TABLE 139









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-161
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
0.9
20
20
4.25
96.0
94.5
92.4


Example 8-162
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
95.6
94.2
91.3


Example 8-163
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
0.9
25
20
4.25
95.7
94.2
91.3


Example 8-164
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
0.9
20
30
4.25
95.7
94.3
91.4


Comparative Example 8-91
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
0.9
20
20
4.20
96.0
94.5
92.4


Comparative Example 8-92
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
96.0
94.5
92.3


Comparative Example 8-93
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
0.9
25
20
4.20
96.0
94.5
92.3


Comparative Example 8-94
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
0.9
20
30
4.20
96.0
94.5
92.2


Comparative Example 8-95
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
95.9
94.4
91.8


Comparative Example 8-96
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
95.5
94.0
90.5






















TABLE 140









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-165
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
0.9
20
20
4.30
96.0
94.4
92.0


Example 8-166
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
95.5
94.2
91.1


Example 8-167
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
0.9
25
20
4.30
95.5
94.2
91.2


Example 8-168
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
0.9
20
30
4.30
95.6
94.2
91.0


Comparative Example 8-97
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
95.1
93.8
90.1






















TABLE 141









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-169
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
0.9
20
20
4.40
95.0
92.8
89.4


Example 8-170
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
94.7
91.2
85.0


Example 8-171
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
0.9
25
20
4.40
94.5
92.1
86.7


Example 8-172
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
0.9
20
30
4.40
94.8
91.9
86.5


Comparative Example 8-98
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
94.1
90.0
80.1






















TABLE 142









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-173
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
0.9
20
20
4.50
93.0
88.8
81.4


Example 8-174
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
90.7
86.2
76.0


Example 8-175
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
0.9
25
20
4.50
92.5
88.1
80.7


Example 8-176
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
0.9
20
30
4.50
92.0
87.9
80.5


Comparative Example 8-99
LiNi0.9Mn0.05Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.1
86.0
72.1






















TABLE 143









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-177
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.0
20
20
4.25
95.6
94.0
92.3


Example 8-178
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
95.1
92.7
90.9


Example 8-179
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.0
25
20
4.25
95.2
92.6
90.9


Example 8-180
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.0
20
30
4.25
95.1
92.7
90.8


Comparative Example 8-100
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.0
20
20
4.20
95.6
94.0
92.3


Comparative Example 8-101
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
95.5
94.0
92.4


Comparative Example 8-102
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.0
25
20
4.20
95.5
94.0
92.4


Comparative Example 8-103
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.0
20
30
4.20
95.5
94.1
92.5


Comparative Example 8-104
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
95.5
93.8
92.0


Comparative Example 8-105
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
95.0
92.5
90.2






















TABLE 144









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-181
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.0
20
20
4.30
95.5
94.0
92.2


Example 8-182
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
95.0
92.3
90.8


Example 8-183
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.0
25
20
4.30
95.2
92.2
90.9


Example 8-184
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.0
20
30
4.30
95.1
92.4
90.8


Comparative Example 8-106
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
94.8
92.3
90.1






















TABLE 145









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-185
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.0
20
20
4.40
95.0
91.9
88.3


Example 8-186
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
93.5
90.3
84.5


Example 8-187
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.0
25
20
4.40
94.2
91.5
86.8


Example 8-188
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.0
20
30
4.40
94.3
91.5
86.8


Comparative Example 8-107
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
93.2
90.7
81.1






















TABLE 146









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-189
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.0
20
20
4.50
93.6
86.9
77.3


Example 8-190
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
91.0
85.3
73.5


Example 8-191
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.0
25
20
4.50
93.2
86.8
76.8


Example 8-192
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.0
20
30
4.50
93.3
86.5
76.8


Comparative Example 8-108
LiNi0.8Fe0.05Al0.15O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
91.0
84.7
71.1






















TABLE 147









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-193
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
0.3
20
20
4.25
99.0
96.5
92.8


Example 8-194
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
98.7
96.0
91.5


Example 8-195
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
0.3
25
20
4.25
98.7
96.0
91.8


Example 8-196
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
0.3
20
30
4.25
98.7
95.9
92.0


Comparative Example 8-109
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
0.3
20
20
4.20
99.0
96.6
93.5


Comparative Example 8-110
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
98.9
96.6
93.6


Comparative Example 8-111
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
0.3
25
20
4.20
99.0
96.6
93.5


Comparative Example 8-112
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
0.3
20
30
4.20
99.0
96.7
93.5


Comparative Example 8-113
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.9
96.5
93.3


Comparative Example 8-114
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
98.5
95.6
90.7






















TABLE 148









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-197
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
0.3
20
20
4.30
99.0
96.4
92.7


Example 8-198
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
98.7
96.0
91.4


Example 8-199
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
0.3
25
20
4.30
98.6
95.9
91.7


Example 8-200
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
0.3
20
30
4.30
98.7
95.9
92.0


Comparative Example 8-115
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
98.4
95.4
90.3






















TABLE 148









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-201
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
0.3
20
20
4.40
97.1
94.5
90.8


Example 8-202
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
96.3
92.7
87.5


Example 8-203
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
0.3
25
20
4.40
96.7
93.0
88.8


Example 8-204
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
0.3
20
30
4.40
96.8
93.1
89.0


Comparative Example 8-116
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
95.3
91.2
85.8






















