FIRST DIVISION

BARNES, P. J.,

MCMILLIAN and MERCIER, JJ.

NOTICE: Motions for reconsideration must be

physically received in our clerk’s office within ten

days of the date of decision to be deemed timely filed.

http://www.gaappeals.us/rules

June 29, 2017

In the Court of Appeals of Georgia

A17A0114. KOLB v. NORTHSIDE HOSPITAL.

MCMILLIAN, Judge.

Susan Kolb, M.D., appeals the trial court’s grant of summary judgment to

Northside Hospital (“Northside”) on her claims for breach of contract, negligence,

tortiousinterference with business and contractualrelations, and attorney fees arising

out of the suspension of her medical staff privileges at the hospital. At issue in this

appeal is whether the federal Health Care Quality Improvement Act of 1986 (the

“HCQIA”), 42 USC § 11101 et seq., bars Dr. Kolb’s recovery of money damages

against Northside. Because we find that HCQIA immunity applies as a matter of law,

we affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of Northside.
“Summary judgment is proper when there is no genuine issue of material fact

and the movant is entitled to judgment as a matter of law. OCGA § 9-11-56 (c). We

review a grant or denial of summary judgment de novo and construe the evidence in

the light most favorable to the nonmovant.” (Citation omitted.) Elder v. Hayes, 337

Ga. App. 826, 827 (788 SE2d 915) (2016).

So viewed, the evidence shows that Dr. Kolb is a plastic surgeon licensed to

practice in the State of Georgia. She became a member of the medical staff at

Northside on January 1, 1992. In late October 2007, Dr. Wayne L. Ambroze, who was

vice chairman of the Medical Executive Committee (the “MEC”) and vice chief of

staff at Northside, notified Dr. Kolb in a telephone call that her privileges to practice

at the hospital were being summarily suspended. Dr. Ambroze, along with Dr. Diane

Wisebram, the chairman of the MEC, made the decision to suspend Dr. Kolb’s

privileges after receiving reports from various Northside staff members about Dr.

Kolb. 

On November 1, 2007, Drs. Wisebram and Ambroze sent Dr. Kolb a letter

formally notifying her of her suspension and asserting that it was based on a

“reasonable suspicion of impairment,” arising from reports of statements that Dr.

Kolb had made (the “Suspension Letter”). The letter stated that before Dr. Kolb’s

2
privileges could be reinstated, Northside required that she submit to a medical and

psychiatric evaluation, with the resultsfurnished to the hospital, and further informed

her that under the hospital’s “Medical Staff By-laws” (the “Bylaws”), she was entitled

to a fair hearing on her suspension. 

Dr. Kolb opted for a fair hearing, in lieu of the medical and psychiatric

evaluations, and it was scheduled for January 7, 2008. An outside attorney was

engaged to serve as the hearing officer, and four physicians not previously involved

in the decision to suspend Dr. Kolb were appointed as members of the Fair Hearing

Committee (FHC). At Dr. Kolb’s request, the committee members were subjected to

a number of voir dire questionssubmitted by her counsel, and she raised no objection

to their service. Both Dr. Kolb and the MEC were represented by counsel at the

hearing, which spanned two evenings and included over eight hours of evidence and

argument on January 7 and February 5, 2008.

The FHC issued a written report in late February 2008 concluding that the

MEC “presented sufficient evidence to convince the Fair Hearing Committee, by a

preponderance of the evidence, that its action in imposing a summary suspension of

Dr. Kolb’s privileges was based in fact and was not arbitrary, unreasonable, or

capricious.” The FHC also found that “it could not, in good faith, make any

3
recommendation that Dr. Kolb be allowed to continue to practice at Northside

Hospital without an appropriate evaluation and intervention.” Nevertheless, the FHC

stated that “with a thorough long-term independent evaluation and compliance with

any recommended treatment and monitoring, [it] felt there might be a limited

opportunity for Dr. Kolb to demonstrate her ability to practice at Northside Hospital

in the future” and listed recommended steps for her to follow to seek reinstatement. 

Dr. Kolb appealed the FHC’s decision to an Appellate Review Committee,

comprised of three members of Northside’s Board of Directors (the “Appellate

Committee”). At Dr. Kolb’s request, no oral argument was held before that

committee. In its written decision in May 2008, the Appellate Committee

unanimously found that the FHC’s decision regarding the suspension of Dr. Kolb

“was justified and was not arbitrary, unreasonable or capricious.” However, the

AppellateCommittee recommended certainmodifications to the FHC’s recommended

steps for Dr. Kolb to follow before seeking reinstatement of her privileges at

Northside. Nothing in the record showsthat Dr. Kolb followed the recommendations

of either the Hearing or the Appellate Committees.

