FILED

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

JUNE 05, 2002

THOMAS K. KAHN

CLERK

*

 Honorable Cynthia Holcomb Hall, U.S. Circuit Judge for the Ninth Circuit, sitting by

designation.

[PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

_______________

No. 01-14973

_______________

D. C. Docket No. 01-00307 CV-J-S

IN RE:

 ALABAMA LAND AND MINERAL CORP.,

Debtor.

NATIONAL CITY BANK OF KENTUCKY,

f.k.a. National City Bank, Kentucky,

Plaintiff-Appellant,

versus

ANDRE M. TOFFEL, Trustee,

Defendant-Appellee.

______________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Northern District of Alabama

______________________________

(June 5, 2002)

Before BIRCH, HILL and HALL*

, Circuit Judges.
2

BIRCH, Circuit Judge:

National City Bank of Kentucky (NCB) appeals the bankruptcy court’s

decision, affirmed by the district court, that NCB failed to perfect a security

interest in a $1,000,000.00 fund held in escrow for Alabama Land and Minerals

Corporation (“Alabama Land”) and Mid-South Resources Corporation (“MidSouth”). On cross-motions for summary judgment, the district court characterized

the $1,000,000.00 fund (“subject funds”) as a certificate of deposit (“CD”) and

reasoned that NCB’s interest was unperfected because NCB did not possess a

certificate. The district court granted summary judgment to the bankruptcy estates

of Alabama Land and Mid-South, represented by André Toffel (“Trustee”). 

Whether NCB’s interest was perfected turns on how the subject funds are

characterized. We conclude that the district court’s characterization results in the

elevation of form over substance, and REVERSE the grant of summary judgment

in favor of the Trustee. Because the subject funds are more properly characterized

as a deposit account governed by the common law of the pledge, we conclude that

NCB’s interest in the subject fund was perfected, and REVERSE the district

court’s denial of NCB’s motion for summary judgment.

I. BACKGROUND
1

 In addition to the $1,000,000.00, Alabama Land agreed to pay a $2,500 drawing fee,

and interest at prime plus 4%. R1-2, Stip., ¶ 2.

3

In late 1995, NCB entered into three agreements with Alabama Land. First,

NCB issued an irrevocable standby letter of credit for Alabama Land in favor of

Van-American Insurance Company (“Van-American”) in the amount of 

 $1,000,000.00. Second, NCB and Alabama Land entered into a “Reimbursement

and Security Agreement” in which Alabama Land agreed to reimburse NCB should

Van-American draw on the letter of credit.1

 Third, Alabama Land and its parent,

Mid-South, applied for an escrow account in which to keep the subject funds

unless and until Van-American requested payment under the letter of credit. Under

the escrow agreement, Alabama Land and Mid-South had the right to request that

NCB invest the subject funds in a CD. Alabama Land and Mid-South deposited

the subject funds and requested investment, and NCB created CD # 50313123. It

is undisputed that NCB never issued a certificate to represent CD # 50313123. 

On 1 June 1998, both Alabama Land and Mid-South filed voluntary Chapter

11 petitions, which were subsequently converted into Chapter 7. On 11 August

2000, Van-American presented a $ 1 million sight draft on the letter of credit. At

that point, NCB requested that the Trustee for the bankruptcy estate provide NCB

with $1,000,000.00 and the fee for drawing the funds. The Trustee did not do so. 
2

 CD # 50313123 is still active at NCB. Because the rate of interest accrual under the

Reimbursement and Security Agreement exceeds the rate of interest earned by the CD, Alabama

Land and Mid-South owe NCB a sum greater than the amount held by NCB in the CD.

4

NCB paid $1,000,000.00 to Van-American on 21 August 2000 in accordance with

the letter of credit, and retained CD # 50313123.2

NCB then sought relief from the automatic stay to apply the fund to the prepetition obligations of Alabama Land and Mid-South. The Bankruptcy Court

denied relief to NCB, and granted summary judgment to the Trustee. NCB

appealed to the District Court. On cross-motions for summary judgment, the

District Court denied NCB’s motion and granted the Trustee’s motion. NCB

appeals. 

