IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

C B M Ministries of South Central :

Pennsylvania, Inc., :

Petitioner :

:

v. : No. 206 M.D. 2018

: Argued: December 13, 2018

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, :

Department of Transportation; and :

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, :

Pennsylvania State Police; and :

Leslie S. Richards, in her official :

capacity as Secretary of the :

Pennsylvania Department of :

Transportation and Colonel :

Tyree C. Blocker, in his Official :

capacity as acting commissioner :

of the Pennsylvania State Police, :

Respondents :

BEFORE: HONORABLE P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge

HONORABLE CHRISTINE FIZZANO CANNON, Judge

HONORABLE BONNIE BRIGANCE LEADBETTER, Senior Judge

OPINION NOT REPORTED

MEMORANDUM OPINION

BY JUDGE BROBSON FILED: January 9, 2019

Before the Court in our original jurisdiction is the preliminary objection

of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, Department of Transportation (PennDOT), 

the Pennsylvania State Police (PSP), PennDOT Secretary Leslie S. Richards 

(Secretary Richards), and PSP Commissioner Tyree C. Blocker (Colonel Blocker) 
2

(collectively, Respondents) to an amended complaint (Amended Complaint) filed 

by C B M Ministries of South Central Pennsylvania, Inc. (CBM). In the Amended 

Complaint, CBM seeks relief from enforcement of certain provisions of the 

Pennsylvania Code relating to the transportation of school children. For the reasons 

that follow, we overrule Respondents’ preliminary objection without prejudice.

In ruling on preliminary objections, we accept as true all well-pleaded 

material allegations in the petition for review and any reasonable inferences that we 

may draw from the averments. Meier v. Maleski, 648 A.2d 595, 600 (Pa. 

Cmwlth. 1994). The Court, however, is not bound by legal conclusions, 

unwarranted inferences from facts, argumentative allegations, or expressions of 

opinion encompassed in the petition for review. Id. We may sustain preliminary 

objections only when the law makes clear that the petitioner cannot succeed on the 

claim, and we must resolve any doubt in favor of the petitioner. Id. “We review 

preliminary objections in the nature of a demurrer under the above guidelines and 

may sustain a demurrer only when a petitioner has failed to state a claim for which 

relief may be granted.” Armstrong Cty. Mem’l Hosp. v. Dep’t of Pub. Welfare, 

67 A.3d 160, 170 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2013).

With the above standard in mind, we accept as true the following 

allegations from the Amended Complaint. CBM, doing business as Joy El 

Ministries, provides transportation for school children involved in what it refers to 

as “release time” programs. (Amended Complaint ¶¶ 2, 5.) Pursuant to 

Section 1546 of the Public School Code of 1949, Act of March 10, 1949, P.L. 30, as 

amended, 24 P.S. § 15-1546, schools must “release” students from their custody 

upon parental request to attend unique religious educational opportunities available 

through private organizations. (Amended Complaint ¶ 4; 24 P.S. § 15-1546.) CBM 
3

provides transportation services to and from the educational opportunities. 

(Amended Complaint ¶ 6.) In providing these transportation services, CBM uses its 

own vehicles, and CBM’s drivers all have appropriate licensure to operate a bus. 

(Amended Complaint ¶ 29.)

On September 23, 2015, a CBM bus was the subject of a traffic stop in 

a church parking lot while it transported release time participants. (Amended 

Complaint ¶ 12.) During the traffic stop, the PSP officer performed an impromptu 

inspection of the bus. (Id.) Upon inspection, the PSP officer determined that the 

bus failed to comply with regulations applicable to school buses.1 (Id.) After the 

inspection, the PSP officer refused to permit the students to board the bus, and CBM 

arranged with a private contractor to borrow a bus in order to return the children to 

school. (Id.) 

