This opinion will be unpublished and 

may not be cited except as provided by 

Minn. Stat. § 480A.08, subd. 3 (2014). 

STATE OF MINNESOTA 

IN COURT OF APPEALS 

A16-0906 

State of Minnesota, 

Respondent, 

Ramsey County, 

Respondent, 

City of St. Paul, 

Respondent, 

vs. 

R. M. W., 

Appellant. 

Filed December 27, 2016 

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded 

Stauber, Judge 

Ramsey County District Court 

File No. 62-CR-14-3978 

Lori Swanson, Attorney General, St. Paul, Minnesota; and 

John J. Choi, Ramsey County Attorney, Laura Rosenthal, Assistant County Attorney, 

Michelle Johnson, Certified Student Attorney, St. Paul, Minnesota; and 

Samuel J. Clark, St. Paul City Attorney, St. Paul, Minnesota (for respondents) 

Meghan R. Scully, Stephen Dekovich, Charles H. Thomas, Law Offices of Southern 

Minnesota Regional Legal Services, Inc., St. Paul, Minnesota (for appellant) 

 Considered and decided by Stauber, Presiding Judge; Worke, Judge; and Bratvold, 

Judge. 
2 

U N P U B L I S H E D O P I N I O N 

STAUBER, Judge 

 On appeal from an order denying his petition to expunge records after he was 

acquitted of first-degree criminal sexual conduct, appellant argues that (1) the district 

court erred by considering the 12 factors set forth in Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(c) 

(2014), in determining whether to grant the expungement petition and (2) even if the 

district court properly considered those 12 factors, the court’s application of the factors 

was an abuse of discretion. Because the plain language of the statute requires 

consideration of the 12 factors, we affirm the district court’s decision to consider them. 

But because the district court abused its discretion by improperly applying the factors in a 

manner that assumes appellant’s guilt when, in fact, appellant was acquitted of the 

charged offense, we reverse and remand for reconsideration of the 12 factors contained in 

section 609A.03, subdivision 5(c). 

FACTS 

 Appellant R.M.W. is a disabled veteran who, in 2014, lived in a subsidized 

apartment that is owned and operated by the St. Paul Public Housing Agency (PHA). In 

June 2014, appellant R.M.W. was charged with first-degree criminal sexual conduct in 

violation of Minn. Stat. § 609.342, subd. 1(e)(1)(i), (2012)—using force or coercion to 

accomplish sexual penetration and causing injury. The complaint alleged that appellant, 

along with another person, were at the apartment of the alleged victim, and that the trio were 

drinking. The complaint also alleged that after the third person left the apartment, appellant 

“held [the alleged victim] down, bent her over a recliner in the living room, pulled down her 
3 

clothes, and forced her to have vaginal intercourse with him.” The complaint further 

alleged that “[d]uring the assault, blood ran down [the alleged victim’s] leg into her 

underwear, which w[ere] around her ankles.” According to the alleged victim, she “felt 

constant pain in her vaginal area and stomach” as a result of the assault. Appellant 

admitting having intercourse with the alleged victim, but claimed that the sex was 

consensual. 

 In light of the alleged sexual assault, PHA filed an unlawful-detainer action against 

appellant on June 23, 2014, seeking to evict him from his subsidized apartment. The 

unlawful-detainer action was then stayed pending the outcome of the criminal case. The 

criminal case was resolved in September 2014, when a jury acquitted appellant of the firstdegree criminal-sexual-conduct charge. 

 In December 2014, appellant and PHA reached an agreement to settle the unlawfuldetainer action. Under the terms of the agreement, appellant agreed not to contest the 

termination of his tenancy, and to vacate his apartment by the end of March 2015. 

Conversely, PHA agreed to “provide a neutral housing reference in response to future 

inquiries regarding [appellant’s] rental history with PHA.” 

