PUBLISHED

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE FOURTH CIRCUIT

No. 18-1513

RUTH JEANETTE ORELLANA, a/k/a Ruth Yeanette-Orellana, a/k/a Ruth 

Jeanetta Orellana,

Petitioner,

v.

WILLIAM P. BARR, Attorney General,

Respondent.

On Petition for Review of an Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals.

Argued: January 29, 2019 Decided: May 23, 2019

Before MOTZ, KING, and WYNN, Circuit Judges.

Petition for review granted; remanded for further proceedings by published opinion. 

Judge Motz wrote the opinion, in which Judge King and Judge Wynn joined.

ARGUED: Michael Ernest Rosado, LAW OFFICES OF ROSADO & SOLTREN, P.C., 

Beltsville, Maryland, for Petitioner. Rebecca Hoffberg Phillips, UNITED STATES 

DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent. ON BRIEF: Chad 

A. Readler, Acting Assistant Attorney General, John S. Hogan, Assistant Director, Office 

of Immigration Litigation, Civil Division, UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF 

JUSTICE, Washington, D.C., for Respondent.
2

DIANA GRIBBON MOTZ, Circuit Judge:

Ruth Jeanette Orellana, a native and citizen of El Salvador, petitions for review of 

the final order of the Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) denying her all relief from 

deportation. The BIA upheld the finding of an immigration judge (“IJ”) that Orellana, 

although persecuted because of her membership in a particular social group, had failed to 

establish that the Salvadoran government was unwilling or unable to protect her from this 

persecution. Because the agency disregarded and distorted significant portions of the 

record in reaching this conclusion, we grant Orellana’s petition and remand the case for 

further proceedings.

I.

A.

In 1992, when Orellana was fifteen years old, she met Jose Teodoro Garcia. They 

started dating, and soon began living together in San Vicente, El Salvador. When 

Orellana became pregnant with their first child the next year, Garcia began abusing her

both verbally and physically. A pattern emerged in which Garcia would spend his wages 

on alcohol and then, while intoxicated, violently beat Orellana. He would “throw [her], 

shove [her],” “hit [her] with his fist,” and “choke [her].” Garcia also threatened her life 

with a grenade and by putting his gun to her head.

In 1999, Orellana reported Garcia’s abuse to the Salvadoran police for the first 

time. The police officers responded to her call by talking to Garcia, but not arresting 
3

him. Instead, they told Orellana that Garcia was “going to be alright and won’t be 

bothering you.”

From that time forward, Orellana “would try to call the police every time [Garcia] 

would become abusive.” She would wait for the police in a locked room with their two 

children and a sanitation bucket, while Garcia would pace outside with a machete. The

police would not “show up to [her] house for hours,” or sometimes not “show up” at all.

Orellana also made efforts to become independent of Garcia, which he violently 

resisted. She tried to leave him by walking three hours to her grandmother’s house, but 

he followed her and then assaulted her. She found employment performing childcare in a 

neighboring town, but Garcia showed up at her work and accused her of infidelity until 

she was fired. When she used disaster relief aid to build a cinderblock shelter apart from 

the house to protect herself and her children, Garcia broke its windows in an attempt “to 

get inside to hurt” her.

In 2006, Orellana petitioned the San Vicente family court for an order requiring 

Garcia to “stay in the [main] house” and away from her cinderblock shelter. The family 

court granted a temporary protective order and summoned Garcia to a hearing scheduled 

for July 3, 2006. Orellana appeared on July 3 and told the family court that Garcia had 

“threatened her and demanded that she withdraw the complaint.” Garcia, however, 

ignored the family court’s summons. The family court granted no relief but instead

continued the case for a second hearing at which neither party appeared. The family

court then closed the case.
4

Garcia’s abuse of Orellana persisted. In 2009, after Garcia again threatened 

Orellana with a machete, the police “finally showed up” in response to her call for help. 

Operating under the mistaken assumption that there existed a warrant for Garcia’s arrest, 

the police seized him and confiscated the machete. Garcia then spent six days in jail 

before appearing in front of the San Vicente magistrate’s court. At this hearing, Orellana 

agreed to mediation with Garcia, but asked for a protective “order so [Garcia] could not 

approach [the cinderblock] house.”+

The magistrate’s court did not issue a protective order. Instead, the magistrate

advised Garcia to stop entering “the home when he [was] drunk” and “abstain from 

threatening” Orellana. Garcia asked for the return of his machete, and, with the consent 

of the government’s prosecutor, the magistrate granted this request. But Garcia did not 

follow the magistrate’s instructions. The next time he was drunk and abusive, Orellana 

again called the police. But when she asked the police officers to take Garcia into 

custody, they told her they could not because no formal protective order was in place.

