# Patent

## Title
Photonic diode

## Abstract

An element for interacting with electromagnetic radiation is disclosed, including a first self-resonant body, a second self-resonant body, and a directional device interposed between the first self-resonant body and the second self-resonant body. The directional device is adapted to inhibit propagation of electromagnetic radiation from the second self-resonant body to the first self-resonant body.

## Background
RELATED APPLICATIONS
For purposes of the USPTO extra-statutory requirements, the present application constitutes a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/323,471, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,348,858 entitled PHOTONIC DIODE, naming RODERICK A. HYDE, NATHAN P. MYHRVOLD, CLARENCE T. TEGREENE, and LOWELL L. WOOD, JR. as inventors, filed 30 Dec. 2005, which is currently co-pending, or is an application of which a currently co-pending application is entitled to the benefit of the filing date.


CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is related to and claims the benefit of the earliest available effective filing date(s) from the following listed application(s) (the “Related Applications”) (e.g., claims earliest available priority dates for other than provisional patent applications or claims benefits under 35 USC § 119(e) for provisional patent applications, for any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Related Application(s)).
The United States Patent Office (USPTO) has published a notice to the effect that the USPTO's computer programs require that patent applicants reference both a serial number and indicate whether an application is a continuation or continuation-in-part. Stephen G. Kunin, Benefit of Prior-Filed Application, USPTO Official Gazette Mar. 18, 2003, available at http://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/com/sol/og/2003/week11/patbene.htm. The present Applicant Entity (hereinafter “Applicant”) has provided above a specific reference to the application(s) from which priority is being claimed as recited by statute. Applicant understands that the statute is unambiguous in its specific reference language and does not require either a serial number or any characterization, such as “continuation” or “continuation-in-part,” for claiming priority to U.S. patent applications. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Applicant understands that the USPTO's computer programs have certain data entry requirements, and hence Applicant is designating the present application as a continuation-in-part of its parent applications as set forth above, but expressly points out that such designations are not to be construed in any way as any type of commentary and/or admission as to whether or not the present application contains any new matter in addition to the matter of its parent application(s). All subject matter of the Related Applications and of any and all parent, grandparent, great-grandparent, etc. applications of the Related Applications is incorporated herein by reference to the extent such subject matter is not inconsistent herewith.
TECHNICAL FIELD
The present application relates, in general, to photonic circuits.
SUMMARY
In one respect, disclosed is an apparatus for interacting with electromagnetic radiation including: a first self-resonant body; a second self-resonant body; and a directional device between the first self-resonant body and the second self-resonant body, the directional device being adapted to inhibit propagation of a first electromagnetic radiation signal from the second self-resonant body to the first self-resonant body.
In another respect, disclosed is an electromagnetic radiation element including: a first set of one or more resonators, the first set of resonators being adapted to facilitate the propagation of electromagnetic radiation signals; a second set of one or more resonators, the second set of resonators being adapted to facilitate the propagation of electromagnetic radiation; and a directional device functionally between all or a portion of the first set of resonators and all or a portion of the second set of resonators, the directional device being adapted to inhibit a first electromagnetic signal received from the second set of resonators to propagate to the first set of resonators, and the directional device being adapted to permit a second electromagnetic signal received from the first set of resonators to propagate to the second set of resonators.
In yet another respect, disclosed is a method of directing electromagnetic energy, including: resonantly interacting with a portion of the electromagnetic energy at a first location; selectively permitting propagation of at least one portion of the electromagnetic energy from the first location to a second location; resonantly interacting with the propagated at least one portion of the electromagnetic energy at the second location; and selectively inhibiting propagation of at least a portion of the electromagnetic energy from the second location to the first location.
In yet another respect, disclosed is a method for producing an element for interacting with electromagnetic radiation signals, including: identifying a first resonator adapted to resonate at a first frequency; identifying a second resonator adapted to resonate at the first frequency; identifying a directional device; and interposing the directional device functionally between the first resonator and the second resonator, the directional device being adapted to inhibit a first electromagnetic signal at the first frequency from propagating from the second resonator to the first resonator, and the directional device being adapted to substantially permit a second electromagnetic signal at the first frequency from propagating from the first resonator to the second resonator.