 On October 28, 2015, appellant filed a petition to expunge the records relating to the 

first-degree criminal-sexual-conduct charge. Appellant claimed that he was “seeking an 

expungement because although [he] was found not guilty” of first-degree criminal sexual 

conduct, he lost his “subsidized housing and ha[s] since struggled to find new affordable 

housing.” Respondents Ramsey County, Minnesota Department of Health and Department 

of Human Services, and the City of St. Paul, opposed appellant’s petition. 
4 

 A hearing was held on appellant’s expungement petition in January 2016, at which 

the alleged victim appeared and objected to appellant’s request for expungement. 

Following the hearing, the district court concluded that because a jury found appellant not 

guilty of the first-degree criminal-sexual-conduct charge, the matter was determined in his 

favor. Thus, the district court found that appellant was “presumptively entitled to 

expungement” under Minn. Stat. § 609A.02, subd. 3(a)(1) (2014). The district court then 

found that the burden of persuasion shifts to the parties opposing the petition, and that 

“based on an analysis of the reason for [appellant’s] request and the facts applicable” to the 

12 factors set forth in Minn. Stat § 609A.03, subd. 5(c), “there is clear and convincing 

evidence that the public’s interest in keeping the records unsealed outweighs the 

disadvantages to [appellant] in not sealing the records.” Therefore, the district court denied 

appellant’s petition. This appeal followed. 

D E C I S I O N 

 Appellant challenges the district court’s decision to deny his petition for 

expungement. He argues that the district court erred by considering the 12 factors set 

forth in Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(c). Appellant argues further that even if the 

district court was required to consider the12 factors, the court’s application of those 

factors was an abuse of discretion. 

This court reviews a district court’s expungement decision for abuse of discretion. 

State v. M.D.T., 831 N.W.2d 276, 279 (Minn. 2013). “Under an abuse of discretion 

standard, we will not overrule the district court unless the court exercised its discretion in 

an arbitrary or capricious manner or based its ruling on an erroneous interpretation of the 
5 

law.” State v. R.H.B., 821 N.W.2d 817, 822 (Minn. 2012). We review a district court’s 

findings of fact supporting expungement for clear error. State v. A.S.E., 835 N.W.2d 513, 

517 (Minn. App. 2013). But the “interpretation of the expungement statute is a legal 

question subject to de novo review.” State v. D.R.F., 878 N.W.2d 33, 35 (Minn. App. 

2016) (quotation omitted). 

A. Applicability of the 12 factors contained in Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, 

 subd. 5(c) 

 Minnesota Statutes chapter 609A provides the grounds and procedures for 

expungement of criminal records. Minn. Stat. § 609A.01 (2014). This chapter provides 

that “[a] petition may be filed under section 609A.03 to seal all records relating to an 

arrest, indictment or information, trial, or verdict . . . if . . . all pending actions or 

proceedings were resolved in favor of the petitioner.” Minn. Stat. § 609A.02, subd. 

3(a)(1) (2014). A jury verdict of “not guilty” is a resolution “in favor of” the petitioner. 

State v. Ambaye, 616 N.W.2d 256, 259 (Minn. 2000). If a petition to seal the record has 

been filed under Minn. Stat. § 609A.02, subd. 3(a)(1), “the court shall grant the 

petition . . . unless the agency or jurisdiction whose records would be affected establishes 

by clear and convincing evidence that the interests of the public and public safety 

outweigh the disadvantages to the petitioner of not sealing the record.” Minn. Stat. 

§ 609A.03, subd. 5(b) (2014). 

 The Minnesota Supreme Court explained that when Minn. Stat. § 609A.02, subds. 

3(a)(1) and (2), are read together with Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(b), they create a 

“two-step procedure for statutory expungement.” R.H.B., 821 N.W.2d at 821. Under 
6 

step one, if all pending criminal actions or proceedings have been resolved “in favor of” 

an individual, he may petition the district court to seal the records related to the action or 

proceeding, and there is a statutory presumption that the court will grant the petition. Id. 