TABLE 149









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-205
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
0.3
20
20
4.50
94.1
89.5
84.8


Example 8-206
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
91.3
87.7
77.5


Example 8-207
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
0.3
25
20
4.50
93.7
89.0
81.8


Example 8-208
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
0.3
20
30
4.50
93.8
89.1
82.0


Comparative Example 8-117
LiCo0.333Ni0.333Mn0.333O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
91.3
87.2
73.8






















TABLE 150









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-209
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.0
20
20
4.25
98.5
95.4
92.2


Example 8-210
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
98.2
94.7
90.7


Example 8-211
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.0
25
20
4.25
98.2
94.7
91.2


Example 8-212
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.0
20
30
4.25
98.3
95.0
90.9


Comparative Example 8-118
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.0
20
20
4.20
98.5
95.5
92.5


Comparative Example 8-119
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
98.5
95.4
92.5


Comparative Example 8-120
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.0
25
20
4.20
98.5
95.4
92.4


Comparative Example 8-121
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.0
20
30
4.20
98.5
95.4
92.4


Comparative Example 8-122
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.3
95.2
92.0


Comparative Example 8-123
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
98.1
94.0
90.0






















TABLE 151









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-213
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.0
20
20
4.30
98.4
95.4
92.1


Example 8-214
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
98.2
94.3
90.5


Example 8-215
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.0
25
20
4.30
98.2
94.5
91.0


Example 8-216
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.0
20
30
4.30
98.3
94.3
90.8


Comparative Example 8-124
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
98.0
93.8
89.2






















TABLE 152









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-217
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.0
20
20
4.40
96.5
93.4
89.2


Example 8-218
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
95.9
92.1
86.3


Example 8-219
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.0
25
20
4.40
96.1
92.7
86.8


Example 8-220
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.0
20
30
4.40
96.3
92.5
87.1


Comparative Example 8-125
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
94.1
91.5
83.3






















TABLE 153









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity retention



of
of protic
moisture
limit
ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-221
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.0
20
20
4.50
94.5
88.4
82.2


Example 8-222
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
90.9
86.1
76.3


Example 8-223
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.0
25
20
4.50
91.6
87.7
80.8


Example 8-224
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.0
20
30
4.50
92.3
87.5
81.1


Comparative Example 8-126
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Al0.2O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.1
85.2
73.3






















TABLE 154









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-225
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.25
99.0
96.3
92.4


Example 8-226
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
98.6
95.4
91.4


Example 8-227
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.25
98.6
95.7
91.8


Example 8-228
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.25
98.6
95.4
91.7


Comparative Example 8-127
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.20
99.0
96.3
92.7


Comparative Example 8-128
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
98.8
96.2
92.6


Comparative Example 8-129
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.20
98.9
96.3
92.6


Comparative Example 8-130
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.20
99.0
96.3
92.5


Comparative Example 8-131
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.7
96.0
91.8


Comparative Example 8-132
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
98.5
95.0
90.7






















TABLE 155









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-229
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.30
99.0
96.2
92.3


Example 8-230
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
98.4
95.2
91.3


Example 8-231
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.30
98.5
95.5
91.7


Example 8-232
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.30
98.6
95.4
91.5


Comparative Example 8-133
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
98.4
95.0
90.0






















TABLE 156









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-233
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.40
97.0
93.3
89.4


Example 8-234
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
96.0
92.9
87.5


Example 8-235
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.40
97.1
93.2
89.0


Example 8-236
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.40
96.9
93.0
89.2


Comparative Example 8-134
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
95.5
91.7
82.2






















TABLE 157









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-237
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.50
94.0
88.3
80.4


Example 8-238
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
91.0
85.9
73.5


Example 8-239
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.50
93.5
86.2
80.0


Example 8-240
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.50
92.9
86.4
79.8


Comparative Example 8-135
LiCo0.45Ni0.5Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
91.0
83.7
70.2






















TABLE 158









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-241
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.25
98.8
94.6
92.0


Example 8-242
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
98.7
94.1
90.6


Example 8-243
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.25
98.7
94.3
91.1


Example 8-244
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.25
98.8
94.5
90.8


Comparative Example 8-136
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.20
98.8
94.6
92.2


Comparative Example 8-137
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
98.9
94.6
92.0


Comparative Example 8-138
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.20
98.8
94.6
92.1


Comparative Example 8-139
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.20
98.8
94.6
92.0


Comparative Example 8-140
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.7
94.4
91.5


Comparative Example 8-141
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
98.6
93.7
89.8






















TABLE 159









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-245
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.30
98.7
94.5
91.8


Example 8-246
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
98.5
94.0
90.4


Example 8-247
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.30
98.6
94.2
91.0


Example 8-248
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.30
98.7
94.3
90.8


Comparative Example 8-142
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
98.4
93.2
89.1






















TABLE 160









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-249
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.40
96.8
93.6
88.0


Example 8-250
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
95.1
92.3
83.9


Example 8-251
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.40
96.0
93.4
87.6


Example 8-252
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.40
96.1
93.5
87.1


Comparative Example 8-143
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
95.0
91.8
79.8






















TABLE 161









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-253
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.50
93.8
87.6
78.0


Example 8-254
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
91.1
86.3
72.9


Example 8-255
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.50
93.0
87.4
77.6


Example 8-256
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.50
93.1
87.5
77.1