1

1 Additional facts will be recited as necessary to address Dr. Kolb’s arguments.

4
Over four years later, Dr. Kolb initiated this action, and she now appeals the

trial court’s grant of summary judgment on her claims, arguing that the trial court

applied an incorrect standard of review by failing to view the facts in the light most

favorable to her and instead giving undue deference to the hospital’s decision, thus

depriving her of a meaningful review of the record. She also argues that under the

proper standard of review, a jury could find that Northside was not entitled to

immunity from damages under the HCQIA.

1. As an initial matter, we note that “HCQIA immunity is a question of law for

the court to decide and may be resolved whenever the record in a particular case

becomes sufficiently developed.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Taylor v.

Kennestone Hosp., Inc., 266 Ga. App. 14, 14 (596 SE2d 179) (2004). See also Bryan

v. James E. Holmes Regional Med. Center, 33 F3d 1318, 1332 (III) (A) (11th Cir.

1994). Here, the parties agree that the HCQIA governs the peer review decision

resulting in Dr. Kolb’ssuspension, although theydisputewhetherNorthside complied

with the statute in conducting that review. See 42 USC § 11151 (9) (defining

“professional review action”). The HCQIA provides immunity from monetary

damages for professional review actions taken

5
(1) in the reasonable belief that the action was in furtherance of quality

health care,

(2) after a reasonable effort to obtain the facts of the matter,

(3) after adequate notice and hearing procedures are afforded to the

physician involved or after such other procedures as are fair to the

physician under the circumstances, and

(4) in the reasonable belief that the action was warranted by the facts

known after such reasonable effort to obtain facts and after meeting the

requirements of paragraph (3).

42 USC § 11112 (a). See also 42 USC § 11111 (a) (1) (providing that professional

review actions meeting the requirements of § 11112 (a) insulate, inter alia, the

professional review body, its members, and staff from liability for money damages

under federal or state law for claims arising out of their actions, with certain limited

exceptions not applicable here).2

2 We note that Georgia also has an immunity provision, which is not at issue

in this appeal. Under that provision,

No professional health care provider nor any individual who serves as

a member or employee of a professional health care provider or review

organization nor any individual who furnishes counsel or services to a

professional health care provider or review organization shall be held,

6
Under 42 USC § 11112 (a), professional review actions are presumed to have

met these statutory requirements, and the burden is on the opposing party to rebut that

presumption by a preponderance of the evidence. Therefore, “the presumption

language in [the] HCQIA meansthat the plaintiff bearsthe burden of proving that the

peer review process was not reasonable.” (Emphasis in original.) Bryan, 33 F3d at

1333 (III) (A).3

2. Dr. Kolb first argues that the trial court erred in giving great deference to

Northside’s decision to suspend her privileges instead of construing the evidence in

her favor on summary judgment.

by reason of the performance of peer review activities, to have violated

any criminal law or to be civilly liable under any law unless he was

motivated by malice toward any person affected by such activity.

OCGA § 31-7-132 (a).

3 As one court has explained, the statutory presumption relieves defendant peer

review participants of their initial burden on summary judgment of providing

evidentiary support for their contention that they are entitled to immunity, and the

plaintiff’s “burden is no different than that of the nonmovant who must demonstrate

the existence of a genuine issue as to any material fact on all of the elements of the

claim alleged once a movant for summary judgment files a properly supported

motion.” (Citations omitted.) Singh v. Blue Cross/Blue Shield of Mass., Inc., 308 F3d

25, 32-33 (1st Cir. 2002).

7
This Court has held that in reviewing the issue of immunity under the HCQIA

on summary judgment, a “trial court is required to determine, viewing the facts in the

light most favorable to the plaintiff, whether a reasonable jury could conclude that the

plaintiff hasshown by a preponderance of the evidence that the peer review activities

did not meet the standards set forth in the Act.” (Citation and punctuation omitted;

emphasisin original.) Patton v. St. Francis Hosp., 260 Ga. App. 202, 205 (1) (b) (581

SE2d 551) (2003). See also Davenport v. Northeast Ga. Med. Center, 247 Ga. App.