Once a petitioner meets the legal threshold set forth in section 609A.02, subd. 3(a)(1), or 

(2), he is “presumptively entitled to expungement.” Id. (quotations omitted). But the 

statutory presumption is not absolute; rather “it is a rebuttable statutory presumption that 

shifts the burden of persuasion to the opposing party.” Id. (quotations omitted). Under 

the second step, the agency or jurisdiction holding the record may prevent expungement 

if it satisfies its burden of persuasion set forth in section 609A.03, subdivision 5(b). Id.

In 2014, the legislature amended Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5, to add 12 factors 

for the district court to consider “[i]n making a determination under th[at] subdivision.” 

2014 Minn. Laws ch. 246, § 10, at 815-16. These factors include: 

(1) the nature and severity of the underlying crime, the 

record of which would be sealed; 

(2) the risk, if any, the petitioner poses to individuals or 

society; 

(3) the length of time since the crime occurred; 

(4) the steps taken by the petitioner toward rehabilitation 

following the crime; 

(5) aggravating or mitigating factors relating to the 

underlying crime, including the petitioner’s level of 

participation and context and circumstances of the underlying 

crime; 

(6) the reasons for the expungement, including the 

petitioner’s attempts to obtain employment, housing, or other 

necessities; 

(7) the petitioner’s criminal record; 

(8) the petitioner’s record of employment and community 

involvement; 

(9) the recommendations of interested law enforcement, 

prosecutorial, and corrections officials; 
7 

(10) the recommendations of victims or whether victims of 

the underlying crime were minors; 

(11 the amount, if any, of restitution outstanding, past 

efforts made by the petitioner toward payment, and the 

measures in place to help ensure completion of restitution 

payment after expungement of the record if granted; and 

(12) other factors deemed relevant by the court. 

Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(c). 

 Here, the district court considered the 12 factors contained in Minn. Stat. 

§ 609A.03, subd. 5(c), in concluding that respondents met their burden of persuasion that 

the interests of the public and public safety outweigh the disadvantages to appellant of 

not sealing his record. Appellant contends that this decision is erroneous. He argues that 

because he was acquitted of the first-degree criminal-sexual-conduct charge, his “petition 

falls solely within the scope of Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(b).” Thus, appellant 

argues that the district court erred by applying the 12 factors set forth in section 609A.03, 

subdivision 5(c). 

 Appellant’s argument raises questions about how the expungement statute is 

interpreted. “Statutory interpretation is a question of law that is reviewed de novo.” In re 

Welfare of J.T.L., 875 N.W.2d 334, 336 (Minn. App. 2015). The object of statutory 

interpretation “is to ascertain and effectuate the intention of the legislature.” Minn. Stat. 

§ 645.16 (2014). “In interpreting statutory language, words and phrases are to be given 

their plain and ordinary meaning.” J.T.L., 875 N.W.2d at 336. “When the words of a law 

in their application to an existing situation are clear and free from all ambiguity, the letter 

of the law shall not be disregarded under the pretext of pursuing the spirit.” Minn. Stat. 

§ 645.16. 
8 

 We conclude that based upon the plain language of the applicable expungement 

statutes, the district court was required to apply the 12 factors set forth in Minn. Stat. 

§ 609A.03, subd. 5(c). Subdivision 5 of section 609A.03 consists of several paragraphs, 

with paragraphs (a) and (b) establishing the burdens to be satisfied in expungement cases. 

Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5. Paragraph (a) of subdivision 5 provides: 

 Except as otherwise provided by paragraph (b), 

expungement of a criminal record is an extraordinary remedy 

to be granted only upon clear and convincing evidence that it 

would yield a benefit to the petitioner commensurate with the 

disadvantages to the public and public safety of: 

 (1) sealing the record; and 

 (2) burdening the court and public authorities to 

 issue, enforce, and monitor an expungement order. 

Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(a). 