In yet another respect, disclosed is a method for producing an apparatus for interacting with electromagnetic radiation including: interposing a directional device functionally between a first self-resonant body and a second self-resonant body, the directional device being adapted to inhibit a first electromagnetic radiation signal received from the second self-resonant body to propagate to the first self-resonant body.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE FIGURES
Other objects and advantages of the invention may become apparent upon reading the detailed description and upon reference to the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram illustrating a photonic diode, including a directional device interposed functionally between two self-resonant bodies, in accordance with some of the embodiments.
FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating a photonic diode, including a directional device interposed functionally between two sets of self-resonant bodies, in accordance with some of the embodiments.
FIG. 3 is a block diagram illustrating a photonic diode, including two directional devices interposed functionally between self-resonant bodies, in accordance with some of the embodiments.
FIG. 4 is a block diagram illustrating an isolator, including a rotator interposed functionally between two polarizers, in accordance with some of the embodiments.
FIG. 5 is a block diagram illustrating a photonic diode, including self-resonant bodies interposed in a non-reciprocal photonic crystal, in accordance with some of the embodiments.
FIG. 6 is a flow diagram illustrating a method of selectively directing electromagnetic radiation in accordance with some of the embodiments.
FIG. 7 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for producing an element for interacting with electromagnetic radiation in accordance with some of the embodiments.
FIG. 8 is a flow diagram illustrating a method for producing an apparatus for interacting with electromagnetic radiation in accordance with some of the embodiments.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
One or more embodiments are described below. It should be noted that these embodiments are exemplary and are intended to be illustrative rather than limiting. It is impossible to include all of possible embodiments and contexts of the invention in this disclosure.
Referring to FIG. 1, a block diagram illustrating a photonic diode, including a directional device interposed functionally between two self-resonant bodies (resonators), in accordance with some of the embodiments is shown. Directional device 115 is interposed between self-resonant body 110 and self-resonant body 120. The directional device is adapted to inhibit substantially propagation of electromagnetic radiation in at least one direction. Directional device 115 may inhibit, for example, electromagnetic radiation from propagating from self-resonant body 120 to self-resonant body 110 and may permit electromagnetic radiation to propagate from self-resonant body 110 to self-resonant body 120.
In one embodiment, self-resonant body 110, directional device 115, and self-resonant body 120 may be arranged as shown in the figure to facilitate propagation of electromagnetic radiation from self-resonant body 110 to self-resonant body 120. In other embodiments, directional device 115 may be interposed functionally (for example, propagationally) between self-resonant body 110 and self-resonant body 120. If, for example, directional device 115 is adapted to change a direction of incident electromagnetic radiation by 90° or 180°, the arrangement of one or more of the devices may be changed accordingly so that electromagnetic radiation can propagate from self-resonant body 110 to self-resonant body 120. That is, self-resonant body 120 may be placed below directional device 115 instead of to the right of directional device 115.
In another embodiment, the photonic diode may include a first set of self-resonant bodies that includes first resonant body 110 and a second set of self-resonant bodies that includes second self-resonant body 120. In this embodiment, directional device 115 may be adapted to inhibit substantially electromagnetic radiation from propagating from the second set of self-resonant bodies to the first set of self-resonant bodies and may be adapted to permit substantially electromagnetic radiation from propagating from the first set of self-resonant bodies to the second set of self-resonant bodies. In one embodiment, the first and second set of self-resonant bodies may be arrays of self-resonant bodies. The arrays may be one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional.
In one embodiment, the photonic diode may include additional directional devices that are also adapted to inhibit substantially electromagnetic radiation propagation in at least one direction. The additional directional devices may be interposed before self-resonant body 110 or after self-resonant body 120. Furthermore, in an embodiment where additional self-resonant bodies are present, the additional directional devices may be interposed between selected ones of the additional self-resonant bodies. For example, a third self-resonant body may be present and a second directional device may be interposed between self-resonant body 120 and the third self-resonant body.
