1

UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT

FOR THE DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA

JAMES W. MAHAFFEY et al., :

:

Plaintiffs, : Civil Action No.: 11-995 (RC)

:

v. : Document No.: 35

:

MARRIOTT INT’L, INC. et al., :

:

Defendants. :

MEMORANDUM OPINION

DENYING PLAINTIFFS’ MOTION FOR SANCTIONS AGAINST DEFENDANT MARRIOTT

I. INTRODUCTION

This case involves a tort action brought by plaintiffs, James W. Mahaffey and his wife 

Marie Mahaffey, against Marriott International, Inc. (“Marriott”) and Schindler Elevator 

Corporation. The claims stem from an alleged injury Mr. Mahaffey sustained while exiting an 

elevator in a motorized scooter at the Marriott Wardman Park Hotel on July 23, 2009. Presently 

before the Court is the plaintiffs’ Motion for Sanctions against Marriott (“Sanctions Motion”). 

[Docket #35]. For the reasons set forth below, that motion is DENIED.

II. FACTUAL ALLEGATIONS AND BACKGROUND

As set forth above, plaintiff, Mr. Mahaffey, claims to have been injured at a Marriott 

hotel on July 23, 2009 while exiting an elevator on his way to his guest room shortly after 

checking in. Amended Complaint at ¶¶ 10-18. Plaintiff claims that, while exiting the elevator in 

a motorized scooter, the elevator violently lurched, throwing him off the scooter and causing the 

scooter to land on top of him, resulting in serious injury. Id.
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Plaintiff claims that a bell hop, who rode a different elevator with plaintiff’s luggage, 

came upon the scene, righted the scooter, helped plaintiff back onto the scooter, and assisted him 

to his room. Id. ¶ 19. Plaintiff also claims that immediately after the accident, upon arriving at 

his room, he called the front desk to alert them of his injuries and to obtain medical assistance, 

and that about an hour later, a hotel security guard came to his room. Id. ¶¶ 20-21. Plaintiff 

further claims that he called the front desk several more times over the next couple of days to 

obtain medical assistance. Id. ¶ 23. Neither party has provided any evidence that Marriott 

conducted an investigation into the alleged accident as a result of these contacts, no records have 

been located indicating that such an investigation occurred, and Marriott has not identified any 

witness that recalls having conducted such an investigation. See generally, Defendant Marriott 

International Inc.’s Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion for Sanctions (“Opposition”) [Docket #38]. 

A little more than a month after the alleged accident, on August 25, 2009, plaintiff’s thencounsel purported to send a demand letter to Marriott. Sanctions Motion, Exh. E. Plaintiff 

claims that the letter was sent by certified mail and that he possesses a green card signed by an 

authorized Marriott employee indicating that Marriott received something on August 28, 2009. 

Id. Marriott maintains that it has no evidence that it received the demand letter (leaving open the 

possibility that it received an empty envelope). See Opposition at 3-4 [Docket #38]. Regardless, 

although the letter sets forth the name of the plaintiff and the alleged date of the accident, it 

contains no further information about the nature of the alleged accident, plaintiff’s claimed 

injuries, or where within the hotel the accident is purported to have occurred. Sanctions Motion, 

Exh. E. Neither party has provided any evidence that Marriott conducted an investigation into 

the alleged accident as a result of the demand letter, no records have been located indicating that 
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such an investigation occurred, and Marriott has not identified any witness that recalls having 

conducted such an investigation. See generally Opposition. 

Plaintiff filed the current action on May 27, 2011. [Docket #1]. On October 5, 2011, this 

Court (Hon. J.E. Boasberg), entered its initial scheduling order which required that initial 

disclosures be exchanged on or before October 14, 2011. [Docket # 15]. On November 22, 

2011, plaintiffs1served on defendants their first set of Requests for Production of Documents 

and Interrogatories. Sanctions Motion, Exh. 9 at ¶ 2. On August 22, 2011, before initial 

disclosures were due or discovery requests received, a broken sprinkler head flooded a room 

where paper documents were stored, including loss prevention documents. Opposition at 24 

citing Exh. 8. Neither party knows exactly whether any documents relevant to this action were 

amongst the destroyed documents. Id. Moreover, plaintiffs have not alleged nor demonstrated 

that Marriott was negligent in keeping the documents in this room or that the flood was a result 

of Marriott’s negligence.