II. DISCUSSION

An appellate court reviews de novo the grant of summary judgment by a

bankruptcy court. In re Optical Tech., Inc., 246 F.3d 1332, 1334 (11th Cir. 2001). 

Like the bankruptcy court and the district court, we will apply Kentucky state law. 

See KRS § 355.9-103(1)(b) (1996) (providing that “perfection . . . of a security

interest in collateral [is] governed by the law of the jurisdiction where the collateral

is when the last event occurs on which is based the assertion that the security

interest is perfected or unperfected”). The Uniform Commercial Code (“UCC”)
5

has been adopted in Kentucky. KRS § 355.1-101 (1958). It is relevant that we are

applying the version of the UCC in effect at the time of the transactions; we are not

applying Revised Article 9, which took effect in Kentucky on 1 July 2001. KRS §

355.9-101 (2001).

Whether we uphold the ruling of the bankruptcy court turns on our

characterization of the subject funds. According to the bankruptcy court, the

subject funds should be characterized as a CD. Relevant Kentucky law provides

that a CD is a negotiable instrument, KRS § 355.3-104(10)(1996), and that the

only method of perfecting an interest in such an instrument is possession. KRS §

355.9-304(1)(1996). The bankruptcy court reasoned that because NCB did not

possess the instrument, i.e., the certificate, NCB’s interest was not perfected.

We acknowledge that multiple characteristics of the subject funds support

the bankruptcy court’s decision: NCB created an account labeled CD # 50313123,

Alabama Land received a receipt for the creation of a CD, the subject fund

generated interest and matured periodically. The bankruptcy court’s decision,

however, is fundamentally flawed in two respects. The first flaw is global: the

substance of the transaction was NCB’s transfer of credit in consideration for

Alabama Land’s collateral. The second flaw of the bankruptcy court’s decision is
6

technical: the CD was not represented by a negotiable instrument. As such,

possession of the certificate was not the appropriate test for perfection.

First we address the substance of the transaction. Kentucky law has long

recognized that “[t]he substance instead of the form of a transaction must control in

its interpretation and in determining the rights or liabilities of the parties.” Ducker

v. Latonia Deposit Bank, 46 S.W.2d 493, 494 (Ky. 1932). Reading the three

agreements between NCB and Alabama Land, it is clear that the substance of the

transaction was the creation of a letter of credit. NCB issued the letter in favor of

the Van-American Insurance Company. R1-2, Ex. A. In return, Alabama Land

agreed that

If at any time and from time to time [NCB] require[s]

collateral (or additional collateral) security, we agree to

deliver, convey, transfer and/or assign to [NCB] as

security for our obligations and liabilities hereunder . . .

howsoever created, arising or evidenced, whether joint or

several, direct or indirect, absolute or contingent, now or

hereafter existing, due or to become due (collectively,

“Liabilities”), such collateral security as you may

request.

R1-2, Ex. B, ¶ 4. The “Letter of Credit Escrow Account Agreement” makes it

clear that NCB extended the letter of credit in exchange for collateral: “in

consideration of the issuance of the Letter of Credit . . . the parties hereto hereby

agree . . . on the date hereof, to pay into the Letter of Credit Account, an amount of
3

 The agreements between NCB and Alabama Land also provided that in the event of

default, “all of [Alabama Land’s] Liabilities, direct and indirect, to [NCB] . . shall . . . become

immediately due and payable.” R1-2, Ex. B, ¶ 5. Default was defined to include a draw by

Van-American against NCB under the letter of credit. R1-2, Ex. C, ¶ C5. It is the default

provision which NCB seeks to enforce.