In one embodiment, the directional device may include an optical isolator. The isolator may include a first polarizer adapted to polarize linearly incident electromagnetic energy along a first axis and a second polarizer adapted to polarize linearly incident electromagnetic radiation along a second axis, the second axis being different from the first axis. In one embodiment, the second axis may be oriented at 45° with respect to the first axis. A rotator adapted to rotate an axis of polarization by 45° may be interposed between the first and the second polarizers such that electromagnetic radiation incident on the second polarizer is inhibited substantially from propagating through the first polarizer and electromagnetic radiation incident on the first polarizer is permitted to propagate through the second polarizer.
In one embodiment, self-resonant body 110, directional device 115, and self-resonant body 120, as well as additional self-resonant bodies and additional directional devices, may be embedded in a photonic crystal. The photonic crystal may operate as a waveguide to facilitate propagation and steering of the electromagnetic energy. In yet another embodiment, self-resonant body 110 and self-resonant body 120, as well additional self-resonant bodies, may be embedded in a nonreciprocal magnetic photonic crystal adapted to operate as a directional device to inhibit substantially electromagnetic radiation from propagating in at least one direction through the crystal.
The self-resonant bodies may include any object adapted to resonate at a desired mode or frequency in the electromagnetic spectrum. In one embodiment, the self-resonant bodies may be high Q resonators with relatively narrow bandwidth resonances, and resulting efficient propagation of electromagnetic radiation at the resonant frequency. Examples of self-resonant bodies may include, for example, nanorods, antennas, atoms, and quantum dots. Other suitable resonators may be used, however.
Referring to FIG. 2, a block diagram illustrating a photonic diode, including a directional device interposed functionally between two sets of self-resonant bodies, in accordance with some of the embodiments is shown. In one embodiment, photonic diode 210 includes first set of self-resonant bodies 260, directional device 230, and second set of self-resonant bodies 270. Self-resonant body 215, self-resonant body 220, and self-resonant body 225 are included in first set of self-resonant bodies 260 and self-resonant body 235, self-resonant body 240, and self-resonant body 245 are included in second set of self-resonant bodies 270.
In one embodiment, directional device 230 may be interposed between self-resonant body 225 and self-resonant body 235. Directional device 230 is adapted to inhibit substantially electromagnetic energy received from second set of self-resonant bodies 270 from propagating to first set of self-resonant bodies 260 and to permit substantially electromagnetic energy from propagating from first set of self-resonant bodies 260 to second set of self-resonant bodies 270.
In one embodiment, the first and second sets of self-resonant bodies may be arrays of self-resonant bodies. The arrays may be one-dimensional, two-dimensional, or three-dimensional. Other arrangements of the self-resonant bodies may also be possible.
Referring to FIG. 3, a block diagram illustrating a photonic diode, including two directional devices interposed functionally between self-resonant bodies, in accordance with some of the embodiments is shown. In one embodiment, photonic diode 310 may include two or more directional devices. As shown in the figure, the photonic diode includes self-resonant body 315, directional device 320, self-resonant body 325, directional device 330, and self-resonant bodies 335, 340, 345. Additional arrangements of the devices are also possible. Additional directional devices, for example, may be interposed between selected ones of the self-resonant bodies. Furthermore, two or more self-resonant bodies may be interposed between or on either side of the directional devices. The self-resonant bodies may be also arranged in arrays (one-, two-, or three-dimensional) to facilitate propagation of electromagnetic radiation.
Referring to FIG. 4, a block diagram illustrating an isolator, including a rotator interposed functionally between two polarizers, in accordance with some of the embodiments is shown. Polarizer 410 is adapted to polarize linearly incident electromagnetic radiation along a first axis. In one embodiment, polarizer 410 may be adapted to polarize incident electromagnetic radiation along the ŷ axis as is shown in diagram 425. Polarizer 420 is adapted to polarize linearly incident electromagnetic radiation along a second axis. In one embodiment, polarizer 420 may be adapted to polarize incident electromagnetic radiation along an axis that is 45° to the ŷ axis (which is also at an angle of 45° to the first axis) as is shown in diagram 435. In an embodiment where small-scale polarizers may be required, polarizing material may be used as described by Guo et al. in a paper in Applied Optics (Fabrication of thin-film micropolarizer arrays for visible imaging polarimetry; Junpeng Guo and David Brady; Applied Optics, Vol. 39, No. 10; 1 Apr. 2000), which is incorporated herein by reference. The polarizers may also be manufactured using negative index of refraction materials as described in a paper by Shalaev et al. (Negative index of refraction in optical metamaterials; Shalaev et al.; V. M. Shalaev, W. Cai, U. K. Chettiar, H.-K. Yuan, A. K. Sarychev, V. P. Drachev, and A. V. Kildishev; OPTICS LETTERS, Vol. 30, No. 24, 3356 (2005)), which is also incorporated herein by reference.