Thereafter, PSP contacted three school districts and informed them that 

CBM’s vehicles did not comply with applicable regulations. (Amended Complaint 

¶ 26.) As a result, those school districts no longer permitted their students to utilize 

CBM’s transportation services to attend release time programs. (Id.)

In light of the above, CBM filed a complaint against Respondents in the 

Franklin County Court of Common Pleas on October 23, 2015. Respondents 

subsequently removed the case to the United States District Court for the Middle 

District of Pennsylvania. After the federal court granted partial summary judgment 

to both parties on issues involving federal law, it remanded the claims involving state 

law. After filing the Amended Complaint in the Court of Common Pleas of Franklin 

 

1 Specifically, the PSP officer found the following violations: (1) failure to have decals on 

the exterior of the vehicle that identified CBM as the owner, in violation of 67 Pa. Code § 171.55; 

(2) failure to be painted “National School Bus Yellow,” in violation of 67 Pa. Code § 171.47; and 

(3) failure to have the words “School Bus” on the vehicle, in violation of 67 Pa. Code § 171.55. 

(Amended Complaint ¶ 13.)
4

County, the parties stipulated that this Court had original jurisdiction, and the Court 

of Common Pleas of Franklin County transferred the case.

In the Amended Complaint, CBM assertsthat the regulations applicable 

to school buses—i.e., the regulations that the PSP officer determined CBM’s bus 

violated—are not applicable to CBM.2 In so doing, CBM avers that PennDOT 

promulgated those regulations pursuant to its rulemaking authority found in 

Section 4551(a) of the Vehicle Code, 75 Pa. C.S. § 4551(a), which provides, in part:

All school buses and all other vehicles used in the 

transportation of school children, owned by or under 

contract with any school district or parochial or private 

school, shall conform to standards prescribed by 

[PennDOT]. Regulations shall be promulgated by 

[PennDOT] governing the safe design, construction, 

equipment and operation of vehicles engaged in the 

transportation of school children.

CBM contends that it is not subject to the regulations promulgated 

under Section 4551(a) of the Vehicle Code because those regulations only apply to 

vehicles “owned by or under contract with any school district or parochial or private 

school.” (Amended Complaint ¶ 16.) Given that CBM is not under contract with 

any such institution, it argues that the regulations are inapplicable to it, and PSP

cannot cite CBM for its lack of compliance thereto. (Amended Complaint ¶ 20.) In 

so arguing, CBM likens itself to any general use passenger vehicle or bus to which 

the regulations are not generally applicable. (Amended Complaint ¶ 19.) 

The Amended Complaint includes three counts. In the first count 

(Count I), CBM, proceeding under the Declaratory Judgments Act, 42 Pa. 

 

2 The regulations CBM challenges are located in two separate sections of the Pennsylvania 

Code: (1) Sections 91 through 93 of Chapter 51 of Title 22, 22 Pa. Code §§ 51.91-51.93, relating 

to private school transportation; and (2) the entirety of Chapter 171 of Title 67, 67 Pa. Code 

§§ 171.1-171.150, relating to school buses and school vehicles. 
5

C.S. §§ 7531-7541, seeks relief in the form of this Court: (1) declaring that CBM’s 

vehicles are not subject to the regulations promulgated under Section 4551 of the 

Vehicle Code; (2) declaring that CBM’s vehicles are not “school buses” under 67 Pa. 

Code § 171.2; and (3) enjoining Respondents from enforcing regulations applicable 

to school buses against CBM. 

The second count (Count II) alleges a violation of the Religious 

Freedom Protection Act (RFPA).3 CBM avers that it is motivated by a sincerely 

held religious belief and its services are a product of that motivation. (Amended 

Complaint ¶¶ 54-55.) CBM asserts that the enforcement of these regulations 

substantially burdens its religious exercise and no compelling governmental interest

exists to justify that burden. (Amended Complaint ¶¶ 63, 66.) As such, it seeks 

relief in the form of this Court: (1) declaring that Chapter 171 of Title 67 of the 

Pennsylvania Code is unconstitutional as applied to CBM; (2) awarding nominal 

damages for Respondents’ constitutional violations; (3) enjoining Respondents from 

forcing CBM to comply with regulations relating to school vehicles; 

and (4) awarding attorney’s fees. 