Plaintiffs’ Sanctions Motion alleges that Marriott destroyed several documents it was 

obligated to preserve. The alleged documents are: surveillance video of the lobby on the day of 

the alleged accident; the demand letter and the mail log that would indicate receipt of the demand 

letter; incident reports or other investigative records of the alleged accident involving plaintiff; 

and other incident reports or investigative records concerning possible problems the elevator at 

issue may have had prior to the alleged accident. Plaintiffs also make a generalized claim that 

Marriott’s delays in responding to discovery in this case has prejudiced them. Each of these 

claims are addressed below.

 

1 By this point, Mr. Mahaffey had filed an amended complaint in which plaintiff Marie Mahaffey 

had been added as a party.
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III. LEGAL STANDARDS

“A party has a duty ‘to preserve potentially relevant evidence . . . “once [that party] 

anticipates litigation.”’” Chen v. District of Columbia, 839 F. Supp. 2d 7, 12 (D.D.C. 2011) 

quoting D’Onofrio v. SFX Sports Group, Inc., 2010 WL 3324964 at *5 (D.D.C. Aug. 24, 2010) 

quoting Smith v. Café Asia, 246 F.R.D. 19, 21 n. 2 (D.D.C. 2007). “A party that fails to 

preserve evidence ‘runs the risk of being justly accused of spoliation’ – defined as ‘the 

destruction or material alteration of evidence or the failure to preserve property for another’s use 

as evidence in pending or reasonably foreseeable litigation’ – and find itself the subject of 

sanctions.” Chen, 839 F. Supp. 2d at 12 quoting D’Onofrio, 2010 WL 3324964 at 5 & n.5. 

“The sanctions available for the destruction of documents or evidence with notice of their 

potential usefulness in litigation may include the assessment of fines or attorneys’ fees and costs, 

the preclusion of certain lines of argument that might have been advanced by the culpable party, 

and/or the issuance of an instruction informing jurors that they may draw an adverse inference 

from the spoliator’s actions.” Id. “A court generally imposes such sanctions in the exercise of 

its inherent authority ‘“to manage [its] own affairs so as to achieve the orderly and expeditious 

disposition of cases.”’” Chen, 839 F. Supp. 2d at 12 quoting Young v. Office of U.S. Senate 

Sergeant at Chambers, 217 F.R.D. 61, 65 (D.D.C. 2003) quoting Chambers v. NASCO, Inc., 501 

U.S. 32, 43 (1991).2 “That authority ‘must be exercised with restraint and discretion.’” Id. 

“Moreover, because the overriding purpose of the inherent power is ‘to achieve the orderly and 

 

2

Plaintiffs also argue that sanctions are appropriate pursuant to FED. R. CIV. P. 37. But with 

respect to the alleged destruction of evidence, there is no dispute that the destruction of the videotape, loss 

prevention documents, demand letter and mail log occurred before any orders of this Court (some took 

place even before this action commenced). And a production order is required in order to trigger Rule 

37(b). Shepherd v. American Broadcasting Cos., Inc., 62 F.3d 1469, 1474 (D.C. Cir. 1995). 

Additionally, plaintiffs had not yet served any discovery on defendant, so Rule 37(c) is inapplicable as 

well. 
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expeditious disposition of cases,’ the use of this power should reflect our judicial system’s strong 

presumption in favor of adjudications on the merits.” Shepherd, 62 F.3d at 1475 quoting Link v. 

Wabash R.R. Co., 370 U.S. 626, 630-31 (1962).