7

cash equal to one hundred percent (100%) of the Letter of Credit amount.” R1-2,

Ex. C, ¶ C1. Alabama Land and its parent, Mid-South, explicitly granted NCB a

security interest: “The Applicant does hereby sell, mortgage and grant a security

interest to the Bank in the monies deposited in the Letter of Credit Account

(‘Security Interest’), such Security Interest perfected by the Bank’s possession and

control of such monies.” Id. at ¶ C4. There is no question that the substance of the

transaction was the extension of credit by NCB in consideration for a security

interest in the subject funds deposited by Alabama Land.3

The Trustee responds by pointing to a provision in the Letter of Credit

Escrow Account Agreement: “The Applicant may request that the Bank invest

some or all of the cash in the Letter of Credit Account in one or more certificates of

deposit issued by the Bank.” R1-2, Ex. C, ¶ C3. While it is true that NCB invested

the subject funds in a CD in response to Alabama Land’s request, this fact does not

alter the substance of the transaction between the parties. NCB did not relinquish

its security interest in the subject funds by investing them in a CD. Had Alabama

Land not requested investment, or if NCB had refused the request, the substance of
8

the agreement between the parties would be the same; the only difference would be

that Alabama Land would have earned no interest.

With the global flaw addressed, we turn to the technical flaw in the

bankruptcy court’s decision: application of UCC Article 9. Because CD #

50313123 was not evidenced by a written certificate — a fact not in dispute — the

CD is not governed by Article 9. The issue is definitional. Under the version of

Article 9 in effect at the time of these transactions, a CD is defined as “an

instrument containing an acknowledgment by a bank that a sum of money has been

received by the bank and a promise by the bank to repay the sum of money.” KRS

§ 355.3-104(10)(1996) (emphasis added). An “instrument” is defined as a

“negotiable instrument.” KRS § 355.3-104(2)(1996). A “negotiable instrument” is

defined as 

an unconditional promise or order to pay a fixed amount

of money . . . if it:

(a) Is payable to bearer or to order at the time it is issued

or first comes into possession of a holder;

(b) Is payable on demand or at a definite time; and

(c) Does not state any other undertaking or instruction by

the person promising or ordering payment to do any act

in addition to the payment of money . . .

KRS § 355.3-104(1)(1996). The only written evidence that the fund had been

invested in a CD was a “Confirmation and Advice” statement issued periodically

by NCB. R1-2, Ex. D. Because the Confirmation and Advice statement is not
4

 The use of the Official Comments to interpret the UCC provisions is sanctioned under

Kentucky law, provided there is no conflict between the comment and the provision. KRS §

355.1-110 (1990). In this case, there is no conflict. 

9

payable to bearer or to order, it is not a negotiable instrument. As such, the subject

funds cannot be characterized as a CD. 

How then should we characterize the subject funds? We find guidance in

Revised Article 9. Although not in effect at the time of the transactions at issue,

Revised Article 9 provides clarification of former Article 9. See United States v.

Carroll, 6 F.3d 735, 746 (11th Cir. 1993) (concluding that it is permissible to use

clarifying amendments to interpret an earlier provision of the Sentencing

Guidelines). Revised Article 9 provides that “[t]he revised definition [of deposit

account] clarifies the proper treatment of nonnegotiable or uncertificated

certificates of deposit. Under the definition, an uncertificated certificate of deposit

would be a deposit account.” UCC § 9-102, comment 12.4

 Because the UCC

characterizes “uncertificated certificates of deposit” as deposit accounts, we accept

the oxymoron and characterize the subject funds accordingly.

A “deposit account” is a “demand, time, savings, passbook or like account

maintained with a bank, savings and loan association, credit union or like

organization, other than an account evidenced by a certificate of deposit.” KRS §

355.9-105(1)(e)(1986). Under the law in effect at the time of the transactions
5

 Under Revised Article 9, commercial deposit accounts fall within the scope of the

UCC. 9-109(a)(1) & (d)(13)(2000). 

10

between NCB and Alabama Land, deposit accounts were expressly excluded from

the scope of Article 9. KRS § 355.9-104(12)(1986).5

 The fact that the transaction

fell outside the scope of Article 9, however, did not preclude the creation of a

security interest. In re Ricky Gifford, 174 B.R. 231, 233 (Bankr. W.D. Ky. 1994). 

Rather, the fact that Article 9 does not govern means that some other state or

federal law must. Id. 