Rotator 415 is interposed functionally between polarizer 410 and polarizer 420. Rotator 415 is adapted to rotate a polarization axis of incident radiation by a number of degrees. In one embodiment, rotator 415 is adapted to rotate an axis of polarization of incident radiation by 45° as is shown in diagram 430. In one embodiment, the rotator may be a Faraday rotator manufactured from Bismuth Iron Garnet Film as described in a paper by Denysenkov et al. (Ferromagnetic resonance in single-crystal bismuth iron garnet films, V. P. Denysenkov, Alex Grishin, Takashi Okuda, Nobuyasu Adachi; MRS Fall 1999 meeting (KK3.6), Boston, Nov. 29-Dec. 3 (1999)), which is incorporated herein by reference.
In an example demonstrating propagation of electromagnetic radiation through the isolator in the negative {circumflex over (z)} direction, polarizer 410 is adapted to polarize along the ŷ axis incident unpolarized electromagnetic radiation 440 to yield linearly polarized electromagnetic radiation 445. Rotator 415 is then adapted to rotate a polarization axis of polarized electromagnetic radiation 445 clockwise (with respect to the direction of the incident radiation) by 45° to yield rotated polarized electromagnetic radiation 455. Finally, polarizer 420 is adapted to polarize incident rotated polarized electromagnetic radiation 455 along a direction that is 45° from the ŷ axis. The incident electromagnetic radiation is permitted to propagate through polarizer 420 to yield electromagnetic radiation 460, which remains substantially unchanged since the incident electromagnetic radiation is polarized along the axis of polarization of polarizer 420.
In an example demonstrating propagation of electromagnetic radiation through the isolator in the positive {circumflex over (z)} direction, polarizer 420 is adapted to polarize along a direction that is 45° to the ŷ axis incident unpolarized electromagnetic radiation 480 to yield polarized electromagnetic radiation 475. Rotator 415 is then adapted to rotate a polarization axis of polarized electromagnetic radiation 475 clockwise (with respect to the direction of the incident radiation) by 45° to yield rotated polarized electromagnetic radiation 465, which is substantially polarized along the {circumflex over (x)} axis. Finally, polarizer 410 is adapted to polarize incident rotated polarized electromagnetic radiation 465 along the ŷ axis. Since incident electromagnetic radiation 465 is substantially polarized along the {circumflex over (x)} axis (which is 90° from the polarization axis of polarizer 410), the incident electromagnetic radiation is inhibited substantially from propagating through polarizer 410. Thus, electromagnetic radiation is inhibited substantially from propagating through the isolator in the positive {circumflex over (z)} direction.
Referring to FIG. 5, a block diagram illustrating a photonic diode, including self-resonant bodies embedded in a non-reciprocal photonic crystal, in accordance with some of the embodiments is shown. In one embodiment, the directional device of photonic diode 510 may include nonreciprocal photonic crystal 550. Nonreciprocal photonic crystals (also known as magnetic photonic crystals) are adapted to inhibit substantially propagation of electromagnetic radiation in one direction. Properties of nonreciprocal magnetic photonic crystals are described in a paper by Figotin, et al. (Nonreciprocal magnetic photonic crystals, A. Figotin, I. Vitebsky; Physical Review E, Vol. 63, 066609; 24 May 2001), which is incorporated herein by reference. As shown in FIG. 5, in one embodiment, nonreciprocal photonic crystal 550 may be adapted to permit substantially electromagnetic radiation to propagate from left to right and to inhibit substantially electromagnetic radiation from propagating from right to left.
In one embodiment, resonators 515, 520, 525, 530, 535, 540, and 545 may be embedded into nonreciprocal photonic crystal 550. In another embodiment, nonreciprocal photonic crystal material may be placed only between selected resonators. The resonators and the nonreciprocal photonic crystal material may also be embedded in a photonic crystal that may operate as waveguide to facilitate the propagation and steering of the electromagnetic radiation.
Referring to FIG. 6, a flow diagram illustrating a method of selectively directing electromagnetic radiation in accordance with some of the embodiments is shown. The method begins at block 610 whereupon a portion of electromagnetic energy is resonantly interacted with at a first location. In one embodiment, this may be accomplished by a self-resonant body such as self-resonant body 110 (FIG. 1). At block 615, at least a portion of the electromagnetic energy is selectively permitted to propagate from the first location to the second location. In one embodiment, this may be accomplished by a directional device such as directional device 115 (FIG. 1). At block 620, at least a portion of the electromagnetic energy is interacted with at a second location. In one embodiment, this may be accomplished by a self-resonant body such as self-resonant body 120 (FIG. 1). At block 625, at least a portion of the electromagnetic energy is inhibited from propagating from the second location to the first location. In one embodiment, this may be accomplished by a directional device such as directional device 115 (see FIG. 1).