Orellana then made a third attempt to get a protective order, traveling an hour by 

bus to the family court. But when Orellana arrived, the family court employees would

not “take care of [her].” Instead, they told her to “come back another day because they 

were too busy.” The family court employees also told Orellana to go to the police station 

and “talk to the person in charge there.” Orellana did so but without success; the station 

chief too would not talk to her. When Garcia continued to attack her, Orellana would call 

the police, who told her to “lock [her]self in” and “stay inside.”
5

In December of 2010, Garcia announced that he planned to kill Orellana, showing 

his mother the knife that he intended to use. Orellana learned of the plan and fled El 

Salvador a month later, leaving her teenage children with other family.

B.

When Orellana arrived in the United States on March 10, 2011, the Department of 

Homeland Security (“DHS”) detained her. After concluding that Orellana stated a 

credible fear of persecution, DHS charged her as removable pursuant to 8 U.S.C. 

§ 1182(a)(7)(A)(i)(I). Orellana conceded removability and applied for asylum, 

withholding of removal, and protection under the Convention Against Torture (“CAT”).

The Government stipulated to the facts set forth above. It further agreed that 

Garcia’s abuse of Orellana was serious enough to constitute persecution and that this 

persecution was directed at her because of her membership in a particular social group, 

namely “Salvadoran women in domestic partnerships who are viewed as property.”1

 

Accordingly, the extensive proceedings that followed focused solely on the Salvadoran 

government’s response to Orellana’s stipulated persecution.

At a hearing on April 25, 2013, Orellana testified at length in support of her 

application. In addition, she provided Salvadoran court records from 2006 and 2009 

substantiating her testimony.

 1 The Government indicates that, if the case is remanded, it will seek to withdraw 

its stipulation as to Orellana’s social group. We express no opinion as to the 

Government’s ability to do so or to the merits of Orellana’s social group claim; as the 

parties agree, neither issue is properly before us.
6

Orellana also submitted the affidavits of two country conditions experts, as well as

multiple U.S. State Department country reports issued between 2009 and 2012. Her 

experts explained that Salvadoran laws failed to protect women because “[p]olice, judges, 

prosecutors and other officials often believe that women deserve the blame for the 

violence they encounter at home, and that domestic violence cases are a waste of time.” 

They further noted that “there are many barriers to obtaining . . . orders of protection, and 

even when they are issued, they are often inadequately drafted and lack any enforcement 

whatsoever.” The State Department reports offered similar conclusions, finding that 

violence against women in El Salvador “was a widespread and serious problem” and that 

laws combatting it “were not well enforced.”

The IJ expressly found Orellana to be credible. Nevertheless, on June 3, 2013, the

IJ denied Orellana’s claims, concluding that the Salvadoran government was willing and 

able to protect her. The IJ described Orellana’s case as one of “shocking domestic 

violence,” but found that she had not carried her burden as to the Salvadoran 

government’s response because she did not “go[] through the entire process” in her effort 

to obtain protection.

Orellana appealed the IJ’s decision. Rather than reach the merits, the BIA 

remanded the case in light of intervening Board precedent to allow “the parties . . . the 

opportunity to update the record, and to make any additional legal and factual arguments 

regarding particular social group and nexus, as well as the [Salvadoran] government’s 

ability and willingness to protect the respondent.” On remand, the Government again did 

not challenge the facts of the abuse that Orellana suffered, or that it resulted from her 
7

membership in a particular social group. But the Government continued to argue that the 

Salvadoran government could and would adequately protect her.

On November 20, 2015, the IJ issued a new order denying all relief to Orellana. 

The IJ acknowledged that the State Department’s reports described domestic violence as 

a major human rights problem in El Salvador. The IJ nonetheless found that the 

Salvadoran government “was able and tried to protect [Orellana].” In reaching this 

conclusion, the IJ relied on the following facts: that the Salvadoran government (1) in 

2006 allowed Orellana to petition for a protective order, (2) in 2009 detained Garcia for 

six days, and (3) later in 2009 “offered continued assistance” to Orellana when officials 

responded to her third attempt to obtain a protective order by telling her “to come back 

another day” when they were not “too busy.” The IJ did not mention Orellana’s many 

unsuccessful calls to the police or the affidavits from Orellana’s country conditions 

experts.

On March 17, 2017, the BIA upheld the IJ opinion, similarly omitting mention of

the unanswered police calls and country conditions affidavits, and stating that clear error 

review “precludes reversal even if the reviewing authority views the evidence 

differently.” When Orellana petitioned this court for review, the Government filed an 

unopposed motion, which we granted, to remand and allow the BIA to reconsider 

Orellana’s claims and review both her personal and expert testimony.

On April 5, 2018, the BIA reaffirmed the IJ’s decision and adopted its factual 

determinations. The BIA this time gave direct attention to the expert affidavits that the 

agency had previously overlooked, but ultimately concluded that substantial evidence 
8

still supported the IJ’s finding as to government protection on the particularized facts 

presented.