 In contrast to paragraph (a), paragraph (b) of subdivision 5 applies to the 

expungement of criminal records when a case has been resolved in the petitioner’s favor. 

Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(b). Specifically, that paragraph provides: 

 Except as otherwise provided by this paragraph, if the 

petitioner is petitioning for the sealing of a criminal record 

under section 609A.02, subdivision 3, paragraph (a), clause (1) 

or (2), the court shall grant the petition to seal the record unless 

the agency or jurisdiction whose records would be affected 

establishes by clear and convincing evidence that the interests 

of public and public safety outweigh the disadvantages to the 

petitioner of not sealing the record. 

Id.

 Finally, paragraph (c) of subdivision 5 states: “In making a determination under 

this subdivision, the court shall consider [the following 12 factors].” Minn. Stat. 

§ 609A.03, subd. 5(c). This language is clear and unambiguous. The language “this 
9 

subdivision” is a clear reference to subdivision 5, meaning paragraph (c) is applicable to 

both paragraph (a) and paragraph (b). Thus, under the plain language of paragraph (c) of 

subdivision 5, the district court is to consider the 12 factors set forth in that paragraph 

“[i]n making a determination” of whether the burden of persuasion has been satisfied 

under either paragraph (a) or paragraph (b) of that subdivision. And the use of the word 

“shall” in Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(c), means that the consideration of the 12 

factors is mandatory. See Minn. Stat. § 645.44, subd. 16, (2014) (providing that “‘[s]hall’ 

is mandatory”). 

 Appellant argues that the 12 factors set forth in section 609A.03, subdivision 5(c), 

only apply to section 609A.03, subdivision 5(a). To support his claim, appellant relies on 

the language “[e]xcept as otherwise provided by paragraph (b),” which appears at the 

beginning of paragraph (a). See Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(a). Appellant argues that 

the 12 factors set forth in paragraph 5(c) apply to paragraph 5(a), but the language 

“[e]xcept as otherwise provided by paragraph (b)” demonstrates that the language of 

paragraph 5(b)—instead of paragraph 5(a)—applies to any expungement petition 

authorized to be brought by the terms of Minn. Stat. § 609A.02, subd. 3(a)(1) or (2). 

 Appellant’s argument misconstrues the “[e]xcept as otherwise” language 

contained in subdivision 5(a). As this court has recognized, Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, 

subds. 5(a) and (b), are “complementary and must be read together.” State v. L.W.J., 717 

N.W.22d 451, 456 (Minn. App. 2006). The “[e]xcept as otherwise provided in paragraph 

(b)” language demonstrates the two different burdens contained in subdivision 5(a) and 

subdivision 5(b). Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(a), states that “[e]xcept as otherwise 
10 

provided in paragraph (b),” if a petitioner has not established a resolution of proceedings 

in his favor, he has the burden to establish by clear and convincing evidence that 

expungement of his criminal records “would yield a benefit to the petitioner 

commensurate with the disadvantages to the public and public safety.” (Emphasis 

added.) Paragraph (b) is different from paragraph (a) because if a petitioner establishes a 

resolution of proceedings in his favor, the burden shifts to the “agency or jurisdiction

whose records would be affected” by the expungement to establish “by clear and 

convincing evidence that the interest of the public and public safety outweigh the 

disadvantages to the petitioner of not sealing the record.” Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 

5(b) (emphasis added). Thus, “[w]hen read together, it is clear that subdivision 5(a) 

limits the application of subdivision 5(b) to petitions for expungement that involve 

proceedings resolved in favor of the petitioner.” L.W.J., 717 N.W.2d at 456. 