Referring to FIG. 7, a flow diagram illustrating a method for producing an element for interacting with electromagnetic radiation in accordance with some of the embodiments is shown. The method begins at block 710 whereupon a first resonator adapted to resonate at a first frequency is identified. In one embodiment, the resonator identified may be self-resonant body 110 (FIG. 1). At block 715, a second resonator adapted to resonate at the first frequency is identified. In one embodiment, the resonator identified may be self-resonant body 120 (FIG. 1). At block 720, a directional device is identified. In one embodiment, the identified directional device may be directional device 115 (FIG. 1). At block 725, the directional device is interposed functionally between the first resonator and the second resonator to produce the element.
Referring to FIG. 8, a flow diagram illustrating a method for producing an apparatus for interacting with electromagnetic radiation in accordance with some of the embodiments is shown. The method begins at block 810, whereupon a first self-resonant body is provided. In one embodiment, the first self-resonant body provided may be self-resonant body 110 (FIG. 1). At block 815, a second self-resonant body is provided. In one embodiment, the second self-resonant body provided may be self-resonant body 120 (FIG. 1). At block 820, a directional device is interposed between the first self-resonant body and the second self-resonant body. In one embodiment, the directional device may be directional device 115 (FIG. 1).
The previous description of the disclosed embodiments is provided to enable a person skilled in the art to make or use the present invention. Various modifications to these embodiments will be readily apparent to those skilled in the art, and the generic principles defined herein may be applied to other embodiments without departing from the spirit or scope of the invention. Thus, the present invention is not intended to be limited to the embodiments shown herein but is to be accorded the widest scope consistent with the principles and novel features disclosed herein.
In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that the various embodiments described herein can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by various types of electrical or electromechanical systems having a wide range of electrical components such as hardware, software, firmware, or virtually any combination thereof, and a wide range of components that may impart mechanical force or motion such as rigid bodies, spring or torsional bodies, hydraulics, and electro-magnetically actuated devices, or virtually any combination thereof. Consequently, as used herein “electro-mechanical system” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry operably coupled with a transducer (e.g., an actuator, a motor, a piezoelectric crystal, etc.), electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment), and any non-electrical analog thereto, such as optical or other analogs. Those skilled in the art will also appreciate that examples of electro-mechanical systems include but are not limited to a variety of consumer electronics systems, as well as other systems such as motorized transport systems, factory automation systems, security systems, and communication/computing systems. Those skilled in the art will recognize that electro-mechanical as used herein is not necessarily limited to a system that has both electrical and mechanical actuation except as context may dictate otherwise.
In a general sense, those skilled in the art will recognize that the various aspects described herein which can be implemented, individually and/or collectively, by a wide range of hardware, software, firmware, or any combination thereof can be viewed as being composed of various types of “electrical circuitry.” Consequently, as used herein “electrical circuitry” includes, but is not limited to, electrical circuitry having at least one discrete electrical circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one integrated circuit, electrical circuitry having at least one application specific integrated circuit, electrical circuitry forming a general purpose computing device configured by a computer program (e.g., a general purpose computer configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein, or a microprocessor configured by a computer program which at least partially carries out processes and/or devices described herein), electrical circuitry forming a memory device (e.g., forms of random access memory), and/or electrical circuitry forming a communications device (e.g., a modem, communications switch, or optical-electrical equipment). Those having skill in the art will recognize that the subject matter described herein may be implemented in an analog or digital fashion or some combination thereof.
All of the above U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, U.S. patent applications, foreign patents, foreign patent applications and non-patent publications referred to in this specification and/or listed in any Application Data Sheet, are incorporated herein by reference, in their entireties.