179, 180 (542 SE2d 525) (2000). See also Bryan, 333 F3d at 1333-34 (III) (A).

However, this Court also has held that the HCQIA “grants broad discretion to

hospitals with regard to staff privilege decisions, and our role on review of such

actions is not to substitute our judgment for that of the hospital’s governing board or

to reweigh the evidence regarding the termination of medical staff privileges.”

(Citation and punctuation omitted.) Patton, 260 Ga. App. at 207-08 (1) (c) (iv). See

also Univ. Health Svcs., Inc. v. Long, 274 Ga. 829, 829 (561 SE2d 77) (2002). This

Court, on occasion, has expressed this standard as giving “deference” to a hospital’s

8
review decision.

4 See Burrowes v. Northside Hosp., 294 Ga. App. 472, 476 (2) (671

SE2d 176) (2008).

Here, the trial court found that no genuine issues of material fact existed and

recited the standards that “its role was not to substitute it judgment regarding a

physician’s competency for the medical judgment of the hospital” and that it was

required to give “great deference to the hospital’s medical decision and that of the

governing body of the hospital.” Although the trial court did not expressly recite the

requirement that the evidence must be construed in the light most favorable to Dr.

Kolb, we find no indication that the trial court failed to do so. See Patton, 260 Ga.

App. at 205 (1) (b). But pretermitting whether the trial court properly construed the

evidence, our review of the trial court’s order on appeal is de novo, and we apply the

standard set forth in Patton in our review of the evidence.

4 Although Dr. Kolb arguesthatsuch deference should apply only in situations

where a physician’s privileges are suspended based on his professional competency,

we find no legal basisfor such a limitation. See, e.g., Davenport, 247 Ga. App. at 186

(1) (a) (refusing to substitute court’s opinion for that of hospital governing board or

to reweigh the evidence where hospital revocation of staff privileges was based on

issues that “were not primarily medical in terms of specific patient care issues”); see

also Robbins v. Ong, 452 FSupp. 110, 115 (S.D. Ga. 1978) (applying deference where

doctor’s competence was not at issue, but instead the failure to renew his hospital

privileges was based on “turmoil and disruption” he brought to the hospital).

9
3. Dr. Kolb also contends that the trial court erred in granting summary

judgment to Northside because, viewing the evidence in the proper light, a reasonable

jury could conclude by a preponderance of the evidence that Northside failed to

comply with the HCQIA by (1) admitting that Dr. Kolb’s care of her patients was not

at issue; (2) failing to follow its own Bylaws; (3) suspending Dr. Kolb without

conducting an investigation; and (4) improperly focusing on her religion.

 (a) The first requirement for immunity under the HCQIA is that Northside’s

action be taken in the reasonable belief that it “was in furtherance of quality health

care.” 42 USC § 11112 (a) (1). Dr. Kolb contends that Northside did not meet this

requirement because her suspension was not based on issues involving her patient

care.

“A professional review action is taken in the reasonable belief that it is in

furtherance of quality health care if on the evidence then before them, the reviewers

would reasonably have concluded that their action would restrict incompetent

behavior or would protect patients.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Patton, 260

Ga. App. at 206 (1) (c) (i). “The Act does not require that the professional review

result in an actual improvement of the quality of health care. Our focus is on the

reasonableness of the peer reviewers’ belief that they were furthering the quality of

10
health care.” (Citations and punctuation omitted.) Patrick v. Floyd Med. Center, 255

Ga. App. 435, 440 (3) (a) (i) (565 SE2d 491) (2002).

(i) In summarily suspending Dr. Kolb’s medical privileges, Northside cited a

reasonable suspicion of impairment based on reports that she had made statements

indicating that she carried a gun because there was a bounty on her head; the DeKalb

County police had recommended thatshe carry a weapon after multiple assassination

attempts against her; the government may be after her because she had removed a

microchip implanted in a patient in the federal witness protection program;she is the

reincarnation of Lizzie Borden; the military wanted to hire her “to conduct ‘remote

viewing’5

through out-of-body experiences;” and she uses her psychic powersto help

people find things. 

At the fair hearing, Dr. Wisebram, the MEC chairman, testified about a

conversation she had with Dr. Kolb shortly before the suspension on an unrelated

matter. She said that during that conversation, Dr. Kolb volunteered that she carried

5 Dr. Kolb explained at the hearing that remote viewing “is where you go into

a darkened room” and after being given coordinates, “you go into a state of

meditation and go there and then you describe what you see and you actually draw

a picture of it.” She stated that this procedure is used by the military, the United

Nations, the FBI, and the CIA “[t]o determine where things are and where people are

and what’s going on.” 