 Moreover, appellant’s argument ignores the language of subdivision 5(c), which 

states that “[i]n making a determination under this subdivision, the court shall consider” 

the 12 factors listed in that paragraph. Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(c). As stated 

above, this language unambiguously applies to both paragraphs (a) and (b) of subdivision 

5. If the legislature had intended for paragraph 5(c) to apply only to paragraph 5(a), it 

surely would have included language stating “[i]n making a determination under 

subdivision 5(a)” rather than “[i]n making a determination under this subdivision.” See

Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(c). It did not. It is well settled that we may not supply 

statutory language that may have been intentionally or inadvertently omitted by the 

legislature. See Great River Energy v. Swedzinski, 860 N.W.2d 362, 364 (Minn. 2015); 
11 

see also State v. Hulst, 510 N.W.2d 262, 264 (Minn. App. 1994). Therefore, the district 

court did not err by applying the 12 factors set forth in Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(c). 

B. Application of the 12 factors 

Appellant argues that even if the district court was required to consider the 12 

factors contained in Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(c), the court’s application of those 

factors to the facts of his case was an abuse of discretion. Specifically, appellant 

challenges the district court’s findings with respect to the sixth factor, arguing that the 

district court abused its discretion “in finding that the reason expungement was sought 

did not weigh in favor of [appellant].” Appellant also challenges the district court’s 

findings as they relate to the factors that contemplate the “crime” or the “underlying 

crime.” 

 1. Factor six

 The sixth factor listed in Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(c), requires the district 

court to consider “the reasons for expungement, including the petitioner’s attempts to 

obtain employment, housing, or other necessities.” Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(c)(6). 

With respect to this factor, the district court found: 

 [Appellant] seeks this expungement primarily due to a 

housing hardship. However, [appellant] misrepresents this 

alleged hardship. [Appellant] states he’s requesting 

expungement because he lost his subsidized housing as a result 

of a criminal sexual conduct charge and has struggled to find 

new affordable housing. [Appellant] vacated his subsidized 

housing based on his own agreement which was documented 

in the court settlement and vacate agreement he signed in Court 

File: 62-HG-CV-14-1673. In addition, [appellant] argues he 

was denied public housing, but he was successful on appeal 

and is currently on a waiting list. In addition, [appellant] 
12 

currently does have housing. This factor is at best neutral, 

however [appellant’s] misrepresentation of the facts is 

concerning. 

 Appellant argues that the district court’s findings with respect to the sixth factor 

are clearly erroneous because “it was the criminal charge that led directly to [his] choice 

either to be evicted or voluntarily vacate.” He further claims that the evidence 

demonstrates that “[d]espite being acquitted by a jury, [his] arrest and the charge brought 

against him presented barriers to finding stable housing that is affordable to him on his 

limited financial basis.” Thus, appellant argues that the district court abused its 

discretion by finding that the sixth factor did not weigh in his favor. 

 We disagree. It is the district court’s prerogative to weigh evidence and make 

credibility determinations. See DeMars v. State, 352 N.W.2d 13, 16 (Minn. 1984) 

(stating that it is district court’s role to weigh conflicting testimony and assess witness 

credibility). The district court acknowledged appellant’s claimed hardship, but found that 

appellant “misrepresent[ed] [his] alleged hardship.” The district court apparently based 

this conclusion on the fact that appellant voluntarily settled the unlawful-detainer action 

with the PHC and “currently” has housing. These findings are supported by the record. 

As was within its discretion, the district court weighed this evidence and concluded that 

the sixth factor was “at best neutral.” It is not our role to reweigh the evidence presented 

to the district court. Vangsness v. Vangsness, 607 N.W.2d 468, 475 (Minn. App. 2000). 

An appellate court’s “duty is performed when [it] consider[s] all the evidence . . . and 

determine[s] [whether] it reasonably supports the [district court’s] findings.” Wilson v. 

Moline, 234 Minn. 174, 182, 47 N.W.2d 865, 870 (1951). Thus, although we may have 
13 

found that the sixth factor weighs in favor of appellant, the district court’s determination 

in this case does not rise to the level of an abuse of discretion. Vangsness, 607 N.W.2d at 

474 (“That the record might support findings other than those made by the [district] court 

does not show that the court’s findings are defective.”); see Elliott v. Mitchell, 311 Minn. 