Comparative Example 8-144
LiCo0.35Ni0.6Ti0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
91.0
85.8
69.8






















TABLE 162









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-257
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.25
97.3
94.6
91.8


Example 8-258
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
97.0
94.1
90.2


Example 8-259
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.25
97.2
94.5
90.8


Example 8-260
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.25
97.1
94.3
91.1


Comparative Example 8-145
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.20
97.3
94.7
92.3


Comparative Example 8-146
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
97.2
94.7
92.2


Comparative Example 8-147
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.20
97.2
94.7
92.2


Comparative Example 8-148
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.20
97.2
94.7
92.1


Comparative Example 8-149
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
97.0
94.5
91.3


Comparative Example 8-150
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
97.0
94.1
89.9






















TABLE 163









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-261
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.30
97.2
94.5
91.6


Example 8-262
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
96.7
94.0
90.0


Example 8-263
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.30
97.0
94.0
90.4


Example 8-264
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.30
97.0
94.1
90.6


Comparative Example 8-151
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
96.8
93.7
89.1






















TABLE 164









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-265
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.40
96.3
93.6
88.8


Example 8-266
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
95.8
91.8
84.0


Example 8-267
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.40
95.9
92.3
88.1


Example 8-268
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.40
96.0
92.6
87.9


Comparative Example 8-152
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
95.6
90.9
79.7






















TABLE 165









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-269
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.50
93.3
86.6
78.8


Example 8-270
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
90.8
85.4
74.0


Example 8-271
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.50
92.7
86.3
78.1


Example 8-272
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.50
93.0
85.8
77.3


Comparative Example 8-153
LiCo0.2Ni0.75Cr0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.6
84.9
70.7






















TABLE 166









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-273
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
20
4.25
97.7
95.0
92.3


Example 8-274
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
97.6
94.4
91.1


Example 8-275
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.0
25
20
4.25
97.7
94.6
91.5


Example 8-276
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
30
4.25
97.8
94.5
91.6


Comparative Example 8-154
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
20
4.20
97.7
95.1
92.3


Comparative Example 8-155
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
97.7
95.0
92.1


Comparative Example 8-156
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.0
25
20
4.20
97.7
95.0
92.2


Comparative Example 8-157
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
30
4.20
97.7
95.0
92.1


Comparative Example 8-158
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
97.6
94.8
91.7


Comparative Example 8-159
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
97.5
94.2
91.2






















TABLE 167









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-277
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
20
4.30
97.6
95.0
92.1


Example 8-278
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
97.6
94.3
90.8


Example 8-279
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.0
25
20
4.30
97.6
94.2
91.2


Example 8-280
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
30
4.30
97.7
94.2
91.2


Comparative Example 8-160
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
97.3
94.0
90.3






















TABLE 168









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-281
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
20
4.40
95.7
93.5
89.3


Example 8-282
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
95.2
91.6
83.5


Example 8-283
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.0
25
20
4.40
95.4
92.7
88.8


Example 8-284
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
30
4.40
95.5
92.8
88.5


Comparative Example 8-161
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
94.9
91.0
80.2






















TABLE 169









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-285
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
20
4.50
93.7
87.0
79.3


Example 8-286
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
91.2
85.6
73.5


Example 8-287
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.0
25
20
4.50
92.2
86.7
78.8


Example 8-288
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.0
20
30
4.50
92.5
86.8
78.5


Comparative Example 8-162
LiCo0.25Ni0.65Fe0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.9
85.0
71.2






















TABLE 170









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-289
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
0.7
20
20
4.25
98.7
95.5
92.3


Example 8-290
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
98.5
94.3
90.8


Example 8-291
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
0.7
25
20
4.25
98.5
94.6
91.2


Example 8-292
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
0.7
20
30
4.25
98.7
94.5
91.3


Comparative Example 8-163
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
0.7
20
20
4.20
98.7
95.6
92.8


Comparative Example 8-164
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
98.6
95.6
92.6


Comparative Example 8-165
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
0.7
25
20
4.20
98.7
95.6
92.6


Comparative Example 8-166
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
0.7
20
30
4.20
98.7
95.5
92.6


Comparative Example 8-167
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.6
95.1
92.1


Comparative Example 8-168
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
98.4
94.0
90.0






















TABLE 171









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-293
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
0.7
20
20
4.30
98.5
95.3
92.0


Example 8-294
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
98.2
94.1
90.5


Example 8-295
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
0.7
25
20
4.30
98.3
94.2
91.0


Example 8-296
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
0.7
20
30
4.30
98.2
94.3
91.2


Comparative Example 8-169
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
98.1
93.7
88.8






















TABLE 172









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-297
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
0.7
20
20
4.40
96.1
93.9
89.3


Example 8-298
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
95.0
92.5
83.7


Example 8-299
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
0.7
25
20
4.40
95.7
93.0
85.0


Example 8-300
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
0.7
20
30
4.40
95.2
93.2
85.8


Comparative Example 8-170
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
94.4
90.9
81.1






















TABLE 173









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-301
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
0.7
20
20
4.50
94.1
88.5
80.3


Example 8-302
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
91.0
86.5
73.7


Example 8-303
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
0.7
25
20
4.50
93.7
88.0
80.0


Example 8-304
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
0.7
20
30
4.50
94.0
87.9
79.8