Orellana again petitions this court for review. Because the BIA affirmed the IJ’s 

decision and supplemented it with its own opinion, we review both opinions. See Ai Hua 

Chen v. Holder, 742 F.3d 171, 177 (4th Cir. 2014).

2

 We review legal conclusions de 

novo and factual findings for substantial evidence. See Zavaleta-Policiano v. Sessions, 

873 F.3d 241, 246 (4th Cir. 2017).

II.

The Immigration and Nationality Act (“INA”) authorizes the Attorney General to 

grant asylum and withholding of removal to eligible applicants. 8 U.S.C. § 1158(a)(1). 

To qualify, an applicant must demonstrate that she is “unable or unwilling to return to” 

her native country “because of persecution or a well-founded fear of persecution on 

account of,” as relevant here, “[her] membership in a particular social group.” Id. 

§ 1101(a)(42)(A). When an applicant claims that she fears persecution by a private actor, 

she must also show that the government in her native country “is unable or unwilling to 

control” her persecutor. Hernandez-Avalos v. Lynch, 784 F.3d 944, 949 (4th Cir. 2015). 

Whether a government is “unable or unwilling to control” a private actor “is a factual 

question that must be resolved based on the record in each case.” Crespin-Valladares v. 

Holder, 632 F.3d 117, 128 (4th Cir. 2011) (internal quotation marks omitted).

 2 Here, the relevant opinions are the IJ’s November 20, 2015 order and the BIA’s 

April 5, 2018 order.
9

In reviewing such decisions, we treat factual findings “as conclusive unless the 

evidence was such that any reasonable adjudicator would have been compelled to a 

contrary view,” and we uphold the agency’s determinations “unless they are manifestly 

contrary to the law and an abuse of discretion.” Tassi v. Holder, 660 F.3d 710, 719 (4th 

Cir. 2011). These standards demand deference, but they do not render our review

toothless. The agency “abuse[s] its discretion if it fail[s] to offer a reasoned explanation 

for its decision, or if it distort[s] or disregard[s] important aspects of the applicant’s 

claim.” Id.; accord Zavaleta-Policiano, 873 F.3d at 247.

Orellana contends that the IJ and the BIA did precisely this in their reasoning as to 

whether the Salvadoran government was willing and able to protect her.3

 We must agree. 

Examination of the record demonstrates that the agency adjudicators erred in their

treatment of the evidence presented. Here, as in Tassi and Zavaleta-Policiano, the 

agency adjudicators both disregarded and distorted important aspects of the applicant’s 

claim.

First, agency adjudicators repeatedly failed to offer “specific, cogent reason[s]” for 

disregarding the concededly credible, significant, and unrebutted evidence that Orellana 

provided. Tassi, 660 F.3d at 722; accord Ai Hua Chen, 742 F.3d at 179. For example, 

 3 Orellana also contends that the BIA failed to conduct separate inquiries into the 

Salvadoran government’s “willingness” to protect her and its “ability” to do so. See 

Madrigal v. Holder, 716 F.3d 499, 506 (9th Cir. 2013) (finding legal error where the BIA 

considered a government’s efforts at offering protection without “examin[ing] the 

efficacy of those efforts”). After careful review of the record, we must reject this 

contention. The BIA applied the proper legal framework. It treated “willingness” and 

“ability” as distinct legal concepts, and it sufficiently addressed each in its order.
10

Orellana testified that during her third attempt to obtain a protective order in 2009, the 

Salvadoran family court refused to offer aid and instead directed her to the police station, 

which also turned her away. Yet the IJ gave this evidence no weight.

The IJ declined to do so on the theory that it was “unclear and confusing as to why 

exactly she was not able to get assistance from either the police or the court during these 

times.” But the record offers no evidence to support the view that the Salvadoran 

government officials had good reason for denying Orellana all assistance. Cf. Tassi, 660 

F.3d at 720 (requiring agency to “offer a specific, cogent reason for rejecting evidence” 

as not credible). Rather, Orellana offered the only evidence of their possible motive aside 

from the family court officials’ claim that they were “too busy” — namely, 

uncontroverted expert evidence that “[d]iscriminatory gender biases are prevalent among 

[Salvadoran] government authorities responsible for providing legal protection to 

women.”

Nor did the IJ or the BIA address Orellana’s testimony, which the IJ expressly 

found credible, that she called the police “many times” during a twelve-year period, calls 

to which the police often did not respond at all. This testimony, too, was uncontroverted.

To “arbitrarily ignore[]” this “unrebutted, legally significant evidence” and focus only on 

the isolated instances where police did respond constitutes an abuse of discretion. 