533, 535, 249 N.W.2d 172, 174 (1976) (affirming findings, but noting that evidence 

might have supported another conclusion); Zander v. Zander, 720 N.W.2d 360, 368 

(Minn. App. 2006) (observing that, while the record could support a different decision, 

“this court may not substitute its judgment for that of the district court”), review denied

(Minn. Nov. 14, 2006). 

 2. Factors contemplating the “crime” or “underlying crime”

 Appellant also challenges the district court’s application of several of the factors 

that refer to the “crime” or the “underlying crime.” He claims that the district court 

applied these factors “in a manner that assumes criminal culpability when [appellant] was 

acquitted by a jury.” Thus, appellant argues that the district court abused its discretion in 

weighing the 12 factors because the court “selectively and arbitrarily failed to give 

deference to the jury’s not guilty verdict.” 

 The first factor contained in Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(c), refers to the 

“nature and severity of the underlying crime.” The district court found that this factor 

“weighs in favor of the interests of the public and public safety because appellant was 

charged with first-degree criminal sexual conduct, a “serious felony offense.” In making 

this finding, the district court noted that appellant “presented a consent defense and was 

acquitted,” but he “did not deny that sexual penetration occurred, rather the state failed to 
14 

prove beyond a reasonable doubt that [appellant] used force or coercion to accomplish 

the penetration.” 

 The second factor requires the district court to consider “the risk, if any, the 

petitioner poses to individuals or society.” Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(c)(2). The 

district court addressed this factor as follows: 

 [Respondents] argue[] that [appellant] poses a risk to 

public safety in that [appellant] intentionally selected this 

victim due to her age and vulnerability. In arguing against 

expungement, the victim stated that she felt preyed upon 

because she was trusting yet vulnerable to [appellant]. This 

factor weighs in favor of the interests of public safety. 

In addressing the third factor, which contemplates the amount of time since the 

crime occurred, the district court found that because the “length of time since the crime 

occurred [was] short,” that factor weighed in favor of respondents. Similarly, with 

respect to factor five, which contemplates “aggravating or mitigating factors relating to 

the underlying crime, including the petitioner’s level of participation and context and 

circumstances of the underlying crime,” Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(c)(5), the district 

court found: 

 It does not appear there are any mitigating factors 

relating to the underlying crime. However, the context and 

[appellant’s] level of participation weigh in favor of the public 

and public safety. In this case the victim . . . stated she felt 

preyed upon. She was trusting of [appellant] yet is elderly and 

vulnerable. This offense took place in the victim’s home while 

[appellant] was there as a guest. This factor weighs in favor of 

the public and public safety. 
15 

Finally, factor ten requires the district court to consider “the recommendations of 

the victims.” Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(c)(10). In considering this factor, the 

district court found: 

At the expungement hearing on January 6, 2016, the victim 

read a prepared statement. It was clear from her presentation 

however that she was nervous and afraid and this incident had 

a significant impact on her. In her prepared statement, she 

objects to any expungement. However, her physical 

appearance at the hearing also spoke volumes regarding the 

negative impact this incident had on her. This factor weighs in 

favor of the public and public safety. 

Respondents claim that factors relating to the underlying charged offense should 

be considered because “just because a charge was acquitted does not mean it did not 

occur; rather the State failed to meet its burden in proving it beyond a reasonable doubt.” 