Comparative Example 8-171
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Mn0.15Al0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.4
85.9
71.1






















TABLE 174









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-305
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.25
97.9
94.6
91.6


Example 8-306
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
97.5
93.2
90.5


Example 8-307
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.25
97.6
93.8
90.6


Example 8-308
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.25
97.6
93.5
90.5


Comparative Example 8-172
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.20
97.9
94.8
92.6


Comparative Example 8-173
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
97.7
94.8
92.4


Comparative Example 8-174
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.20
97.8
94.8
92.5


Comparative Example 8-175
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.20
97.7
94.8
92.4


Comparative Example 8-176
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
97.6
94.5
92.0


Comparative Example 8-177
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
97.5
93.2
89.8






















TABLE 175









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-309
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.30
97.6
94.3
91.4


Example 8-310
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
97.2
93.0
90.3


Example 8-311
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.30
97.4
93.6
90.4


Example 8-312
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.30
97.4
93.5
90.5


Comparative Example 8-178
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
97.0
92.8
89.0






















TABLE 176









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-313
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.40
95.9
93.6
89.6


Example 8-314
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
95.2
92.4
85.6


Example 8-315
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.40
95.5
93.3
87.1


Example 8-316
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.40
95.8
93.4
87.3


Comparative Example 8-179
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
94.7
91.1
81.7






















TABLE 177









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-317
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
20
4.50
93.9
87.6
80.6


Example 8-318
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
91.2
86.4
73.6


Example 8-319
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.0
25
20
4.50
93.5
87.3
80.1


Example 8-320
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.0
20
30
4.50
92.8
87.4
80.3


Comparative Example 8-180
LiCo0.3Ni0.5Ti0.15Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.7
86.1
70.7






















TABLE 178









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-321
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
0.6
20
20
4.25
98.7
95.6
92.1


Example 8-322
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
98.4
94.9
90.3


Example 8-323
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
0.6
25
20
4.25
98.6
94.9
90.7


Example 8-324
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
0.6
20
30
4.25
98.5
95.2
91.1


Comparative Example 8-181
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
0.6
20
20
4.20
98.7
95.6
92.7


Comparative Example 8-182
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
98.7
95.6
92.7


Comparative Example 8-183
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
0.6
25
20
4.20
98.7
95.6
92.7


Comparative Example 8-184
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
0.6
20
30
4.20
98.7
95.6
92.6


Comparative Example 8-185
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.6
95.4
92.0


Comparative Example 8-186
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
98.4
94.8
90.1






















TABLE 179









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-325
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
0.6
20
20
4.30
98.6
95.5
91.8


Example 8-326
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
98.2
94.6
90.0


Example 8-327
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
0.6
25
20
4.30
98.5
94.8
90.2


Example 8-328
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
0.6
20
30
4.30
98.5
95.2
90.6


Comparative Example 8-187
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
98.1
94.4
89.4






















TABLE 180









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-329
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
0.6
20
20
4.40
96.7
94.6
90.1


Example 8-330
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
95.8
93.1
87.9


Example 8-331
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
0.6
25
20
4.40
96.5
94.0
88.3


Example 8-332
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
0.6
20
30
4.40
96.5
93.8
88.7


Comparative Example 8-188
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
95.5
91.4
82.9






















TABLE 181









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-333
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
0.6
20
20
4.50
93.7
88.6
85.1


Example 8-334
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
90.8
86.1
77.9


Example 8-335
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
0.6
25
20
4.50
93.5
88.0
84.3


Example 8-336
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
0.6
20
30
4.50
93.5
87.8
84.7


Comparative Example 8-189
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.2Al0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.5
85.4
72.9






















TABLE 182









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-337
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
0.5
20
20
4.25
98.1
94.8
92.3


Example 8-338
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
98.0
94.2
90.6


Example 8-339
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
0.5
25
20
4.25
98.2
94.2
91.0


Example 8-340
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
0.5
20
30
4.25
98.1
94.6
91.0


Comparative Example 8-190
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
0.5
20
20
4.20
98.1
94.9
92.5


Comparative Example 8-191
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
98.3
94.8
92.5


Comparative Example 8-192
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
0.5
25
20
4.20
98.2
94.7
92.4


Comparative Example 8-193
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
0.5
20
30
4.20
98.1
94.7
92.4


Comparative Example 8-194
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.0
94.2
91.6


Comparative Example 8-195
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
98.0
94.0
90.2






















TABLE 183









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-341
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
0.5
20
20
4.30
98.1
94.6
92.0


Example 8-342
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
97.8
94.1
90.1


Example 8-343
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
0.5
25
20
4.30
98.0
94.0
90.0


Example 8-344
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
0.5
20
30
4.30
98.1
94.4
90.4


Comparative Example 8-196
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
97.7
93.5
89.6






















TABLE 184









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-345
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
0.5
20
20
4.40
96.1
94.8
89.9


Example 8-346
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
94.9
93.4
87.7


Example 8-347
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
0.5
25
20
4.40
95.6
94.6
88.2


Example 8-348
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
0.5
20
30
4.40
95.4
94.1
89.2


Comparative Example 8-197
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
94.8
91.7
83.1






















TABLE 185









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-349
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
0.5
20
20
4.50
94.1
88.8
84.9


Example 8-350
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
90.9
86.4
77.7


Example 8-351
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
0.5
25
20
4.50
93.6
88.6
84.2