11
a gun because there had been three assassination attempts on her life. The MEC also

presented testimony from other hospital personnel regarding interactions they had

with Dr. Kolb, which they had reported to various authorities at Northside. These

reports included testimony that Dr. Kolb had stated that a manufacturer of silicone

was trying to kill her and the FBI might be after her; she carries a gun because there

is a bounty on her head (and in October 2007, she appeared to have her gun in the

area outside the operating room); the military wanted to hire her to do remote

viewing; the government may be after her because she removed a microchip from a

federal witness; and a silicone manufacturer and/or the government was out to get her

and had possibly hired a hit man. Karen Parham, the operations coordinator at a

Northside facility, testified that in October 2007, some of her staff reported that they

were nervous about working with Dr. Kolb because she “kind of frightened them a

little bit” when she made such statements. Parhamobtained written reportsfromthese

individuals and forwarded themto Northside’sriskmanagement department.Another

witness testified that Dr. Kolb’s statement about her gun made her very concerned

about her own safety. 

Dr. Ambroze testified that the main concern behind Dr. Kolb’ssuspension was

the issue of the gun, explaining,

12
“[M]y responsibility as part of medicalstaff leadership is to protectstaff

and patients. And to me, if . . . you’re delusional and you have a gun on

campus, we’ve got a problem. And, on the other hand, if there are

assassins after you and you’re aware of this and you feel you need a gun

to protect yourself, then our staff and patients are still in danger of being

caught in the crossfire. . . . So either way, I just could not see . . .

avoiding the suspension.

Dr. Wisebram confirmed that the main concern behind the suspension involved Dr.

Kolb’s possession of the gun and the statements from the staff. She explained,

We were concerned about if, indeed,she did have assassination attempts

against her life, somebody is going to come in this hospital and shoot

her. And we’re going to have a shoot-out in front of our hospital while

somebody is trying to assassinate her and, you know, assuming that the

assassination attempts could be real, is somebody going to come in this

hospital and open fire on her, take out some of your nurses and our

patients.

Although Dr. Kolb denied making some of the statements and presented

evidence to explain other statements and her reasons for carrying the gun, she

testified thatshe had reason to believe that there had been several attempts on her life,

13
and although she did not report them to police, she admitted that she told Dr.

Wisebram about them.

We find that this and other evidence presented by Dr. Kolb, including

testimony from a psychiatristshe hired to perform an evaluation for the hearing, were

insufficient to overcome the presumption that the MEC acted in the reasonable belief

that her suspension wasin furtherance of quality health care. See Davenport, 247 Ga.

App. at 185 (1) (a) (revocation of medical staff privileges made in the reasonable

belief that it was in furtherance of quality health care, where numerous complaints

were submitted regarding the doctor’s call coverage, compliance with hospital rules

and policies, and interaction with nursing personnel).

(ii) Dr. Kolb further assertsthat Northside improperly focused on her religious

and spiritual beliefs instead of patient care in suspending her privileges. In support

of this argument, she cites the testimony of three MEC witnesses, who testified that

Dr. Kolb sometimes read the auras of patients and staff, she believed in clairvoyance

and psychic powers, and she sometimes practiced Reiki with her patients. One of

these witnesses said that a gesture Dr. Kolb performed with her hand over a patient

was “eerie” and a fourth witness said that her comments about remote viewing made

the witness feel uncomfortable. Although a number of witnesses cited Dr. Kolb’s

14
spiritual practices, the record demonstrated that such matters were not the primary

basis for her suspension. As Dr. Wisebram stated, “We weren’t as concerned about

healing powers or psychic powers. We were concerned about a gun.” The Suspension

Letter itself made this point, stating that

Medical Staff leadership has determined that the statements noted

above, in particular the repeated statements about multiple assassination

attempts and statementsthat you are carrying a handgun, constitute such

a direct and immediate threat, which requires that action be taken

immediately to protect the life, health and/or welfare of Northside’s

patients and staff . . . .