One skilled in the art will recognize that the herein described components (e.g., steps), devices, and objects and the discussion accompanying them are used as examples for the sake of conceptual clarity and that various configuration modifications are within the skill of those in the art. Consequently, as used herein, the specific exemplars set forth and the accompanying discussion are intended to be representative of their more general classes. In general, use of any specific exemplar herein is also intended to be representative of its class, and the non-inclusion of such specific components (e.g., steps), devices, and objects herein should not be taken as indicating that limitation is desired.
With respect to the use of substantially any plural and/or singular terms herein, those having skill in the art can translate from the plural to the singular and/or from the singular to the plural as is appropriate to the context and/or application. The various singular/plural permutations are not expressly set forth herein for sake of clarity.
The herein described subject matter sometimes illustrates different components contained within, or connected with, different other components. It is to be understood that such depicted architectures are merely exemplary, and that in fact many other architectures can be implemented which achieve the same functionality. In a conceptual sense, any arrangement of components to achieve the same functionality is effectively “associated” such that the desired functionality is achieved. Hence, any two components herein combined to achieve a particular functionality can be seen as “associated with” each other such that the desired functionality is achieved, irrespective of architectures or intermedial components. Likewise, any two components so associated can also be viewed as being “operably connected”, or “operably coupled”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality, and any two components capable of being so associated can also be viewed as being “operably couplable”, to each other to achieve the desired functionality. Specific examples of operably couplable include but are not limited to physically mateable and/or physically interacting components and/or wirelessly interactable and/or wirelessly interacting components and/or logically interacting and/or logically interactable components.
While particular aspects of the present subject matter described herein have been shown and described, it will be apparent to those skilled in the art that, based upon the teachings herein, changes and modifications may be made without departing from the subject matter described herein and its broader aspects and, therefore, the appended claims are to encompass within their scope all such changes and modifications as are within the true spirit and scope of the subject matter described herein. Furthermore, it is to be understood that the invention is defined by the appended claims. It will be understood by those within the art that, in general, terms used herein, and especially in the appended claims (e.g., bodies of the appended claims) are generally intended as “open” terms (e.g., the term “including” should be interpreted as “including but not limited to,” the term “having” should be interpreted as “having at least,” the term “includes” should be interpreted as “includes but is not limited to,” etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is intended, such an intent will be explicitly recited in the claim, and in the absence of such recitation no such intent is present. For example, as an aid to understanding, the following appended claims may contain usage of the introductory phrases “at least one” and “one or more” to introduce claim recitations. However, the use of such phrases should not be construed to imply that the introduction of a claim recitation by the indefinite articles “a” or “an” limits any particular claim containing such introduced claim recitation to inventions containing only one such recitation, even when the same claim includes the introductory phrases “one or more” or “at least one” and indefinite articles such as “a” or “an” (e.g., “a” and/or “an” should typically be interpreted to mean “at least one” or “one or more”); the same holds true for the use of definite articles used to introduce claim recitations. In addition, even if a specific number of an introduced claim recitation is explicitly recited, those skilled in the art will recognize that such recitation should typically be interpreted to mean at least the recited number (e.g., the bare recitation of “two recitations,” without other modifiers, typically means at least two recitations, or two or more recitations). Furthermore, in those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, and C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, and C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). In those instances where a convention analogous to “at least one of A, B, or C, etc.” is used, in general such a construction is intended in the sense one having skill in the art would understand the convention (e.g., “a system having at least one of A, B, or C” would include but not be limited to systems that have A alone, B alone, C alone, A and B together, A and C together, B and C together, and/or A, B, and C together, etc.). It will be further understood by those within the art that virtually any disjunctive word and/or phrase presenting two or more alternative terms, whether in the description, claims, or drawings, should be understood to contemplate the possibilities of including one of the terms, either of the terms, or both terms. For example, the phrase “A or B” will be understood to include the possibilities of “A” or “B” or “A and B.”