Example 8-352
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
0.5
20
30
4.50
93.4
88.1
84.2


Comparative Example 8-198
LiCo0.4Ni0.3Mn0.2Mg0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.8
85.7
73.1






















TABLE 186









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-353
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
0.6
20
20
4.25
98.3
95.0
92.0


Example 8-354
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
98.2
94.5
90.3


Example 8-355
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
0.6
25
20
4.25
98.4
94.8
91.5


Example 8-356
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
0.6
20
30
4.25
98.3
95.0
90.9


Comparative Example 8-199
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
0.6
20
20
4.20
98.3
95.0
92.3


Comparative Example 8-200
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
98.2
95.0
92.3


Comparative Example 8-201
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
0.6
25
20
4.20
98.2
95.1
92.3


Comparative Example 8-202
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
0.6
20
30
4.20
98.2
94.9
92.3


Comparative Example 8-203
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.1
94.6
91.9


Comparative Example 8-204
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
98.2
94.0
89.9






















TABLE 187









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-357
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
0.6
20
20
4.30
98.2
94.7
91.5


Example 8-358
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
98.0
94.1
90.0


Example 8-359
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
0.6
25
20
4.30
98.1
94.4
91.1


Example 8-360
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
0.6
20
30
4.30
98.3
94.7
90.8


Comparative Example 8-205
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
97.8
92.9
88.7






















TABLE 188









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-361
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
0.6
20
20
4.40
95.8
94.5
89.5


Example 8-362
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
94.1
93.0
87.0


Example 8-363
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
0.6
25
20
4.40
95.0
93.9
89.3


Example 8-364
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
0.6
20
30
4.40
94.9
94.0
89.3


Comparative Example 8-206
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
94.8
91.3
81.4






















TABLE 189









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-365
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
0.6
20
20
4.50
94.3
88.0
80.0


Example 8-366
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
91.1
86.0
73.0


Example 8-367
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
0.6
25
20
4.50
94.0
87.9
79.5


Example 8-368
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
0.6
20
30
4.50
93.9
87.6
79.6


Comparative Example 8-207
LiCo0.3Ni0.45Mn0.2Ti0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.8
84.3
70.4






















TABLE 190









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-369
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
0.5
20
20
4.25
97.5
94.1
91.4


Example 8-370
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
97.3
93.8
90.2


Example 8-371
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
0.5
25
20
4.25
97.4
94.0
91.1


Example 8-372
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
0.5
20
30
4.25
97.5
94.1
90.7


Comparative Example 8-208
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
0.5
20
20
4.20
97.5
94.1
92.2


Comparative Example 8-209
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
97.5
94.0
92.1


Comparative Example 8-210
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
0.5
25
20
4.20
97.5
94.1
92.2


Comparative Example 8-211
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
0.5
20
30
4.20
97.5
94.1
92.1


Comparative Example 8-212
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
97.4
93.9
91.7


Comparative Example 8-213
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
97.2
93.7
90.0






















TABLE 191









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-373
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
0.5
20
20
4.30
97.4
94.0
91.2


Example 8-374
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
97.2
93.4
90.0


Example 8-375
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
0.5
25
20
4.30
97.4
93.7
91.0


Example 8-376
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
0.5
20
30
4.30
97.4
93.7
90.7


Comparative Example 8-214
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
97.0
93.2
90.0






















TABLE 192









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-377
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
0.5
20
20
4.40
95.7
94.1
89.4


Example 8-378
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
94.6
92.7
87.1


Example 8-379
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
0.5
25
20
4.40
95.3
93.6
89.5


Example 8-380
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
0.5
20
30
4.40
95.0
93.7
88.9


Comparative Example 8-215
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
94.8
90.8
79.9






















TABLE 193









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-381
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
0.5
20
20
4.50
92.7
87.1
78.4


Example 8-382
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
90.6
85.7
73.1


Example 8-383
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
0.5
25
20
4.50
92.3
86.6
77.7


Example 8-384
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
0.5
20
30
4.50
92.0
86.7
78.1


Comparative Example 8-216
LiCo0.2Ni0.5Mn0.25Cr0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.4
84.6
70.9






















TABLE 194









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-385
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
0.4
20
20
4.25
98.0
95.4
91.5


Example 8-386
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
98.0
95.0
90.5


Example 8-387
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
0.4
25
20
4.25
98.1
95.0
90.9


Example 8-388
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
0.4
20
30
4.25
98.0
95.1
91.0


Comparative Example 8-217
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
0.4
20
20
4.20
98.0
95.5
92.4


Comparative Example 8-218
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
98.0
95.6
92.4


Comparative Example 8-219
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
0.4
25
20
4.20
98.0
95.5
92.5


Comparative Example 8-220
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
0.4
20
30
4.20
98.0
95.6
92.4


Comparative Example 8-221
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.0
95.3
91.8


Comparative Example 8-222
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
97.9
94.9
90.3






















TABLE 195









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-389
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
0.4
20
20
4.30
98.0
95.3
91.2


Example 8-390
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
98.0
94.8
90.2


Example 8-391
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
0.4
25
20
4.30
98.1
94.9
90.7


Example 8-392
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
0.4
20
30
4.30
98.0
94.8
90.8


Comparative Example 8-223
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
97.9
94.2
90.0






















TABLE 196









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-393
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
0.4
20
20
4.40
96.0
93.9
89.5