The third count (Count III) also alleges a violation under the RFPA. 

CBM avers that it is being singled out for selective enforcement of the regulations, 

whereas other similarly situated entities are not. (Amended Complaint ¶ 75.) Again, 

 

3 Act of December 9, 2002, P.L. 1701, 71 P.S. §§ 2401-2407. The RFPA prohibits the 

Commonwealth from imposing substantial burdens on the free exercise of religion without a 

compelling interest and a showing that the least restrictive means have been employed to satisfy 

that interest. Combs v. Homer-Center Sch. Dist., 540 F.3d 231, 234 (3d Cir. 2008). The RFPA

defines “substantially burden” as an agency action which does any of the following: 

(1) significantly constrains conduct or expression mandated by a person’s sincerely held religious 

beliefs; (2) significantly curtails a person’s ability to express adherence to his religious faith; 

(3) denies a person a reasonable opportunity to engage in activities which are fundamental to the 

person’s religion; or (4) compels conduct or expression which violates a specific tenet of a person’s 

religious faith. Section 3 of the RFPA, 71 P.S. § 2403.
6

CBM asserts that no compelling governmental interest justifies Respondents’ 

enforcement of these regulations against CBM. (Amended Complaint ¶ 76.) CBM 

seeks the same relief in Count III as it did in Count II. 

Thereafter, Respondents filed a preliminary objection, challenging the 

legal sufficiency of Counts II and III. Respondents assert that Section 6 of the 

RFPA, 71 P.S. § 2406, expressly provides that the RFPA does not apply to certain 

provisions of the Vehicle Code. Section 6 of the RFPA, 71 P.S. § 2406, provides, 

in pertinent part:

(a) General rule - This act shall apply to any State or local law 

or ordinance and the implementation of that law or 

ordinance, whether statutory or otherwise and whether 

adopted or effective prior to or after the effective date of 

this act. Any law enacted by the General Assembly after 

the effective date of this act shall be subject to this act 

unless the General Assembly expressly excludes that law 

from this act by specific reference to this act. This act shall 

not apply to actions of the courts of this Commonwealth 

or to any rules of procedure or to common law adopted by 

the courts of this Commonwealth.

(b)Exceptions - Notwithstanding subsection (a) and subject

to existing religious exceptions, this act shall not apply to 

any of the following:

1. Any criminal offense under 18 Pa. C.S. (relating to 

crimes and offenses) or under the act of April 14, 1972 

(P.L. 233, No. 64), known as The Controlled 

Substance, Drug, Device and Cosmetic Act, which is 

graded as a felony or a misdemeanor.

2. Any provision of 75 Pa. C.S. (relating to vehicles) 

which does any of the following:

i. Requires the licensing of motor vehicle operators.

ii. Requires the registration of motor vehicles.

iii. Requires financial responsibility for motor vehicle 

accidents.
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iv. Protects the public from the unsafe operation of 

motor vehicles or from dangerous conditions on 

the highways.

(Emphasis added.) Respondents contend that CBM’s challenge involves the 

application of multiple provisions of the Vehicle Code that all serve to protect the 

public from the unsafe operation of motor vehicles and/or from dangerous conditions 

on the highways.

4

 As the RFPA does not apply to such provisions, Respondents 

seek dismissal of Counts II and III.

In response, CBM argues that its challenge does not involve provisions 

of the Vehicle Code exempted by the RFPA, as its challenge is directed towards 

regulations under Chapter 171 of Title 67 of the Pennsylvania Code. As CBM 

challenges regulations under the Pennsylvania Code instead of provisions under the 

Vehicle Code, it asserts that Section 6 of the RFPA does not serve to bar its claim. 