“[I]n order to demonstrate that an adverse inference instruction is warranted, the 

requesting party must show that:

(1) the party having control over the evidence had an obligation to preserve it when it was 

destroyed or altered; (2) the destruction or loss was accompanied by a “culpable state of 

mind”; and (3) the evidence that was destroyed or altered was “relevant” to the claims or 

defenses of the party that sought the discovery of the spoliated evidence, to the extent that 

a reasonable factfinder could conclude that the lost evidence would have supported the 

claims or defense of the party that sought it.

Chen, 839 F. Supp. 2d at 12-13 quoting Mazloum v. District of Columbia Metro. Police Dep't, 

530 F. Supp. 2d 282, 291 (D.D.C.2008) (citation omitted).3

IV. ANALYSIS

A. DESTRUCTION OF EVIDENCE

As set forth above, plaintiffs’ Sanctions Motion alleges that Marriott destroyed several 

documents it was obligated to preserve. Plaintiffs’ claims are addressed below.

(1) Did Marriott have an obligation to preserve the evidence when it was destroyed?

For purposes of this motion, the Court is perfectly comfortable concluding that it is more 

likely than not that the demand letter was sent to and received by Marriott. Thus, no later than 

August 28, 2009 (the Court need not decide if the earlier contacts triggered a duty to preserve 

 

3

Plaintiffs request that this Court enter a default judgment against Marriott. Sanctions Motion at 

30-31. But, in order to enter a default judgment as a sanction for bad faith conduct involving spoliation, 

the plaintiffs must prove such misconduct by clear and convincing evidence. Shepherd, 62 F.3d at 1477. 

Plaintiffs have not come close to meeting that standard. 
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evidence), Marriott should have preserved evidence concerning plaintiffs’ claims. Accordingly, 

there is no dispute that any relevant loss prevention documents should have been preserved.4

But the surveillance video presents a closer question. Defendants argue that, because the 

video images are over-written based on how much activity is captured on them, and summer is a 

traditionally busy season for the hotel (the accident is alleged to have occurred on July 23), the 

video was likely overwritten as early as twelve to fourteen days afterwards. Opposition at 21. 

That makes it possible that the requested videotape footage no longer existed when the demand 

letter was received. But plaintiffs point out that Marriott originally stated that the videotape 

would have been over-written after thirty to sixty days. Plaintiffs’ Memorandum of Law in 

Reply to Defendant, Marriott International, Inc.’s Opposition to Plaintiffs’ Motion for Sanctions 

Against Marriott (“Reply”) at 11. [Docket #41]. Thus, the record is muddled concerning 

whether the requested video images were still in existence at the time that the duty to preserve 

attached.

But, although Marriott had a duty to preserve relevant evidence no later than August 28, 

2009, did it have a duty preserve the video images? The Court concludes that it did not.

A litigant “is under a duty to preserve what it knows, or reasonably should know, is 

relevant in the action, is reasonably calculated to lead to the discovery of admissible evidence, is 

reasonably likely to be requested during discovery, and/or is the subject of a pending discovery 

request.” Arista Records, Inc. v. Sakfield Holding Co., 314 F. Supp. 2d 27, 33 n. 3 (D.D.C. 

2004). The Court is not persuaded that, based on the demand letter (or the previous contacts), 

 

4 Additionally, the same is true for the demand letter and the mail log. But these documents have 

no evidentiary value to plaintiffs’ tort claims. They are only relevant to whether Marriott had notice of 

plaintiffs’ claims as of that date. As set forth above, the Court is prepared to assume as much. Thus, 

because these documents lack relevance to the underlying claims, their destruction does not merit 

sanctions and the Court does not discuss them further.
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Marriott should have reasonably known that video images of the lobby needed to be preserved. 