Example 8-394
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
95.6
91.9
87.4


Example 8-395
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
0.4
25
20
4.40
95.9
92.7
88.5


Example 8-396
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
0.4
20
30
4.40
95.7
92.8
89.0


Comparative Example 8-224
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
95.4
90.2
80.1






















TABLE 197









concentration
concentration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)
















cathode active
Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-397
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
0.4
20
20
4.50
93.0
87.4
79.5


Example 8-398
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
90.6
86.4
73.4


Example 8-399
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
0.4
25
20
4.50
92.2
87.2
79.2


Example 8-400
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
0.4
20
30
4.50
92.7
86.8
79.0


Comparative Example 8-225
LiCo0.3Ni0.3Mn0.3Fe0.1O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.4
84.2
71.1






















TABLE 198










concen-






concentration
tration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)

















Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



cathode active material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-401
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
20
4.25
98.6
94.8
92.4


Example 8-402
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
98.2
94.5
91.5


Example 8-403
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
0.7
25
20
4.25
98.3
94.7
91.7


Example 8-404
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
30
4.25
98.2
94.6
91.8


Comparative Example 8-226
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
20
4.20
98.6
94.8
92.6


Comparative Example 8-227
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
98.5
94.8
92.5


Comparative Example 8-228
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
0.7
25
20
4.20
98.5
94.8
92.5


Comparative Example 8-229
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
30
4.20
98.6
94.8
92.6


Comparative Example 8-230
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
98.5
94.6
92.0


Comparative Example 8-231
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
98.2
94.2
91.0






















TABLE 199










concen-






concentration
tration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)

















Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



cathode active material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-405
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
20
4.30
98.4
94.7
92.1


Example 8-406
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
98.0
94.2
91.1


Example 8-407
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
0.7
25
20
4.30
98.0
94.5
91.7


Example 8-408
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
30
4.30
98.0
94.6
91.6


Comparative Example 8-232
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
98.0
94.0
90.6






















TABLE 200










concen-






concentration
tration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)

















Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



cathode active material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-409
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
20
4.40
96.3
93.3
89.7


Example 8-410
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
95.3
91.8
87.7


Example 8-411
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
0.7
25
20
4.40
96.2
93.0
88.7


Example 8-412
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
30
4.40
96.3
92.8
89.5


Comparative Example 8-233
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
95.3
90.6
81.2






















TABLE 201










concen-






concentration
tration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)

















Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



cathode active material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-413
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
20
4.50
94.1
88.3
82.7


Example 8-414
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
91.2
85.8
76.7


Example 8-415
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
0.7
25
20
4.50
93.7
88.0
81.7


Example 8-416
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
0.7
20
30
4.50
93.9
87.8
81.5


Comparative Example 8-234
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Al0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.8
84.2
72.2






















TABLE 202










concen-






concentration
tration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)

















Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



cathode active material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-417
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
0.8
20
20
4.25
97.6
94.4
91.9


Example 8-418
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.25
97.4
94.0
90.9


Example 8-419
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
0.8
25
20
4.25
97.5
94.2
91.3


Example 8-420
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
0.8
20
30
4.25
97.5
94.0
91.1


Comparative Example 8-235
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
0.8
20
20
4.20
97.6
94.4
92.3


Comparative Example 8-236
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.20
97.5
94.5
92.3


Comparative Example 8-237
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
0.8
25
20
4.20
97.5
94.5
92.3


Comparative Example 8-238
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
0.8
20
30
4.20
97.5
94.5
92.2


Comparative Example 8-239
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.20
97.5
94.4
91.7


Comparative Example 8-240
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.25
97.4
94.0
90.4






















TABLE 204










concen-






concentration
tration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)

















Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



cathode active material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-421
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
0.8
20
20
4.30
97.5
94.2
91.7


Example 8-422
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.30
97.2
93.7
90.9


Example 8-423
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
0.8
25
20
4.30
97.3
94.0
91.1


Example 8-424
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
0.8
20
30
4.30
97.3
93.8
90.8


Comparative Example 8-241
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.30
97.1
93.3
90.0






















TABLE 205










concen-






concentration
tration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)

















Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



cathode active material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-425
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
0.8
20
20
4.40
96.5
93.7
89.9


Example 8-426
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.40
95.5
91.9
87.9


Example 8-427
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
0.8
25
20
4.40
95.9
93.3
88.5


Example 8-428
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
0.8
20
30
4.40
96.3
93.0
88.3


Comparative Example 8-242
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.40
95.2
91.1
80.4






















TABLE 206










concen-






concentration
tration

upper
discharge capacity



of
of protic
moisture
limit
retention ratio (%)

















Li2CO3 + Li2SO4
impurities
content
voltage
10
50
100



cathode active material
(wt %)
(ppm)
(ppm)
(V)
cycles
cycles
cycles



















Example 8-429
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
0.8
20
20
4.50
92.6
87.4
81.9


Example 8-430
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
20
20
4.50
90.7
85.9
75.9


Example 8-431
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
0.8
25
20
4.50
91.9
86.9
81.5


Example 8-432
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
0.8
20
30
4.50
92.3
87.0
81.3


Comparative Example 8-243
LiCo0.3Ni0.4Mn0.15Cr0.1Mg0.05O2
1.5
25
30
4.50
90.2
85.0
72.4

## Claims

1. A battery comprising:
a cathode;
an anode; and
an electrolyte,
wherein,
the cathode has a cathode active material including a lithium composite oxide which contains lithium (Li), at least either cobalt (Co) or nickel (Ni), and oxygen (O),
the anode has an anode active material including at least one kind selected from the group consisting of anode materials capable of insertion and extraction of lithium, and lithium metals,
the battery charges at 4.25 V or more,
a maximum of 1.0 wt % a total amount of lithium carbonate and lithium sulphate impurities in the cathode and the cathode active material,
a maximum of 20 ppm of a concentration protic impurities in the electrolyte, and
the battery has a discharge capacity within the range of 7.0 to 8.9 mAh.