## Claims

1. A system comprising:
electromagnetic circuitry including at least two self-resonant bodies arranged to pass an electromagnetic signal from a first of the at least two self-resonant bodies to a second of the at least two self-resonant bodies; and
a directional device configured to modulate the passage of the electromagnetic signal between the first and second self-resonant bodies.

2. The system of claim 1 further comprising electrical control circuitry operable to produce the electromagnetic signal and coupled to the electromagnetic circuitry.

3. The system of claim 2 further comprising a processor operably connected to the electrical circuitry.

4. The system of claim 1 wherein the directional device is adapted to inhibit electromagnetic radiation from propagating from the second self-resonant body to the first self-resonant body and to permit electromagnetic radiation to propagate from the first self-resonant body to self the second self-resonant body.

5. The system of claim 1 wherein the at least two self resonant bodies are at least partially embedded within the directional device.

6. The system of claim 5 wherein the directional device includes a photonic crystal.

7. The system of claim 6 wherein the photonic crystal includes a portion having non-reciprocal properties.

8. The system of claim 6 wherein the photonic crystal at least partially surrounds the first and second self-resonant bodies.

9. The system of claim 1 wherein the directional device is interposed functionally between the first and second self-resonant bodies.

10. The system of claim 1 further comprising an electromechanical device configured to impart motion.

11. The system of claim 10 further comprising a processor operably connected to the electromechanical device.

12. An apparatus, comprising:
an array of self-resonant bodies, wherein at least one of the self-resonant bodies in the array of self-resonant bodies is non-collinearly positioned relative to others of the self-resonant bodies; and
a first directional device configured to modulate the passage of a signal between a first and a second self-resonant body.

13. The apparatus of claim 12 further comprising a second directional device configured to modulate the passage of a signal between the first and a third self-resonant body.

14. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the first, second and third self-resonant bodies define an angle, where the first resonant body defines an apex of the angle.

15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein the angle is substantially ninety degrees.

16. The apparatus of claim 13 wherein the first directional device is different from the second directional device.

17. The apparatus of claim 13 further comprising a third directional device configured to modulate the passage of a signal between the first and a fourth self-resonant body.

18. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the first directional device is electromagnetically intermediate the first and second self-resonant bodies.

19. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein not all of the self-resonant bodies in the array of self-resonant bodies are in the same plane.

20. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the first directional device includes a photonic crystal having non-reciprocal properties.

21. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein the first directional device includes:
a first polarizer, wherein the first polarizer has a first axis of polarization;
a rotator adjacent to the first polarizer, wherein the rotator is adapted to rotate a polarization axis of an incident electromagnetic radiation signal by a first angle; and
a second polarizer adjacent to the rotator, wherein the second polarizer has a second axis of polarization, and wherein the first axis of polarization and the second axis of polarization are different.

22. An apparatus, comprising:
means for resonantly interacting with a portion of the electromagnetic energy at a first location;
means for selectively permitting propagation of at least one portion of the electromagnetic energy from the first location to a second location;
means for resonantly interacting with the propagated at least one portion of the electromagnetic energy at the second location; and
means for selectively inhibiting propagation of at least a portion of the electromagnetic energy from the second location to the first location.

23. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the means for resonantly interacting with a portion of the electromagnetic energy at a first location include a self-resonant body.

24. The apparatus of claim 23 wherein the self-resonant body is selected from the group consisting of: nanorods, antennas, atoms, and quantum dots.

25. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the means for selectively inhibiting propagation of electromagnetic energy comprises:
means for polarizing the electromagnetic energy from the second location along a first axis of polarization;
means for rotating an axis of polarization of the polarized electromagnetic energy by a first angle; and
means for inhibiting propagation of the rotated, polarized electromagnetic energy.

26. The apparatus of claim 25 wherein the second axis of polarization is oriented at approximately 45° with respect to the first axis of polarization, and wherein the first angle is approximately 45°.

27. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the means for selectively inhibiting propagation of the electromagnetic energy comprises means for directing the electromagnetic energy to a photonic crystal having non-reciprocal properties.

28. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the means for resonantly interacting comprises means for directing the electromagnetic energy to one or more resonators selected from the group consisting of: nanorods, antennas, atoms, and quantum dots.

29. The apparatus of claim 22 further comprising means for selectively permitting propagation of at least a portion of the electromagnetic energy from the second location to a third location.

30. The apparatus of claim 29 further comprising means for resonantly interacting with the propagated at least one portion of the electromagnetic energy at the third location.

31. The apparatus of claim 30 further comprising means for selectively inhibiting propagation of the electromagnetic energy from the third location to the second location.

32. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the means for selectively permitting propagation of at least one portion of the electromagnetic energy from the first location to a second location include a photonic crystal having non-reciprocal properties.

33. The apparatus of claim 22 wherein the means for selectively permitting propagation of at least one portion of the electromagnetic energy from the first location to a second location include:
a first polarizer, wherein the first polarizer has a first axis of polarization;
a rotator adjacent to the first polarizer, wherein the rotator is adapted to rotate a polarization axis of an incident electromagnetic radiation signal by a first angle; and
a second polarizer adjacent to the rotator, wherein the second polarizer has a second axis of polarization, and wherein the first axis of polarization and the second axis of polarization are different.