The demand letter (assuming it was received) gave almost no details of the alleged accident. It 

certainly did not indicate that the accident occurred in the lobby or that plaintiffs could not 

identify the bellhop or certain front desk staff that could easily be identified by images captured 

by the lobby surveillance camera. It is important to remember that the video is not alleged to 

have captured the accident or its aftermath. Its evidentiary value is only to assist plaintiffs in 

identifying certain witnesses that they cannot now identify (and apparently made little or no 

independent effort to identify between the alleged accident on July 23, 2009 and the filing of this 

suit on May 27, 2011).5 As such, because Marriott could not have reasonably known that it had 

an obligation to preserve the video images when they were over-written (destroyed), no sanctions 

are merited for their destruction. Cf. Hansen v. Dean Witter Reynolds Inc., 887 F.Supp. 669, 676 

(S.D.N.Y. 1995) (allegations in complaint did not put defendant on notice that certain evidence 

[trading tickets] would be relevant to litigation).6 

 

5 The plaintiffs’ demand letter compares unfavorably to the preservation letter discussed in 

D’Onofrio, 2010 WL 3324964 at *8 (describing letter sent by plaintiffs’ counsel that included specific 

basis of claims and types of information to be preserved). 

6 The Court understands that Marriott has provided plaintiffs with a list of all employees that were 

on duty on the day of the alleged accident. The Court expects that Marriott meet and confer with 

plaintiffs in good faith in order to identify the individuals most likely to possess relevant information. 

Based on a general description of the bellhop/security guard from plaintiff, and including in the 

conversation Marriott personnel most familiar with those individuals on the list (not just lawyers), the list 

of potential witnesses can be narrowed substantially. 
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(2) Was the destruction or loss accompanied by a culpable state of mind?

Accordingly, based on the above analysis, the only “destroyed” evidence that remains at 

issue are the loss prevention documents.7 This category of documents is comprised of two 

subcategories.

The first subcategory consists of any investigative reports or similar documents created as 

a result of plaintiff’s alleged accident. Defendant has not been able to locate any such 

documents and has been unable to locate any witnesses that recall creating any such documents. 

Plaintiffs have not identified any evidence that such documents were created but point to 

Marriott procedures and testimony that, based on the types of information plaintiffs claim they 

conveyed to Marriott (e.g., bell hop coming upon accident, calls to front desk, security guard’s 

visit to room, receipt of demand letter, etc.), an investigation should have been commenced.8 

But there is no evidence that such an investigation did take place.9 Accordingly, if no such 

evidence was created, it could not have been destroyed. See, e.g., Rude v. Dancing Crab at 

Washington Harbour, 245 F.R.D. 18, 23 (D.D.C. 2007) (no sanctions imposed where plaintiff 

failed to show that videotape allegedly destroyed did, in fact, exist).

The second subcategory consists of any documents that would reflect previous problems 

with the elevator at issue in this case. Plaintiffs justifiably claim that such documents, to the 

 

7

It appears that plaintiffs also complain that Marriott destroyed guest folio documents. But 

plaintiffs have not clearly shown that guest folio documents have been destroyed. It appears that certain 

guest folio documents have been produced. Plaintiffs fail to identify what type of information, if any, is 

missing and whether any destroyed information would be relevant to the claims in this matter. Perhaps 

plaintiffs can clarify this issue with further discovery. 

8

Plaintiffs read too much into Marriott’s Initial Disclosures which simply state that such reports 

will be produced if they exist. Such disclosures do not prove that such documents did, in fact, exist. 

9 Tellingly, plaintiff does not claim that he was contacted/interviewed as part of an investigation. It 

is unlikely that a loss prevention investigation would have taken place (in particular before the demand 

letter) without an attempt to take plaintiff’s statement.
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extent they existed, could prove critical to the liability aspects of the case by helping to 

demonstrate that Marriott was on notice of problems on the elevator but failed to address them. 

But, again, neither Marriott nor plaintiffs have put forth any evidence that any such documents 

ever existed.10

But, even if either type of document existed and was destroyed by the flood, plaintiff has 

not demonstrated that Marriott allowed such destruction with the requisite culpable state of mind. 

Although the parties go back and forth somewhat on what culpable state of mind is sufficient to 

impose sanctions, it is clear that, to justify the issuance of an adverse inference instruction, the 

destruction need not be purposeful, and negligent spoliation suffices. Chen, 839 F. Supp. 2d at 

13; see also More v. Snow, 480 F.Supp.2d 257, 274-75 (D.D.C. 2007) (“[A] court may employ 

an adverse inference due to a party’s ‘failure to preserve evidence,’ even if deliberate or reckless 

conduct is not present.”) (quoting Rice v. United States, 917 F.Supp. 17, 19-20 (D.D.C. 1996)). 