2. A battery according to claim 1, having a maximum of 20 ppm of a concentration of a moisture content in the electrolyte.

3. A battery according to claim 1, wherein the lithium composite oxide furthermore contains at least one kind selected from the group consisting of manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), and iron (Fe).

4. A battery according to claim 3, wherein the lithium composite oxide contains cobalt and nickel.

5. A battery according to claim 3, wherein the lithium composite oxide contains manganese.

6. A battery according to claim 5, wherein the lithium composite oxide contains not only manganese but also at least one kind selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, titanium, chromium, and iron.

7. A battery according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte contains a solvent and a lithium salt, and the solvent contains a cyclic carbonate.

8. A battery according to claim 7, wherein content of the cyclic carbonate in the solvent is not less than 20 vol % nor more than 100 vol %.

9. A battery according to claim 7, wherein the solvent contains a cyclic carboxylate with content of less than 50 vol %.

10. A battery according to claim 7, wherein the solvent contains vinylene carbonate with content of less than 10 vol %.

11. A battery according to claim 10, wherein the solvent furthermore contains a cyclic carboxylate.

12. A battery according to claim 7, wherein the solvent contains vinyl ethylene carbonate with content of less than 10 vol %.

13. A battery according to claim 12, wherein the solvent furthermore contains a cyclic carboxylate.

14. A battery according to claim 7, wherein the solvent furthermore contains a chain carbonate with content of 80 vol %. or less.

15. A battery according to claim 7, wherein content of the lithium salt to the solvent is not less than 0.6 mol/kg nor more than 2.0 mol/kg.

16. A battery according to claim 7, wherein the electrolyte furthermore contains a high molecular weight compound.

17. A battery according to claim 1, wherein the electrolyte contains at least one kind selected from the group consisting of LiPF6, LiBF4, LiClO4, LiN(CF3SO2)2 and LiN(C2F5SO2)2.

18. A battery according to claim 1, wherein the anode contains a carbon material.

19. A battery according to claim 18, wherein the anode contains at least one kind selected from the group consisting of graphite, graphitizable carbon, and non-graphitizable carbon.

20. A battery according to claim 19, wherein the anode contains non-graphitizable carbon.

21. A battery according to claim 19, wherein the anode contains graphite.

22. A battery according to claim 1, wherein the anode contains at least one kind selected from the group consisting of simple substances, alloys and compounds of metallic elements and semimetal elements which can form an alloy with lithium.

23. A battery according to claim 22, wherein the anode contains at least one kind selected from the group consisting of simple substances, alloys and compounds of tin (Sn), lead (Pb), aluminum (Al), indium (In), silicon (Si), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cobalt, antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), silver (Ag), hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), and yttrium (Y).

24. A battery according to claim 1, wherein a capacity of the anode includes a capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium and a capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium and is expressed by the sum of the capacity components.

25. A battery comprising:
a cathode:
an anode: and
an electrolyte,
wherein,
the cathode has a cathode active material including a lithium composite oxide which contains lithium (Li), at least either cobalt (Co) or nickel (Ni), and oxygen (O),
the anode has an anode active material including at least one kind selected from the group consisting of anode materials capable of insertion and extraction of lithium, and lithium metals,
the battery charges at 4.25 V or more,
a maximum of 20 ppm of a concentration of protic impurities in the electrolyte, and
said battery has a discharge capacity within the range of 7.0 to 8.9 mAh.

26. A battery according to claim 25, having a maximum of 20 ppm of a moisture content in the electrolyte.

27. A battery according to claim 25, wherein the lithium composite oxide furthermore contains at least one kind selected from the group consisting of manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), and iron (Fe).

28. battery according to claim 27, wherein the lithium composite oxide contains cobalt and nickel.

29. A battery according to claim 27, wherein the lithium composite oxide contains manganese.

30. A battery according to claim 29, wherein the lithium composite oxide contains not only manganese but also at least one kind selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, titanium, chromium, and iron.

31. A battery according to claim 25, wherein the electrolyte contains a solvent and a lithium salt, and the solvent contains a cyclic carbonate.

32. A battery according to claim 31, wherein content of the cyclic carbonate in the solvent is not less than 20 vol % nor more than 100 vol %.

33. A battery according to claim 31, wherein the solvent contains a cyclic carboxylate with content of less than 50 vol %.

34. A battery according to claim 31, wherein the solvent contains vinylene carbonate with content of less than 10 vol %.

35. A battery according to claim 34, wherein the solvent furthermore contains a cyclic carboxylate.

36. A battery according to claim 31, wherein the solvent contains vinyl ethylene carbonate with content of less than 10 vol %.