Respondents seem to take the position that, although the state failed to meet its burden of 

beyond a reasonable doubt at trial, the district court is allowed to re-weigh the evidence at 

the expungement hearing and determine if there is clear and convincing evidence that a 

crime occurred and weigh the applicable factors accordingly because the clear-andconvincing standard is the standard set forth in section 609A.03, subdivision 5. But this 

argument essentially allows the state two bites at the apple. Moreover, respondents’ 

argument flies in the face of the jury’s verdict because the jury specifically found that a 

crime did not occur. Appellant was innocent until proven guilty beyond a reasonable 

doubt. The state failed to meet its burden. To accept the state’s argument that appellant 

is now somehow guilty of that offense seems to turn one of the fundamental principles of 

our justice system on its head. See In re Winship, 397 U.S. 358, 363, 90 S. Ct. 1068, 
16 

1072 (1970) (stating that the presumption of innocence is “that bedrock ‘axiomatic and 

elementary’ principle whose ‘enforcement lies at the foundation of the administration of 

our criminal law,’” and the reasonable doubt standard of proof “provides concrete 

substance” for the presumption of innocence). 

 In addition, the evidence presented at the expungement hearing did not consist of 

the evidence presented at appellant’s criminal trial. As a result, under the respondents’ 

argument, the district court was allowed to determine whether there was clear and 

convincing evidence of appellant’s guilt based solely on the allegations in the complaint 

and the alleged victim’s statement at the expungement hearing that the incident had a 

significant impact on her. In fact, aside from the evidence pertaining to appellant’s 

housing situation, the only other evidence in the record is the jury’s verdict that the 

allegations in the complaint were not proven. Consequently, the district court’s findings 

with respect to the factors considering the “crime” or “underlying crime” are clearly 

erroneous because they are not supported by the record. For example, the district court 

found that the “length of time since the crime occurred is short.” (Emphasis added.) But 

because the jury found that no crime actually occurred, this finding is not supported by 

the record. Moreover, and more importantly, the district court made several findings that 

characterize appellant’s conduct as criminal, such as: (1) appellant “intentionally selected 

this victim due to her age and vulnerability”; (2) appellant’s “level of participation” in the 

crime; (3) the alleged victim was “elderly and vulnerable”1

; and (4) the “offense took 

 

1

 The record reflects that at the time of the offense, the alleged victim was 57 and 

appellant was 66. Yet despite being only 57, and almost ten years younger than 
17 

place in the victim’s home.” (Emphasis added.) Appellant, however, presented a consent 

defense at trial and the jury acquitted appellant of the charged offense. Because the 

record reflects that appellant was acquitted of the charged offense, appellant engaged in 

no criminal behavior, and there was no victim. As a result, these findings are not 

supported by the record. Furthermore, the district court made several findings that accept 

the alleged victim’s version of the incident, such as: (1) the alleged victim “stated that 

she felt preyed upon because she was trusting yet vulnerable to [appellant]; (2) “[i]t was 

clear” from the alleged victim’s presentation at the evidentiary hearing that “she was 

nervous and afraid and this incident had a significant impact on her”; and (3) the alleged 

victim’s “physical appearance at the hearing also spoke volumes regarding the negative 

impact this incident had on her.” To the extent that these findings portray appellant’s 

conduct as criminal and the alleged victim as, in fact, an actual victim, they are not 

supported by the record. 

 In sum, because appellant was acquitted of the charged offense, the district court 

made findings that are unsupported by the record as they apply to appellant’s 

involvement in the alleged offense. As a result, the district court abused its discretion by 

applying the 12 factors set forth in Minn. Stat. § 609A.03, subd. 5(c) in a light that 

 

appellant, the district court characterized the victim as “elderly and vulnerable.” The 

common dictionary definition of “elderly” is “somewhat old; near old age.” Random 

House Webster’s Unabridged Dictionary 627 (2d ed. 1987). A person 57 years of age 

would generally not be considered “somewhat old” or “near old age.” Moreover, there is 

nothing in the record suggesting that the alleged victim was vulnerable. Therefore, the 

district court’s finding that the alleged victim was “elderly and vulnerable” is not 

supported by the record. 
18 

assumes guilt of the charged offense. Accordingly, we reverse and remand for the district 

court to consider the 12 factors in a manner consistent with the jury’s verdict of not guilty 

and the holding of this court. 

Affirmed in part, reversed in part, and remanded.