Zavaleta-Policiano, 873 F.3d at 248 (quoting Baharon v. Holder, 588 F.3d 228, 233 (4th 

Cir. 2009)); accord Hernandez-Avalos, 784 F.3d at 951 (“[A]n IJ is not entitled to ignore 

an asylum applicant’s testimony in making . . . factual findings.”).
11

The agency’s analysis also “distorted” the record evidence concerning the

instances of government involvement. Tassi, 660 F.3d at 719. For example, although the 

IJ accepted as credible Orellana’s testimony that Salvadoran family court employees 

rebuffed her third request for a protective order because “they were too busy” and 

suggested that she try again another day, the IJ inexplicably concluded from this 

testimony that Salvadoran family court employees “offered continued assistance” to 

Orellana. The IJ similarly distorted the record in finding that, in 2006, “the [family] court 

in El Salvador acted on [Orellana’s] behalf” when it took no action against Garcia, and in 

finding that, in 2009, a different Salvadoran court “attempted to assist” Orellana by 

denying her the protective order that she requested.

Despite these errors, the Government asserts three reasons why the BIA’s order 

assertedly finds substantial evidentiary support in the record. None are persuasive.

First, the Government argues that Orellana’s own testimony established that she 

had “access to legal remedies” in El Salvador. But access to a nominal or ineffectual 

remedy does not constitute “meaningful recourse,” for the foreign government must be 

both willing and able to offer an applicant protection. Rahimzadeh v. Holder, 613 F.3d 

916, 921 (9th Cir. 2010). As the Second Circuit has explained, when an applicant offers 

unrebutted evidence that “despite repeated reports of violence to the police, no significant 

action was taken on [her] behalf,” she has provided “ample ground” to conclude “that the 

BIA was not supported by substantial evidence in its finding that [she] did not show that 

the government was unwilling to protect [her] from private persecution.” Aliyev v. 

Mukasey, 549 F.3d 111, 119 (2d Cir. 2008). Evidence of empty or token “assistance” 
12

cannot serve as the basis of a finding that a foreign government is willing and able to 

protect an asylum seeker.

Second, the Government contends that Orellana cannot show that the Salvadoran 

government is unable or unwilling to protect her because she did not report her abuse 

until 1999 and later abandoned the legal process. But Orellana’s initial endurance of 

Garcia’s abuse surely does not prove the availability of government protection during the 

decade-long period that followed, during which time she did seek the assistance of the 

Salvadoran government without success. As to Orellana’s asserted abandonment of the 

Salvadoran legal process, we agree with the Government that an applicant who 

relinquishes a protective process without good reason will generally be unable to prove 

her government’s unwillingness or inability to protect her. But there is no requirement 

that an applicant persist in seeking government assistance when doing so (1) “would have 

been futile” or (2) “have subjected [her] to further abuse.” Ornelas-Chavez v. Gonzales, 

458 F.3d 1052, 1058 (9th Cir. 2006). Here, Orellana offered undisputed evidence of 

both.

Finally, the Government suggests that even if the Salvadoran government had 

previously been unwilling or unable to help Orellana, country conditions had changed by

2009 such that she could receive meaningful protection. Because the agency never

asserted this as a justification for its order, principles of administrative law bar us from 
13

dismissing the petition on this basis. See SEC v. Chenery Corp., 318 U.S. 80, 94–95 

(1943).4

We have often explained that an applicant for asylum is “entitled to know” that 

agency adjudicators “reviewed all [her] evidence, understood it, and had a cogent, 

articulable basis for its determination that [her] evidence was insufficient.” RodriguezArias v. Whitaker, 915 F.3d 968, 975 (4th Cir. 2019); accord, e.g., Baharon, 588 F.3d at 

233 (“Those who flee persecution and seek refuge under our laws have the right to know 

that the evidence they present . . . will be fairly considered and weighed by those who 

decide their fate.”). That did not happen here.

We therefore vacate the order denying Orellana asylum.5

 On remand, the agency

must consider the relevant, credible record evidence and articulate the basis for its 

decision to grant or deny relief.

 4 Moreover, Orellana testified that from 2009 until she fled the country, the 

Salvadoran courts and police denied her requests for protection on multiple occasions. 

Her experience accords with the country conditions evidence in the record, including the 

State Department’s 2012 report, which explained that the Salvadoran government’s 

“efforts to combat domestic violence” remained “minimally effective.”

5 We must also vacate the agency’s determinations as to withholding of removal 

and CAT protection because the agency derived them from this erroneous finding, 

leaving us no other basis on which to affirm. See Zavaleta-Policiano, 873 F.3d at 250.
14

III.

For the foregoing reasons, we grant Orellana’s petition for review and remand the 

case to the BIA for proceedings consistent with this opinion.

PETITION FOR REVIEW GRANTED; 

REMANDED FOR FURTHER PROCEEDINGS