37. A battery according to claim 36, wherein the solvent furthermore contains a cyclic carboxylate.

38. A battery according to claim 31, wherein the solvent furthermore contains a chain carbonate with content of 80 vol % or less.

39. A battery according to claim 31, wherein content of the lithium salt to the solvent is not less than 0.6 mol/kg nor more than 2.0 mol/kg.

40. A battery according to claim 31, wherein the electrolyte furthermore contains a high molecular weight compound.

41. A battery according to claim 25, wherein the electrolyte contains at least one kind selected from the group consisting of LiPF6, LiBF4, LiClO4, LiN(CF3SO2)2 and LiN(C2F5SO2)2.

42. A battery according to claim 25, wherein the anode contains a carbon material.

43. A battery according to claim 42, wherein the anode contains at least one kind selected from the group consisting of graphite, graphitizable carbon, and non-graphitizable carbon.

44. A battery according to claim 43, wherein the anode contains non-graphitizable carbon.

45. A battery according to claim 43, wherein the anode contains graphite.

46. A battery according to claim 25, wherein the anode contains at least one kind selected from the group consisting of simple substances, alloys and compounds of metallic elements and semimetal elements which can form an alloy with lithium.

47. A battery according to claim 46, wherein the anode contains at least one kind selected from the group consisting of simple substances, alloys and compounds of tin (Sn), lead (Pb), aluminum (Al), indium (In), silicon (Si), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cobalt, antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), silver (Ag), hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), and yttrium (Y).

48. A battery according to claim 25, wherein a capacity of the anode includes a capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium and a capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium and is expressed by the sum of the capacity components.

49. A battery comprising:
a cathode:
an anode: and
an electrolyte,
wherein;
the cathode has a cathode active material including a lithium composite oxide which contains lithium (Li), at least either cobalt (Co) or nickel (Ni), and oxygen (O),
the anode has an anode active material including at least one kind selected from the group consisting of anode materials capable of insertion and extraction of lithium, and lithium metals,
the battery charges at 4.25 V or more, and
a maximum of 20 ppm of a moisture content in the electrolyte,
a maximum of 20 ppm of a concentration of protic impurities in the electrolyte, and
the battery has a discharge capacity within the range of 7.0 to 8.9 mAh.

50. A battery according to claim 49, wherein the lithium composite oxide furthermore contains at least one kind selected from the group consisting of manganese (Mn), aluminum (Al), magnesium (Mg), titanium (Ti), chromium (Cr), and iron (Fe).

51. A battery according to claim 50, wherein the lithium composite oxide contains cobalt and nickel.

52. A battery according to claim 50, wherein the lithium composite oxide contains manganese.

53. A battery according to claim 52, wherein the lithium composite oxide contains not only manganese but also at least one kind selected from the group consisting of aluminum, magnesium, titanium, chromium, and iron.

54. A battery according to claim 49, wherein the electrolyte contains a solvent and a lithium salt, and the solvent contains a cyclic carbonate.

55. A battery according to claim 54, wherein content of the cyclic carbonate in the solvent is not less than 20 vol % nor more than 100 vol %.

56. A battery according to claim 54, wherein the solvent contains a cyclic carboxylate with content of less than 50 vol %.

57. A battery according to claim 54, wherein the solvent contains vinylene carbonate with content of less than 10 vol %.

58. A battery according to claim 57, wherein the solvent furthermore contains a cyclic carboxylate.

59. A battery according to claim 54, wherein the solvent contains vinyl ethylene carbonate with content of less than 10 vol %.

60. A battery according to claim 59, wherein the solvent furthermore contains a cyclic carboxylate.

61. A battery according to claim 54, wherein the solvent furthermore contains a chain carbonate with content of 80 vol % or less.

62. A battery according to claim 54, wherein content of the lithium salt to the solvent is not less than 0.6 mol/kg nor more than 2.0 mol/kg.

63. A battery according to claim 54, wherein the electrolyte furthermore contains a high molecular weight compound.

64. A battery according to claim 49, wherein the electrolyte contains at least one kind selected from the group consisting of LiPF6, LiBF4, LiClO4, LiN(CF3SO2)2 and LiN(C2F5SO2)2.

65. A battery according to claim 49, wherein the anode contains a carbon material.

66. A battery according to claim 65, wherein the anode contains at least one kind selected from the group consisting of graphite, graphitizable carbon, and non-graphitizable carbon.

67. A battery according to claim 66, wherein the anode contains non-graphitizable carbon.

68. A battery according to claim 66, wherein the anode contains graphite.

69. A battery according to claim 49, wherein the anode contains at least one kind selected from the group consisting of simple substances, alloys and compounds of metallic elements and semimetal elements which can form an alloy with lithium.

70. A battery according to claim 69, wherein the anode contains at least one kind selected from the group consisting of simple substances, alloys and compounds of tin (Sn), lead (Pb), aluminum (Al), indium (In), silicon (Si), zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), cobalt, antimony (Sb), bismuth (Bi), cadmium (Cd), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), gallium (Ga), germanium (Ge), arsenic (As), silver (Ag), hafnium (Hf), zirconium (Zr), and yttrium (Y).

71. A battery according to claim 49, wherein a capacity of the anode includes a capacity component by insertion and extraction of lithium and a capacity component by precipitation and dissolution of lithium and is expressed by the sum of the capacity components.