Marriott claims that it is possible, if such documents existed, that they could have been 

destroyed when a broken sprinkler head flooded a room where paper documents were stored, 

including loss prevention documents. But, at the time of the flooding, neither the Initial 

Disclosures nor discovery responses were due. See Buschmeier v. G&G Investments, Inc., 2005 

WL 2545296 (W.D.Pa. 2005) (sanctions imposed despite inadvertent destruction of documents 

in flood because, at time of flood, party had already failed to comply with previous orders to 

produce the information and, if party had complied with previous order, documents would not 

have been destroyed in flood). Although plaintiffs claim that Marriott failed to secure the 

evidence, they do not explain why it was negligent (or reckless) for Marriott to keep relevant 

 

10 Plaintiffs have had an opportunity to take discovery from co-defendant Schindler Elevator Corp. 

but have not claimed that Schindler has destroyed evidence. Plaintiffs have not put forth any evidence 

derived from Schindler elevator maintenance documents indicating that Marriott was previously on notice 

of problems with this particular elevator. Perhaps some evidence will materialize with further discovery. 
10

documents on-site in a secure room.

11

 See Langley v. Union Electric Co., 107 F.3d 510, 514 (7th

Cir. 1997) (sanctions appropriate where, although party is not personally responsible for 

destruction of evidence, he “demonstrated poor judgment in where and with whom he stored the

[evidence]”). So, in the end, although it is regrettable that important, relevant evidence may have 

been destroyed in the flood, there is no indication that this was anything other than an 

unfortunate accident and, as such, Marriott did not act with the requisite culpable state of mind to 

merit sanctions. See Brooks v. Felker, 2011 WL 2313021 (E.D.Cal. 2011) (no sanctions 

appropriate where no evidence demonstrates that defendant’s storing of documents in room that 

was flooded by broken pipe was unreasonable or violated duty to preserve evidence, and no 

evidence that defendant caused the broken pipe; destruction of documents was accidental, not 

misconduct, nor intentional or culpable spoliation of evidence).12 

(3) Was the evidence that was destroyed "relevant" to the claims or defenses?

Even if Marriott had been negligent in allowing the loss prevention documents to be 

destroyed, sanctions would still not be appropriate. As set forth below, because plaintiffs have 

not shown that the destroyed documents (to the extent that they even existed) would have been 

favorable to their case, and because Marriott did not have the requisite culpable state of mind 

concerning the destruction, plaintiffs cannot show that evidence destroyed was relevant to their 

claims.

 

11 Plaintiffs do not cite any cases suggesting that an attorney must personally secure all relevant 

evidence at the time that litigation becomes reasonably foreseeable. 

12 This is not to say that the potential destruction of critical evidence does not have implications. If 

Marriott bases its defense solely on the lack of evidence of prior notice, the fact that documents 

evidencing such notice may have been destroyed could potentially create a question of fact for purposes 

of summary judgment and may possibly be a valid basis for cross-examination at trial.
11

“The third and last requirement for an adverse inference instruction is a showing that the 

destroyed evidence was relevant to the moving party’s claims or defenses. In this context, ‘the 

concept of “relevance” encompasses not only the ordinary meaning of the term, but also that the 

destroyed evidence would have been favorable to the movant.’” Chen, 839 F. Supp. 2d at 14 

quoting Zubulake v. UBS Warburg LLC, 229 F.R.D. 422, 431 (S.D.N.Y. 2004) “Relevance . . . 

‘may be inferred if the spoliator is shown to have a sufficiently culpable state of mind’ . . . on the 

theory that a culpable spoliator may have something to hide.” Chen, 839 F. Supp. 2d at 15 

quoting Centrifugal Force, Inc. v. Softnet Commc’n, Inc., 783 F. Supp. 2d 736, 743 (S.D.N.Y.