The law that governs the transaction between NCB and Alabama Land is the

common law of the pledge. Long recognized under the common law of Kentucky,

a pledge is a transfer of property as security for a debt. Cochran & Fulton v. Ripy,

Hardie & Co., 76 Ky. 495 (1877). The law of the pledge was fully developed by

the time the UCC was created, and now finds application both within and without

the UCC. Kunkel v. Sprague Nat’l Bank, 128 F.3d 636, 644 (8th Cir. 1997). In

Kentucky, the use of the pledge as a security device is evident in both statutory and

common law. See, e.g., KRS § 132.270 (1968) (reporting taxes on pledged

property); KRS § 287.280 (1992) (maximum debt to a bank correlated with the

value of the debtor’s pledge); Kentucky Util. Co. v. South East Coal Co., 836
11

S.W.2d 388, 390 (Ky. 1991); Farmers Bank & Trust Co. v. Brazell, 902 S.W.2d

830, 832 (Ky. Ct. App. 1995). 

The Supreme Court has defined the three elements necessary to create a

pledge: (1) debt, (2) the offer of property to secure the debt, and (3) the transfer of

the property from the debtor (pledgor) to the creditor (pledgee). Mechanics’ &

Traders’ Ins. Co. v. Kiger, 103 U.S. 352, 356 (1880). In the case at bar, all three

elements are present. First, Alabama Land incurred debt when NCB extended the

letter of credit to Van-American. Second, Alabama Land — through its parent

Mid-South — offered the subject funds as security. Third, Mid-South transferred

the subject funds to NCB.

Two points warrant discussion. First, it should be emphasized that the debt

incurred by Alabama Land and the property pledged by Mid-South are two

different entities, both conceptually and physically. Alabama Land’s debt was the

letter of credit extended by NCB to Van-American; its security was the

$1,000,000.00 transferred to NCB. The Letter of Credit Escrow Account

Agreement makes this distinction clear: “[t]he letter of Credit obligates the

Applicant to deposit $1,000,000 cash into an account at the Bank, as security for

the Letter of Credit.” R1-2, Ex. C, ¶ B. The conceptual distinction is made more

concrete by the physical distinction. When Van-American made a draw on the
12

letter of credit, NCB transferred funds in order to satisfy the obligation. Still in the

possession of NCB is CD # 50313123: the funds pledged by Alabama Land.

The second point warranting discussion is the definition of possession. “It is

the universal rule with reference to pledges of personal property as security for

debt that possession, either actual or symbolic, of the thing pledged must be

delivered by the pledgor to the pledgee, in order to create the lien.” S.J. Marx

Co.’s Trustee v. Marx, 3 S.W.2d 644, 645 (Ky. 1928). If the pledgor retains

control over the thing pledged, the pledgee does not have possession. Title Ins. &

Trust Co. v. Louisville Presbyterian Theological Seminary, 109 S.W.2d 814, 815

(Ky. 1937). The Trustee argues that Alabama Land retained control over the

subject funds, so NCB’s security interest was not perfected under the common law

of the pledge.

The Trustee’s argument finds little support in the facts. Alabama Land’s

influence over the subject funds was such that it could (1) “request” that NCB

place the security in a CD, and (2) establish maturity dates (provided that NCB

granted the request to place the fund in a CD). Alabama Land did not have such

control that it could remove the subject funds from NCB, or implement a different

investing strategy. On paper, the Trustee’s argument is weaker still. The Letter of

Credit Escrow Account Agreement provides that “[d]uring the term of the Letter of
13

Credit, the Bank shall have absolute and sole control of all monies deposited into

the Letter of Credit [Escrow] Account.” R1-2, Ex. C, ¶ 7. We conclude that NCB

had control over — and thus possession of — the fund pledged by Alabama Land

as security for the letter of credit.

III. CONCLUSION

The uncontested facts in this case support that Alabama Land transferred

$1,000,000.00 to NCB as security for a letter of credit extended to Van-American

Insurance Company. The subject funds are properly characterized not as a CD, but

as a deposit account. Under the common law of the pledge, NCB perfected its

security interest in the deposit account. Accordingly, we REVERSE the grant of

summary judgment in favor of the Trustee, REVERSE the denial of summary

judgment in favor of NCB, and REMAND so that the district court may address

costs and any issues related to interest.

REVERSED AND REMANDED.