Alternatively, CBM argues that Section 4551(a) of the Vehicle Code is not meant to 

protect the public but is instead focused on protecting children en route to mandatory 

education. A separate concern, however, guides our disposition of the preliminary 

objection.

The Pennsylvania Supreme Court has cautioned “that the courts should 

not give answers to academic questions or render advisory opinions or make 

decisions based on assertions as to hypothetical events that might occur in the 

future.” Phila. Entm’t & Dev. Partners, L.P. v. City of Phila., 937 A.2d 385, 392 

(Pa. 2007). This Court does not have jurisdiction to issue advisory opinions. Rendell 

 

4 Specifically, Respondents argue that CBM’s challenge involves the following provisions

of the Vehicle Code: 75 Pa. C.S. § 4103 (relating to PennDOT’s promulgation of vehicle 

standards); 75 Pa. C.S. § 4551 (relating to safety regulations); 75 Pa. C.S. § 4552 (relating to 

general requirements for school buses); 75 Pa. C.S. § 4553 (relating to general requirements for 

other vehicles transporting school children); and 75 Pa. C.S. § 6103 (relating to PennDOT’s

authority to promulgate regulations).
8

v. Pa. State Ethics Comm’n, 938 A.2d 554, 559 (Pa. Cmwlth. 2007), rev’d on other 

grounds, 983 A.2d 708 (Pa. 2009).

Here, our consideration of Section 6 of the RFPA—which exempts 

provisions of the Vehicle Code from claims that those provisions substantially 

burden a person’s free exercise of religion—is compelled only if we first determine 

that the regulations apply at all to CBM’s conduct. In Count I of the Amended 

Complaint, CBM seeks a declaration from this Court that the regulations found in 

Chapter 171 of Title 67 of the Pennsylvania Code do not apply to it. Alternatively, 

in Counts II and III, CBM argues that if the regulations apply to it, then the 

enforcement thereof constitutes a violation of the RFPA. In order to evaluate 

whether the regulations’ enforcement here violates the RFPA, however, we first 

must determine whether the regulations are applicable to CBM—i.e., precisely what 

we must evaluate in Count I. The omphalos of this litigation is whether the 

regulations under the Vehicle Code are enforceable against CBM, and 

Counts II and III are peripheral to that central question and only become relevant if 

the regulations would otherwise apply.

Without first answering that threshold question, any opinion regarding 

the RFPA’s application to the regulations is tantamount to an advisory opinion, as it 

does not serve to determine the resolution of the controversy now before the Court. 

If we were to conclude here that the regulations are not exempted from the RFPA, 

only to later conclude that the regulations did not apply to CBM, our opinion in this 

matter would be rendered academic. As such, Respondents’ challenges to

Counts II and III of the Amended Complaint are not yet ripe for disposition, as they

presume that the regulations apply to CBM’s conduct.
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Accordingly, we overrule Respondents’ preliminary objection without 

prejudice, as to provide Respondents an opportunity to again raise these arguments 

in a motion for summary judgment once discovery is complete. 

P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge
IN THE COMMONWEALTH COURT OF PENNSYLVANIA

C B M Ministries of South Central :

Pennsylvania, Inc., :

Petitioner :

:

v. : No. 206 M.D. 2018

:

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, :

Department of Transportation; and :

Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, :

Pennsylvania State Police; and :

Leslie S. Richards, in her official :

capacity as Secretary of the :

Pennsylvania Department of :

Transportation and Colonel :

Tyree C. Blocker, in his Official :

capacity as acting commissioner :

of the Pennsylvania State Police, :

Respondents :

O R D E R

AND NOW, this 9

th day of January, 2019, the preliminary objection 

filed by Respondents in this matter is OVERRULED. Respondents are directed to 

file an answer to the amended complaint filed by C B M Ministries of South Central 

Pennsylvania, Inc. within thirty days of this order.

P. KEVIN BROBSON, Judge