2011). “Where the moving party ‘adduces evidence that its opponent destroyed potential 

evidence . . . in bad faith or through gross negligence . . ., that same evidence of the opponent’s 

state of mind will frequently also be sufficient to permit a jury to conclude that the missing 

evidence is favorable to the party.’” Chen, 839 F. Supp. 2d at 15 quoting Centrifugal Force, 

Inc., 783 F. Supp. 2d at 743 (quoting Residential Funding Corp. v. DeGeorge Fin. Corp., 306 

F.3d 99, 109 (2d Cir. 2002)).

As set forth above, plaintiffs have not established that the loss prevention documents 

(either investigatory records concerning plaintiff’s alleged accident or records concerning 

previous problems with the elevator at issue) ever existed. In fact, on the present record, there is 

no evidence that they did. Thus, plaintiffs cannot show that the records destroyed in the flood 

were favorable to their case. Accordingly, on the present record, the destroyed documents are 

not relevant. And, because Marriott was not even negligent concerning the documents’ 

destruction, there is no basis to infer the documents’ relevance. Even if Marriott had been 

negligent, such a state of mind is insufficient to infer their relevance. See generally Chen, 839 F. 

Supp. 2d at 15 (requiring gross negligence or bad faith). Accordingly, no sanctions are merited.
12

B. DISCOVERY DELAYS

Plaintiffs raise broad claims requesting discovery sanctions based on delays they claim 

were caused by Marriott’s lack of diligence during discovery. But, because plaintiffs have failed 

to make an adequate record on this point, and because other delays for which plaintiffs are, at 

least, partly to blame reduce or eliminate any prejudice caused by such delays, no sanctions will 

be imposed at this time.

Plaintiffs claim that they have had to re-depose certain witnesses and may need additional 

depositions of numerous Marriott witnesses due to newly produced documents and because 

previous testimony is inaccurate. Reply at 24. Although this claim may provide a basis for a 

modest award of costs, plaintiffs utterly fail in establishing a record to support it. Nowhere do 

plaintiffs tell the Court which depositions were re-taken, what new evidence required it, what 

prior inaccurate testimony will require additional depositions, or who would be included in those 

additional depositions.13 On this inadequate record, no sanctions can be imposed.

To be sure, Marriott’s handling of discovery in this matter could not be held up as a textbook 

example of how to diligently handle discovery. It was slow to produce many documents (e.g., 

floor plan). Some documents, such as the folio documents, were only produced after 

extraordinary efforts by plaintiffs’ counsel to extract them from Marriott. And Marriott 

submitted sloppy interrogatory responses that were later contradicted by testimony (e.g., video 

footage is over-written every 30 to 60 days; flood took place close in time to July 2009) 

suggesting a lack of adequate investigation on its part. But none of the significant delays or 

sloppiness appear to have occurred since I assumed responsibility for the case in April of this 

 

13 In a footnote, plaintiffs describe an inadequately prepared 30(b)(6) deponent but, in the same 

footnote, suggest the problem was, at least partially, cured. This record is not sufficient to impose 

sanctions.
13

year. Moreover, at least some of the discovery delays can be attributed to plaintiff’s own 

confusion over the specific elevator on which the accident is alleged to have taken place. 

Additionally, plaintiff’s recent accident and subsequent medical care has caused further delays 

that cannot be attributed to Marriott’s discovery conduct. As such, in light of these other delays, 

the Court cannot find that the modest delays caused by Marriott’s “lack of diligence” prejudiced 

plaintiffs or delayed the ultimate resolution of this case. Consequently, the Court declines to 

exercise its discretion by sanctioning Marriott at this time. But Marriott is on notice that further 

unjustified delays, foot-dragging, lack of diligence, or failure to take this case seriously will 

result in consequences.

V. CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, plaintiffs’ Sanctions Motion against defendant Marriott is 

denied. An Order consistent with this Memorandum Opinion is separately and 

contemporaneously issued this 11th day of October, 2012.

RUDOLPH CONTRERAS

United States District Judge