Dr. Kolb has introduced no competent evidence that any bias against her

religious and spiritual beliefs was a deciding factor in the review process. “In any

event claims of bias are irrelevant to the reasonablenessstandards of 42 USC § 11112

(a) of the Act,” because Georgia “has adopted an objective standard of reasonableness

in this context.” (Citation and punctuation omitted.) Patrick, 255 Ga. App. at 440 (3)

(a) (i).

Therefore, even construing the evidence in Dr. Kolb’s favor, we find that Dr.

Kolb failed to demonstrate that a reasonable jury could conclude that she has shown

15
by a preponderance of the evidence the MEC’s decision to suspend her was not based

on a reasonable belief that it was furthering the quality of health care at the hospital.

(b) Dr. Kolb additionally argues that Northside failed to follow the procedures

outlined in its Bylaws for interventions for impaired providers, and thus, the MEC’s

decision was per se unreasonable. 

The Suspension Letter stated that the Northside impaired provider committee

had determined

there are sufficient specific, contemporaneous physical, behavioral or

performance indicators consistent with substance abuse or other

psychiatric or medical conditionsto support the reasonable suspicion of

impairment which may affect your clinical judgment or may otherwise

constitute a direct and immediate threat to the health, welfare and safety

of patients or others in the hospital.

Citing § 8.4 of the Bylaws governing summary suspensions , the Suspension Letter

states that “a [p]ractitioner who is suffering an impairment may be summarily

suspended . . . based on conduct which constitutes a direct and immediate threat to

the physical or mental health, welfare, and safety of patients, other Practitioners, or

Hospital personnel.” And as quoted above, the letter stated that the MEC had

16
determined that Dr. Kolb’s statements regarding assassination attempts and her gun

constituted such a direct and immediate threat. 

Although Dr. Kolb argues that Northside failed to abide by the procedures

outlined in the Impaired Provider Policy under § 8.5 of the Bylaws, Northside asserts

that those procedures were not applicable to her summary suspension under § 8.4.

However, pretermitting whether Northside violated its own Bylaws, “[t]he HCQIA

does not require that hearing procedures satisfy a hospital’s bylaws in order for

immunity to apply.” Taylor, 266 Ga. App. at 20 (2). See also Meyers v. Logan Mem.

Hosp., 82 FSupp2d 707, 715 (W.D. Ky. 2000) (“[T]here is no statutory requirement

set forth in the HCQIA that a peer review proceeding must be conducted in

accordance with a hospital’s own specific internal bylaws or procedures.”) (citations

and punctuation omitted). In fact, “HCQIA immunity extends to claims arising out

of alleged bylaws violations that occur in the course of peer review.” Taylor, 266 Ga.

App. at 21 (3). See Patton, 260 Ga. App. at 202. Accordingly, this ground provides

no basis for reversal.

(c) Dr. Kolb further contendsthat Northside is not entitled to HCQIA immunity

because it suspended her without conducting any investigation. One factor required

to qualify for immunity is that the peer review action be taken “after a reasonable

17
effort to obtain the facts of the matter.” 42 USC § 11112 (a) (2). “[T]he determinative

inquiry on this issue is whether or not the totality of the process leading up to the

board’s decision evidenced a reasonable effort to obtain the facts of the matter.”

Patton, 260 Ga. App. at 207 (1) (c) (ii). See Davenport, 247 Ga. App. at 185 (1) (b).

Here,the evidence showed that Northside’s leadership became concerned about

reports from various staff members concerning Dr. Kolb’s statements regarding

threats to her life that had resulted in her carrying a gun. Dr. Kolb herself voluntarily

repeated some of these statements in a conversation with Dr. Wisebram before the

summary suspension. Although following the suspension, the MEC collected witness

statements addressing the issuesinvolving Dr. Kolb, the committee’s postsuspension

efforts to continue documenting the staff’s complaints does not make its

presuspension efforts unreasonable, particularly in this case, since Dr. Kolb herself

admitted the primary allegations before the suspension. We find, therefore, that Dr.

Kolb failed to point to evidence in the record sufficient to permit a jury to find that

she has overcome, by a preponderance of the evidence, the presumption that the

hospital summarily suspended her clinical privileges only “after a reasonable effort

to obtain the facts of the matter.” 42 USC § 11112 (a) (2). See Patton, 260 Ga. App.

at 207 (1) (c) (ii); Davenport, 247 Ga. App. at 185 (1) (b). 

18
Accordingly, we affirm the trial court’s grant of summary judgment.

Judgment affirmed. Barnes, P. J., and Mercier, J., concur.

19